Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

St. Scholastica

2010-05-23T05:12:52Z

HenryW: fmt

''For the saint see [[Saint Scholastica]]''

'''St. Scholastica''' is a private, [[Catholic]], [[Benedictine]] liberal arts college in [[Duluth]], [[Minnesota]].

== External links ==
*[http://www.css.edu/ College of St. Scholastica]

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. Scholastica}}
[[Category:Colleges]]

Gottschalk v. Benson

2010-04-22T02:34:15Z

HenryW: bold

In '''''Gottschalk v. Benson''''', 409 U.S. 63 (1972), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] excluded patents and software from patentability:

:"Transformation and reduction of an article 'to a different state or thing' is the clue to the patentability of a process claim that does not include particular machines."

''Id.'' at 70.

The ''Benson'' decision defined an "algorithm" as a "procedure for solving a given type of mathematical problem." 409 U.S. at 65. It then held:

:"It is conceded that one may not patent an idea. But in practical effect that would be the result if the formula [i.e., algorithm] for converting BCD [binary-coded decimal] numerals to pure binary numerals were patented in this case." (emphasis added)).

409 U.S. at 71-72.

Note that patents are statutorily granted only to new processes, with the term "process" defined as "process, art or method, [including] a new use of a known process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or material." 35 U.S.C. § 100(b) (1982).
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:patent law]]

Eminem

2010-04-22T02:31:27Z

HenryW: space, bold

'''Eminem''' is the stage name of popular rapper '''Marshall Bruce Mathers III'''. Born October 17, 1972 (age {{age|1972|10|17}}), Mathers grew up in on 8 Mile [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. He is an award-winning [[musician]] and holds a [[Grammy]] and [[Academy Award]].

He is known for his [[rap]] music, and specifically its frequent use of [[profanity]], drug references, and sexual content. His lyrics have often been criticized by overly-sensitive [[liberals]] and [[radical feminists]] as violent, [[homophobia|homophobic]], and [[misogyny|misogynistic]].

Relapse 2, a sequel to his 2009 album titled Relapse, is due out in the fall of 2009.

==Personal Life==
Mathers' personal life is well known because of his public persona and a frequent topic in his music, most notably his relationship with Kimberly Anne Scott. The couple met while both were in high school, and began a troubled relationship in 1989. The two married 1999, but divorced in 2001<ref>[http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/p/eminem.htm About.com marriage profile]</ref>. As Eminem, Mathers recorded several violent songs, including ''Kim'', and'' '97 Bonnie & Clyde'', both songs deal with murdering Kim in violent fashion<ref>Mathers' has stated that his music was a form of artistic release and was not to be taken literally</ref>. The two reconciled and remarried in 2006, but filed for divorce again less than three months later.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6195977.stm BBC News, Eminem divorces for second time]</ref> Mathers also has shared custody of his biological daughter, Hailie Jade Scott and Alaina, whom he adopted, with Kim Scott's sister.

==Albums==
* 1999: The Slim Shady LP
* 2000: The Marshall Mathers LP
* 2002: The Eminem Show
* 2002: 8 Mile Soundtrack
* 2004: Encore
* 2005: Curtain Call: The Hits
* 2006: Eminem Presents the Re-Up
* 2009: Relapse

==Films==
* 2000: Da Hip Hop Witch (Cameo-Performance)
* 2001: The Wash (Chris)
* 2002: [[8 Mile]] (Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith)
* 2008: Have Gun — Will Travel (Paladin)

==Awards==
===Academy Awards===
* 2003 - Best Original song, "Lose Yourself" from [[8 Mile]]

===Golden Globe Nomination===
* 2003 - Best Original Song in a Motion Picture, "Lose Yourself" from [[8 Mile]]

===Grammy Awards===
* 2000 - Best rap solo performance for "My Name Is" from The Slim Shady LP
* 2000 - Best rap album for The Slim Shady LP
* 2001 - Best rap solo performance for "The Real Slim Shady" from The Marshall Mathers LP
* 2001 - Best rap performance by a duo or group (with [[Dr. Dre]]) for "Forgot About Dre" from Dr Dre 2001
* 2001 - Best rap album for The Marshall Mathers LP
* 2003 - Best short form music video, for "Without Me" from The Eminem Show
* 2003 - Best rap album for The Eminem Show
* 2004 - Best male rap solo performance for "Lose Yourself" from the 8 Mile O.S.T.
* 2004 - Best rap song for "Lose Yourself" from the 8 Mile O.S.T.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Rappers]]
[[Category:Actors]]

Mickie James

2010-03-29T20:03:54Z

HenryW: Bold, grammar

'''Mickie James''' (born August 31, 1979) is a [[sports entertainer]] currently working for [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] as part of its [[Raw]] brand.

==Total Nonstop Action==
James made her [[Total Nonstop Action|TNA]] debut in June of 2002 under the ring name '''Alexis Laree'''. By 2003 she earned a higher profile role in the company and was added to [[Raven|Raven's]] new group known as The Gathering. The Gathering's goal was to help Raven in what was ultimately his unsuccessful attempt to defeat [[Jeff Jarrett]] for the TNA Heavyweight title. She was injured in a July 2003 in a "Clockwork Orange House of Fun" match and left the company a short time later.

==World Wrestling Entertainment==
===Ohio Valley Wrestling===
In late 2003, James signed with WWE and reported to their OVW development company. While there she worked with future WWE [[sports entertainers]] such as Jillian Hall, Melina and Beth Phoenix.

===WWE===
In 2005, James earned a promotion to WWE television. She dropped the Alexis Laree name and appeared under her real name. She was booked as an obsessed fan of then WWE Women's Champion Trish Stratus. James would interfere in several of Stratus' matches to help the latter retain the title.

{{DEFAULTSORT:James, Mickie}}
[[Category:Wrestlers]]
[[Category:World Wrestling Entertainment]]

Rotterdam

2010-03-29T20:02:44Z

HenryW: Caps

'''Rotterdam''', in the Dutch province of [[Zuid Holland]], is the largest port in [[Europe]] and the second largest city of [[the Netherlands]]. It lies on the Nieuwe Maas river in the delta formed by the convergence of the [[River Rhine]] and [[River Maas]]. Founded on a ''dam'', or embankment, by the River ''Rotte'', Rotterdam gained city status in 1340 and grew steadily through the succeeding centuries.

On 14 May 1940 the city was bombed by the [[Luftwaffe]] during the German invasion of the [[Low Countries]], killing between 800 and 900 civilians and destroying much of the city centre. After the war, Rotterdam was rebuilt in a modernist idiom, its ''Lijnbaan'' incorporating retail, housing and separation of traffic from pedestrians in a major development.

Rotterdam has a population of 584,000.
==See also==
* [[History of the Netherlands]]

[[Category:Dutch Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:Dutch History]]

Empty set

2010-03-29T20:02:07Z

HenryW: The empty set is still a set

In [[set theory]], the '''empty set''', usually denoted <math>\emptyset</math>, is the set without any members. For example, the "set of all blue-eyed lions," the "set of all mermaids," and the "set of all people born in 1700 who are still alive" are all empty sets.

The empty set is unique, since any two empty sets have precisely the same members (that is, none) and is a [[subset]] of every other set.

Its existence is postulated by the [[Axiom of empty set]] in the axioms of [[Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory]]. Though this seems counterintuitive, the empty set is a subset of the empty set, and the empty set is [[disjoint]] with itself. More generally, the union of any set with the empty set is the original set, while the intersection of any set with the empty set is itself the empty set.

[[Category: set theory]]

Pete Seeger

2010-03-21T02:03:22Z

HenryW: fmt

'''Pete Seeger''' (born May 3, 1919) is an American [[folk]] singer and activist. Seeger sang with the folk group the Weavers, and is also known for expressing his [[communist]] leanings.

Pete Seger was the director and editor of [[People's Songs]], a communist publication. [[Woody Guthrie]], John Hammond, Jr., Lee Hays, Earl Robinson, Walter Lowenfels, Alan Lomax, and Bill Wolff were on the Board of Directors. The Executive secretary was Felix Landau.

==See also==
*[[List of Communist publications]]

[[Category: Musicians]]
[[Category:Political Activists]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seeger, Pete}}

Wanderlei Silva

2010-03-21T01:58:09Z

HenryW: refs

'''Wanderlei Silva''', nicknamed "The Axe Murderer", is a [[Brazilian]] [[MMA|mixed martial artist]] fighting in the [[UFC]]'s Light Heavyweight division. A former PRIDE champion, Silva returned to the UFC at UFC 79 and instantly reestablished himself as a Light Heavyweight title contender.<ref>ESPN the Magazine 2008 NEXT issue</ref> His nickname came about by his extremely aggressive style.

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT: Silva, Wanderlei}}

[[Category:UFC Light Heavyweights]]
[[Category:Mixed Martial Artists]]

Jeffersonian Democracy

2010-03-12T18:44:20Z

HenryW: caps

'''Jeffersonian Democracy''' is the set of political goals of the followers of American [[Thomas Jefferson]]. It comprises a major interpretation of [[Republicanism|Republican values]]. It dominated American politics in the period of the [[First Party System]], 1800-1820s, and continued influential into the 1930s. After 1860 it was part of the conservative beliefs of the [[Bourbon Democrats]] such as [[Grover Cleveland]]. In the 1930s the small government theme became a rallying point of the anti-[[New Deal]] Democrats associated with [[Al Smith]] and the [[American Liberty League]].

Historians coined the term to link Jefferson with both popular democracy and "the Democracy" which was a synonym for the [[Democratic Party]]. It is contrasted with [[Jacksonian Democracy]], which dominated the next political era, the [[Second Party System]].

The most prominent spokesmen included [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]], [[Albert Gallatin]], [[John Randolph of Roanoke]] and [[Nathaniel Macon]].

In its core ideals it is characterized by the following elements, which the Jeffersonians expressed in their speeches and legislation:

* The core political value of America is [[representative Democracy]]; citizens have a civic duty to aid the state and resist corruption, especially monarchism and aristocracy.<ref> Banning (1978) pp 79-90</ref>
* The [[Yeoman]] Farmer best exemplifies republican virtue and independence from corrupting city influences; government policy should be for his benefit. Financiers, bankers and industrialists make cities the cesspools of corruption, and should be avoided.<ref> Elkins and McKitrick. (1995) ch 5; Wallace Hettle, ''The Peculiar Democracy: Southern Democrats in Peace and Civil War'' (2001) p. 15</ref>
* Americans have a duty to spread what Jefferson called the "Empire of Liberty" to the world, but should avoid "entangling alliances."<ref> Hendrickson and Tucker. (1990)</ref>
* The national government is a dangerous necessity to be instituted for the common benefit, protection, and security of the people, nation or community; it should be watched closely and circumscribed in its powers. Most [[Anti-Federalists]] from 1787-88 joined the Jeffersonians.<ref> Banning (1978) pp 105-15</ref>
* [[Republicanism]],also known as [[representative Democracy]], is the best form of government and representative [[democracy]] is needed to prevent the tyranny by the majority, as Madison explained in [[Federalist No. 10]]
* The [[separation of church and state|wall of separation between church and state]] is the best method to keep religion free from intervention by the federal government, government free of religious disputes, and religion free from corruption by government.<ref>Philip Hamburger, ''Separation of church and state'' Harvard University Press, 2002. ISBN: 0674007344 OCLC: 48958015 </ref>
* The federal government must not violate the [[individual liberty|rights of individuals]]. The [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] is a central theme.<ref>Robert Allen Rutland; ''The Birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776-1791'' University of North Carolina Press, (1955)</ref>
* The federal government must not violate the [[States' rights|rights of the states]]. The [[Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions]] of 1798 (written secretly by Jefferson and Madison) proclaim these principles.<ref> Banning (1978) pp 264-66</ref>
* [[Freedom of speech]] and [[freedom of the press|the press]] is the best method to prevent the tyranny of the people by their own government. Their violation by the [[Alien and Sedition Acts]] of 1798 became a major issue.<ref> Banning (1978) pp 255-66-3</ref>
* A standing army and navy are dangerous to liberty and should be avoided; much better was to use economic coercion such as the embargo.<ref> Banning (1978) pp 292-3</ref>

== See also ==
* [[American Liberty League]]
* [[Bourbon Democrats]]
* [[Democratic-Republican Party]]
* [[Era of Good Feelings]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[First Party System]]
* [[Second Party System]]
* [[Jacksonian Democracy]]
* [[Republicanism, American]]

