Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Mental illness

2010-09-13T16:59:31Z

HaywoodJ: remove misleading quote

'''Mental illness''' is a broad concept covering all sorts of diseases, disorders, and disturbances in the human mind (see [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]]).

From the [[Middle Ages]] onward, people have been frightened or dismayed by the "crazy" behavior or speech of others. The idea of locking up mentally disordered people or placing them in [[asylum]]s goes back hundreds of years and has often been mentioned in literature. In Shakespeare's play, [[Hamlet]] appeared to be mentally ill; [[Ophelia]] became mentally ill and killed herself.

Various theories have been put forth to account for mental disorders. <ref>"The English-speaking world has not always used medical language to describe the behavior we now label as symptomatic of mental illness or mental disorder. Descriptions were sometimes framed in quite different terms, such as possession. What we now call mental illness was not always treated as a medical problem." [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-illness/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy], Christian Perring</ref>
Religious ideas about mental illness have included [[demon]]ic possession, to be cured by [[exorcism]]. Psychological ideas run a wide gamut.

Mental illness is generally considered to have dimensions of severity and impact, as well as legal implications. Some people are considered [[insanity|insane]] in some countries, and are excluded from society or given special consideration. A defendant may be judged not guilty by reason of [[temporary insanity]]. A severely mentally unwell individual may be [[psychotic]] or [[schizophrenic]], while milder forms of mental illness are classified as a [[neurosis]] or [[syndrome]] (see [[Eating disorder]] or [[bulimia]] or [[anorexia]]).

==Forms of Mental Disorder==
Psychosis 
Depression 
Anxiety 
Obsessional Compulsive Disorder 
Personality Disorder 

==Types of mental health professionals==

Professionals involved in the care and treatment of people suffering from mental disorders include [[Mental Health Nurse|mental health nurses]], [[social workers]], [[psychiatrists]] and [[occupational therapists]].

==Mental illness and the law==
The mental health community does not recognize or utilize the term "insane" or 'insanity", yet is called upon to give expert opinion as such in capital criminal cases where the life of a defendant is at stake. This is because the terms "insane" and "insanity", whilst written into the law in ''some'' countries, are not defined ''in'' or ''by'' the law. It is for mental health professionals to determine whether an individual is mentally unwell or not; the courts' role is to take the opinions of those professionals into account when deciding on an appropriate disposal for the defendant, which can include prison or detention in hospital under local mental health legislation.

In the UK, a defendant can be placed in a mental hospital (under the Mental Health Act 2007) if the opinions of mental health professionals agree that the person requires such care and treatment. The most dangerous of defendants who are mentally unwell can be made subject to Part IV of the MHA 2007, which includes provision for detention in hospital without limit of time.

Many courts apply the M'Naghten Rules as to whether the defendant was, at the time of the index offense, capable of knowing that what he was doing was wrong.

[[Liberal]] Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] was long in favor of spending money on mental illness coverage. A bill passed by the [[House of Representatives]] in March 2008, the Paul Wellstone Mental Health and Addiction Equity Act, would force insurers to cover mental illness at the same coverage level as physical ailments. The bill was sponsored in the House by Republican [[Jim Ramstad]], a recovering [[alcoholism|alcoholic]], and Ted Kennedy's son [[Patrick Kennedy]] of [[Rhode Island]]. A similar bill in the [[United States Senate]] was sponsored [[liberal]] Democrat [[Ted Kennedy]], who has been addicted to painkillers; Pete Domenici of New Mexico; and Mike Enzi of Wyoming. <ref>[http://www.startribune.com/politics/16318346.html House approval is historic moment for Wellstone's addiction and treatment crusade]</ref> The [[Family Research Council]] has expressed its concern that this bill would force businesses to provide health care for mental "conditions" like necrophilia, pedophilia, cross-dressing, and gender identity confusion.<ref>[http://www.frc.org/get.cfm?i=WU08C03 Family Research Council: March 6, 2008 Update]</ref>

Even when a defendant is deemed sane, mental illness is sometimes used to justify a lesser sentence due to the defendant's [[diminished capacity]] which is said to render him less responsible for his crime. However, mental illness is also sometimes used to justify a harsher sentence if, for instance, a longer term of imprisonment is deemed necessary to protect the public from a defendant whose mental illness makes him more likely to commit crimes. A defendant found incompetent to stand trial can sometimes be confined to a mental hospital until such time as his competency is restored.

==Mental illness and the brain==

Scientists who adhere to a purely physical model of mental health regard mental illness as disorders of the brain. <ref>"Mental health disorders ... such as [[depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[schizophrenia]] and even [[borderline personality disorder]] are medical disorders of the brain." [http://www.mental-health-today.com/index.htm Mental Health Today] </ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==See also==

*[[psychotherapy]]

*[[List of psychologists]]
**[[Alice Miller]]
**[[M. Scott Peck]], author of ''The Road Less Traveled''
**[[Eric Berne]]
**[[Sigmund Freud]]

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Mental health]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

In-vitro Fertilization

2010-09-09T03:02:51Z

HaywoodJ:

'''In-vitro Fertilization''', or '''IVF''' is a technique of creating [[life]] by fertilizing an [[egg]] outside the [[human]] [[body]]. It is used when traditional [[pregnancy]] cannot be achieved.

This technique has the potential to benefit families by blessing them with children, but it is typically only used by [[liberal]]s, since it often ends up creating many babies that are allowed to [[Death|die]] when the parents only want to care for one.{{fact}}

[[Conservatives]] have created a program to adopt the abandoned babies, sometimes over the objections of liberals who believe they "own" the babies, and therefore have the right to "disregard" (that is, kill) them. [http://www.snowflakes.org]

The [[Catholic Church]] is opposed to the process because it separates [[procreation]] from [[sexual intercourse]], as well as for the above mentioned negative side effects.

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Pregnancy]]

George W. Bush

2010-08-08T02:31:38Z

HaywoodJ:

{{President
|image=George_w_bush.jpeg
|seq=43
|term_start=January 20, 2001
|term_end=January 20, 2009
|party=Republican
|vp=Dick Cheney
|previous=Bill Clinton
|next=Barack Obama
|birth_date=July 6, 1946
|birth_place=New Haven, Connecticut
|death_date=
|death_place=
|spouse=[[Laura Bush]]
|spouse2=
|religion=[[United Methodist]]
}}

'''George Walker Bush''' (allegedly born New Haven, [[Connecticut]] 1946) was the Governor of [[Texas]] (1995-2000) and served as the 43rd [[President of the United States of America]] from 2001 to 2009. Campaigning on the notion that the United States should not be in the business of nation-building<ref>http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/debates/transcripts/u221003.html</ref> and promising "to restore honor and dignity" to the office of the President,<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E3DC153FF931A2575BC0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE TEXAS GOVERNOR; Bush Calls on Gore to Denounce Clinton Affair,] By Frank Bruni, The New York Times'', August 12, 2000. </ref> he won the office by a narrow margin in the decisive State of [[Florida]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 Presidential election]]. Legal challenges to the certified vote count went all the way to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] when liberal Democratic contender [[Al Gore]] contested the outcome for weeks until the Supreme Court case [[Bush v. Gore]].

In the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 Presidential election]] Bush won re-election, helped in part by a 300,000 vote victory (5%) in the State of Florida, where the outcome had been so close in 2000.<ref>[http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate=11/2/2004&Race=PRE&DATAMODE= Florida Election Records], ''[[Florida Dept. of State]]''</ref> [[Leftist]] Democratic candidate [[John Kerry]] conceded defeat the day after the election.

Bush's presidency was defined by [[foreign policy]] because of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]], which eventually resulted in the liberation of the countries of [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Bush named two conservatives to the Supreme Court. He reformed K12 education with a major new program, [[No Child Left Behind]], and pushed a series of major tax cuts through Congress. Conservatives cheered. All this happened in his first term, aiding his easy reelection. His performance in dealing with [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005 were widely ridiculed, though some Republicans argued that local Democrats did an even worse job.

As the [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] smashed into the banking system and the nation plunged into the [[Recession of 2008]], Bush responded with a massive aid program of $700 billion to banks, and loan guarantees amounting to the trillions of dollars. Conservatives were dismayed, and he left office with the economy spiraling downward. Above all, he made the most dramatic federal interventions in American history by his rescues of the financial system and the automobile industry in 2008. Bruce Bartlett, a Republican economist, says, "Bush clearly is not a Reaganite or "small 'c' conservative."

Conservatives and [[libertarian]]s have criticized Bush for greatly increased domestic spending, creating a new entitlement program for prescription drugs, failing to veto a single bill, and expanding both the size and scope of government. The man made extremely difficult decisions under extraordinary circumstances. Unlike any president before him, he was subjected to an all out attack by liberal aligned groups intent on playing politics, while forcing him to admit defeat in Iraq. Bush's last year in office was a combination of Democrat [[Alinsky]] tactics and abandonment by his own Republican party. Lobbyists and Congress contributed greatly to the collapsing financial markets. Mistakes, questionable interests, Federal Reserve lack of transparency, Liberal Media, Unions, Homeland Security and you understand why the Bush team was to falter, they were in over their heads. Bush is a man with convictions that didn't cower from protecting America and putting America first. <ref>See www.honorfreedom.com</ref> George would engineer two government rebate checks, giving back to the people. Average unemployment over eight-years of the [[Bush Administration]] was 5.3%. <ref>[http://scottstanzel.com/2010/06/04/unemployment-rate-during-president-bush/ Scottstanzel.com, Unemployment During President George W. Bush’s Two Terms]</ref> and he can be credited for having the most [[pro-life]] policies of any president.

==Early Life==
[[Image:Bushfamily.JPG|left|thumb|275px|George W. Bush and his family in 1981]] George W. Bush was born on July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas. <ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/biography.html</ref> He attended [[Yale University]] where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and [[Harvard]] Business School, and later served in the Texas Air [[National Guard]]. Growing up in politics, his father [[George H. W. Bush]] had been a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], American Ambassador to the [[United Nations]], Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]](CIA) and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] of the Untied States under President [[Ronald Reagan]]. In 1988, George W. Bush worked for his fathers successful Presidential campaign. Afterwords Bush purchased the Texas Rangers [[baseball]] franchise.

==Governor of Texas==
Bush declared his candidacy for Governor of Texas in 1994. He defeated incumbent [[Democrat]] Governor [[Ann Richards]] 53.5 percent to 45.9 percent. Bush advocated and signed the two largest tax cuts to date in Texas history, totaling over $3 billion. <ref>http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/40078/tsl-40078.html</ref> He supported and signed legislation emphasizing local control of [[school]]s, higher standards, and a revised curriculum. Bush was easily reelected Governor in 1998.

==2000 Presidential Campaign==
''Main Article: [[United States presidential election, 2000]]''

The Republican nominee for the 2000 Presidential nomination came down to Texas Governor George W. Bush and [[Arizona]] Senator [[John McCain]], a maverick Republican and ex-POW. Most social conservatives endorsed Bush. Despite early primary wins in [[New Hampshire]] and [[Michigan]] for McCain, Bush eventually won after sweeping 9 out of the 13 states on super Tuesday. McCain withdrew in March after a bitter primary fight. Bush then chose former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Richard Cheney]] as his running mate. Vice President [[Al Gore]] was the Democrat nominee. Consumer Advocate [[Ralph Nader]], a strong supporter of [[environment]]al protection and critic of large corporations entered the race in the [[green party]].

In a historically close race, Gore edged out Bush in the popular vote 48.4 percent to 47.9 percent. However, Bush won the majority of electoral votes, 271 to 266, because of Bush's victory in Florida, winning its 25 electoral votes that both candidates desperately needed. The race in Florida was so close that state law required a recount of the ballots. There were, however, thousands of thrown out ballots that were discredited because the counting machines could not discern them. After the machine recounts still showed Bush ahead, Gore asked for a hand recount of ballots in counties that favored Democrats. On November 26th, Florida officials certified that Bush won the state of Florida by 537 votes. Gore conceded December 13th.

==2004 Reelection Campaign==
''Main Article: [[United States presidential election, 2004]]''

In President Bush's reelection campaign in 2004, national security, the invasion of Iraq and social issues dominated the campaign. The Democrat nominee was [[Massachusetts]] Senator [[John Kerry]]. Bush won the popular vote, 51% to 48%. With 120 million Americans voting (15 million more then in 2000) Bush received more votes than any other presidential candidate in history. Among the swing states, Kerry took [[Pennsylvania]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]] and [[Oregon]], while Bush took [[Ohio]], [[Florida]], [[Missouri]], [[Iowa]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Nevada]]. <ref>http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html</ref>

Republicans also picked up seats in both chambers of [[Congress]].

==Presidency (2001-2009)==

In foreign and security areas, his terms included the 9-11 terrorist attack, the passage of the PATRIOT Act, the invasion of Afghanistan (2001-present) and Iraq (2003-present), the expansion of NATO to the Russian border, financial aid to fight disease (especially AIDS) in Africa, and improved relations with India. The Iraq was was the focus of intense partisan debate.

The 2002 midterm election saw a GOP gain of seats in the House of Representatives and governorships, However the 2006 elections showed sharp GOP losses across the board, and loss of control of the House for the first time since its capture in 1994. He played a minor role in the 2008 election, which the GOP lost.

In domestic legislation he partnered with Sen. [[Ted Kennedy]] to pass the No Child Left Behind education act, and tried--but failed--to pass immigration reform. Early on he secured large-scale tax cuts, which helped the economic recovery in 2002. The boom (and later collapse) in real estate boosted the economy then pulled it down. Liberals criticized his handling of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina relief, and the dismissals of U.S. Attorneys for political reasons. His proposed "Vision for Space Exploration" went nowhere, and he failed to make headway in Social Security reform. Conservatives hailed his appointments of conservatives to the Supreme Court and Federal Reserve chairmanship.

===Administration and Cabinet===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Office
! Name
! Term
|-
| [[President]]
| George W. Bush
| 2001-2009
|-
| [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]
| [[Richard Cheney]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of State]]
| [[Colin Powell]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Condoleezza Rice]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of Treasury]]
| [[Paul O'Neill]]
| 2001-2002
|-
|
| [[John Snow]]
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Henry Paulson]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of Defense]]
| [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Robert Gates]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[Attorney General]]
| [[John Ashcroft]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Alberto Gonzales]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Michael Mukasey]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Secretary of the Interior
| [[Gale Norton]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Dirk Kempthorne]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Secretary of Agriculture
| [[Ann Veneman]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Mike Johanns]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Ed Schafer]]
| 2008-2009
|-
| Secretary of Commerce
| [[Donald Evans]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Carlos Gutierrez]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Labor
| [[Elaine Chao]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| Secretary of Health and Human Services
| [[Tommy Thompson]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Michael Leavitt]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Education
| [[Rod Paige]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Margaret Spellings]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
| [[Mel Martinez]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Alphonso Jackson]]
| 2003-2008
|-
|
| [[Steve Preston]]
| 2008-2009
|-
| Secretary of Transportation
| [[Norman Mineta]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Mary Peters]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Secretary of Energy
| [[Spencer Abraham]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Samuel Bodman]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Veterans Affairs
| [[Anthony Principi]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Jim Nicholson]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[James Peake]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Secretary of Homeland Security
| [[Tom Ridge]]
| 2003-2005
|-
|
| [[Michael Chertoff]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Chief of Staff
| [[Andrew Card]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Joshua Bolten]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
| [[Christine Todd Whitman]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Michael Leavitt]]
| 2003-2005
|-
|
| [[Stephen Johnson]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Director of the Office of Management and Budget
| [[Mitch Daniels]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| Joshua Bolten
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Rob Portman]]
| 2006-2007
|-
|
| [[Jim Nussle]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
| [[John Walters]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| United States Trade Representative
| [[Robert Zoellick]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| Rob Portman
| 2005-2006
|-
|
| Susan Schwab
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[CIA]] Director
| [[George Tenet]]
| 2001-2004
|-
|
| [[John E. McLaughlin]]
| 2004
|-
|
| [[Porter J. Goss]]
| 2004-2006
|-
|
| [[Michael Hayden]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| FBI Director
| [[Louis Freeh]]
| 2001
|-
|
| [[Thomas J. Pickard]]
| 2001
|-
|
| [[Robert S. Mueller]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| National Security Advisor
| Condoleezza Rice
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| Stephen Hadley
| 2005-2009
|-
| White House Counsel
| Alberto R. Gonzales
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Harriet Miers]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Fred Fielding]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| White House Press Secretary
| [[Ari Fleischer]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Scott McClellan]]
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Tony Snow]]
| 2006-2007
|-
|
| [[Dana Perino]]
| 2007-2009
|-
|}
===Response to the 9-11 Terrorist Attacks===
The September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks resulted in George W. Bush becoming a self-described war time President. On that morning President Bush had traveled to Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, [[Florida]] to promote his [[education]]al agenda, when 19 Islamic terrorists connected with [[al-Qaeda]] hijacked four commercial airplanes. Two of them crashed into the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], the third in the [[Pentagon]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] and the fourth in Somerset County, [[Pennsylvania]], after passengers of the flight successfully stopped the hijackers from hitting Washington D.C., possibly the [[White House]] or [[Capital]]. As a resulted over 3,000 Americans were killed, and over 6,000 injured, the largest terrorist attack in American history. After [[White House]] Chief of Staff [[Andrew Card]] had whispered in the President's ear that the United States was under attack, President Bush addressed the public in the Booker school's media center, saying a brief four paragraph statement that "Terrorism against our nation will not stand. This will not stand." Which was a formation that President George H. W. Bush used in August 1990 after [[Iraq]] invaded [[Kuwait]]. President Bush would later say that "This is my reminder of lives that ended, and a task that does not end. . . . I will not yield; I will not rest; I will not relent in waging this struggle for freedom and security for the American people."

