Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Terrorism

2007-03-13T19:46:40Z

Galaxy001: revert

'''Terrorism''' is a term used to refer to violence (usually against civilians) instigated to further a certain political or ideological goal.

== Well-Known Terrorist Groups ==

* [[Al-Qaeda]]
* The [[IRA|Irish Republican Army]]
* The [[Tamil Tigers]]
* The [[Ku Klux Klan]]

{{stub2}}

User:Galaxy001

2007-03-13T06:27:34Z

Galaxy001:

Hello, my name is Zach. I love the Lord and love science and working with people. My favorite hobby is astrophotography. I have taken many images of deep sky objects from as close as the [[moon]] or as far as a distant [[galaxy]]. I am currently in 9th grade and am taking World History, Literature, English, Spanish, AP Chemistry, Pre-Calculus, and probably more, I just don't remember. I am a lifeguard at our local pool. I always want to grow closer to God, whether that means studying his word, doing good works, or just chilling with Christian friends (I am very particular about who I call my friend).

User talk:Galaxy001

2007-03-13T06:23:19Z

Galaxy001:

Hello, welcome to my talk page! Feel free to drop me a message!

----

Make lots of good quality edits, be helpful, insightful, and rational, and don't make anyone all that angry. There isn't a set of requirements or rules; If you'd make a good Sysop, it will be obvious through your work. I've been around for about a week, and was made Sysop two days ago. Unfortunately, edits on other Wikis (I'm guessing Wikipedia) don't count for much here. Good luck in your editing! --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 01:32, 13 March 2007 (EDT)

:[[The Conservapedia Commandments]] are currently the only rules. And if a current Sysop warns you about something, you probably shouldn't do it again. We try to be welcoming :D. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 01:35, 13 March 2007 (EDT)

San Francisco

2007-03-13T06:20:17Z

Galaxy001: revert, I don't think this needs to be here

'''San Francisco''' is a [[liberal]] city in [[California]]. It has a higher proportion of [[homosexual]]s than any other city in the [[United States]], and in 2004, its mayor, [[Gavin Newsom]], attempted to perform [[same-sex marriage]]s despite the practice being explicitly illegal under California law. Not surprisingly, the marriages were nullified by the courts shortly thereafter.

User talk:MountainDew

2007-03-13T06:14:10Z

Galaxy001: Thanks

Question: What did I do wrong in the entry for God? It is a fact that all three of those religions worship the same god. They worship different prophets(Islam has Mohammed, Christianity has Jesus and Judaism believes that the son of god hasn't arrived yet), but they do all believe in the same god.

Sorry if this is in the wrong spot, I just didn't know how to send you a message.

Due to your excellent contributions to Conservapedia, you have been made a SYSOP. With these new privileges, you can block any troublesome users by clicking the block button next to their username. You can also revert vandalism using the method described [[Help talk:Contents|here]]. Please block users guilty of minor vandalism for a short period of time, such as a week or two. Obscenity and Offensive edits are reason for an infinite block without warning. Congratulations on becoming a SYSOP! ~ [[User:SharonS|SharonS]] 20:21, 25 February 2007 (EST)

Your welcome! ~ [[User:SharonS|SharonS]] 20:43, 25 February 2007 (EST)

Thanks for the welcome. [[User:Tmtoulouse|Tmtoulouse]] 01:52, 8 March 2007 (EST)
== Explaining reversions ==

When reverting as you did [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dinosaur&curid=6394&diff=17371&oldid=17364 here], it is generally helpful to explain why you choose to revert. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 17:17, 1 March 2007 (EST)

I'll do that in the future. The user in question was obviously trying to be snarky, but that's nothing I couldn't have specified. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 17:27, 1 March 2007 (EST)

: It didn't strike me as snarky. It seemed to me to be highly reasonable especially since there issues when we use the term "creationist" precisely what we mean, whether YEC or some other form. This is discussed briefly at [[creationism]]. Regardless, it doesn't make much sense to say someone was in a category when everyone in their time period was in that category. It would be like labeling Julius Caesar pagan. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 17:32, 1 March 2007 (EST)