== Bibliography ==
* Banning, Lance. ''The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology'' (1978) [http://www.amazon.com/Jeffersonian-Persuasion-Evolution-Party-Ideology/dp/0801492009/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194296196&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Brown, Stuart Gerry. ''The First Republicans: Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11814508 (1954) online]
* Elkins, Stanley M. and Eric L. McKitrick. ''The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800'' (1995), the most advanced history of the 1790s [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59152800 online edition]; [http://www.amazon.com/Age-Federalism-American-Republic-1788-1800/dp/019509381X/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194296282&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Hendrickson, David C. and Robert W. Tucker. ''Empire of Liberty: the statecraft of Thomas Jefferson'' (1990), foreign policy [http://www.amazon.com/Empire-Liberty-Statecraft-Thomas-Jefferson/dp/0195074831/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194296319&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/parrington/vol2/bk01_01_ch02.html Vernon Parrington, ''Main Currents in American Thought'' (1927) v 2 online]
* Onuf, Peter S., ed. ''Jeffersonian Legacies.'' (1993). [http://www.amazon.com/Jeffersonian-Legacies-Peter-S-Onuf/dp/0813914639/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194296350&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Onuf, Peter S. "The Revolution of 1803." ''The Wilson Quarterly.'' v. 27#1 (Winter 2003) pp 22+; on meaning of Louisiana Purchase [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000626177 online edition]
* Onuf, Peter S. ''Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood'' (2001). [http://www.amazon.com/Jeffersons-Empire-Language-Nationhood-Jeffersonian/dp/0813920906/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194296350&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Peterson, Merrill D. ''The Jefferson Image in the American Mind'' (1960) [http://www.amazon.com/Jefferson-Image-American-Mind/dp/0813918510/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194296428&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Taylor, Jeff. ''Where Did the Party Go?: William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Where-Did-Party-Go-Jeffersonian/dp/0826216595/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194296482&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wilentz, Sean. ''The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln'' (2005), major sweeping synthesis [http://www.amazon.com/Rise-American-Democracy-1787-1815-College/dp/0393930068/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194296506&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wiltse, Charles Maurice. ''The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy'' (1935) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2350128 online edition]
====notes====
<references/>
[[Category: United States History]]
[[Category:Republicanism]]

Allen Iverson

2010-03-08T15:30:53Z

HenryW: fmt

'''Allen Iverson''', known as "The Answer", is a professional basketball player on the [[Detroit Pistons]]. He is currently playing in his 13th season in the [[NBA]], 10 years of which were for the [[Philadelphia 76ers]]. Before coming to Detroit, Iverson also played for the [[Denver Nuggets]]. He was drafted first overall in the [[1996 NBA Draft]].

Listed at 6-0, 180lbs, the diminutive guard is considered to be one of the most prolific scorers in the history of the NBA. His career scoring average of 27.5 points per game is third highest of all time, behind only [[Wilt Chamberlain]] and [[Michael Jordan]]. <ref>http://www.nba.com/playerfile/allen_iverson/career_stats.html</ref>

In his earlier years in the league, Iverson has ran into several legal issues, with the most documented incident involving the 5-year sentence he received for assault. Iverson served four months in jail before receiving a controversial pardon from Governor Douglas Wilder.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1132515/bio</ref>

==Accomplishments==
* Rookie of the Year Award (1997)
* Four Scoring Titles
* [[Most Valuable Player]] Award (2001)
* 8-time All-Star
* 7-time All-NBA
* Summer Olympics Bronze Medal (2004)
* 2-time All-Star MVP (2001,2005)

For all his individual achievements, with the exception of the NBA Finals run in 2001, Iverson has had limited playoff success. Many attribute this to the minimal talent on the teams he had played on, while some critics contend his style of play is detrimental to team success. The 2001 trip to the Finals was considered one of the most improbable runs in NBA playoff history, but eventually ended when they fell to the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] in five games.<ref>http://www.nba.com/playerfile/allen_iverson/bio.html</ref>

==References==
<References/>

[[Category: Basketball Players|Iverson, Allen]]

Allen Iverson

2010-03-08T15:30:42Z

HenryW: Bold

'''Allen Iverson''', known as "The Answer", is a professional basketball player on the [[Detroit Pistons]]. He is currently playing in his 13th season in the [[NBA]], 10 years of which were for the [[Philadelphia 76ers]]. Before coming to Detroit, Iverson also played for the [[Denver Nuggets]]. He was drafted first overall in the [[1996 NBA Draft]].

Listed at 6-0, 180lbs, the diminutive guard is considered to be one of the most prolific scorers in the history of the NBA. His career scoring average of 27.5 points per game is third highest of all time, behind only [[Wilt Chamberlain]] and [[Michael Jordan]]. <ref>http://www.nba.com/playerfile/allen_iverson/career_stats.html</ref>

In his earlier years in the league, Iverson has ran into several legal issues, with the most documented incident involving the 5-year sentence he received for assault. Iverson served four months in jail before receiving a controversial pardon from Governor Douglas Wilder.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1132515/bio</ref>

=Accomplishments=
* Rookie of the Year Award (1997)
* Four Scoring Titles
* [[Most Valuable Player]] Award (2001)
* 8-time All-Star
* 7-time All-NBA
* Summer Olympics Bronze Medal (2004)
* 2-time All-Star MVP (2001,2005)

For all his individual achievements, with the exception of the NBA Finals run in 2001, Iverson has had limited playoff success. Many attribute this to the minimal talent on the teams he had played on, while some critics contend his style of play is detrimental to team success. The 2001 trip to the Finals was considered one of the most improbable runs in NBA playoff history, but eventually ended when they fell to the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] in five games.<ref>http://www.nba.com/playerfile/allen_iverson/bio.html</ref>

==References==
<References/>

[[Category: Basketball Players|Iverson, Allen]]

David Lloyd George

2010-03-01T16:06:02Z

HenryW: rm sp

'''David Lloyd George''', 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (Jan. 17, 1863-Mar. 26, 1945), was the British statesman who as leader of the [[British Liberal Party]] passed major social-welfare legislation and as Prime Minister (1916-1922) guided the nation through most of [[World War I|First World War]] and its aftermath. He was a major player at the [[Paris Peace Conference]] of 1919 that reordered the world after the Great War. He was one of the most powerful and successful prime ministers, but after 1922 his Liberal party disintegrated and he was ineffective in opposition. He was a devout evangelical and an icon of 20th century liberalism as the founder of the welfare state and winner of the [[World War I|First World War]].
[[Image:Lgeorge2.jpg|thumb|280px]]
==Early career==
Lloyd George was born to a Welsh family living temporarily in Manchester, England. His father William George was a Welsh schoolmaster who died when David was three. His mother and her two sons were supported by an uncle, Richard Lloyd (1834-1917), a Baptist minister and Liberal activist in North Wales who became a dominant influence on David.<ref> He added his uncle's surname to become ''Lloyd George''. His surname is usually given as ''Lloyd George'' and sometimes as ''George''.</ref> David was active in the Campbellite Baptists, a radical offshoot of the main Baptist denomination. Leaving school at 15 because it was too Anglican, he was largely self-taught. Deciding to be a solicitor, in 1884 he passed his bar examinations. He took an active part in local politics, fighting the landlords and the Church of England in Wales (which was an established church that collected tithes from dissenters and was distinct from the main Church of England.) After his party was badly defeated in 1886 he represented a new generation and rose rapidly in the ranks, winning a seat to Parliament in 1890 as Liberal member for Carnarvon Boroughs, by a mere 18 votes. The fiery orator soon became known for his vigorous attacks on the Conservatives and his championship of prohibition, Welsh nationalism, and disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales. During the [[Boer War]], he bitterly opposed England's policy and was called by some "pro-Boer" and by others "little Englander." From 1905 to 1908 he was a member of Campbell-Bannerman's cabinet as president of the Board of Trade.

He married Margaret (Maggie) Owen (1866–1941), a local farmer's daughter, in 1888. They had five children and lived property she owned in the village of Cricieth, in Wales; the children grew up speaking Welsh. She refused to live in London. After 1912 his secretary Frances Stevenson in London became his mistress and confidant; he married her in 1943 (two years after his first wife died).

==People's Budget==
In 1908 [[Herbert Henry Asquith]] made him chancellor of the exchequer, the number two position in government. His closest ally was [[Winston Churchill]]; Lloyd George was the only person who ever dominated Churchill psychologically. In 1909 he introduced his famous budget imposing increased taxes on luxuries, liquor, tobacco, incomes, and land, so that money could be made available for the new welfare programs as well as new battleships. The nation's landowners (well represented in the House of Lords) were intensely angry at the new taxes. In the House of Commons Lloyd George gave a brilliant defense of the budget, which was attacked by the Conservatives. On the stump, most famously in his Limehouse speech, he denounced the Conservatives and the wealthy classes with all his very considerable oratorical power. The budget passed the Commons, but was defeated by the Conservative majority in the House of Lords. The elections of 1910 upheld the Liberal government and the budget finally passed the Lords. Subsequently, the Parliament Bill for social reform and Irish Home Rule, which Lloyd George strongly supported, was passed and the veto power of the House of Lords was greatly curtailed. In 1911 Lloyd George succeeded in putting through Parliament his National Insurance Act, making provision for sickness and invalidism, and this was followed by his Unemployment Insurance Act.

==First World War==
For the first year of the war he remained chancellor of the exchequer, but when the shortage of the English supply of munitions was revealed and the cabinet was reconstituted as the first coalition ministry in May 1915, Lloyd George was put in charge of the newly created Ministry of Munitions. In this position he was a brilliant success, but he was not at all satisfied with the progress of the war, and late in 1915 he became a strong supporter of general conscription. He put through the conscription act of 1916, and in June he became secretary for war. The fall of Romania increased discontent with Asquith, who was forced out in December 1916. Lloyd George became prime minister at the head of a coalition government, though many Liberals refused to support it. His small war committee, a sort of inner cabinet, proved a great success in speeding up decision and action, and he went on to press for unity of military control among the Allies; this was not really achieved until 1918. This unity, combined with the arrival of American troops somewhat earlier than had been expected, did much to bring the war to a successful conclusion.
In his ''War Memoirs'' he compared himself to Asquith:<ref> Lloyd George, ''War Memoirs'' v 1 p 602</ref>
<blockquote>
There are certain indispensable qualities essential to the Chief Minister of the Crown in a great war. . . . Such a minister must have courage, composure, and judgment. All this Mr. Asquith possessed in a superlative degree. . . . But a war minister must also have vision, imagination and initiative--he must show untiring assiduity, must exercise constant oversight and supervision of every sphere of war activity, must possess driving force to energize this activity, must be in continuous consultation with experts, official and unofficial, as to the best means of utilising the resources of the country in conjunction with the Allies for the achievement of victory. If to this can be added a flair for conducting a great fight, then you have an ideal War Minister.
</blockquote>

==Versailles Treaty==
[[Image:Lgeorge1.jpg|thumb|290px||A pleased Lloyd George brings an Easter egg to Britain in the form of the Versailles Peace Treaty, April 1919'']]
Before going as peace delegate to the [[Paris Peace Conference]], Lloyd George strengthened his position by winning the Khaki Election held in December 1918 amidst all the bitterness and fervid hero worship of the end of the war. At Versailles, Lloyd George, [[Woodrow Wilson]] of the U.S. and [[Georges Clemenceau]] of France concluded the peace, with Lloyd George, on the whole, on the side of generosity and moderation. the final Treaty of Versailles (1919) imposed huge reparations on Germany, created numerous small weak states in eastern Europe, and set up the [[League of Nations]] to head off future wars. It angered the Germans and was one reason for the rise of [[Hitler]].

From 1919 to 1922 his government steadily weakened, as the result of the railway and other strikes, of spending that irked the Conservatives, and economies that alienated the radicals; conditions in Ireland were appalling, yet no one liked the peace treaty of 1921 granting the [[Irish Free State]] Dominion status.

The Conservatives were increasingly restless under Lloyd George's leadership, but it was the failure of his foreign policy that brought about his defeat. His pro-Greek policy was a failure because of the Turkish victory of 1922, and the Chanak declaration nearly involving Britain in war. The Conservatives revolted at this, Lloyd George resigned, and Andrew Bonar Law became prime minister.

==Opposition leader==
In opposition Lloyd George was not at all effective, partly because the Liberal Party had too few seats to be effective, partly because the Asquith Liberals wing of the party did not like Lloyd George, and partly because the Labour Party was taking over his liberal program of relief and reform.

