https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=FrancisVConservapedia - User contributions [en]2026-10-09T03:24:20ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.14https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Canterbury_Tales&diff=714437Canterbury Tales2009-10-27T21:15:07Z<p>FrancisV: add comma</p>
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<div>'''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a collection of stories by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (1342-1400), written between 1387 and 1400.<ref> http://www.librarius.com/cantales.htm </ref> It concerns a group of thirty [[pilgrim]]s traveling to [[Canterbury]] in [[England]]. The pilgrims, who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. In the General Prologue to the work, Chaucer states as his intention that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back.<ref> To this end Chaucer's text reads: "This is the poynt, to speken short and pleyn, / That ech of yow, to shorte with oure weye, / In this viage shal telle tales tweye / To Caunterbury-ward, I mene it so, / And homward he shal tellen othere two...." (''This is the point, to speak short and plain, that each of you, to pass the time on this voyage, will tell two tales toward Canterbury and another two homeward.'') --Prologue, lines 792-96</ref><br />
<br />
This project was left incomplete at Chaucer's death in 1400, and even those tales which were then completed had not been finally revised. Partially as a result of this, and partially because the printing press had yet to be invented when Chaucer wrote his works, ''The Canterbury Tales'' was passed down in several handwritten manuscripts. Scholars are uncertain about the intended order of the tales.<br />
<br />
In the tales, pilgrims are given distinct personalities and characters, and the work is considered to be one of the precursors of the modern novel. Many of the tales are ribald and earthy and full of humor. Some of the more notable tales are<ref> For a full account of all the tales see: http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/cantales.html </ref>:<br />
<br />
* "The Knight’s Tale": This is the first tale, a story rich in love, rivalry and chivalry. Two men fall in love with the same beautiful young girl.<br />
<br />
* "The Miller’s Tale": A bawdy but humorous tale, telling a rather different story of love.<br />
<br />
* "The Wife of Bath’s Tale": A woman who has had five husbands tells a thoughtful tale which poses the question, "What thyng is it that wommen moost desiren[?]" ("What do women most desire?"). Her romantic tale is set in the time of King Arthur.<br />
<br />
* "The Nun’s Priest’s Tale": An animated farmyard tale of a cockerel, a hen and a wily old fox.<br />
<br />
* "The Pardoner’s Tale": A thrilling tale of death and trickery and one which will leave you with a slight tingle down your spine. The tale has an unexpected ending.<br />
<br />
Chaucer wrote in [[Middle English]], a form of English that is so archaic that it can be difficult to understand without a glossary or explanatory notes. Most modern English readers prefer to read it in translation.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.canterburytales.org/canterbury_tales.html Electronic Literature Foundation edition]<br />
<br />
[[category:literature]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Canterbury_Tales&diff=714436Canterbury Tales2009-10-27T21:14:25Z<p>FrancisV: give modern English for quote</p>
<hr />
<div>'''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a collection of stories by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (1342-1400), written between 1387 and 1400.<ref> http://www.librarius.com/cantales.htm </ref> It concerns a group of thirty [[pilgrim]]s traveling to [[Canterbury]] in [[England]]. The pilgrims, who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. In the General Prologue to the work, Chaucer states as his intention that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back.<ref> To this end Chaucer's text reads: "This is the poynt, to speken short and pleyn, / That ech of yow, to shorte with oure weye, / In this viage shal telle tales tweye / To Caunterbury-ward, I mene it so, / And homward he shal tellen othere two...." (''This is the point, to speak short and plain, that each of you, to pass the time on this voyage will tell two tales toward Canterbury and another two homeward.'') --Prologue, lines 792-96</ref><br />
<br />
This project was left incomplete at Chaucer's death in 1400, and even those tales which were then completed had not been finally revised. Partially as a result of this, and partially because the printing press had yet to be invented when Chaucer wrote his works, ''The Canterbury Tales'' was passed down in several handwritten manuscripts. Scholars are uncertain about the intended order of the tales.<br />
<br />
In the tales, pilgrims are given distinct personalities and characters, and the work is considered to be one of the precursors of the modern novel. Many of the tales are ribald and earthy and full of humor. Some of the more notable tales are<ref> For a full account of all the tales see: http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/cantales.html </ref>:<br />
<br />
* "The Knight’s Tale": This is the first tale, a story rich in love, rivalry and chivalry. Two men fall in love with the same beautiful young girl.<br />
<br />
* "The Miller’s Tale": A bawdy but humorous tale, telling a rather different story of love.<br />
<br />
* "The Wife of Bath’s Tale": A woman who has had five husbands tells a thoughtful tale which poses the question, "What thyng is it that wommen moost desiren[?]" ("What do women most desire?"). Her romantic tale is set in the time of King Arthur.<br />
<br />
* "The Nun’s Priest’s Tale": An animated farmyard tale of a cockerel, a hen and a wily old fox.<br />
<br />
* "The Pardoner’s Tale": A thrilling tale of death and trickery and one which will leave you with a slight tingle down your spine. The tale has an unexpected ending.<br />
<br />
Chaucer wrote in [[Middle English]], a form of English that is so archaic that it can be difficult to understand without a glossary or explanatory notes. Most modern English readers prefer to read it in translation.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.canterburytales.org/canterbury_tales.html Electronic Literature Foundation edition]<br />
<br />
[[category:literature]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Canterbury_Tales&diff=714412Canterbury Tales2009-10-27T19:46:23Z<p>FrancisV: add link to electronic edition</p>
<hr />
<div>'''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a collection of stories by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (1342-1400), written between 1387 and 1400.<ref> http://www.librarius.com/cantales.htm </ref> It concerns a group of thirty [[pilgrim]]s traveling to [[Canterbury]] in [[England]]. The pilgrims, who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. In the General Prologue to the work, Chaucer states as his intention that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back.<ref> To this end Chaucer's text reads: "This is the poynt, to speken short and pleyn, / That ech of yow, to shorte with oure weye, / In this viage shal telle tales tweye / To Caunterbury-ward, I mene it so, / And homward he shal tellen othere two, / Of aventures that whilom han bifalle" (General Prologue, lines 792-97).</ref><br />
<br />
This project was left incomplete at Chaucer's death in 1400, and even those tales which were then completed had not been finally revised. Partially as a result of this, and partially because the printing press had yet to be invented when Chaucer wrote his works, ''The Canterbury Tales'' was passed down in several handwritten manuscripts. Scholars are uncertain about the intended order of the tales.<br />
<br />
In the tales, pilgrims are given distinct personalities and characters, and the work is considered to be one of the precursors of the modern novel. Many of the tales are ribald and earthy and full of humor. Some of the more notable tales are<ref> For a full account of all the tales see: http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/cantales.html </ref>:<br />
<br />
* "The Knight’s Tale": This is the first tale, a story rich in love, rivalry and chivalry. Two men fall in love with the same beautiful young girl.<br />
<br />
* "The Miller’s Tale": A bawdy but humorous tale, telling a rather different story of love.<br />
<br />
* "The Wife of Bath’s Tale": A woman who has had five husbands tells a thoughtful tale which poses the question, "What thyng is it that wommen moost desiren[?]" ("What do women most desire?"). Her romantic tale is set in the time of King Arthur.<br />
<br />
* "The Nun’s Priest’s Tale": An animated farmyard tale of a cockerel, a hen and a wily old fox.<br />
<br />
* "The Pardoner’s Tale": A thrilling tale of death and trickery and one which will leave you with a slight tingle down your spine. The tale has an unexpected ending.<br />
<br />
Chaucer wrote in [[Middle English]], a form of English that is so archaic that it can be difficult to understand without a glossary or explanatory notes. Most modern English readers prefer to read it in translation.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.canterburytales.org/canterbury_tales.html Electronic Literature Foundation edition]<br />
<br />
[[category:literature]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dante%27s_Paradiso&diff=714409Dante's Paradiso2009-10-27T19:42:19Z<p>FrancisV: add link to Research Edition</p>
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<div>[[Image:Paradiso Canto 31.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Dante enters the [[Empyrean]], the outer part of Heaven]]<br />
'''Dante's Paradiso''' is the third and last cantica in the [[Divine Comedy]] by [[Dante Alighieri]]. It tells of Dante's journey through [[Heaven]], with Beatrice as his guide, until he eventually reaches the edge of time and sees [[God]] Himself.<br />
<br />
==Structure of Heaven==<br />
Heaven is made up of nine [[sphere]]s, corresponding to the heavenly bodies visible from Earth that were known in Dante's time. Dante meets the [[soul]]s of the dead in each sphere, organised according to the good works they did while on Earth. Dante questions Beatrice on what he sees and is questioned by the inhabitants of [[Heaven]] as well. The nine levels of Heaven correspond to the [[Ptolemy|Ptolemaic]] view of the [[planet]]s' rotation around the Earth, and in each one Dante is shown a different category of souls:<br />
[[Image:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|right|thumb|250px|A Medieval diagram of the Earth and planets, showing the system used in the Paradiso.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Sphere<br />
! Souls<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moon]]<br />
| Those who broke vows<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mercury]]<br />