: I would dispute whether everybody was a creationist in 1841, but I don't think this is really worth arguing over, so if you wish to revert it back, feel free. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 17:35, 1 March 2007 (EST)

== Good entry! ==

Nice entry on Henry David Thoreau! Thanks!--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 15:16, 2 March 2007 (EST)

Thanks. I hope to expand on it eventually. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 02:32, 5 March 2007 (EST)

== Tournament Chess Player ==

That's impressive that you're a tournament chess player! I liked chess but was never very good at it.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:24, 6 March 2007 (EST)

I never actually started taking the game seriously until high school. It just became an addiction for me. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 18:59, 6 March 2007 (EST)

Wow, you play chess too? What's your rating? Can I have your name to check it out on USCF.org? Good luck- [[User:Meekrok|Meekrok]]

==Koronus==
Don't worry I unblocked him to tweak his block. I found an obscene deleted article floating around . He is now blocked for 1 year. [[User:Geo.plrd|Geo.]] 01:05, 7 March 2007 (EST)

== Edit reverted as vandalism. ==

Regarding [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Unicorn&diff=20130&oldid=20129] it was added by [[User:Conservative]] so I presume it was meant to be serious. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 20:51, 7 March 2007 (EST)

I think that at the very least, there shouldn't be a statement that implies that the existence of unicorns is definite. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 20:52, 7 March 2007 (EST)

==Staying up Late==

Does Jesus know you are staying up late on a Friday night standing guard over Conservapedia? Shouldn't you be out attempting to be fruitful and multiply?

== Delete and block ==

Please delete Mecha Jesus again and block the user in question. Thanks. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 23:57, 9 March 2007 (EST)

== Cheesy potatoes ==

I think it was a little trigger-happy of you to delete the article without saying anything in the discussion taking place at [[Talk:Cheesy potatoes]]. It's not too late to discuss it there now. I'm not suggesting you undelete it, but I think the creator of the article should be given a chance to explain.

Entirely guesswork on my part, but I think it was a good-faith if frivolous contribution by a youngish person. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 13:19, 10 March 2007 (EST)

P. P. S. At Wikipedia I don't believe this would have been a valid "speedy deletion" (one performed by a sysop without discussion). [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 13:21, 10 March 2007 (EST)

== Making conservatives look bad? ==

How am i making conservatives look bad? Scooter Libby is a pariah although liberals don't want to admit it... I thought this site was about the truth--[[User:PatRobertson2008|PatRobertson2008]] 20:30, 10 March 2007 (EST)

== The liberal media's already beating up on Gingrich! ==

Poor guy! They were making him look bad in 1995 and it's back again! We need to have his reponse here! I don't want a closet liberal like Giuilani or Mitt Romney to become president!--[[User:PatRobertson2008|PatRobertson2008]] 20:33, 10 March 2007 (EST)

You'd rather have an admitted adulterer and hypocrite? --[[User:Sandbagger|Sandbagger]] 15:03, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

What are you trying to say?
And I've never endorsed any political candidate on Conservapedia. I am only trying to remove obvious vandalism. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 15:04, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

== Good block and revert ==

Excellent block and rollback, and locking of the Bush page. Very well done! As you did, when it is an obscenity then simply put on an infinite block. We don't want that block ever expiring. Thanks!--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 20:42, 10 March 2007 (EST)

P.S. You're absolutely right about being suspicious based on the user id (or screen name). It's amazing how 95% of the time the user id is an obvious giveaway to the bad intentions.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 20:45, 10 March 2007 (EST)

Great move in protecting [[Ann Coulter]]. Thanks!--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 15:10, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

== why did you block me? ==

The first line of that article was entirely evolutionist, I was adding the American view. --[[User:Joseph84|Joseph84]] 19:33, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

I didn't block you. Your entry was clearly sarcastic. I only warned you. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 19:35, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