Nevertheless, in the economic depression of the 1930s, Lloyd George was the only political leader to put forward new and constructive ideas for dealing with unemployment. he consulted with major Liberal economists [[John Maynard Keynes]] and [[William Beveridge]], whose proposals became national policy in the 1940s. In foreign affairs he supported the policy of appeasement, and held an unusually favourable opinion of [[Adolf Hitler]].

He twice refused to join Churchill's wartime cabinet. In 1944 he was made the first Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor. His well-regarded memoirs include ''War Memoirs'' (6 vols., 1933-1936) and ''The Truth About the Peace Treaty'' (2 vols., 1938). He left an estate of £141,147 derived mostly from book royalties.
==See also==
* [[British Liberal Party]]
* [[World War I]]
* [[Paris Peace Conference]]

==Further reading==
* Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff. ''David Lloyd George: A Political Life: The Architect of Change 1863-1912'' (1987); ''David Lloyd George: A Political Life: Organizer of Victory, 1912-1916 '' (1992). standard scholarly biography
* Grigg, John. ''Lloyd George'' 4 vols. (1973-2002), Whitbread Award winner; the most detailed biography; ends Nov. 1918
**''The young Lloyd George'' (1973); ''Lloyd George: the people's champion, 1902–1911'' (1978); ''Lloyd George: from peace to war, 1912–1916'' (1985); ''Lloyd George: war leader, 1916–1918'' (2002)
* Jones, Thomas. ''Lloyd George'' 1951. short and well-regarded [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24159597 online edition]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. "George, David Lloyd, first Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (1863–1945)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', 2004; [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34570, online]
* Taylor, A. J. P. ''Lloyd George: rise and fall'' (1961)

==Bibliography==
===Biographies===
* Creiger, Don M. ''Bounder from Wales: Lloyd George's Career Before the First World War''. U of Missouri Press, 1976.
* Fry, Michael G. ''Lloyd George and Foreign Policy. Vol. 1: The Education of a Statesman: 1890-1916''. Montreal, 1977.
* Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff. ''David Lloyd George: A Political Life: The Architect of Change 1863-1912'' (1987); ''David Lloyd George: A Political Life: Organizer of Victory, 1912-1916 '' (1992). standard scholarly biography
* Grigg, John. ''Lloyd George'' 4 vols. (1973-2002), Whitbread Award winner; the most detailed biography; ends Nov. 1918
**''The young Lloyd George'' (1973); ''Lloyd George: the people's champion, 1902–1911'' (1978); ''Lloyd George: from peace to war, 1912–1916'' (1985); ''Lloyd George: war leader, 1916–1918'' (2002)
* Jones, Thomas. ''Lloyd George'' 1951. short and well-regarded [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24159597 online edition]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. "George, David Lloyd, first Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (1863–1945)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', 2004; [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34570, online]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. ''Lloyd George''. 1974.
* Owen, Frank. ''Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times.'' 1955. popular history [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3953145&oplinknum=4 online edition]
* Rowland, Peter. ''David Lloyd George: A Biography'' (1976), 872pp, detailed but lacking interpretation or synthesis
* Taylor, A. J. P. ''Lloyd George: rise and fall'' (1961)

===Specialized studies===
* Adams, R.J.Q. ''Arms and the Wizard: Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions''. 1978.
* Adams, R. J. Q. "Andrew Bonar Law and the Fall of the Asquith Coalition: the December 1916 Cabinet Crisis." ''Canadian Journal of History'' 1997 32(2): 185-200. Issn: 0008-4107 Fulltext: in Ebsco
* Adams, W.S. "Lloyd George and the Labour Movement," ''Past and Present'' No. 3 (Feb., 1953), pp. 55-64 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28195302%290%3A3%3C55%3ALGATLM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* Lord Beaverbrook. ''The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George'' 1963 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7689162 online edition]
* Bennett, G.H. "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919-22," ''The Australian Journal of Politics and History'', Vol. 45, 1999 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001859995 online edition]
* Cregier, Don M. "The Murder of the British Liberal Party," ''The History Teacher'' Vol. 3, No. 4 (May, 1970), pp. 27-36 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2745%28197005%293%3A4%3C27%3ATMOTBL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D online edition], blames Asquith, Lloyd George and the voters
* Ehrman, John. "Lloyd George and Churchill as War Ministers," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 5th Ser., Vol. 11 (1961), pp. 101-115 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%281961%295%3A11%3C101%3ALGACAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in JSTOR]
* Fair, John D. "Politicians, Historians, and the War: A Reassessment of the Political Crisis of December 1916," ''The Journal of Modern History,'' Vol. 49, No. 3, On Demand Supplement. (Sep., 1977), pp. D1329-D1343. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28197709%2949%3A3%3CD1329%3APHATWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 in JSTOR]
* French, David. ''The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916-1918''. Oxford University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23080961 online edition]
* Fry, Michael. "Political Change in Britain, August 1914 to December 1916: Lloyd George Replaces Asquith: The Issues Underlying the Drama," ''The Historical Journal'' Vol. 31, No. 3 (Sep., 1988), pp. 609-627 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28198809%2931%3A3%3C609%3APCIBA1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 in JSTOR]
* Gilbert, Bentley B. "David Lloyd George: The Reform of British Landholding and the Budget of 1914," ''The Historical Journal,'' Vol. 21, No. 1 (Mar., 1978), pp. 117-141 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197803%2921%3A1%3C117%3ADLGTRO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M in JSTOR]
* Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff. "David Lloyd George: Land, The Budget, and Social Reform," ''The American Historical Review'' Vol. 81, No. 5 (Dec., 1976), pp. 1058-1066 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28197612%2981%3A5%3C1058%3ADLGLTB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 in JSTOR]
* Hankey, Lord. ''The Supreme Command, 1914-1918''. 2 vols. 1961.
* Havighurst, Alfred F. ''Twentieth-Century Britain.'' 1966. standard survey [http://www.questia.com/library/book/twentieth-century-britain-by-alfred-f-havighurst.jsp online edition]
* Hazlehurst, Cameron. "Asquith as Prime Minister, 1908-1916," ''The English Historical Review'' Vol. 85, No. 336 (Jul., 1970), pp. 502-531 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8266%28197007%2985%3A336%3C502%3AAAPM1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N in JSTOR]
*Kernek, Sterling J. "Distractions of Peace during War: The Lloyd George Government's Reactions to Woodrow Wilson, December, 1916-November, 1918," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,'' New Ser., Vol. 65, No. 2 (1975), pp. 1-117 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0065-9746(1975)2%3A65%3A2%3C1%3ADOPDWT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E online edition]
* Keynes, John Maynard, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace'' (1920) famous criticism by leading economist [http://books.google.com/books?id=0VcKN-RbPnoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Economic+intitle:Consequences+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Peace&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 full text online]
* Lentin, Antony. ''Lloyd George and the Lost Peace: From Versailles to Hitler, 1919-1940'' (2001)
** Lentin, Antony. "Maynard Keynes and the ‘Bamboozlement’ of Woodrow Wilson: What Really Happened at Paris?" ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'', Dec 2004, Vol. 15 Issue 4, pp 725-763, explains why veterans pensions were included in reparations
* Macmillan, Margaret. ''Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War'' (2002), 538pp; a standard scholarly history of Versailles treaty
* Macmillan, Margaret, and Richard Holbrooke. ''Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World'' (2003) influential study [http://www.amazon.com/Paris-1919-Months-Changed-World/dp/0375760520/ref=pd_bbs_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210532673&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Millman, Brock. "A Counsel of Despair: British Strategy and War Aims, 1917-18." ''Journal of Contemporary History''2001 36(2): 241-270. Issn: 0022-0094 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0094%28200104%2936%3A2%3C241%3AACODBS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X in Jstor]
* Millman, Brock. "The Lloyd George War Government, 1917-18" ''Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions'' Winter 2002, Vol. 3 Issue 3, p 99-127; sees proto-fascism
* Morgan, Kenneth O. "Lloyd George's Premiership: A Study in 'Prime Ministerial Government.'" ''The Historical Journal'' 13 (March 1970). [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197003%2913%3A1%3C130%3ALGPASI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 in JSTOR]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. "Lloyd George and Germany." ''Historical Journal'' 1996 39(3): 755-766. Issn: 0018-246x[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28199609%2939%3A3%3C755%3ALGAG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in Jstor]
* Mowat, Sharles Loch. ''Britain between the Wars, 1918-1940'' (1955) 694 pp; [https://www.questia.com/library/book/britain-between-the-wars-1918-1940-by-charles-loch-mowat.jsp online edition]
* Murray, Bruce K. "The Politics of the 'People's Budget'", ''The Historical Journal'' Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1973), pp. 555-570 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197309%2916%3A3%3C555%3ATPOT%27B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]
* Owen, Frank. ''Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times'' 1955.
* Powell, David. ''British Politics, 1910-1935: The Crisis of the Party System'' 2004
* Taylor, A. J. P. ''English History, 1914-1945''. 1965, standard political history of the era
* Taylor, A. J. P., ed., ''Lloyd George: twelve essays'' (1971). essays by scholars
* Turner, John. ''British Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Conflict, 1915-1918'' (1992)
* Wilson, Trevor. ''The Downfall of the Liberal Party 1914-1935''. 1966.
* Wilson, Trevor. "The Coupon and the British General Election of 1918," ''The Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 36, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 28-42 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28196403%2936%3A1%3C28%3ATCATBG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* Woodward, David R. ''Lloyd George and the Generals'' F. Cass, 2004. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108515889 online edition]
* Woodward, Sir Llewellyn. ''Great Britain and the War of 1914-1918.'' 1967.
* Wrigley, Chris. ''David Lloyd George and the British Labour Movement: Peace and War'' (1976)

===Primary sources===
* Cross, Colin, ed. ''Life with Lloyd George: The Diary of A.J. Sylvester'' 1975.
* Lloyd George, David. ''The Truth About the Peace Treaties''. 2 vols. (1938) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=82335430 vol 1 online]
* Lloyd George, David, ''War Memoirs of David Lloyd George''. 2 vols. (1933). An unusually long, detailed and candid record.
* Lloyd George, David. ''The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered During the War'' (1918) 307 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=hQ4gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=inauthor:lloyd+inauthor:george&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=UCvnxTp6BIxRI5PEUT7NNxLGyPI online edition]
** George W. Egerton, "The Lloyd George ''War Memoirs'': A Study in the Politics of Memory," ''The Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1988), pp. 55-94 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28198803%2960%3A1%3C55%3ATLG%22MA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G in JSTOR]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. ed. ''Lloyd George Family Letters, 1885-1936''. 1973.
* Taylor, A. J. P. ed. ''My Darling Pussy: The Letters of Lloyd George and Frances Stevenson''. 1975.
* Taylor, A. J. P. ed. ''Lloyd George: A Diary by Frances Stevenson.'' 1971.

====Notes====
<references/>

[[Category:United Kingdom Prime Ministers|Lloyd George, David]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:World War I]]
[[Category:Diplomacy]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lloyd George, David}}

Eugénie Olkhine

2010-03-01T16:05:36Z

HenryW: Heading fix

'''Eugénie Olkhine''' was American born of a Russian father and worked for [[NKVD|Soviet intelligence]] after reestablishing contact with the KGB in 1945 after a long break. Olkhine primarily obtained information the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Patriarch]] in the United States. Soviet intelligence considered attempting to plant Olkhine inside the [[FBI]]. The KGB had made promises of Soviet citizenship for her work.

==Venona==
Eugénie Olkhine is referenced in the following [[Venona names|Venona]] decryptions:

*1438 KGB New York to Moscow, 10 October 1944;
*1586 KGB New York to Moscow, 12 November 1944;
*20 KGB New York to Moscow, 4 January 1945;
*239 KGB Moscow to New York, 17 March 1945. [redacted in 239 1945]

Venona 1322 KGB New York to Moscow, 15 September 1944 mentions an unidentified operative named "Aleksandrov", who may be her father.

==References==

* John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'', Yale University Press (1999), pgs. 259.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Olkhine, Eugenie}}
[[Category:KGB Agents and Sources]]

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

2010-03-01T16:04:05Z

HenryW: rm sp

The '''American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009''', called a "stimulus bill" by its supporters but branded a "pork bill" by its opponents, was passed by Congress on Friday the 13th of February 2009 after a vote sharply divided along party lines. The legislation's stated purpose was to invigorate an economy that was still spiralling downward in an ongoing [[Recession of 2008|recession]].

