Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Irreligion

2011-10-15T13:27:03Z

EthanWright:

'''Irreligion''' is the absence of religion, or contempt of it, as well as worldliness, ungodliness, profaneness, and impiety.<ref name="Cooley">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DsQVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA330&dq=irreligion+definition&hl=en&ei=KEqvTa-WG-jp0gHD3O3ICw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Dictionary of English Language Exhibiting Orthography, Pronunciation and Definition of Words|publisher=[[Nabu Press]]|quote=''Irreligion'', ir-re-lij'-un, s. 26-7, 32. Absence of religion, or contempt of it; worldliness; unglodliness; profaneness; impiety. H., ''irreli''-gionist'' (one without r., or who despises it), s.90.|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> It encompasses a variety of terms, including [[atheism]], [[agnosticism]], [[secular humanism]], as well as sectors of [[unaffiliation]].<ref name="Corrie E. Norman, Donald S. Armentrout">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aHSqIWYQWjUC&pg=PA127&dq=unaffiliated+irreligious&hl=en&ei=YnOuTa6sKuPZ0QGM2J2QCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=unaffiliated%20irreligious&f=false|author=Arnold James Cooley|title=Religion in the Contemporary South: Changes, Continuities, and Contexts|publisher=[[University of Tennessee Press]]|quote=Unaffiliated persons are not necessarily hostile to religion or even irreligious. Yet, as the proportion of unaffiliated persons grows, it will be increasingly difficult to assume that there is a religious base, such as Reed's orthodox Protestant consensus, supporting southern culture.|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref>

==Studies==
A comprehensive study by [[Harvard University]] professor [[Robert Putnam]] found that religious people are more charitable than their irreligious counterparts.<ref name="Relgion & Charity">{{cite web|url = http://pewforum.org/Religion-News/Religious-people-make-better-citizens-study-says.aspx|title =Religious people make better citizens, study says |publisher = [[Pew Research Center]]|quote=The scholars say their studies found that religious people are three to four times more likely to be involved in their community. They are more apt than nonreligious Americans to work on community projects, belong to voluntary associations, attend public meetings, vote in local elections, attend protest demonstrations and political rallies, and donate time and money to causes -- including secular ones. At the same time, Putnam and Campbell say their data show that religious people are just "nicer": they carry packages for people, don't mind folks cutting ahead in line and give money to panhandlers.|accessdate = 2007–10–18}}</ref><ref name="Relgion and Charity">{{cite web|url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2010-11-15-column15_ST_N.htm|title =Religious people are 'better neighbors'|publisher = [[USA Today]]|quote=However, on the other side of the ledger, religious people are also "better neighbors" than their secular counterparts. No matter the civic activity, being more religious means being more involved. Take, for example, volunteer work. Compared with people who never attend worship services, those who attend weekly are more likely to volunteer in religious activities (no surprise there), but also for secular causes. The differences between religious and secular Americans can be dramatic. Forty percent of worship-attending Americans volunteer regularly to help the poor and elderly, compared with 15% of Americans who never attend services. Frequent-attenders are also more likely than the never-attenders to volunteer for school and youth programs (36% vs. 15%), a neighborhood or civic group (26% vs. 13%), and for health care (21% vs. 13%). The same is true for philanthropic giving; religious Americans give more money to secular causes than do secular Americans. And the list goes on, as it is true for good deeds such as helping someone find a job, donating blood, and spending time with someone who is feeling blue. Furthermore, the "religious edge" holds up for organized forms of community involvement: membership in organizations, working to solve community problems, attending local meetings, voting in local elections, and working for social or political reform. On this last point, it is not just that religious people are advocating for right-leaning causes, although many are. Religious liberals are actually more likely to be community activists than are religious conservatives.|accessdate = 2007–10–18}}</ref> The study revealed that forty percent of [[service of worship|worship service]] attending Americans volunteer regularly to help the poor and elderly as opposed to 15% of Americans who never attend services.<ref name="Relgion & Charity">{{cite web|url = http://pewforum.org/Religion-News/Religious-people-make-better-citizens-study-says.aspx|title =Religious people make better citizens, study says |publisher = [[Pew Research Center]]|quote=The scholars say their studies found that religious people are three to four times more likely to be involved in their community. They are more apt than nonreligious Americans to work on community projects, belong to voluntary associations, attend public meetings, vote in local elections, attend protest demonstrations and political rallies, and donate time and money to causes -- including secular ones. At the same time, Putnam and Campbell say their data show that religious people are just "nicer": they carry packages for people, don't mind folks cutting ahead in line and give money to panhandlers.|accessdate = 2007–10–18}}</ref><ref name="Relgion and Charity">{{cite web|url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2010-11-15-column15_ST_N.htm|title =Religious people are 'better neighbors'|publisher = [[USA Today]]|quote=However, on the other side of the ledger, religious people are also "better neighbors" than their secular counterparts. No matter the civic activity, being more religious means being more involved. Take, for example, volunteer work. Compared with people who never attend worship services, those who attend weekly are more likely to volunteer in religious activities (no surprise there), but also for secular causes. The differences between religious and secular Americans can be dramatic. Forty percent of worship-attending Americans volunteer regularly to help the poor and elderly, compared with 15% of Americans who never attend services. Frequent-attenders are also more likely than the never-attenders to volunteer for school and youth programs (36% vs. 15%), a neighborhood or civic group (26% vs. 13%), and for health care (21% vs. 13%). The same is true for philanthropic giving; religious Americans give more money to secular causes than do secular Americans. And the list goes on, as it is true for good deeds such as helping someone find a job, donating blood, and spending time with someone who is feeling blue. Furthermore, the "religious edge" holds up for organized forms of community involvement: membership in organizations, working to solve community problems, attending local meetings, voting in local elections, and working for social or political reform. On this last point, it is not just that religious people are advocating for right-leaning causes, although many are. Religious liberals are actually more likely to be community activists than are religious conservatives.|accessdate = 2007–10–18}}</ref> Moreover, religious individuals are more likely than non-religious individuals to volunteer for school and youth programs (36% vs. 15%), a neighborhood or civic group (26% vs. 13%), and for health care (21% vs. 13%).<ref name="Relgion & Charity">{{cite web|url = http://pewforum.org/Religion-News/Religious-people-make-better-citizens-study-says.aspx|title =Religious people make better citizens, study says |publisher = [[Pew Research Center]]|quote=The scholars say their studies found that religious people are three to four times more likely to be involved in their community. They are more apt than nonreligious Americans to work on community projects, belong to voluntary associations, attend public meetings, vote in local elections, attend protest demonstrations and political rallies, and donate time and money to causes -- including secular ones. At the same time, Putnam and Campbell say their data show that religious people are just "nicer": they carry packages for people, don't mind folks cutting ahead in line and give money to panhandlers.|accessdate = 2007–10–18}}</ref><ref name="Relgion and Charity">{{cite web|url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2010-11-15-column15_ST_N.htm|title =Religious people are 'better neighbors'|publisher = [[USA Today]]|quote=However, on the other side of the ledger, religious people are also "better neighbors" than their secular counterparts. No matter the civic activity, being more religious means being more involved. Take, for example, volunteer work. Compared with people who never attend worship services, those who attend weekly are more likely to volunteer in religious activities (no surprise there), but also for secular causes. The differences between religious and secular Americans can be dramatic. Forty percent of worship-attending Americans volunteer regularly to help the poor and elderly, compared with 15% of Americans who never attend services. Frequent-attenders are also more likely than the never-attenders to volunteer for school and youth programs (36% vs. 15%), a neighborhood or civic group (26% vs. 13%), and for health care (21% vs. 13%). The same is true for philanthropic giving; religious Americans give more money to secular causes than do secular Americans. And the list goes on, as it is true for good deeds such as helping someone find a job, donating blood, and spending time with someone who is feeling blue. Furthermore, the "religious edge" holds up for organized forms of community involvement: membership in organizations, working to solve community problems, attending local meetings, voting in local elections, and working for social or political reform. On this last point, it is not just that religious people are advocating for right-leaning causes, although many are. Religious liberals are actually more likely to be community activists than are religious conservatives.|accessdate = 2007–10–18}}</ref> Nevertheless, the study found that religious people are somewhat less tolerant of free speech and dissent than were non-religious people.<ref name="Relgion and Charity 2">{{cite web|url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2010-11-15-column15_ST_N.htm|title =Religious people are 'better neighbors'|publisher = [[USA Today]]|quote=On the one hand, religious Americans are somewhat less tolerant of free speech and dissent.|accessdate = 2007–10–18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Atheism}}
[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Religion]]gfballsack