== "Sex" page ==

I just made a pretty little table on the page, and then protected it from editing. So the page does exist, but without any content but the table. --[[User:Hojimachong|Hojimachong]] 19:47, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

== Not Sure ==

I'm not quite sure. Ask Andrew, he should know. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 22:41, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

:It seems as though you've figured it out. How do you do it? --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 22:46, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

== Facebook ==

Could you send me a Facebook invite? The Email this User link is active for me. Thanks, --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 00:11, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

I can't get the link to work. However, you don't have to have an invite to register. I can send you the link to that actual page within the site if you register. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 00:29, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

OK, thanks for the info. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 00:34, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

== Bad Editing ==

----

Look, I didn't delete everything written before as you allege. Compare the two and you'll see that. All of the previous contributions are there, minus grammar errors and POV stuff. Maybe you should read a little more before you jump to conclusions.... [[User:Romney4King|Romney4King]]

There are some differences, but they aren't as substantial as I thought at first, and I do see that your edits produce a well written article, so I'm going to leave it. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 15:14, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

== Multiple reversions without explanation ==

User Ank mangled my contribution, which was factual. Then you go ahead and revert both his mangling of it while deleting my contribution all together. That's not fair. --[[User:Bturpin|Ben]] 15:27, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

I reverted everything he did because he vandalized about 15 pages and I couldn't look at all of them while keeping up with the current wave of vandalism. Feel free to re-incorporate your edits. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 15:28, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

== You're the one being biased. ==

"Fair trade" is what the liberals use to cover up the stigma of the protectionism.

== British English ==

I don't understand how British spelling is inherently biased whereas American spelling isn't. Perhaps you'd care to explain this. [[User:PraiseTheLard|PraiseTheLard]] 17:54, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

== President of the United States ==

Hi, I was just adding some details to this article, which you deleted. Don't you think there should be a bit more detail here? It just seems to me that, if this is to be an encyclopedia, it ought to have a more detailed account of how something like the Electoral College works.

[[User:Boethius|Boethius]] 17:59, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

We both know the general goal of your inclusion of those statements, which is to imply that Bush's election was illegitimate. As this is a Conservative encyclopedia, we don't generally want half of the article of the Electoral College serving as a vehicle for these claims. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 18:01, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

::Actually, I was trying to revise the article so that it would *not* imply that Bush was not properly elected -- it had been vandalized before I started editing it, and had statements in it about how Bush thinks he is a king. Look at the version just before the ones I edited and you will see that I was taking that kind of stuff *out*, not putting it in!!

[[User:Boethius|Boethius]] 18:06, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

:Proceed ahead then. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 18:06, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

== Pi ==

Why did you revert my post. Please tell me where I misrepresented the Bible. Everything I added was properly cited and true. Can you prove to me that Kings 7:23 doesn't say Pi is 3? Isn't this a conservative and Christian encyclopedia? Thanks- [[User:Meekrok|Meekrok]]

Come on, we both know you're being sarcastic here. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 19:01, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

I may have overreacted, but the page should at least mention the bible says pi is three. Censorship of the bible is definitely not what Conservapedia is about. [[User:Meekrok|Meekrok]]

As long as I can cite a Christian response to the claim (that holds to a 3.14.... value). [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 19:06, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

== Thanks ==

Thanks for dealing with that, MountainDew. I don't like it when people swear at me or on productive content.

I hope to keep doing good to this site!

