Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Boxer Rebellion

2007-04-27T20:33:42Z

FriendOfDorothy: Corrected a few facts.

The so-called '''Boxer Rebellion''' occurred in [[China]] in 1899-1900. The uprising was prompted by [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] resentment of the increasing numbers of [[Christian]] [[missionary|missionaries]] in north China and from popular outrage at the failure of the [[Qing]] court to effectively resist the depredations of foreign powers in China (which had been increasing in scope since the [[Opium War]] of 1839-42). The lack of openness to the Christian message on the part of the Chinese authorities - both imperial and commmunist - has been a source of much misfortune to the population of that country throughout history.

The Boxer movement built upon a tradition of secret society activity among the lower orders of society and dispossessed intelligentsia, and initially adopted the slogan 'destroy the Qing, restore the Ming' (the Qing being the non-[[Han]] Chinese 'Manchu' dynasty; the [[Ming]], predecessors of the Qing, being ethnic Han Chinese). The Boxer movement arose at a time of division and faction in the Qing court, getting its name from the traditional Chinese shorts worn by its members (which made them resemble pugilists in the eyes of the invaders), and anti-Western courtiers believed that it could be harnessed as a means of overcoming foreign influence. Slowly a new slogan prevailed among the Boxers, 'Support the Qing, destroy the foreigners'.

The [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] herself appeared to give support to the Boxers, who occupied [[Peking]] and beseiged the foreign legations in the city in the summer of 1900. However, although Cixi declared [[war]] on the powers and committed official Chinese forces to the [[siege]], moderate elements at court were able to moderate her actions. The legation quarter siege was pursued only half-heartedly; and senior statesmen such as [[Li Hongzhang]] (known as 'the [[Bismark]] of China', in temporary eclipse at court and at that time Governor General of Canton) and [[Yuan Shikai]] (Governor of [[Shandong]], and head of the country's most modern armies) were able to come to a separate agreement with the powers. This unpublished agreement ensured that the war was confined to a few provinces of northern China, and, although the imperial government had declared war, the western powers would 'overlook' this and continue to see the violence as a 'rebellion' against the Qing.

During the summer of 1900 a large multinational expedition occupied the Dagu Forts, [[Tianjin]] and ultimately Peking itself. The defeat of the Boxers was accompanied by mass slaughter, and Peking was thoroughly looted by the occupying armies. Li Hongzhang was recalled to Peking to negotiate and sign (1901) a treaty with the allied powers, which provided for a large indemnity to be paid by China and allowed the powers to maintain sizeable [[garrison]]s in the heart of the Chinese capital.

== In popular culture ==

The patriotic nature of the Boxer rebellion has made it a popular theme in Chinese cinema, notably in [[Jet Li]]'s ''Once Upon A Time In China'' series of martial arts films.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:China]]
[[Category:Wars]]

Kyrgyzstan

2007-04-27T20:18:49Z

FriendOfDorothy: Nickname

{{stub}}

'''Kyrgyzstan''' is a country in Central [[Asia]]. Its capital is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan is a former member of the [[USSR]]. Owing to its mountainous landscape and powerful banking sector, Kyrgyzstan is known as the Switzerland of Central Asia.

[[Category:Asian Countries]]
[[Category:Former Soviet Countries]]

Sandwich

2007-04-27T16:31:16Z

FriendOfDorothy: Added chip butty

A '''sandwich''' is the name given to a popular lunchtime food consisting of a filling (such as [[meat]] or [[cheese]], sandwiched between two pieces of [[bread]]. Condiments such as [[mayonnaise]], [[ketchup]], and [[mustard]] are commonly used to add extra flavour to the sandwich. The beauty of the sandwich is that the possibilities for fillings are almost endless and that the bread keeps one from getting the filling on one's hands allowing them to be eaten anywhere.

==Bread==

Sandwiches can be made with almost any kind of bread. Popular sandwich breads include:

Wholemeal Bread

The [[French]] [[Baguette]]

Soda Bread

Black Bread

The Bread Roll (also known as a "cob", "barm", "bampot" or "oven bottom")

==Popular Sandwiches==

The [[knuckle sandwich]] is a traditional English factory worker's lunch.

The [[Double Pork Sandwich]] is another traditional [[English]] dish.

The "BLT" consists of bacon, lettuce and tomato.

The Beef Roll consists of sliced beef and [[horseradish]] on a bread roll

The Bombay Roll consists of sweet and sour [[chicken]], lettuce and soy sauce on a bread roll and was popular in [[ports]] where trade was done with the [[Orient]].

The Bacon sandwich is a popular breakfast item and consists of bacon and either [[brown sauce]] or tomato [[ketchup]]

The chip butty consists of a bap, cob or soft roll filled with hot freshly fried [[chips]].

==Sandwich Trivia==

It is thought to be named after the [[Earl of Sandwich]] who is said to have invented it.

[[category:food and drink]]

Highlands of Scotland

2007-04-27T16:04:12Z

FriendOfDorothy: Cat

The largest local authority area in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Scotland|Scottish]] Highlands consist of the area of the British mainland north and West of the [[Highland Boundary Fault]], which runs roughly from Auchawawiye in the South West to (Twabo Atilsae) [[Buckie]] in the North East.

Popularly considered a region of mystery and legend, the Highlands have recently begun to shake off their sleepy image and are a booming centre of such modern industries as single-filament fishing net manufacture and peat recycling.

[[Category:Scottish Counties and Regions]]

Highlands of Scotland

2007-04-27T16:03:42Z

FriendOfDorothy: Was a blank link

Scotland

2007-04-27T15:54:35Z

FriendOfDorothy:

'''Scotland''' is the second largest country of the [[United Kingdom]]; about three-eighths the size of its larger neighbour England, but is much less populous; most of the population lives in the ''central belt'', a band across central Scotland between the capital [[Edinburgh]] and the city of [[Glasgow]]. Other cities are [[Aberdeen]], [[Dundee]] and [[Inverness]].

Scotland includes the island groups of [[Orkney]], [[Shetland]], the [[Inner Hebrides|Inner]] and [[Outer Hebrides]], the islands of the [[Firth of Clyde]] including [[Arran]], [[Bute]], [[Cumbrae]] & [[Wee Cumbrae]] and various other smaller islands.

[[Ben Nevis]], the highest mountain in the [[United Kingdom]], is in the Scottish [[Highlands of Scotland|Highlands]], as are most of the nations highest mountains. Those with heights above 914m (300 feet) are eponymously named [[Munro| Munroes]] after Sir Hector Munro, the first person to compile such a list.<ref> for a complete list of Munroes see http://www.sol.co.uk/d/dickwall/munroes.htm</ref>

==Union with England==
After the death of Queen [[Elizabeth I]] of England in 1603, James VI of Scotland ascended to the Throne of England, becoming [[James I]] of England. He was the first monarch to call himself King of Great Britain. This is referred to as the Union of the Crowns. James was also at this time King of [[Ireland]].

The Parliaments of Scotland and [[England]] were not united until 1707 and it is this date that is recognised as the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This is referred to as the Union of the Parliaments. The formation of the [[Irish Republic]] in 1922 resulted in the current name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Scotland has its own Parliament of 129 members as well as sending 59 MPs to represent its interests in the [[United Kingdom]] parliament which sits in [[London]]. Scottish MPs have historically been recognized for their political skills and appointed to the Cabinet in larger numbers than is proportionate. The current [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], and expected future prime minister [[Gordon Brown]], is Scottish

==Fame==
Scotland is famous for its disproportionate amount of inventions and discoveries (as immortalized in [[Wha's Like Us]]), its world class universities, the Scottish Enlightenment, being the first country to adopt English as its official language decades before England{{fact}}, being the one of the first industrial nations while still preserving some of the last great wildernesses of Europe, and being the home of [[golf]] and the [[Loch Ness Monster]].

The symbol of Scotland is the thistle. The Scottish flag is the Cross of St. Andrew, a white diagonal cross on a dark blue background. The design originated in the 9th century and it is the oldest national flag still in use anywhere in the world. Other things associated with the country are [[kilts]] ([[tartan]] skirts worn by Scotsmen), and the haunting music of the [[bagpipes]]. Famous Scottish products include [[pie]]s, [[haggis]], toleys and Scotch [[whisky]].

Scotland's motto is ''Nemo Me Impune Lacessit'' ("No-one provokes me with impunity")<ref>http://www.scotland-guide.co.uk/ALL_AREAS_IN_SCOTLAND/Glasgow/Areas/Centre/Mercat_Cross.htm </ref> which translates as ''Wha daur meddle wi me?'' in [[Scots]] and in [[English]] as ''Who would dare mess with me?''.

== Sports and culture==

The national preoccupation is football ([[soccer]]). Other diversions include [[rugby union]], lawn bowls, [[chanty wrassling]] (a native form of [[wrestling]]), [[pocket billiards]], shinty (similar to hockey), [[cricket]], curling, tossing the caber and, of course, [[golf]] - Scotland is the home of golf. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club at [[St Andrews]] is the governing body of world golf.