Irregular verb

2011-10-15T13:26:59Z

EthanWright:

An '''irregular verb''' is a [[verb]] that has some forms not following the [[regular verb|regular verbs]] conjugation patterns.

For example in English an irregular verb does not take on the "-d" or "-ed" ending for the Past Simple and [[Past participle|Past Participle]] forms. In some case, the conjugation does not change the spelling of the verb, whereas in others, it changes completely.

For example:

{| border="1" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px" width="30%"
|-
|-valign=top align="left"
|'''Present'''
|'''Simple past'''
|'''Past participle'''
|-valign=top align="left"
|quit
|quit
|quit
|-valign=top align="left"
|bite
|bit
|bitten
|-valign=top align="left"
|saw (wood)
|sawed
|sawn
|-valign=top align="left"
|ride
|rode
|ridden
|}

==External Links==
*[http://net3.valenciacc.edu/pss/Grammar/irreg_vbs.htm List] of common English irregular verbs and their tenses

[[category:Grammar]]gfballsack

Irreducibly complex

2011-10-15T13:26:58Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[Irreducible complexity]]gfballsack

Irreducible complexity

2011-10-15T13:26:54Z

EthanWright:

'''Irreducible Complexity''' is an argument used to support intelligent design that claims that all parts of a system are required for it to work properly, and the removal of any part would disable the whole system. The idea of irreducible complexity is that some systems are so complex that the removal or alteration of any part would prevent the system from functioning. Proponents of [[intelligent design]] claim that irreducible complexity is evidence that the system probably was designed by an intelligent agent of some sort.

For example, a car will not go without an engine. Indeed, the engine will not run without fuel and a starter motor. The designer must ensure that all parts work together to produce the intended function. A car could not just evolve.
[[Image:Wm Dembski.jpg|right|150px|thumb|[[William Dembski]]]]
[[William Dembski]] in his book ''No Free Lunch'', states the the following:

"A system performing a given basic function is irreducibly complex if it includes a set of well-matched, mutually interacting, non-arbitrarily individuated parts such that each part in the set is indispensable to maintaining the system's basic, and therefore original, function. The set of these indispensable parts is known as the irreducible core of the system. <ref>William Dembski, ''No Free Lunch'',(2001), p. 285. ISBN 0742512975</ref>

However, organisms that appear to have no unnecessary parts could have been built up from simpler parts that are no longer necessary. Irreducible complexity has been used by astronomer [[Fred Hoyle]] and biochemistry professor [[Michael Behe]] to argue against the idea of "[[evolution through natural selection]]". Hoyle compares the probability of all the parts of a [[cell]] coming together through natural forces to the probability of a cyclone in a [[hangar]] assembling all the parts of a [[Boeing 747]] aircraft.