[[Image:20010912-4-1.jpg|left|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush, Secretary of State Colin Powell, Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Hugh Shelton, talk with the press about the previous day's terrorist attacks during a cabinet meeting Sept. 12, 2001. White House photo by Tina Hager. ]] Although the attacks may have been an attempt from al-Qaeda to divide the United States, they were unsuccessful. Across the nation Americans had donated blood and raised money for reconstruction in New York City. Within weeks Americans had raised over one billion dollars. <ref>The American Vision from National Geographic, pg. 1033 </ref> On September 14th President Bush declared a national emergency. [[CIA]] Director [[George Tenent]] and the FBI identified the attacks from al-Qaeda and [[Osama Bin Laden]] in [[Afghanistan]]. As [[Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] began to build an international coalition with over 90 countries to support the United States global [[War on Terrorism]], [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] began to redeploy troops and aircraft's to the [[middle east]]. On September 24th, President Bush issued an executive order freezing all funding to financial assets to individuals and groups suspected of terrorism, and over 80 other nations soon followed. Bush then established the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate federal agencies working to prevent terrorism. The President appointed [[Pennsylvania]] [[Governor]] [[Tom Ridge]] to the office. In October President Bush signed into law the U.S. [[Patriot Act]], which allowed authorities to obtain a signal nationwide search warrant that could be used anywhere on suspected terrorists. It also made it easier to wiretap terrorists and track their [[email]]. The mastermind of the 9/11 attacks—[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] has been captured.

On October 5th, a new [[anthrax]] scare from terrorists began. Anthrax—a deadly bacteria—had been sent in the mail to news organizations in New York City and Washington, D.C. and [[United States Senate|Senate]] Majority Leader [[Tom Daschle]]'s office. The FBI investigated the anthrax attacks, although no suspects were identified.

===War in Afghanistan===
(see [[Afghanistan War]])
Afghanistan housed and protected al-Qaeda as it planned the 9-11 attacks. It then refused to turn over al-Qaeda leaders. With UN and NATO approval, Bush went to war to overthrow the Taliban. On October 7th, 2001, he ordered bombing of al-Qaeda's camps and the [[Taliban]]'s military forces in Afghanistan. "We will not waver, we will not tire, we will not falter, we will not fail, freedom will prevail", President Bush explained. The attack quickly shattered the [[Taliban]]'s defenses, and by early December the Taliban regime had collapsed. The United States, its allies and the UN then helped Afghanistan create a new government under [[ Hamid Karzai]]. By March 2002, the Taliban and al-Qaeda were beginning to regroup again in the mountain's of the [[Pakistan]] border. President Bush responded by launching Operation Anaconda, where al-Qaeda troops were defeated. Al-Qaeda was largely destroyed, but the Taliban rebuilt using secure sanctuaries in Pakistan from which it launched terror attacks inside Afghanistan (and inside Pakistan as well)..<ref> Fred Barnes, ''Rebel-in-Chief: Inside the Bold and Controversial Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2006); Seth Jones, ''In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan'' (2009)</ref>

As a candidate in 2008 Obama criticized Bush for neglecting the Afghanistan, and tripled the number of American troops from 31,000 when Bush left office to over 100,000 in early 2010

===2002 Mid-Term Elections===

Democrats wanted the focus of the 2002 mid term elections to be on the [[economy]], which was growing slowly after the September 11th terrorist attacks. However, because Congress voted to authorized military force in Iraq in mid-October, national security was the top issue. Republicans increased their majority in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and took back control of the [[United States Senate]].

===2002-2003 build up of the War in Iraq===
In his infamous January 2002 State of the Union speech, President Bush declared an "Axis of Evil" made up of [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], and [[North Korea]], countries that posed a grave treat to the world and were suspected of supporting terrorism. Considering it a more dangerous and urgent treat then North Korea, President Bush began putting pressure on Iraq throughout 2002 for a regime [[change]]. Iraq's dictator [[Saddam Hussein]] had used chemical weapons against Iran and the Kurds, an ethnic minority in Iraq. Considering that Iraq may had been building Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD's) and was a treat to the United States and its allies, On September 12, 2002 President Bush tried to gain U.N. support for a U.S. led invasion of Iraq and asked for a resolution that Iraq gave up it's Weapons of Mass Destruction. While the U.N. Security Council approved a resolution that demanded Saddam Hussein declare all of it's WMD's, stop supporting terrorism and oppressing his people, Congress authorized the use of military force against Iraq. The United States, [[Great Britain]] and about 30 other countries began to prepare for war.

===Aftermath of the Invasion===
[[Image:20031127_dsc2048-515h.jpg|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush meets with troops and serves Thanksgiving Dinner at the Bob Hope Dining Facility, Baghdad International Airport, Iraq,, Thursday, November 27, 2003. White House photo by Tina Hager.]] On March 23rd, 2003, U.S. led coalition forces began an attack on Iraq. Most of the Iraqi army dissolved and coalition forces quickly took control of the country. However, sectarian violence worsened through [[bomb]]ings and sniper attacks. On Thanksgiving 2003 President Bush and U.S. National Security Adviser [[Condoleezza Rice]] visited troops in Iraq to boost moral. Saddam Hussein was captured in December 2003 while little evidence had shown that he had obtained Weapons of Mass Destruction.

On January 30, 2005 Iraq had it's first general election since the liberation. They voted for a 275-member Iraqi National Assembly which later drafted a constitution. In December Iraq elected a permanent 275-member Council of Representatives. There were low levels of violence during the voting. In a show down with Congressional Democrats after taking control of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and [[U.S. Senate|Senate]] in the 2006 Congressional Midterm elections, Democrats retreated on their pledge to end the [[Iraq War]] early and bring the troops home. Democrats had threatened to withhold funding for the troops unless a date certain for withdrawal was set. After the final vote, 280-142 in the House and 80-14 in the Senate, the anti-War movement was defeated. The deal cut with Democratic leaders in exchange for their acquiescing to fund the troops calls for the President to sign legislation raising the [[minimum wage]]. <ref>[http://washingtontimes.com/national/20070525-122215-4854r.htm Congress OKs war bill sans time-line,] By S.A. Miller, The Washington Times'', May 25, 2007. </ref> One commentator remarked, "Despite all the talk of standing up to George W. Bush, despite all the bravado about taking control of Congress, despite the so-called mandate to change direction, Democrats caved....They claim that the majority of Americans are with them on the Iraq issue, but...President Bush, at the weakest moment of his presidency, still bested his Democratic rivals." <ref>[http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/phyrillas/05292007.htm Democrats Show True Colors], Tony Phyrillas, ''New Media journal'', May 29, 2007, </ref>

===2007 Troop Surge===

[[Image:20061228-1_p122706pm-0144-515h.jpg‎|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush meets with National Security team, from left to right, Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace Thursday, Dec. 28, 2006, at Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas. White House photo by Paul Morse]]
On January 23, 2007 President Bush ordered an additional 30,000 troops to Iraq.

<blockquote>
In order to make progress toward this goal, the Iraqi government must stop the sectarian violence in its capital. But the Iraqis are not yet ready to do this on their own. So we're deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq. The vast majority will go to Baghdad, where they will help Iraqi forces to clear and secure neighborhoods, and serve as advisers embedded in Iraqi Army units. With Iraqis in the lead, our forces will help secure the city by chasing down the terrorists, insurgents, and the roaming death squads. And in Anbar Province, where al Qaeda terrorists have gathered and local forces have begun showing a willingness to fight them, we're sending an additional 4,000 United States Marines, with orders to find the terrorists and clear them out.
</blockquote> <ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/603653/the_iraq_war_troop_surge_one_year_later.html</ref>

The surge was opposed by a majority of the United States Congress. However, it has resulted in significantly reduced sectarian violence. According to U.S. Central Command [[General]] [[David Petraeus]], violence in Iraq by December 2008 was at a 5 year low. <ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE4B86G720081209</ref>

===Humanitarian aid===
President Bush has worked to stop the spread of the [[HIV/AIDS]] epidemic in [[Africa]]. In the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) $15 billion dollars over five years (2003–2008) was spent on fighting global HIV/AIDS and improving treatment.

===Economy===

Upon gaining office in 2001, Bush signed into law a $1.35 trillion cut in taxes over 10 years. The plan included the objectives of doubling the child tax credit from $500 to $1,000, reducing the tax penalty on [[marriage|married couples]] and fully repealing the [[Estate tax|tax on estates]]. A [[United States Senate]] Finance Committee Report estimated that with all the planned reductions fully phased in, the average family of four making $50,000 would save $1,825 per year.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes/ $1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law], CNN, 21 June 2001</ref>

[[Image:20080919-2_p091908jb-0025-1-515h.jpg‎|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush stands with Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, left, SEC Chairman Chris Cox, right, and Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson as he delivers a statement on the economy Friday, Sept. 19, 2008, in the Rose Garden. White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian]] Since the tax cuts, IRS revenues increased from $1.78 trillion in 2003 to $2.56 trillion in 2007 with a 46.3% increase of individual income tax receipts. Surging $785 billion since the 2003 investment tax cuts, it is the largest four-year revenue increase in U.S. history<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119189497675953035.html?mod=googlenews_wsj</ref>

During this same time period, spending mandated by Congress has also increased by more than 29% in inflation-adjusted dollars, representing an 11.4% increase in federal spending as a percentage of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. This spending has doubled the federal debt, increasing it from 58% to 66% of GDP. Defense spending increased 61%, and non-defense by 23% during the eight years since 2000. The largest non-defense spending increase has been for federally-funded medical expenses, at 54 percent.<ref>[http://www.aier.org/research/commentaries/750-big-government-under-the-bush-administration Big Government Under The Bush Administration], AIER, 16 November 2008</ref> In total, Bush has increased government expenditures by the largest percentage of any president since Lyndon Johnson.<ref>[http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/article944806.ece Some think Bush was too liberal], Wes Allison, Tampa Bay Times December 21, 2008 quoting Gleaves Whitney, director of the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University and author of a new paper, "Anatomy of a Divorce: Conservatives versus George W. Bush."</ref>

Bush presided over a period of unreal economic growth that reflected a bubble that burst in 2008. The housing bubble allowed people to cash in the rising value of houses; low interest rates that led to massive borrowing. Money flowed uinto the U.S. from around the world. The stock market that hit a record high in 2007, then plunged relentlessly downward, losing $8 trillion in value in 2008. Unemployment hit an all time low in March 2007, but started rapidly increasing after January 2008. Bush signed into law a minimum wage increase, one of the platforms for the Democrats in the 2006 Congressional elections, after the House and Senate included Bush's request of provisions for small-business tax breaks.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/20/AR2006122001784.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011001666.html</ref> Tax policies have been favorable to reducing the [[Capital Gains Tax]], with a subsequent surge in investment.

See [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] and [[Recession of 2008]],

===Supreme Court Appointments===

After the death of Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]], President Bush nominated U.S. Court of Appeals Judge [[John Roberts]] to fill the vacancy. He was confirmed on September 29, 2005 by a 78-22 vote. To replace the retiring Associate Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] Bush nominated Judge [[Samuel Alito]], after his original nomination of Chief White House Council [[Harriet Miers]] was withdrawn because of widespread opposition due to lack of experience. After an unsuccessful filibuster attempt from [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[liberal]]s, Alito was confirmed on a 58-42 vote and was sworn in on January 31, 2006. <ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5181091</ref>

===Involvement in the 2008 Presidential election===
In March 2008, Bush endorsed his one-time rival [[John McCain]] as the Republican candidate for President of the United States. However, due to the President's declining popularity in polls, McCain distanced himself from Mr. Bush on the campaign trail. At the same time, Democratic candidiate [[Barack Obama]] tried to portray a McCain presidency as four more years of George W. Bush. The President spoke by videolink at the 2008 [[Republican National Convention]], while his wife Laura appeared on stage with McCain's wife [[Cindy McCain|Cindy]].
[[Image:George Laura Bush2008.jpg|thumb|left|300px|President George W. Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush pose for their last official holiday portrait, Dec. 7, 2008, in the Blue Room of the White House.]]

==Future Plans==
John McCain lost the election to Senator Obama, and President Bush met with the new president-elect to discuss the presidential transition between his administration and Obama's, which he promised would be efficient and without problems. George W. Bush's term ended at noon on January 20, 2009, at which point President-elect Obama was inaugurated. In an interview with ABC's [[Charles Gibson]] in December 2008, Bush said his retirement plans included moving back to his home state of Texas and writing a book. He also wants to build an institute at the Southern Methodist University to serve as a non-partisan public policy forum, to debate issues and run volunteer projects from.

== Family ==
George W. Bush is the son of [[George H. W. Bush]], who served as vice-president from 1981 to 1989 and as president from 1989 to 1993, and [[Barbara Bush]]. President Bush is married to [[Laura Bush|Laura Welch Bush]], a former teacher and librarian, and they have twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna. John Ellis "Jeb" Bush, Neil Bush and Marvin Bush are his brothers. Dorothy Bush Koch is his only surviving sister, as Pauline Robinson Bush died at age four of [[leukemia]].

==Faith==

George W. Bush is a member of the [[United Methodist Church]], and most people feel that George W. Bush's faith is sincere and profound. ''The Faith of George W. Bush'', a non-political book by author Stephen Strang, made the [[New York Times]] best-sellers list. <ref>http://www.christianlifemissions.org/ministries/georgewbush.htm</ref>
When asked where he would be without the influence of family friend [[Billy Graham]], George W. Bush said "I wouldn't be president." "It was just a conversation," said the younger Bush about a talk with Graham in the mid-'80s that changed his life. During the pivotal conversation Bush recalled saying, "'You know, Billy, I'm longing for something.' And I know that he sent me a Bible I still have. All I can tell you is that as a result of being inspired by Billy Graham, I started reading the Bible and shortly after, I quit drinking." <ref>Billy Graham and the White House [http://religion.beloblog.com/archives/2007/08/billy_graham_and_the_white_hou_1.html]</ref> Bush's faith led him to veto a bill which would have provided for [[federal funding]] of immoral embryonic stem cell research.

In an interview with ABC's "Nightline" on 12/8/08, the president also said he probably is not a literalist when reading the Bible although an individual can learn a great deal from it, including the New Testament teaching that [[God]] sent his only son.