| Those who did good for personal [[glory]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Venus]]<br />
| Those who did good because of [[love]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sun]]<br />
| [[Philosophers]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mars]]<br />
| The Church Militant<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jupiter]]<br />
| Great rulers<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saturn]]<br />
| Contemplatives and [[monk]]s<br />
|-<br />
| Fixed [[Stars]]<br />
| The Church Triumphant<br />
|-<br />
| [[Primum Mobile]] or Crystalline Heaven<br />
| [[Angel]]s<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Beyond these spheres (and outside [[time]] itself) are:<br />
* The motionless Heaven (or [[Empyrean]])<br />
* [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]]’s throne<br />
* nine angelic circles<br />
* God’s throne with the elders<br />
<br />
However, while Dante is in the first sphere, it is explained that all the souls in fact occupy the same Heaven and receive the same reward. Different categories of souls appear in different places as an aid to his (and the reader's) understanding, but this should not be taken as a literal representation of what Heaven is like. Each sphere's role derives from an association with the heavenly body that occupies it; for example, Mercury is usually hard to see because it is outshone by the sun, just as those souls found there have their good works overshadowed by their desire for glory. Jupiter, called after the king of the gods in [[Roman]] [[mythology]], is home to kings and other rulers.<br />
<br />
== Key figures ==<br />
Paradiso is different from the Inferno and Purgatorio in that Dante speaks to far fewer people, and those who speak do so for much longer. In most spheres, Dante engages with one or two souls who act as representatives of all who are there, and almost entire cantos are often dedicated to these discourses.<br />
<br />
===Justinian===<br />
In the sphere of Mercury, Dante meets the [[Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian]], who led a great campaign to reconquer parts of the western [[Roman Empire]], and also established a code of laws which still forms the basis of European law in the present day. Justinian speaks to Dante about justice, including how [[Jesus]]' sacrifice is able to atone for [[Adam]]'s sin, and how it can be just that the [[Jew]]s are ostracised for their role in the [[crucifixion]] when the events were to the benefit of mankind. (Here, Dante espouses the standard theology of his day; it should be noted that modern [[Christian]] doctrine does not 'blame' Jews for executing Jesus).<br />
<br />
===Cacciaguida===<br />
In the sphere of Mars, Dante encounters the soul of Cacciaguida, a distant ancestor of his. This encounter lasts for three cantos, and is notable for being the point where Dante is given the task of writing the Comedy itself when he returns to earth - a good example of Dante's self-referentiality.<br />
<br />
===The Eagle of Jupiter===<br />
In the Heaven of Jupiter, instead of being approached by individual souls, Dante sees all the souls of the righteous rulers grouped together in the shape of an [[eagle]] (the emblem of the Roman Empire). All the rulers speak to him with one voice, lamenting how the kings and emperors of the current time revere their virtuous forebears, but do not heed their example. In the eagle's eye is [[David]], considered the greatest ruler, and around the eye are five others: [[Constantine|Constantine the Great]], [[Hezekiah]], [[William the Good]], [[Trajan]], and the [[Trojan]] king [[Ripheus]]. <br />
<br />
These last two are surprising inclusions, as they were neither [[Christian]]s nor pre-Christian Jews; it is explained that Trajan was saved by [[hope]] and Ripheus by [[love]] even though they did not know of Jesus. This is one of the more complex points in Dante's theology, as he appears to believe that Christ is not a ''sine qua non'' for [[salvation]]: rather, Christian virtues are, and while these are almost always found in Christ, it is possible to find them elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== Towards the Empyrean ==<br />
After the sphere of Saturn, the system of categorization that has characterised the Divine Comedy up to this point is abandoned. In the Heaven of the fixed stars, instead of seeing a particular group of souls, Dante first sees a triumphant vision of [[Jesus]], [[Mary]] and the [[saint]]s. Jesus and Mary then ascend into the higher reaches of Heaven, and Dante receives an examination on the three theological [[virtue]]s:<br />
* [[St Peter]] questions him about the nature of [[faith]]. Peter showed the strongest faith in Christ of all the [[apostle]]s, and was (briefly) able to walk on water because of it. As the rock on which the [[church]] is built, he can also symbolise the [[Christian]] faith as a whole.<br />
* [[St James]] questions Dante about [[hope]]. The [[Epistle of James]] has reassuring words intended to inspire hope, eg James 5:11.<br />
* [[St John]], the 'disciple whom Jesus loved', questions Dante about love.<br />
<br />
Dante passes the examination, and then meets and speaks to [[Adam]].<br />
<br />
The ninth sphere is the Primum Mobile ('first mover'), whose rotation governs the movements of all the other heavens inside it. There is no [[time]] outside the Primum Mobile, which is where [[God]] lives. Dante sees God as an infinitely small, infinitely bright point of light, surrounded by nine circles of lights representing the nine [[angel]]ic orders. After Dante ascends beyond the Primum Mobile into the [[Empyrean]] (the outermost part of Heaven, which is beyond time), he sees God again, this time as a vast, shining circle with the saints arrayed around it and angels flitting to and fro.<br />
<br />
In the Empyrean, Beatrice joins the other saints and [[St Bernard]] takes over as Dante's guide for the final stage of his journey.<br />
<br />
== Ending ==<br />
In the Empyrean, Beatrice takes her place among the Saints and [[St Bernard]] takes over as Dante's guide for the last stage of his journey. In the Empyrean, Beatrice joins the other saints and [[St Bernard]] takes over as Dante's guide for the final stage of his journey. Dante sees God first as an all-encompassing light; then as three circles representing the [[Trinity]]; and then as the likeness of a man. <br />
<br />
The ending of the Paradiso (and thus the whole Divine Comedy) is rather abrupt. Attempting to reconcile the different views of God, Dante's mind and poetic gifts fail him; the vision of God is likened to squaring the circle, a [[mathematics|mathematical]] problem with no solution. In the last lines of the poem, the poet finally gives in to the ineffable as he says that his will has become one with God's.<br />
<br />
The reader can only assume that the poet was somehow returned to Earth, where he began the task of writing down what he had seen for the benefit of those still living. Dante equates this purpose to that of the man the [[Apostle Paul]] wrote about who ascended to the 3rd Heaven in a vision, or that [[John the Divine]] wrote in the [[Book of Revelation]]. <ref> [[The Divine Comedy]], By Dante Alighieri, Translated by Charles Singleton, Bollingen Series 80, Vol. 3: Paradiso. Copyright 1975 by Princeton University Press. </ref><br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
Dante's allusions are again rooted in Greek and Roman mythology which he relates to Christian virtues and doctrines, symbols from astrology, Biblical history, Church teaching, and honored political figures. The high position of [[Mary]] is emphasized as it was the prevailing belief of the time.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.html ''Research Edition''] of ''The Divine Comedy'' by the Electronic Literature Foundation<br />
<br />
{{DivineComedy}}</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dante%27s_Purgatorio&diff=714407Dante's Purgatorio2009-10-27T19:41:01Z<p>FrancisV: add link to Research Edition</p>
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<div>'''Dante's Purgatorio''' is the second cantica of the [[Divine Comedy]] by [[Dante Alighieri]]. It tells the story of how [[Virgil]] leads Dante through [[Purgatory]] and eventually to the [[Garden of Eden]], where he is reunited with his earthly love Beatrice.<br />
<br />
Purgatory follows the medieval [[Catholic]] doctrine which required souls to be cleansed from the minor [[sins]] they committed during their lives by spending a proportional amount of time atoning for them in a like manner. Note that Purgatory and [[Dante's Inferno|Hell]] are structured differently: whereas Hell punishes sinners according to the sins they have committed (eg [[theft]]), Purgatory cleanses them of the vices that led them to commit those sins (eg [[greed]]). Purgatory is depicted as an incredibly high mountain on an island in the world's southern hemisphere (note that Dante describes a spherical Earth almost 200 years before [[Christopher Columbus]]' voyage). <br />
<br />
==Antepurgatory==<br />
The lowest part of the mountain is [[Antepurgatory]], where men who repented late in life or were excommunicated must wait before they enter Purgatory. After Antepurgatory comes [[Saint Peter|St Peter]]’s gate, which is the door to Purgatory; all souls who pass through this door will eventually enter [[Heaven]]. As he passes through the gate, Dante is marked on his forehead with seven letter Ps which must be wiped away before he can continue into Paradise. Unlike in Hell, Dante is more than a spectator - he takes a participatory role and is cleansed of his own sins.<br />
<br />
==The seven cornices==<br />
The mountain of Purgatory is encircled by seven ledges, known as cornices, one for each of the seven cardinal vices:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Vice<br />
! Punishment<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pride]]<br />
| Crushed under heavy rocks<br />
|-<br />
| [[Envy]]<br />
| Eyes sewn shut<br />
|-<br />
| [[Anger]]<br />
| Thick, choking smoke<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sloth]]<br />
| Constant running<br />
|-<br />
| [[Greed]]<br />
| Lying face down<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gluttony]]<br />
| Starvation while surrounded by delicious fruit<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lust]]<br />
| Fire<br />
|}<br />
These are located above the Sphere of the Air, ie outside the boundaries of Earth proper. <br />
As they travel through Purgatory, Virgil and Dante meet many historical figures, as well as Dante's contemporaries. There are many references to [[Florence]] and other cities in [[Italy]], and Dante uses the various levels of Purgatory to malign his political foes and corrupt Church leaders. Classical figures are mainly absent, as their lack of [[Christian]] [[faith]] prevents them from entering.<br />
<br />
