Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Moon

2011-03-10T01:38:58Z

Dpbsmith: Image and Sir Patrick Spens quote belong in the "Earthshine" section

{{Planet|image=Moon2.jpg
|caption=The Moon one week after [[full moon]]
|primary=Earth
|periapsis=363,300 km<ref name=moonfact>"[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html Moon Fact Sheet]," [[NASA]], April 19, 2007. Accessed May 3, 2008.</ref>
|apoapsis=405,500 km<ref name=moonfact/>
|semimajor=384,400 km<ref name=moonfact/><ref name=ssdorbit>"[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_elem Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters]." [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]], [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]]. Accessed March 25, 2008.</ref>
|orbitradius=378,000 km
|eccentricity=0.0549<ref name=moonfact/><ref name=ssdorbit/>
|sidereal=27.3217 da
|synodic=29.530588 da
|orbitspeed=1.023 km/s
|inclination=18.28°<ref name=moonfact/>
|siderealday=27.3217 da<ref name=moonfact/><ref name=ssdorbit/>
|solarday=29.530588 da
|mass=7.35 * 1022 (1.23% earth)<ref name=moonfact/>
|density=3350 kg/m³<ref name=ssdphys>"[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters]." [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]], [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]]. Accessed March 25, 2008.</ref>
|surfacegrav=1.62 m/s² (0.165 ''g'')<ref name=moonfact/>
|escapespeed=2.38 km/s<ref name=moonfact/>
|meanradius=1737.1 km<ref name=moonfact/><ref name=ssdphys/>
|equatorradius =1738.1 km<ref name=moonfact/>
|polarradius =1736.0 km<ref name=moonfact/>
|surfacearea=37,919,000 km² (7.434% earth)
|mintemp=100 K
|meantemp=250 K
|maxtemp=400 K
|albedo=0.12<ref name=moonfact/>
|pmdm=1.3 * 1015 N-m/T<ref name=Humphreys>Humphreys, D. R. "[http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/21/21_3/21_3.html The Creation of Planetary Magnetic Fields]." ''Creation Research Society Quarterly'' 21(3), December 1984. Accessed April 29, 2008.</ref>
|cmdm=1.73 * 1022 N-m/T<ref name=Humphreys/>
|mdt=364 a<ref name=Humphreys/>
|mhl=252.3 a<ref name=calc>Calculated</ref>
}}The '''Moon''' is a natural [[satellite]] orbiting the [[Earth]] at an average distance of about 238,000 miles (380,000 km).

The Moon is unique in the solar system in its large relative size compared with the [[Earth]]. The Moon appears from the Earth to be the same size as the [[sun]], in perfect artistic symmetry, unlike any known other planet-moon system. Moreover, unlike most planets in the [[solar system]], [[Earth]] has only one moon. And the Moon has one more remarkable artistic attribute: it rotates and revolves in a way such that only one side is ever visible to the Earth. To those on Earth the Moon appears as a pale disc which goes through phases in which greater or lesser amounts of the side lit by the sun are visible from Earth.

[[Atheists]] cannot explain the [[Origin of the Moon]], despite many failed attempts.

==The Moon as God's creation==

The Earth's moon has several striking characteristics. To many Christians, these characteristics appear as "clues" or "hints" left by God for men to discover. <ref>http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/gem-projects/hm/0102-1-phase/CALENDARS.htm</ref>

===Size of its disc===

The Moon appears to have approximately the same size as the [[Sun]] when viewed from Earth. This creates a unique symmetry and phenomenal [[solar eclipse|solar eclipses]].
The Moon is just far enough away from the Earth to appear the same size of the Sun.
The odds of this occurring by chance are nearly zero.

===Rotation and revolution===

The Moon presents the same side to [[Earth]] at all times. That means that the rotation of the Earth offsets the separate effects of the revolution of the Moon. Physical explanations rely on [[tidal locking]], asserting that tidal forces on Earth caused a bulge on the Moon, thereby creating a drag on the rotation of the Moon until its same face always presents to the Earth.<ref> The same theory suggested that the planet [[Mercury]] had a similar locked rotation due to gravitational forces from the sun, such that the same side of Mercury always faces the sun. In fact, that is false. [[Mercury]]'s tidal locking is incomplete and it does not always present the same face to the sun.</ref> In fact, current tidal forces exerted by the [[Earth]] on the Moon cannot account fully for its bulge or egg shape.<ref>"[http://physics.fortlewis.edu/Astronomy/astronomy%20today/CHAISSON/AT308/HTML/AT30803.HTM Chapter 8, Section 3: The Rotation of the Moon]," "Astronomy Today", Department of Physics, Fort Lewis College, Durango, [[Colorado|CO]]. Accessed February 18, 2008</ref>

===Origin theories===

Most astronomers assert that the Moon originated from a collision early in Earth's history which created an orbiting ring of debris from the [[iron]]-poor surface of the planet which eventually coalesced into the moon.<ref>http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2198</ref> This theory, however, is contrary to key observations of the Moon, such as the relatively low levels of [[iron]] in the Moon's crust.<ref>J. H. Jones: [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/origin98/pdf/4045.pdf Tests of the Giant Impact Hypothesis]</ref> Biblical history records the Moon being created on the fourth day of [[creation week]], along with the Sun.

===Rate of recession===

The Moon currently recedes from the Earth at a rate of 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) per year<ref>NASA [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/ApolloLaser.html Measuring the Moon's Distance], LPI Bulletin, No. 72, August, 1994.</ref>, and is believed by [[atheist]]ic scientists to be 4.6 billion years old,<ref>NASA, [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-15-2.html Apollo Expeditions to the Moon], Chapter 15.2.</ref> The Moon could never have been closer than about 11,000 miles or it would have been broken up by tidal forces.<ref name="js">Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/764/ The moon: the light that rules the night], ''Creation'' 20(4):36–39, September 1998.</ref> If the rate of recession stayed constant at 3.8 cm per year, it would take 9.6 billion years for the lunar distance to migrate from 11,000 miles to the present distance of about 240,000 miles. 

===Impact Craters===
Astronomers assume that crater impacts are a reliable indicator of the age of a celestial body. True to the form and principles of [[uniformitarianism]] (as applied to [[astronomy]] rather than to [[geology]]), any such estimation relies upon uniform constants and weather/erosion trends. Recent research into crater impacts on the moon suggests that many of the assumptions previously made are unwarranted. Bonnie Buratti of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has asserted that space weathering "takes place very rapidly on the Moon."<ref>David, Leonard. "[http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/lunar_impact_021214.html Lunar Crash of 1953: Impact Crater Identified]." <http://www.space.com>, December 14, 2002. Accessed January 16, 2008.</ref> Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario insists that there is no absolute criteria for the dating of craters.<ref>Hecht, Jeff. "[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3242 New crater revives Moon mystery]." <http://www.newscientist.com>, January 11, 2003. Accessed January 16, 2008.</ref>

===Creationist models===
Danny Faulkner of the [[Institute for Creation Research]] has observed that many of the lunar maria contain ''ghost craters'', or craters that the lava flow that produced the maria seem to have filled only partially. In the [[deep time]] scale required by [[uniformitarianism]], the ghost craters are the result of impacts that occurred as much as half a gigayear before the crust-fracturing impacts that caused the lava flows.<ref name=Henderson>Henderson, Thomas H. "[http://www.hal-pc.org/~tom/HeavyCratering.html Do heavily cratered planets and moons demand an old age for the solar system]?" ''Tom Henderson's Creation Resources'', July 25, 2003. Accessed March 25, 2008.</ref> This is not a reasonable assumption, because any impact strong enough to crack the crust should have obliterated any craters previously extant. Faulkner thus concludes that the impacts that formed the ghost craters, and those that let loose the lava flows that formed the maria, occurred within days of one another<ref name=Faulkner1>Faulkner, Danny. "[http://www.icr.org/research/index/researchp_df_r01/ The Current State of Creation Astronomy]." ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Creationism,'' Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, pp. 201–216, August 3-8, 1998. Hosted at ''[[Institute for Creation Research]].'' Accessed March 25, 2008.</ref> and were probably part of at least one system-wide catastrophe involving a narrow stream of meteoroids and/or comets that delivered a concentrated bombardment of the Earth and Moon in a short interval.<ref name=Faulkner2>Faulkner, Danny. "[http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/1637 A Biblically-based cratering theory]." ''Technical Journal'' (now ''Journal of Creation''), 13(1):100-104, April 1999.</ref>

Faulkner assumes that this system-wide catastrophe occurred during the year of the [[Great Flood]]. But in 1984, Russell Humphreys, then at the Sandia National Laboratories, developed evidence suggesting different dates entirely. Specifically, the [[Project Apollo]] exploration teams brought back many samples of [[basalt]] (an [[igneous rock]]) and [[brecchia]] (pulverized meteor-impact remains). Geologists analyzed both types of samples and found evidence that each type of rock had once been in a magnetic field far more powerful than that which the Moon has today. Using his model for the creation and decay of magnetic fields<ref name=Humphreys/>, Humphreys determined that the basalt had been laid down about 370 years after creation, and the brecchia had been laid down 1840 years after creation, or about 190 years after the Flood.<ref name=Humphreys2>Humphreys reasoned that the higher the magnetic dipole moment of the samples, the earlier in lunar history they were formed.</ref> These findings clearly suggest that the Moon, and presumably all other bodies in the solar system, have been subject to two separate system-wide bombardments, one occurring in the second or third generation after the [[fall of man]] and the other occurring well after the Flood.

==Tides==

The gravitational force of the Moon causes the ocean [[tides]]; these tidal forces have other effects as well. These tidal forces have the effect of creating resistance which slows down the rotation of both objects. In the case of the Earth, the result is that the Earth's rotation slows on the order of one millisecond per century. The Moon's rotation is locked in to its period of revolution, and the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth.