During his presidential career, George W Bush often consulted God when making important decisions. For example, Nabil Shaath, who was Palestinian foreign minister at the time, reported that President Bush said that God told him 'George go and fight these terrorists in Afghanistan' and 'George, go and end the tyranny in Iraq' <ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/07/iraq.usa</ref> .
Asked about creation and evolution, Bush said: "I think you can have both. I think evolution can -- you're getting me way out of my lane here. I'm just a simple president. But it's, I think that God created the earth, created the world; I think the creation of the world is so mysterious it requires something as large as an almighty and I don't think it's incompatible with the scientific proof that there is evolution."<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=6418908</ref> <ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/12/09/bush-says-creation-incompatible-evolution/</ref> <ref>http://www.onenewsnow.com/Business/Default.aspx?id=347242</ref>
He added:
{{cquote|<big><big>'''''I happen to believe that evolution doesn't fully explain the mystery of life.'''''</big>}}

==Polls==
When Bush entered office, his popularity rating was near 50%. However, after the [[September 11]] attacks, his popularity rose significantly, reaching an all-time high of 90%.<ref>[http://blogs.usatoday.com/onpolitics/2007/07/usatgallup-po-1.html USAT Gallup Poll]</ref> Since, then, though, it declined as some of his policies have become unpopular (largely due to the media's persistently negative -- and [[liberal bias|biased]] -- reporting on the [[Iraq War]] and misrepresentation of his policies).<ref> Historical Bush Approval Ratings from University of Minnesota [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~ruggles/Approval.htm] </ref> In 2007, Bush had an approval rating of only 24%. <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1624620720071017?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&rpc=22&sp=true Voters unhappy with Bush and Congress], Reuters, October 17 2007</ref> The same poll gave the Democratic controlled Congress an approval rating of only 11%). <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews]</ref>

== Farewell Speech ==
*''Delivered January 15, 2009 at the White House. His audience in the East Room included family, friends, Cabinet and some selected Americans President Bush had met in his eight years in office.''

'''Fellow citizens: For eight years, it has been my honor to serve as your President. The first decade of this new century has been a period of consequence – a time set apart. Tonight, with a thankful heart, I have asked for a final opportunity to share some thoughts on the journey we have traveled together and the future of our Nation.'''

[[Image:BushSpeech.jpg|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush reaches into the audience to shake hands with invited guests and staff members following his farewell address to the nation Thursday evening, Jan. 15, 2009 in the East Room of the White House, where President Bush thanked the American people for their support and trust. White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian]] '''Five days from now, the world will witness the vitality of American democracy. In a tradition dating back to our founding, the presidency will pass to a successor chosen by you, the American people. Standing on the steps of the Capitol will be a man whose story reflects the enduring promise of our land. This is a moment of hope and pride for our whole Nation. And I join all Americans in offering best wishes to President-elect Obama, his wife Michelle, and their two beautiful girls.'''

'''Tonight I am filled with gratitude – to Vice President Cheney and members of the Administration; to Laura, who brought joy to this house and love to my life; to our wonderful daughters, Barbara and Jenna; to my parents, whose examples have provided strength for a lifetime. And above all, I thank the American people for the trust you have given me. I thank you for ....'''

'''...the prayers that have lifted my spirits. And I thank you for the countless acts of courage, generosity, and grace that I have witnessed these past eight years. '''

'''This evening, my thoughts return to the first night I addressed you from this house – September 11, 2001. That morning, terrorists took nearly 3,000 lives in the worst attack on America since Pearl Harbor. I remember standing in the rubble of the World Trade Center three days later, surrounded by rescuers who had been working around the clock.'''

'''I remember talking to brave souls who charged through smoke-filled corridors at the Pentagon and to husbands and wives whose loved ones became heroes aboard Flight 93. I remember Arlene Howard, who gave me her fallen son’s police shield as a reminder of all that was lost. And I still carry his badge.'''

'''As the years passed, most Americans were able to return to life much as it had been before Nine-Eleven. But I never did. Every morning, I received a briefing on the threats to our Nation. And I vowed to do everything in my power to keep us safe.'''

'''Over the past seven years, a new Department of Homeland Security has been created. The military, the intelligence community, and the FBI have been transformed. Our Nation is equipped with new tools to monitor the terrorists’ movements, freeze their finances, and break up their plots. And with strong allies at our side, we have taken the fight to the terrorists and those who support them.'''

'''Afghanistan has gone from a nation where the Taliban harbored al Qaeda and stoned women in the streets to a young democracy that is fighting terror and encouraging girls to go to school. Iraq has gone from a brutal dictatorship and a sworn enemy of America to an Arab democracy at the heart of the Middle East and a friend of the United States.'''

'''There is legitimate debate about many of these decisions. But there can be little debate about the results. America has gone more than seven years without another terrorist attack on our soil. This is a tribute to those who toil day and night to keep us safe – law enforcement officers, intelligence analysts, homeland security and diplomatic personnel, and the men and women of the United States Armed Forces.'''

'''Our Nation is blessed to have citizens who volunteer to defend us in this time of danger. I have cherished meeting these selfless patriots and their families. America owes you a debt of gratitude. And to all our men and women in uniform listening tonight: There has been no higher honor than serving as your Commander in Chief.'''

'''The battles waged by our troops are part of a broader struggle between two dramatically different systems. Under one, a small band of fanatics demands total obedience to an oppressive ideology, condemns women to subservience, and marks unbelievers for murder. The other system is based on the conviction that freedom is the universal gift of Almighty God and that liberty and justice light the path to peace.'''

'''This is the belief that gave birth to our Nation. And in the long run, advancing this belief is the only practical way to protect our citizens. When people live in freedom, they do not willingly choose leaders who pursue campaigns of terror. When people have hope in the future, they will not cede their lives to violence and extremism.'''

'''So around the world, America is promoting human liberty, human rights, and human dignity. We are standing with dissidents and young democracies, providing AIDS medicine to bring dying patients back to life, and sparing mothers and babies from malaria. And this great republic born alone in liberty is leading the world toward a new age when freedom belongs to all nations.'''

'''For eight years, we have also strived to expand opportunity and hope here at home. Across our country, students are rising to meet higher standards in public schools. A new Medicare prescription drug benefit is bringing peace of mind to seniors and the disabled. Every taxpayer pays lower income taxes.'''

'''The addicted and suffering are finding new hope through faith-based programs. Vulnerable human life is better protected. Funding for our veterans has nearly doubled. America’s air, water, and lands are measurably cleaner. And the Federal bench includes wise new members like Justice Sam Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts.'''

'''When challenges to our prosperity emerged, we rose to meet them. Facing the prospect of a financial collapse, we took decisive measures to safeguard our economy. These are very tough times for hardworking families, but the toll would be far worse if we had not acted. All Americans are in this together. And together, with determination and hard work, we will restore our economy to the path of growth. We will show the world once again the resilience of America’s free enterprise system.'''

'''Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.'''

'''The decades ahead will bring more hard choices for our country, and there are some guiding principles that should shape our course.'''

'''While our Nation is safer than it was seven years ago, the gravest threat to our people remains another terrorist attack. Our enemies are patient and determined to strike again. America did nothing to seek or deserve this conflict. But we have been given solemn responsibilities, and we must meet them. We must resist complacency. We must keep our resolve. And we must never let down our guard.'''

'''At the same time, we must continue to engage the world with confidence and clear purpose. In the face of threats from abroad, it can be tempting to seek comfort by turning inward. But we must reject isolationism and its companion, protectionism. Retreating behind our borders would only invite danger. In the 21st century, security and prosperity at home depend on the expansion of liberty abroad. If America does not lead the cause of freedom, that cause will not be led.'''

'''As we address these challenges – and others we cannot foresee tonight – America must maintain our moral clarity. I have often spoken to you about good and evil. This has made some uncomfortable. But good and evil are present in this world, and between the two there can be no compromise. Murdering the innocent to advance an ideology is wrong every time, everywhere.'''

'''Freeing people from oppression and despair is eternally right. This Nation must continue to speak out for justice and truth. We must always be willing to act in their defense and to advance the cause of peace.'''

'''President Thomas Jefferson once wrote, “I like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past.” As I leave the house he occupied two centuries ago, I share that optimism. America is a young country, full of vitality, constantly growing and renewing itself. And even in the toughest times, we lift our eyes to the broad horizon ahead.'''

'''I have confidence in the promise of America because I know the character of our people. This is a Nation that inspires immigrants to risk everything for the dream of freedom. This is a Nation where citizens show calm in times of danger and compassion in the face of suffering. We see examples of America’s character all around us. And Laura and I have invited some of them to join us in the White House this evening.'''

'''We see America’s character in Dr. Tony Recasner, a principal who opened a new charter school from the ruins of Hurricane Katrina. We see it in Julio Medina, a former inmate who leads a faith-based program to help prisoners returning to society. We see it in Staff Sergeant Aubrey McDade, who charged into an ambush in Iraq and rescued three of his fellow Marines.'''

'''We see America’s character in Bill Krissoff, a surgeon from California. His son Nathan, a Marine, gave his life in Iraq. When I met Dr. Krissoff and his family, he delivered some surprising news: He told me he wanted to join the Navy Medical Corps in honor of his son. This good man was 60 years old – 18 years above the age limit.'''

'''But his petition for a waiver was granted, and for the past year he has trained in battlefield medicine. Lieutenant Commander Krissoff could not be here tonight, because he will soon deploy to Iraq, where he will help save America’s wounded warriors and uphold the legacy of his fallen son.'''

'''In citizens like these, we see the best of our country – resilient and hopeful, caring and strong. These virtues give me an unshakable faith in America. We have faced danger and trial, and there is more ahead. But with the courage of our people and confidence in our ideals, this great Nation will never tire … never falter … and never fail.'''

'''It has been the privilege of a lifetime to serve as your President. There have been good days and tough days. But every day I have been inspired by the greatness of our country and uplifted by the goodness of our people. I have been blessed to represent this Nation we love. And I will always be honored to carry a title that means more to me than any other: citizen of the United States of America.'''

'''And so, my fellow Americans, for the final time: Good night. May God bless this house and our next President. And may God bless you and our wonderful country."'''

==Quotes==
* "Everywhere that freedom stirs, let tyrants fear."

==Publications==
* [http://www.amazon.com/Decision-Points-George-W-Bush/dp/0307590615/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1279195424&sr=8-1 Decision Points by George W. Bush], set to release November 9, 2010. ISBN 0307590615

==Further reading==
;Academic
* Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. ''Change and Continuity in the 2004 and 2006 Elections'' (2007), 324pp [http://www.amazon.com/Change-Continuity-2004-2006-Elections/dp/0872894150/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001659&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Allard, Scott W. "The Changing Face of Welfare During the Bush Administration." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 304-332. Issn: 0048-5950
* Barone, Michael. ''The Almanac of American Politics'' (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), highly detailed coverage of electoral politics and Congress.
* Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly.'' 36#4 2006. pp 606+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018322436 online edition]
* Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew Rudalevige, eds.. ''The George W. Bush Legacy'' Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays by scholars [http://www.amazon.com/George-W-Bush-Legacy/dp/0872893464/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001536&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]
* Congressional Quarterly. ''CQ Almanac Plus'' highly detailed annual compilation of events in Congress, White House, Supreme Court, summarizing the weekly "Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report". (annual, 2002-2009)
* Conlan, Tim and John Dinan. "Federalism, the Bush Administration, and the Transformation of American Conservatism." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 279-303. Issn: 0048-5950
* Corrado, Anthony, E. J. Dionne Jr., Kathleen A. Frankovic. ''The Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99208680 online edition]
* Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. "Comparing the Environmental Policies of Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush." ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(2): 163-179. Issn: 1535-4738
* Desch, Michael C. "Bush and the Generals." ''Foreign Affairs'' 2007 86(3): 97-108. Issn: 0015-7120 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Eckersley, Robyn. "Ambushed: the Kyoto Protocol, the Bush Administration's Climate Policy and the Erosion of Legitimacy." ''International Politics'' 2007 44(2-3): 306-324. Issn: 1384-5748
* Edwards III, George C. and Philip John Davies, eds. ''New Challenges for the American Presidency'' New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 245 pp. articles from ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''
* Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds. ''The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2007), 478pp; essays by scholars; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199217971/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds. ''Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed'' (2007), 146pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0815728840/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Greenstein, Fred I. ed. ''The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003
* Greenstein, Fred I. “The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison” in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' v 32#2 2002 pp 387+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000773171 online edition]
* Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. ''Considering the Bush Presidency'' Oxford University Press, 2004. 210 pp. British perspectives
* Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, "From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bush's NATO Enlargement." ''White House Studies.'' (2004) 4#3 pp: 319+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008838303 online edition]
* Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. ''George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm'' SUNY Press 2004
* Jacobson, Gary C. “The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate” ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' v 33 #4 2003 pp 701+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002052614 online edition]
* Jacobson, Gary C. "Referendum: the 2006 Midterm Congressional Elections." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 2007 122(1): 1-24. Issn: 0032-3195 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H.Rhodes. "George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 478-503. Issn: 0048-5950
* Moens, Alexander ''The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty.'' Ashgate, 2004. 227 pp.
* Rabe, Barry. "Environmental Policy and the Bush Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and State Experimentation." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 413-431. Issn: 0048-5950
* Sabato, Larry J. ed. ''The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency'' (2007), experts on the 2006 elections in major states
* Strozeski, Josh, et al. "From Benign Neglect to Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign Policies of Bush 41 and 43." ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(1): 35-51. Issn: 1535-4738
* Wekkin, Gary D. "George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the Presidency?" ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(2): 113-124. Issn: 1535-4738
* Wong, Kenneth and Gail Sunderman. "Education Accountability as a Presidential Priority: No Child Left Behind and the Bush Presidency." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 333-350. Issn: 0048-5950

;Pro-Bush
* Barnes, Fred. ''Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming America'' (2006)
* Draper, Robert. ''Inside the Bush White House: The Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2007)
* Hughes, Karen. ''George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader,'' (2005)
* Gerson, Michael J. ''Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace America's Ideals (And Why They Deserve to Fail If They Don't)'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Heroic-Conservatism-Republicans-Embrace-Americas/dp/006134950X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001391&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* [[Bob Woodward|Woodward, Bob]]. ''Plan of Attack'' (2003) on Iraq war [http://www.amazon.com/Plan-Attack-Bob-Woodward/dp/074325547X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001508&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

;Anti-Bush
* Bartlett, Bruce. ''Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy'' (2006), conservative attack by former aide
* Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. ''W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a New Politics of Gender'' (2007)
* Greenspan, Alan. ''The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World,'' (2007), memoir by powerful chairman of the Federal Reserve
* Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. ''Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential.'' 2003. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107370497 online edition]
* Suskind, Ron. ''The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill'' (2004), complaints of ex Treasury Secretary [http://www.amazon.com/Price-Loyalty-George-Education-ONeill/dp/0743255461/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1188802463&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]

;Bush aides
* Stephen F. Hayes. ''Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Cheney-Americas-Powerful-Controversial-President/dp/0060723467/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1188802328&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search]
* Mabry, Marcus. ''Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power'' (2007)
; Primary sources
* [http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/publications/ERP/ Council of Economic Advisors, ''Economic Report of the President'' (annual 1947- )], complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistcial tables
* George W. Bush. ''George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and Patriotism'' (2004)

==See Also==

*[[Previous Breaking News/George W. Bush|Articles about '''George W. Bush''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[Bush Derangement Syndrome]]
*[[Bush Doctrine]]
*[[Bush-hater]]
*[[Bushism]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Texas Governors]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bush, George W.}}
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Iraq War]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]
[[Category:United States Veterans]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]
{{USPresidents}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.georgewbushcenter.com The George W. Bush Presidential Center]
* [http://www.facebook.com/georgewbush George W. Bush on Facebook]
* [http://www.facebook.com/clintonbushhaitifund?v=wall Clinton Bush Haiti Fund]
* [http://www.honorfreedom.com HonorFreedom.com - a nationwide effort to correct the historical record about President Bush and the Bush foreign policy doctrine]

University of Virginia

2010-08-08T02:26:52Z

HaywoodJ:

{{University
|name=University of Virginia
|image=
|background=rgb(0,59,100)
|text=rgb(204,104,0)
|type=Public
|city=Charlottesville, Virginia
|sports=Baseball, basketball, cross country, lacrosse, football, golf, soccer, swim and dive, tennis, track/field, wrestling, field hockey, rowing, softball, volleyball
|colors=Orange, Navy Blue
|mascot=Cavalier
|website=http://www.virginia.edu/
}}
The '''University of Virginia''' is a large public [[university]] located in Charlottesville, [[Virginia]].