* While some elements served the package's stated purpose and helped to soften the recession's impact, the overall package was not well designed to foster a speedy recovery or set the stage for long-term growth. Instead, the "stimulus" was oriented to sectors that liberal Democrats believe are deserving of much greater federal help. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703278604574624711732528426.html]

Conservative [[Republican]]s proposed a similar bill about one-third smaller in dollar terms, but were overwhelmed by solid [[Democratic]] control of the House. The bill passed the [[Senate]] because three Republicans broke party ranks to vote for it; one of them<ref> Senator [[Arlen Specter]] of [[Pennsylvania]]</ref> soon switched to the Democratic Party.

It was supported by Democrats and by the [[Obama Administration]].

The bill passed the House and Senate with only three Republican senators voting for it and no Republican votes in the House and was signed by the president on February 17, 2009. Since the passage of the "stimulus" bill, over 4 million American jobs have been lost, in spite of Obama's promise that 4 million jobs would be created or "saved".<ref>[www.bls.gov]</ref> At $789 billion it is one of the most expensive proposals in world history. The Republican counterproposal was similar in scope but totalled only $500 billion.

It was promoted by Democrats as an "[[economic stimulus]]" package that will revive the ailing U.S. economy (see [[Recession of 2008]]). They promised it would add or save 3.5 million jobs, at a time when over 600,000 jobs are disappearing every month.

Conservatives complain that it is mostly spending to promote long-standing liberal causes.
:"The plan is primarily designed not to stimulate the economy, but the size and scope of government. More citizens will be dependent upon government largesse. This empowers the Democratic Party and its liberal elite."<ref>[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/feb/15/the-peron-pattern/]</ref>

==Provisions==
The total of $789 billion includes $275 billion in tax cuts and $514 billion in new spending.

It includes $170 billion for infrastructure projects such as highways, internet broadband and public-housing repairs. Of that, about $40 billion will go to the Energy Department. The act will fund projects to create a "smart" electric grid, build electric automobiles, and make homes and buildings more energy efficient.<ref> Stephen Power and Neil King, Jr. "Next Challenge on Stimulus: Spending All That Money," [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123448815417580333.html?mod=rss_Politics_And_Policy '' Wall Street Journal'' Feb 13, 2009] </ref>

There will be $275 billion in tax cuts, including a $800 cash rebate to most families that will be spread out over a year, and an extra $250 quick payment to every person over age 65. The spending provisions cover a very wide variety of projects.<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/29/us/politics/29assess.html?hp David M. Herszenhorn, "Stimulus Package’s Components Vary in Speed and Efficiency," ''New York Times'' Jan. 28, 2009]</ref>

Responding to public outrage against bankers who paid themselves billions of dollars in bonuses while their banks were collapsing and investors losing 95% of their money, the bill imposes tight restrictions on executive bonuses at financial institutions. The provision, inserted by Senate Democrats over the objections of the Obama administration, affects banks that have received financial bailout funds. It prohibits cash bonuses and almost all other incentive compensation for the five most senior officers and the 20 highest-paid executives at large companies that receive money under the Treasury’s Troubled Asset Relief Program, or [[TARP]]. Bonuses are limited to one-third of salary and must be in a form that is paid out only after the banks repay their loans from the government.<ref> Edmund L. Andrews and Eric Dash, "Stimulus Plan Sets New Limits on Executive Pay," [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/14/business/economy/14pay.html?ref=business ''New York Times'' Feb. 13, 2009]</ref>

[[Image:Stim1.jpg|thumb|380px|Cartoonist Chuck Asay summarizes the debate]]

==Conservative criticism==
"The strategy under this bill is to throw billions of dollars in every bureaucratic direction, and cross our fingers and hope for the best," said Rep. Ken Calvert (R., Calif.) during debate. Rep. David Obey (D., Wis.), the chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, responded, "We need to compare the cost of this package against the cost of doing nothing. The cost of nothing would be catastrophic."<ref> See [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123315486943524321.html?mod=rss_Politics_And_Policy Jonathan Weisman, Greg Hitt And Naftali Bendavid, "House Passes Stimulus Package; $819 Billion Jolt to Economy Aims to Reshape Education, Health Care; Deficit to Soar," ''Wall Street Journal'' Jan. 29, 2009]</ref>

Liberals supporting the measure say it is aimed at preventing the economy from "collapsing" and at "restoring it to normal" by spending money that the private sector is too frightened to spend. Conservative critics predict it will do little to help the economy recover and is filled with non-essential spending.

The Heritage Foundation says, "But government spending plans do not stimulate the economy. They are based on the idea that feeding “new” money into the economy will create economic growth. But the money isn’t new—it’s either taxed or borrowed. It's essentially redistributed from one group of people to another, and no new money is created."<ref> See [http://www.askheritage.org/Issues.aspx?ID=41 Heritage statement]</ref>

The [[Congressional Budget Office]] says $347 billion more in interest will be the result, which brings the total plan over 1 trillion dollars. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/01/28/special-groups-line-piece-stimulus/ "Special-Interest Groups Line Up for a Piece of Stimulus" Fox News, Jan. 28, 2009]</ref> According to the CBO analysis, timely spending of the money will be hampered by bureaucratic delays of up to two-years and the inability of state and federal agencies to efficiently and effectively spend the massive inflows of new money. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=42725 "Almost Half the Spending in Stimulus Bill Would Not Happen for at Least Two Years, Says CBO Analysis," CNSNews, January 29, 2009]</ref>

House Republicans proposed a bill tilted more sharply toward tax cuts, which they say will generate the most economic activity the fastest. Their substitute proposed cutting individual and business taxes as well as reducing much of the bill’s spending; it was rejected by a party-line vote of 170-266. The failed GOP measure totaled about $479 billion, a little more than half the total passed by the Democrats.
==Support from state governors==
Most Republican governors have broken with their GOP colleagues in Congress and are pushing for aid that would send billions to states for education, public works and health care. Since their state treasuries drained by the financial crisis, governors would welcome the money from Capitol Hill, where GOP lawmakers are more skeptical of Obama's spending priorities. The bipartisan National Governors Association called on Congress to quickly pass the plan, saying:
:"States are facing fiscal conditions not seen since the Great Depression — anticipated budget shortfalls are expected in excess of $200 billion. Governors support several key elements of the bill critical to states-increased federal support for Medicaid and K-12 and higher education; investment in the nation's infrastructure; and tax provisions to spur investment."<ref>Beth Fouhy, "GOP governors press Congress to pass stimulus bill," [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090201/ap_on_re_us/stimulus_gop_governors_6 Associated Press Feb. 1, 2009] </ref>

Several of the most conservative Republican governors have rejected one part of the stimulus, which increases amounts for unemployment insurance because it expands the coverage of the program and would be hard politically to reverse when recovery comes.

==Tax rebates==
The 2009 bill includes tax rebates that resemble in part the $152 billion stimulus law proposed by President [[George W. Bush]] and passed by Congress in Feb. 2008. However those 2008 rebates were mostly (85%) saved and used to pay down debts rather then make new purchases, so they may have failed to stimulate the economy in 2008. <ref>see [http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0631744820080208 Reuters, Feb. 8, 2008]</ref>
Some studies show that both the 2001 and 2008 tax rebates were both surprisingly effective. <ref>see [http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/christian.broda/website/research/unrestricted/Stimulus%20Payments%20and%20Spending.pdf The Impact of the 2008 Tax Rebates on Consumer Spending: Preliminary Evidence]</ref><ref>see [http://pennyhill.com/index.php?lastcat=19&catname=Economic+Policy&viewdoc=RS22790 Tax Cuts for Short-Run Economic Stimulus: Recent Experiences]</ref>

==Congress==
The House of Representative passed the bill January 28, 2009 by a vote of 244-188; all Republicans cast a no vote as did eleven Democrats. The Senate needed 60 votes to avoid a filibuster, and the bill won the support of all 58 Democrats and 3 republicans. (There is one vacancy.)<ref> On the final vote on Feb. 13, 2009, Senator Ted Kennedy, recuperating in Florida from brain surgery, did not vote.</ref>

[[Image:House09vote.jpg|thumb|550px|Final vote in the House<ref> See [http://politics.nytimes.com/congress/votes/111/house/1/70 ''New York Times'' Feb. 13, 2009] for individual Congressmen</ref>]]

"We all understand the economy is in crisis," Republican Senator John Cornyn said. But he and numerous Republicans announced they would vote “no” rather than endorse a bloated bill that will be paid for by future generations of taxpayers.

Senator Charles E. Schumer, Democrat of New York, countered by alluding to the deficits that accumulated during the Bush administration and asking rhetorically, "Where were my colleagues on the other side of the aisle for the last eight years?"

The final version easily passed the House, which requires only a majority vote and where the Democrats hold a 255-to-178 advantage. Seven House Democrats voted against the final bill; no House Republicans voted for the final bill. In the Senate, 60 votes are required to avoid a filibuster that can kill legislation, and the Democrats have the advantage 58-41, with one vacancy as Minnesota continues to count votes from the Nov. 2008 election. Therefore at least two GOP senators are needed, and the three voted yes (two from Maine and one from Pennsylvania.)

Conservative [[Charles E. Grassley]] of Iowa, the most senior Republican on the Senate Finance Committee, complained that 34 states and the District of Columbia will receive less Medicaid money than larger states. The stimulus package "shortchanges" Iowa by $185 million, he said. "It disregards the tough economic situation facing our state and others, and it fails to understand that the recession is hitting places like Iowa a little later than other states, but it is still hitting us."<ref> [http://grassley.senate.gov/news/Article.cfm?customel_dataPageID_1502=19319 Grassley Press Release, Feb. 12, 2009]</ref> Grassley's efforts to amend the bill were voted down by the Democrats.

We all understand the economy is in crisis,” Mr. Cornyn said. But he was among numerous Republicans who said they would vote “no” rather than endorse a bloated bill that will be paid for by future generations of taxpayers.

Senator Charles E. Schumer, Democrat of New York, countered by alluding to the deficits that accumulated during the Bush administration and asking rhetorically, “Where were my colleagues on the other side of the aisle for the last eight years?”

There was no suspense about the outcome earlier Friday in the House, since the Democrats hold a 255-to-178 advantage in the chamber.

==Impact==
[[File:Varvel-09-11-16.jpg|thumb|300px|Cartoonist Gary Varvel ridicules the liberal argument]]
Unemployment climbed steadily month by month after the stimulus became law in February, reaching 10.2% in October 2009. Liberals said not enough money had been spent fast enough, and indeed the Obama Administration was very slow in getting the money spent.
==Non Essential items==
Conservatives, represented by House Minority whip Eric Cantor, R-Va., complained, “This was not a stimulus bill. It was a spending bill.” <ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/Stimulus_Democrats_GOP/2009/01/29/176427.html GOP Resisted as Stimulus Veered Off Target] NewsMax, January 29, 2009</ref>

Some of the "stimulus" proposals attacked by conservatives:

* $650 million for digital TV coupons
* $600 million for new cars for the federal government
* $6 billion for colleges/universities
* The plan establishes at least 32 new government programs at a cost of over $136 billion <ref>That means more than a third of this plan's spending provisions are dedicated to creating new government programs.</ref>
* $25 million for new [[ATV]] trails
* $400 million for the [[National Endowment for the Arts]]
* $400 million for global warming research
* $30 billion has been set aside for infrastructure spending
* $200 million for Dep. of Defense to acquire alternative energy vehicles.
* $1.5 billion for a CO2 Reductions
* $4.2 billion for community organizing <ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/vitter_acorn_payoff/2009/01/29/176317.html Sen. Vitter: ACORN Getting ‘Political Payoff’] NewsMax, January 29, 2009</ref>
* $3.5 billion for higher education facilities
* $400 million for [[HIV]] and chlamydia testing
* $150 million for The Smithsonian
* $81 billion for [[Medicaid]]
* $36 billion for expanded unemployment benefits
* $20 billion for food stamps
* $83 billion for the earned income credit for non-taxpayers
* $54 billion to federal programs Economic Development Administration, the Small Business Administration, the 10 federal job training programs
* $66 billion for education
* $650 million coupons to subsidize digital television conversion<ref>addref</ref>
* $572 million for Coast Guard improvements <ref>[http://michellemalkin.com/2009/01/28/stimulus-stupidity-alert-460000coast-guard-job-15-bil-carbon-capturing-contest-more/ Stimulus stupidity alert] Michelle Malkin, January 28, 2009</ref>
* $1 billion to subsidize Amtrak
* $2 billion to help subsidize child care
* $2.25 billion for national parks
* $75 million for programs to help people quit smoking
* $44 million to renovate the headquarters building of the Agriculture Department
* $200 million for the National Mall, including $21 million for sod
* $53.4 billion for science facilities, high speed Internet, and miscellaneous energy and environmental programs.
* $32 billion for a "smart" electricity grid to minimize waste
* $13 billion for public housing, the homeless, renovate foreclosed homes
* $20 billion for quicker depreciation and write-offs for equipment
* $10.3 billion for tax credits to help families defray the costs of college tuition