==The "dark" or far side==

The phrase "the ''dark'' side of the Moon" is inaccurate because the Moon does rotate relative to the Sun, with the same period as its period of revolution, once every 29 days. Our view of the Moon from the Earth always shows the same side of the Moon, with the same markings and features. When the Moon is full, the entire side that faces us is experiencing lunar "day" and is lit by the Sun. Two weeks later, when the Moon is new, the side that faces us is experiencing solar "night" and is unlit (and virtually invisible).

The far side of the moon is far more heavily cratered than the near, and the predominant type of cratering is consistent with brecchia-forming meteor impact. This would suggest that the far side suffered its bombardment in the latter of the two catastrophes that Humphreys suggests that the Moon has suffered.

Due to a slight "wobble" in the lunar motion called ''libration,'' we actually see a little bit more than half of the Moon's surface; sometimes it is turned a bit one way and sometimes the other. However, nobody had any idea of what the far side of the Moon looked like until 1959, when a Soviet satellite photographed it and relayed pictures back.
==Earthshine==
[[image:oldmooninnew.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The "old Moon in the new Moon's arms"]]
In the old Scottish ballad ''Sir Patrick Spens''<ref>Child, Francis James (1860), ''The English and Scottish Popular Ballads,'' [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/child/ch058.htm No. 58]; the ballad is thought to refer to an actual event of the year A.D. 1290.</ref>, a sailor cautions:

:"I saw the new moon late yestreen
::With the old moon in her arm;
:And if we go to sea, master,
::I fear we'll come to harm."

The effect known as "the old Moon in the new Moon's arms" can often be seen when the Moon is a narrow [[crescent]]. Within the intensely bright crescent, a dim and mysterious view of the entire circular moon is seen. The effect is also known as ''earthshine'' because it is light from the Sun reflected off the Earth to the Moon and back that lights up the darker portion of the Moon. The bright crescent is lit by the Sun and is in full daylight. The rest of the Moon is not lit by the Sun; but an [[astronaut]] standing in this area would see a "full Earth" dominating the nighttime sky, lighting it up by its earthshine. The brightness of Earthshine, and hence the visibility of the old Moon in the new Moon's arms, varies. When the Earth is covered with clouds, or when there is a lot of snow-pack on the side of the Earth facing the Moon, the Earth is a white and bright and the Earthshine is intense. When the Earth looks like a "big, blue marble," it is less intense.

==Lunar calendars==

Throughout history, many calendar systems have been based on the phases of the moon.

The months of the [[Islam|Muslim]] [[calendar]] are determined by observations of the [[hilal]], the moment at which the thin crescent moon first becomes visible. This marks the start of a month. Traditionally, and today in [[Pakistan]] and [[Jordan]], hilal is determined by actual observation and can be affected by weather and other factors. When following the traditional method, it is not actually possible to be certain precisely when future months will begin. In most Muslim countries, actual observation has been replaced by [[astronomy|astronomical]] rules.

==The moon in culture==

"The Old Moon in the New Moon's Arms" is the title of a poem by [[Ella Wheeler Wilcox]], in which she interprets the effect as the New Moon wishing that her lost love, the Old Moon, be in her arms one last time; Venus grants the wish, and:

:Swift thro' the vapors and the golden mist— 
::The Full Moon's shadowy shape shone on the night, 
:The New Moon reached out clasping arms and kissed 
::Her phantom lover in the whole world's sight. 

== Trivia==
Although the Moon is often described as revolving around the Earth, this is slightly inaccurate: the Earth and the Moon ''both'' revolve around their ''barycenter'', their common [[centroid|center of mass]]. This point is 1,700 below the earth's surface, which is about 1/4 of the earth's [[radius]].<ref> The radius of the Earth is 6,378 kilometers, so that means that the barycenter is located INSIDE the Earth about 1707 kilometers below its surface. [http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q665.html] </ref>

The combined motion is like an athlete performing an [[Olympics| Olympic]] hammer throw: one object swings in a large circle, the other almost pivots around a fixed point but actually performs a small opposing circle of its own. <ref>The Earth and the Moon orbit each other around a gravitational midpoint called the ''barycenter.'' This point is, however, actually inside the Earth, about 3/4 of its radius from its center. It is not the Earth, but the barycenter of the Earth-Moon system, that orbits the [[Sun]] in a near-perfect ellipse. Relative to this ellipse, Earth is 3,000 miles closer to the Sun at full moon and 3,000 miles further from the Sun at new moon.</ref>

When speaking of things having to do with the moon, the adjective ''lunar'' is used. The Greek-derived prefixed root ''selen-'' followed by the morpheme ''-o-'' is used as well; for example, the [[science]] of mapping the moon is called ''[[selenography]]'' (morphemes: ''selen-o-graph-y''). (Note, however, that the apsides of the orbits of the [[Project Apollo]] spacecraft were always called ''pericynthion'' and ''apocynthion'', not "periselene" and "aposelene.")

== Other moons ==
[[Image:Many_Moons.jpg|250px|left]]
While the Moon of [[Earth]] is the best-known satellite of any [[planet]], other planets in our solar system also have moons. Earth has the least number of moons (one), while [[Jupiter]] has sixty-two. The first extraterrestrial moons to be discovered were the four Galilean moons ([[Io]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede]], and [[Callisto]]. Next to these, Earth's Moon is one of the largest, but Jupiter and [[Saturn]] have moons in orbit about them that might qualify as planets if they orbited the [[Sun]] instead.

=== Sizes of moons ===
Most moons in the solar system are no larger than typical asteroids. They are of irregular shape, have light and variable surface gravities, and are often unstable in their orbits. [[Phobos]] and [[Deimos]], the moons of [[Mars]], fall into this category.

Earth's own moon is an example of a [[dwarf planet]]-sized moon. These moons are so large that their own self-gravity forces them to collapse into spheres or spheroids. Some of them, like [[Ganymede]] and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], are larger even than the planet [[Mercury]]. Earth's moon was, of course, known to the ancients, but the remaining dwarf-planet-sized moons were generally the first to be discovered in orbit around any given primary. [[Galileo Galilei]] discovered the first four of these in orbit about [[Jupiter]] early in the seventeenth century; [[Christiaan Huygens]] then discovered Titan of [[Saturn]] later in that same century.

== Symbolic Importance in Islam ==
The crescent moon is an internationally recognized symbol of [[Islam]]. It appears on the flags of several Islamic nations. It also forms part of the official emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. <ref>http://islam.about.com/od/history/a/crescent_moon.htm</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Origin of the Moon]]
== External links ==

*[http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm Glossary]
==Further reading==
* Donna Henes. ''The Moon Watcher's Companion: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Moon, and More'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Moon-Watchers-Companion-Everything-Wanted/dp/1569244669/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241592218&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]
* David Schrunk et al. ''The Moon: Resources, Future Development and Settlement'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Moon-Resources-Development-Settlement-Exploration/dp/0387360557/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241592379&sr=1-12 excerpt and text search]
* Seymour Simon, ''The Moon'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Moon-Seymour-Simon/dp/0689835639/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241592218&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

== Notes and References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Solarsystem}}
[[Category:Astronomy]]

The Chordettes

2011-03-10T01:33:04Z

Dpbsmith:

'''The Chordettes''' was a famous and successful women's [[Barbershop harmony|barbershop quartet]].

Originally organized in Sheboygan, Wisconsin in 1946, '''the Chordettes''' were introduced to the nation by [[Arthur Godfrey]]’s radio program where they became regulars for four years starting in 1949.

The original members were [[Janet Ertel]], [[Carol Bushman]], [[Dorothy Schwartz]] and [[Jinny Osborn]]. In 1952, [[Lynn Evans]] replaced Schwartz and in 1953 [[Margie Needham]] replaced Osburn who took time off for having a baby, but would return to the group. [[Nancy Overton]] was also a member of the group at a later time.

Signed by Cadence Records, in 1954, the Chordettes landed on the Hit Parade with their biggest hit, “Mr. Sandman”, where it would be number one for seven weeks. They returned in 1956 with “Eddie My Love” and a top five hit, “Born To Be With You” in 1956. A year later, “Just Between You and Me” reached the top ten and in 1958 “Lollipop” peaked at #2 on the Billboard chart.

With other hits, “Lay Down Your Arms”, “No Other Arms” “Never On Sunday”, and a version of the theme song from the TV series “Zorro”, the Chordettes became a major nightclub attraction, appearing on numerous radio and television shows including Ed Sullivan. The Chordettes appeared on American Bandstand on August 5, 1957, the very first episode of the show nationally.

[[Category:Musical Groups]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chordettes, The}}

The Chordettes

2011-03-10T01:32:52Z

Dpbsmith: They were not a doo wop quartet, they were a barbershop quartet.

'''The Chordettes''' was a famous and successful women's [[Barbershop harmony|barbershop quartet]] quartet.

Originally organized in Sheboygan, Wisconsin in 1946, '''the Chordettes''' were introduced to the nation by [[Arthur Godfrey]]’s radio program where they became regulars for four years starting in 1949.

The original members were [[Janet Ertel]], [[Carol Bushman]], [[Dorothy Schwartz]] and [[Jinny Osborn]]. In 1952, [[Lynn Evans]] replaced Schwartz and in 1953 [[Margie Needham]] replaced Osburn who took time off for having a baby, but would return to the group. [[Nancy Overton]] was also a member of the group at a later time.

Signed by Cadence Records, in 1954, the Chordettes landed on the Hit Parade with their biggest hit, “Mr. Sandman”, where it would be number one for seven weeks. They returned in 1956 with “Eddie My Love” and a top five hit, “Born To Be With You” in 1956. A year later, “Just Between You and Me” reached the top ten and in 1958 “Lollipop” peaked at #2 on the Billboard chart.