Each of the punishments meted out in Purgatory exhibits a degree of [[contrapasso]] (ie it is related in some way to the sinner's particular transgression), although some (eg envy, sloth) make the connection in a more literal way than others (eg anger, lust).<br />
<br />
== Differences from the Inferno ==<br />
Since Purgatory and Hell are both places of punishment, they might be expected to be similar. However, they are depicted very differently. Some of the main differences are:<br />
*'''Cooperation''': The souls in Hell speak as individuals and mainly endure their punishment alone, reflecting their selfish, sinful nature. In Purgatory, souls sing hymns and [[psalms]] together and share each other's suffering, making it more bearable.<br />
*'''Hope''': Although many of the punishments in Purgatory are as horrific as those in Hell, they are born cheerfully and patiently, as those who suffer them know that a heavenly reward awaits them.<br />
*'''Time''': Souls in Hell are there for all eternity, whereas those in Purgatory all know that they will eventually enter Heaven. The passage of time is constantly referred to throughout the Purgatorio through the movement of the [[sun]], which, unlike in Hell, is visible there. Time also has a direct effect on the souls in Purgatory, as they can only ascend the mountain by day.<br />
*'''Participation''': In Hell, Dante is only an observer. In Purgatory, he purges his own sins as he ascends the mountain, thus becoming an active participant.<br />
*'''Angels''': Whereas Hell is guarded by hideous monsters, each cornice of Purgatory is watched over by a radiant [[angel]].<br />
<br />
==The Earthly Paradise==<br />
At the top of the mountain is the Garden of Eden, also known as the Earthly Paradise. Here Dante meets Beatrice, the woman whom he loved when she was alive on Earth and who interceded to allow him to make his journey. She is revealed amid an elaborate and highly symbolic pageant representing the [[Church]], and she first rebukes Dante for not being faithful to her memory (exactly what he has done is not revealed), and then guides him across [[Lethe]], the river of forgetfulness, and prepares him to ascend to [[Heaven]].<br />
<br />
Virgil is unable to progress beyond the Earthly Paradise because he was not a Christian, so Beatrice alone becomes Dante's guide as told in the [[Dante's Paradiso|Paradiso]]. Despite Dante's great respect for Virgil, there is no emotional farewell - Virgil simply leaves while Beatrice is talking and Dante does not notice until later.<ref> [[The Divine Comedy]], By Dante Alighieri, <br />
Translated by Charles Singleton, Bollingen Series 80, Vol 2: Purgatorio. Copyright 1973 by Princeton University Press.</ref><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.html ''Research Edition''] of ''The Divine Comedy'' by the Electronic Literature Foundation<br />
<br />
{{DivineComedy}}</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dante%27s_Inferno&diff=714406Dante's Inferno2009-10-27T19:39:12Z<p>FrancisV: /* External Links */ improve link</p>
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<div>[[Image:Gustave_Dore_Inferno1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Dante lost in the dark forest: ''In the midway of this our mortal life / I found me in a gloomy wood, astray'' (Canto I)]]<br />
The '''Inferno''' is the first of the three cantiche in [[Dante]]'s poetic work, ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'', about his imagined trip to [[Hell]] ('Inferno' is the Italian word for 'Hell'). It is very frightening. According to Dante, the inscription at the entrance to Hell reads "Abandon all hope, ye who enter here."<br />
<br />
''The Divine Comedy'' was most famously illustrated by Gustave Doré, whose very literal interpretations of the punishments sinners suffer in Hell are truly horrifying.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Sin]]<br />
<br />
==Structure of Hell==<br />
Dante's vision of Hell is a very ordered one. Hell is an enormous conical pit that leads down to the centre of the Earth. Within the pit are nine circles of decreasing size, where those condemned to Hell are punished. Every kind of sin has its own allotted place, either an entire circle or, lower down, a subdivision of a circle. Down the side of the entire pit runs a crack, which was caused by the [[earthquake]] that happened at the [[Crucifixion]].<br />
<br />
===The gate of Hell===<br />
At the gate of Hell there is an inscription, famously ending 'Abandon all hope, ye who enter here', because those condemned to Hell have lost their chance of salvation for good. Beyond the gate is the river [[Acheron]], the first of four rivers in Hell. As in classical mythology, [[Charon]] the ferryman carries the souls of the dead across the river. Gathered on the near bank are the Futile, souls of the dead who did nothing remarkable in their lives and are condemned to be forgotten.<br />
<br />
===Limbo===<br />
The first circle of Hell is [[Limbo]], home to those who led good lives but were not Christians, so cannot enter Heaven. Although it is in Hell, Limbo is relatively pleasant - the only punishment is disappointment and regret. Limbo in the Divine Comedy is analogous to the [[Elysian Fields]] in classical mythology.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_006.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Dante and Virgil are ferried across the River [[Styx]], towards the City of Dis: ''And thus the good instructor: "Now, my son, / Draws near the city, that of Dis is named"'' (Canto VIII) (Illustration by [[Eugene Delacroix]]).]]<br />
<br />
===The lesser circles===<br />
The next four circles are known as 'lesser Hell', because the sins that are punished there are the result of weakness rather than malicious intent. These are:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Circle<br />
! Sin<br />
! Punishment<br />
|-<br />
| Second<br />
| [[Lust]]<br />
| Wind<br />
|-<br />
| Third<br />
| [[Gluttony]]<br />
| Rain<br />
|-<br />
| Fourth<br />
| [[Greed]]<br />
| Pushing boulders<br />
|-<br />
| Fifth<br />
| [[Anger]]<br />
| Submerged in a marsh<br />
|}<br />
The marsh in the fifth circle is the river [[Styx]]. Dante and his guide must again be ferried across to continue their journey.<br />
<br />
===The City of Dis===<br />
The four lower circles of Hell (known collectively as lower or nether Hell) are inside a walled city called Dis (one of the names of [[Satan]]). From outside the city looks like a bustling metropolis of [[evil]], but inside it is revealed to be an eerie and deserted graveyard. This is the sixth circle of Hell, where [[heretic]]s are buried in tombs and set on fire.<br />
<br />
===The seventh circle: Violence===<br />
The seventh circle is split into three regions, where different forms of violence are punished:<br />
<br />
* Violence against others, including tyranny, is punished in [[Phlegethon]], the river of fire. This river runs right round the outer edge of the seventh circle and then down towards the center of the pit.<br />
* Violence against oneself. On the inner bank of Phlegethon is a wood, where the trees turn out to be [[suicide]]s who have been condemned to give up their human form. Wanton spendthrifts (mainly compulsive [[gambling|gamblers]]) are also punished here, pursued through the wood by harpies.<br />
* Violence against [[God]] or nature. This category includes [[blasphemy|blasphemers]], [[Usury|usurers]] and [[homosexuals]]. All are punished in a desert of unbearable heat where fire rains from the sky.<br />
<br />
The only way to cross the desert is to walk along the dykes that guide the river Phlegethon towards the center of Hell. Beyond the desert, this river flows down a sheer drop into the eighth circle.<br />
<br />
===Malebolge===<br />
The eighth circle is called Malebolge (which could be translated roughly as 'evil ditches'). It is made up of ten concentric trenches, each of which is home to those guilty of a different form of [[fraud]]:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mohammed by gustave dore.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Mohammed]] and other sunderers are punished in the eighth circle: ''"Now mark how I do rip me: lo! / How is Mohammed mangled"'' (Canto XXVIII)]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Form of fraud<br />
! Punishment<br />
|-<br />
| [[Seduction]]<br />
| Forced marching and whipping<br />
|-<br />
| [[Flattery]]<br />
| Buried in filth<br />
|-<br />
| [[Simony]]<br />
| Stuck in wells and set on fire<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sorcery]] and soothsaying<br />
| Heads twisted backwards<br />
|-<br />
| [[Barratry]]<br />
| Immersed in boiling tar<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hypocrisy]]<br />
| Crushed under lead cloaks<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theft]]<br />
| Turned into [[lizard]]s<br />
|-<br />
| Evil counsel<br />
| Fire<br />
|-<br />
| Sundering<br />
| Mutilated by demons<br />
|-<br />
| [[Deceit]] and [[forgery]]<br />
| Disease<br />
|}<br />
<br />
These sins are known as minor fraud, as distinct from treachery (see below), which is considered a worse form of fraud. The imaginative, cruel and grotesque punishments of the eighth circle provide some of the most enduring images in the Inferno, and are what most people have in mind when they think of the works of Dante.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Gfdyte7y6.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Satan in the Ninth Circle of Hell: ''That Emperor, who sways / The realm of sorrow, at mid breast from the ice / Stood forth'' (Canto XXXIV)]]<br />
<br />
===Cocytus===<br />
The ninth and lowest circle, situated at the bottom of a deep well leading down to the center of the earth, is set aside for [[Treachery|traitors]]. The circle takes the form of a frozen lake called [[Cocytus]] (the fourth river of Hell), and the traitors are frozen into the [[ice]]. Some have their heads free, while others are completely covered, according to the severity of their treachery.<br />
<br />
In the ultimate depths of this circle, the travelers come upon [[Satan]] and the three worst human offenders: [[Judas Iscariot]], [[Brutus]] and [[Cassius]]. Satan is depicted as a three-headed, winged [[demon]] of immense size, yet at the same time he is a pathetic figure: he is unable to move except to beat his wings ineffectually, and he cries constantly. The three worst traitors are punished by being chewed by Satan himself, and Judas, as the worst of all, is also lacerated by Satan's claws.<br />
<br />
In Dante’s time, [[Julius Caesar]] was honored as the first emperor of Rome, and Rome brought the ‘[[Pax Romana]]’. Hence, his assassins Brutus and Cassius are seen as having betrayed the divinely-ordained natural order.<ref> [[The Divine Comedy]], By Dante Alighieri, Translated by Charles Singleton, Bollingen Series 80, Vol 1: Inferno. Copyright 1970 by Princeton University Press. </ref><br />
<br />
==Denizens of Hell==<br />
===Sinners===<br />