In Him, --[[User:Galaxy001|Zach]][[User talk:Galaxy001|send me a message]] 02:14, 13 March 2007 (EDT)

User talk:Galaxy001

2007-03-13T06:11:26Z

Galaxy001: somone's got to block this guy, I need an admin here

Make lots of good quality edits, be helpful, insightful, and rational, and don't make anyone all that angry. There isn't a set of requirements or rules; If you'd make a good Sysop, it will be obvious through your work. I've been around for about a week, and was made Sysop two days ago. Unfortunately, edits on other Wikis (I'm guessing Wikipedia) don't count for much here. Good luck in your editing! --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 01:32, 13 March 2007 (EDT)

:[[The Conservapedia Commandments]] are currently the only rules. And if a current Sysop warns you about something, you probably shouldn't do it again. We try to be welcoming :D. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 01:35, 13 March 2007 (EDT)

Satan

2007-03-13T06:09:41Z

Galaxy001:

'''Satan''' (from the Hebrew "ha-satan", "accuser") was a member of the [[divine council]] of God referenced in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[New Testament]]. In the Christian tradition, he rebelled against [[God]] and was cast from [[Heaven]] to reign over [[Hell]], where he leads a host of fallen angels (or [[demon]]s). In the Jewish tradition, Satan faithfully serves God as a tester of the piety of men.

== Christian Views ==

In Christianity, Satan's goal is to lead people away from the love of God, by tempting or tricking them. The only sources of supernatural power in the world are from either God (good) or Satan (evil). In the book of Genesis, Satan takes the form of a snake and tempts Eve with fruit from a tree. Satan, in the Book of Job, is used by God to test the faith of Job (who remained true to God through hardships). Satan is able to possess and control living humans on Earth, although priests are able to [[exorcise]] his influence. Satan, is also called by several different names (the Devil, deceiver, Bealzebub, Beelzebul, Lucifer, Asmodeus, Abaddon, "Old Scratch," the Crooked One, etc). The notion of Satan, or an evil force, is noted in many if not all of the major world religions.
In the [[New Testament]], Satan tries to tempt [[Jesus]] in the desert, and fails.

== Jewish Views ==

In the Jewish tradition, Satan serves God as the one who accuses men of wickedness and impiety. At the direction of God Satan may be permitted to test these accusations. In this view, Satan's goal is not to lead men away from their faithfulness to God, but merely to revealing the true depths of their devotion.

Music

2007-03-13T06:06:29Z

Galaxy001: revert

[[Image:Musicalnotes.jpg|right]]

[[Music]] (Middle English ''musik'', from Anglo-French ''musike'', from [[Latin]] ''musica'', from [[Greek]] μουσικη ''mousike'') is an [[art]] form consisting entirely of organized [[sound]] interspersed with periods of silence. It takes its name from three [[Greek mythology|Greek]] goddesses known as the ''[[Muses]]'', who specialized in stimulation of an artist's or poet's mind.

Music is the highest of all the arts, and the one best able to stir human emotion. Depending on what sort of work of music one composes, interprets, or hears, it can build a person up in spirit, or break it; make a person happy, or sad; inspire a person to greatness, or lead him into very challenging temptation. It is the art form to which the [[Bible]] gives its strongest endorsement, and to which the Bible pays the greatest attention. At the same time, it is arguably the most dangerous of all the arts, when misused.

== What is music? ==

Strictly speaking, ''music'' means sound having any organization at all, while ''noise'' is purely random sound. But the roots of these two words suggest that ''music'' ought to mean that which makes one think and feel something new and significantly different, while ''noise'' (from the same root from which we get the verb ''I annoy'') is merely a distracting, disturbing, or often physically damaging sound. Some modern composers have attempted to stretch the definition of music by using noises in a manner that they insist is organized. Whether such a work product properly falls under the heading of "music" is debatable.

Note that music is ''not'' limited to such sounds that a human being might produce by fashioning an instrument for the making of a simplified or otherwise organized sound and then "playing" said instrument. The chirping of birds and certain insects may properly be called music, especially if the sound produced is particularly pleasant to the listener. Furthermore, some of the most sophisticated music attempts to imitate the sounds made by birds, insects, and other animals.

== Basic music theory ==
: ''Main Article: [[Music theory]]''
Classically, music consists of ''tones'', ''melodies'', ''counterpoint'', and ''rhythm''. A ''tone'' is the purest form of sound, having a single [[frequency]]. However, pure tones in music are rare. Most tones present themselves to the human ear together with ''overtones'', which typically are small-[[integer]] multiples of the basic frequency (the ''fundamental tone'').