==History==
After serving his two terms as President, [[Thomas Jefferson]] returned home to [[Virginia]] in hopes of building a University. Jefferson started drawing his plans for the school, and built ten houses that he called pavilions. The school was founded in 1819, and in March of 1825 the University of Virginia opened its doors to 123 students. Thomas Jefferson was a noted critic of organized religion in public settings, and true to his form Jefferson even went so far as to ban the teaching of Theology altogether at his University. Jefferson stated "a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution." <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=2D0gAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA903&lpg=PA903&dq=%22a+professorship+of+theology+should+have+no+place+in+our+institution.%22&source=bl&ots=goB9MVKzrp&sig=bE5Nu2T2ZfYXCKy9IQvlyxgb9tI&hl=en&ei=D9YzTNvqG8GC8gbwnIi_Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22a%20professorship%20of%20theology%20should%20have%20no%20place%20in%20our%20institution.%22&f=false</ref>

==Today==
Today the students of the University of Virginia live by an Honor Code that was created over two hundred years ago. The students used to sign the Honor Pledge before taking a test, or writing a paper as a promise that they had not, or would not cheat.

The University has been had eight presidents; the current one is Teresa A. Sullivan, who has held the position since August of 2010.

In 1888 the school implemented orange and blue as the official athletic colors, and the official mascot is the Cavalier. UVA students are also referred to as Wahoos or 'Hoos. A wahoo is a fish that allegedly can drink three times its weight, a clear reference to the University's rampant underage drinking.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/05/22/charlottesville/index.html</ref>

''U.S. News and World Report'' ranks the University of Virginia as number 23 in the best "national universities, public and private" category, tied with [[Georgetown University]]. It also holds the number 1 spot for the best public university for the 2010 year. For the past eleven years it has ranked as either number one, or number two in this category.

== Bastion of Liberalism ==

The University of Virginia has in recent years become a bastion of liberalism for the commonwealth of Virginia. University professors have been investigated by conservative Attorney General, [[Ken Cuccinelli]], who has demanded the seizure of documents from the professor relating to the notorious liberal scandal, [[Climategate]].<ref>[http://www.dailyprogress.com/cdp/news/local/article/attorney_general_demands_papers_on_climate_data_from_uva/55634/P20/]</ref>

== Fast Facts ==
*'''Location:''' Charlottesville, Virginia [approximately 120 miles southwest of [[Washington DC]]]
*'''Colors:''' Orange and Blue
*'''Mascot:''' The Cavalier
*'''Current President:''' Teresa A. Sullivan
*'''Enrolled Students:''' 20,387
*'''Faculty:''' 11,962

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nb_US_universities‎|Virginia}}
[[Category:Universities]]

Talk:University of Virginia

2010-07-28T12:28:56Z

HaywoodJ: /* Teresa Sullivan */

TK I see you removed so content (some of which I admit was overly harsh) but I can find sources for the other information such as Jeffersons want to prevent theology from being taught, the Wahoo term and its relation to alcohal usage, and other things. I should have cited souces and I apologize.--[[User:IScott|IScott]] 21:03, 6 July 2010 (EDT)

== Teresa Sullivan ==

I've looked and can find no evidence that incoming UVA president Teresa Sullivan "majored" in Women's Studies, as this article alleges. Her CV of January 2010 shows no major for her B.A. from Michigan State University, and Sociology as the field of study for her A.M. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Chicago (http://www.provost.umich.edu/about/senior_staff/pdf/Sullivan2010vita.pdf). In any case, her undergraduate major 40 years ago has virtually no bearing on her qualifications to be president. Likewise, I uncovered no evidence whatsoever of any "questions of her ability to lead the University". [[User:HaywoodJ|HaywoodJ]] 22:25, 27 July 2010 (EDT)

:It looks to me as if you are a registered editor here, HaywoodJ. Is that incorrect? --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 22:33, 27 July 2010 (EDT)

::Are you suggesting I just go ahead and change it? [[User:HaywoodJ|HaywoodJ]] 08:28, 28 July 2010 (EDT)

Talk:University of Virginia

2010-07-28T02:28:34Z

HaywoodJ: /* Teresa Sullivan */

TK I see you removed so content (some of which I admit was overly harsh) but I can find sources for the other information such as Jeffersons want to prevent theology from being taught, the Wahoo term and its relation to alcohal usage, and other things. I should have cited souces and I apologize.--[[User:IScott|IScott]] 21:03, 6 July 2010 (EDT)

== Teresa Sullivan ==

I've looked and can find no evidence that incoming UVA president Teresa Sullivan "majored" in Women's Studies, as this article alleges. Her CV of January 2010 shows no major for her B.A. from Michigan State University, and Sociology as the field of study for her A.M. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Chicago (http://www.provost.umich.edu/about/senior_staff/pdf/Sullivan2010vita.pdf). In any case, her undergraduate major 40 years ago has virtually no bearing on her qualifications to be president.

Likewise, I uncovered no evidence whatsoever of any "questions of her ability to lead the University". [[User:HaywoodJ|HaywoodJ]] 22:25, 27 July 2010 (EDT)

Talk:University of Virginia

2010-07-28T02:25:17Z

HaywoodJ: /* Teresa Sullivan */ new section

Obama Zombies

2010-07-28T01:48:54Z

HaywoodJ: cat - not a novel

[[File:Obama_zombies.jpg|right]]

'''Obama Zombies''', ''How the Liberal Machine Brainwashed my Generation,'' is the first book from conservative journalist [[Jason Mattera]] published by Simon & Schuster. Obama Zombies uncovers the true, behind-the-scenes story of the methods and tactics the [[Barack Hussein Obama 2008 Presidential campaign | Obama campaign]] unleashed on youth culture. Through personal interviews and meticulous original research, Mattera explains why conservatism’s future rests upon jolting the young masses from their slumber, yanking out their earphones, and sparking a countercultural conservative battle against the rise of the ignorant Left.
The lesson from 2008 is crystal clear: When true [[conservatives]] run away, Obama Zombies come out to play. <ref>[http://books.simonandschuster.com/Obama-Zombies/Jason-Mattera/9781439172070?mcd=z_100323_BD_Obama-Zombies_MM Obama Zombies, Simon & Schuster, 2010]</ref>

{{cquote| In 2008, Barack Obama lobotomized a generation.
For an entire year, otherwise clear-thinking members of the most affluent, over-educated, information-drenched generation in [[American history]] fell prey to the most expensive, hi-tech, laser-focused marketing assault in presidential campaign history. [[Twitter]] messages were machine-gunned to cell phones at mach speed.
[[Facebook]] and MySpace groups spread across the Internet like digital fire. [[YouTube]] videos featuring celebrities ricocheted across the globe and into college students’ in-boxes with devastating regularity.

All the while, the mega-money-raising engine whirred like a slot machine stuck on jackpot.
The result: an unthinking mass of young voters marched forward to elect the most radical and untested president in U.S. history.}}

==See Also==
* [[Jason Mattera]]
* [[Conservative media]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Books]]

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

2010-07-28T01:28:22Z

HaywoodJ: fix link

'''''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn''''' by [[Mark Twain]] is one the most popular novels in the English language. It is entertaining and has long been a favorite of children. It has been made into movies half a dozen times.

The story has village truant Huckleberry "Huck" Finn (friend of the hero of ''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer|Tom Sawyer]]'') run away to avoid beatings by his drunken father.

Huck teams up with Jim, a slave who runs away to avoid being sold South.
The two head down river on a raft and have several adventures. Perhaps the most poignant is the storm scene in which Huck changes his view of Jim as "just a slave" to "a human being".

* Over the course of their adventure, Huck learns that Jim is a human being and not property. This realization leads Huck to choose to assist Jim in his escape from captivity, and risk eternal damnation according to his religious beliefs. Huck’s decision is driven by the friendship that develops between him and his fellow fugitive on their adventure. Jim’s kindness and stewardship also provide a stark contrast to the treachery of the characters on the banks of the river. Twain thus crafts a message that slavery and race discrimination are wrong without taking the tone of an abolitionist, combining an amusing children’s story with a profound social message.<ref name=thesis> [https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/1729/L699_Thesis_November.pdf?sequence=1 Master's Thesis]</ref>

Huck's decision to regard Jim as fully human and to ignore his "conscience" so as to risk "going to hell" to save him is the radical anti-slavery core of the book. It is significant that the story was written by a southerner from Hannibal, Missouri just two decades after the end of slavery.

Instead of having Huck realize that slavery is wrong, Twain wrote his book as a satire of slavery, to show the negative effects of slavery on society.

* Twain sent the message that slavery was bad without sounding like an [[abolitionist]], something that could have had disastrous consequences for a best-selling author twenty years after the Civil War.<ref name=thesis />
In ''Huck Finn,'' Twain:
* ... progressed from calling slavery an abomination to actually showing through the friendship between Huck and Jim that the reason slavery was wrong was that slaves were real human beings who felt everything that whites did. Even though the message was veiled, the length, depth and reach of the work gives it major status as social criticism, and qualifies it as the peak of Twain’s confrontational stance against slavery.<ref name=thesis />

==Plot==

''Huckleberry Finn'' is a story about the friendship between two outcasts, one a 13-year-old streetwise (white) [[urchin]], the other a mature (black) [[runaway slave]]. While Jim is running away from the prospect of losing his cushy house-servant position for the drudgery of a deep south plantation, Huck is also running away from a slavelike existence as prisoner of his own drunken father. Both are relieved upon their meeting on Jackson Island, with Jim just as happy to find that Huck is not a ghost as Huck is to find that Jim is not someone who will return him to Pap. Each then takes a considerable risk in trusting the other, with Jim confessing his secret plan to run away (he'd be punished terribly if other whites found this out) and Huck choosing to aid a runaway slave (risk at least being called an "[[abolitionist]]" but also exposing himself to other, more severe penalties).

==An anti-slavery work==

Poet [[T.S. Eliot]] called the story, "a far more convincing indictment of [[slavery]] than the sensationalist propaganda of [[Uncle Tom's Cabin]].<ref name=thesis />

==Notes==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adventures of Huckleberry Finn}}

== Links ==
[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/76 Full text available at Project Gutenberg]
[[Category:Novels]]

Ellen DeGeneres

2010-07-27T23:59:06Z

HaywoodJ:

'''Ellen DeGeneres''' is an American actress, stand-up comedian, and host of the syndicated talk show ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''. She first reached success with her own sitcom called ''These Friends of Mine'', later renamed ''Ellen'' (1994-98).
The ABC show had difficulty finding a formula to bring in a large audience, having frequent cast changes. While not a ratings hit, it did do well enough to be renewed for 4 seasons.

Ellen made her [[homosexuality]] public on ''The [[Oprah Winfrey]] Show'' in February 1997, surprising few people. The resulting media attention highlighting this event (including being put on the front cover of ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine) caused a stir. Subsequently her character on the sitcom came out of the closet in April of that same year, admitting she was gay to her therapist (portrayed by Oprah Winfrey). After a great deal of media attention highlighting the outing episode, entitled "The Puppy Episode," the showing was the highest-rated episode of the sitcom. But the bounce proved to be short lived. The show became a constant weekly refrain of lesbian themes and viewers stopped watching rather quickly. Even Chastity Bono, the media director of GLAAD, a homosexual group, criticized the show for going over the top on the gay issue.<ref>http://www.planetout.com/entertainment/news/?sernum=544</ref> After the ratings rapidly declined, the show was canceled.

DeGeneres later returned to the stand-up comedy circuit. She had another stab at a sitcom on network television in 2001, ''The Ellen Show''. By this time DeGeneres diversified away from a constant gay theme, but the show failed to catch on with viewers and was canceled in its first season. She would later re-establish herself as a successful talk show host starting in 2003 with ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''. Her talk show is still on the air. In 2007 she hosted the 79th [[Academy Awards]]. She replaces [[Paula Abdul]] in the current season of [[American Idol]].

==References==

<References/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:DeGeneres, Ellen}}
[[Category:Actresses]]
[[Category:Comedians]]
[[Category:Homosexuals]]
[[Category:Talk Show Hosts]]

Time magazine

2010-07-27T23:57:25Z

HaywoodJ:

'''''Time''''' magazine is an American weekly publication that focuses on current events and has a [[liberal]]<ref>http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2008/02/19/time-talks-down-to-real-christians/</ref> bias. It was founded by Henry Luce and Briton Hadden in 1923. The magazine is known for its annual "Person of the Year" designation giving credit to the person believed to have been the most newsworthy individual of that year. The series was called "Man of the Year" before 1999 when the name was changed because recipients can be male or female. ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine follows similar photographic skewing as does ''Time''.{{fact}}

==Ill founded and/or biased Photo from Time==

<gallery>
File:Time magazine.jpg|Fallacious common media depiction contradicted by deciphering of Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder
File:Chart8.jpg|Black Box tapes showing KAL 007's regaining control after attack (for what really happened see [[All Transcript Combined Timeline of Attack and Rescue Mission]]). But it is the Time Magazine cover to the left that has left its indelible impression to this day
</gallery>
==See Also==
*[[Media bias]]

==References==

<References/>

[[Category:Magazines]]

Rabindranath Tagore

2010-07-27T23:49:25Z

HaywoodJ: Tagore died long before Bangladesh existed

Rabindranath Tagore (1861 - 1941) was of [[West Bengal|Bengali]] heritage. He was a poet and author who was outspoken about politics. He won the [[Nobel Prize]] for Literature in 1913.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore, Rabindranath}}
[[Category:Poets]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]

University of Virginia

2010-07-27T18:47:18Z

HaywoodJ:

{{University
|name=University of Virginia
|image=
|background=rgb(0,59,100)
|text=rgb(204,104,0)
|type=Public
|city=Charlottesville, Virginia
|sports=Baseball, basketball, cross country, lacrosse, football, golf, soccer, swim and dive, tennis, track/field, wrestling, field hockey, rowing, softball, volleyball
|colors=Orange, Navy Blue
|mascot=Cavalier
|website=http://www.virginia.edu/
}}
The '''University of Virginia''' is a large public [[university]] located in Charlottesville, [[Virginia]].

==History==
After serving his two terms as President, [[Thomas Jefferson]] returned home to [[Virginia]] in hopes of building a University. Jefferson started drawing his plans for the school, and built ten houses that he called pavilions. The school was founded in 1819, and in March of 1825 the University of Virginia opened its doors to 123 students. Thomas Jefferson was a noted critic of organized religion in public settings, and true to his form Jefferson even went so far as to ban the teaching of Theology altogether at his University. Jefferson stated "a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution." <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=2D0gAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA903&lpg=PA903&dq=%22a+professorship+of+theology+should+have+no+place+in+our+institution.%22&source=bl&ots=goB9MVKzrp&sig=bE5Nu2T2ZfYXCKy9IQvlyxgb9tI&hl=en&ei=D9YzTNvqG8GC8gbwnIi_Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22a%20professorship%20of%20theology%20should%20have%20no%20place%20in%20our%20institution.%22&f=false</ref>

==Today==
Today the students of the University of Virginia live by an Honor Code that was created over two hundred years ago. The students used to sign the Honor Pledge before taking a test, or writing a paper as a promise that they had not, or would not cheat.

The University has been had eight presidents; the current one is Teresa A. Sullivan, who has held the position since August of 2010. She majored in Women's Studies (See [[Worst College Majors]]) causing questions of her ability to lead the University.{{fact}} In 1888 the school implemented orange and blue as the official athletic colors, and the official mascot is the Cavalier. UVA students are also referred to as Wahoos or 'Hoos. A wahoo is a fish that allegedly can drink three times its weight, a clear reference to the University's rampant underage drinking.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/05/22/charlottesville/index.html</ref>

''U.S. News and World Report'' ranks the University of Virginia as number 23 in the best "national universities, public and private" category, tied with [[Georgetown University]]. It also holds the number 1 spot for the best public university for the 2010 year. For the past eleven years it has ranked as either number one, or number two in this category.