[[Scotland]]'s 'other' national drink, Irn Bru (formerly "Iron Brew"), is a bubblegum-flavoured carbonated drink manufactured by A.G.Barr of [[Glasgow]], and claims to be "made in Scotland from girders". An advert for it uses the music and animation style of "[[The Snowman]]".

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Scotland| ]]
[[Category:United Kingdom]]

Doctorate

2007-04-27T15:38:35Z

FriendOfDorothy: DrSeuss

A Doctorate (Ph. D., M.D., D.C., J.D.) is the highest earned degree awarded by a [[University]].

In the nineteenth century, first in [[Germany]] and later in other nations in Europe and in the United States, the degree of "Doctor of Philosophy" (Latin "Philosophiae Doctoris", thus Ph. D.) was established as the final result of an program of advanced study, culminating in a [[dissertation]] or formal (not always published) work. Though originally awarded only in Philosophy, the Ph. D. is now also awarded in numerous fields of the Humanities and Sciences.

In the early days of the University movement, the title "Doctor" (Latin for "Teacher" was only honorary, and typically awarded for some achievement of note in the outside world, such as when Samuel Johnson was awarded a Doctorate in Letters (L.L.D.) by [[Oxford University|Oxford]] for his work on his Dictionary.

Honorary Doctorates are still awarded, but are not considered the equivalent of "earned" doctorates obtained through study and original research.

People who have earned their doctorate are entitled to use the honorific "Doctor."

=== Doctoral fraud ===

The confusion amongst the public between academic and medical doctors can lead to the practise of Doctoral [[fraud]], where the holder of an academic Ph.D. (especially one that has been purchased from a non-accredited college) deliberately misrepresents themself as an M.D. in order to enhance their expert standing or the supposed legitimacy of a pseudo-medical commercial enterprise. For example the nutritionist [[Gillian McKeith]] calls herself a Doctor on this basis alone <ref>http://www.drgillianmckeith.com/</ref> <ref>http://www.badscience.net/?p=362</ref>; the [[theology|theological]] doctorate of the prominent [[Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]] political leader [[Ian Paisley]] comes from an equally dubious source <ref>http://www.stratagem-ni.com/antrimnorthmlas.php</ref>. Likewise, children's author Dr. Seuss never completed his doctoral degree in literature.[http://www.playbooks.org/jaxsons_books.html]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:science]]
[[Category:education]]

[[Category:science]]
[[Category:education]]

Internet slang

2007-04-27T15:07:42Z

FriendOfDorothy: Couple more

'''Internet slang''' is slang that Internet users have created and used, often in instant messaging and forum discussions. They are frequently acronyms, designed to save keystrokes in an attempt to speed up communication.

== List of Internet slang ==

'''ROTFL:''' Rolling On The Floor Laughing

'''LOL:''' Laugh Out Loud

'''ATM:''' At The Moment

'''ASL:''' A request for Age, Sex, and Location.

'''BRB:''' Abbreviation for Be Right Back

'''IM:''' Abbreviation for Instant Messaging.

'''U:''' you

'''Ur:''' your, you're, you are

'''4:''' for, four

'''l8r:''' later

'''BBL:''' be back later

'''BBIAB:''' be back in a bit

'''GG:''' gotta go, got to go, good game

'''Pwn:''' Defeat someone, misspelling of "own"

'''IANAL:''' Sometimes IANALB, "I am not a lawyer (but)" said right before (usually) poor legal advice.

'''IIRC:''' If I remember correctly

'''WYSIWYG:''' What you see is what you get, also a word processing editor type.

'''L33T''' Stands for Elite

'''Noob''' Person is unskilled at whatever task they are trying to preform due to lack of experience and refuse to acknowledge their difficulty with the task.

'''Newb''' Person is unskilled at whatever task they are trying to preform due to lack of experience

'''GDR''' Grinning, Ducking and Running. Usually typed right after making a groan-inducing joke.

'''D00d''' [[L33tsp43k]] spelling of "dude".

'''ffs''' For fancy's sake. Expresses exasperation.

'''AFAIK''' As far as I know

'''AFAICT''' As far as I can tell

'''AFAIAW''' As far as I am aware

'''AFAIR''' As far as I recall/remember

[[category:internet culture]]

Anglesey

2007-04-27T14:50:26Z

FriendOfDorothy: Added Llwckmucock

[[Image:180px-Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign.jpg|thumb|Llanfair P.G. Station on Anglesey]]

[[Anglesey]] is an large island just off the Northwest coast of [[Wales]], separated from the mainland by the Menai Straits, which are crossed by the Menai Bridge, designed by [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]. To the West of Anglesey is the smaller [[Holy Island]], on which is Holyhead, an important [[Irish Sea]] transport hub.

Comparitively flat by Welsh standards, the island is the site of [[Beaumaris Castle]] and the village
of Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, which has an outstandingly long name. The first branch of the [[Women's Institute]] in the United Kingdom was founded in Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. Other major municipalities on the island are Llangefni, Llwckmucock, and Amlwch.

Anglesey is known as the breadbasket of Wales, being the main area of [[arable farming]] within the principality.

[[Category:Wales]]
[[Category:Islands]]

Talk:Ayrshire

2007-04-27T14:07:02Z

FriendOfDorothy: New page: Thanks for correcting the Ayrshire spelling, Auld Nick.~~~~

Thanks for correcting the Ayrshire spelling, Auld Nick.[[User:FriendOfDorothy|FriendOfDorothy]] 10:07, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

Ayrshire

2007-04-27T14:03:21Z

FriendOfDorothy: cat

Ayrshire is a county centred around the former county town of [[Ayr]].

==The Ayrshire greeting==

No one knows the origins of this ritual greeting formula which, alongside the [[Auld Lang Syne]] and the [[Selkirk Grace]] has become familiar throughout the English-speaking world. It is believed it may have something to do with swine rustling, which was common in Scotland in the middle ages.

Person A - Is that your Ayrshire bacon?

Person B - No, Ah'm just warmin my hauns.

[[Category:Scottish Counties and Regions]]

Ayrshire

2007-04-27T14:03:03Z

FriendOfDorothy: Cat

Shotts

2007-04-27T14:01:42Z

FriendOfDorothy: LInk added

The scenic Lowlands village of '''Shotts''' is "one of Scotland's fairest prospects" according to local resident and current national bard, Lord Walter Scott IV (great grandson of the [[Walter Scott|original poet]]), and the ten-time winner of the fiercely fought "Lanarkshire in Bloom" contest. The surrounding hills, known as the bings, are common destinations for daytrippers from as far away as Fauldhouse and Harthill.

The Shotts and Dykehead Pipe Band has won the World Pipe Band championship on a number of occasions.[[http://www.sdcpb.com/]]

[[Category:Scottish Towns and Cities]]

Ayrshire

2007-04-27T13:56:16Z

FriendOfDorothy: Ayrshire greeting

Talk:Chip shop

2007-04-27T13:46:10Z

FriendOfDorothy:

How can you not mention the fact that in renowned glaswegian chippies they offer such delicacies as battered pizza, battered mars bars and battered ice cream?--[[User:CatWatcher|CatWatcher]] 03:24, 26 April 2007 (EDT)
see http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1227_041227_deep_fried_mars_bars.html

[[Image:300px-Deep-fried mars bars.JPG | thumb | left]] Now doesn't that look delicious?
:Yes it does. Can you add the picture to the article? [[User:Dorpfeld|Dorpfeld]] 03:34, 26 April 2007 (EDT)
:Good point. We could have sections on the various differences in regional and national cuisine served in these establishments. [[User:Dorpfeld|Dorpfeld]] 03:27, 26 April 2007 (EDT)

::Will add it later if someone else hasn't done so by then.
--[[User:CatWatcher|CatWatcher]] 03:37, 26 April 2007 (EDT)

Re: merger. I don't think this should be merged. The chip shop (or 'chippie') is a very distinctive cultural, as well as culinary, institution specific to Britain and Ireland.

How can anyone talk of merging this article. It;s probably the best one on Conservapedia. I think we should go for [[irony|featured status]]. --[[User:Felix|Felix]] 06:53, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

"Fish Bits" are called "scraps" in Birmingham and Humberside. Also mayonnaise is offered in Birmingham chippies although I am unaware as to whether this has anything to do with Dutch or indeed Belgian immigrants. Not sure if any of this info is apposite. --[[User:Olly|Olly]] 07:29, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

We also refer to fish bits as scraps here in Yorkshire. [[User:Trashbat|Trashbat]] 07:44, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

== Merge article? ==

Absolutely not; the articles deal with two entirely different things.

Potato chips is the American term for what are properly called (in Great Britain, home of the English language) potato crisps.