=== Notes, intervals, and scales ===
Two tones played together form an ''interval''. The simplest of all intervals is the ''octave'', formed by two tones, one of whose frequencies is the exact double of the other. The full collection of tones that one can play between the two notes of an octave is called a ''scale.'' In Western music, most scales are ''semi-tonal'', with twelve tones between the octave notes. (The high end of the octave is considered a repetition of the low end, but at twice the frequency.) [[Oriental]] music commonly has ''quarter-tonal'' scales, with twenty-four separate tones within an octave. Quarter tones are often difficult to distinguish for a Western listener, and such music, as a result, tends to suggest the sinuous movement of a snake.

The [[Greece|Greeks]] recognized early that fundamental tones in music have a simple and strict [[mathematics|mathematical]] relationship. As mentioned, the octave consists of two notes, one at double the frequency of the other. At ''triple'' the frequency, one hears a low fundamental tone, and a higher tone that is past the octave but roughly midway toward the second octave. If one then divides the high-tone frequency by two, one creates the interval called the ''perfect fifth'' or ''dominant'' interval, one of the most common intervals used in Western music. One can test this relationship by striking a note on a [[piano]] while holding down another key that is one octave higher than the perfect fifth. The second note will sound in sympathy with the first--because it is resonating with the overtone from the first note.

=== Melody and counterpoint ===
''Melody'' is the series of notes that most closely captures the attention of the listener. A ''counterpoint'' is another series of notes that complements the melody. Either melody or counterpoint can exist either as series of single notes, or as intervals, or as ''chords''. A ''chord'' (named after the string of a Greek hand-held instrument called a [[lyre]]) is any three or more notes sounded at once.

=== Rhythm ===
''Rhythm'' consists of all aspects of music that suggest ''forward movement.'' Most music contains a regularly repeating sequence of ''beats'', or strong elements, that typically lead with a ''down beat'' followed by any of a small number of slightly weaker beats. A down beat and its weaker beats form a ''measure.'' Usually, all measures in a piece of music have the same number of beats.

A note in music is described not only by pitch, or frequency, but also by duration. Notes in Western music have names that typically describe how long they would sound in a typical measure. ''Whole notes'' are so called because normally they would sound for the full measure. ''Half notes'' would sound for half the measure, ''quarter notes'' for a fourth of the measure, and so on. A note may also carry a ''dot'' to the right of it, that indicates that the note is to sound for one and one-half times its usual duration.

Any one of these notes may carry a beat, and a measure may have any number of beats. Thus every piece of music commonly carries at least one ''time signature'' describing how many beats a measure has, and which type of note carries one beat. The most common time is "four-quarter time" (four beats per measure, with the beat given to the quarter note), which is therefore called "common time." Other commonly used time signature include three-quarter, six-eighth, nine-eighth, or rarely, two-half (called ''Alla breve'' or "cut time"). Even rarer are the time signatures with prime numbers of beats (other than three-quarter), including five-quarter or even eleven-eighth.

''Tempo'' (Italian for "time") describes how frequently the beats occur. The typical tempo signature is a drawing of the note that has the beat, followed by the number of beats per minute.

Notes may be ''accented'' at any time. In fact, often the accent will fall on the weak beat and make the beats seem to sound out-of-sequence. The result is ''syncopated'' rhythm.

The genre of music called [[rock and roll]] features a unique rhythm convention: the ''backbeat.'' This is a third beat, in four-quarter time, that is stressed even more strongly than the down beat. This produces a profound sense of restlessness in the listener.

== Types of instruments ==
: ''Main Article: [[Musical instruments]]''

== History ==
The [[Bible]] suggests that music actually began in [[heaven]], and that the first-ever musician was [[Lucifer]], then the chief of [[God]]'s messengers, or angels. When he fell, so Scripture says, his choir fell with him.