== Bastion of Liberalism ==

The University of Virginia has in recent years become a bastion of liberalism for the commonwealth of Virginia. University professors have been investigated by conservative Attorney General, [[Ken Cuccinelli]], who has demanded the seizure of documents from the professor relating to the notorious liberal scandal, [[Climategate]] <ref>[http://www.dailyprogress.com/cdp/news/local/article/attorney_general_demands_papers_on_climate_data_from_uva/55634/P20/]</ref> . The liberal, atheistic culture of the University of Virginia most likely contributed to the murder of a female lacrosse player.{{fact}}

== Fast Facts ==
*'''Location:''' Charlottesville, Virginia [approximately 120 miles southwest of [[Washington DC]]]
*'''Colors:''' Orange and Blue
*'''Mascot:''' The Cavalier
*'''Current President:''' Teresa A. Sullivan
*'''Enrolled Students:''' 20,387
*'''Faculty:''' 11,962

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nb_US_universities‎|Virginia}}
[[Category:Universities]]

The Doors

2010-07-27T03:28:59Z

HaywoodJ: somewhat improved; needs more

'''The Doors''' were a [[California]]-based psychedelic [[rock music]] group active during the 1960's and 70's. The lineup was Jim Morrison on vocals, Ray Manzarek on organ, John Densmore on drums, and Robbie Krieger on guitar. The Doors were famous for their liberal politics on war, drugs and sex. Their eponymous debut album was released in 1966 and became a success mostly because of the number 1 single "Light My Fire". After that, the Doors continued to release popular music often with a dark undertone. The original lineup recorded six studio albums between 1966 and 1971: ''The Doors'', ''Strange Days'', ''Waiting for the Sun'', ''The Soft Parade'', ''Morrison Hotel'', and ''L.A. Woman''. The group lost singer Morrison when he died in 1971 but would release three studio albums afterward, two of them in 1971-72 without Morrison: ''Other Voices'' and ''Full Circle''; and the third, ''American Prayer'' in 1978, recorded around old recordings of Morrison reading poetry. Today the Doors reformed as The Doors Twenty First Century and continue to tour with only two original members (Densmore and Krieger).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doors, The}}

[[Category:Rock Bands]]

Dominican Republic

2010-07-27T03:13:28Z

HaywoodJ:

The '''Dominican Republic''' comprises the eastern two thirds of the Caribbean island [[Hispaniola]]. Its capital is [[Santo Domingo]].

Columbus's ship, the ''Santa Maria'', reached the island on Christmas Eve 1492. The settlement there was named "La Navidad".

The Dominican Republic has produced many great [[baseball]] players, including [[Albert Pujols]], [[Sammy Sosa]], [[Pedro Martinez]], [[Jose Reyes]] and [[Manny Ramirez]].

==Further reading==
===Guidebooks===
* ''The Dominican Republic (A to Z)'' by Byron Augustin (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Dominican-Republic-Z-Byron-Augustin/dp/0516249517/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244057665&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
* ''Lonely Planet Dominican Republic'' by Gary Chandler and Liza Prado (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Lonely-Planet-Dominican-Republic-Country/dp/1740597044/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244057665&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]
* ''Fodor's Dominican Republic,'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Fodors-Dominican-Republic-Gold-Guides/dp/1400007569/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244057665&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* ''Moon Dominican Republic'' (Moon Handbooks) by Ana Chavier Caamano (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Moon-Dominican-Republic-Handbooks/dp/1566916097/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244057665&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]

===History===
* Baud, Michael. ''Peasants and Tobacco in the Dominican Republic, 1870-1930.'' (1995). 326 pp.
* Bell, Ian. ''The Dominican Republic.'' (1981). 392 pp.
* Betances, Emelio. ''State and Society in the Dominican Republic.'' (1995). 162 pp.
* Engerman, Stanley L. et al. eds. ''Between Slavery and Free Labor: The Spanish-Speaking Caribbean in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1985). 294 pp.
* Moya Pons, Frank. ''The Dominican Republic: A National History.'' (1995). 543 pp.
* Ruck, Rob. ''The Tropic of Baseball: Baseball in the Dominican Republic.'' (1991). 205 pp.

[[Category:Caribbean Countries]]
[[Category:Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Spanish Empire]]

Fox Broadcasting Company

2010-07-27T03:08:29Z

HaywoodJ: better wording

'''Fox Network''' is a television network. It is owned by Fox Entertainment Group, a part of [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[News Corporation]]. The network is named for the sister company [[20th Century Fox]], one of the six major American Film Studios.

[[Fox News Channel]] is known for supplying an unbiased look at world events, earning it accolades from [[conservatives]] and moderates alike. Fox's other programming, however, if often less laudable. Fox's entertainment division - which airs on a different channel, and is home to such shows of dubious morality as ''[[Family Guy]]'' and ''[[The Simpsons]]'' - has been singled out by the [[Parents Television Council]] for obsessive violence and sexual [[obscenities]]. Additionally, several major shows on Fox's entertainment channels have been known to mock conservative Christians in general, and creationists in specific.

[[Category:TV Networks]]

Endangered Species Act

2010-07-27T03:04:18Z

HaywoodJ:

The '''Endangered Species Act of 1973''' was enacted to provide federal protection for [[species]], such as the [[bald eagle]],<ref>In 2007, the bald eagle was removed from the endangered species but laws against possession of its feathers remained in place.[http://www.nativetimes.com/index.asp?action=displayarticle&article_id=8883]</ref> that were placed on the list of endangered species.

Section 7(a)(2) of the Act divides the responsibilities for protecting endangered species between the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce.

The act has been seen{{who says}} as an attempt by liberals to take legitimate concerns (the threat to the national bird) and turn it into environmental hysteria that interferes with legitimate business interests, individual rights, and states' rights.

The [[Property and Environment Research Center]] notes, "At most, only eight species can be described as recovered: the [[brown pelican]], three [[Palau Island]] birds, the [[American alligator]], the [[Rydberg milk-vetch]], the [[gray whale]], and the [[Arctic peregrine falcon]], although some others that remain listed are doing well." These recoveries are not necessarily the result of the ESA. For instance, the private [[World Center for Birds of Prey]] assisted the peregrine falcon's recovery.<ref>Richard L. Stroup (Apr. 1995) [http://www.perc.org/articles/article648.php The Endangered Species Act: Making Innocent Species the Enemy]</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

==External Links==
*http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,295359,00.html ''The Endangered Species Act Out of Control'', [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]].

[[category:environment]]

Slavic languages

2010-07-27T02:40:49Z

HaywoodJ: del "insanely" - they're certainly not worse than German

'''Slavic languages''' are a group of [[languages]] spoken by Slavic [[people]]. They include [[Russian]], [[Polish]], [[Czech]], [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Ukrainian]] and similar languages. They are spoken in [[Slavic]] countries in [[Eastern Europe]].

Some are written using the [[Latin alphabet]] used by [[English language|English]] and other Indo-European languages, but some use other alphabets such as the [[Cyrillic alphabet]].

They tend to have complex grammars, which is why usually hundreds of hours of tuition are needed to master them.

== See Also ==
* [[Russian]]
* [[Polish]]
* [[Cyrillic]]
* [[Czech Republic]]

[[Category:Slavic languages| ]]

Mein Kampf

2010-07-27T02:18:02Z

HaywoodJ: improve wording

[[Image:Index.jpg|right|thumb|''Mein Kampf'', first edition, 1925.]]
'''Mein Kampf''', meaning "My Struggle" or "My Battle" in German, is the title of a book authored by [[Adolf Hitler]]. Hitler wrote the first edition of the book while imprisoned for his role in the 1923 [[Beer Hall Putsch]], a failed coup attempt. In this book, Hitler tells his life story and lays out his political ideas and philosophy, including his [[atheism]] and [[evolutionism]]. Among the beliefs that Hitler expressed in his book were the notions of "racial purity" and a "Master Race" of Aryans. When Hitler rose to power in Germany as the head of the National Socialist Workers Party or "[[Nazis]]", his book Mein Kampf became the "bible" of the Nazis. Hitler as the leader of Germany put his ideas into practice by exterminating millions of non-Aryans and attacking and conquering other nations to expand the homeland to provide more "[[lebensraum]]", or living space, for the Aryans.
==References==
*[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt English translation of Mein Kampf], from Project Gutenberg Australia
[[Category:Books]]
[[category:Germany]]

People's Liberation Army

2010-07-27T02:04:56Z

HaywoodJ: clean-up

The '''People's Liberation Army''' is the ground force made up of infantry and mobilized armored units of the [[People's Republic of China]]. It is the largest employer in the world, consisting of 2,250,000 active soldiers and 7,024,000 total available troops.{{fact}}

== History ==
It was founded August 1, 1927 during the [[Nanchang Uprising]]. This Army brutally suppressed unarmed, peaceful demonstrators during the [[Tiananmen Square massacre|Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]].

[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:China]]

Talk:Boy George

2010-07-27T01:58:52Z

HaywoodJ: /* Old news/gossip */ new section

Because it was such a strong part of his image, if this articles stays, there should be some mention made of his permanent makeup and his later public admission of homosexuality. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 18:35, 27 July 2007 (EDT)

:I think this article should be deleted. "Boy George" isn't really a family friendly character, and we should not promote his lifestyle. [[User:SSchultz|SSchultz]] 23:35, 27 July 2007 (EDT)

::"''Boy George" isn't really a family friendly character, and we should not promote his lifestyle.'' On that score we should be deleting Genghis Khan and Adolf Hitler. Shouldn't the question be 'Is BG of any long-term cultural or historical relevance?' [[User:Pachyderm|Pachyderm]] 06:04, 28 July 2007 (EDT)

:::I'm surprised that this article describes his music in such glowing terms. The mention of his androgynous image being a large part of his popularity IMHO, seems to glorify the breakdown of traditional gender roles. [[User:JohnGalt|JohnGalt]] 17:30, 3 December 2007 (EST)

== Accusation of plagiarism ==

The accusation is taken directly from IrrationalWiki and has no place here. This WP article was written by William123 and the supposedly plagiarized article was written by a William. Could it possibly be the same person? Until I see proof to the contrary, that's the assumption I'm going with as it is the most logical. [[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 13:36, 1 August 2008 (EDT)
:I saw I could still email William123 through CP, so I did and asked him if he was the William who wrote the original source article. I'll let you know if I heard back. [[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 17:58, 1 August 2008 (EDT)
::Wow, the irrational ones aren't really bright. Yes, that's exactly what I did. I just outright stated "are you William so-n-so?" Yep. I'm a flippin' moron. [[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 23:40, 1 August 2008 (EDT)

== Old news/gossip ==

"He has been convicted (and will likely go to prison) for handcuffing a male escort to a bed against his will and then beating him with a chain" This is probably in need of an update if it is to remain here, but it is clearly in violation of the Conservapedia Commandment against gossip. Furthermore, in light of the preceding discussion of whether this individual is significant enough to warrant inclusion here, it is certain that if he is deemed worthy of inclusion, it would be on the basis of his musical career rather than his notoriety on other bases. [[User:HaywoodJ|HaywoodJ]] 21:58, 26 July 2010 (EDT)

Talk:Sandra Bernhard

2010-07-27T00:34:36Z

HaywoodJ:

==Lesbian==

Inclusion should be limited and not gossip. People that wear their sexuality as a badge of honor should be noted as a lesbian activist. She is a role model for some because of her onstage/screen promotion of lesbianism.--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 20:15, 26 July 2010 (EDT)
:I don't know for certain what sexuality Ms. Bernhard claims for herself, but if I recall correctly, she considers herself bisexual. [[User:HaywoodJ|HaywoodJ]] 20:34, 26 July 2010 (EDT)

Boy George

2010-07-27T00:28:57Z

HaywoodJ: The inclusion of sexual orientation in a biography is generally prohibited"

'''George Alan O'Dowd''' is a [[British]] pop [[singer]] and [[Disc jockey|DJ]] better known by his stage name '''Boy George'''. The former [[heroin]] addict was convicted of [[cocaine]] possession in [[Manhattan]] in 2006. He has been convicted (and will likely go to prison) for handcuffing a male escort to a bed against his will and then beating him with a chain.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1092168/Guilty-Boy-George-warned-judge-faces-jail-falsely-imprisoning-male-escort.html</ref>

==See also==
*[[Culture club|Culture Club]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Musicians]]
[[Category: Homosexuals]]

Village Voice

2010-07-27T00:10:33Z

HaywoodJ: update

The '''''Village Voice''''' is a leading extreme [[liberal]] free weekly newspaper published in [[New York City]], having a free circulation of perhaps 240,000 per week. It spices its commentary and articles with occasional profanity and sometimes cartoons mocking [[Republican Party]] officials, such as former Vice President [[Dick Cheney]].

Founded in 1955 in a two-bedroom apartment in [[Greenwich Village]] by Dan Wolf, Ed Fancher and Norman Mailer, the ''Village Voice'' remains one of the most influential voices of the [[American]] far [[left]]. The offices of the paper are at Cooper Square in the East Village.

In 2005 the Village Voice was purchased by a media conglomerate and there has been criticism of its perceived change in character:<ref>http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/communitydevelopment/20070212/20/2098/</ref>

:The Village Voice is now managed by two libertarians from Phoenix, Arizona. They merged New Times with Village Voice Media, they took the name, Village Voice Media, but the controlling party are these two from Phoenix. They came to town, they fired veterans, they imposed conditions that were so difficult for others that they resigned, they lost an editor. In the view of many veterans at the Voice, they crushed the spirits of the newspaper and tried to impose a style whose fit for the city remains open to question. For example, many people at the Voice were concerned that there was a political purge ... in my view that's not very alternative at all.

== References ==

<references/>

[[category:United States Newspapers]]

Alfred Lord Tennyson

2010-07-27T00:08:13Z

HaywoodJ: editing

'''Alfred, Lord Tennyson''' (officially Alfred, 1st Baron Tennyson) (1809-1892), English poet, the first to be granted a peerage, was born in Lincolnshire and educated at Lough Grammar School and Trinity College, [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]]. His first poems were published in 1830. His work was slow to be recognised, although now popular works – e.g. ''Mariana'' and ''The Lady of Shalott'' - were in his first two volumes. He became immensely popular during the 1840s, given his barony in 1844. He gained a pension in 1845 and succeeded [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] as Poet Laureate in 1850.

Like ''The Lady of Shalott'', many of his more popular works were on themes of British history or Arthurian legend: ''Morte d’Arthur'',''The Idylls of the King'', ''The Revenge'', ''The Charge of the Light Brigade'', and the like. His work is emblematic of the [[Victorian]] era.

[[Category: Poets]]
{{DEFAULTSORT: Tennyson, Alfred Lord}}

Sandra Bernhard

2010-07-26T23:58:52Z

HaywoodJ: "The inclusion of sexual orientation in a biography is generally prohibited due to the Commandment against gossip"

'''Sandra Bernhard''' (born 1955) is an American [[feminist]] comedian and actress. She was born in Flint, [[Michigan]] and went to live on a [[kibbutz]] in [[Israel]] for a time after leaving high school. She returned to America and developed an acting and comedy career in the late 1970s. In the 1980s she became famous for her close friendship with [[Madonna Ciccone]].

Bernhard is controversial because of her [[liberal]] views. She strongly supports access to [[abortion]]. In September 2008, she made deeply offensive remarks concerning [[Sarah Palin]]. During the same comedy performance, Bernhard denigrated the [[New Testament]]. Her comments were regarded as deeply offensive to [[African American]]s also.<ref>http://media.newsbusters.org/stories/sandra-bernhard-palin-would-be-gang-raped-blacks-manhattan.html</ref> Bernhard has not apologized for her remarks.

==References==
<References/>

{{liberalism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bernhard, Sandra}}
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Abortion Advocates]]
[[Category:Actresses]]
[[Category:Feminists]]
[[Category:Liberals]]

Edgard Varèse

2010-07-26T20:12:03Z

HaywoodJ:

'''Edgard Varèse''' (December 22, 1883 – November 6, 1965) was a [[France|French]]-born [[United States|American]] [[composer]] of [[avant-garde]] [[music]].