Chip shops are purveyors of the much more substantial and wholesome British older relative of French Fries (which is a distant relative, at best). The importance of chips in British culture, and their incompatibility with French Fries (chips are always prepared from the finest locally-grown potatoes, and must be sliced on the spot, as opposed to being reconstituted, extruded and shaped in a factory like French Fries) makes it absolutely inappropiate to merge the articles. --[[User:Jeremiah4-22|Jeremiah4-22]] 09:05, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

I think the proposal to merge must have been made by someone unfamiliar with the use of the word chip in British English. As others have said before. Chip shops do not sell cold crisp thin slices of deep-fried potato (which are known in the UK as potato crisps), but rather piping hot finger-sized chunks of deep-fried potato.[[User:FriendOfDorothy|FriendOfDorothy]] 09:46, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

Edinburgh

2007-04-27T13:13:30Z

FriendOfDorothy: punctuation

'''Edinburgh''' is the current capital of [[Scotland]]. There is controversy over the origins of the name Edinburgh, which may derive from King Edwin of Northumbria (Edwins-burgh, burgh being the Northumbrian and later [[Scots]] word for fort or town) or from the earlier Gaelic 'Dún Eideann' (Fort of Edwin).

Edinburgh has a population of around half a million souls. It is the home of the Scottish Parliament at [[Holyrood]], the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and the world's largest annual arts festival, the [[Edinburgh International Festival]].

=== The City and Its People ===

The city is also a centre of banking, commerce, education, and food processing. Natives of Edinburgh are called 'Edinburgers' but are popularly known as 'Fuds' to fellow Scots. The unofficial motto of the city is "You'll hae haed yer tea" which is a rejoinder to the unofficial motto of its great rival [[Glasgow]] - "Yer tea's oot".

=== Education ===

There are three universities in Edinburgh - the University of Edinburgh (1541), Heriot Watt University (1965) and Napier University (1992). The city also has many notable private schools including Fettes College (the ''alma mater'' of [[Tony Blair]]), George Watson's College, George Heriot Academy, Loreto College and the Marcia Blaine School for Girls.

=== Economy ===

After the colonisation of Northern Canada and the resultant fur trade, Edinburgh became noted as a major center for the production of fur coats. This coincided with a decline in the cotton industry in the city and the closure of several factories which produced cotton undergarments. This is still the case today with many commentators noting that Edinburgh is "Aw furs an nae knickers"

=== Sport ===

Edinburgh has two football clubs; Hibernian FC (nickname: the Hibees) and Heart of Midlothian FC (nickname: the Jambos). Both play in the Scottish Premier League. The famous author Sir Walter Scott wrote a novel''The Heart of Midlothian'' based around the early days of the club and its founder Vladimir Romanov, an exile from Tsarist Russia and friend of the author [[Alexander Pushkin]].

=== Famous natives of Edinburgh ===

*Sean Connery (actor)
*Irvine Welsh (author)
*Les McKeown (classical musician)
*James Connolly (political activist)
*Tam Paton (child psychologist)
*John Leslie (television presenter)
*Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (author)
*Robert Louis Stevenson (author)
*Ian Rankin (author)
*Walter Scott (author)
*James Clerk Maxwell (physicist)
*James Hutton (geologist)
*John Napier (mathematician)
*David Hume (philosopher)
*[[Adam Smith]] (philosopher and economist)
*[[Tony Blair]] (politician and entertainer)
*Malcolm Rifkind (politician)

[[Category:Scottish Towns and Cities]][[Category:UK Towns and Cities]]

[[Category: United Kingdom]]

Portsoy

2007-04-27T10:39:52Z

FriendOfDorothy: cats

Portsoy is a small sea port in modern [[Aberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]] (but traditionally in the county of [[Banffshire]] which exists for ceremonial but not administrative purposes).
On the north coastline, it was founded in 1818 by Sir Charles Huntly for the import of barrels of [[soy sauce]] from south China (Huntly was also implicated, through his membership of the East India Company and other trading interests in Britain's Indian posessions in the opium and tea trade with China). Soy sauce was imported in bulk to be turned into one of a range of piquant sauces in combination with other ingredients of local origin, notably smoked fish from the small local fishing villages, and spent [[yeast]] from local [[whisky]] distilleries. Huntly's Sauces had a great popularity in Victorian [[Britain]], which, however, waned as industrial-scale production of [[Worcestershire Sauce]] enabled companies such as Lea & Perrins to outstrip Huntly's. The last shiipments of sauce were brought to Portsoy in 1921, and the manufactory closed foir good in 1923.

==External links==
*[http://www.andrewsmith.org.uk/portsoy.htm Portsoy - A Brief History]

[[Category:Scottish Towns and Cities]]
[[Category:UK Towns and Cities]]

[[Category: United Kingdom]]

Paisley

2007-04-27T10:29:14Z

FriendOfDorothy: cat

Paisley, the "Pearl of Scotland", is best known for giving its name to the Paisley pattern, which was, however, originally not Scottish but a Babylonian design based on a stylized form of the acanthus leaf. It may therefore have been known to the Israelites in Babylonian exile.

[[Category:Scottish Towns and Cities]]

[[Category:United Kingdom]]

Flower of Scotland

2007-04-27T10:28:47Z

FriendOfDorothy: Cat

Flower of Scotland is widely regarded as Scotland's unofficial national anthem. This is highly unusual, as it is not a traditional song at all, but was actually written in 1970 by Roy Williamson of the folk band, The Corries. It was later adopted as the official anthem of the Scottish rugby and football teams. The song speaks of the defeat of King [[Edward II]] of England by the Scottish forces under [[Robert the Bruce]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314. Like England, Scotland has no official national anthem, but this may change in the near future as the Scottish Parliament is considering declaring Flower of Scotland as the official national anthem.

==Lyrics==

:O flower of Scotland 
:When will we see your like again 
:That fought and died for 
:Your wee bit hill and glen 
:And stood against him 
:Proud Edward's army 
:And sent him homeward 
:Tae think again 

:The hills are bare now 
:And autumn leaves lie thick and still 
:O'er land that is lost now 
:Which those so dearly held 
:And stood against him 
:Proud Edward's army 
:And sent him homeward 
:Tae think again 

:Those days are passed now 
:And in the past they must remain 
:But we can still rise now 
:And be the nation again 
:That stood against him 
:Proud Edward's army 
:And sent him homeward 
:Tae think again 

:The Horse is gone now 
:No rider now – an empty stall 
:But from Methil to Buckie 
:We all await the call 
:(Alltid!) 
:To ride against him 
:Proud Edward's army 
:And send him homeward 
:Tae think again 

[[Category:Scotland]]

Flower of Scotland

2007-04-27T10:28:24Z

FriendOfDorothy: 4th verse

List of bodily organs

2007-04-27T10:13:25Z

FriendOfDorothy: sp. &alphabet.

*[[Adrenal gland]]
*[[Bladder]]
*[[Brain]]
*[[Diaphragm]]
*[[Ear]]
*[[Esophagus]]
*[[Eye]]
*[[Fat]]
*[[Gall bladder]]
*[[Gristle]]
*[[Heart]]
*[[Jap's eye]]
*[[Kidney]]
*[[Kneecaps]]
*[[Knob]]
*[[Lady lumps]]
*[[Large intestine]]
*[[Liver]]
*[[Lung]]
*[[Moobs]]
*[[Mouth]]
*[[Muscle]]
*[[Nose]]
*[[Pancreas]]
*[[Pituitary gland]]
*[[Scalp]]
*[[Shatner's Bassoon]]
*[[Sphincter]]
*[[Stomach]]
*[[Skin]]
*[[Small intestine]]
*[[Spleen]]
*[[Thyroid gland]]
*[[Thymus]]
*[[Tongue]]
*[[Trachea]]
*[[Uterus]]
*[[Vermiform appendix]]

The [[soul]], the essence of each individual, is not rightly considered a bodily organ, but rather a spiritual entity, whose relation with the physical body is a matter of some contention.

Shotts

2007-04-26T15:52:08Z

FriendOfDorothy: cats

The scenic Lowlands village of Shotts is "one of Scotland's fairest prospects" according to local resisdent, current national bard, Lord Walter Scott IV (great grandson of the [[Walter Scott|original poet]]), and the ten-time winner of the fiercely fought "Lanarkshire in Bloom" contest. The surrounding hills, known as the bings, are common destinations for daytrippers from as far away as Fauldhouse and Harthill.

[[Category:Scottish Towns and Cities]]

[[Category: United Kingdom]]

Shotts

2007-04-26T15:51:13Z

FriendOfDorothy: New page: The scenic Lowlands village of Shotts is "one of Scotland's fairest prospects" according to local resisdent, current national bard, Lord Walter Scott IV (great grandson of the [[Walter Sco...

Robert Burns

2007-04-26T15:41:20Z

FriendOfDorothy: Linked lyrics

'''Robert Burns''' (1759-1796) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] poet, widely regarded as their national poet. A major cultural icon, he is regarded as a pioneer of [[Romanticism]]. He wrote both in English, and in [[Scots]].