Items removed from the House bill
* $200 million for new contraceptive service
* $20 million to renovate the National Mall

==External Links==
* [http://www.cq.com/displayfile.do?docid=3031034&productId=5 Official statement of tax effects], includes some spending on medical insurance and modernization
*[http://www.cq.com/displayfile.do?docid=3030932&productId=5 Official statement of new appropriations]
* [http://www.ourcountrydeservesbetter.com/issues/stopstimulus.html Stop The Stimulus!]
* [http://www.recovery.gov/ White House Recovery Website]

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Obama Presidency]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Finance]]
[[Category:Liberals]]

Eddie Cantor

2010-02-13T19:43:53Z

HenryW: ref space

'''Eddie Cantor''' (1892 - 1964) was an American [[singer]] and movie actor. He served as president of the [[Screen Actors Guild]] from 1933 to 1935.<ref>http://www.classicmovies.org/articles/aa012702a.htm</ref> Eddie Cantor was a phenomenal star of stage, screen and radio until the 60's. His large brown eyes and the eye rolling earned him the name “banjo eyes”.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* http://www.libranpoet.com/who_was_eddie_cantor.htm
* http://www.eddiecantor.com/bio.html
* http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0134662/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cantor, Eddie}}
[[Category:Male Singers]]
[[Category:Actors]]

Eddie Cantor

2010-02-13T19:43:39Z

HenryW: Grammar, space

'''Eddie Cantor''' (1892 - 1964) was an American [[singer]] and movie actor. He served as president of the [[Screen Actors Guild]] from 1933 to 1935. <ref>http://www.classicmovies.org/articles/aa012702a.htm</ref> Eddie Cantor was a phenomenal star of stage, screen and radio until the 60's. His large brown eyes and the eye rolling earned him the name “banjo eyes”.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* http://www.libranpoet.com/who_was_eddie_cantor.htm
* http://www.eddiecantor.com/bio.html
* http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0134662/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cantor, Eddie}}
[[Category:Male Singers]]
[[Category:Actors]]

Osteoporosis

2010-02-13T19:43:15Z

HenryW: space

'''Osteoporosis''' is a weakening of the [[bone]]s due to [[calcium]] loss. It is a condition typically found in the elderly. It is more frequent in women than in men, but both may occur. There are no symptoms until a break of a bone occurs, so annual testing is recommended for those over a certain age. The condition is treated by ensuring adequate dietary calcium and through the use of [[drug]]s which increase calcium deposition.

==See Also==
*[http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/diseasefacts.htm Osteoporosis Fast Facts]

==References==
* http://www.nof.org/

[[category:diseases]]

Pretzel

2010-02-13T19:42:25Z

HenryW: caps

[[Image:643px-Pretzel.jpg|right|thumb|A modern factory produced pretzel.]]

A '''pretzel''' is a baked snack made of [[dough]] that usually has a knot-like shape. Pretzels are sold in many different varieties such as the soft dough pretzel, and smaller hard versions of the knot-like soft dough pretzels.

A pretzel's shape is in the form of arms crossed in [[prayer]]. Ancient Christians "shaped these breads in the form of crossed arms for in those days they crossed their arms over the breast while praying. Therefore they called the breads 'little arms' (bracellae). From this Latin word, the Germanic people later coined the term 'pretzel.'"<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture//liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=543
|title=Pretzels for God: Lent and the Pretzel
|publisher=catholicculture.org
|accessdate=2008-11-08}}
</ref>

== References ==

<references/>
[[Category:Baked Goods]]
[[category:Snack Foods]]
[[category:Christian symbolism]]

Sexual reproduction

2010-02-04T22:20:10Z

HenryW: Space

{{rewrite|it has too much technical jargon}}
{{jargon}}

'''Sexual reproduction''' is reproduction by [[meiosis]] and fusion of the [[gametes]] from a single parent [[organism]] (selfing) or two parent organisms. The parent organisms are usually a [[male]] and a [[female]].<ref>Freeman, Scott, ''Biological Science''. Prentice Hall 2005.</ref> In sexual reproduction the gametes produced by the male and female each contain half of the parent's two sets of [[gene]]s, and fusion of the gametes creates a new [[cell]] which has two sets of genes, one set from each parent. This combination of genes leads to much genetic variation between parents and offspring. Many [[species]] reproduce sexually, such as [[human]]s, while some species (including many plants and some animals) can reproduce either sexually or [[asexual reproduction|asexually]].

==See also==
*[[Procreation]], for a [[Philosophy|philosophical]] look at [[Humanity|human]] sexual reproduction.''
*[[Human reproduction]]
*[[Sexual intercourse (quote)]]

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Reproduction]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]

Alternating Current

2010-01-19T18:26:42Z

HenryW: intro

'''Alternating current''' (commonly abbreviated '''AC''') is a type of [[electrical current]], the direction of which is reversed at regular intervals or cycles. In the United States, the standard is 120 reversals or 60 cycles per second. Electricity transmission networks use AC because [[voltage]] can be controlled with relative ease.<ref>http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_glossary.html</ref>

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references />

[[category:energy]]

Concurrent resolution

2010-01-19T18:26:05Z

HenryW: grammar

A '''concurrent resolution''' is a legislative [[measure]], designated "S. Con. Res." and numbered consecutively upon introduction, generally employed to address the sentiments of both chambers, to deal with issues or matters affecting both houses, such as a concurrent [[budget resolution]], or to create a temporary [[joint committee]]. Concurrent resolutions are not submitted to the [[President of the United States of America|President]] and thus do not have the force of law.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/concurrent_resolution.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:United States Senate Terms]]

Concurrent resolution

2010-01-19T18:25:54Z

HenryW: intro

A '''Concurrent resolution''' is a legislative [[measure]], designated "S. Con. Res." and numbered consecutively upon introduction, generally employed to address the sentiments of both chambers, to deal with issues or matters affecting both houses, such as a concurrent [[budget resolution]], or to create a temporary [[joint committee]]. Concurrent resolutions are not submitted to the [[President of the United States of America|President]] and thus do not have the force of law.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/concurrent_resolution.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:United States Senate Terms]]

Premature birth

2010-01-19T18:25:14Z

HenryW: sp

'''Premature birth''' is the birth of human before full term is reached at 37 weeks. It is most common for twins and other multiple births. The smallest babies to survive weighed in at less than 10 ounces, born 16 weeks early. There are about 380,000 premature births annually in the U.S.

==Life experience==
Premature babies studied as young adults show distinctive disadvantages. They are more likely to have one or more chronic health problems, especially neurosensory conditions (cerebral palsy, blindness, or deafness), and are shorter than normal-weight babies. They also have lower IQs, score lower on academic achievement tests, and are less likely to have graduated from high school or have enrolled in a four-year college. However, 51% have IQ scores within the normal range; 74% have completed high school; and 41% are pursuing post-secondary education.

On the positive side, these former "preemies" are less likely to engage in risk-taking behavior, use alcohol or illicit drugs, engage in sexual activities, or become pregnant. "We believe that this limited risk-taking behavior may result from increased parental monitoring of very low-birth-weight children," suggests Maureen Hack, professor of pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University.<ref> "Outlook Promising in Some Regards" ''USA Today'' Issue: 2689, October 2002. </ref>

==Image==
Some famous people have been premature, including [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Winston Churchill]], but until the mid-20th century survival rates were low. Increased attention to premature infants in the early 20th century was a result not only of improved technology, especially the incubator, but also of increased public awareness. As the general infant mortality rate dropped, premature births and deaths became more visible. Public displays of babies in incubators, such as the exhibit at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago in 1933, brought premature infants to the attention of the general public. The popular media published articles describing prematurity and extolling hospital care. This awareness of the issue of prematurity and medical advances designed to save the lives of infants changed the image of such children.<ref> Elizabeth A. Reedy, "From Weakling to Fighter: Changing the Image of Premature Infants." ''Nursing History Review'' 2003 11: 109-127. 1062-8061 </ref>

==See also==
* [[Infant mortality]]

==Further reading==
* Baker, Jeffrey Paul. "The Machine in the Nursery: The Premature Infant Incubator and the Origins of Neonatal Medicine in France and the United States, 1880-1922." PhD dissertation Duke U. 1993. 491 pp. DAI 1994 55(2): 359-360-A. DA9416900

==References==
<references/>
[[category:demography]]

Premature birth

2010-01-19T18:25:03Z

HenryW: fmt

'''Premature birth''' is the birth of human before full term is reached at 37 weeks. It is most common for twins and other multiple births. The smallest babies to survive weighed in at less than 10 ounces, born 16 weeks early. There are about 380,000 premature births annually in the U.S.
==Life experience==
Premature babies studied as young adults show distinctive disadvantages. They are more likely to have one or more chronic health problems, especially neurosensory conditions (cerebral palsy, blindness, or deafness), and are shorter than normal-weight babies. They also have lower IQs, score lower on academic achievement tests, and are less likely to have graduated from high school or have enrolled in a four-year college. However, 51% have IQ scores within the normal range; 74% have completed high school; and 41% are pursuing post-secondary education.

On the positive side, these former "preemies" are less likely to engage in risk-taking behavior, use alcohol or illicit drugs, engage in sexual activities, or become pregnant. "We believe that this limited risk-taking behavior may result from increased parental monitoring of very low-birth-weight children," suggests Maureen Hack, professor of pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University.<ref> "Outlook Promising in Some Regards" ''USA Today'' Issue: 2689, October 2002. </ref>

==Image==
Some famous people have been premature, including [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Winston Churchill]], but until the mid-20th century survival rates were low. Increased attention to premature infants in the early 20th century was a result not only of improved technology, especially the incubator, but also of increased public awareness. As the general infant mortality rate dropped, premature births and deaths became more visible. Public displays of babies in incubators, such as the exhibit at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago in 1933, brought premature infants to the attention of the general public. The popular media published articles describing prematurity and extolling hospital care. This awareness of the issue of prematurity and medical advances designed to save the lives of infants changed the image of such children.<ref> Elizabeth A. Reedy, "From Weakling to Fighter: Changing the Image of Premature Infants." ''Nursing History Review'' 2003 11: 109-127. 1062-8061 </ref>

==See also==
* [[Infant mortality]]

==Further reading==
* Baker, Jeffrey Paul. "The Machine in the Nursery: The Premature Infant Incubator and the Origins of Neonatal Medicine in France and the United States, 1880-1922." PhD dissertation Duke U. 1993. 491 pp. DAI 1994 55(2): 359-360-A. DA9416900

==References==
<references/>
[[category:demography]]

Pierce v. Society of Sisters

2010-01-19T18:23:56Z

HenryW: fmt

In '''''Pierce v. Society of Sisters''''', 268 U.S. 510 (1925), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] struck down an Oregon law requiring students to attend [[public school]] which did not contain an exception for private or religious school. The Court held that a law that "unreasonably interferes with the liberty of parents and guardians to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control. As often heretofore pointed out, rights guaranteed by the Constitution may not be abridged by legislation which has no reasonable relation to some purpose within the competency of the State. The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations."<ref>268 U.S. at 534-35.</ref>

This is the precedent most often cited in defense of [[homeschooling]] against laws that attempt to limit it.

This case dealt with an exception to the usual rule that one must allege a threat of imminent prosecution in order to have standing. ''Pierce'' involved a challenge by a Catholic school to the constitutionality of a statute which required children to attend public school and which subjected the parents to criminal penalties if the parents did not send their children to public school. The school could not have challenged the constitutionality of the statute in their defense of a criminal prosecution, since the school was not subject to prosecution. Furthermore, the Court focused on the economic interest of the school and found "without doubt enforcement of the statute would seriously impair, perhaps destroy, the profitable features of appellees' business and greatly diminish the value of their property." 268 U.S. at 531.
==Further reading==
* Donald P. Kommers and Michael J. Wahoske, eds. "Freedom and Education: Pierce V. Society of Sisters Reconsidered," (Center for Civil Rights, University of Notre Dame Law School, 1978) 111 pages

==Notes==
<references/>
[[category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[category:Education]]
[[category:Homeschooling]]

Cocaine

2010-01-19T03:47:37Z

HenryW: rm sp

[[Image:Coca.jpg‎|thumb|Coca Plant]]
'''Cocaine''' is potent natural stimulant and anesthetic first used by natives of South America. It was later isolated and purified for medical use, but has been restricted in the [[United States]].