With other hits, “Lay Down Your Arms”, “No Other Arms” “Never On Sunday”, and a version of the theme song from the TV series “Zorro”, the Chordettes became a major nightclub attraction, appearing on numerous radio and television shows including Ed Sullivan. The Chordettes appeared on American Bandstand on August 5, 1957, the very first episode of the show nationally.

[[Category:Musical Groups]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chordettes, The}}

Gilbert and Sullivan

2011-03-10T01:24:57Z

Dpbsmith: tweak grammar

The phrase '''Gilbert and Sullivan''' refers to the musical team of librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900). The two are famous for the creation of the [[England|British]] [[light opera]] tradition. A ''light opera'' - a genre almost entirely composed of Gilbert and Sullivan works - is a comic work in the popular tongue (vulgate), written for mass consumption and enjoyment, often to parody themes of [[Victorian]] life. Although some parodies still resonante today, such as the pretentions of Bunthorne in Patience; originally a parody of Oscar Wilde but still relevant to many modern artists. During their lifetimes and work together, Gilbert and Sullivan wrote fourteen light operas (with one, Thespis, being now mostly lost with some of its music recycled in later productions).

Almost as important as Gilbert and Sullivan themselves was Richard D'Oyly Carte, their producer and impresario. The success of the early operas enabled him to build the Savoy Theatre, in which the later operas were mounted. The Gilbert and Sullivan works are often known as the "Savoy operas" and theatre companies devoted to presenting these operas often name themselves "Savoyards." D'Oyly Carte's productions were lavishly mounted and had an element of spectacle to them; for example, the "March of the Peers" in ''Iolanthe'' featured elaborate replicas of the ceremonial robes worn by the members of the House of Lords.

Sir Arthur Sullivan found the success of the operettas personally frustrating. He aspired to what he considered to be greater things, and many of his contemporaries, up to and including [[Queen Victoria]], encouraged his ambitions to create serious grand opera on epic English themes. Sullivan did create a cantata, ''The Golden Legend;'' an oratorio, ''The Light of the World;'' and an opera, ''Ivanhoe.'' Today, all of these are obscure and rarely performed, but the Savoy operas remain popular. Gilbert famously quipped that Sullivan aspired to be a [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]], but was only an [[Jacques Offenbach|Offenbach]].

However, part of the pleasure audiences take from Gilbert and Sullivan comes from the contrast between Sullivan's refined music and Gilbert's irreverent words.

In the early years the United States did not recognize British copyrights. Unauthorized productions of works such as ''HMS Pinafore'' were mounted in the United States almost simultaneously with the first British productions, and were great successes.

==Famous Works==
Among the better known works by Gilbert and Sullivan are [[Patience]], [[Ruddigore]], [[Pirates of Penzance]], and [[HMS Pinafore]]. All of the works were written to parody elements of British life in the [[Queen Victoria|Victorian]] era, especially often mocking the [[Royal Navy]], the linchpin of the [[British Empire]]. All of the works are subtitled with a phrase illuming the background of the story - often, the subtitles were meant to foreshadow a theme in the opera, the non-existence of which would become a major comic element. For example:
*Pirates of Penzance, subtitled "The Slave of Duty," foreshadows the main character's conflict between his (illusory) duty and his love of the female lead.
*Ruddigore, subtitled "The Witch's Curse," foreshadows the central theme of the curse on the family of the Baronets of Ruddigore, which is resolved comically.

The "March of the Peers" from Iolanthe is standard band repertoire and familiar to many who do not know it by name. If Elgar's ''Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1'' is the music most frequently performed at high school commencements, Sullivan's ''March of the Peers'' is probably the second most frequently performed.

==Links==
Gilbert and Sullivan Archive [http://math.boisestate.edu/GaS/]
Gilbert & Sullivan Discography [http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/index.htm]

[[category:literature]]
[[category:Composers]]
[[Category:Opera]]

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2011-03-10T01:23:07Z

Dpbsmith: Reinserting "MIT has no law or medical school," deleted without explanation.

{{University
|name=Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|image=
|text=rgb(153,51,51)
|background=black
|type=Private
|city=Cambridge, Massachusetts
|sports=
|colors=red, gray
|mascot=
|website=http://web.mit.edu/
}}
The '''Massachusetts Institute of Technology''' ('''MIT''') is a major research university in the United States, located in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (about three miles east of [[Harvard University]]). In 1949 its president James R. Killian described it as "a university polarized around science, engineering, and the arts."

MIT pioneered the use of hands-on laboratory instruction and made important contributions to the World War II development of radar. In the 1950s, the Project Whirlwind computer at MIT developed the use of magnetic core memory, the first practical form of RAM, and the use of computers for simulation and real-time control. MIT was a pioneer in university-industry liaisons, particularly the startups that grew up around Route 128 starting in the 1950s, and helped make the [[Boston]] area a leader in high-tech industry.

MIT was founded in 1861, and was among the first universities to receive land-grant money under the [[Morrill Act]]. It was originally located in Boston, moving to its present location in Cambridge in 1916. The 1916 "Maclaurin buildings" form a symmetrical complex in classical-Roman-like<ref>complete with inscription, "MASSACHVSETTS INSTITVTE OF TECHNOLOGY," with V's replacing U's</ref> monumental style. The complex frames three sides of the large grassy sward now called Killian Court, facing the Charles River (but separated from it by a multi-lane parkway). The names of some hundred or so famous scientists (Aristotle, Lavoisier, Faraday, etc.) are engraved on the "attics of the pavilions" of the buildings.<ref>
[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/names/ Names on MIT Buildings around Killian Court],
MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections
</ref>

MIT's business school—the Sloan School of Management<ref>Named for [[Economics_Lecture_Six#Alfred_Sloan|Alfred P. Sloan]]</ref>—is very highly ranked and offers undergraduate and graduate programs.

MIT has no law or medical school.

MIT's two most well-known professors are [[Noam Chomsky]] ([[linguistics]]) and [[Richard Lindzen]] ([[meteorology]]).

It was ranked the #2 school in PC Magazine's Top 20 Wired Colleges.<ref>{{cite web|title= #2 M.I.T.|work=PC Magazine|format=HTML|language=English|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,2073460,00.asp}}</ref>

Comparable universities with a technological focus include [[California Institute of Technology]] ("CalTech"), [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institution]] (RPI, in New York), [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] (Georgia Tech), and [[Purdue University]] (in Indiana).

==Notes and references==
<references/>
{{Nb_US_universities|Massachusetts}}

Talk:Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2009-09-24T22:54:38Z

Dpbsmith: /* University "See Also" Sections */

== University "See Also" Sections ==

What's the significance of the three universities listed in "See Also" (University of Iowa, University of Louisville, Ave Maria University)? They don't have anything obviously in common (to me, at least). The "See Also" at [[Harvard]] is puzzling too. I'd support getting rid of these sections, since the complete list of university articles appears right below it anyway. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 10:07, 19 September 2009 (EDT)

:I don't know whether it makes sense to have such a paragraph, but since the website is or was aimed at high school students, a certain amount of college guidance doesn't seem inappropriate. I don't understand the inclusion of Purdue, however, a good school but not known for having a technology or engineering focus. I changed the list to remove Purdue, to add RPI, and to list schools with full name first and nickname in parentheses rather than the other way around. I don't know whether this site wants to highlight New Jersey; if so, [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] should be in there, too. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:52, 24 September 2009 (EDT)

:The choice of MIT's "two most well-known professors" seems a little idiosyncratic to me. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:54, 24 September 2009 (EDT)

Talk:Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2009-09-24T22:52:59Z

Dpbsmith: /* University "See Also" Sections */

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2009-09-24T22:49:31Z

Dpbsmith: See Talk.

{{University
|name=Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|image=
|text=rgb(153,51,51)
|background=black
|type=Private
|city=Cambridge, Massachusetts
|sports=
|colors=red, gray
|mascot=
|website=http://web.mit.edu/
}}
The '''Massachusetts Institute of Technology''' ('''MIT''') is a major research university in the United States, located in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (about three miles east of [[Harvard University]]). In 1949 its president James R. Killian described it as "a university polarized around science, engineering, and the arts."

MIT pioneered the use of hands-on laboratory instruction and made important contributions to the World War II development of radar. In the 1950s, the Project Whirlwind computer at MIT developed the use of magnetic core memory, the first practical form of RAM, and the use of computers for simulation and real-time control. MIT was a pioneer in university-industry liaisons, particularly the startups that grew up around Route 128 starting in the 1950s, and helped make the [[Boston]] area a leader in high-tech industry.

MIT was founded in 1861, and was among the first universities to receive land-grant money under the [[Morrill Act]]. It was originally located in Boston, moving to its present location in Cambridge in 1916. The 1916 "Maclaurin buildings" form a symmetrical complex in classical-Roman-like<ref>complete with inscription, "MASSACHVSETTS INSTITVTE OF TECHNOLOGY," with V's replacing U's</ref> monumental style. The complex frames three sides of the large grassy sward now called Killian Court, facing the Charles River (but separated from it by a multilane parkway). The names of some hundred or so famous scientists (Aristotle, Lavoisier, Faraday, etc.) are engraved on the "attics of the pavilions" of the buildings.<ref>
[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/names/ Names on MIT Buildings around Killian Court],
MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections
</ref>

MIT's business school—the Sloan School of Management<ref>Named for [[Economics_Lecture_Six#Alfred_Sloan|Alfred P. Sloan]]</ref>—is very highly ranked and offers undergraduate and graduate programs.

MIT's two most well-known professors are [[Noam Chomsky]] ([[linguistics]]) and [[Richard Lindzen]] ([[meteorology]]).

It was ranked the #2 school in PC Magazine's Top 20 Wired Colleges.<ref>{{cite web|title= #2 M.I.T.|work=PC Magazine|format=HTML|language=English|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,2073460,00.asp}}</ref>

Other well-known universities with a technological focus include [[California Institute of Technology]] ("CalTech"), [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institution]] (RPI), and [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] (Georgia Tech).