William Dembski wrote the following in a essay:
{{Cquote|In a 1996 review of Michael Behe’s book Darwin's Black Box, James Shapiro, a molecular biologist at the University of Chicago, wrote: "There are no detailed Darwinian accounts for the evolution of any fundamental biochemical or cellular system, only a variety of wishful speculations. It is remarkable that Darwinism is accepted as a satisfactory explanation for such a vast subject -- evolution -- with so little rigorous examination of how well its basic theses work in illuminating specific instances of biological adaptation or diversity" (National Review, 16 September 1996). Five years later cell biologist Franklin Harold wrote a book for Oxford University Press titled The Way of the Cell. In virtually identical language, he notes: "There are presently no detailed Darwinian accounts of the evolution of any biochemical or cellular system, only a variety of wishful speculations." <ref>http://www.designinference.com/documents/2002.07.kurzweil_reply.htm</ref>}}
[[Image:6748yuhg.jpg|left|170px|thumb|[[Michael Behe]]]]
In addition, [[Michael Behe]] wrote the following:
{{Cquote|Molecular evolution is not based on scientific authority. There is no publication in the scientific literature—in prestigious journals, specialty journals, or book—that describes how molecular evolution of any real, complex, biochemical system either did occur or even might have occurred. There are assertions that such evolution occurred, but absolutely none are supported by pertinent experiments or calculations. Since no one knows molecular evolution by direct experience, and since there is no authority on which to base claims of knowledge, it can truly be said that—like the contention that the Eagles will win the Super Bowl this year—the assertion of Darwinian molecular evolution is merely bluster." - Michael J. Behe, [[Darwin’s Black Box]] (New York: The Free Press, 1996), p. 186<ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes10.html#wp1033719</ref>}}

[[Intelligent design]] theorists agree with Charles Darwin that a biological system could not make a gradual transition via small successive steps, unless each step provided an advantage to the species.

Behe presents several examples of organs and cells which he says could not have evolved through natural forces alone due to their irreducible complexity.

Behe introduced and defined this term on page 9 of his work, "Darwin's Black Box":

:Irreducible complexity is a "single system which is composed of several interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, and where the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning."

It is therefore a state of interacting components that could not function without all its parts. In particular, the term is used by proponents of [[intelligent design]] to argue that irreducibly complex biological systems cannot evolve.

The most commonly used examples of irreducibly complex biological systems are the human compound eye, the [[blood clotting cascade]], and the bacterial [[flagellum]]. Kenneth R. Miller describes hypothetical precursors to the flagellum's being used as ionic channels within [[bacteria]], known as the ''Type III Secretory System''.<ref>[http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/evol/design2/article.html The Flagellum Unspun]</ref> However, Professor Behe counters that Miller's criticism of his work is flawed. <ref>http://www.arn.org/docs/behe/mb_trueacidtest.htm</ref> Critics, including biology professor John McDonald, have countered Behe's toy model, the mouse trap, used to illustrate the concept. McDonald produced examples of how he considered the mousetrap to be "easy to reduce", eventually to a single part.<ref name=trap>[http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mousetrap.html A reducibly complex mousetrap] (graphics-intensive, requires [[JavaScript]])</ref> However, Professor Behe disputes the criticism of John McDonald. <ref>http://www.arn.org/docs/behe/mb_mousetrapdefended.htm</ref>

== See also ==
*[[General and Special Evidence for Intelligent Design in Biology]]

{{evolution}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Intelligent Design]]gfballsack

Irreducible Complexity

2011-10-15T13:26:48Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[Irreducible complexity]]gfballsack

Irreducibility

2011-10-15T13:26:46Z

EthanWright:

In mathematics, the idea of '''irreducibility''' plays a fundamental role. It concerns objects which cannot be broken down into simpler objects of the same kind. Mathematicians then focus their research on these "simplest" objects, the irreducibles. For example irreducible numbers are [[Prime_number|prime]], the building blocks of all other numbers.

Each of the following objects, sampled from across mathematical disciplines, has an irreducible version: [[Number]]s, [[polynomial]]s, [[Algebraic_variety|algebraic varieties]], [[Cantor set]]s, [[algebraic curve]]s, [[lattice]]s, non-deterministic [[set]]s, [[Topology|topological spaces]], [[Hyperbolic_geometry|hyperbolic geometries]], [[Simplex|simplices]] (simplexes), [[Polyhedron|polyhedra]], [[contour integral]]s, and [[harmonic series]].

[[Category:Mathematics]]gfballsack

Irrational numbers

2011-10-15T13:26:44Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[Irrational number]]gfballsack

Irrational number

2011-10-15T13:26:41Z

EthanWright:

An '''irrational number''' is a [[real number]] that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two [[integers]].

Irrational numbers often arise as solutions to problems involving rational numbers. For example, the square root of 2 is irrational. Other irrationals, such as [[pi]], serve as fundamental constants in many mathematical problems.

Irrational numbers can never be expressed exactly using decimal notation with a finite number of digits. Instead it is common to write them using only enough significant digits to solve the problem at hand, followed by an ellipsis (…):

:<math>\pi\ = 3.1415926...</math>

==See also==

[[Transcendental numbers]]

[[Category:mathematics]]gfballsack

Irrational Numbers

2011-10-15T13:26:36Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[irrational number]]gfballsack

Irradiation

2011-10-15T13:26:33Z

EthanWright:

'''Irradiation''' is the process where [[food]]s, such as [[poultry]], red [[meat]], spices, and fruits and vegetables, are subjected to small amounts of radiant energy including [[gamma ray]]s, [[electron beams]], and [[x-rays]] in amounts approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]]. USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service oversees the irradiation of [[meat]] and [[poultry]].