Human music goes back to [[antediluvian civilization]]. The Bible specifically credits [[Jubal]], son of [[Lamech the Murderer]] by his wife [[Adah]], with introducing music to mankind. ({{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=5|verses=19-21|version=KJV}})

The earliest ''post''-diluvian records of music have been found in [[Iraq]] and [[India]], and date at least from the time of [[Abraham]]. They probably were made shortly after the [[Babel]] Incident.

Almost every culture and religious movement has its own particular form of music. Some forms are richer and more sophisticated than others. The [[Hebrew]] people, and especially the children of [[Jacob|Israel]], have some of the grandest of all musical traditions. Mentions of "singing to the Lord" abound in the Old Testament. The most highly specific testimony to the power of music over human emotions is surely contained in the story of King [[Saul]] and how he came to recruit the young [[David]] as his armorbearer and personal musician. {{Bible ref|book=I_Samuel|chap=16|verses=14-23|version=KJV}}

King [[David]], at the height of his reign, once had a ''four-thousand-voice choir'' to assist in the worship of [[God]]. The Book of [[Psalms]] is in fact a collection of lyrics for some of the first worship songs in Israelite tradition. (Most of these came from David, but at least one comes from [[Moses]].) The [[Song of Solomon]] is a grand ballad of love that most scholars regard as a type of the love of [[Jesus Christ]] for His elect.

The Greeks, when [[Alexander the Great]] accepted the surrender of [[Jerusalem]] in his wars of conquest, introduced their own brand of music to the region--which the Jews largely resisted. But music was highly prominent throughout the Greek world--and later in the [[Rome|Roman]] world following Rome's conquest of Greece. The Greeks' contributions to musical theory influenced the classical artists for centuries to come, and still influence those composers who prefer to adhere to the classical traditions of music.

The earliest Greek music was associated with Greek [[theater]]. But beginning with the fall of Rome, music became largely liturgical. The primary influence remained the [[Roman Catholic Church]] until the twin movements of the Renaissance and the Reformation, each of which introduced a countervailing tradition.

From that time forward, most scholars divide music into "classical" music (composed primarily to achieve a high art) and "popular" music (composed for the masses in the primary hope of financial remuneration). In the former category one can usually find music composed for these purposes:

# As an aid to worship, by placing the listener into a proper frame of mind for worship or instill in the listener a proper appreciation of the grandeur and glory of [[God]] and of the listener's own place in relation to Him.
# To rally troops, either during training, on the march, or in battle.
# To celebrate military victory or the reign of a king, usually the one presently on the throne.
# Occasionally as a supplement to various forms of [[theater]]. Originally (especially in the Greek era) this meant the open-air live theater of classical fame. Today such music might accompany a live stage performance or several scenes in a [[motion picture]].

Popular music, on the other hand, is almost always used:

# For entertainment, and more particularly for financial remuneration.
# As a powerful aid to [[propaganda]].
# Very frequently as a supplement to modern [[theater]] in all its forms, including stage, [[motion picture|motion pictures]], and especially [[television]].

== The power of music over human emotion ==
Music has a very powerful effect on the emotions of the listener. Music relies on [[sound]], and if "faith comes through hearing," then so does emotion. Music can instantly bring joy or sorrow, ecstasy or despair, and far more quickly than can any other form of art. Many musical composers insist that their music merely expresses emotions. This does not do music justice. Music does more than express emotions; it induces them.

The amateur botanist Dorothy L. Retallack, in [[1973]], found that music can have an effect on plants. "Positive" music (that produces joy or contentment) makes plants flourish and even "reach" for, or grow toward, such music. Negative music (that produces frustration, restlessness, or especially anger and rage) causes plants to "recoil" (grow away) from the music, and prolonged or repeated exposure debilitates and eventually kills plants.

As powerful as are the effects of music on plants, its effects on animals and man are far more profound. That animals, and especially [[dog]]s and [[cat]]s, recoil in horror from the sound of a poorly trained voice, is proverbial (and in fact the animals might be reacting to a sound that is not merely grating but acutely and physically painful to their ears). But the effects of music on human beings are far better documented and recognized. The history of warfare includes a rich history of martial music. More recently, music has now found a use in the healing of negative emotional states and even as an aid to the healing of physical disabilities.