==Major works==
*''Amériques'' (1918–1921; revised 1927)
*''Offrandes'' (1921)
*''Octandre'' (1923)
*''Intégrales'' (1924–1925)
*''Arcana'' (1925–1927)
*''Ionisation'' (1929–1931)
*''Density 21.5'' (1936)
*''Poème électronique'' (1957–1958)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varèse, Edgard}}
[[category:Composers]]

Edgard Varèse

2010-07-26T20:11:43Z

HaywoodJ:

'''Edgard Varèse''' (December 22, 1883 – November 6, 1965) was a [[France|French]]-born [[United States|American]] [[composer]] of [[avant-garde]] [[music]].

==Major works==
*''Amériques'' (1918–1921; revised 1927)
*''Offrandes'' (1921)
*''Octandre'' (1923)
*''Intégrales'' (1924–1925)
*''Arcana'' (1925–1927)
*''Ionisation'' (1929–1931)
*''Density 21.5'' (1936)
*''Poème électronique'' (1957–1958)

{{defaultsort:Varèse, Edgard}}
[[category:Composers]]

Emily Dickinson

2010-07-26T20:07:45Z

HaywoodJ: delete ridiculous slander

'''Emily Dickinson''' (December 10, 1830 - May 15, 1886), was a nineteenth century [[American]] [[poet]]. She was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, to a prominent family known for support
of the local educational institutions. Emily's grandfather, Samuel Fowler Dickinson, was one of the founders of Amherst College, and her father served as lawyer and treasurer for the institution. Emily's father also served in powerful positions on the General Court of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts State Senate, and the United States House of Representatives.

During a religious revival that swept Western Massachusetts during the decades of 1840-50, Dickinson found her vocation as a poet. One of her biographers has suggested that Dickinson thought of becoming a poet in the Biblical terms of Jacob wrestling with the angel.{{fact}}

Dickinson lived most of her life in the house in which she was born, made a few trips to visit relatives in Boston, Cambridge, and Connecticut. Most of her work is not only reflective of the small moments of what happens around her, but also of the larger battles and themes of what was happening in the larger society. For example, over half of her poems were written during the years of the [[American Civil War]].

By the time of her death, no more than seven Dickinson poems had been published, but her legacy of 1776 poems eventually brought the full extent of her work to the world. Today, Dickinson is not only considered one of the most accessible poets of all time but one of the best. Features of her work that were considered oddities have become signature aspects of her style and form. Dramatic asides, odd capitalization, telegraphic dash punctuation, hymnbook rhythms, off-rhymes, multiple voices, and elaborate metaphors have become recognizable to readers across time and translations of her work.

She died, as she was born, in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]].

[[Category: Poets|Dickinson, Emily]]

Emily Dickinson

2010-07-26T20:06:26Z

HaywoodJ: obviously needs a citation

'''Emily Dickinson''' (December 10, 1830 - May 15, 1886), was a nineteenth century [[American]] [[poet]]. She was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, to a prominent family known for support
of the local educational institutions. Emily's grandfather, Samuel Fowler Dickinson, was one of the founders of Amherst College, and her father served as lawyer and treasurer for the institution. Emily's father also served in powerful positions on the General Court of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts State Senate, and the United States House of Representatives.

During a religious revival that swept Western Massachusetts during the decades of 1840-50, Dickinson found her vocation as a poet. One of her biographers has suggested that Dickinson thought of becoming a poet in the Biblical terms of Jacob wrestling with the angel.{{fact}}

Dickinson lived most of her life in the house in which she was born, made a few trips to visit relatives in Boston, Cambridge, and Connecticut. Most of her work is not only reflective of the small moments of what happens around her, but also of the larger battles and themes of what was happening in the larger society. For example, over half of her poems were written during the years of the [[American Civil War]].

By the time of her death, no more than seven Dickinson poems had been published, but her legacy of 1776 poems eventually brought the full extent of her work to the world. Today, Dickinson is not only considered one of the most accessible poets of all time but one of the best. Features of her work that were considered oddities have become signature aspects of her style and form. Dramatic asides, odd capitalization, telegraphic dash punctuation, hymnbook rhythms, off-rhymes, unnecessary profanity, blatant racism, multiple voices, and elaborate metaphors have become recognizable to readers across time and translations of her work.

She died, as she was born, in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]].

[[Category: Poets|Dickinson, Emily]]

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

2010-07-26T20:03:07Z

HaywoodJ:

The '''Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis''' states that [[language]] is not merely a way to express ideas, but that it determines the range of ideas we can have. If there's no word or term for a concept, it's hard even to conceive of it, let alone to communicate it to another person.
*"... words don't merely match pre-existing things in the world. Rather, they shape and encapsulate ideas about things--how they are categorized (compare [[dog]] vs. [[canine]]), how we are interacting with them (compare [[sheep]] vs. [[mutton]]), how the word functions grammatically (compare the noun cow vs. the adjective bovine), and how we wish to represent our attitudes about them (compare critter vs. varmint)." <ref>http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~atman/Misc/eskimo-snow-words.html</ref>
Rebecca Ash wrote:
:"The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis theorizes that [[thought]]s and [[behavior]] are determined (or are at least partially influenced) by language. If true in its strongest sense, the sinister possibility of a culture controlled by [[Newspeak]] or some other language is not just science fiction. Since its inception in the 1920s and 1930s, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has caused controversy and spawned research in a variety of disciplines including [[linguistics]], [[psychology]], [[philosophy]], [[anthropology]], and [[education]]. To this day it has not been completely disputed or defended, but has continued to intrigue researchers around the world." <ref name=ash>[http://www.angelfire.com/journal/worldtour99/sapirwhorf.html]</ref>
Wilhelm von Humboldt, writing a century before Sapir wrote a strong version of [[linguistic determinism]]:
:"Man lives in the world about him principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents it to him."

==Name and origin==

The hypothesis is named for Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, supposedly deriving from the latter's observations about time words in the Hopi language.

It is a [[linguistic]] theory (also known as the "Whorfian hypothesis" and the "linguistic relativity hypothesis"). Although it is named for Sapir and Whorf, it is unclear whether either man had anything to do with its formulation. "Alford (1980) also notes that neither Sapir nor Whorf actually named any of their ideas about language and cognition the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. This name only appeared after their deaths."<ref name=ash /> Some sources said it was named after them incorrectly. Edward Sapir studied the research of Wilhelm von Humboldt, whose own linguistic theories, published in "Über das vergleichende Sprachstudium" ("On the comparative study of languages") in 1836, focussed on a strong version of linguistic determinism, saying "Man lives in the world about him principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents it to him." Sapir took this idea and built on it to a lesser degree, clearly stating that there is clearly a connection between language and thought. The trail of influence could, however, be traced back to [[Franz Boaz]], considered to be the founder of anthropology in the United States, and under whom Sapir was an outstanding student.

Whorf wrote:
* ... observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar ...
* From this fact proceeds what I have called the "linguistic relativity principle," which means, in informal terms, that users of markedly different grammars are pointed by their grammars toward different types of observations and different evaluations of externally similar acts of observation, and hence are not equivalent as observers but must arrive at somewhat different views of the world.<ref name=great>[http://www.enformy.com/dma-Chap7.htm The Great Whorf Hypothesis Hoax]</ref>

Others said:

* "Whorf [was] appealing to the general educated audience of his day to become linguistically aware -- to realize to what extent the language you speak influences what and how you think."<ref name=great />

* "In truth, it is widely accepted by ethnolinguists that culture affects language, but it is controversial as to whether or not language affects culture."<ref>"Benjamin Whorf," New World Encyclopedia, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Benjamin_Whorf?oldid=795326 (accessed February 25, 2009). </ref>

It was formulated by [[Benjamin Lee Whorf]], a student - and later colleague of - [[Edward Sapir]], who stated during the 1930's that:<ref>Whorf, Benjamin; Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (John Carroll, Editor) ; 1956; MIT Press; pp 213-14. </ref>
{{cquote|We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds - and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way - an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language. The agreement is, of course, an implicit and unstated one, but ''its terms are absolutely obligatory''; we cannot talk at all except by subscribing to the organization and classification of data which the agreement decrees. ''(Emphasis the author's own)''}}

"Sapir believed that language shapes human perception and directs human behavior. From his view, understanding a culture was impossible without understanding the historical development of that culture’s language."<ref> [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Edward_Sapir?oldid=687648 "Edward Sapir,"] New World Encyclopedia, (accessed February 25, 2009). </ref> An example of Sapir's beliefs can be found in [[George Orwell]]'s book ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]]''. Here, "Newspeak" was created to alter the way people thought about the government. The new vocabulary was a method of mind control, since the population could not think of things that were not included in the vocabulary. In essence, they were prisoners of their own language.

==Related Theories==

There are two opposing theories regarding the the relationship between language and thought. These are referred to as "mould theories" and "cloak theories". '''Mould theories''' see language as a "mould", used to cast various thought categories. '''Cloak theories''', by contrast, represent the view that language is a "cloak" that conforms to the customary thought categories of a language's speakers. However, behaviourists believe that language and thought are identical and that thinking is entirely linguistic. Non-verbal thought does not exist and there is no translation from thought to language.<ref>Bruner, J. S., J. S. Goodnow & G. A. Austin ([1956] 1962): A Study of Thinking. New York: Wiley</ref>

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is a mould theory of language and consists of two associated principles. These are "linguistic determinism", which states that our language determines our thinking, and "linguistic relativity", which states that people who speak different languages perceive and think about the world quite differently.

This hypothesis contradicts the cloak theory, which believes that language is simply the appearance of thought.

Whorf believed wholeheartedly in "linguistic determinism"; in other words, what one thinks is determined by their language and he also supported "linguistic relativity", which states that the differences in language reflect the different views of different people.

An example of this is the studies Whorf did on the Hopi language. He studied a Hopi speaker who lived in New York city near Whorf. based on the fact that Hopi speakers do not include tenses in their native tongue, he concluded that they therefore must have a different sense of time than other groups of people.

However, recently further studies of the Hopi language have revealed that although the Hopi do not include references to the past, present or future in their grammar, they do, in fact, have two other tenses, "manifested" and "becoming manifested". Manifested includes all that physically is and ever has been, which includes such things as the senses and concrete items. Becoming manifested includes anything which is not physical, has no definite origin and cannot be perceived with the senses.

Hopi verbs are always expressed within terms of these two tenses. In this way, the Hopi do include some aspect of time, but in a different way than a native English speaker would recognize. The biggest limitation of Whorf's research was that he focussed on the language of one individual, outside of his native environment, rather than studying the entire Hopi community.<ref>http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/language/whorf.html</ref>

Few linguists today would accept the pure form of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, yet may find some resonance in a more moderate take on the theory. The "pure" and "moderate" forms differ in that the pure form places the emphasis on the potential for thinking to be influenced rather than determined by language and that it is a two-way process, in other words, "the kind of language we use is also influenced by the way we see the world."

There is some middle ground to be found in moderate form of both. For example, there are languages with words for things that other languages do not have. A good example is the Neuer people of [[Sudan]], who have more than 400 words to describe cattle. Each word indicates differences in colour, size, body shape and the shape of the horns. Just because we do not have a word with the same meaning, does not imply that we cannot comprehend what the word is - and it can be counter-argued against Sapir-Whorf that simply by being able to comprehend the word, we can indeed the see world through that speaker's eyes. <ref>http://www.psy.dmu.ac.uk/cgi-bin/412/9900psyc1011.pl?read=42</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Psychology]]

==See also==

*[[Syntax]] (how words make up a sentence)
*[[E-Prime|English Prime]]

Eris

2010-07-26T19:43:11Z

HaywoodJ: alias is not right

: ''This article is about the [[Dwarf Planet]] named Eris. For the classical goddess, see [[Eris (mythology)]]. For any other use, see [[Eris (disambiguation)]].
{{Planet|image=Eris and Dysnomia.jpg
|date=October 21, 2003<ref name=IAU1>"[http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/lists/NumberedMPs.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets]." [[International Astronomical Union]], Minor Planet Center, May 1, 2007. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>
|discname=Michael E. Brown<ref name=IAU1/><ref name=usgs>"[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Planetary Body Names and Discoverers]." US Geological Survey, Jennifer Blue, ed. March 31, 2008. Accessed April 17, 2008.</ref><ref name=Brown2>Brown, M.E., Van Dam, M. A., Bouchez, A. H., Le Mignant, D., ''et al''. "[http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0510029 Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects]." ''Astrophys. J. Lett.'' 639(L43), October 3, 2005. <arXiv:astro-ph/0510029.> Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>
|origname=Greek goddess of discord<ref name=usgs/>
|primary=Sun
|order=12
|periapsis=37.93 AU<ref name=johnston>Johnston, William Robert. "[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-136199.html Entry for 136199 Eris and Dysnomia]." Johnston Archive, August 21, 2007. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>
|apoapsis=97.53 AU<ref name=johnston/>
|semimajor=67.732 AU<ref name=johnston/>
|bode=154 AU<ref name=calc>Calculated</ref>
|eccentricity=0.4400<ref name=johnston/>
|sidereal=557.4 a<ref name=johnston/>
|orbitspeed=3.436 km/s
|inclination=44.1595°<ref name=johnston/>
|reference=the ecliptic
|siderealday=8 h
|mass=1.66 * 1022 kg<ref name=johnston/><ref name=Brown1>Brown, Michael E., and Schaller, Emily L. "[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/316/5831/1585 The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris]." ''Science'', 316(5831):1585, June 15, 2007. <doi:10.1126/science.1139415> Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref><ref name=reitan>Reitan, Kari. "[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/news/eris.html Astronomers Measure Mass of Largest Dwarf Planet]." Space Telescope Science Institute, [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], June 14, 2007. Accessed January 21, 2008.</ref>
|density=2,260 kg/m³<ref name=johnston/>
|surfacegrav=0.6554 m/s²<ref name=calc/>
|escapespeed= 1.305 km/s<ref name=calc/>
|meanradius =1,300 km<ref name=Planck>"[http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~bertoldi/ub313/ Comment on the recent Hubble Space Telescope size measurement of 2003 UB313 by Brown et al]." Max Planck Institut für Radioastronomie, April 13, 2006. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>
|surfacearea= 21,237,166 km²<ref name=calc/>
|mintemp=30 K
|meantemp=42.5 K
|maxtemp=55 K
|moons=1
|color=white to light gray
|albedo=0.87<ref name=johnston/>
}}'''Eris''', also known as '''Xena''', also known as '''2003 UB313''', the largest of all [[dwarf planet]]s (also classified as a [[Dwarf Planet#Plutoids|plutoid]]), is named for the Greek goddess of discord and strife. Considering the debate that the discovery of this object provoked, the name is probably quite apt.

== Discovery, Naming, and Debate ==
Eris was first photographed on October 21, 2003, but was at first too slow-moving for the Palomar Observatory image-analytic software to detect. Later, [[Michael E. Brown]], [[Chad Trujillo]], and [[David Rabinowitz]] ordered re-analysis of the images with greater sensitivity. They soon realized that the images depicted a new object, and announced their findings on January 5, 2005.

The initial name for the new object was Xena, the title character in an [[United States|American]] [[television]] action-adventure dramatic series,<ref>The character is supposed to be a princess from a tribe of warriors, either Argive or closely allied with them, in the days of the Mycenean civilization, and a contemporary of, and occasional rival to, Hercules. No historical warrant exists for the existence of such a person or even for a classical poem mentioning that name.</ref> and also a name beginning with X, in keeping with the suspicion that this object was the long-sought "Planet X." The object also had a satellite, which the discoverers tentatively named Gabrielle, after the supporting character in that dramatic series.