He is most famous for his compositions "Auld Lang Syne"[[http://sniff.numachi.com/pages/tiNINEINCH;ttNINEINCH.html]], and "Scots Wha Hae"[[http://www.worldburnsclub.com/poems/translations/424.htm]], about [[Robert the Bruce]] and the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].

His birthday, the 25th of January, is celebrated far beyond Scotland, as [[Burns Night]].

[http://www.robertburns.org/works/ Complete works, online.]

[[Category:Authors|Burns, Robert]]
[[Category:Scottish People]]

Ayr

2007-04-26T15:39:33Z

FriendOfDorothy: format of link amended

'''Ayr''', lying upon the River Ayr, is the former county town of [[Ayrshire]] in [[Scotland]]. The strategic location of the town in the [[River Clyde|Clyde]] estuary, led to the construction of [[castle]]s there by both [[William the Conqueror]] and [[Oliver Cromwell]].

Historically, Ayr was an important port trading as far afield as Spain and America, but more recently it was the pre-eminent resort town of the Clyde estuary, ahead of [[Saltcoats]], [[Troon]], [[Largs]] and [[Rothesay]], and it remains a popular destination for excursions to this day,[http://www.ayr.org/Travel/ayr_world_class_holiday_destination.htm] especially to its historic racecourse. Ayr is also the birthplace of Scotland's national poet [[Robert Burns]] and as the centre of Burns country, draws large numbers of tourists annually.

The Airedale (or Ayrdale) [[terrier]], the largest of all terrier breeds, originates from nearby, where it was bred for the task of hunting the [[otter]]s that plagued local [[salmon]] fisheries.

[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/ayr/ayr/index.html Undiscovered Scotland - Ayr]

[[Category:Scottish Towns and Cities]]

Queen

2007-04-26T15:21:08Z

FriendOfDorothy:

Can refer to:

*A female monarch.
*A female ant or insect.
*A British rock band.
*A certain kind of a card in a standard deck.
*The most powerful piece in the game of [[chess]].
*A camp person

Firth of Forth

2007-04-26T14:34:40Z

FriendOfDorothy:

The estuary of the river Forth which rises in Loch Ard in the Trossachs.

[[Category:Scottish Rivers]]

[[Category:Scotland]]

Firth of Forth

2007-04-26T14:34:29Z

FriendOfDorothy: New page: The estuary of the river Forth which rises in Loch Ard in the Trossachs. Category:Scottish rivers Category:Scotland

The estuary of the river Forth which rises in Loch Ard in the Trossachs.

[[Category:Scottish rivers]]

[[Category:Scotland]]

Aberdeen

2007-04-26T14:31:18Z

FriendOfDorothy: Cats

The third largest city in [[Scotland]], '''Aberdeen''' is located in the north east of Scotland, between the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don (collectively known as the tweedles, from the Scots word "tweed" which means river).

The city's motto is ''Gie Ye The Bowk'' which, roughly translated from the [[Scots]], means ''Give Your All''.

Aberdeen is the major logistical center of the [[North Sea]] [[oil]] industry and is also famous as a [[fishing]] port and a center of educational excellence. From late Medieval times until the late 19th century, Aberdeen was home to as many universities as the whole of [[England]].

Aberdeen is known as the [[Granite]] City (sometimes also The Silver City with the Golden Sands) from the stone used in the construction of its many fine public buildings. A person from Aberdeen is called an Aberdonian. Aberdonians have a reputation for stinginess and, it is alleged, copper wire was invented by two Aberdonians fighting over a penny. Aberdeen is the least religious city in Scotland. <ref>http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/ACCI/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1726&sID=332</ref> As a result of its involvement in the oil industry Aberdeen is home to many foreign nationals. There are large communities of Americans, French, Dutch, Saudi Arabians, Kuwaitis, Poles, Chileans, Venezuelans, Outer Mongolians, Nepalese and Filipinos.

===Sport===

[[Aberdeen FC]] (nickname: the Dons) is the city's only senior football club. Home matches are played at Pittodrie whose name derives from the Pictish for dung heap. The current manager is [[Jimmy Calderwood]].

===Famous Aberdonians===

* Robbie Shepherd
* Buff Hardie
* John Laurie
* Denis Law
* Willie Pullar

There are also cities called Aberdeen in [[Texas]], [[South Dakota]], [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[California]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Alabama]] in the [[United States]], and [[Northern Australia]], [[New South Wales]], and [[Tasmania]] in [[Australia]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Scottish Towns and Cities]]

[[Category: United Kingdom]]

[[Category: UK Towns and Cities]]

[[Category: United Kingdom]]

[[Category: Scotland]]

Forfar

2007-04-26T14:13:02Z

FriendOfDorothy: cats

The major city and administrative capital of the Scottish unitary council of [[Angus]]. Forfar is noted above all for its beautiful womenfolk, and many poets, among them [[Robert Burns]], and [[William Topaz McGonagall]], have penned hymns to the local women, the "Forfar bridies".

[[Category:Scottish Towns and Cities]]

[[Category: United Kingdom]]

Forfar

2007-04-26T14:12:13Z

FriendOfDorothy: New page: The major city and administrative capital of the Scottish unitary council of Angus. Forfar is noted above all for its beautiful womenfolk, and many poets, among them Robert Burns, ...

East Lothian

2007-04-26T14:01:59Z

FriendOfDorothy: A start made on history (ancient peoples)

East Lothian is one of [[Scotland]]'s 32 local (unitary) council areas. It lies to the east of [[Edinburgh]] and Midlothian, and to the north of [[Borders]]. The administrative capital is Haddington (and it was formerly known as Haddingtonshire).

==History==
Originally inhabited by the primitive Gadjie People, East Lothian has since been overrun successively by Teuchters, Romans, Scots, Hibees, Saxons, and Normans. The Hun, though dominant in other parts of Scotland never really achieved a proper foothold in East Lothian.

==Major urban conurbations==

*Athelstaneford
*Cockenzie
*Dirleton
*Dunbar
*Drem
*East Fortune
*East Linton
*Gullane
*Haddington
*Longniddry
*Musselburgh
*North Berwick
*Prestonpans

==Places of interest==

*Aberlady Bay, a vast tidal mudflat and home to numerous species of rare birds, including waders, dippers, and doggers.
*Bass Rock, the world's largest gannet colony, with a lighthouse modelled on the Pharos at Alexandria.
*Dirleton Castle, the best preserved Saxon Motte and Baily castle north of the Tyne
*Museum of Flight, East Fortune, home of Concorde and the monument to the failed Scottish space program of the 1970s (including the remains of the 'Big Jessie' rocket)
*North Berwick Law, a dormant volcano that last erupted in 1746. The whale's jawbones at the summit were gifted by the King of Hawaii to Captain Morgan in 1843
*Tantallon Castle, whose curtain wall is one of the highest free-standing Mediaeval objects in Scotland.

[[Category:Scottish Counties and Regions]]

East Lothian

2007-04-26T13:56:29Z

FriendOfDorothy: copyedit

East Lothian is one of [[Scotland]]'s 32 local (unitary) council areas. It lies to the east of [[Edinburgh]] and Midlothian, and to the north of [[Borders]]. The administrative capital is Haddington (and it was formerly known as Haddingtonshire).

==Major urban conurbations==

*Athelstaneford
*Cockenzie
*Dirleton
*Dunbar
*Drem
*East Fortune
*East Linton
*Gullane
*Haddington
*Longniddry
*Musselburgh
*North Berwick
*Prestonpans

==Places of interest==

*Aberlady Bay, a vast tidal mudflat and home to numerous species of rare birds, including waders, dippers, and doggers.
*Bass Rock, the world's largest gannet colony, with a lighthouse modelled on the Pharos at Alexandria.
*Dirleton Castle, the best preserved Saxon Motte and Baily castle north of the Tyne
*Museum of Flight, East Fortune, home of Concorde and the monument to the failed Scottish space program of the 1970s (including the remains of the 'Big Jessie' rocket)
*North Berwick Law, a dormant volcano that last erupted in 1746. The whale's jawbones at the summit were gifted by the King of Hawaii to Captain Morgan in 1843
*Tantallon Castle, whose curtain wall is one of the highest free-standing Mediaeval objects in Scotland.

[[Category:Scottish Counties and Regions]]

East Lothian

2007-04-26T13:55:07Z

FriendOfDorothy: format

East Lothian is one of [[Scotland]]'s 32 local (unitary) council areas. It lies to the east of [[Edinburgh]] and Midlothian, and to the north of [[Borders]]. The administrative capital is Haddington (and it was formerly known as Haddingtonshire).