It is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca), which is indigenous to the Andean highlands of South America. Natives in this region chew or brew coca leaves into a tea for refreshment and to relieve fatigue, similar to the customs of chewing tobacco and drinking tea or coffee.

Pure cocaine was first isolated in the 1880s. It was used as a local anesthetic in eye surgery. It was particularly useful in surgery of the nose and throat because of its ability to provide anesthesia, as well as to constrict blood vessels and limit bleeding.

Many of the therapeutic applications of raw, "natural" cocaine are now obsolete due to the development of safer drugs, either synthesized products from the natural coca extract or man-made using some of the natural products chemical components.

Cocaine is a [[Schedule II]] drug in the United States. The chemical formula of cocaine is C17H21NO4 <ref>http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=14717642</ref> <ref>http://dict.die.net/c17h21no4/</ref> <ref>http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=7th&navby=case&no=951747</ref>.

==Effects==
The effects on individuals vary and include:
* feelings of euphoria
* increased sexual desire
* loss of appetite<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/351472.stm#c BBC News | Health | Drugs # Cocaine]</ref>
* paranoia, delusion, and violent behavior<ref name="brown">[http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/atod/od_cocaine.htm Cocaine - Brown University Health and Education]</ref>
* nausea and headaches<ref name="brown" />
* kidney failure<ref>[http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/3/299 Cocaine use and kidney damage -- van der Woude 15 (3): 299 -- Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation]</ref>
* high blood pressure
* increased heart rate, irregular heart beat, and increased risk of heart attack<ref>[http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_05_020902/vas10632_fm.html eMJA: Cocaine use and cardiovascular complications]</ref>
* respiratory failure
* severe vomiting or diarrhea

In addition some people who are very sensitive to the drug (and will not realize it), may die after a single dose.<ref name="bbc" /> Cocaine abuse during pregnancy has many ill effects. It can cause considerable damage to the organs of the developing fetus, and lead to birth defects, premature detachment of the placenta, premature births, low birthweight babies, nutrition deficiencies, and babies born already addicted to the drug.<ref name="bbc" /><ref>[http://www.nysccc.org/cocaine.html Cocaine Abuse During Pregnancy]</ref><ref>[http://www.drugpolicy.org/library/research/cocaine.cfm Drug Policy Alliance: Cocaine & Pregnancy]</ref>.

==Socially Unacceptable and Illegal==
Cocaine has many street names, including "crack", "dope", and "rock". It is extremely addictive and extremely dangerous, especially to a pregnant women and her child. It is an illegal drug in the United States, but illegal traffic in the drug is on the rise.

Among the many evils against which society struggles, one of the most vicious is the traffic in cocaine. In every community where the menace develops, all the forces which society can mobilize, including social agencies, doctors, law enforcement officials and government, should band together to stamp it out. Without such activity the dope evil would run rampant. Yet it has long been recognized that one other powerful force is necessary before the struggle can be completely successful. That force is an aroused and educated public awareness. It is in the hope of aiding in developing such awareness that this section has been produced. The dangers listed above have happened to many men and women, and there will be many more tragic men and women until you, the informed citizen, join the forces now fighting the dope evil to forever stamp it out in our land.

==Illegal Cocaine: DEA Definition==
"Illegal cocaine is usually distributed as a white crystalline powder or as an off-white chunky material. The powder, usually cocaine hydrochloride, is diluted with a variety of substances, the most common being sugars such as lactose, inositol, and mannitol, and local anesthetics such as lidocaine. The adulteration increases the volume and thus multiplies profits. Cocaine hydrochloride is generally snorted or dissolved in water and injected. It is rarely smoked because it is heat labile (destroyed by high temperatures).

"Crack," the chunk or "rock" form of cocaine, is a ready-to-use freebase. On the illicit market, it is sold in small, inexpensive dosage units that are smoked. Smoking delivers large quantities of cocaine to the lungs, producing effects comparable to intravenous injection. Drug effects are felt almost immediately, are very intense, and are quickly over. Once introduced in the mid-1980s, crack abuse spread rapidly and made the cocaine experience available to anyone with $10 and access to a dealer. In addition to other toxicities associated with cocaine abuse, cocaine smokers suffer from acute respiratory problems including cough, shortness of breath, and severe chest pains with lung trauma and bleeding. It is noteworthy that the emergence of crack was accompanied by a dramatic increase in drug abuse problems and drug-related violence." <ref>http://www.dea.gov</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Illegal Drugs]]

Battle of Cowpens

2010-01-17T22:06:07Z

HenryW: bold

{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:AmRev Logo.PNG|300px]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: gray no-repeat scroll top left;"|Battle of Cowpens
|-
|Occurred
|January, 17, 1781
|-
|}
The '''Battle of Cowpens''' occurred on Jan. 17, 1781, during the [[American Revolution]]. American General [[Daniel Morgan]] ordered his line of militia to fire into [[British]] [[General Cornwallis]]' and Colonel Tarleton's soldiers, who included Highlanders, dragoons and loyalists. The British pursued the Americans, but American Continentals were waiting for the British over a hill. [[Mel Gibson]]'s movie "The Patriot" depicted this battle.

The Americans scored a huge success, killing 110 British and capturing 830.

But then British General Cornwallis reassembled his men and chased the Americans. He reached the Catawba River shortly after the Americans had crossed it. But a storm and flooded conditions then made the river impassable. Similar intervention by weather interfered with Cornwallis at the Yadkin River and Dan River.

British Commander Henry Clinton described this as follows: "Here the royal army was again stopped by a sudden rise of the waters, which had only just fallen (almost miraculously) to let the enemy over."

[[George Washington|General Washington]] made a similar observation, "We have ... abundant reasons to thank Providence for its many favorable interpositions in our behalf. It has at times been my only dependence, for all other resources seemed to have failed us."

[[Image:map-05.gif]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cowpens, Battle of}}

[[Category: American Revolutionary War Battles]]

Arkansas Community Foundation

2010-01-16T15:21:55Z

HenryW: fmt

'''Arkansas Community Foundation''' is a statewide philanthropy resource for comprehensive charitable gift planning for individuals, nonprofits and corporations.

Established through the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation and the commitment of a number of community leaders throughout the state, ARCF remains Arkansas’ only statewide community foundation.

Working together with fund donors, grant recipients and communities, the foundation is a catalyst for building charitable giving in Arkansas.

ACF helps communities build permanently endowed assets with its 27 local offices serving 40 counties. The aim is to unite local leadership with a statewide board and staff resources.

Through 19 youth advisory councils, the foundation promotes interest in charitable giving among the next generation. These groups of high school students learn about philanthropy through developing funds and making grants to nonprofit organizations that deal with youth issues.

The foundation unites financial advisers and clients with charitable needs statewide. Financial advisers provide information about the foundation and how it serves charitable giving needs. The aim is to help clients gain maximum tax advantages while aiding Arkansas’ communities.

The foundation administers charitable funds with assets of almost $107 million.

== References ==
Arkansas Community Foundation http://www.arcf.org/index.cfm

Anna Politkovskaya

2010-01-16T15:21:42Z

HenryW: fmt

'''Anna Politkovskaya''' (1958-2006) was a journalist whose searing critiques of [[Vladimir Putin]] and the Russian government's policies in [[Chechnya]] earned her several prestigious awards. She also served as a mediator during the 2002 hostage situation during the showing of Nord-Ost in a [[Moscow]] theater. She found more fame in death, having been shot under suspicious circumstances on October 7, 2006 at her apartment in [[Moscow]].

[[Finland]] held the position of Presidency of the [[European Union]] Council at the time of the murder, and The [[Finnish]] Ministry for Foreign Affairs released this statement:
: ''"The Presidency of the European Union has learned with deep regret about the killing in Moscow of Anna Politkovskaya, well-known journalist and defender of freedom of expression in Russia. The Presidency calls for a thorough investigation of this heinous crime and the bringing of its perpetrators to justice."'' <ref>[http://www.eu2006.fi/news_and_documents/cfsp_statements/vko40/en_GB/1160304778622/]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

== External Links ==
[http://michellemalkin.com/archives/006075.htm Who killed Anna Politkovskaya?]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Politkovskaya, Anna}}
[[Category:Women]]
[[category:journalists]]

Jason Varitek

2010-01-16T15:21:05Z

HenryW: fmt

'''Jason Andrew Varitek'''<ref>http://www.baseball-reference.com/v/varitja01.shtml</ref>, born 1972, is a [[Major League Baseball]] [[catcher]]. He has played his entire MLB career with the [[Boston Red Sox]] but is currently a [[free agent]].

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT: Varitek, Jason}}
[[Category: Baseball Players]]
[[Category: Boston Red Sox Players]]

Iah

2010-01-16T15:19:43Z

HenryW: fmt

[[Image:Iah-small1.jpg|frame|Bronze statuette of Iah, Late Period, BM-EA12587]]

'''Iah''' is an [[ancient egypt|Ancient Egyptian]] lunar god, whose role was linked to that of [[Thoth]] in the [[old kingdom|Old]] and [[middle kingdom|Middle Kingdoms]], and who came to be eclipsed to some degree by [[Khonsu]] from the [[New Kingdom]] onward. Some scholars regard the god as the personification of the lunar disc itself within Ancient Egyptian culture.

== Origins ==
Iah (sometimes translated as Yah) appears in quite a prominent role in the[[ Pyramid Texts]] of the Old Kingdom. Imagery of him is not very common, however, though his name is synonymous with the actual lunar disk itself. It is therefore probable that he was worshipped in pre-dynastic periods in this literal form.

== Appearances and Associations ==
Iah is portrayed variously as a male wearing a three part wig, and wearing the full lunar disc and crescent symbols. He is also sometimes seen wrapped (mummy wrappings?) in the same manner as Khonsu in some depictions, along with a staff. Sometimes the only differentiation between them can be the side-lock of youth that Khonsu sports.

Iah can also sometimes be seen bearing the damaged (lunar) eye of Horus.

Due to his association with Thoth, he may also appear with the distinctive Ibis head of this god, wearing a simple crescent crown.

== Associations and Prominence ==
Iah is a lunar god, and this dominates his associations. In this role he is very closely associated with Khonsu (the primary lunar god from the New Kingdom onward) and Thoth (as Thoth-Iah), who also has strong lunar associations. This affected his prominence in later periods. Iah also eventually become associated with Osiris (as Osiris-Iah), possibly through the lunar cycle of regeneration, and also the association of the lunar disc with the damaged eye of Horus.

It appears that Iah was particularly popular with the 17th Dynasty royal line, as several prominent royals adopted his name into their own, including [[Ah-Hotep]], and her son, [[Ahmose I]] (Amosis), founder of the 18th Dynasty, along with his wife, [[Ahmose-Nefertari]]. Some have also speculated that the name [[Kamose]] may also have had some root in Iah’s name. Interestingly, another association can be seen between Iah and the 26th dynasty, in the form of [[Ahmose II]] (Amasis), despite his eclipse, so to speak, by [[Khonsu]]. Also, statuettes and amulets of Iah continue to be found throught the New Kingdom and Late Periods, including a fine statuette now in the collection of the [[British Museum]].

There is no mention, however, of Iah ever having any significant temples or state endowments of his own, though he appears in the [[Book of the Dead]], suggesting he maintained an independent role of some kind in the latter New Kingdom.

== Titles ==
* Dweller Among The Gods

== Decline ==
Iah is mentioned from the 5th dynasty, and clearly had a following through well into the Late Period. However, it is unknown exactly when his following died out.

== References ==
* Faulkner, R O (1969), The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Oxford University Press, Oxford
* Shaw, I et al. (2000), Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, Oxford
* Wilkinson, R (2000), The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, London
* Wilkinson, R (2003), The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, London

[[Category:Ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian Mythology]]

Ableman v. Booth

2010-01-16T15:18:13Z

HenryW: fmt

'''''Ableman v. Booth''''', 21 Howard 506 (1859), was a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court to uphold [[abolitionist]] Sherman M. Booth's conviction for assisting in the rescue of a fugitive slave at Milwaukee. A judge of the Wisconsin Supreme Court had released him on a writ of habeas corpus, saying that the [[Fugitive Slave Act]] was unconstitutional. The case was carried to the U.S. Supreme Court, where Chief Justice [[Roger B. Taney]] rendered a unanimous opinion pronouncing the Fugitive Slave Act valid and forbidding a state to interfere with federal prisoners by habeas corpus writs.