==References==
[http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Help/A-Z_Index/index.asp USDA Index]

[[Category:Food Terms]]gfballsack

Irony

2011-10-15T13:26:29Z

EthanWright:

Irony is an implied discrepancy between what is said or done and what is meant or expected to happen.

The term is is commonly used in U.S. English to refer to a type of [[rhetoric]] whereby a statement or assertion is made with the intention to put across the opposite meaning. E.g. "Oh I ''really'' like your coat." In British English this is more commonly referred to as [[sarcasm]]. Whether a particular statement is construed as irony or sarcasm can often be a matter of opinion. The Sarcasm Society <ref> http://www.sarcasmsociety.com/howtorecognizeirony/</ref> offers the following distinction:
:'''Sarcasm ''' can be illustrated by the speaker saying, "I appreciate your help.", when no help was provided to the speaker. However, when the speaker says, "It was a bit cold.", after losing a leg due to frost bite, this understatement can be construed as '''irony'''.

It might be useful to distinguish three kinds of irony <ref> definition adapted from: http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/lit_terms/irony.html</ref>:

'''Verbal irony''', when an author says one thing and means something else. This is sometimes called 'Socratic Irony' and is used by teachers pretending to be foolish or ignorant, to expose the ignorance of another.

'''Dramatic irony''', when an audience perceives something that a character in literature does not know. The effect can be tragic, such as in '[[Romeo & Juliet]]', where the fate of the characters is sealed at the start of the play, or comedic, such as in '[[Twelfth Night]]' where Malvolio is duped by Maria and Toby. Such irony can work in reverse, where some characters in drama understand their actions, but the audience is duped into thinking something else. Such is the situation in [[The Village]], or [[The Sixth Sense]].

'''Irony of situation''', a discrepency between the expected result and actual results. An example of this definition of ''irony'' might be a boxer betting his life savings on a fight he expects to lose, and then accidentally winning the fight.

Other types of irony include:

'''Romantic irony''', a narrative device whereby the author repeatedly reminds the audience of his presence in a written or performed work. Romantic irony can range from the subtle (the inclusion of a third chair in a scene with only two characters as a reminder of the author's invisible presence) to the overt ([[Lord Byron]]'s repeated allusions to himself and his craft in "Don Juan.")

'''Cosmic irony''' is predicated upon the notion that the fates, the gods, or the universe are either capricious or ultimately indifferent to human suffering. Thus, irony results from the contrast between the pathos of mankind's struggles and their ultimate futility. Cosmic irony is a hallmark of the naturalist literary movement; the works of [[Thomas Hardy]], in particular, invoke cosmic irony on a routine basis.

The current situation is further clouded by the fact that literature, cinema, fashion and behaviour can now be described as [[post irony|post ironic]]. This term is often used when a statement is made which is insulting, and which potentially could be true, is not meant as an insult. An example of this is being asked "Does my bum look big in this?", and replying: "It's looks bigger than an elephant's". This taken on face value could be seen to be insulting. However the implication here is that this latter statement is ironic, and no insult is intended. The problem with post irony is that it is often difficult to distinguish between fashion gaffs, insults and poor literature and attempts to be 'cool', 'subtle', and 'sophisticated'. <ref> For further clarification on this see the urban dictionary definition at http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=post-ironic </ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[category:communication]]gfballsack

Ironworking

2011-10-15T13:26:28Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[Iron]]gfballsack

Ironing board

2011-10-15T13:26:27Z

EthanWright:

An '''ironing board''' is a flat surface for the pressing of clothes by means of a hot [[iron]].

In some circles, ironing boards are part of [[extreme sports]].

[[category:tools]]
[[category:sports]]gfballsack

Ironic

2011-10-15T13:26:26Z

EthanWright:

#Redirect[[Irony]]gfballsack

Ironclad oath

2011-10-15T13:26:22Z

EthanWright:

The '''ironclad oath''' was a key device for the removal of ex-Confederates from the political arena during the [[Reconstruction]] of the United States in the 1860s. It required every white male to swear they had never borne arms against the Union or supported the Confederacy. Specifically they swore they "never voluntarily borne arms against the United States," had "voluntarily" given "no aid, countenance, counsel or encouragement" to persons in rebellion and had exercised or attempted to exercise the functions of no office under the Confederacy. Men who took the oath were eligible for office and were called [[Scalawags]]--an insulting term at the time now generally used by scholars.

Congress originally devised the oath in July 1862 to exclude pro-southern [[Copperheads]] from government by requiring it be sworn by all federal employees, lawyers and federally elected officials. [[Radical Republicans]] in Congress attempted to apply it to southern voters in the [[Wade-Davis Bill]] of 1864, but Lincoln vetoed it and it never went into effect. [[Andrew Johnson]] also opposed it; he and Lincoln wanted Southerners to swear an oath that '''in the future'' they would support the Union.