==Major urban conurbations==

*Athelstaneford
*Cockenzie
*Dirleton
*Dunbar
*Drem
*East Fortune
*East Linton
*Gullane
*Haddington
*Longniddry
*Musselburgh
*North Berwick
*Prestonpans

==Places of interest==

*Aberlady Bay, a vast tidal mudflat and home no numerous species of rare birds, including waders, dippers, and doggers.
*Bass Rock, the world's largest gannet colony, with a lighthouse modelled on the Pharos at Alexandria.
*Dirleton Castle, the best preserved Saxon Motte and Baily castle north of the Tyne
*Museum of Flight, East Fortune, home of Concorde and the monument to the failed Scottish space program of the 1970s (including the remains of the 'Big Jessie' rocket)
*North Berwick Law, a dormant volcano that last erupted in 1746. The whale's jawbones at the summit were gifted by the King of Hawaii to Captain Morgan in 1843
*Tantallon Castle, whose curtain wall is one of the highest free-standing Mediaeval objects in Scotland.

[[Category:Scottish Counties and Regions]]

East Lothian

2007-04-26T13:54:43Z

FriendOfDorothy: cat

East Lothian is one of [[Scotland]]'s 32 local (unitary) council areas. It lies to the east of [[Edinburgh]] and Midlothian, and to the north of [[Borders]]. The administrative capital is Haddington (and it was formerly known as Haddingtonshire).

===Major urban conurbations===

*Athelstaneford
*Cockenzie
*Dirleton
*Dunbar
*Drem
*East Fortune
*East Linton
*Gullane
*Haddington
*Longniddry
*Musselburgh
*North Berwick
*Prestonpans

===Places of interest===

*Aberlady Bay, a vast tidal mudflat and home no numerous species of rare birds, including waders, dippers, and doggers.
*Bass Rock, the world's largest gannet colony, with a lighthouse modelled on the Pharos at Alexandria.
*Dirleton Castle, the best preserved Saxon Motte and Baily castle north of the Tyne
*Museum of Flight, East Fortune, home of Concorde and the monument to the failed Scottish space program of the 1970s (including the remains of the 'Big Jessie' rocket)
*North Berwick Law, a dormant volcano that last erupted in 1746. The whale's jawbones at the summit were gifted by the King of Hawaii to Captain Morgan in 1843
*Tantallon Castle, whose curtain wall is one of the highest free-standing Mediaeval objects in Scotland.

[[Category:Scottish Counties and Regions]]

East Lothian

2007-04-26T13:54:03Z

FriendOfDorothy: cat

East Lothian is one of [[Scotland]]'s 32 local (unitary) council areas. It lies to the east of [[Edinburgh]] and Midlothian, and to the north of [[Borders]]. The administrative capital is Haddington (and it was formerly known as Haddingtonshire).

===Major urban conurbations===

*Athelstaneford
*Cockenzie
*Dirleton
*Dunbar
*Drem
*East Fortune
*East Linton
*Gullane
*Haddington
*Longniddry
*Musselburgh
*North Berwick
*Prestonpans

===Places of interest===

*Aberlady Bay, a vast tidal mudflat and home no numerous species of rare birds, including waders, dippers, and doggers.
*Bass Rock, the world's largest gannet colony, with a lighthouse modelled on the Pharos at Alexandria.
*Dirleton Castle, the best preserved Saxon Motte and Baily castle north of the Tyne
*Museum of Flight, East Fortune, home of Concorde and the monument to the failed Scottish space program of the 1970s (including the remains of the 'Big Jessie' rocket)
*North Berwick Law, a dormant volcano that last erupted in 1746. The whale's jawbones at the summit were gifted by the King of Hawaii to Captain Morgan in 1843
*Tantallon Castle, whose curtain wall is one of the highest free-standing Mediaeval objects in Scotland.

Category:Scottish Counties and Regions

East Lothian

2007-04-26T13:53:22Z

FriendOfDorothy: format

East Lothian is one of [[Scotland]]'s 32 local (unitary) council areas. It lies to the east of [[Edinburgh]] and Midlothian, and to the north of [[Borders]]. The administrative capital is Haddington (and it was formerly known as Haddingtonshire).

===Major urban conurbations===

*Athelstaneford
*Cockenzie
*Dirleton
*Dunbar
*Drem
*East Fortune
*East Linton
*Gullane
*Haddington
*Longniddry
*Musselburgh
*North Berwick
*Prestonpans

===Places of interest===

*Aberlady Bay, a vast tidal mudflat and home no numerous species of rare birds, including waders, dippers, and doggers.
*Bass Rock, the world's largest gannet colony, with a lighthouse modelled on the Pharos at Alexandria.
*Dirleton Castle, the best preserved Saxon Motte and Baily castle north of the Tyne
*Museum of Flight, East Fortune, home of Concorde and the monument to the failed Scottish space program of the 1970s (including the remains of the 'Big Jessie' rocket)
*North Berwick Law, a dormant volcano that last erupted in 1746. The whale's jawbones at the summit were gifted by the King of Hawaii to Captain Morgan in 1843
*Tantallon Castle, whose curtain wall is one of the highest free-standing Mediaeval objects in Scotland.

East Lothian

2007-04-26T13:53:01Z

FriendOfDorothy: tidied up

East Lothian is one of [[Scotland]]'s 32 local (unitary) council areas. It lies to the east of [[Edinburgh]] and Midlothian, and to the north of [[Borders]]. The administrative capital is Haddington (and it was formerly known as Haddingtonshire).

===Major urban conurbations===

*Athelstaneford
*Cockenzie
*Dirleton
*Dunbar
*Drem
*East Fortune
*East Linton
*Gullane
*Haddington
*Longniddry
*Musselburgh
*North Berwick
*Prestonpans

===Places of interest===

*Aberlady Bay, a vast tidal mudflat and home no numerous species of rare birds, including waders, dippers, and doggers.
*Bass Rock, the world's largest gannet colony, with a lighthouse modelled on the Pharos at Alexandria.
*Dirleton Castle, the best preserved Saxon Motte and Baily castle north of the Tyne
*Museum of Flight, East Fortune, home of Concorde and the monument to the failed Scottish space program of the 1970s (including the remains of the 'Big Jessie' rocket)
*North Berwick Law, a dormant volcano that last erupted in 1746. The whale's jawbones at the summit were gifted by the King of Hawaii to Captain Morgan in 1843
*Tantallon Castle, whose curtain wall is one of the highest free-standing Mediaeval objects in Scotland.

East Lothian

2007-04-26T13:51:58Z

FriendOfDorothy: A beginning

East Lothian is one of [[Scotland]]'s 32 local (unitary) council areas. It lies to the east of [[Edinburgh]] and Midlothian, and to the north of [[Borders]]. The administrative capital is Haddington (and it was formerly known as Haddingtonshire).

===Major urban conurbations===

* Athelstaneford
* Cockenzie
* Dirleton
* Dunbar
* Drem
* East Fortune
* East Linton
* Gullane
* Haddington
* Longniddry
* Musselburgh
* North Berwick
* Prestonpans

===Places of interest===

* Aberlady Bay, a vast tidal mudflat and home no numerous species of rare birds, including waders, dippers, and doggers.
* Bass Rock, the world's largest gannet colony, with a lighthouse modelled on the Pharos at Alexandria.
* Dirleton Castle, the best preserved Saxon Motte and Baily castle north of the Tyne
* Museum of Flight, East Fortune, home of Concorde and the monument to the failed Scottish space program of the 1970s (including the remains of the 'Big Jessie' rocket)
* North Berwick Law, a dormant volcano that last erupted in 1746. The whale's jawbones at the summit were gifted by the King of Hawaii to Captain Morgan in 1843
* Tantallon Castle, whose curtain wall is one of the highest free-standing Mediaeval objects in Scotland.