While this decision effectively nullified laws such as the [[Massachusetts Personal Liberty Act]], it was largely ignored in the North. The next year, the South was still protesting that fugitive slaves were not being returned <ref>[http://www.google.com/books?id=CJQk9Ax6fZAC Official proceedings of the Democratic National Convention, 1860]</ref>.
==Bibliography==
* Swisher, Carl B. ''Roger B. Taney'' (1961)
* [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0062_0506_ZO.html Full text of Taney's opinion]
{{reflist}}

[[Category:United States law]]

How to Lie With Statistics

2010-01-12T16:48:38Z

HenryW: fmt

'''''How to Lie With Statistics''''' is a breezy but accurate introduction to the use of statistics, with an emphasis on applying critical thinking to statistical presentations in order to asses their underlying validity. The book, first published in 1954, has a light, humorous style that makes the author's points easy to understand. While some of the examples are dated, ''How to Lie With Statistics'' has been remained bestseller in its field, with over a half-million copies of the English language version sold, and it has been translated into numerous foreign languages.<ref>http://www-stat.wharton.upenn.edu/~steele/Publications/PDF/TN148.pdf</ref>

The author, [[Darrell Huff]], was not as interested in writing a textbook in statistical technique as he was in examining how statistics can be used to persuade and influence. Statistics are rarely used to provide objective facts to a reader, he contends, but are instead used to persuade. "The secret language of statistics, so appealing in a fact-minded culture, is employed to sensationalize, inflate, confuse, and oversimplify," warns Huff.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/How-Lie-Statistics-Darrell-Huff/dp/0393310728</ref> His purpose in writing the book is to highlight the manipulative potential in presented statistics, and to equip his readers with a basic level of statistical literacy to allow them to interpret statistics instead of accepting them blindly.

The value of this of the book for learning critical thinking can be summarized by the last chapter, "How to Talk Back to a Statistic", where Huff presents five questions anyone should ask when presented with a statistical "fact":
:*Who says so?
:*How does he know?
:*What’s missing?
:*Did someone change the subject?
:*Does it make sense?

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Statistics]]

Osmium

2010-01-12T16:47:20Z

HenryW: space

{{Element | name=Osmium | symbol=Os | anumber=76 | amass=190.2 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Fine black powder or blue-gray solid | date=1803 | discname=Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston | origname=From the Greek ''osmê'', meaning ''odour'', due to its pungent smell. | uses=Used to tip gold pen points and instrument pivots (such as compass needles and clock bearings). Also used to make electric light filaments and for high temperature alloys and pressure bearings. | obtained=Produced as a by-product of [[nickel]] refining. }}
'''Osmium''' is a chemical [[element]] that is one of the [[platinum]] [[metal]]s. It is the densest of all the natural elements. Because pure osmium [[oxidize]]s to the extremely toxic osmium tetroxide, osmium is rarely used in its pure form. Osmium also has a very unique ability; it can apparently undergo osmosis. The unique electron structure of the Osmium3+ ion allows it to be pulled through a thin membrane to the other side, on the surface apparently similar to water undergoing osmosis. This ability to penetrate easily into the furthest reaches of the human body is what allows it to be so toxic to humans.<ref>Advanced Chemistry 'Chemical Storylines', Salters-Nuffield, 2001</ref>.

[[Category:Elements]]

Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.

2010-01-12T16:46:28Z

HenryW: bold

'''''Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.''''', 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999), denied [[copyright]] protection to a photograph of a painting:<ref>
''Id.'' at 196-97 (emphasis added, footnotes omitted).</ref>

:Elements of originality [deserving of copyright] ... may include posing the subjects, lighting, angle, selection of film and camera, evoking the desired expression, and almost any other variant involved." '''But "slavish copying," although doubtless requiring technical skill and effort, does not qualify.''' As the Supreme Court indicated in Feist, "sweat of the brow" alone is not the "creative spark" which is the sine qua non of originality. '''It therefore is not entirely surprising that an attorney for the Museum of Modern Art, an entity with interests comparable to plaintiff's and its clients, not long ago presented a paper acknowledging that a photograph of a two-dimensional public domain work of art "might not have enough originality to be eligible for its own copyright."'''

== Reference ==

<references/>

[[category:law]]
[[category:copyright]]

Geraldo Rivera

2010-01-12T16:45:45Z

HenryW: sp

'''Gerald Michael Riviera'''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0729273/bio</ref> is a [[liberal|left of center]] commentator that appears regularly on [[Fox News Channel|FoxNews]] and is the host of the weekend program "Geraldo at Large". He is best known for his coverage of the 1994 [[O.J. Simpson]] murder trial and also for his signature [[mustache]]. He is a strong supporter of [[pro-amnesty|amnesty]] for [[illegal aliens]].<ref>http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/09/geraldo_river_tells_birmingham.html</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.geraldo.com/v5/ Official Site]
*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,38978,00.html Fox News Bio]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Rivera, Geraldo}}
[[Category: Broadcasters]]

Intermediate scrutiny

2010-01-12T16:43:38Z

HenryW: fmt

The '''intermediate scrutiny''' test in constitutional law is applied to statutes that affect quasi-suspect classifications such as making distinctions based on gender. This test requires invalidating a statute that discriminates based on gender unless the government can prove that the statute is substantially related to an important government purpose.

If the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] had passed, then the [[strict scrutiny]] test would be applied to all gender-related laws and rules, and that test is almost impossible to pass.
[[category:law]]

Maxine Waters

2010-01-12T16:42:57Z

HenryW: sp

{{Officeholder
|name=Maxine Waters
|image=Maxine_Waters.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=Sidney Williams
|religion=Non-denominational Protestant
|offices=
{{Officeholder/representative
|state= California
|district=35th
|terms=January 3, 1991 - Present
|preceded=Augustus Hawkins
|former=n
|succeeded=none
}}

}}
'''Maxine Waters''' (b. August 15, 1938) is a Democratic representative from [[California]]. She is an African-American woman that represents California's 35th district since 1991, which includes South Central Los Angeles. Waters is a member of the House Committee on Financial Services and the Chairwoman of its Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity. Also, Waters is on the Committee of the Judiciary overseeing Crime, [[Terrorism]], Homeland Security, Immigration, and Border Security. She is the founding member and Chair of the ‘Out of [[Iraq]]’ Congressional Caucus, a member of the Progressive Caucus and the Congressional Black Caucus. She is known for being an outspoken [[liberal]] and for expousing socialistic motives. She was a cosponsor of the House resolution to impeach then-Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] for the War in Iraq.

==Early life==
Maxine Waters was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She attended college at California State University. Before entering politics she was a teacher. Waters married Sidney Williams

==LA Riots==
Standing up for her constituents, she defended the people involved in the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Waters maintains that to label it a riot was to call people crazy. She understands their motives so she decided to call it a rebellion. <ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/sunday/commentary/la-op-wordwatch29apr29,1,7201249.story Was it a 'riot,' a 'disturbance' or a 'rebellion'?, LATimes, April 29, 2007]</ref>

==Blaming Big Oil==
Congresswoman Waters is on record blaming oil executives for the high cost of gasoline, ''"Guess what this liberal will be all about, this liberal will be all about socializing... taking over and the government running all of your companies."''

==Ethics Violations==
Rep. Maxine Waters used her influence to help a bank in which her husband owned stock. A House ethics committee said it's investigating her and whether she benefited as a result. <ref>[http://www.newsmax.com//insidecover/waters_ethics_probe/2009/10/29/279173.html California Rep. Waters Is Under Investigation, NewsMax.com, October 29, 2009]</ref>

Also in 2009, the group [[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington]] named Maxine Waters one of the 15 most corrupt members of Congress.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* [http://www.house.gov/waters/ Congresswomen Waters - House.gov]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waters, Maxine}}
[[Category:United States Representatives]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]

{{liberalism}}

Mathews v. Eldridge

2010-01-12T16:42:34Z

HenryW: fmt

In '''''Mathews v. Eldridge''''', 424 U.S. 319 (1976), the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled that "an evidentiary hearing is not required prior to the termination of disability benefits and that the present administrative procedures fully comport with due process." The Court also recognized that "federal-question jurisdiction is barred by 42 U. S. C. 405(h) even in a case where claimant is challenging the administrative procedures used to terminate welfare benefits."

Respondent Eldridge was first awarded disability insurance benefits in June 1968. In March 1972, he received a questionnaire from the state agency charged with monitoring his medical condition. Eldridge indicated that his condition had not improved. The state agency then obtained reports from his physician and a psychiatric consultant. After considering these reports and other information in his file the agency informed Eldridge by letter in May 1872 that it had made a tentative determination that his disability had ceased. Eldridge's benefits were terminated in July.

Eldridge's case was heard in the District Court, which concluded that the administrative procedures pursuant to which the Secretary had terminated Eldridge's benefits abridged his right to procedural due process. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the lower court's decision. The United States Supreme Court reversed this affirmation, concluding that, "an evidentiary hearing is not required prior to the termination of disability benefits and that the present administrative procedures fully comport with due process."

[[Category:Venue]]

When Harry Met Sally...

2010-01-12T16:41:02Z

HenryW: fmt

'''''When Harry Met Sally...''''' is an American film, primarily for adults (due to some objectionable subject matter) starring comedian [[Billy Krystal]] and [[Meg Ryan]].

[[Category:Movies]]

Aberdeen

2010-01-12T16:38:52Z

HenryW: fmt

The third largest city in [[Scotland]], '''Aberdeen''' is located in the north east of Scotland, between the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don.

The city's motto is ''Bon Accord'' which, roughly translated from the [[French]], means ''Good Agreement''.

Aberdeen is the major logistical center of the [[North Sea]] [[oil]] industry and is also famous as a [[fishing]] port and a center of educational excellence. From late Medieval times until the late 19th century, Aberdeen was home to as many universities as the whole of [[England]].

Aberdeen is known as the [[Granite]] City (sometimes also The Silver City with the Golden Sands) from the stone used in the construction of its many fine public buildings. A person from Aberdeen is called an Aberdonian. Aberdeen is the least religious city in Scotland. <ref>http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/ACCI/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1726&sID=332</ref>

==Sport==

[[Aberdeen FC]] (nickname: the Dons) is the city's only senior football club. Home matches are played at Pittodrie whose name derives from the Pictish for dung heap. The current manager is [[Jimmy Calderwood]].

==Famous Aberdonians==
* Annie Lennox
* Robbie Shepherd
* William Hardie
* John Laurie
* Denis Law

There are also cities or towns called Aberdeen in [[Texas]], [[South Dakota]], [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[California]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Alabama]] in the [[United States]], [[Northern Australia]], [[New South Wales]], and [[Tasmania]] in [[Australia]], and on the southern shore of [[Hong Kong]] island.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Scottish Cities and Towns]]

Edgar Kennedy

2010-01-12T16:38:19Z

HenryW: Space

'''Edgar Kennedy''' (April 26, 1890 - November 9, 1948) [[American]] [[film]] [[actor]] who was one of the original [[Keystone Kops]].

Kennedy worked in hundreds of films most notably he worked in a number of [[Laurel and Hardy]] shorts. He had a brother [[Tom Kennedy (actor)|Tom Kennedy]] who was also an actor.

He died of throat [[cancer]].

== External link ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0448012/ Internet Movie Database]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Edgar}}
[[Category:Actors]]

Hydrothermal vein

2010-01-12T16:37:15Z

HenryW: Space

A '''hydrothermal vein''' is a [[fracture]] in [[rock]]s in which [[mineral]]s have been deposited from hot [[magma]]tic emanations rich in [[water]].

==Sources==
*Pellant, Chris. ''The Complete Book of Rocks and Minerals'', Dorling Kindersley Inc.: New York (1995), '''p. 251''

[[Category:Volcanology]]
[[Category:Mineralogy]]

Cornish

2010-01-12T16:36:58Z

HenryW: space

'''Cornish''' can refer to:
*the [[adjective]] '''Cornish''' is used to describe a person, object or attribute coming from or related to the county of [[Cornwall]] in south-west [[England]].
*the [[Cornish language]]

{{disambig}}

Charismatic movement

2010-01-12T16:35:47Z

HenryW: Bold

'''Charismatic movement''', or '''Charismatic renewal''', refers to spirit-filled services and masses (e.g., integration of [[Third-force Christianity]]) within certain Christian denominations.