When the [[Radical Republicans]] gained full control of Congress in 1866 they used the backward-looking Ironclad Oath to prevent former Confederates from voting in the South, or serving on juries. In 1867 the US Supreme Court held that the federal ironclad oath for attorneys and the similar Missouri state oath<ref> See Johnson 1912</ref> for teachers and religious ministers were unconstitutional because they violated the constitutional prohibitions against bills of attainder and ex post facto laws.<ref> See Cummings v. Missouri, 4 Wall. 277 (1867); Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall. 333 (1867)</ref>

The ironclad oath was fiercely hated by Southern whites because it stripped most of the region's leaders of political power and seemed to violate the principles of [[Republicanism, U.S.|republicanism]] and consent of the governed. It was effectively ended in 1871 and finally repealed in 1884, but left a lasting legacy of hatred and distrust.<ref>Hyman 1959 p 264-5</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Belz, Herman. ''Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era'' (1978) pro-moderate. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103250477 online edition]
* Belz, Herman. ''Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy during the Civil War'' 1969
* Benedict, Michael Les ''A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863–1869'' 1974
* Benedict, Michael Les. "Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Bases of Radical Reconstruction," ''Journal of American History'' vol 61 #1 (1974) pp 65-90, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(197406)61%3A1%3C65%3APTCTCB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G online in JSTOR]
* Harris, William C. ''With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union'' 1997.
* Hyman; Harold M. ''A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution'' (1973) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58673628 online edition]
* Hyman, Harold M.' ''To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History'' 1959.
* Johnson, William T. "Missouri Test-Oath," in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1912) [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14538a.htm online version]

==See also==
* [[Reconstruction]]
* [[Scalawags]]
====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:Reconstruction]]gfballsack

Ironclad

2011-10-15T13:26:18Z

EthanWright:

An '''Ironclad''' is the name given to the first armor plated fighting ships. The introduction of the ironclads would soon make earlier wooden fighting vessels obsolete.

At the Battle of Sinope in 1853 a squadron of [[Turkish]] frigates was completely destroyed by [[Russia]]n shellfire which - apart from being one of the immediate causes of the [[Crimean War]] - had every major navy in the world scurrying to build armor-plated ships, or cover their wooden-hulled vessels with iron. The first true ironclad was the [[French]] "La Gloire" in 1859. The [[British]] followed the next year with the first all-iron warship, HMS "Warrior". "Ironclad" became the generic description for such vessels until "Dreadnought" replaced it in 1906.

The first engagement (really a duel) between ironclad ships, the [[Battle of Hampton Roads]], took place in 1862 during the [[American Civil War]] between the [[USS Merrimack]] and the [[USS Monitor]]. Neither ship was able to seriously damage the other, although both clearly outclassed wooden fighting ships. The first major battle in which ironclad ships took part was the [[Battle of Lissa]] between [[Austria]] and [[Italy]] on 20th July, 1866.

==Sources==

''Encyclopedia of Military History'', Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979

==External links==
*[http://www.wideopenwest.com/~jenkins/ironclads/ironclad.htm Ironclads and Blockade Runners of the American Civil War]

[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:Ships]]gfballsack

Iron curtain

2011-10-15T13:26:17Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[Iron Curtain]]gfballsack

Iron Smelting

2011-10-15T13:26:16Z

EthanWright:

Iron smelting is the process of developing [[iron]] tools. Humans began to use iron smelting in the [[Iron Age]], which started approximately 1000 B.C.

The invention of iron smelting was very influential to history, mainly because of their superiority to [[bronze]] tools.

[[category:industry]]gfballsack

Iron Man

2011-10-15T13:26:13Z

EthanWright:

'''Iron Man''' is a superhero found in the [[Marvel Comics|Marvel Universe]]. His real name is Anthony "Tony" Stark.

Tony Stark is an [[industrialist]], [[inventor]], and [[scientist]]. His mind ranks with other genius superheroes such as Hank "Yellowjacket" Pym and Reed "Mr. Fantastic" Richards. When Tony was younger, he supplied foreign nations with arms. However, his weapons fell into the wrong hands. Amidst a battle, he was wounded. His body was found by a local doctor known as Ho Yinsen. Yinsen repaired him the best he could. However [[shrapnel]] drew ever nearer to his heart and threatened his life, so Ho constructed a vest which would use an electromagnet to halt the shrapnel's progression. Tony would be confined to it for the rest of his life.

Ho Yinsen and Tony worked together and, by combining their genius, found a way to make the vest more portable. An Iron Man armor was constructed. It was gray, dull, and clunky, but had massive offensive capabilities. However, before the suit was completed Ho Yinsen found himself between Stark and the rebels who had incapacitated him. Yinsen bravely gave his life so Iron Man could live.

Stark was forever grateful and decided, in repentance of his thoughtless actions and in memory of Yinsen's sacrifice, he would be vigilant in continuing his fight against tyranny and evil.

Tony Stark is not, however, without his own flaws. He did spend some time as an [[alcoholic]]. But with the help of his friends, like [[Captain America]], Thor and Giant Man, he got through it. Because of this, he was indebted to them for the rest of his life.

Similar to [[Batman]], Iron Man has no innate superpowers (though his engineering genius might count as one). All of his powers are based on his armor, which is bulletproof, endows him with superhuman strength and the ability to fly, and bristles with weaponry. He has designed several variant suits for different tasks--for example, an enormous suit he calls "Hulkbuster" is used to corral the Hulk during his rampages. Tony carefully guards the technology he uses in his suit to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands.

[[category:Comic Books]]gfballsack

Iron Lady

2011-10-15T13:26:12Z

EthanWright:

#redirect[[Margaret Thatcher]]gfballsack

Iron Eagle

2011-10-15T13:26:09Z

EthanWright:

'''''Iron Eagle''''' (1986) is a movie about a hotshot teen pilot whose [[F-16|father's plane]] was shot down by [[MiG-23|MiG]]'s of an [[Islamic]] country over the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

Doug Masters spent more time on a jet fighter simulator than doing his homework, so his grades were not good enough to get into the Air Force Academy. To avenge a prank against his girlfriend, Doug challenges the town bully to a plane vs. motorbike race through Snake Canyon - but the bully (and his gang) are cheats.