Angela Merkel

2007-04-26T12:42:03Z

FriendOfDorothy: Lin addedk

[[Image:Angelamerkel.jpg|thumb|right|Chancellor Angela Merkel]]
'''Angela Merkel''' is the leader of the [[German Christian Democratic Party]] and the current Chancellor of [[Germany]]. She was born in [[Hamburg]] and raised in the former [[German Democratic Republic]], where she also finished her PhD in theoretical Physics/Chemistry.
[[category:political people]]

Popular songs based on the Bible

2007-04-26T10:35:46Z

FriendOfDorothy: Links added

Handel's Messiah consists exclusively of Bible quotations, such as, "For unto us a son is given, and the government shall be upon shoulder." (Isaiah 9:6)

Hallelujah - Leonard Cohen (refers to [[King David]])[http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/leonardcohen/hallelujah.html]

Hair - PJ Harvey (relates the story of [[Samson]] and Delilah) [http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/pjharvey/hair.html]

Dead - The Pixies (tells of [[King David]]'s love for [[Bathsheba]] and murder of [[Uriah the Hittite]]) [http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/pixies/dead.html]

The Unicorn - (words: Shel Silverstein) tells the story of the [[Great Flood]] and explains the absence of unicorns from the [[Ark]] see: http://www.unicorncollector.com/music.htm

Deck of Cards - (T.Texas Tyler) sung by Tex Ritter (1948)<ref> See http://www.albertarose.org/Remember/deck_of_cards.htm. The 1959 Wink Martindale version was probably one of the worst songs ever to appear in the charts in the early 60's </ref>. This tells the (supposedly true) story of a soldier using a deck of cards, which he claims, helps him to remember the bible.
<ref> The following website: http://www.snopes.com/glurge/cards.asp cites this as an example of an Urban Legend, which occurs any time the US is at war; particular examples relate to WWII, and the current Afghanistan Conflict; however, the website claims that references to this have been around since 1788</ref>

===references===

<references/>

[[Category:Music]]

Recursiveness

2007-04-26T09:59:39Z

FriendOfDorothy: Redirecting to Recursiveness

#REDIRECT [[recursiveness]]

Popular songs based on the Bible

2007-04-26T09:33:10Z

FriendOfDorothy: Just a start, something for anyone to contribute to

Hallelujah - Leonard Cohen (refers to [[King David]])

Hair - PJ Harvey (relates the story of [[Samson]] and Delilah)

Dead - The Pixies (tells of [[King David]]'s love for [[Bathsheba]] and murder of [[Uriah the Hittite]])

Elephant Polo

2007-04-26T09:04:16Z

FriendOfDorothy: New page: Elephant polo is a form of polo played by humans and their elephant steeds. It is primarily played in the Asian nations of Nepal, Thailand, and Sri Lanka, and the Scottish ...

Elephant polo is a form of [[polo]] played by humans and their elephant steeds. It is primarily played in the Asian nations of [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]], and [[Sri Lanka]], and the Scottish counties of [[Haddingtonshire]] and [[Argyll]].

Elephant Polo will be a demonstration sport at the 2012 [[London]] [[Olympic Games]].

Despite the lack of native Asian [[elephants]] in northern [[Europe]], [[Scotland]] is the world's leading elephant-polo-playing nation. Scottish teams have won five of the last six elephant polo world championships. [http://www.elephantpolo.com/html/tournaments/champions/index.html]

Paisley

2007-04-23T13:52:18Z

FriendOfDorothy: New page: A run-down post-industrial town in North Britain. Paisley is best known for giving its name to the Paisley pattern, which was, however, originally not Scottish but a Babylonian design base...

A run-down post-industrial town in North Britain. Paisley is best known for giving its name to the Paisley pattern, which was, however, originally not Scottish but a Babylonian design based on a stylized form of the acanthus leaf. It may therefore have been known to the Israelites in Babylonian exile.

Edinburgh

2007-04-20T11:36:37Z

FriendOfDorothy: A few more famous natives added

The current capital of [[Scotland]]. There is controversy over the origins of the name Edinburgh, which may derive from King Edwin of Northumbria (Edwins-burgh, burgh being the Northumbrian and later Scots word for fort or town) or from the earlier Gaelic 'Dunedin'.

Edinburgh has a population of around half a million souls. It is the home of the Scottish parliament, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and the world's largest annual arts festival, the Edinburgh Festival.

The city is also a centre of commerce, education, and food processing. Natives of Edinburgh are called 'Edinburgers'. The unofficial motto of the city is "You'll have had your tea" which is a reference to the unofficial motto of their great rival Glasgow - "Your tea's oot".

Edinburgh has two football clubs Hibernian FC (nickname: the Hibees) and Heart of Midlothian FC (nickname: the Jambos). Both play in the Scottish Premier League. The famous author Sir Walter Scott wrote a novel "The Heart of Midlothian" based around the early days of the club and its founder Vladimir Romanov, an exile from Tsarist Russia.

Famous natives of Edinburgh:
Sean Connery (actor)
Irvine Welsh (author)
Les McKeown (classical musician)
James Connolly (political activist)
Arthur Conan Doyle (author)
John Leslie (television presenter)
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (author)
Robert Louis Stevenson (author)
Ian Rankin (author)
Walter Scott (author)
James Clerk Maxwell (physicist)
James Hutton (geologist)
John Napier (mathematician)
David Hume (philosopher)
Adam Smith (philosopher and economist)
Tony Blair (politician)
Malcolm Rifkind (politician)

[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:UK Towns and Cities]]

Dundee

2007-04-20T09:56:21Z

FriendOfDorothy: corrected category name

The fourth largest city in Scotland, '''Dundee''', which lies on the northern bank of the [[River Tay|Firth of Tay]], is a [[post-industrial]] city whose glories lie, sadly, in the past. Once known as the city of the three Js - Jute, Jam, and Journalism - Dundee is a shadow of its former self. The manufacture of linoleum from jute fibres has entirely vanished, while the production of marmalade from [[Seville]] oranges has likewise ceased to be a major industry in the city. All that remains is the third J - journalism. In this branch of industry, Dundee has continued to hold its own, largely owing to the efforts of Messers D.C. Thompson and Sons, the publishers of such organs as the Scots Magazine (the longest-running journal in the world), the Sunday Post "Scotland's Favourite Toaley Rag" and the People's Friend.

The ship which [[Scott of the Antartic|Robert Scott]] took to Antarctica on his first voyage (the ''RRS Discovery'') was built in Dundee, and is now moored there.

On 28 December 1879 the Tay Rail Bridge collapsed whilst a train was crossing it, leading to the deaths of over 75 people on board. This event was commemorated in verse by the famous Scottish poet [[William Topaz McGonagall]]

People from Dundee are known as Dundonians. The population of the city is a rapidly shrinking 120,000.
[[category:cities]]
[[category:UK Towns and Cities]]

Dundee

2007-04-20T09:55:56Z

FriendOfDorothy: Added categbory: UK towns and cities

Extraterrestrial life

2007-04-18T14:38:17Z

FriendOfDorothy: Hugh MacDiarmid poem "The Innumerable Christ" added - one of the ferw meditations on this topic in literature.

'''Extraterrestrial life''', if it exists, is any [[life]] that did not obviously originate on the [[earth]]. It has been a staple of [[science fiction]] since the [[Edward VII|Edwardian]] era, but has also lately become the subject of intense speculation, scientific debate, and even theological debate.

== Definitions ==
''Extraterrestrial'' means "arising from out of this earth."

''Life'' means living things, regardless of size, appetite, or condition of sentience.

''Microbe'' (from the [[Greek]] ''mikros'' small) means a form of life too small to see with the naked eye.

''Sentient'' life, also called ''sapient'' life (from the official binomial name of man, ''Homo sapiens''), means life that is aware of itself and has language and the ability to reason.

''Person'' means a sentient individual.

''Race'' means a species of sentient individuals. The use of the term ''race'' to mean a clan-like "subspecies" is not in view here. In this context, humans all belong to only one race, i.e., the human race.

''Civilization'' means the organization of a large group of ''persons'' to facilitate learning, justice, order, management (or acquisition) of resources, and mutual defense.

== Extraterrestrial life as a scientific hypothesis ==
Serious speculation on extraterrestrial life has centered on two possibilities:

# Microbial ET life, which would figure either in [[exogenesis]] of life or the hazard that such microbes might pose to [[astronaut]]s or to the earth itself.
# The possibility of prior or future contact, trade, or war with an extraterrestrial [[civilization]].

=== Microbes and other primitive forms ===
[[Image:PIA09027 a anno br.jpg|400px|right]]

Extraterrestrial microbes have been and remain the subject of much serious scientific speculation. Such speculation has centered on three questions:

# Could a microbe of extraterrestrial origin somehow come to earth and cause a killer [[pandemic]]?<ref>This question of ''back-contamination'' was a serious worry in the middle years of [[Project Apollo]]--that is, the time of the first four missions of that project. [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]], the launch authority for Apollo, required the crews of the first three missions actually to reach the [[moon]] to spend weeks in [[quarantine]] while under the constant care and watch of a [[physician]]. Only after three crews landed on the moon and returned to earth with no ill effect and no evidence of having contracted any communicable disease on the moon or in space did NASA drop that requirement. (The crew of [[Apollo 13]] did not face this requirement because their in-flight emergency precluded their planned landing.)</ref>
# Did life on earth begin with the "seeding" of the earth from outside? This theory, called [[panspermia]], alleges that either (a) the earth acquired the seeds of life by passing through the tail of a [[comet]], or (b) an extraterrestrial ''civilization'' sent the seeds of life ''deliberately'' for one reason or another. Extraterrestrial microbes would be involved in either case.
# Might a human crew or human-directed robotic explorer find extraterrestrial microbes on another [[planet]]?

With the continued development and perfection of telescopes, [[Astronomy|astronomers]] and [[rocket]] [[science|scientists]] have openly and often feverishly speculated about whether the other planets in our [[solar system]] might harbor forms of life that originated on those planets. This speculation has also extended to [[Titan]], the largest satellite of the planet [[Saturn]].