==Notes and references==
<references/>
{{Nb_US_universities|Massachusetts}}

Talk:Institute for Advanced Study

2009-02-10T23:23:54Z

Dpbsmith:

=="resolved never to do anything so practical..."==
*After von Neumann died, IAS resolved to never do anything so practical and useful again.{{fact}}
I'm removing this because no source for it is cited. If someone has a source, please provide it and reinsert. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:23, 10 February 2009 (EST)

Talk:Institute for Advanced Study

2009-02-10T23:23:42Z

Dpbsmith: New page: =="resolved never to do anything so practical..." *After von Neumann died, IAS resolved to never do anything so practical and useful again.{{fact}} I'm removing this because no source for ...

=="resolved never to do anything so practical..."
*After von Neumann died, IAS resolved to never do anything so practical and useful again.{{fact}}
I'm removing this because no source for it is cited. If someone has a source, please provide it and reinsert. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:23, 10 February 2009 (EST)

Institute for Advanced Study

2009-02-10T23:22:40Z

Dpbsmith: Moving long-uncited statement to Talk.

The '''Institute for Advanced Study''' is a center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry in history, mathematics, natural science, and social science located in [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. The Institute has no formal connection with [[Princeton University]]. It was founded in 1930 by philanthropists Louis Bamberger and his sister Caroline Bamberger Fuld.

The Institute has a permanent faculty of 27 scholars and 190 visiting members. The Institute's web page mentions, as particularly notable faculty, "[[Albert Einstein]], who remained at the Institute until his death in 1955, and distinguished scientists and scholars such as [[Kurt Gödel]], [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], Erwin Panofsky, Homer A. Thompson, [[John von Neumann]], George Kennan and [[Hermann Weyl]]."<ref>[http://www.ias.edu/about/mission-and-history/ Institute for Advanced Study: Mission and History]</ref>

The "Princeton machine," also known as the "IAS machine," was a pioneering computer designed by Von Neumann and built at the IAS. It was completed in 1952. After its completion, about a dozen similar "IAS machines" were built elsewhere. Von Neumann's work at the IAS transformed "computers" from specialized numerical calculators like ENIAC into the general-purpose stored-program device we know today.<ref>[http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/items/ias.html Princeton University's Institute of Advanced Studies IAS General Purpose Computer], image and description</ref> The machine was used in the development of nuclear weapons; during the summer of 1951 Los Alamos ran a calculation on it that required sixty days to complete. It continued in useful service until 1960.<ref>[http://www.ias.edu/spfeatures/john_von_neumann/electronic-computer-project/ Electronic Computer Project], IAS website</ref>

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:New Jersey]]

Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed

2008-04-22T02:13:50Z

Dpbsmith: Stein is one of three listed writers

'''''Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed''''' is a [[documentary]] charging [[Darwinists]] with suppressing and persecuting opponents in order to avoid discussing the scientific challenges which [[Intelligent Design]] presents to the [[Theory of Evolution]].
The film's premise is that scientists have been expelled like naughty children from schools, universities and the scientific community, merely for daring to ask inconvenient questions.<ref>[http://www.expelledthemovie.com/news.php Expelled the movie website]</ref>
The documentary is co-written and hosted by [[Ben Stein]] and was released Friday, April 18, 2008.

* '''You can locate a theater near you by state or zip code [http://expelledthemovie.com/theaterap.php here].'''

The film is described in its online trailer as “a startling revelation that freedom of thought and freedom of inquiry have been expelled from publicly-funded high schools, universities and research institutions.” <ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/27/science/27expelled.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2</ref>

The film argues that [[scientist]]s and [[educator]]s who promote intelligent design are persecuted by the scientific establishment.<ref name=pressrelease>{{cite web |author=Lesley Burbridge-Bates|publisher=[http://www.premisemedia.com/ Premise Media]|date=[[2007-08-22]] |url=http://www.premisemedia.com/EXPELLED-PressRelease_08-22-07.pdf |title=''Expelled'' [[Press Release]] |accessdate=2007-09-29 |format= |work=}}</ref>
Examples given by the film include [[Richard Sternberg]], a [[biology|biologist]] and a journal editor and research associate at the [[National Museum of Natural History]], and [[Guillermo Gonzalez]], a pro-[[Intelligent design]] [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]] denied tenure at [[Iowa State University]] in 2007.<ref name="nyt">[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/27/science/27expelled.html?_r=3&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin Scientists Feel Miscast in Film on Life's Origin], New York Times, 27 September 2007</ref>

In the film's trailer, Stein states that there are "people out there who want to keep science in a little box where it can’t possibly touch God" and that "freedom of thought and freedom of inquiry have been expelled from publicly-funded high schools, universities and research institutions."<ref name="nyt"/>

==Eugenics==

The film shows the historical connection between the ideology of "[[survival of the fittest]]" and the [[Holocaust]]. By the 1920s, German textbooks were teaching evolutionary concepts including heredity and racial hygiene. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics was founded in 1927; in 1933, Germany passed the Law for the Protection of Heredity Health. [[Josef Mengele]] studied [[anthropology]] and [[paleontology]] and received his Ph.D. for his thesis entitled "Racial Morphological Research on the Lower Jaw Section of Four Racial Groups." In 1937, Mengele was recommended for and received a position as a research assistant with the Third Reich Institute for Hereditary, Biology and Racial Purity at the University of Frankfort, and subsequently became the "Angel of Death" for directing the operation of gas chambers of the [[Holocaust]] and for conducting horrific medical experiments on inmates in pursuit of [[eugenics]]. [[Evolutionist]] [[Stephen Jay Gould]] admitted: "The [[Nazi]] racial hygiene program began with involuntary sterilizations and ended with [[genocide]]."<ref>http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn28.htm</ref>

==Filmmaker statements==

{{quotebox|"If you acknowledge this idea that [[design]] can be detected scientifically in the universe, then you open up the door to saying, 'Maybe this [[atheist]]ic view isn't true,' [and] the entire worldview of people who are atheists crashes down around them," Mathis said. "This is a foundational concept for people who believe this way. So they defend it with incredible vigor."<ref>[http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?id=27761 Intelligent Design foes no match for Stein in 'Expelled'] - Baptist Press </ref> }}

==[[Liberal]] Reception==

The [[liberal]] [[atheist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] claimed he was tricked into appearing, indicating that he had been told it would be a movie named ''Crossroads'' that would be focused on "exploring the controversy." (Two others who were similarly deceived said they would have appeared anyway.) In response, [[conservative]] Ben Stein said that no one he interviewed asked what the film would be about, and the co-producer Walt Ruloff said at the preview that interviewees were paid and were even told ahead of time what the questions would be.<ref>Bethell, Tom, [http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=12759 No Intelligence Allowed] ''The American Spectator'', 19th February, 2008.</ref>

Before the film opened, pro-[[evolution]] opponents of the film were heavily critical of its premise. [[Evolutionist]] Vadim Rizov of the Village Voice called it "bizarre and hysterical",<ref>[http://www.cultureandmediainstitute.org/articles/2008/20080417155632.aspx]</ref> even though there is no sign that any [[evolutionists]] were amused by it. ''[[Time magazine]]'', in its review, said Stein misrepresented evolution as saying that the first cell "arose whole" from the primordial soup, which is unlikely as the movie website correctly acknowledges the evolutionary view that it took millions or billions of years for the first cell to be produced by random, natural processes.

The pro-[[evolution]] magazine ''[[Scientific American]]'' criticized the film, calling it "intellectually dishonest," and detailed their objections with the film and intelligent design in a series of inflammatory articles.<ref>http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=sciam-reviews-expelled</ref>

The pro-[[evolution]] magazine ''[[New Scientist]]'' ran a review which described the movie as follows: "''Expelled'' is pure propaganda, its style reminiscent of a substandard [[Michael Moore]] flick complete with voice-over narration and lots of aimless wandering around". The review criticized the movie's treatment of [[Richard Dawkins|Dawkins]] and even made claims of trying to "sneak ID into schools".<ref>Gefter, Amanda, Warning! They've Got Designs on You, 12 April 2008, New Scientist.</ref>

== Viewer Reception ==
''Expelled'' opened on April 18, 2008, on 1000 screens. It grossed $300.2 million US, or more than $300,000 per screen.<ref name=wnd>"[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=62152 'Expelled' propelled to box office top 10]." ''WorldNetDaily'', April 21, 2008. Accessed April 21, 2008.</ref>

==Movie Reviews==

In ''National Review'', [[David Klinghoffer]] describes the [[Darwin-Hitler connection]]:
* Expelled touches on [[Darwinism]]’s historical social costs, notably the unintended contribution to [[Nazi]] racial theories. That part packs an emotional wallop. It also happens to be based on impeccable scholarship. <ref name=dk>[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=Mjg1NDg2ZDM5YTMwMGFiZGNhNTU5M2MwOTQ2NGE1Mjc=]</ref>
* "The key elements in the ideology that produced [[Auschwitz]] are [[moral relativism]] aligned with a rejection of the sacredness of [[human life]], a belief that violent competition in nature creates greater and lesser [[races]], that the greater will inevitably exterminate the lesser, and finally that the lesser race most in need of extermination is the [[Jews]]. All but the last of these ideas may be found in [[Darwin]]’s writing."