The announcement of Eris' discovery on July 29, 2005 presented the [[International Astronomical Union]] with an embarrassing problem.<ref name=Hamilton>Hamilton, Calvin J. "[http://www.solarviews.com/eng/eris.htm Entry for 'Eris']." ''Views of the Solar System'', 2007. Accessed January 21, 2008.</ref> Other observations, specifically of the period and orbital characteristics of the satellite,<ref name=Ingham>Ingham, Richard. "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1560563.htm 'Tenth planet' Xena bigger than Pluto]." Agence France-Presse, quoted by Australian Broadcasting Corporation, February 2, 2006. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref><ref name=solstation>[http://www.solstation.com/stars/UB313.htm Eris (2003 UB313) and Dysnomia]. Accessed January 22, 2008.</ref> had already suggested that 2003 UB313 might be more massive even than [[Pluto]], then considered the ninth [[planet]] in the [[solar system]]. Because planets and Kuiper-Belt objects have different naming conventions, and because [[scattered disk]] objects had ''no'' naming convention at the time, the names for the new primary and satellite remained unofficial.<ref name=Tytell>Tytell, David. "[http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/home/3916126.html All Hail Eris and Dysnomia]." ''Sky and Telescope'', September 14, 2006. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>

Finally the [[International Astronomical Union]] declared<ref>"[http://www.iau.org/iau0602.423.0.html IAU0602: the Final IAU Resolution on the Definition of 'Planet' Ready for Voting]," ''International Astronomical Union'', 2005. Accessed January 14, 2008.</ref> that Pluto and 2003 UB313 were not planets, but belonged to a new category called [[dwarf planet]]s. Then on September 6, 2006, Mike Brown and his team<ref name=Brown4>Brown, Mike. "[http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/planetlila/index.html The discovery of Eris, the largest known dwarf planet]." California Institute of Technology. Accessed January 22, 2008.</ref> recognized that the name "Xena" was inappropriate for 2003 UB313 and suggested to the IAU that they name it Eris, after the Greek goddess of discord and strife. They also suggested that the IAU name the satellite Dysnomia, for the Greek goddess of lawlessness and daughter of Eris.<ref>Dysnomia, meaning "lawlessness," is also a play on the name of the American actress who portrayed Xena, Lucy Lawless.</ref> Four days later, the IAU oficially named the primary Eris and named its satellite Dysnomia.<ref name=IAU2>[http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/special/08747.pdf IAU Circular No. 8747], International Astronomical Union, September 10, 2006. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>

== Orbital characteristics ==
At 67.7 AU from the [[Sun]], it is the most distant object yet discovered that has the [[Sun]] for a primary. At aphelion, it is far beyond the [[Kuiper belt]] and in what is known as the [[scattered disk]] of the [[solar system]]. Because Eris is so distant from [[Earth]] (currently near [[Apsis|aphelion]] and hence three times more distant than is Pluto as of 2008), it has a very long sidereal year of 557 Julian years. Its synodic year is very nearly the same as an [[Earth]] year.

== Surface and atmosphere ==
[[Image:2003 UB313 near-infrared spectrum.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Near infrared spectrum of dwarf planet Eris, taken with the Gemini 8 m telescope.]]Infrared spectroscopic scans of Eris reveal an infrared reflectance spectrum remarkably like that of [[Pluto]], which is known to have a layer of [[methane]] on its surface. From this, the discovery team concludes that Eris is surfaced with solid frozen [[methane]], with rock and [[water]] ice beneath.

Yet Eris is the second most reflective body in the entire solar system, reflecting about 86% of the incident sunlight. Eris is also uniformly white on its surface, whereas Pluto is a mottled brown. The discoverers believe that this is due entirely to Eris' present far-flung position (near aphelion), and point out that Eris' orbit is the most eccentric orbit of any satellite of the [[Sun]], except for [[comet]]s.

== Implications for Other Trans-Neptunian Objects ==
Brown ''et al.'' noted<ref name=Brown2/> in 2005 that Eris, Dysnomia's primary, is one of three of the four brightest Kuiper belt objects that have satellites. (The other two are [[Pluto]] and 2003 EL61.) The fourth, 2005 FY9, has no satellite that Earth-based telescopes can presently detect. Most Kuiper belt objects ''do not'' have satellites, and that three of the four brightest should have satellites suggests that their origins were significantly different from those of other Kuiper belt objects.

== Problem for uniformitarian theories ==
Brown states<ref name=Brown1/> that the near-circular orbit of Dysnomia about Eris actually is consistent with Dysnomia's origin as the result of a collision between Eris and another object. But no astronomer has ever explained how such a collision would leave an object in a nearly circular orbit about its primary.

== Satellites ==
Eris has one known satellite, a tiny moon called [[Dysnomia]]. In classical [[mythology]], Dysnomia is the name given to Eris' daughter, who is a symbol of actual lawlessness.

== Observation and exploration ==
The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] and the Keck Observatory are the first two telescopes to observe the Eridian system. No deep-space missions are planned.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{solarsystem}}

Mayonnaise

2010-07-26T18:05:02Z

HaywoodJ: more accurate + better wording

[[Image:mayo.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Not all mayonnaise is made with eggs.]]

'''Mayonnaise''' (often referred to as mayo) is a [[condiment]] originating in [[France|French]] cuisine.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/371054/mayonnaise</ref> It is made by emulsifying [[egg]]s, oil and an [[acid]]ic liquid such as [[vinegar]] or [[lemon]] juice, and may have herbs, garlic, or spices added for flavor. This is traditionally done by combining the egg and liquid and slowly whisking in the oil. Blenders, mixers, and food processers allow modern cooks to incorporate the oil much more quickly. Mayonnaise may separate and fail to emulsify if the oil is added too quickly or it isn't mixed thoroughly enough.

Mayonnaise is a popular condiment for many foods, including [[chicken]], [[egg]], and [[potato]] salads; [[hamburger]]s; [[sandwich]]es; [[French fries]], and raw [[vegetable]]s.

Commercially prepared mayonnaise is widely available, and more popular than mayonnaise made from scratch.

For those following low-fat diets, lower fat and fat-free versions and substitutes are available.

==See also==
*[[Aioli]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Condiments]]

Roy and Silo

2010-07-26T18:00:09Z

HaywoodJ: improve wording

'''Roy and Silo''' were male [[penguin]]s in [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]] Zoo<ref name=CPZGPID>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/07/MNG3N4RAV41.DTL Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate]</ref> who developed a pair bond that was interpreted by proponents of the [[gay agenda]] as an example of
"[[homosexual animals]]".<ref name=NYT>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9506efd9113bf934a35751c0a9629c8b63 Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name] ''[[New York Times]]''</ref> They were the subject of the children's book ''And Tango Makes Three''.

In fact, no animal displays the type of very promiscuous [[homosexual lifestyle]] that has tragically shortened the lifespan of many humans. "Mr. Gramzay said that he never saw them complete a sex act but that the two did engage in mating rituals like entwining their necks and vocalizing to one another."<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/24/nyregion/24penguins.html New Love Breaks Up a 6-Year Relationship at the Zoo]</ref> Silo later mated with a female penguin.

Scientists have also not considered that these penguins were taken from their natural habitat, [[Antarctica]]. The change in air temperature, latitudes, etc. may have had adverse effects on chemical balances in their brains, leading to abnormal behaviors. In summary, captivity can compound the penguin's homosexual behavior and the incident has no bearing on homosexuality in animals in nature nor in human beings.

==See also==
*[[Homosexuality in Animals Myth]]
*[[Ex-gay]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Deceit]]

Newt

2010-07-26T17:48:56Z

HaywoodJ: bold

'''Newts''' are [[amphibians]] with four legs, and a tail. They are outwardly similar to [[lizard|lizards]], despite being members of a different class of the animal kingdom - like lizards, they can regenerate limbs, but unlike lizards, they have soft slimy skin instead of scales.

High Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Case Against Bill Clinton

2010-07-26T17:47:41Z

HaywoodJ: reword

'''''High Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Case Against Bill Clinton''''' was [[Ann Coulter]]'s first book, published in 1998. The book summarizes the impeachment case against President Bill Clinton.

[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Conservative Media]]

Edgard Varèse

2010-07-26T14:19:08Z

HaywoodJ:

Edgard Varèse

2010-07-26T14:18:06Z

HaywoodJ: a start

'''Edgard Varèse''' (December 22, 1883 – November 6, 1965) was a [[France|French]]-born [[United States|American]] [[composer]] of [[avant-garde]] [[music]].

==Major works==
*''Amériques'' (1918–1921; revised 1927)
*''Offrandes'' (1921)
*''Octandre'' (1923)
*''Intégrales'' (1924–1925)
*''Arcana'' (1925–1927)
*''Ionisation'' for 13 percussion players (1929–1931)
*''Density 21.5'' (1936)
*''Poème électronique'' (1957–1958)

Bob Dole

2010-07-26T14:05:58Z

HaywoodJ:

[[Image:786980.jpg|right|thumb|The official portrait of Senator Bob Dole by Everett Raymond Kinstler; Dole's portrait was unveiled in 2005, as is the tradition to construct a portrait for Senate leaders.]]
'''Robert Joseph Dole''', born July 22, 1923 (age {{age|1923|7|22}}), was a United States Senator from [[Kansas]] from 1969 to 1996 and the [[Republican Party|Republican]] presidential candidate in the 1996 US election, as well as the running mate of [[Gerald Ford]] in the 1976 election.

He was the majority leader of the [[United States Senate]] from 1985-1987 and again from 1995-1996, when he resigned to focus on his presidential campaign. He was defeated by incumbent president [[Bill Clinton]]. He also served as Senate minority leader from 1987-1995.

Dole grew up in the small town of Russell, Kansas, where he excelled as an athlete in multiple sports. He attended the [[University of Kansas]], where he joined the school's famed basketball team. However, more pressing world matters forced his studies to wait for several years. (The University's famous Center for Politics is now named for Dole, as well as another building on campus.)

In 1942, Dole joined the Army's Enlisted Reserve Corps to fight in [[World War II]]. He became a second lieutenant in the Army's [[10th Mountain Division]]. By April of 1945, he was fighting the [[German]]s in the hills of Italy where the action was fast paced. One of the platoon's radio men was hit. Bob Dole crawled out of his foxhole to help him, but it was too late.

Suddenly, while trying to assist the downed radio man, Dole was hit by German machine gun fire in the upper right back destroying his shoulder, and his right arm was so damaged that it was unrecognizable. Dole was immediately given morphine by an Army field medic to alleviate the pain, and his forehead was marked with an "M" in his own blood to alert medics. He was not expected to live.

Dole waited nine long hours on the Italian battlefield before he was finally taken to the Fifteenth Evacuation Hospital. After a brief stay in a field Army hospital in [[Italy]], he was transported back to the United States and to Topeka's Winter General Army Hospital, where he continued his painful recovery and endured a kidney operation. Then, he was transferred to Percy Jones Army Medical Center in Michigan, where he survived his second brush with death -- blood clotting. He was a patient in that hospital along with Phillip A. Hart, whose name graces one of the U.S. Senate office buildings, where Bob Dole occupied an office.

Eventually, he returned to Percy Jones Army Medical Hospital for extensive therapy on his rebuilt arm. It took about three years and nine operations for Bob Dole to rehabilitate. He learned to strengthen his injured arm, and also had to learn how to write with his left hand, as the doctors could not rebuild the excessive damage done by the German machine gun fire.

Bob Dole was twice decorated for heroic achievement, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star Medal for his attempt to assist the downed radio man.

[[Category:Former United States Senators|Dole, Bob]]
[[Category:Republican Party|Dole, Bob]]
[[Category:American war heroes|Dole, Bob]]
[[Category:United States Veterans]]

Bob Dole

2010-07-26T14:05:14Z

HaywoodJ: should begin with full, correct name

[[Image:786980.jpg|right|thumb|The official portrait of Senator Bob Dole by Everett Raymond Kinstler; Dole's portrait was unveiled in 2005, as is the tradition to construct a portrait for Senate leaders.]]
'''Robert Joseph Dole''', born July 22, 1923 (age {{age|1923|7|22}}), was a United States Senator from [[Kansas]]from 1969-1996 and the [[Republican Party|Republican]] presidential candidate in the 1996 US election, as well as the running mate of [[Gerald Ford]] in the 1976 election.

He was the majority leader of the [[United States Senate]] from 1985-1987 and again from 1995-1996, when he resigned to focus on his presidential campaign. He was defeated by incumbent president [[Bill Clinton]]. He also served as Senate minority leader from 1987-1995.

Dole grew up in the small town of Russell, Kansas, where he excelled as an athlete in multiple sports. He attended the [[University of Kansas]], where he joined the school's famed basketball team. However, more pressing world matters forced his studies to wait for several years. (The University's famous Center for Politics is now named for Dole, as well as another building on campus.)

In 1942, Dole joined the Army's Enlisted Reserve Corps to fight in [[World War II]]. He became a second lieutenant in the Army's [[10th Mountain Division]]. By April of 1945, he was fighting the [[German]]s in the hills of Italy where the action was fast paced. One of the platoon's radio men was hit. Bob Dole crawled out of his foxhole to help him, but it was too late.

Suddenly, while trying to assist the downed radio man, Dole was hit by German machine gun fire in the upper right back destroying his shoulder, and his right arm was so damaged that it was unrecognizable. Dole was immediately given morphine by an Army field medic to alleviate the pain, and his forehead was marked with an "M" in his own blood to alert medics. He was not expected to live.

Dole waited nine long hours on the Italian battlefield before he was finally taken to the Fifteenth Evacuation Hospital. After a brief stay in a field Army hospital in [[Italy]], he was transported back to the United States and to Topeka's Winter General Army Hospital, where he continued his painful recovery and endured a kidney operation. Then, he was transferred to Percy Jones Army Medical Center in Michigan, where he survived his second brush with death -- blood clotting. He was a patient in that hospital along with Phillip A. Hart, whose name graces one of the U.S. Senate office buildings, where Bob Dole occupied an office.

Eventually, he returned to Percy Jones Army Medical Hospital for extensive therapy on his rebuilt arm. It took about three years and nine operations for Bob Dole to rehabilitate. He learned to strengthen his injured arm, and also had to learn how to write with his left hand, as the doctors could not rebuild the excessive damage done by the German machine gun fire.

Bob Dole was twice decorated for heroic achievement, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star Medal for his attempt to assist the downed radio man.

[[Category:Former United States Senators|Dole, Bob]]
[[Category:Republican Party|Dole, Bob]]
[[Category:American war heroes|Dole, Bob]]
[[Category:United States Veterans]]

Russian language

2010-07-21T03:08:11Z

HaywoodJ: trying to make some sense

'''Russian''' (Русский язык; ''Russkiy yazyk'') is a [[Slavic|Slavic language]] spoken in [[Russia]] and the former Soviet republics. It is spoken by over 200 million people worldwide.

It is written in the [[Cyrillic alphabet]].

In the Russian present tense, "to be" is not conjugated, and there are no articles (a, an, the), which means that the understanding of a noun as a determinant or indeterminant noun is based on context (I.e. "This is a cat" is literally translated to "This cat"). Though a word "to be" does exist, it is used for more subtle contexts as in "Understanding existence has always been a problem for philosophers", and the past and future tenses.

Every noun and adjective can be declined in 6 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, prepositional (locative) and instrumental; both in the singular and plural. Because of this freedom, word order is not very important to the speaker, and he or she is able to use word order to make subtle distinctions in tone, in importance, or in relevance.

Verbs are conjugated in the present, past and future tenses, in the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods. All verbs have two forms (one in the imperfective aspect and another in the perfective) to reflect the perceived completion of the action.

Examples:
*''Здравствуйте!'' (zdrastvwiche) = formal, pleasure to meet you
*''Привет!'' (Privyet)= Hello, Hi (between friends).
*''Как поживаете?'' (Kahk paživayete) = How are you?
*''Как вас зовут?'' (Kahk vas zavut) = literally "how do they call you" = What's your name?
*''Меня зовут Иван.'' (Menya zavut Eevan) = My name is Ivan. (literally - they call me, Ivan)

[[Category: Slavic languages]]

Larry Summers

2010-07-21T02:33:55Z

HaywoodJ: bold

[[Image:LarrySummers.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
'''Lawrence Henry ("Larry") Summers''' (b. 1954) is an economist who served as the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] in the final year and a half of the Clinton administration. From there he was selected to be the 27th President of Harvard University, considered to be the top position in academia. Lawrence Summers currently is the Director of the [[White House]]'s [[National Economic Council]] (NEC) for President [[Barack Obama]].

He served as President of Harvard from 2001 to 2006, when he was forced to resign after suggesting that the wide disparities between male and female academics in science, math and engineering may be due to innate differences in their aptitude or preference for those fields.