The major considerations driving such speculation are the requirements of life, and the difficulty with the theory of [[abiogenesis]] as a workable origin of [[life]] on [[earth]]. Most scientists engaged in such speculation seem to agree that life requires at least two things in order to self-generate in any environment:

# [[Water]]
# An [[atmosphere]]
[[Image:Mars_meteorite.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Meteor]]ite believed to have once been a part of [[Mars]] and to contain [[fossil]] evidence that primitive [[life]] may have existed on Mars.[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/mars/meteorites/html/s94_032549.html Image source] ]]
Currently the most exciting subject for speculation concerning extraterrestrial life is the planet [[Mars]]. Its atmosphere is quite thin, and this would militate against the presence of life or, more to the point, the presence of standing or flowing water. But photographs taken from orbit and from the surface of Mars reveal erosion channels that strongly suggest that water once flowed on Mars. Indeed, the first graphic above shows changes in a gully in two views of it, taken four years apart--as if liquid water had opened another erosion channel in the meantime. (The operators of the Mars Global Surveyor insist that such pictures might still contain artifacts that make them unsuitable for scientific research, and hence disclaim any definite conclusion that anyone might be tempted to draw from them.) The second graphic shows a [[meteor]]ite, found in [[Antarctica]] in 1984, containing microscopic cavities that once might have held [[microbes]] and that, until recently, was believed to have fallen to earth from Mars.<ref>Donald L. Savage, James Hartsfield, and David Salisbury, "[http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/snc/nasa1.html Meteorite Yields Evidence of Primitive Life on Early Mars]," ''Mars Meteorite Project'', press release 96-160, August 7, 1996. Retrieved April 17, 2007, from the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] Web servers.</ref>

If one could show that abiogenesis occurred on Mars, then that process was far more likely to have occurred on earth than it would be absent such a showing or finding. Yet apart from the reliability of such evidence is this one inherent weakness for this argument: it assumes that life ''found'' on Mars ''originated'' on Mars. The [[Hydroplate theory]] of the [[Great Flood]] suggests that large quantities of water, including muddy slurries, were ejected into space during the initial fissure of the original earth's crust, and that these ejecta persist today as [[comet]]s, [[asteroid]]s, and [[meteor]]oids. If such ejected water and mud fell to Mars from above, then they might have held [[microbes]]--and therefore any microbes found on Mars are far more likely to have come from earth during the Noachic Flood than to have originated on Mars.<ref>If such life forms survived, that need not be a great shock to any observer. [[Extremophiles]], or microbes known to thrive under conditions that would kill or render dormant any other form of life, are well-known on earth and have even been the subject of engineering studies attempting to find practical uses for them.</ref>

Space scientists have searched for extraterrestrial microbes for years. To date, no definitive proof of such microbes has been found. The Antarctic meteorite mentioned above, and the alleged bacterial fossils on it, fueled speculation for months, until other scientists finally determined that the microbes involved probably were earthly contaminants.<ref>Rick Lockridge, "[http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9801/15/contaminated.rock/ Scientists dispute NASA's claims about Mars meteorite]", ''The Cable News Network'', January 15, 1998. Retrieved April 17, 2007 from CNN's web servers.</ref>

Nevertheless, the finding of extraterrestrial microbes on [[Mars]] is one of the fondest expressed hopes of NASA planetary scientists<ref>Authors unknown, "[http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/life/ Do Martians Exist?], ''NASA Mars Exploration'', 05 Oct 2005 04:51:40 UTC. Retrieved April 17, 2007, from [[NASA]].</ref> and of other scientists and advocacy groups<ref>Everett Gibson, Jr., David S. McKay, and Kathie Thomas-Kerpta, "[http://www.marssociety.org/portal/TMS_Library/MAR_98_046/view Life on Mars: Evidence from Martian Meteorites]," ''Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society'', R. M. Zubrin and M. Zubrin, eds. 1998. Retrieved April 17, 2007, from [http://www.marssociety.org The Mars Society].</ref> hoping to persuade the [[United States]] government, or perhaps the [[United Nations]], to fund crewed expeditions to Mars. Furthermore, no sane space mission planner could in good conscience ignore the potential hazard of the transport of a microbe to earth and the release of that microbe into earth's [[biosphere]]. Happily, measures for containing such a microbe, perhaps derived from those measures taken during [[Project Apollo]], would contribute a relatively insignificant amount to the total budget of a program of crewed missions to Mars or to any other celestial body.

=== Extraterrestrial Civilizations ===
Do one or more extraterrestrial civilizations exist? Until recently, speculation about extraterrestrial races was confined either to [[science fiction]] or to innumerable anecdotal reports of "[[UFO|unidentified flying objects]]." These latter reports were once the subject of an investigation, known as [[Project Blue Book]], by the [[United States Air Force]].<ref>Anonymous, "[http://www.ufoevidence.org/topics/ProjectBlueBook.htm Project Blue Book]", ''[http://www.ufoevidence.org/ UFO Evidence.org]'', retrieved April 16, 2007</ref><ref>Anonymous, ''[http://www.bluebookarchive.org/ The Project Blue Book Archive]'', retrieved April 16, 2007</ref><ref>Fund for Unidentified Flying Object Research (FUFOR), ''[http://www.nicap.org/index.htm Official Site of the National Investigative Committee for Aerial Phenomena]'', Francis L. Ridge, editor and Webmaster, December 15, 1997 to present. Retrieved April 16, 2007.</ref><ref>Presumably the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet]] Army Air Forces had their own version of Blue Book as well.</ref> But years after Blue Book wound down, a large cadre of scientists began to entertain seriously the notion that extraterrestrial civilizations might exist.

The two questions that most speculators raise regarding extraterrestrial civilizations are mainly whether:

# Such a civilization might somehow communicate with, or visit, or even attempt to invade and conquer, the earth.
# Humans, in their further-ranging exploration of space, will eventually encounter, trade with, or go to war with, such civilizations.

In addition to the relatively serious speculation in the scientific community, a number of movements have arisen that share a number of features in common with [[pagan]] religions. Chief among these movements has been:

# The [[Raelians]], who believe that their minds are the formerly disembodied souls of extraterrestrial persons (and who therefore believe that their minds are extraterrestrial in origin though their bodies are not).
# The [[Hale-Bopp movement]], whose members committed suicide in the season of the close passage near the earth of [[Comet Hale-Bopp]].
# The [[UFO]] movement, which exists as a loose alliance of organizations all having the initials "UFO" in their names, ''viz.'', "Mutual UFO Network", "Center for UFO Studies," "Fund for UFO Research," etc.

To these categories one must add the [[Nation of Islam]], especially when it came under the leadership of [[Louis Farrakhan]], and most especially when he expressed a belief that the original founder of the Nation of Islam lives today in an extraterrestrial spacecraft called the "Mother Wheel," and that Farrakhan himself has been taken on board that vessel for consultations with this person.<ref>Farrakhan seems recently to have abandoned this theory and attempted to steer the movement he now leads toward the orthodox [[Islam]] taught by [[Muhammad]].</ref>

In addition to Blue Book, NASA has maintained [[Project SETI]] (for '''S'''earch for '''E'''xtra'''t'''errestrial '''I'''ntelligence).<ref>[http://www.seti.org/site/pp.asp?c=ktJ2J9MMIsE&b=178025 Home of the SETI Institute]</ref> This search consists mainly of listening by [[radiotelescope]] on a defined frequency band for any transmission having any semblance of order. This frequency band is one that, they believe, is the likeliest region in the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] for anyone to be sending a signal intended to cross interstellar, or even intergalactic, space.

[[Francis Crick]] and [[Leslie Orgel]], in 1973,<ref>Crick, F. H. C., and Orgel, L. E. "Directed Panspermia," ''Icarus'', 19, 341 (1973).</ref> openly speculated on a form of exogenesis called [[Panspermia#Directed panspermia|directed panspermia]], in which such an extraterrestrial nation-state fired a brace of missiles, each laden with [[bacteria]] and/or [[blue-green algae]], in all directions. One such missile crashed on earth, and we are its by-product, as it were, their theory states.<ref>For a detailed discussion on the logical weaknesses and omissions of such a position, see the main article on [[Panspermia]].</ref>

Politicians (among them, former [[President of the United States]] [[Jimmy Carter]]) have openly speculated on the existence of extraterrestrial nation-states.<ref>Carter claims to have witnessed an unidentified flying object in 1969; he remains the only U.S. President to have formally reported a [[UFO]]. He filed a report with the International UFO Bureau in [[Oklahoma City]] after a request from that organization.[http://www.presidentialufo.com/carter_ufo_report.htm] See [[Jimmy Carter]].</ref> For further details, see the main article on [[Exotheology]].