As he and Virgil travel through Hell, Dante speaks to many of the people he meets. Each circle is home to a multitude of sinners who are punished there, but the ones Dante identifies are mainly taken from antiquity, the [[Bible]], and Florentine and Italian history.<br />
<br />
Some notable encounters are:<br />
* [[Ulysses]], who is punished in the eighth circle for his role in the [[Trojan War]] (Dante sympathised with the Trojans as the ancestors of the founders of [[Rome]]).<br />
* Brunetto Latini, a teacher of Dante's, who is punished for his homosexuality in the seventh circle.<br />
* [[Mohammed]], who is punished as a sunderer in the eighth circle. As the founder of [[Islam]], his is blamed for leading many people away from Christianity. However, not all Muslims are treated so badly - some are allowed a place in Limbo, which means they committed no sin other than lacking the correct faith.<br />
* Various [[Pope]]s - Dante took an extremely dim view of what he saw as the corrupt nature of the [[Church]] at the time.<br />
<br />
===Demons and monsters===<br />
As well as the shades of humans, Hell is home to a number of supernatural creatures. Some of the punishments are carried out by demons, for example a demon with an enormous sword mutilates the sunderers in the eighth circle. In addition, each circle is guarded by a creature who personifies the sins punished there:<br />
[[Image:canino.png|right|thumb|200px|A carving of Cerberus, guardian of the third circle: ''Cerberus, cruel monster, fierce and strange'' (Canto VI)]]<br />
* '''Minos''', mythical king of [[Crete]], guards the second circle (lust). He is depicted as a monstrous creature with a tail, who has the task of assigning new arrivals in Hell to their allotted place.<br />
* [[Cerberus]] the ravenous three-headed dog guards the third circle (gluttony).<br />
* '''Plutus''', the personification of wealth, guards the fourth circle (greed). He speaks the unintelligible phrase 'Pape Satan, Pape Satan aleppe!', which has caused much debate among scholars as to its meaning.<br />
* '''Phlegyas''', another mythical king, is the ferryman who carries Dante across the Styx (circle of anger).<br />
* The '''furies''' are seen on the walls of the City of Dis before Dante and Virgil gain entry to the circle of heresy.<br />
* The seventh circle (violence) is guarded by the [[Minotaur]] and patrolled by [[Centaur]]s.<br />
* '''Geryon''', depicted as a strange beast with a handsome face and scaled body, carries Dante and Virgil down into the circle of fraud.<br />
* Many giants, including [[Nimrod]] and the [[Titans]], stand around the edge of the lowest circle. The [[Titans]] committed treason by waging war against the gods, while Nimrod committed treason against God by building the [[Tower of Babel]] (he now speaks a language that none can understand).<br />
<br />
== Punishments ==<br />
The most famous feature of the Inferno is its wide and imaginative variety of punishments, many of which have an obvious connection with the sin in question. This connection is mentioned directly in canto XXVIII, where those who caused divisions and schisms are themselves split apart by a sword-wielding demon. The [[Italian]] word ''contrapasso'' is used to describe this idea. <br />
<br />
The degree of ''contrapasso'' varies from one punishment to the next. In some cases, such as the schismatics already mentioned, or the [[hypocrite]]s who are crushed under lead cloaks with a thin layer of gold on the outside, the association is very direct. In others, it is more oblique; for example, the souls of the lustful are blown about by a wind, which some commentators see as representing how, in life, they were buffeted by the caprice of their own emotions. In still other cases, it is hard to see any correspondence at all - for example, [[barratry|barraters]] are boiled in tar, which is obviously painful but has little to do with political corruption. <br />
<br />
This variation could be seen as a good example of the inconsistency of style that characterises the Divine Comedy as a whole (see the discussion on [[The Divine Comedy#Style(s)|styles]] in the main article).<br />
<br />
== In Popular Culture ==<br />
<br />
A 2002 best-selling mystery novel by Matthew Pearl, ''The Dante Club,'' is a piece of historical fiction set in [[Boston]] in 1865. It is based partly on real events; the [[Dante Club]] was real, the mystery story is not. At the time, not many people in the [[United States]] knew [[Italian]] or Dante's work. A group of writers formed a club to translate Dante's work and promote his importance. Three of them were [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[Oliver Wendell Holmes]], and [[James Russell Lowell]]. Like Dante's work itself, it has frightening and gruesome scenes, but is rich in historical background.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.html ''Research Edition''] of ''The Divine Comedy'' by the Electronic Literature Foundation<br />
<br />
{{DivineComedy}}<br />
[[Category:Christian Literature, Art, and Media]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dante%27s_Inferno&diff=714405Dante's Inferno2009-10-27T19:37:52Z<p>FrancisV: add link to Italian text and multiple translations</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Gustave_Dore_Inferno1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Dante lost in the dark forest: ''In the midway of this our mortal life / I found me in a gloomy wood, astray'' (Canto I)]]<br />
The '''Inferno''' is the first of the three cantiche in [[Dante]]'s poetic work, ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'', about his imagined trip to [[Hell]] ('Inferno' is the Italian word for 'Hell'). It is very frightening. According to Dante, the inscription at the entrance to Hell reads "Abandon all hope, ye who enter here."<br />
<br />
''The Divine Comedy'' was most famously illustrated by Gustave Doré, whose very literal interpretations of the punishments sinners suffer in Hell are truly horrifying.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Sin]]<br />
<br />
==Structure of Hell==<br />
Dante's vision of Hell is a very ordered one. Hell is an enormous conical pit that leads down to the centre of the Earth. Within the pit are nine circles of decreasing size, where those condemned to Hell are punished. Every kind of sin has its own allotted place, either an entire circle or, lower down, a subdivision of a circle. Down the side of the entire pit runs a crack, which was caused by the [[earthquake]] that happened at the [[Crucifixion]].<br />
<br />
===The gate of Hell===<br />
At the gate of Hell there is an inscription, famously ending 'Abandon all hope, ye who enter here', because those condemned to Hell have lost their chance of salvation for good. Beyond the gate is the river [[Acheron]], the first of four rivers in Hell. As in classical mythology, [[Charon]] the ferryman carries the souls of the dead across the river. Gathered on the near bank are the Futile, souls of the dead who did nothing remarkable in their lives and are condemned to be forgotten.<br />
<br />
===Limbo===<br />
The first circle of Hell is [[Limbo]], home to those who led good lives but were not Christians, so cannot enter Heaven. Although it is in Hell, Limbo is relatively pleasant - the only punishment is disappointment and regret. Limbo in the Divine Comedy is analogous to the [[Elysian Fields]] in classical mythology.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_006.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Dante and Virgil are ferried across the River [[Styx]], towards the City of Dis: ''And thus the good instructor: "Now, my son, / Draws near the city, that of Dis is named"'' (Canto VIII) (Illustration by [[Eugene Delacroix]]).]]<br />
<br />
===The lesser circles===<br />
The next four circles are known as 'lesser Hell', because the sins that are punished there are the result of weakness rather than malicious intent. These are:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Circle<br />
! Sin<br />
! Punishment<br />
|-<br />
| Second<br />
| [[Lust]]<br />
| Wind<br />
|-<br />
| Third<br />
| [[Gluttony]]<br />
| Rain<br />
|-<br />
| Fourth<br />
| [[Greed]]<br />
| Pushing boulders<br />
|-<br />
| Fifth<br />
| [[Anger]]<br />
| Submerged in a marsh<br />
|}<br />
The marsh in the fifth circle is the river [[Styx]]. Dante and his guide must again be ferried across to continue their journey.<br />
<br />
===The City of Dis===<br />
The four lower circles of Hell (known collectively as lower or nether Hell) are inside a walled city called Dis (one of the names of [[Satan]]). From outside the city looks like a bustling metropolis of [[evil]], but inside it is revealed to be an eerie and deserted graveyard. This is the sixth circle of Hell, where [[heretic]]s are buried in tombs and set on fire.<br />
<br />
===The seventh circle: Violence===<br />
The seventh circle is split into three regions, where different forms of violence are punished:<br />
<br />
* Violence against others, including tyranny, is punished in [[Phlegethon]], the river of fire. This river runs right round the outer edge of the seventh circle and then down towards the center of the pit.<br />
* Violence against oneself. On the inner bank of Phlegethon is a wood, where the trees turn out to be [[suicide]]s who have been condemned to give up their human form. Wanton spendthrifts (mainly compulsive [[gambling|gamblers]]) are also punished here, pursued through the wood by harpies.<br />
* Violence against [[God]] or nature. This category includes [[blasphemy|blasphemers]], [[Usury|usurers]] and [[homosexuals]]. All are punished in a desert of unbearable heat where fire rains from the sky.<br />
<br />
The only way to cross the desert is to walk along the dykes that guide the river Phlegethon towards the center of Hell. Beyond the desert, this river flows down a sheer drop into the eighth circle.<br />
<br />
===Malebolge===<br />
The eighth circle is called Malebolge (which could be translated roughly as 'evil ditches'). It is made up of ten concentric trenches, each of which is home to those guilty of a different form of [[fraud]]:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mohammed by gustave dore.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Mohammed]] and other sunderers are punished in the eighth circle: ''"Now mark how I do rip me: lo! / How is Mohammed mangled"'' (Canto XXVIII)]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Form of fraud<br />
! Punishment<br />
|-<br />
| [[Seduction]]<br />
| Forced marching and whipping<br />
|-<br />
| [[Flattery]]<br />
| Buried in filth<br />
|-<br />
| [[Simony]]<br />
| Stuck in wells and set on fire<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sorcery]] and soothsaying<br />
| Heads twisted backwards<br />
|-<br />
| [[Barratry]]<br />
| Immersed in boiling tar<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hypocrisy]]<br />
| Crushed under lead cloaks<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theft]]<br />