The confrontation with the bullies mirrors an attack on Doug's father - who had been flying in international airspace when shot down, so he could be held hostage. The film doesn't say which country was involved, only that it claimed a "200 mile limit" while the US only recognizes 12 miles, and "Bilyad" sounds a lot like [[Libya]]; see [[Gulf of Sidra incident]].

After hearing the bad news about his dad - and the fact that the US is planning no military response, Doug borrows some time on the world's most expensive video game (an F-16 flight simulator vs. MiGs). He finds out the pilot whose simulator time he borrowed is Colonel Charles Sinclair (USAF Reserve), the airplane mechanic who helped him win the Snake Canyon bet. They have a tense conversation about rescuing Doug's dad.

The next day, Doug graduates from high school, reflecting on the inspiring words of the valedictorian's speech: "Be grateful for the freedom and sustenance we received, and believe in ourselves." He gathers his friends together, like Colonel Blaze's son who gets the latest intelligence reports by sneaking past Hazel (to the tune of [[Twisted Sister]]'s "We're Not Gonna Take it").

[[Lou Gosset]] applies his "flair for projecting quiet authority" <ref>http://www.louisgossett.com/</ref> to his characterization of an airplane mechanic willing to help Doug plan a clandestine rescue mission. Chappy's Motown jukebox provides an amusing intergenerational contrast with Doug's Heavy Metal. Col. Masters earned Chappy's respect when he stood up for him against some racist pilots.

While some may have felt the film's plot was cheesy, the air combat scenes were quite realistic. <ref>The Israel Air Force puts in an unaccredited cameo role in the ''Iron Eagle'' series. All the aerial work was shot in Israel using IAF pilots and IAF F-16, [[IAI Kfir|Kfir]] and [[F-4 Phantom]] jets. The [[F-16]]s, of course, were painted in [[United States Air Force|USAF]] colors and the Kfirs and Phantoms were supposed to be the evil enemy MiGs. ... the flying is sublime. [http://www.flightsim.com/cgi/kds?$=main/review/dvd3.htm] </ref>

==Critical evaluation==

Despite being panned by the critics, ''Iron Eagle'' contains many iconic themes and ethical lessons for young men. Patriotism, love of father, respect for people of other races, honor, gratitude, loyalty, initiative, perseverance & determination, bravery, teamwork.

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Movies]]gfballsack

Iron Curtain

2011-10-15T13:26:04Z

EthanWright:

[[Image:Iron Curtain caricature.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A caricature published by the [[Daily Mail]] in 1946 following Churchill's speech.]]
The [[Iron Curtain]] was a metaphorical term referring to the physical and ideological division across post-[[World War II]] [[Europe]], which restricted travel, commerce and communication between the nations of the West and the nations under the control of the [[Soviet Union]].

It was erected by the Soviet Union after the war and was the first part of the [[Cold War]]. Although drawn from the use of actual "curtains" of iron used in [[theater]]s to prevent the spread of fire, the phrase was probably first used in a metaphorical sense by [[H. G. Wells]] in 1901, and later by [[Joseph Goebbels]] (February 1945) and [[German]] politician Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (May 1945). It achieved wider exposure and popularity when it was used by [[Winston Churchill]] in a speech at Westminster College, Fulton, [[Missouri]] on 5 March 1946: "From [[Stettin]] in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent."<ref>''Sinews of Peace'' Speech by Winston Churchill [http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html The History Guide]. Accessed 5 February 2008</ref> [[Stalin]] responded to Churchill's speech by calling it a "declaration of war".<ref>''Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe'' International Relations 1945-1991 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/sovietexpansionineasterneuroperev2.shtml BBC Schools]. Accessed 5 February 2008</ref><ref>'''Zubok, Vladislov''' ''Stalin used Churchill speech to tighten Iron Curtain'' [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/02/reflections/ CNN Interactive]. Accessed 5 February 2008</ref> The [[Berlin Wall]] became its most visible symbol, dividing the German city into the free [[West Berlin]] and [[East Berlin]] under Soviet [[dictator]]ship.

The Iron Curtain fell after a series of events in the 1980s, perhaps best symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, followed by the Soviet Union itself in 1991.<ref>''Berlin Wall Timeline'' [http://www.dailysoft.com/berlinwall/history/berlinwall-timeline.htm Berlin Wall Online]. Accessed 5 February 2008</ref>

The shootdown of [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]], carrying 269 people, incuding Congressman [[Larry McDonald]] from Georgia, being a catalyst for the collapse of the Soviet Union may be inferred from the fact that [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] had decided, under the impetus of the U.S. administration, to deploy [[Pershing II]] and cruise [[missile]]s in [[Europe]], primarily [[West Germany]]. This deployment would have placed missiles just 6-10 minutes striking distance from [[Moscow]]. But support for the deployment was wavering and many doubted that the missile deployment would find enough support to effect it.When the Soviet Union shot down Flight 007 with 269 people aboard—an act which U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] characterized as a "massacre"—enough support was galvanized for the deployment. Many believe this U.S. confrontational demonstration of strength to be a factor in the demise of the Soviet Union.

==In popular culture==

*In the 2004 film ''[[C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America]]'', a similar "Cotton Curtain" is erected between the [[Confederate States of America]] (in that universe having won the [[American Civil War]]) and [[Canada]] for almost identical purposes to those of the Iron Curtain.

==Further reading==
*'''Harbutt, Fraser J.''' ''The Iron Curtain: Churchill, America, and the Origins of the Cold War'' (Oxford University Press, 1989) ISBN 0-1950-5422-9
*'''Rose, Brian''' ''The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain'' (Princeton Architectural Press, 2004) ISBN 1-5689-8493-6.