Commercial enterprises always attempt, at great expense of time, money, and effort, to find and deploy forms of music that will enhance worker productivity or cause prospective customers to behave in a manner calculated to make them purchase their goods and/or services. The rock-and-roll selections played in supermarkets are a prime example.

Music has always been an adjunct to [[theater]]. This is especially true of the performing arts called ''opera'' and ''ballet'', but applies also to the use of music as an adjunct to a theatrical production, whether on the stage, as a [[motion picture]], or as a [[television]] show.

Music has an obvious use in [[propaganda]], in which the propagandist seeks to manipulate people's emotions and stir them typically to rage and hostility against certain groups.

Finally, music can strengthen in the listener a curiosity about, or even a desire for, an act of sexual or other [[sin]]. Sadly, this use of music is probably as old as "the oldest profession." Cultural critics observe, pointedly, that permissive cultures have permissive music, and non-permissive cultures avoid such music.

Yet for all this, music is still important in worship. If it were not, then it would not have received the favorable attention that the [[Bible]] clearly gives to it. As powerful a force for evil as it might be, music can be an equally powerful force to encourage the listener to worship, appreciate, and above all obey God and keep His laws--at least, as best as any human being is able.

== Traditions and principles for liturgical music ==
[[Saint Paul]] specifically exhorts his readers to employ music, and specifically "psalms, hymns, and spiritual odes," to bring them closer to God. ({{Bible ref|book=Ephesians|chap=5|verses=19|version=KJV}}, {{Bible ref|book=Colossians|chap=3|verses=16|version=KJV}}) In this context, a ''psalm'' is not necessarily a chapter out of the Book of [[Psalms]]; it can be any song that primarily quotes any part of Scripture. ''Hymns'' are songs primarily of praise and magnification of [[God]]; they do not, however, directly quote Scripture in most of their lyrics, as "psalms" do. ''Spiritual odes'' are primarily personal testimonies, either of salvation or of one's own perception of God. ''Amazing Grace'', by John Newton, is a prime example. ''It Is Well With My Soul'', by Horatio Spafford, is one song that has features of a hymn ''and'' a spiritual ode.

The Rev. Alan B. Brown, MDiv, ThM, has studied liturgical music extensively. In his view, liturgical music ought to satisfy three prime tests:

# Are the lyrics ''accurate'', either when they quote Scripture or reflect [[Christian]] principles?
# Can you properly ''associate'' the lyrics and/or the notes with Godly things, as opposed to worldly things?
# Are the lyrics and/or the notes ''appropriate'' for worship in general, and in the setting of a particular celebration?

The actual notes to the tunes that, say, King David's choir might have sung, or his royal orchestra might have produced, are lost to us today. But the titles of many of the Psalms contain specific instructions, originally to the music director at King David's court, as to the type of tune and the types of instruments required. Hymnists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries often set the Psalms and other portions of Scripture to music, often with very good effect. The best-known example is the ''Doxology'' (literally, "study in glory") that is a paraphrase of Psalm 100; the tune is called "Old Hundredth" and remains popular today.

== Controversies surrounding music today ==
Music perhaps has always been controversial, but the controversies surrounding music today rage with particular vehemence. The question of what is, and what is not, music is relatively tame. Different composers have always experimented with different music conventions. Many such experiments fail, in that the works produced draw only small audiences, and ultimately no one will play them, because no one will pay to listen to them or to have them played for other people.

Rather, the most raging controversy concerns certain genres of popular music that have provoked adverse political comment precisely because of the emotions they incite and the themes they sound, both in lyrics and in notes. Parents of adolescent and pre-adolescent children object to music that explicitly (mainly through its lyrics) exhorts its listeners to sexual sin. Members of various political interest groups object to music that they believe provokes its listeners to show ''disrespect'' for members of those groups.