Tom Bethel wrote:
:The film, a documentary, is about scientists and researchers who acknowledge the scientific evidence for the intelligent design of life and who have been ostracized or denied tenure as a result. In a word, they have been "expelled" from the academy. <ref>http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=12759</ref>

[[Carl Wieland]]:
{{QuoteBox|This powerful documentary is all about the persecution and censorship of any scientist who dares to oppose the Darwinist paradigm, by even suggesting the relatively modest hypothesis that the universe shows detectable evidence of design.<ref>Wieland, Carl, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/5638/ Cracking the wall in science] 20th February, 2008, (Creation Ministries International).</ref>}}

As described by the review in the ''[[New York Sun]]'', [[Richard Dawkins]] "becomes so flustered at one point that he even posits a creation theory of his own that fits the parameters of the film's working definition of intelligent design" in [[Expelled]], but claims the movie is "dull, artless, amateurish, too long, poorly constructed, and utterly devoid of any style, wit, or subtlety."<ref>http://www2.nysun.com/article/74583</ref>

Roger Friedman, a [[liberal]] who writes articles on the website for the [[conservative]] [[Fox News Channel]] (as part of their ongoing goal to remain balanced), criticized the movie in a celebrity gossip column by personally attacking Ben Stein, and claiming that the movie's "warped premise" that "somehow the theory of evolution is so evil that it caused the [[Holocaust]]" is actually [[anti-Semitic]]:
{{QuoteBox|"Expelled" is a sloppy, all-over-the-place, poorly made (and not just a little boring) "expose" of the scientific community. It’s not very exciting. But it does show that Stein... is either completely nuts or so avaricious that he’s abandoned all good sense to make a buck..... Who cares, really, if "Expelled" is anti-Semitic? It will come and go without much fanfare.<ref>Friedman, Roger, [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,348468,00.html#2 Ben Stein:Win his career], 9th April, 2008, Fox News</ref>}}

Jeffrey Kluger's review in the [[liberal]] [[Time Magazine|''Time'' Magazine]] asserts that [[Holocaust]] was the result of "the simple fact of being human":

{{QuoteBox|"The truth, of course, is that the only necessary and sufficient condition for human beings to murder one another [in the [[Holocaust]]] is the simple fact of being human."<ref>Kluger, Jeffrey, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729703,00.html Ben Stein Dukes it Out with Darwin], April 10th, 2008, Time</ref>}}

In his quest to attack Ben Stein further, Kluger puts words in his mouth, and then commits the [[strawman fallacy]]:
{{QuoteBox|"[Stein] makes all the usual mistakes nonscientists make whenever they try to take down evolution, asking, for example, how something as complex as a living cell could have possibly arisen whole from the earth's primordial soup. The answer is it couldn't--and it didn't...<ref>Kluger, Jeffrey, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729703,00.html Ben Stein Dukes it Out with Darwin], April 10th, 2008, Time</ref>}}

:The movie does not criticize Darwinists for saying the cell "arose whole" but for arguing "that life arose from a primordial sea on a lifeless planet through a chance collision of chemicals". This is the typical pro-evolution device of pretending that critics don't understand what evolution is saying. But it backfires, because the movie comes with a leader's guide which shows that Kluger is the one in error.

Justin Chang wrote the following for the [[liberal]] publication ''Variety'', which has a circulation smaller than ''Conservapedia'''s daily page views:
{{QuoteBox|"...the film's flippant approach undermines the seriousness of its discourse, trading less in facts than in emotional appeals....the filmmakers' failure to offer even a working definition of [Intelligent Design] leaves them open to the common charge that it's all unprovable, faith-based pseudo-science....Even more offensive is the film's attempt to link Darwin's "survival of the fittest" ideas and Hitler's master-race ambitions (when in doubt, invoke the Holocaust)..."Expelled" is technically well-mounted, though its [[aesthetics]] trump its ideas at every turn. If evolution is worth debating, it's worth debating well, and by a more intelligently designed film than this one."<ref>Chang, Justin, [http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117936783.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed], April 11th, 2008, Variety</ref>}}

Craig Ghamberlain, at ''My Wise Generation'', offers his "Six Things ''Expelled'' Critics Don't Want You to Know," in response to an earlier criticism<ref name=sciam>Rennie, John, and Mirsky, Steve. "[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=six-things-ben-stein-doesnt-want-you-to-know&sc=rss Six Things in ''Expelled'' That Ben Stein Doesn't Want You to Know]." ''Scientific American'', April 16, 2008. Accessed April 21, 2008.</ref> that he found unfounded and unfair after he actually saw the film.<ref name=Chamberlain>Chamberlain, Craig. "[http://mywisegeneration.blogspot.com/2008/04/six-things-expelled-critics-dont-want.html Six Things 'Expelled' Critics Don't Want You to Know]." ''My Wise Generation'', April 21, 2008. Accessed April 21, 2008.</ref>

==Wider implications of the movie's main point==

[[Allen Roebuck]] argues:

* ... basic intellectual integrity demands that you take seriously the criticisms directed against [[Darwinism]]. In other words, you must take seriously any evidence supporting the notion that [[natural forces]] are incapable of either originating life or changing it from [[single-celled organisms]] to the species we observe now. And you cannot, as the Darwinian evolutionists do, dismiss the possibility of [[divine action]] as being outside the scope of science, and therefore de facto false. After all, if natural forces cannot do what obviously did happen, something supernatural must have been involved, and a proper science would acknowledge this possibility. [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2008/04/18/evolution-101/]

== Criticism ==

The film quotes Charles Darwin's ''The Decent of Man'' to demonstrate how he supported what later became [[Social Darwinism]], which became fashionable among the dictators and intellectuals who perpetrated the [[Holocaust]]. Here is the quote in the movie, which is accurate:

<blockquote>
With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated. We civilized men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination. We build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed and the sick. Thus the weak members of civilized societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. Hardly anyone is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed.
</blockquote>

Darwin's full quote is more tedious but conveys the same objectionable belief that it is somehow unwise to help and weak and allow them to have children:

<blockquote>
With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; ''and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health.'' We civilized men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination. We build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed and the sick; we institute poor-laws; ''and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to the last moment. There is reason to believe that vaccination has preserved thousands, who from a weak constitution would formerly have succumbed to small-pox. Thus the weak members of civilized societies propagate their kind.'' No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. ''It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself,'' hardly anyone is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed.

The aid which we feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social instincts, but subsequently rendered, in the manner previously indicated, more tender and more widely diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature. The surgeon may harden himself whilst performing an operation, for he knows that he is acting for the good of his patient; ''but if we were intentionally to neglect the weak and helpless, it could only be for a contingent benefit, with an overwhelming present evil''.<ref>http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.1&pageseq=181</ref>
</blockquote>

Ben Stein's speech was done specifically for the film, as in most films.<ref>http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ben-steins-expelled-review-michael-shermer</ref>

The movie completely omits Theistic Evolution, which is not taught in [[public school]] and used primarily by [[evolutionists]] to rebut their obvious correlation with [[atheism]]. Mark Mathis, an associate editor of Expelled, when asked why alleged religious evolutionists such as Catholic Kenneth R. Miller were not in the film, replied that this form of fallacious [[liberal logic]] (see point 6) "would have confused the film unnecessarily."<ref>http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=a-conversation-with-mark-mathis</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Origins debate]]
*[[Theory of evolution]]
*[[Creation-evolution controversy]]
*[[Design detection]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.discovery.org/a/4689 Michael Shermer’s Fact-Free Attack on Expelled Exposes Intolerance of Darwinists towards Pro-Intelligent Design Scientists]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Intelligent Design]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

Ben Stein

2008-04-22T02:11:46Z

Dpbsmith: /* Intelligent Design */ Note that he is one of three credited writers

[[Image:Image554836x.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Benjamin Jeremy Stein''' (born November 25, 1944 in Washington, DC) is a [[conservative]] notable for his knowledge and his monotone voice. Stein earned a law degree from [[Yale]]. Having been a speech writer and lawyer for former United States Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]] as well as a publisher of conservative thought in newspapers, Stein unexpectedly turned up with a new career on television after getting his start in the movie ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' as the most boring high school teacher on the planet due to his monotone voice. Most of the scene was unscripted. In a sense Ben showed a key knowledge for understated humor.

== TV ==
A man of considerable intellect, Stein starred in his own gameshow, ''Win Ben Stein's Money'', which would culminate in Stein taking on the winning contestant in a ten-question round to see who could answer more of the questions correctly. Most of the time Stein would emerge victorious. Stein had a sutble form of comedy playing the mostly straight man to Jimmy Kimbell as the joking cohost.

Stein went on to host his own talk show ''Turn Ben Stein On''.

Today Stein can still be seen on television with his "dry humor" such as in the "dry eyes" commercial.

Stein has never lost his conservative roots or his desire to engage in intellegent dialogue. He has appeared many times on [[Fox News]] discussing politics and finance. Ben Stein also writes his "Diary" in every issue of ''[[The American Spectator]]'', and is a regular weekly contributor to the Business Section of the [[New York Times]].

== Intelligent Design ==
Stein co-wrote and appears as the narrator<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1091617/fullcredits#writers IMDB listing] for ''Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed''</ref> in a movie (''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]''), to be released in the US in April 2008 which portrays "Big Science" as suppressing [[Intelligent design]] from being discussed and considered in academic settings.