| Turned into [[lizard]]s<br />
|-<br />
| Evil counsel<br />
| Fire<br />
|-<br />
| Sundering<br />
| Mutilated by demons<br />
|-<br />
| [[Deceit]] and [[forgery]]<br />
| Disease<br />
|}<br />
<br />
These sins are known as minor fraud, as distinct from treachery (see below), which is considered a worse form of fraud. The imaginative, cruel and grotesque punishments of the eighth circle provide some of the most enduring images in the Inferno, and are what most people have in mind when they think of the works of Dante.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Gfdyte7y6.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Satan in the Ninth Circle of Hell: ''That Emperor, who sways / The realm of sorrow, at mid breast from the ice / Stood forth'' (Canto XXXIV)]]<br />
<br />
===Cocytus===<br />
The ninth and lowest circle, situated at the bottom of a deep well leading down to the center of the earth, is set aside for [[Treachery|traitors]]. The circle takes the form of a frozen lake called [[Cocytus]] (the fourth river of Hell), and the traitors are frozen into the [[ice]]. Some have their heads free, while others are completely covered, according to the severity of their treachery.<br />
<br />
In the ultimate depths of this circle, the travelers come upon [[Satan]] and the three worst human offenders: [[Judas Iscariot]], [[Brutus]] and [[Cassius]]. Satan is depicted as a three-headed, winged [[demon]] of immense size, yet at the same time he is a pathetic figure: he is unable to move except to beat his wings ineffectually, and he cries constantly. The three worst traitors are punished by being chewed by Satan himself, and Judas, as the worst of all, is also lacerated by Satan's claws.<br />
<br />
In Dante’s time, [[Julius Caesar]] was honored as the first emperor of Rome, and Rome brought the ‘[[Pax Romana]]’. Hence, his assassins Brutus and Cassius are seen as having betrayed the divinely-ordained natural order.<ref> [[The Divine Comedy]], By Dante Alighieri, Translated by Charles Singleton, Bollingen Series 80, Vol 1: Inferno. Copyright 1970 by Princeton University Press. </ref><br />
<br />
==Denizens of Hell==<br />
===Sinners===<br />
As he and Virgil travel through Hell, Dante speaks to many of the people he meets. Each circle is home to a multitude of sinners who are punished there, but the ones Dante identifies are mainly taken from antiquity, the [[Bible]], and Florentine and Italian history.<br />
<br />
Some notable encounters are:<br />
* [[Ulysses]], who is punished in the eighth circle for his role in the [[Trojan War]] (Dante sympathised with the Trojans as the ancestors of the founders of [[Rome]]).<br />
* Brunetto Latini, a teacher of Dante's, who is punished for his homosexuality in the seventh circle.<br />
* [[Mohammed]], who is punished as a sunderer in the eighth circle. As the founder of [[Islam]], his is blamed for leading many people away from Christianity. However, not all Muslims are treated so badly - some are allowed a place in Limbo, which means they committed no sin other than lacking the correct faith.<br />
* Various [[Pope]]s - Dante took an extremely dim view of what he saw as the corrupt nature of the [[Church]] at the time.<br />
<br />
===Demons and monsters===<br />
As well as the shades of humans, Hell is home to a number of supernatural creatures. Some of the punishments are carried out by demons, for example a demon with an enormous sword mutilates the sunderers in the eighth circle. In addition, each circle is guarded by a creature who personifies the sins punished there:<br />
[[Image:canino.png|right|thumb|200px|A carving of Cerberus, guardian of the third circle: ''Cerberus, cruel monster, fierce and strange'' (Canto VI)]]<br />
* '''Minos''', mythical king of [[Crete]], guards the second circle (lust). He is depicted as a monstrous creature with a tail, who has the task of assigning new arrivals in Hell to their allotted place.<br />
* [[Cerberus]] the ravenous three-headed dog guards the third circle (gluttony).<br />
* '''Plutus''', the personification of wealth, guards the fourth circle (greed). He speaks the unintelligible phrase 'Pape Satan, Pape Satan aleppe!', which has caused much debate among scholars as to its meaning.<br />
* '''Phlegyas''', another mythical king, is the ferryman who carries Dante across the Styx (circle of anger).<br />
* The '''furies''' are seen on the walls of the City of Dis before Dante and Virgil gain entry to the circle of heresy.<br />
* The seventh circle (violence) is guarded by the [[Minotaur]] and patrolled by [[Centaur]]s.<br />
* '''Geryon''', depicted as a strange beast with a handsome face and scaled body, carries Dante and Virgil down into the circle of fraud.<br />
* Many giants, including [[Nimrod]] and the [[Titans]], stand around the edge of the lowest circle. The [[Titans]] committed treason by waging war against the gods, while Nimrod committed treason against God by building the [[Tower of Babel]] (he now speaks a language that none can understand).<br />
<br />
== Punishments ==<br />
The most famous feature of the Inferno is its wide and imaginative variety of punishments, many of which have an obvious connection with the sin in question. This connection is mentioned directly in canto XXVIII, where those who caused divisions and schisms are themselves split apart by a sword-wielding demon. The [[Italian]] word ''contrapasso'' is used to describe this idea. <br />
<br />
The degree of ''contrapasso'' varies from one punishment to the next. In some cases, such as the schismatics already mentioned, or the [[hypocrite]]s who are crushed under lead cloaks with a thin layer of gold on the outside, the association is very direct. In others, it is more oblique; for example, the souls of the lustful are blown about by a wind, which some commentators see as representing how, in life, they were buffeted by the caprice of their own emotions. In still other cases, it is hard to see any correspondence at all - for example, [[barratry|barraters]] are boiled in tar, which is obviously painful but has little to do with political corruption. <br />
<br />
This variation could be seen as a good example of the inconsistency of style that characterises the Divine Comedy as a whole (see the discussion on [[The Divine Comedy#Style(s)|styles]] in the main article).<br />
<br />
== In Popular Culture ==<br />
<br />
A 2002 best-selling mystery novel by Matthew Pearl, ''The Dante Club,'' is a piece of historical fiction set in [[Boston]] in 1865. It is based partly on real events; the [[Dante Club]] was real, the mystery story is not. At the time, not many people in the [[United States]] knew [[Italian]] or Dante's work. A group of writers formed a club to translate Dante's work and promote his importance. Three of them were [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[Oliver Wendell Holmes]], and [[James Russell Lowell]]. Like Dante's work itself, it has frightening and gruesome scenes, but is rich in historical background.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.html<br />
<br />
{{DivineComedy}}<br />
[[Category:Christian Literature, Art, and Media]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Aeneid&diff=714371Aeneid2009-10-27T18:40:08Z<p>FrancisV: bolding</p>
<hr />
<div>'''The ''Aeneid''''' is a fictional poetic work by [[Virgil]], about the founding of Rome. It is the counterpart of the Greek ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]''. It follows the survivors of the fall of Troy as they flee the city and seek to found a new land of their own. <br />
<br />
It opens with the famous words ''Arma virumque cano'' ("Of arms and the man I sing,") which is often alluded to in literature. For example, the title of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play is ''Arms and the Man.''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0055 Latin text]<br />
*[http://classics.mit.edu/Virgil/aeneid.html English verse translation] by John Dryden, 1697<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Aeneid&diff=714368Aeneid2009-10-27T18:39:05Z<p>FrancisV: /* External Links */ add link to Dryden translation</p>
<hr />
<div>The ''Aeneid'' is a fictional poetic work by [[Virgil]], about the founding of Rome. It is the counterpart of the Greek ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]''. It follows the survivors of the fall of Troy as they flee the city and seek to found a new land of their own. <br />
<br />
It opens with the famous words ''Arma virumque cano'' ("Of arms and the man I sing,") which is often alluded to in literature. For example, the title of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play is ''Arms and the Man.''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0055 Latin text]<br />
*[http://classics.mit.edu/Virgil/aeneid.html English verse translation] by John Dryden, 1697<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Aeneid&diff=714367Aeneid2009-10-27T18:33:25Z<p>FrancisV: add link to Latin text</p>
<hr />
<div>The ''Aeneid'' is a fictional poetic work by [[Virgil]], about the founding of Rome. It is the counterpart of the Greek ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]''. It follows the survivors of the fall of Troy as they flee the city and seek to found a new land of their own. <br />
<br />
It opens with the famous words ''Arma virumque cano'' ("Of arms and the man I sing,") which is often alluded to in literature. For example, the title of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play is ''Arms and the Man.''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0055 Latin text]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Odyssey&diff=714355Odyssey2009-10-27T17:36:58Z<p>FrancisV: /* External links */ add link to Johnston translation; remove duplicate link to Butler translation</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
The '''Odyssey''' is an epic poem written by [[Homer]], a [[Greece|Greek]] poet, in the 8th century B.C. It recounts events that took place after the [[Trojan War]], part of which is described in Homer's other major work the ''[[Iliad]]''. The main themes of the [[poem]] are [[Odysseus]]'s journey home from [[Troy]] after winning the war and his trials along the way. During his journey he encounters many mythical beasts including a cyclops, which he blinds. Unbeknownst to Odysseus the cyclops is the son of the great sea god [[Poseidon]] who makes it his mission to stop Odysseus from ever reaching his home of [[Ithaca]]. He eventually does reach his home with the help of other gods, especially [[Athena]], and he reunites with his wife after dispatching her lecherous suitors.<br />
<br />
The story is surprisingly "modern" in feel. It commences after most of the action has taken place and is told in "flashback".<br />
<br />
It is to this epic that the Roman writer [[Virgil]] pays tribute with the creation of his masterpiece the ''[[Aeneid]]'' (books I to XII), best known for its elegant use of hypermetric elision, multiple correspondence similes and [[litotes]].<br />