==References==
<References/>

[[category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Communism]]gfballsack

Iron Cross

2011-10-15T13:26:03Z

EthanWright:

The '''Iron Cross''' (''Eisernes Kreuz'') was a [[Prussian]], from 1939 [[German]] military decoration for bravery in war instituted in 1813 and last awarded in 1945. During the [[Second World War]] it was awarded as the Iron Cross Second Class and First Class; there also existed the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with five degrees ranging from simple Knight's Cross to Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds.

[[Category:Germany]]gfballsack

Iron Age

2011-10-15T13:26:01Z

EthanWright:

The '''Iron Age''' refers to that time in a culture when its [[tool]]s, [[utensil]]s and [[weapon]]s are primarily manufactured from [[iron]].

Smelted iron in the form of meteoritic particles were valued and used in ancient times as adornment. Sometime before 1600BC the technology required to smelt iron ore was developed within the [[Hittite]] lands in northern Anatolia ([[Turkey]]). With the downfall of the Hittite Empire, circa 1100BC, the knowledge spread, and iron soon replaced bronze for tools and weapons. Whilst the technology is more difficult, iron ore is far more abundant in the [[earth]].

Iron was in common use in the [[Middle East]] and the [[Mediterranean]] basin by not long after 1000BC, and spread to the rest of [[Eurasia]] in the following centuries.

In [[sub-Saharan Africa]], iron proceeded directly from stone, as it arrived at about the same time as [[bronze]]. In the [[New World]] iron was introduced by the European invaders in the 15th to 17th centuries AD.

Unlike previous “ages” the Iron Age as a term does not refer to the full period of reliance on iron. The description of Britain as “Iron Age” ends with the [[Roman]] invasion in the first century AD. In much of the rest of Europe the great migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries are considered the end of the “Iron Age". The ancient cultures of [[Asia]] are not normally referred to as having an Iron Age.

[[Category:anthropology]]
[[Category:Archaeology]]gfballsack

Iron-clad oath

2011-10-15T13:26:01Z

EthanWright:

#redirect[[Ironclad oath]]gfballsack

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

2011-10-15T13:25:58Z

EthanWright:

'''Iron-Deficiency Anemia''' is a common and easily treated condition that occurs when there is not enough [[iron]] in the body. It is the most common type of [[anemia]]. A lack of iron in the body can come from bleeding, not eating enough foods that contain iron, or not absorbing enough iron from food that is eaten.

== Anemia ==

The term "anemia" (uh-NEE-me-uh) is used for a group of conditions in which the number of red [[blood]] cells in the blood is lower than normal, or the red blood cells don’t have enough hemoglobin (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin—an iron-rich protein that gives the red color to blood—carries the [[oxygen]] from the [[lungs]] to the rest of the body. In people with anemia, the blood does not carry enough oxygen to the rest of the body. Red blood cells also remove carbon dioxide, a waste product, from cells and carry it to the lungs to be exhaled.

Red blood cells also are called RBCs or erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-sites). Normal red blood cells are all about the same size and look like doughnuts without a hole in the center. They are produced by the spongy marrow inside the large [[bone]]s of the body. Healthy red blood cells have an average lifespan of 120 days. When they die, the iron from the hemoglobin is recycled to make new red blood cells.

There are many types of anemia. The three major causes of anemia are blood loss, decreased production of red blood cells, or increased destruction of red blood cells. White blood cells and platelets are the two other kinds of blood cells. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help blood to clot. In some kinds of anemia, there are low amounts of all three types of blood cells. The most common symptom of all types of anemia is feeling tired because the body is not receiving enough oxygen.

== Iron-Deficiency Anemia ==

In iron-deficiency anemia, the body does not have enough iron to form hemoglobin, which means there is not enough hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the whole body. The body gets its iron from food. The main foods that contain iron are liver, sardines, meat, dried peaches, and shellfish as well as iron-fortified foods (that is, foods that have iron added).<ref>[http://www.loveyourbaby.com/iron-rich-food-list.html Iron rich food list]</ref> A steady supply of iron is needed to form hemoglobin and healthy red blood cells.

A person can have low iron levels for three reasons:

* Blood loss, either from disease or injury
* Not getting enough iron in the diet
* Not being able to absorb the iron in the diet

Iron-deficiency anemia also can develop when the body needs higher levels of iron, such as during pregnancy.

== Effects of Iron-Deficiency Anemia on the Body ==

Iron-deficiency anemia can range from mild to severe. A mild case usually causes no symptoms or problems. However, a severe case can cause extreme fatigue (tiredness) and weakness. Severe iron-deficiency anemia can lead to serious problems for young children and pregnant women, and it can affect the heart.

In young children, iron-deficiency anemia can cause a heart murmur and delays in growth and development. It puts a child at greater risk for [[lead poisoning]] and [[infection]]s, and it can cause behavior problems.

In pregnant women, iron-deficiency anemia can increase the risk of a premature delivery and a low-birth-weight baby.

The heart is affected when there is a lack of [[oxygen]] in the body. The heart has to work harder to get enough oxygen throughout the body. Over time, this stress on the heart can lead to a fast or irregular heartbeat, chest pain, an enlarged heart, and even [[heart failure]].

== Important General Information ==

A lack of iron in the body is the most common nutritional problem. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia. It is most often found in young children, pregnant women, and women of childbearing age. In fact, it affects half of all pregnant women and 1 out of 5 women of childbearing age.

== Outlook ==

Iron-deficiency anemia can be treated successfully. The causes of iron-deficiency anemia can most often be treated successfully as well. However, if not treated, it can lead to severe symptoms and serious problems.