The distinctive characteristic of early Methodism in the United States that most appealed to people and resulted in conversions and joining the Methodist Church was not a theological concept, such as Arminianism, but rather was "enthusiasm," including dreams, visions, supernatural impressions, miraculous healings, [[Speaking in tongues]], swoons, and trances.<ref> John H. Wigger, "Taking Heaven by Storm: Enthusiasm and Early American Methodism, 1770-1820" ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 1994 14(2): 167-194 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3124220 in JSTOR]</ref>

Inspired by revivalist and fundamentalist movements, the Pentecostal movement was founded in Topeka, Kansas, by Charles F. Parham, a Methodist preacher. The most prominent occurrence in the early history of Pentecostalism was the 1906-09 Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles. This event was marked by great emotional excitement, relatively brief interracial harmony, and an obsession with speaking in tongues and healing. It was touched off by the preaching of William J. Seymour, a black preacher who had absorbed Patham's teachings. Glossolalia became a central issue in it, as a criterion for baptism. It was organized into the [[Assemblies of God]] which founded many missions.

==Recent==
In a relatively recent phenomenon, it has spread to some [[Roman Catholic]], [[Episcopalian]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Presbyterian]] churches. [[Speaking in tongues]] is common.

==Europe==
In Wales, the preacher and miner Robert Evans (b. 1879) initiated a revivalist movement that spread to Europe. The first true European Pentecostalist movement was organized by Thomas H. Barratt in Oslo, Norway after a trip to the United States in 1906.
==Controversies==
n the 1830s leaders of the Mormon church encouraged members to practice glossolalia, the unintelligible ecstatic speech often called the gift of tongues. A chief advocate of speaking in tongues among the early Mormons was Sidney Rigdon, a one-time Campbellite minister who had converted to Mormonism in 1830. This practice, considered sincere in most cases, eventually brought about social strife and institutional instability, and was thereafter officially discouraged. The dawning of the 20th century saw a decline in the acceptability of speaking in tongues. From 1900 until the present it has seldom been seen.

For American Pentecostalists, speaking in tongues served to authenticate the Spirit's special baptism, but for many in India and other areas outside the United States speaking in tongues was not an absolute requirement for identification as a Pentecostalist.

The possession trances of southern Appalachian serpent-handling sects are stylized, controlled, and conventional activities adopted by people well-adjusted to their Pentecostal religious environment. The 'power' of these trances includes glossolalia, serpent and fire handling, strychnine drinking, miracle working, casting out devils, healing, prophecy, and discerning spirits.

==Catholics==
In 1967 the emergence of Catholic Pentecostalism surprised many inside and outside the Church. Its origin was among thousands of Catholic lay leaders. This movement's beginning is marked by Catholics publically speaking in tongues. <ref>Vinson Synan, ''The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century.'' (Eerdmans, 1997). 340 pp., page 240, 243 </ref>

==Further reading==
* Dunn, James D G. [http://books.google.com/books?id=mvJmxO2EN68C ''Baptism in the Holy Spirit: A Re-examination of the New Testament Teaching on the Gift of the Spirit in Relation to Pentecostalism Today.''] SCM Press, 1970.
* Horn, William M. "Speaking in Tongues: a Retrospective Appraisal." ''Lutheran Quarterly'' 1965 17(4): 316-329 14p
* Synan, Vinson. ''The Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States.'' (Eerdmans, 1971). 248 pp.
* Synan, Vinson. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Q-npoRWoZuUC ''The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century.''] (Eerdmans, 1997). 340 pp.
* Hamilton, Michael P. (Ed.). ''The Charismatic Movement'' (Eerdmans, 1975). 194 pp.
* Williams, J. Rodman. ''The Pentecostal Reality: A Prominent theologian takes a hard look at the Charismatic in the Charismatic Renewal''. (Logos International, 1972). 109 pp. favorable ([[Presbyterian]] perspective) [http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/BibleStudyAndTheology/DrWilliams/BK_Pentacostal_preface.aspx online edition]

==see also==
* [[Pentecostalism]]
* [[They Speak with Other Tongues]]

[[Category:Revivals]]

Conway's game of life

2010-01-12T16:35:23Z

HenryW: Spelling

[[Image:Animated glider emblem.gif|thumb|right|Glider pattern]]
'''Conway's Game of Life''' (abbreviated '''CGL''') deals with a cellular automation game called ''Life'', which was meant to simulate the ecology of one-celled creatures. It was invented by [[John Conway]] in 1970. <ref>[http://www.math.com/students/wonders/life/life.html Wonders of Math]</ref>

CGL is a simple game whereby random squares on a grid are filled. These are deemed to be "alive". Under a set rule based on the number of filled adjacent cells a [[Cell (mathematics)|cell]] either continues to live, dies, or is born.

Despite being based on simple rules the outcome cannot be estimated in advance, only by running the simulation can you get any results. Despite it being based on a random initial state possessing, patterns form very easily. One common pattern is the glider, a configuration of cells which can move an unlimited distance across the grid without interacting with other groups.

CGL have become increasingly studied in ecology as it gives an interesting perspective on the behavior of ecosystems. It is often cited as an example of how [[evolution]] can occur in that with a simple rules and random starting positions complex patterns can form. Nonetheless, CGL has failed to provide any evidence of large-scale evolution required for evolutionary theories of the origin of species: while simple patterns like gliders may arise, despite numerous attempts, CGL has failed to produce complex, self-perpetuating behaviors on a large scale.

In mathematics it is cited as an example of [[chaos]].

''The Science of Discworld 2: The Globe'' by Terry Pratchett, Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, provides an easy understanding of a discretization of Conway's game of life.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:mathematics]] [[Category:computers]] [[category:ecology]]

==External links==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/lifepatterns/ Conway's Game of Life]

Conway's game of life

2010-01-12T16:34:23Z

HenryW: Spelling, grammar

[[Image:Animated glider emblem.gif|thumb|right|Glider pattern]]
'''Conway's Game of Life''' (abbreviated '''CGL''') deals with a cellular automation game called ''Life'', which was meant to simulate the ecology of one-celled creatures. It was invented by [[John Conway]] in 1970. <ref>[http://www.math.com/students/wonders/life/life.html Wonders of Math]</ref>

CGL is a simple game whereby random squares on a grid are filled. These are deemed to be "alive". Under a set rule based on the number of filled adjacent cells a [[Cell (mathematics)|cell]] either continues to live, dies, or is born.

Despite being based on simple rules the outcome cannot be estimated in advance, only by running the simulation can you get any results. Despite it being based on a random initial state possessing, patterns form very easily. One common pattern is the glider, a configuration of cells which can move an unlimited distance across the grid without interacting with other groups.

CGL have become increasingly studied in ecology as it gives an interesting perspective on the behavior of ecosystems. It is often cited as an example of how [[evolution]] can occur in that with a simple rules and random starting positions complex patterns can form. Nonetheless, CGL has failed to provide any evidence of large-scale evolution required for evolutionary theories of the origin of species: while simple patterns like gliders may arise, despite numerous attempts, CGL has failed to produce complex, self-perpetuating behaviors on a large scale.

In mathematics it is cited as an example of [[chaos]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

''The Science of Discworld 2: The Globe'' by Terry Pratchett, Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, has a good easy to understand discrition of Conway's game of life.

[[Category:mathematics]] [[Category:computers]] [[category:ecology]]

==External links==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/lifepatterns/ Conway's Game of Life]

Conway's game of life

2010-01-12T16:32:44Z

HenryW: fmt

[[Image:Animated glider emblem.gif|thumb|right|Glider pattern]]
'''Conway's game of life''' (abbreviated '''CGL''') deals with a cellular automaton game called ''Life'', which was meant to simulate the ecology of one-celled creatures. It was invented by [[John Conway]] in 1970. <ref>[http://www.math.com/students/wonders/life/life.html Wonders of Math]</ref>

CGL is a simple game whereby random squares on a grid are filled. These are deemed to be "alive". Under a set rule based on the number of filled adjacent cells a [[Cell (mathematics)|cell]] either continues to live, dies, or is born.

Despite being based on simple rules the outcome cannot be estimated in advance, only by running the simulation can you get any results. Despite it being based on a random initial state possessing, patterns form very easily. One common pattern is the glider, a configuration of cells which can move an unlimited distance across the grid without interacting with other groups.

CGL have become increasingly studied in ecology as it give an interesting perspective on the behaviouer of ecosystems. It is often cited as an example of how [[evolution]] can occur in that with a simple rules and random starting positions complex patterns can form. Nonetheless, CGL has failed to provide any evidence that the sort of large-scale evolution required for evolutionary theories of the origin of species: while simple patterns like gliders may arise, despite numerous attempts, CGL has failed to produce complex, self-perpetuating behavior on a large scale.

In mathematics it is cited as an example of [[chaos]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

''The Science of Discworld 2: The Globe'' by Terry Pratchett, Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, has a good easy to understand discrition of Conway's game of life.

[[Category:mathematics]] [[Category:computers]] [[category:ecology]]

==External links==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/lifepatterns/ Conway's Game of Life]

Conway's game of life

2010-01-12T16:32:28Z

HenryW: spelling

[[Image:Animated glider emblem.gif|thumb|right|Glider pattern]]
'''Conway's game of life''' (CGL) deals with a cellular automaton game called ''Life'', which was meant to simulate the ecology of one-celled creatures. It was invented by [[John Conway]] in 1970. <ref>[http://www.math.com/students/wonders/life/life.html Wonders of Math]</ref>

CGL is a simple game whereby random squares on a grid are filled. These are deemed to be "alive". Under a set rule based on the number of filled adjacent cells a [[Cell (mathematics)|cell]] either continues to live, dies, or is born.

Despite being based on simple rules the outcome cannot be estimated in advance, only by running the simulation can you get any results. Despite it being based on a random initial state possessing, patterns form very easily. One common pattern is the glider, a configuration of cells which can move an unlimited distance across the grid without interacting with other groups.

CGL have become increasingly studied in ecology as it give an interesting perspective on the behaviouer of ecosystems. It is often cited as an example of how [[evolution]] can occur in that with a simple rules and random starting positions complex patterns can form. Nonetheless, CGL has failed to provide any evidence that the sort of large-scale evolution required for evolutionary theories of the origin of species: while simple patterns like gliders may arise, despite numerous attempts, CGL has failed to produce complex, self-perpetuating behavior on a large scale.

In mathematics it is cited as an example of [[chaos]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

''The Science of Discworld 2: The Globe'' by Terry Pratchett, Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, has a good easy to understand discrition of Conway's game of life.

[[Category:mathematics]] [[Category:computers]] [[category:ecology]]

==External links==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/lifepatterns/ Conway's Game of Life]

Conway's game of life

2010-01-12T16:31:57Z

HenryW: fmt

[[Image:Animated glider emblem.gif|thumb|right|Glider pattern]]
'''Conway's game of life''' (CGL) deals with a cellular automaton game called ''Life'', which was meant to simulate the ecology of one-celled creatures. It was invented by [[John Conway]] in 1970. <ref>[http://www.math.com/students/wonders/life/life.html Wonders of Math]</ref>

CGL is a simple game whereby random squares on a grid are filled. These are deemed to be "alive". Under a set rule based on the number of filled adjacent cells a [[Cell (mathematics)|cell]] either continues to live, dies, or is born.

Despite being based on simple rules the outcome cannot be estimated in advance, only by running the simulation can you get any results. Despite it being based on a random initial state possessing, patterns form very easily. One common pattern is the glider, a configuration of cells which can move an unlimited distance across the grid without interacting with other groups.

CGL have become increasingly studied in ecology as it give an interesting perspective on the behaviouer of ecosystems. It is often cited as an example of how [[evolution]] can occur in that with a simple rules and random starting positions complex patterns can form. Nonetheless, CGL has failed to provide any evidence that the sort of large-scale evolution required for evolutionary theories of the origin of species: while simple patterns like gliders may arise, despite numerous attemps CGL has failed to produce complex, self-perpetuating behavior on a large scale.

In mathematics it is cited as an example of [[chaos]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

''The Science of Discworld 2: The Globe'' by Terry Pratchett, Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, has a good easy to understand discrition of Conway's game of life.

[[Category:mathematics]] [[Category:computers]] [[category:ecology]]

==External links==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/lifepatterns/ Conway's Game of Life]