Some listeners and music critics attempt to defend music as "amoral," that is to say, devoid of moral significance and always good and safe to listen to. The reaction of so many interested parties to various types of popular music today would seem to belie that stance. Indeed, history is replete with examples of various pieces of music from earlier eras inciting their listeners to violence; [[Maurice Ravel]]'s signature work ''Bolero'', for example, was known to incite riots. Riots have also broken out at many rock-and-roll concerts, and often the responding law-enforcement authorities have been at a loss to determine the ultimate causes of those riots. The ''proximate'' cause typically is a one-on-one fight in which other concert attendees joined in--but what put the original combatants into a fighting mood, or causes others to join a fight that was, strictly speaking, not theirs, is far more difficult to explain. The causes of the quarrels involved seem trifling in comparison to the damage that ultimately results--and riots like these do not normally occur at performances of other, "tamer" types of music.

== Related references ==
* [http://creationwiki.org/Music Music] by [[CreationWiki]]
* [http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?sourceid=Mozilla-search&va=Music Music] defined in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music Music] by [[Wikipedia]]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_music History of music] by [[Wikipedia]]
* [http://www.dovesong.com/positive_music/ About Positive and Negative Music] from the Dovesong Foundation.
:* [http://www.dovesong.com/positive_music/archives/basement/Cows%20and%20Classical%20Music.asp Cows Prefer Classical Music]
:* [http://www.dovesong.com/positive_music/archives/basement/Steinhart_Dolphins.asp Dolphins Don't Like Rock] (The article refers to the classic [[dolphin]] (family [[Cetacea]]), aka "porpoise," not the fish of that name.)
* Retallack, Dorothy L. ''The Sound of Music and Plants''. Devorss and Company, June 1973, 96 pp., paperback. ISBN 0875161707
* [http://www.musictherapy.org/ The American Music Therapy Association]
* [http://cranach.worldmagblog.com/cranach/archives/2006/08/draft_linking_s.html Linking Sexual Music and Teen Behavior] by Gene Edward Veith at the [http://www.worldmagblog.com World Magazine Blog]
* Brown, Alan B.: telephone interview conducted on 1 March 2007 with user [[User:TerryH|TerryH]]

[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Absolute zero

2007-03-13T05:53:57Z

Galaxy001:

Absolute zero is the practical minimum of [[Temperature|temperature]], defined as 0 [[Kelvin]] on the absolute temperature scale (the zero on the Kelvin scale has had to adjust, slightly, as measurements of absolute zero are refined). This corresponds to -273.15 degrees [[Celsius]] and -459.67 degrees [[Fahrenheit]]. At absolute zero, all thermal motion (i.e. the movement of [[Molecule|molecules]] in a [[States of matter#gaseous|gas]], [[Atom|atoms]] in a [[Crystal|crystal]]) ceases.

== Examples of Absolute Zero ==

No place in our universe can reach absolute zero, but there are places that get close. [[Space]] is approximately 2.73 Kelvin. This is not because heat from [[star|stars]] in the universe keep the temperature up, but because of [[Black-Body Radiation]], which occupies the [[vacuum]] of space. This [[radiation]] keeps the universe at this temperature. The [[Cosmic Backround Explorer]] measured this value. It has since been theorized that this risidual heat energy is leftover from the [[Big Bang]], the theorized beginning of our universe, although this has not been proven.

== Reaching Absolute Zero ==

Scientists have not yet reached Absolute Zero, but have come quite close. The first example of this occured in [[1908]] when [[Kammerlingh Onnes]] liquified [[Helium]]. The temperature he reached was approximately four Kelivn. Lower temperatures have been reached with different [[isotope|isotopes]] of Helium. A temperature of 0.3 Kelvin has been reached with 3He. The lowest temperature ever reached by any substance was 280 picoKelvin.

== Sources ==

[http://www.ph.rhul.ac.uk/schools/ZeroT/Absolute.html http://www.ph.rhul.ac.uk/schools/ZeroT/Absolute.html]