When he made this suggestion, in a private meeting, the ensuing uproar by [[liberals]] led to his ouster.

*"I felt I was going to be sick," said MIT Biology Professor Nancy Hopkins, a biology professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who was attended the meeting, which was organized by the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Mass. "My heart was pounding and my breath was shallow," she said. "I was extremely upset."<ref> http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19181-2005Jan18.html</ref>

However, [[liberals]] since deny that as the cause of his termination, even though over a year later for the same reason they forced a rescission of an invitation for him speak to an academic audience.{{broken link}}
=== Larry Summers and Leftist Economics ===
George Gerald Reisman, Professor Emeritus of Economics at [[Pepperdine University]] and author of ''Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics'', wrote that Summers' [[socialistic]] ideas on [[redistributing wealth]] demonstrate that Summers is a "lightweight leftist" who "fails to understand the nature of the most essential feature of [[capitalism]], namely, private ownership of the means of production and the indispensable role it plays in the [[standard of living]] of the average person."<ref>http://blog.mises.org/archives/009031.asp</ref> Reisman also wrote that Summers is a shallow and ignorant man whose knowledge of economics is minimal and whose evil views qualify him to be the economic adviser to [[Hugo Chavez]] of [[Venezuela]] or [[Robert Mugabe]] of [[Zimbabwe]], but do not qualify him to be an economic adviser to the President of the United States.<ref>http://blog.mises.org/archives/009031.asp</ref>

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Academics]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Treasury]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Summers, Larry}}

==See also==
*[[Essay:Larry Summers - Corrupt and Incompetent Chief Economic Advisor to Obama]]

Richard Dawkins and William Lane Craig

2010-07-21T02:32:51Z

HaywoodJ: rmv unnecessary clause

[[Image:Billcraig_czvx.jpg‎‎|thumb|150px|Dr. [[William Lane Craig]] ]]
[[William Lane Craig]] has said that [[Richard Dawkins]]'s "argument for [[atheism]] is a failure even if we concede, for the sake of argument, all its steps. But, in fact, several of these steps are plausibly false. <ref>http://www.reasonablefaith.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5493</ref>

Dr. William Lane Craig is [[Christian apologetics|one of Christianity's leading defenders]] and many individuals over the years have attempted to arrange a debate between Dr. Craig and Richard Dawkins. Richard Dawkins has offered various ruses on why he will not debate William Lane Craig, which Dr. Craig supporters have shown were inconsistent and merely a dodge to avoid debating one of Christianity's strongest advocates.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlnVe934u38&feature=related</ref><ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/william-lane-craig-is-avoided-by-richard-dawkins/</ref>

There is now growing public pressure for Dawkins to debate the Christian [[philosophy|philosopher]] of science and Christian apologist Dr. [[William Lane Craig]].<ref>http://manawatu.christian-apologetics.org/sign-the-richard-dawkins-should-debate-william-craig-petition/</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQlB78Hgsj4&feature=channel_page</ref> For example, currently there is a petition for Richard Dawkins debate William Lane Craig. <ref>http://manawatu.christian-apologetics.org/sign-the-richard-dawkins-should-debate-william-craig-petition/</ref> [[YouTube]] recently featured a video which incorporates an audio excerpt of Craig stating that he would like to debate Dawkins and also features Dr. Craig commenting on Dawkins' refusal to debate him.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQlB78Hgsj4&feature=channel_page</ref>

[[Richard Dawkins]] has publicly declared he will not debate [[creation|creationists]].<ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/william-lane-craig-is-avoided-by-richard-dawkins/</ref> Yet, Richard Dawkins debated the theist John Lennox who adheres to the position of [[intelligent design]].<ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/william-lane-craig-is-avoided-by-richard-dawkins/</ref> According to Richard Dawkins, intelligent design is a form of [[creationism]]/[[creation science]].<ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/william-lane-craig-is-avoided-by-richard-dawkins/</ref> Therefore, Richard Dawkins is not consistent concerning his assertion that he will not debate creationists.<ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/william-lane-craig-is-avoided-by-richard-dawkins/</ref> When Richard Dawkins refused to debate Dr. William Lane Craig one of the ruses Richard Dawkins used was supposedly because Dr. Craig was a creationist and Richard Dawkins claimed he didn't debate creationist.<ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/william-lane-craig-is-avoided-by-richard-dawkins/</ref> Richard was called on his inconsistency concerning refusing to debate Dr. Craig.<ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/william-lane-craig-is-avoided-by-richard-dawkins/</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Conservapedia essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?]]
*[[Atheism and Debate]]
*[[Richard Dawkins and Dinesh D'Souza]]
*[[Richard Dawkins and Rabbi Shmuley Boteach]]
*[[Refusal of Richard Dawkins to debate William Lane Craig]]

== External Links ==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlnVe934u38&feature=related Richard Dawkins Refuses to debate William Lane Craig] (YouTube Video)
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQlB78Hgsj4 Will Richard Dawkins debate William Lane Craig?] (YouTube Video)
*[http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/william-lane-craig-is-avoided-by-richard-dawkins/ William Lane Craig is avoided by Richard Dawkins] at [[Uncommon Descent]]
*[http://www.uncommondescent.com/philosophy/why-richard-dawkins-wont-debate-william-lane-craig/ Why Richard Dawkins won’t debate William Lane Craig] by [[William Dembski]]
*[http://www.reasonablefaith.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5493 Richard Dawkins' argument for atheism in The God Delusion?] by Dr. [[William Lane Craig]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Richard Dawkins]]

Talk:Penn and Teller

2010-07-21T02:18:17Z

HaywoodJ: /* "Mocking, lies and potty-mouth Catholic people for their faith." */ new section

How on earth can '''two''' magicians be described as unique???--[[User:AvengingAngel|AvengingAngel]] 16:59, 6 May 2007 (EDT)

How about this? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 17:01, 6 May 2007 (EDT)

== voting ==
I edited this part, it's unethical to publish information on how a person votes. --~~
== Libertarian citation ==
I added a link to an IGN interview with Penn Jillette in which he states that he is a libertarian, just to satisfy the "citation needed" bit. [[User:Redwire|Redwire]] 15:08, 2 October 2007 (EDT)

:Eh... I don't see it. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 14:55, 2 October 2007 (EDT)
::Odd, I must have closed the window before hitting the Save button. Should be fixed now.[[User:Redwire|Redwire]] 15:08, 2 October 2007 (EDT)

== "Mocking, lies and potty-mouth Catholic people for their faith." ==

Why is such an incoherent sentence allowed at Conservapedia? [[User:HaywoodJ|HaywoodJ]] 22:18, 20 July 2010 (EDT)

Francis Albert Sinatra

2010-07-20T18:08:48Z

HaywoodJ: correct birthplace

{{bio
|name=Francis Albert Sinatra
|image=Sinatra.jpg
|image-width=255px
|yob=1915
|dob=12 December
|yod=1998
|dod=14 May
|wife=
|wife-raw=
}}

'''Francis Albert Sinatra''', best known as '''Frank Sinatra''', was a famous singer and actor. He became a superstar of the 20th century.

Sinatra was born in Hoboken, [[New Jersey]]. At 20 years of age, his seven-decade career in show business would receive a jump start after a group he was in won the Major Bowes Amateur Hour. After hearing Sinatra sing on the radio, bandleader Harry James added him as a featured vocalist.

One year later, Sinatra moved to the [[Tommy Dorsey Orchestra]] where his long string of hit records would commence in the 1940's with:
* "I'll Be Seeing You"
* "Imagination"
* "Fools Rush In"
* "East of the Sun"
* "I'll Never Smile Again"
* "The Song Is You"
* "There Are Such Things"
* "Night and Day"
* "Angel Eyes"
* "I've Got You Under My Skin"
* "Fly Me to the Moon"
* "You'll Never Know"
* "People Will Say We're In Love"
* "The Night We Called It a Day"
* "Day by Day"
* "Dream"
* "I Couldn't Sleep A Wink Last Night"
* "Begin the Beguine"
* "Saturday Night is the Loneliest Night of the Week"
* "They Say it's Wonderful"
* "September Song"
* "I'm a Fool to Want You"
* "Some Enchanted Evening"

Frank Sinatra continued his ride on the Hit Parade in the 50's with "Nevertheless", "I'm a Fool to Want You", "April in Paris", "I hear a Rhapsody", "The Birth of the Blues", "I've Got the World on a String", "From Here to Eternity", "South of the Border", "Young at Heart", "Learning the Blues", "Love and Marriage", "The Tender Trap", "Hey Jealous Lover", "All The Way" and "Witchcraft" -- all million sellers.

In the 1960's, Sinatra's million selling chart toppers, "Strangers In the Night", "That's Life" and "Something Stupid" were joined by hits, "Call Me Irresponsible", "Softly, as I Leave You", "Summer Wind", "It was a Very Good Year", "New York, New York" and "My Way", written by [[Paul Anka]], Frank Sinatra's signature song.

Sinatra won ten [[Grammy Award]]s during his career, including Album of the Year for "Come Dance With Me" in 1959, "September of My Years" in 1965, "A Man and His Music" in 1966, and Record of the Year that same year for "Strangers In The Night." In addition, Frank Sinatra was "Male Singer of the Year" sixteen times between 1941 and 1966 as voted by the readers of Down Beat magazine. In 2001, the British Broadcasting Corporation named Sinatra, the "Greatest Voice of the Twentieth Century."

Frank Sinatra's other career as a full-fledged dramatic actor in dozens of motion pictures began in 1953 he starred in "From Here to Eternity" and won an [[Academy Award]] for [[Best Supporting Actor]]. In 1955 he won an Academy Award for [[Best Actor]] for his role in "The Man with the Golden Arm". In later years Sinatra had leading roles in "[[The Manchurian Candidate]]" (1962), "Von Ryan's Express", "Robin and the Seven Hoods", and "Ocean's Eleven".

In the 1950's and 60's, Sinatra with his "[[Rat Pack]]", [[Dean Martin]], [[Sammy Davis, Jr]]., [[Peter Lawford]] and [[Joey Bishop]] would become the most popular attraction on the [[Las Vegas]] strip.

In 1985, Sinatra received an honorary doctorate from the [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] in New Jersey.

Frank Sinatra died of heart failure on May 14, 1998 at the age of 82 at his home in [[Los Angeles]] after an extented period of declining health.

In 2007, Frank Sinatra was inducted into the [[Hit Parade Hall of Fame]].

==See also==
* [[The Manchurian Candidate]]

==References==

<References/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinatra, Frank}}

[[category:musicians]]
[[Category:Actors]]
[[category:Male Singers]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:1950s]]
[[Category:1960s]]

Bill O'Reilly

2010-07-20T17:49:25Z

HaywoodJ:

[[Image:Bll.png|thumb|right|Bill O' Reilly On The O' Reilly Report]]
'''Bill O'Reilly''' is a generally [[conservative]] commentator and host of the show ''The O'Reilly Factor'' on the [[Fox News Channel]], which he calls the "No Spin Zone." O'Reilly calls himself a "traditionalist" and an "independent."

O'Reilly's career was growing throughout the 1980s, but he received his "big break" when hired to anchor ''Inside Edition'', a tabloid gossip and news program.<ref>[http://www.starpulse.com/Notables/O%27Reilly,_Bill/Biography/]</ref>

''The O'Reilly Factor'' is the highest-rated hour on any cable news channel. Over 2.5 million people watch the show each night and millions more listen to his radio show.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/23/60minutes/main645202.shtml Bill O'Reilly: "No Spin"] Transcript 60 Minutes with Mike Wallace aired Sept. 26, 2004. </ref>

Politically, O'Reilly claimed to be an independent, but it was later revealed that he was actually a registered [[Republican]] in Nassau County from 1994 to 2000. O'Reilly re-registered as an independent soon after.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0971123/bio]</ref>

O'Reilly has condemned white [[racist]] prejudice against U.S. blacks.

He is deeply disliked by many on the [[leftist|far left]].

==Trivia==
* O'Reilly and conservative-mocker [[Stephen Colbert]] have appeared on each others' shows.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16698834/]</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Conservative Links]]

{{Conservatism}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Oreilly, Bill}} 
[[Category:Broadcasters|Oreilly, Bill]]
[[Category:Conservative Commentators]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Adlai Ewing Stevenson

2010-07-20T17:42:34Z

HaywoodJ:

{{President
|image=Adlai Ewing Stevenson.jpg
|office=vice
|seq=23
|term_start=March 4, 1893
|term_end=March 4, 1897
|party=Democratic
|pres=Grover Cleveland
|previous=Levi P. Morton
|next=Garret Hobart
|birth_date=October 23, 1835
|birth_place=Christian County, Kentucky
|death_date=June 14, 1914
|death_place=Chicago, Illinois
|spouse=Letitia Green Stevenson
|spouse2=
|religion=
}}

'''Adlai Ewing Stevenson''' '''(1835 - 1914)''' was a U.S. [[Representative]] from [[Illinois]] and [[Vice President of the United States of America|Vice President]] under [[Grover Cleveland]]. He is the father of [[Adlai Stevenson II]], the [[presidential candidate]] in 1952 and 1956.

{{USVicePresidents}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Stevenson, Adlai Ewing}}
[[Category:Vice Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]

Silver Ring Thing

2010-07-20T17:41:17Z

HaywoodJ: minor corrections to incomprehensible sentences

'''Silver Ring Thing''' is a US-based sexual [[abstinence]] campaign aimed at promoting pre-marital [[chastity]] amongst adolescents and young adults. Founded in 1996, and until 2006 in receipt of US Government financial support, it campaigns through rallies at which young men and women pledge to abstain from pre-marital [[sexual intercourse]]. This pledge is demonstrated by the wearing of a [[silver]] [[purity ring]].

In 2006 the SRT concept was exported to the [[United Kingdom]] using broadly the same formula. However, due to the more [[liberal]] and [[Atheism | atheistic]] culture of British society, the campaign met a cool, and sometime suspicious reception. A high profile legal case concerning the right to wear an SRT chastity ring to a school was over-turned by the courts, and the SRT's involvement in the case<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6900512.stm</ref> - along with that the fact it happened in Horsham, where the UK arm of the campaign is based<ref>http://www.silverringthing.org.uk/aboutus_ukteam.asp</ref> - along with its [[Christian]] ethic, led to the campaign being treated with suspicion by many in Britain.

== External Links ==
*[http://www.silverringthing.com/home.asp Silver Ring Thing's home page]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Abstinence Campaigns]]

Delft

2010-07-20T17:24:20Z

HaywoodJ: bold

'''Delft''' is a small town in the Dutch province of [[Zuid Holland]], situated between [[Rotterdam]] and [[The Hague]]. It is noted for the blue-and-white Delft pottery, and as the home of the great artist [[Jan Vermeer]].

[[Category:Dutch Cities and Towns]]

Ramadan

2010-07-20T17:15:01Z

HaywoodJ: reword

[[Image:Tilestar.gif|right]]

'''Ramadan''' (Arabic: رمضان, Ramaḍān) Ramadan is an [[Islamic]] religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, when the [[Qur'an]] was revealed. It is considered the most venerated and blessed month of the [[Islam]]ic year. Throughout the month, Muslims [[fast]] and abstain from [[sex]]ual relations during the daylight hours and in the evening eat small meals and visit with friends and family.
In some sects, drinking water is allowed during the day. It is a time of introspection, contemplation, worship, and a time to strengthen ties, both of the family and community. <ref>[http://holidays.net/ramadan/ Ramadan on the Net]</ref>
During Ramadan, it is common for Muslims to go to the Masjid ([[mosque]]) and spend several hours praying and studying the Qur'an, in quiet contemplation or synchronous chanting.
At the end of Ramadan, 'Bakri Eid' is celebrated. Celebrations centre around the sacrifice of goats, that are then consumed during the celebrations.

== See also ==

*[[World History Lecture Five]]
*[[Muhammad]]
*[[Arab American]]

== External links ==

*[http://holidays.net/ramadan/story.htm The Fast of Ramadan]
*[http://ramadan.com.au/2007/ Ramadan Awareness Campaign 2007 ]

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Islam]]