<br />
==Inspirations of Modern Works of Art==<br />
Odysseus, under his [[Latin]] name Ulysses, has at various times served as the inspiration for other works of art, including a poem by [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]]<ref>See main article, [[Ulysses (Tennyson)]].</ref> (made famous for its ending line, in perfect [[iambic pentameter]] - "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield"), and a novel by [[James Joyce]] (received initially as literary [[pornography]]). More recently, it provided the inspiration for the Coen Brothers film ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monsiau Return of Odysseus.jpg]]<br />
<br />
'''Return of Odysseus by [[Nicholas Monsiau]], Early 1800's.'''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0135 Greek text]<br />
*[http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/odyssey.html English prose translation] by Samuel Butler, 1900<br />
*[http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odysseytofc.htm English verse translation] by Ian Johnston<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Odyssey&diff=714350Odyssey2009-10-27T17:30:43Z<p>FrancisV: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
The '''Odyssey''' is an epic poem written by [[Homer]], a [[Greece|Greek]] poet, in the 8th century B.C. It recounts events that took place after the [[Trojan War]], part of which is described in Homer's other major work the ''[[Iliad]]''. The main themes of the [[poem]] are [[Odysseus]]'s journey home from [[Troy]] after winning the war and his trials along the way. During his journey he encounters many mythical beasts including a cyclops, which he blinds. Unbeknownst to Odysseus the cyclops is the son of the great sea god [[Poseidon]] who makes it his mission to stop Odysseus from ever reaching his home of [[Ithaca]]. He eventually does reach his home with the help of other gods, especially [[Athena]], and he reunites with his wife after dispatching her lecherous suitors.<br />
<br />
The story is surprisingly "modern" in feel. It commences after most of the action has taken place and is told in "flashback".<br />
<br />
It is to this epic that the Roman writer [[Virgil]] pays tribute with the creation of his masterpiece the ''[[Aeneid]]'' (books I to XII), best known for its elegant use of hypermetric elision, multiple correspondence similes and [[litotes]].<br />
<br />
==Inspirations of Modern Works of Art==<br />
Odysseus, under his [[Latin]] name Ulysses, has at various times served as the inspiration for other works of art, including a poem by [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]]<ref>See main article, [[Ulysses (Tennyson)]].</ref> (made famous for its ending line, in perfect [[iambic pentameter]] - "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield"), and a novel by [[James Joyce]] (received initially as literary [[pornography]]). More recently, it provided the inspiration for the Coen Brothers film ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monsiau Return of Odysseus.jpg]]<br />
<br />
'''Return of Odysseus by [[Nicholas Monsiau]], Early 1800's.'''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0135 Greek text]<br />
*[http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/odyssey.html English prose translation] by Samuel Butler, 1900<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0218 A Modern Translation]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Odyssey&diff=714347Odyssey2009-10-27T16:55:57Z<p>FrancisV: /* External links */ add link to Greek text</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
The '''Odyssey''' is an epic poem written by [[Homer]], a [[Greece|Greek]] poet, in the 8th century B.C. It recounts events that took place after the [[Trojan War]], part of which is described in Homer's other major work the ''[[Iliad]]''. The main themes of the [[poem]] are [[Odysseus]]'s journey home from [[Troy]] after winning the war and his trials along the way. During his journey he encounters many mythical beasts including a cyclops, which he blinds. Unbeknownst to Odysseus the cyclops is the son of the great sea god [[Poseidon]] who makes it his mission to stop Odysseus from ever reaching his home of [[Ithaca]]. He eventually does reach his home with the help of other gods, especially [[Athena]], and he reunites with his wife after dispatching her lecherous suitors.<br />
<br />
The story is surprisingly "modern" in feel. It commences after most of the action has taken place and is told in "flashback".<br />
<br />
It is to this epic that the Roman writer [[Virgil]] pays tribute with the creation of his masterpiece the ''[[Aeneid]]'' (books I to XII), best known for its elegant use of hypermetric elision, multiple correspondence similes and [[litotes]].<br />
<br />
==Inspirations of Modern Works of Art==<br />
Odysseus, under his [[Latin]] name Ulysses, has at various times served as the inspiration for other works of art, including a poem by [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]]<ref>See main article, [[Ulysses (Tennyson)]].</ref> (made famous for its ending line, in perfect [[iambic pentameter]] - "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield"), and a novel by [[James Joyce]] (received initially as literary [[pornography]]). More recently, it provided the inspiration for the Coen Brothers film ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monsiau Return of Odysseus.jpg]]<br />
<br />
'''Return of Odysseus by [[Nicholas Monsiau]], Early 1800's.'''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0135 Greek text]<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0218 A Modern Translation]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Odyssey&diff=714344Odyssey2009-10-27T16:46:56Z<p>FrancisV: slight rephrasing</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
The '''Odyssey''' is an epic poem written by [[Homer]], a [[Greece|Greek]] poet, in the 8th century B.C. It recounts events that took place after the [[Trojan War]], part of which is described in Homer's other major work the ''[[Iliad]]''. The main themes of the [[poem]] are [[Odysseus]]'s journey home from [[Troy]] after winning the war and his trials along the way. During his journey he encounters many mythical beasts including a cyclops, which he blinds. Unbeknownst to Odysseus the cyclops is the son of the great sea god [[Poseidon]] who makes it his mission to stop Odysseus from ever reaching his home of [[Ithaca]]. He eventually does reach his home with the help of other gods, especially [[Athena]], and he reunites with his wife after dispatching her lecherous suitors.<br />
<br />
The story is surprisingly "modern" in feel. It commences after most of the action has taken place and is told in "flashback".<br />
<br />
It is to this epic that the Roman writer [[Virgil]] pays tribute with the creation of his masterpiece the ''[[Aeneid]]'' (books I to XII), best known for its elegant use of hypermetric elision, multiple correspondence similes and [[litotes]].<br />
<br />
==Inspirations of Modern Works of Art==<br />
Odysseus, under his [[Latin]] name Ulysses, has at various times served as the inspiration for other works of art, including a poem by [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]]<ref>See main article, [[Ulysses (Tennyson)]].</ref> (made famous for its ending line, in perfect [[iambic pentameter]] - "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield"), and a novel by [[James Joyce]] (received initially as literary [[pornography]]). More recently, it provided the inspiration for the Coen Brothers film ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monsiau Return of Odysseus.jpg]]<br />
<br />
'''Return of Odysseus by [[Nicholas Monsiau]], Early 1800's.'''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0218 A Modern Translation]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Iliad&diff=714342Iliad2009-10-27T16:32:06Z<p>FrancisV: quotebox and reference for quote</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
'''The Iliad''' is an epic poem widely believed to have been written by [[Homer]], the legendary [[Greece|Greek]] rhapsode, in the 8th century B.C. The poem details the legendary [[Trojan War]] (''Ilium'' being the Latin name of [[Troy]]) and the in-fighting of many Ancient Greek mythological heroes. Traditionally, the siege of Troy is believed to have taken place in 1184 B.C.<ref>The Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Iliad'' was revered by Greeks and all who followed in the Greek legacy, attempting to emulate it. It received something on the order of [[Biblical]] significance by later Greeks, seeking to define the prime values of their culture - honor, and valor. [[Alexander the Great]] is said to have slept with a copy of the ''Iliad'' under his bed, and claimed to be a descendant of the Greek warrior [[Achilles]].<br />
<br />
Along with the ''[[Odyssey]]'', which primarily recounts events that took place after the Trojan War, the ''Iliad'' is one of the two main ancient Greek epic poems.<br />
<br />
{{Quotebox|Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the [[Achaean]]s. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to [[Hades]], and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of [[Zeus|Jove]] fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another. --''Iliad'', Book I, trans. Samuel Butler}}<br />
<br />
Modern readers seeking an account of the Trojan War may be surprised to find that the most famous episode - the Trojan Horse - does not feature in the Iliad at all. Instead the poem concentrates on the in-fighting between the rival Greek kings Achilles and Agammemnon.<br />
[[Image:Rubens Greek gods.jpg|thumb|Rubens, Greek gods]]<br />
<br />
== Historicity ==<br />
<br />
There is widespread debate over the historicity of the ''Iliad''. Important questions in this debate include:<br />
* Was the ''Iliad'' written by one man (the alleged Homer), or by many people over generations?<br />
* Were some portions of the ''Iliad'' written before others?<br />
* To what extent are the characters in the ''Iliad'' based on historical figures?<br />
<br />
At one time it was supposed that the story had little or no historical basis, but the discovery of what appear to be the ruins of Troy by Charles McLaren in 1822 suggests that the recounted events are at least partially factual.<ref>[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/troy.htm Troy - All About Turkey]</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Atlas]]<br />
*[[Greek mythology]]<br />
*[[Pisistratus]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0133 Greek text]<br />
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html English prose translation] by Samuel Butler, 1900<br />
* [http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm English verse translation] by Ian Johnston, 2000<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{Nb_mythology_iliad}}<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Iliad&diff=714331Iliad2009-10-27T16:06:25Z<p>FrancisV: /* External Links */ more info about translations</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