== Quotes ==
:"I'm a rebel to my core ... and happy to be in an uphill struggle, as long as the cause is right."<ref>[http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?id=27761 Intelligent Design foes no match for Stein in 'Expelled' ] </ref>

== Internet Fame ==

A number of Ben Stein's writings are passed along from person to person through Email. One of his most famous is his defense of publicly recognizing [[Christmas]] in the United States in common culture without it being offensive to non-Christians. Stein is [[Jewish]].<ref>http://www.snopes.com/politics/soapbox/benstein2.asp</ref>

== Works ==

====Voice-overs====
*''Dukeman''
*''Fairly Odd Parents''
*''Loony Toon''

====Movies====
*''The Mask''
*''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''
*''Expelled'' (due for release in April 2008)

====Books====
*''Yes, You Can Become a Successful Income Investor!''
*''The Gift Of Peace: Guideposts on the Road to Serenity''
*''How to Ruin Your Life''
*''How to Ruin Your Love Life''
*''How to Ruin Your Financial Life''

====Articles====
''American Spectator'':
*[http://spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=11280 "Sharpton in the Morning"]
*[http://spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=11392 "Bush Much Greater"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10928 "The Lynching of the President"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10434 "Hypocrisy, Democrat Style"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10160 "How to Lose to Terrorists"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10007 "Why I Am a Republican"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10092 "Eretz Israel"]

''Yahoo! Finance'':
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/article/yourlife/24513 "To Get Rich, Just Follow the Instructions"]
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/article/yourlife/34125 "Playing Politics at the Pump"]

''CBS Sunday Morning Commentary'':
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/28/sunday/main2405061.shtml "Bush Is Not All Bad"]
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/31/sunday/main2318344.shtml "Ben Stein Remembers President Ford"]

''New York Times''
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/business/13every.html "Dear Watchdogs: Rein In Wall Street"]

==Further Readings==
*[http://www.benstein.com/ Ben Stein's personal site]
*[http://www.expelledthemovie.com/home.php The movie ''Expelled'']

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein,Ben}}

[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[category:Authors]]
[[Category:Actors]]

Ben Stein

2008-04-22T02:10:08Z

Dpbsmith: /* Intelligent Design */ Use correct, full title of film

[[Image:Image554836x.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Benjamin Jeremy Stein''' (born November 25, 1944 in Washington, DC) is a [[conservative]] notable for his knowledge and his monotone voice. Stein earned a law degree from [[Yale]]. Having been a speech writer and lawyer for former United States Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]] as well as a publisher of conservative thought in newspapers, Stein unexpectedly turned up with a new career on television after getting his start in the movie ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' as the most boring high school teacher on the planet due to his monotone voice. Most of the scene was unscripted. In a sense Ben showed a key knowledge for understated humor.

== TV ==
A man of considerable intellect, Stein starred in his own gameshow, ''Win Ben Stein's Money'', which would culminate in Stein taking on the winning contestant in a ten-question round to see who could answer more of the questions correctly. Most of the time Stein would emerge victorious. Stein had a sutble form of comedy playing the mostly straight man to Jimmy Kimbell as the joking cohost.

Stein went on to host his own talk show ''Turn Ben Stein On''.

Today Stein can still be seen on television with his "dry humor" such as in the "dry eyes" commercial.

Stein has never lost his conservative roots or his desire to engage in intellegent dialogue. He has appeared many times on [[Fox News]] discussing politics and finance. Ben Stein also writes his "Diary" in every issue of ''[[The American Spectator]]'', and is a regular weekly contributor to the Business Section of the [[New York Times]].

== Intelligent Design ==
Stein appears as the narrator in a movie (''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]'') to be released in the US in April 2008 which portrays "Big Science" as suppressing [[Intelligent design]] from being discussed and considered in academic settings.

== Quotes ==
:"I'm a rebel to my core ... and happy to be in an uphill struggle, as long as the cause is right."<ref>[http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?id=27761 Intelligent Design foes no match for Stein in 'Expelled' ] </ref>

== Internet Fame ==

A number of Ben Stein's writings are passed along from person to person through Email. One of his most famous is his defense of publicly recognizing [[Christmas]] in the United States in common culture without it being offensive to non-Christians. Stein is [[Jewish]].<ref>http://www.snopes.com/politics/soapbox/benstein2.asp</ref>

== Works ==

====Voice-overs====
*''Dukeman''
*''Fairly Odd Parents''
*''Loony Toon''

====Movies====
*''The Mask''
*''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''
*''Expelled'' (due for release in April 2008)

====Books====
*''Yes, You Can Become a Successful Income Investor!''
*''The Gift Of Peace: Guideposts on the Road to Serenity''
*''How to Ruin Your Life''
*''How to Ruin Your Love Life''
*''How to Ruin Your Financial Life''

====Articles====
''American Spectator'':
*[http://spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=11280 "Sharpton in the Morning"]
*[http://spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=11392 "Bush Much Greater"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10928 "The Lynching of the President"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10434 "Hypocrisy, Democrat Style"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10160 "How to Lose to Terrorists"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10007 "Why I Am a Republican"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10092 "Eretz Israel"]

''Yahoo! Finance'':
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/article/yourlife/24513 "To Get Rich, Just Follow the Instructions"]
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/article/yourlife/34125 "Playing Politics at the Pump"]

''CBS Sunday Morning Commentary'':
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/28/sunday/main2405061.shtml "Bush Is Not All Bad"]
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/31/sunday/main2318344.shtml "Ben Stein Remembers President Ford"]

''New York Times''
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/business/13every.html "Dear Watchdogs: Rein In Wall Street"]

==Further Readings==
*[http://www.benstein.com/ Ben Stein's personal site]
*[http://www.expelledthemovie.com/home.php The movie ''Expelled'']

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein,Ben}}

[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[category:Authors]]
[[Category:Actors]]

Ben Stein

2008-04-22T02:06:54Z

Dpbsmith: /* Intelligent Design */ Remove editorializing

[[Image:Image554836x.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Benjamin Jeremy Stein''' (born November 25, 1944 in Washington, DC) is a [[conservative]] notable for his knowledge and his monotone voice. Stein earned a law degree from [[Yale]]. Having been a speech writer and lawyer for former United States Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]] as well as a publisher of conservative thought in newspapers, Stein unexpectedly turned up with a new career on television after getting his start in the movie ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' as the most boring high school teacher on the planet due to his monotone voice. Most of the scene was unscripted. In a sense Ben showed a key knowledge for understated humor.

== TV ==
A man of considerable intellect, Stein starred in his own gameshow, ''Win Ben Stein's Money'', which would culminate in Stein taking on the winning contestant in a ten-question round to see who could answer more of the questions correctly. Most of the time Stein would emerge victorious. Stein had a sutble form of comedy playing the mostly straight man to Jimmy Kimbell as the joking cohost.

Stein went on to host his own talk show ''Turn Ben Stein On''.

Today Stein can still be seen on television with his "dry humor" such as in the "dry eyes" commercial.

Stein has never lost his conservative roots or his desire to engage in intellegent dialogue. He has appeared many times on [[Fox News]] discussing politics and finance. Ben Stein also writes his "Diary" in every issue of ''[[The American Spectator]]'', and is a regular weekly contributor to the Business Section of the [[New York Times]].

== Intelligent Design ==
Stein appears as the narrator in a movie (''[[Expelled]]'') to be released in the US in April 2008 which portrays "Big Science" as suppressing [[Intelligent design]] from being discussed and considered in academic settings.

== Quotes ==
:"I'm a rebel to my core ... and happy to be in an uphill struggle, as long as the cause is right."<ref>[http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?id=27761 Intelligent Design foes no match for Stein in 'Expelled' ] </ref>

== Internet Fame ==

A number of Ben Stein's writings are passed along from person to person through Email. One of his most famous is his defense of publicly recognizing [[Christmas]] in the United States in common culture without it being offensive to non-Christians. Stein is [[Jewish]].<ref>http://www.snopes.com/politics/soapbox/benstein2.asp</ref>

== Works ==

====Voice-overs====
*''Dukeman''
*''Fairly Odd Parents''
*''Loony Toon''

====Movies====
*''The Mask''
*''Ferris Bueller's Day Off''
*''Expelled'' (due for release in April 2008)

====Books====
*''Yes, You Can Become a Successful Income Investor!''
*''The Gift Of Peace: Guideposts on the Road to Serenity''
*''How to Ruin Your Life''
*''How to Ruin Your Love Life''
*''How to Ruin Your Financial Life''

====Articles====
''American Spectator'':
*[http://spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=11280 "Sharpton in the Morning"]
*[http://spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=11392 "Bush Much Greater"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10928 "The Lynching of the President"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10434 "Hypocrisy, Democrat Style"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10160 "How to Lose to Terrorists"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10007 "Why I Am a Republican"]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10092 "Eretz Israel"]

''Yahoo! Finance'':
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/article/yourlife/24513 "To Get Rich, Just Follow the Instructions"]
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/article/yourlife/34125 "Playing Politics at the Pump"]

''CBS Sunday Morning Commentary'':
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/28/sunday/main2405061.shtml "Bush Is Not All Bad"]
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/31/sunday/main2318344.shtml "Ben Stein Remembers President Ford"]

''New York Times''
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/business/13every.html "Dear Watchdogs: Rein In Wall Street"]

==Further Readings==
*[http://www.benstein.com/ Ben Stein's personal site]
*[http://www.expelledthemovie.com/home.php The movie ''Expelled'']

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein,Ben}}

[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[category:Authors]]
[[Category:Actors]]

The Salvation Army

2008-01-21T16:19:57Z

Dpbsmith:

[[Image:Kjsvg.png|right|thumb|Salvation Army shield]]
'''The Salvation Army''' is a Christian [[Protestant]] denomination which was started by "General" [[William Booth]] in 1865 in [[England]], and founded on March 28, 1885 in the [[United States]].

Its original name was the Christian Mission. To increase effectiveness, William Booth designed uniforms and imposed a military style of leadership. It has long been recognized for its extremely low overhead in delivering services to the poor.

The Salvation Army has an active presence in 113 countries and territories worldwide, the most notable exceptions being [[Islam]]ic states. Its tightly-organized hierarchy has its headquarters in [[London]], England, and is currently led by General [[Shaw Clifton]], a UK citizen. Among The Salvation Army's 17 international leaders since William Booth have been two women (Evangeline Booth, 1934-1939, born in the [[United Kingdom]] and a naturalized US citizen, and Eva Burrows, 1986-1993, [[Australia]]n). One American, Paul A. Rader, has served as international leader (1994-1999).

Among The Salvation Army's [[denomination]]al distinctives are its elevation of women to equal leadership positions as men, considered radical when the organization was founded in the late 19th century.