No definitive evidence exists for any form of extraterrestrial civilization. While the [[Project Blue Book]] investigators found a number of cases that they had to classify as "unknown," they were able to classify the bulk of the anecdotes as anything from outright hoaxes to misinterpretations of common weather features to misinterpretation of the sightings of ordinary aircraft.<ref>The Air Force might also have acted in a deceptive manner in certain isolated cases in which what the witnesses took for [[UFO]]s were actually secret experimental prototypes. Perhaps some of these prototypes exist today as the [[B-2]], [[F-117]], and other [[Stealth aircraft]].</ref> Neither has any [[Astronomy|astronomer]] or [[astronaut]] reported a definite sighting of, much less contact with, any carrier-like vessel that would have been capable of launching any of the alleged two-seater or similar small-crewed craft that various "witnesses" report having encountered. Nor has any [[physics|physicist]] yet suggested a method by which such a craft could have visited our [[solar system]], given the fixed speed limit set by the [[Special Theory of Relativity]]. Finally, the SETI project, for all their searching for a signal (even to recruiting civilians to participate in a "distributed computing" project to process the noise they have received from their radiotelescopes), have never isolated anything like a definite signal.

== Extraterrestrial Life in Science Fiction ==
Extraterrestrial nation-states and, almost as often, extraterrestrial microbes, have been a staple of [[science fiction]] since soon after science-fiction writers first began speculating on what sort of inventions might carry men into outer space, and what they might discover there. [[H. G. Wells]] even speculated on an extraterrestrial civilization on the [[moon]], peopled, if that is the right word, by man-sized insects (''The First Men in the Moon''). Wells also speculated that the Martian nation-state would launch an invasion of earth (''The War of the Worlds''), an invasion that would fail when the Martian soldiers and pilots fell terminally ill with earthly microbes against which their immune systems would have no defense. [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] indulged in far richer speculation on an entire civilization on Mars, and on semi-regular commerce between his Martians and a select few visitors from earth.

The middle twentieth century saw the introduction of a number of popular-culture icons that were either:
# Humans caught up in events on other, inhabited worlds, some of which were making war against the earth, or
# An extraterrestrial "refugee" that became an obvious [[God-substitute]] after, [[Moses]]-like, he crashed to earth in a small space capsule launched from a world that later destroyed itself in a cataclysm far more devastating than the [[Great Flood]] had been.

In addition to this, the [[motion picture]] industry, especially in the [[United States]] but also in [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]], produced scores of low-budget films having a theme involving an extraterrestrial nation-state attempting either:

# To recruit humans, usually by fraudulent means, into assisting them in weapons or defensive-systems development,
# To subvert human society and/or the international community by infiltration or by playing some individual humans or human nation-states against others, or:
# To invade the earth by main force.

The motion picture industry abandoned that theme as the century progressed, and produced a number of films showing extraterrestrials to be friendly. Toward the very end of the century, the theme of extraterrestrial invasion returned, in the form of a number of high-budget films that linked the basic theme to a number of modern-day legends, including:

# The alleged crash of an extraterrestrial scout craft near [[Roswell]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States]].
# The synthetic religion, called [[Scientology]], which the late science-fiction author [[L. Ron Hubbard]] developed literally on a wager.

The [[Star Trek]] [[television]] franchise that [[Gene Roddenberry]] created, with its myriad of extraterrestrial and often trans-galactic nation-states and empires hardly needs introduction. But in addition, producer [[Quinn Martin]] created a series that centered on one man's attempt to warn his government that certain people were not what they appeared, but were instead extraterrestrial spies. More recently, [[Kenneth Johnston]] created a concept (''V'') of a space-borne force whose commanding admiral and officers at first puts on a friendly appearance similar to that of [[Matthew Perry]] (the American [[commodore]] who first visited [[Japan]]) but, soon afterward, subvert human governmental and media institutions in order to further their true purpose, which is to steal earth's water and carry away earth's population for food.

Nor have science fiction writers ignored speculation on the finding of extraterrestrial microbes. Usually they have portrayed such microbes as capable of producing deadly extinction-level pandemics. (See, for example, ''The Andromeda Strain'' by Michael Crichton.) John B. Olson and Randall S. Ingermanson, however, speculated that the first crew to fly to Mars might discover incontrovertible evidence of microbial life--including a culturable microbe. This would engender excitement in the hearts of their launch authorites, but would also inspire such fear in the mind of a [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]] engineer that she would actually attempt to strand or murder the crew to stop them from [[back-contamination|back-contaminating]] the earth with their culture.

== The Bible and Extraterrestrial Life ==
The question of whether an extraterrestrial civilization, or any race capable of forming such an institution, is compatible or incompatible with the [[Bible]], is in sharp dispute. Those insisting that the Bible is entirely compatible with extraterrestrial races hold that the Bible contains no verse that says directly that man is the only sentient race in the universe. Still others quote this verse:{{Bible quote|I have other sheep, which are not of this fold; I must bring them also, and they will hear My voice; and they will become one flock with one shepherd.|book=John|chap=10|verses=16|version=NASB}}

[[Christian]] critics of this position point out that that verse probably referred to the distinction between [[Judaism|Jew]] and Gentile that [[Jesus]], and the Apostles after him, often made. Eventually, these Apostles, and especially [[Paul]], hoped to make that a distinction without a difference--a hope that many Christians today still cherish. But more to the point, these Christian critics reject the proposition that "other sheep" might include extraterrestrial races. They hold that the presence of such a race would give the lie to the claim of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] that He came to take away the sin of the world.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=I_John|chap=2|verses=2|version=NASB}}</ref>, and that He died once and only once to bring this about. They contend that since Jesus id refered to singly (as he was an individual person), this rules out the possibility of an alien counterpart to Jesus, and that an alien counterpart to Jesus is a neccasery precondition for an alien nation to exist.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=1|verses=26-28|version=NASB}}</ref><ref>{{Bible ref|book=Romans|chap=5|verses=14|version=NASB}}</ref>--and that Kingdom is also not of this universe, or "cosmos".<ref>Although defenders of the compatibility position might insist that neither of the two verses speaks directly to the uniqueness claim, the use of definite article adjectives and references to a specific person named [[Adam]] (and another, named [[Jesus]]), with no hint that either Adam or Jesus had any counterpart elsewhere in the cosmos, militates in favor of uniqueness almost as well as any direct negation of plurality might. However, there is also no evidence that any hypothetical alien nation would require counterparts to Jesus or Adam.</ref>

That other ''non''-Christians not only acknowledge, but indeed explicitly ''declare'', that the Bible and extraterrestrial civilization are incompatible, must also figure in any consideration of such "compatibility."

The presence of extraterrestrial ''microbes'' on one or more of the other planets in our solar system (most likely Mars) does excite some fear in Christian quarters. But not all Christians harbor such fear, and even [[Young earth creationism|young earth creationists]] are quite confident that they could explain such a finding. For example, if the [[hydroplate theory]] is correct and a slurry of mud from the Great Flood traveled to Mars and poured itself out upon it, then such a slurry would almost certainly contain microbes. That some of these might be extremophiles, and thus capable of long-term survival even in such a harsh environment as that of Mars, is entirely possible and would allow complete harmony between the finding of microbes in such locations and the Biblical account of earth pre-history.

== Hugh MacDiarmid ==

The Innumerable Christ, a poem in [[Scots]] by [[Hugh MacDairmid]], is one of the most remarkable meditations on the theme of Christian redemption and other worlds:

Wha kens on whatna Bethlehems Earth twinkles like a star the nicht, An' whatna shepherds lift their heids In its unearthly licht? 'Yont a' the stars oor een can see An' farther than their lichts can fly, I' mony an unco warl' the nicht The fatefu' bairnies cry. I' mony an unco warl' the nicht The lift gaes black as pitch at noon, An' sideways on their chests the heids O' endless Christs roll doon. An' when the earth's as cauld's the mune An' a' its folk are lang syne deid, On coontless stars the Babe maun cry An' the Crucified maun bleed. [http://www.signumrecords.com/catalogue/sigcd096/096Booklet_web.pdf]

== References ==
<references/>

== See Also ==
*[[Essay: Extraterrestrial Life and the Bible]]
*[[Exotheology]]

[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Biology]]

Wolfenbeutel

2007-04-18T11:32:45Z

FriendOfDorothy: New page: A suburb of Brunswick (German Braunschweig), Germany. Wolfenbeutel is locally famous for its tradition of elaborate meat teas ("high teas").[http://www.9staedte.de/angebote_reiseindustrie/...

A suburb of Brunswick (German Braunschweig), Germany. Wolfenbeutel is locally famous for its tradition of elaborate meat teas ("high teas").[http://www.9staedte.de/angebote_reiseindustrie/de/tagesprogramme/wolfenbuettel.php]

Unlike most communities in [[Lower Saxony]], Wolfenbeutel celebrates Carnival (German "Fasching") with aplomb. The director of the local academy of applied sciences (the town's largest employer, formerly an ammunition factory) is ritually incarcerated and his place taken by a popularly elected Lord of Misrule, the "Samenbeschmutzter Mentalist", who enjoys unlimited power for several hours each [[Shrove Tuesday]].