'''The Iliad''' is an epic poem widely believed to have been written by [[Homer]], the legendary [[Greece|Greek]] rhapsode, in the 8th century B.C. The poem details the legendary [[Trojan War]] (''Ilium'' being the Latin name of [[Troy]]) and the in-fighting of many Ancient Greek mythological heroes. Traditionally, the siege of Troy is believed to have taken place in 1184 B.C.<ref>The Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Iliad'' was revered by Greeks and all who followed in the Greek legacy, attempting to emulate it. It received something on the order of [[Biblical]] significance by later Greeks, seeking to define the prime values of their culture - honor, and valor. [[Alexander the Great]] is said to have slept with a copy of the ''Iliad'' under his bed, and claimed to be a descendant of the Greek warrior [[Achilles]].<br />
<br />
Along with the ''[[Odyssey]]'', which primarily recounts events that took place after the Trojan War, the ''Iliad'' is one of the two main ancient Greek epic poems.<br />
<br />
::''Sing, O goddess, the anger of [[Achilles]] son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the [[Achaean]]s. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to [[Hades]], and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of [[Zeus|Jove]] fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another.''<br />
<br />
Modern readers seeking an account of the Trojan War may be surprised to find that the most famous episode - the Trojan Horse - does not feature in the Iliad at all. Instead the poem concentrates on the in-fighting between the rival Greek kings Achilles and Agammemnon.<br />
[[Image:Rubens Greek gods.jpg|thumb|Rubens, Greek gods]]<br />
<br />
== Historicity ==<br />
<br />
There is widespread debate over the historicity of the ''Iliad''. Important questions in this debate include:<br />
* Was the ''Iliad'' written by one man (the alleged Homer), or by many people over generations?<br />
* Were some portions of the ''Iliad'' written before others?<br />
* To what extent are the characters in the ''Iliad'' based on historical figures?<br />
<br />
At one time it was supposed that the story had little or no historical basis, but the discovery of what appear to be the ruins of Troy by Charles McLaren in 1822 suggests that the recounted events are at least partially factual.<ref>[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/troy.htm Troy - All About Turkey]</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Atlas]]<br />
*[[Greek mythology]]<br />
*[[Pisistratus]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0133 Greek text]<br />
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html English prose translation] by Samuel Butler, 1900<br />
* [http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm English verse translation] by Ian Johnston, 2000<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{Nb_mythology_iliad}}<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Iliad&diff=714329Iliad2009-10-27T16:00:58Z<p>FrancisV: /* External Links */ identify Butler translation</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
'''The Iliad''' is an epic poem widely believed to have been written by [[Homer]], the legendary [[Greece|Greek]] rhapsode, in the 8th century B.C. The poem details the legendary [[Trojan War]] (''Ilium'' being the Latin name of [[Troy]]) and the in-fighting of many Ancient Greek mythological heroes. Traditionally, the siege of Troy is believed to have taken place in 1184 B.C.<ref>The Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Iliad'' was revered by Greeks and all who followed in the Greek legacy, attempting to emulate it. It received something on the order of [[Biblical]] significance by later Greeks, seeking to define the prime values of their culture - honor, and valor. [[Alexander the Great]] is said to have slept with a copy of the ''Iliad'' under his bed, and claimed to be a descendant of the Greek warrior [[Achilles]].<br />
<br />
Along with the ''[[Odyssey]]'', which primarily recounts events that took place after the Trojan War, the ''Iliad'' is one of the two main ancient Greek epic poems.<br />
<br />
::''Sing, O goddess, the anger of [[Achilles]] son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the [[Achaean]]s. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to [[Hades]], and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of [[Zeus|Jove]] fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another.''<br />
<br />
Modern readers seeking an account of the Trojan War may be surprised to find that the most famous episode - the Trojan Horse - does not feature in the Iliad at all. Instead the poem concentrates on the in-fighting between the rival Greek kings Achilles and Agammemnon.<br />
[[Image:Rubens Greek gods.jpg|thumb|Rubens, Greek gods]]<br />
<br />
== Historicity ==<br />
<br />
There is widespread debate over the historicity of the ''Iliad''. Important questions in this debate include:<br />
* Was the ''Iliad'' written by one man (the alleged Homer), or by many people over generations?<br />
* Were some portions of the ''Iliad'' written before others?<br />
* To what extent are the characters in the ''Iliad'' based on historical figures?<br />
<br />
At one time it was supposed that the story had little or no historical basis, but the discovery of what appear to be the ruins of Troy by Charles McLaren in 1822 suggests that the recounted events are at least partially factual.<ref>[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/troy.htm Troy - All About Turkey]</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Atlas]]<br />
*[[Greek mythology]]<br />
*[[Pisistratus]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0133 Greek text]<br />
* [http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm A Modern Translation]<br />
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html English translation by Samuel Butler]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{Nb_mythology_iliad}}<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Iliad&diff=714326Iliad2009-10-27T15:56:46Z<p>FrancisV: /* External Links */ add link to Greek text</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
'''The Iliad''' is an epic poem widely believed to have been written by [[Homer]], the legendary [[Greece|Greek]] rhapsode, in the 8th century B.C. The poem details the legendary [[Trojan War]] (''Ilium'' being the Latin name of [[Troy]]) and the in-fighting of many Ancient Greek mythological heroes. Traditionally, the siege of Troy is believed to have taken place in 1184 B.C.<ref>The Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Iliad'' was revered by Greeks and all who followed in the Greek legacy, attempting to emulate it. It received something on the order of [[Biblical]] significance by later Greeks, seeking to define the prime values of their culture - honor, and valor. [[Alexander the Great]] is said to have slept with a copy of the ''Iliad'' under his bed, and claimed to be a descendant of the Greek warrior [[Achilles]].<br />
<br />
Along with the ''[[Odyssey]]'', which primarily recounts events that took place after the Trojan War, the ''Iliad'' is one of the two main ancient Greek epic poems.<br />
<br />
::''Sing, O goddess, the anger of [[Achilles]] son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the [[Achaean]]s. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to [[Hades]], and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of [[Zeus|Jove]] fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another.''<br />
<br />
Modern readers seeking an account of the Trojan War may be surprised to find that the most famous episode - the Trojan Horse - does not feature in the Iliad at all. Instead the poem concentrates on the in-fighting between the rival Greek kings Achilles and Agammemnon.<br />
[[Image:Rubens Greek gods.jpg|thumb|Rubens, Greek gods]]<br />
<br />
== Historicity ==<br />
<br />
There is widespread debate over the historicity of the ''Iliad''. Important questions in this debate include:<br />
* Was the ''Iliad'' written by one man (the alleged Homer), or by many people over generations?<br />
* Were some portions of the ''Iliad'' written before others?<br />
* To what extent are the characters in the ''Iliad'' based on historical figures?<br />
<br />
At one time it was supposed that the story had little or no historical basis, but the discovery of what appear to be the ruins of Troy by Charles McLaren in 1822 suggests that the recounted events are at least partially factual.<ref>[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/troy.htm Troy - All About Turkey]</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Atlas]]<br />
*[[Greek mythology]]<br />
*[[Pisistratus]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0133 Greek text]<br />
* [http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm A Modern Translation]<br />
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html The Iliad] By Homer, written 800 B.C.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{Nb_mythology_iliad}}<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Iliad&diff=714325Iliad2009-10-27T15:55:14Z<p>FrancisV: /* Historicity */ add italics</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
'''The Iliad''' is an epic poem widely believed to have been written by [[Homer]], the legendary [[Greece|Greek]] rhapsode, in the 8th century B.C. The poem details the legendary [[Trojan War]] (''Ilium'' being the Latin name of [[Troy]]) and the in-fighting of many Ancient Greek mythological heroes. Traditionally, the siege of Troy is believed to have taken place in 1184 B.C.<ref>The Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Iliad'' was revered by Greeks and all who followed in the Greek legacy, attempting to emulate it. It received something on the order of [[Biblical]] significance by later Greeks, seeking to define the prime values of their culture - honor, and valor. [[Alexander the Great]] is said to have slept with a copy of the ''Iliad'' under his bed, and claimed to be a descendant of the Greek warrior [[Achilles]].<br />
<br />
Along with the ''[[Odyssey]]'', which primarily recounts events that took place after the Trojan War, the ''Iliad'' is one of the two main ancient Greek epic poems.<br />
<br />
::''Sing, O goddess, the anger of [[Achilles]] son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the [[Achaean]]s. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to [[Hades]], and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of [[Zeus|Jove]] fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another.''<br />
<br />
Modern readers seeking an account of the Trojan War may be surprised to find that the most famous episode - the Trojan Horse - does not feature in the Iliad at all. Instead the poem concentrates on the in-fighting between the rival Greek kings Achilles and Agammemnon.<br />