While best-known for its social services and disaster work, The Salvation Army is a religious denomination with Sunday worship in roughly 50,000 locations worldwide. Denominational membership is about 1,500,000. The organization's [[theology|theological]] heritage is [[Wesleyan]]-[[Arminian]] (William Booth was a [[Methodist]]), and The Salvation Army considers itself part of the [[Holiness tradition]].

President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] praised the Salvation Army on December 1, 1965:<ref>http://www.amerisearch.net/index.php?date=2004-03-28&view=View</ref>

{{QuoteBox|For a century now, the Salvation Army has offered food to the hungry and shelter to the homeless-in clinics and children's homes, through disaster relief, in prison and welfare work, and a thousand other endeavors. In that century you have proved time and again the power of a handshake, a meal, and a song. But you have not stopped there. You have demonstrated also the power of a great idea. ... The voice of the Salvation Army has reminded men that physical well-being is just not enough; that spiritual rebirth is the most pressing need of our time and of every time; that the world cannot be changed unless men change. That voice has been clear and courageous-and it has been heard. Even when other armies have disbanded, I hope that this one will still be on the firing line.}}

In his last public speech, "General" William Booth said:
{{QuoteBox|While women weep, as they do now, I'll fight; while little children go hungry, as they do now, I'll fight; while men go to prison, in and out, in and out, I'll fight; while there is a drunkard left, while there is a poor girl lost upon the streets, while there remains one dark soul without the light of God, I'll fight to the very end!<ref>Smith, J. Evan (1949), ''Booth the Beloved,'' Geoffrey Cumberledge, Melbourne, as cited in ''What Price the Poor?: William Booth, Karl Marx and the London Residuum," Anne M. Woodall, 2005</ref>}}

== References ==

[http://www.salvationarmy.org Salvation Army International website]

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salvation Army, The}}
[[Category:Christian Organizations]]

The Salvation Army

2008-01-21T16:19:13Z

Dpbsmith:

[[Image:Kjsvg.png|right|thumb|Salvation Army shield]]
'''The Salvation Army''' is a Christian [[Protestant]] denomination which was started by "General" [[William Booth]] in 1865 in [[England]], and founded on March 28, 1885 in the [[United States]].

Its original name was the Christian Mission. To increase effectiveness, William Booth designed uniforms and imposed a military style of leadership. It has long been recognized for its extremely low overhead in delivering services to the poor.

The Salvation Army has an active presence in 113 countries and territories worldwide, the most notable exceptions being [[Islam]]ic states. Its tightly-organized hierarchy has its headquarters in [[London]], England, and is currently led by General [[Shaw Clifton]], a UK citizen. Among The Salvation Army's 17 international leaders since William Booth have been two women (Evangeline Booth, 1934-1939, born in the [[United Kingdom]] and a naturalized US citizen, and Eva Burrows, 1986-1993, [[Australia]]n). One American, Paul A. Rader, has served as international leader (1994-1999).

Among The Salvation Army's [[denomination]]al distinctives are its elevation of women to equal leadership positions as men, considered radical when the organization was founded in the late 19th century.

While best-known for its social services and disaster work, The Salvation Army is a religious denomination with Sunday worship in roughly 50,000 locations worldwide. Denominational membership is about 1,500,000. The organization's [[theology|theological]] heritage is [[Wesleyan]]-[[Arminian]] (William Booth was a [[Methodist]]), and The Salvation Army considers itself part of the [[Holiness tradition]].

President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] praised the Salvation Army on December 1, 1965:<ref>http://www.amerisearch.net/index.php?date=2004-03-28&view=View</ref>

{{QuoteBox|For a century now, the Salvation Army has offered food to the hungry and shelter to the homeless-in clinics and children's homes, through disaster relief, in prison and welfare work, and a thousand other endeavors. In that century you have proved time and again the power of a handshake, a meal, and a song. But you have not stopped there. You have demonstrated also the power of a great idea. ... The voice of the Salvation Army has reminded men that physical well-being is just not enough; that spiritual rebirth is the most pressing need of our time and of every time; that the world cannot be changed unless men change. That voice has been clear and courageous-and it has been heard. Even when other armies have disbanded, I hope that this one will still be on the firing line.}}

In his last public speech, "General" William Booth said:
{{QuoteBox|While women weep, as they do now, I'll fight; while little children go hungry, as they do now, I'll fight; while men go to prison, in and out, in and out, I'll fight; while there is a drunkard left, while there is a poor girl lost upon the streets, while there remains one dark soul without the light of God, I'll fight to the very end!<ref>Smith, J. Evan (1949), ''Booth the Beloved,'' Geoffrey Cumberledge, Melbourne, as cited in ''What Price the Poor?: William Booth, Karl Marx and the London Residuum," Anne M. Woodall, 2005}}

== References ==

[http://www.salvationarmy.org Salvation Army International website]

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salvation Army, The}}
[[Category:Christian Organizations]]

The Salvation Army

2008-01-21T16:18:36Z

Dpbsmith: Famous quotation from Booth: "When women weep, as they do now, I'll fight..."

[[Image:Kjsvg.png|right|thumb|Salvation Army shield]]
'''The Salvation Army''' is a Christian [[Protestant]] denomination which was started by "General" [[William Booth]] in 1865 in [[England]], and founded on March 28, 1885 in the [[United States]].

Its original name was the Christian Mission. To increase effectiveness, William Booth designed uniforms and imposed a military style of leadership. It has long been recognized for its extremely low overhead in delivering services to the poor.

The Salvation Army has an active presence in 113 countries and territories worldwide, the most notable exceptions being [[Islam]]ic states. Its tightly-organized hierarchy has its headquarters in [[London]], England, and is currently led by General [[Shaw Clifton]], a UK citizen. Among The Salvation Army's 17 international leaders since William Booth have been two women (Evangeline Booth, 1934-1939, born in the [[United Kingdom]] and a naturalized US citizen, and Eva Burrows, 1986-1993, [[Australia]]n). One American, Paul A. Rader, has served as international leader (1994-1999).

Among The Salvation Army's [[denomination]]al distinctives are its elevation of women to equal leadership positions as men, considered radical when the organization was founded in the late 19th century.

While best-known for its social services and disaster work, The Salvation Army is a religious denomination with Sunday worship in roughly 50,000 locations worldwide. Denominational membership is about 1,500,000. The organization's [[theology|theological]] heritage is [[Wesleyan]]-[[Arminian]] (William Booth was a [[Methodist]]), and The Salvation Army considers itself part of the [[Holiness tradition]].

President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] praised the Salvation Army on December 1, 1965:<ref>http://www.amerisearch.net/index.php?date=2004-03-28&view=View</ref>

{{QuoteBox|For a century now, the Salvation Army has offered food to the hungry and shelter to the homeless-in clinics and children's homes, through disaster relief, in prison and welfare work, and a thousand other endeavors. In that century you have proved time and again the power of a handshake, a meal, and a song. But you have not stopped there. You have demonstrated also the power of a great idea. ... The voice of the Salvation Army has reminded men that physical well-being is just not enough; that spiritual rebirth is the most pressing need of our time and of every time; that the world cannot be changed unless men change. That voice has been clear and courageous-and it has been heard. Even when other armies have disbanded, I hope that this one will still be on the firing line.}}

In his last public speech, "General" William Booth said:
[quote]While women weep, as they do now, I'll fight; while little children go hungry, as they do now, I'll fight; while men go to prison, in and out, in and out, I'll fight; while there is a drunkard left, while there is a poor girl lost upon the streets, while there remains one dark soul without the light of God, I'll fight to the very end!<ref>Smith, J. Evan (1949), ''Booth the Beloved,'' Geoffrey Cumberledge, Melbourne, as cited in ''What Price the Poor?: William Booth, Karl Marx and the London Residuum," Anne M. Woodall, 2005[/quote]

== References ==

[http://www.salvationarmy.org Salvation Army International website]

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salvation Army, The}}
[[Category:Christian Organizations]]

Gilbert and Sullivan

2008-01-18T01:16:39Z

Dpbsmith: /* Famous Works */ Remove "then-fading" with ref. to British Empire, see Talk

'''Gilbert and Sullivan''' refer to the musical team of librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900). The two are famous for the creation of the [[England|British]] [[light opera]] tradition. A ''light opera'' - a genre almost entirely composed of Gilbert and Sullivan works - is a comic work in the popular tongue (vulgate), written for mass consumption and enjoyment, often to parody themes of (then-) modern life. During their lifetimes and work together, Gilbert and Sullivan wrote fourteen light operas.

Almost as important as Gilbert and Sullivan themselves was Richard D'Oyly Carte, their producer and impresario. The success of the early operas enabled him to build the Savoy Theatre, in which the later operas were mounted. The Gilbert and Sullivan works are often known as the "Savoy operas" and theatre companies devoted to presenting these operas often name themselves "Savoyards." D'Oyly Carte's productions were lavishly mounted and had an element of spectacle to them; for example, the "March of the Peers" in ''Iolanthe'' featured elaborate replicas of the ceremonial robes worn by the members of the House of Lords.

Sir Arthur Sullivan found the success of the operettas personally frustrating. He aspired to what he considered to be greater things, and many of his contemporaries, up to and including Queen Victoria, encouraged his ambitions to create serious grand opera on epic English themes. Sullivan did create a cantata, ''The Golden Legend;'' an oratorio, ''The Light of the World;'' and an opera, ''Ivanhoe.'' Today, all of these are obscure and rarely performed, but the Savoy operas remain popular. Gilbert famously quipped that Sullivan aspired to be a [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]], but was only an [[Jacques Offenbach|Offenbach]].

However, part of the pleasure audiences take from Gilbert and Sullivan comes from the contrast between Sullivan's refined music and Gilbert's irreverent words.