== See also ==

*[[Vegetarianism]]

== Sources ==

* [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Browse/Blood.html NIH Glossary]
[[category:medicine]]gfballsack

Iron

2011-10-15T13:25:56Z

EthanWright:

{{Element
| name= Iron
| symbol= Fe
| anumber= 26
| amass= 55.8 amu
| state= Solid
| class= Transition metal
| cstructure= body-centered cubic
| color= gray metallic
| date=
| discname=
| origname=
| uses= weapons
| obtained=
}}
'''Iron''' (Fe) is a [[ferromagnetic]] [[metal]].

The technology to forge iron into weapons was discovered in the near east sometime around 1150 BC. Iron is much stronger than [[bronze]] and has many other advantages.
Iron was used in [[construction]] but has since been replaced by [[steel]]. The [[Eiffel Tower]] and [[Golden Gate Bridge]] are made of iron, as is the [[Iron Pillar of Delhi]].
Iron will [[oxidize]] at when in contact with water. These iron oxides are commonly called [[rust]]. It is one of the few magnetic elements ([[nickel]] and [[cobalt]] are the others). Iron is one of the main elements used to make steel, along with carbon and trace amounts of other metals.

Iron is also a component of [[red blood cell]]s in the form of [[hemoglobin]].

Mention of iron is found in numerous [[Bible]] quotes such as: ''Iron sharpens iron.'' --''Proverbs 27:17

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Elements]]gfballsack

Irn Bru

2011-10-15T13:25:54Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[Scotland]]gfballsack

Irish language

2011-10-15T13:25:53Z

EthanWright:

'''Irish''' (''Gaeilge'') is a [[celtic language]] spoken in a number of areas of western [[Ireland]] known as the [[Gaeltacht]]; it is the official language of the [[Republic of Ireland]] although the population is largely [[English]]-speaking. Irish is similar in form to [[Gaelic]], spoken in parts of western [[Scotland]].

[[Category:Celtic languages]]
[[Category:Ireland]]gfballsack

Irish Whistle

2011-10-15T13:25:52Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[Tin Whistle]]gfballsack

Irish War of Independence

2011-10-15T13:25:50Z

EthanWright:

The '''Irish War of Independence''' (1919-1921) was fought between [[Britain]] and [[Irish]] nationalists seeking to create an independent Irish republic. The protagonists were on the British side the British Army and the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] (RIC) and on the Irish side the [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA), formerly known as the [[Irish Volunteers]].

The war was a [[guerrilla]] conflict, and the main areas of combat were [[Dublin]] and the remote areas of south-west Ireland. Assassinations and atrocities were carried out by both sides. The British government notoriously set up two paramilitary formations attached to the RIC: the ''Black and Tans'', a reserve police unit recruited from British ex-servicemen and named for the mix of the dark green RIC uniforms and khaki British army uniforms that they wore, and the Police Auxiliaries (''Auxies''), recruited from ex-officers. Both the Tans and the Auxies gained a fearsome reputation for violence and indiscipline, and were implicated in the burning of the city centre of [[Cork]] in reprisal for an IRA attack. In the countryside of south-west Ireland, the IRA were able to establish some territorial control - British units could enter only in heavily-armoured columns, and were prey to ambushes - but in Dublin it was restricted to hit-and-run attacks. There were two major exceptions. On 20 November 1920, known as '[[Bloody Sunday]]', IRA gunmen killed 14 British secret service agents in the city; in reprisal, that afternoon British troops surrounded the [[Croke Park]] sports ground where a [[Gaelic Football]] match was taking place and fired into the crowd, killing 14 spectators. On 25 May 1921 a large IRA formation captured and burned the Custom House in Dublin, destroying the tax records of Ireland (and much other material besides).

==Portrayal in Film==
This era has been depicted in films such as [[John Ford]]'s [[The Informer]], [[Neil Jordan]]'s [[biopic]] of [[Michael Collins]], and [[The Wind that Shakes the Barley]], by [[Marxist]] director [[Ken Loach]].

[[Category:Wars]]
[[Category:Irish History]]gfballsack

Irish Volunteers

2011-10-15T13:25:49Z

EthanWright:

The '''Irish Volunteers''' was a [[militia |paramilitary]] organisation founded in [[Ireland]] in 1913 in reponse to the establishment in 1912 of the [[Ulster Volunteers]], a paramilitary body pledged to fight any attempt to force [[Ulster]] to submit to a proposed [[Home Rule]] government in [[Dublin]] (the 'Home Rule' policy being proposed by the British Government sought to give certain powers of internal self-government to Ireland, which would still remain within the [[United Kingdom]]). It was dominated by members of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]], a republican secret society, and fought alongside the [[Irish Citizen Army]] in the failed [[Easter Rising]] of 1916. In 1919 the Irish Volunteers were reconstituted as the [[Irish Republican Army]] which are regarded as terrorists.

[[Category:Ireland]]gfballsack

Irish Step Dancing

2011-10-15T13:25:45Z

EthanWright:

#REDIRECT [[Irish Dance]]gfballsack

Irish Sea

2011-10-15T13:25:43Z

EthanWright:

The '''Irish Sea''' is an extension of the [[Atlantic Ocean]], between the Islands of [[Great Britain]] and [[Ireland]]. It stretches from the [[Celtic Sea]] in the South, to the [[North Channel]] between [[Scotland]] and [[Northern Ireland]] in the North. Roughly in the centre of the Irish Sea, lies the [[UK]] dependancy, the [[Isle of Man]] (Ellan Vallin in the [[Manx]] Language).

[[Category:Seas]]gfballsack