[[Image:Rubens Greek gods.jpg|thumb|Rubens, Greek gods]]<br />
<br />
== Historicity ==<br />
<br />
There is widespread debate over the historicity of the ''Iliad''. Important questions in this debate include:<br />
* Was the ''Iliad'' written by one man (the alleged Homer), or by many people over generations?<br />
* Were some portions of the ''Iliad'' written before others?<br />
* To what extent are the characters in the ''Iliad'' based on historical figures?<br />
<br />
At one time it was supposed that the story had little or no historical basis, but the discovery of what appear to be the ruins of Troy by Charles McLaren in 1822 suggests that the recounted events are at least partially factual.<ref>[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/troy.htm Troy - All About Turkey]</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Atlas]]<br />
*[[Greek mythology]]<br />
*[[Pisistratus]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm A Modern Translation]<br />
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html The Iliad] By Homer, written 800 B.C.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{Nb_mythology_iliad}}<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Iliad&diff=714323Iliad2009-10-27T15:54:20Z<p>FrancisV: rephrase sentence to what must have been the author's intention</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Homer (British Museum)]]<br />
'''The Iliad''' is an epic poem widely believed to have been written by [[Homer]], the legendary [[Greece|Greek]] rhapsode, in the 8th century B.C. The poem details the legendary [[Trojan War]] (''Ilium'' being the Latin name of [[Troy]]) and the in-fighting of many Ancient Greek mythological heroes. Traditionally, the siege of Troy is believed to have taken place in 1184 B.C.<ref>The Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Iliad'' was revered by Greeks and all who followed in the Greek legacy, attempting to emulate it. It received something on the order of [[Biblical]] significance by later Greeks, seeking to define the prime values of their culture - honor, and valor. [[Alexander the Great]] is said to have slept with a copy of the ''Iliad'' under his bed, and claimed to be a descendant of the Greek warrior [[Achilles]].<br />
<br />
Along with the ''[[Odyssey]]'', which primarily recounts events that took place after the Trojan War, the ''Iliad'' is one of the two main ancient Greek epic poems.<br />
<br />
::''Sing, O goddess, the anger of [[Achilles]] son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the [[Achaean]]s. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to [[Hades]], and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of [[Zeus|Jove]] fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another.''<br />
<br />
Modern readers seeking an account of the Trojan War may be surprised to find that the most famous episode - the Trojan Horse - does not feature in the Iliad at all. Instead the poem concentrates on the in-fighting between the rival Greek kings Achilles and Agammemnon.<br />
[[Image:Rubens Greek gods.jpg|thumb|Rubens, Greek gods]]<br />
<br />
== Historicity ==<br />
<br />
There is widespread debate over the historicity of the Iliad. Important questions in this debate include:<br />
* Was the Iliad written by one man (the alleged Homer), or by many people over generations?<br />
* Were some portions of the Iliad written before others?<br />
* To what extent are the characters in the Iliad based on historical figures?<br />
<br />
At one time it was supposed that the story had little or no historical basis, but the discovery of what appear to be the ruins of Troy by Charles McLaren in 1822 suggests that the recounted events are at least partially factual.<ref>[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/troy.htm Troy - All About Turkey]</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
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*[[Atlas]]<br />
*[[Greek mythology]]<br />
*[[Pisistratus]]<br />
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==External Links==<br />
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* [http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm A Modern Translation]<br />
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html The Iliad] By Homer, written 800 B.C.<br />
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==References==<br />
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<References/><br />
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{{Nb_mythology_iliad}}<br />
[[Category:Poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]<br />
[[Category:Books]]</div>FrancisVhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union&diff=714321Christian Democratic Union2009-10-27T15:42:13Z<p>FrancisV: update: "shares" to "shared"</p>
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<div>The '''Christian Democratic Union of Germany''' (Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands, '''CDU''') is a political party in [[Germany]]. It is a middle-conservative party, and in 2005-2009 shared powed in a grand coalition with its major opposition, the Social Democrats, or [[SPD]]. [[File:Merkel.jpg|thumb|290px| Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] leads the party]] The CDU is always in partnership with the '''Christian Social Union''', its sister party in [[Bavaria]].<br />
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The September 2009 elections were a major win for the conservative forces led by CDU Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], breaking a stalemate and opening the way for more conservative economic policies. Previously since an indecisive election in 2005 the Christian Democrats (CDU) (on the center-right) formed a "grand coalition" with the Social Democrats (SPD) (on the center-left). Now Merkel and her CDU will form a coalition with the libertarian, pro-business Free Democrats (FDP). Left in the cold will be the SPD, the Greens, and the ex-Communists who remain strong in the former East Germany under the name "Left party". Merkel is now expected to move forward on tax cuts, reform of the tax code, reduction of bureaucracy and a possible extension of the time that nuclear power plants can continue to operate. <br />
[[File:Germ-vote-2009.jpg|300px|thumb|Exit polls from Sept. 2009 election won by the conservative coalition CDU and FDP]]<br />
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==History==<br />
The party was founded in post-war Germany by centrist and conservative Christian politicians who wanted to overcome the divisions among democratic Christians politicians in pre-war Germany, which was perceived as one of the reasons of the deadlock in politics during the [[Weimar Republic]]. Before 1934 Germany was about 1/3 Catholic. West Germany was now about evenly split between Catholics and Protestants. The CDU (and its sister party the CSU in Bavaria) regularly won about 60% of the catholic vote, and 35-40% of the Protestants. To control a majority in the Bundestag (national parliament) it formed coalitions usually with the small Free Democrats (FDP), a conservative/libertarian party favired by big business and professionals.<br />
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Leading figures in the post-war era were [[Konrad Adenauer]] and [[Ludwig Erhard]]. Adenauer became the first Chancellor in West Germany, and who was seeking firm military and economic integration of West Germany with western Europe and the US. Ludwig Erhard was the first Minister of Economy, renowned for his advocacy and implementation of [[social market economy]], and is considered the father of the German [[Wirtschaftswunder]], the economic boom in the 50s and 60s. These two political concepts, social market economy and integration in the West, have become the two main ideological pillars of the Christian Democratic Union.<br />
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==Party Structure==<br />
===Regional Party Groups===<br />
The party has regional party groups, the federal group (''Bundesverband'', there is only one), the state group(s) (''Landesverbände'', singular: ''Landesverband''), the county group(s) (''Kreisverbände'', singular: ''Kreisverband'') and the local group(s) (''Ortsverbände'', singular: ''Ortsverband''). All local groups in a county (''Kreis'' or ''Landkreis'') are part of the county group, all county groups in a german (federal) state (''Land'' or ''Bundesland'') are part of the state group and all state groups form the federal group.<br />
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===Federal Leadership===<br />
The present chairwoman (of the federal party group) is German [[chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]], vice-chairman are [[Roland Koch]] ([[Minister-President]] of the federal state of [[Hesse]]), [[Jürgen Rüttgers]] (former Minister-President of state of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], now member of the German federal government), [[Annette Schavan]] (member of the German federal government) and [[Christian Wulff]] (Minister-President of the federal state of [[Lower Saxony]]). [[Ronald Pofalla]]<br />
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===Think Tank===<br />
The federal party group holds a think tank called [[Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung]] (''Konrad Adenauer Foundation''), named after first chancellor of post-[[World War II]] Germany [[Konrad Adenauer]]. The state party groups have similar foundations.<br />
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==Bavaria==<br />
There's a special relationship between the CDU and the [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria]] (CSU). The CSU is legally a party of its own, but cooperates closely with the CDU. The CSU only acts in the state of [[Bavaria]] and the CDU in the other states. The CSU is independent and has it's own political structure and party platform, which differs in some positions from the CDU's one, so that the CSU can be considered more conservative. The most prominent politician of the CSU was [[Franz-Josef Strauss]].<br />
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The CDU has special organizations for demographic groups (youth, women, older/retired citizens, etc.).<br />
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==Famous Party Members==<br />
*[[Konrad Adenauer]], first chancellor of the [[Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]]<br />
*[[Helmut Kohl]], former chancellor of Germany<br />
*[[Angela Merkel]], present chancellor of Germany, present chairwoman of the CDU<br />
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===External Links===<br />
*[http://www.cdu.de Website of the CDU]<br />
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[[Category:Political Parties]]<br />
[[Category:Germany]]<br />
[[Category:German History]]<br />
[[Category:Catholic Politicians]]</div>FrancisV