In the early years the United States did not recognize British copyrights. Unauthorized productions of works such as ''Pinafore'' were mounted in the United States almost simultaneously with the first British productions, and were great successes.

==Famous Works==
Among the better known works by Gilbert and Sullivan are [[Patience]], [[Ruddigore]], [[Pirates of Penzance]], and [[HMS Pinafore]]. All of the works were written to parody elements of British life in the [[Queen Victoria|Victorian]] era, especially often mocking the [[Royal Navy]], the linchpin of the [[British Empire]]. All of the works are subtitled with a phrase illuming the background of the story - often, the subtitles were meant to foreshadow a theme in the opera, the non-existence of which would become a major comic element. For example:
*Pirates of Penzance, subtitled "The Slave of Duty," foreshadows the main character's conflict between his (illusory) duty and his love of the female lead.
*Ruddigore, subtitled "The Witch's Curse," foreshadows the central theme of the curse on the family of the Baronets of Ruddigore, which is resolved comically.

The "March of the Peers" from Iolanthe is standard band repertoire and familiar to many who do not know it by name. If Elgar's ''Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1'' is the music most frequently performed at high school commencements, Sullivan's ''March of the Peers'' is probably the second most frequently performed.

[[category:entertainment]]
[[category:culture]]
[[category:literature]]
[[category:music]]

Talk:Gilbert and Sullivan

2008-01-18T01:15:36Z

Dpbsmith:

Nice article - but was the Empire fading in the G&S period? Surely it was at its zenith. [[User:DavidSullivan|DavidSullivan]] 10:52, 17 January 2008 (EST)

*I agree. Conservapedia's article on the [[British Empire]] says "its voluntary demise may be variously dated to 1947 (when India was granted independence), to the 1960s (when the UK withdrew from most of its remaining colonies), or to as recently as 1997 (when Hong Kong, the last major colony, was returned to Chinese rule)." I personally thought its decline was thought to have begun at the time of the First World War. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 20:15, 17 January 2008 (EST)

2008-01-05T00:59:21Z

Dpbsmith: /* References */

The original "Hall of Fame" in the United States is the '''Hall of Fame for Great Americans,''' a now almost-forgotten institution located in what was originally a campus of New York University and is now Bronx Community College in [[Bronx]], New York.

It was dedicated in 1901, and honorees were elected at five-year intervals from 1900 through 1970, in 1973, and in 1976. During its heyday the election of new honorees was considered a national news event, and the choices of honorees were a topic of lively public debate.

According to Mimi Sheraton, when she was growing up in the 1930s "the Hall of Fame was famous" and one of her mother's favorite put-downs was "You must think you belong in the Hall of Fame."<ref name=sheraton>Sheraton, Mimi (2000), "My Bronx: Yesterday's Heroes, Up On Pedestals," ''The New York Times,'' December 15, 2000, p. E37</ref> In the motion picture [[The Wizard of Oz]], the Munchkins sing to Dorothy that she would “be a bust, be a bust in the Hall of Fame.”<ref name=mcshane>McShane, Larry (2004), "Proliferation of halls of fame makes original a bust", [http://www.cantonrep.com/printable.php?ID=166994 The Canton Repository]</ref>

Honorees include many names that are still famous ([[Wilbur Wright|Wilbur]] and [[Orville Wright]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[John Philip Sousa]]) and some that seem quite obscure: (Naval officer and oceanographer [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]], astronomer [[Maria Mitchell]], jurist [[Rufus Choate]]).

The Hall of Fame includes a 630-foot outdoor colonnade featuring 98 bronze busts and commemorative plaques. The colonnade has places for 102 busts and 102 honorees have been elected, but due to lack of funding, four busts have not been commissioned or installed: those of [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[Clara Barton]], [[Luther Burbank]] and [[Louis Brandeis]].<ref name=mcshane/> The 97th to be installed was that of [[George Washington Carver]] in 1977<ref>Johnston, Laurie (1977), "The Enshrinement of George Washington Carver, ''The New York Times,'' April 23, 1977, p. 50</ref>; the 98th, that of [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], was installed in 1992<ref name=mcshane/> in connection with [[Bill Clinton]]'s election.

Many of the busts are the work of notable sculptors such as [[Daniel Chester French]] and [[Augustus St. Gaudens]], and the National Sculpture Society once designated the colonnade "the finest collection of bronzes in America."<ref name=sheraton/>

It also includes three buildings: the Gould Memorial Library, a Hall of Languages, and a Hall of Philosophy. The Gould Memorial Library was used as a setting in the movies [[A Beautiful Mind]], [[The Thomas Crown Affair]], and [[Sophie's Choice]]. In 2004, the J. Paul Getty Trust donated $228,000 to repair the badly deteriorating building.<ref>Arenson, Karen W. (2004) "Regilding a Bronx Landmark," The New York Times, July 30, 2004, p. B1</ref>
==Honorees==
These are the 102 people chosen as honorees; as noted above, there are presently only 98 busts; those of [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[Clara Barton]], [[Luther Burbank]] and [[Louis Brandeis]] have not been commissioned or installed. The Hall of Fame's website lists their names in full, and we have followed that usage here, even though some of the names are commonly present in shorter form (e.g. "Samuel F. B. Morse" or "Samuel Morse" rather than "Samuel Finley Breese Morse.").

*[[John Adams]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]]
*[[Jane Addams]]
*[[Louis Agassiz]]
*[[Susan B. Anthony]]
*[[John James Audubon]]
*[[George Bancroft]]
*[[Clara Barton]]
*[[Henry Ward Beecher]]
*[[Alexander Graham Bell]]
*[[Daniel Boone]]
*[[Edwin Booth]]
*[[Louis Brandeis]]
*[[Phillips Brooks]]
*[[William Cullen Bryant]]
*[[Luther Burbank]]
*[[Andrew Carnegie]]
*[[George Washington Carver]]
*[[William Ellery Channing]]
*[[Rufus Choate]]
*[[Henry Clay]]
*[[Samuel Langhorne Clemens]]
*[[Grover Cleveland]]
*[[James Fenimore Cooper]]
*[[Peter Cooper]]
*[[Charlotte Saunders Cushman]]
*[[James Buchanan Eads]]
*[[Thomas Alva Edison]]
*[[Jonathan Edwards]]
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]
*[[David Glasgow Farragut]]
*[[Stephen Collins Foster]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[Robert Fulton]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[William Crawford Gorgas]]
*[[Ulysses Simpson Grant]]
*[[Asa Gray]]
*[[Alexander Hamilton]]
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Patrick Henry]]
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes]]
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]]
*[[Mark Hopkins]]
*[[Elias Howe]]
*[[Washington Irving]]
*[[Andrew Jackson]]
*[[Stonewall Jackson|Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson]]
*[[Thomas Jefferson]]
*[[John Paul Jones]]
*[[James Kent]]
*[[Sidney Lanier]]
*[[Robert E. Lee|Robert Edward Lee]]
*[[Abraham Lincoln]]
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]
*[[James Russell Lowell]]
*[[Mary Lyon]]
*[[Edward Alexander MacDowell]]
*[[James Madison]]
*[[Horace Mann]]
*[[John Marshall]]
*[[Matthew Fontaine Maury]]
*[[Albert Abraham Michelson]]
*[[Maria Mitchell]]
*[[James Monroe]]
*[[Samuel Morse|Samuel Finley Breese Morse]]
*[[William Thomas Green Morton]]
*[[John Lothrop Motley]]
*[[Simon Newcomb]]
*[[Thomas Paine]]
*[[Alice Freeman Palmer]]
*[[Francis Parkman]]
*[[George Peabody]]
*[[William Penn]]
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]]
*[[Walter Reed]]
*[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
*[[Theodore Roosevelt]]
*[[Augustus Saint-Gaudens ]]
*[[William Tecumseh Sherman]]
*[[John Philip Sousa]]
*[[Joseph Story]]
*[[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]
*[[Gilbert Charles Stuart]]
*[[Sylvanus Thayer]]
*[[Henry David Thoreau]]
*[[Lillian D. Wald ]]
*[[Booker T. Washington ]]
*[[George Washington]]
*[[Daniel Webster]]
*[[George Westinghouse]]
*[[James Abbott McNeill Whistler]]
*[[Walt Whitman]]
*[[Eli Whitney]]
*[[John Greenleaf Whittier]]
*[[Emma Willard]]
*[[Frances Elizabeth Willard]]
*[[Roger Williams]]
*[[Woodrow Wilson]]
*[[Orville Wright]]
*[[Wilbur Wright]]

==External links==
[http://www.bcc.cuny.edu/hallofFame/ Hall of Fame for Great Americans]
==See also==
[[Baseball Hall of Fame]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Hall of Fame honorees]]

Edgar Allan Poe

2008-01-05T00:58:28Z

Dpbsmith:

'''Edgar Allan Poe''' is a famous American [[author]], [[poet]] and editor known for his dark and morbid themes. Among his most famous works are ''The Raven'' and 'The Tell-tale Heart''.

His short story, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" is considered the first detective story.<ref>[http://www.classiccrimefiction.com/historydf.htm Origins of Detective Fiction]</ref>

''The Gold-Bug'' is an imaginative tale that gives an example of elementary [[cryptanalysis]] (code-breaking).

== Life ==

Poe was born in Boston in 1809, and was raised in Richmond, Virginia after his mother's death in 1811. He was educated in England and in Virginia.

In 1836, he married his 13 year old cousin, in Baltimore. Poe was an alcoholic, and drank increasingly after his wife's death in 1847. In 1849, he was found on the streets in Baltimore and died soon after. The cause of Poe's death remains unknown.<ref>The Poe Museum, [http://www.poemuseum.org/poes_life/index.html "Poe's Life"], by James Southall Wilson</ref>

==Works==

===Poetry===

* O, Tempora! O, Mores! (1825)
* Song (1827)
* Imitation (1827)
* Spirits of the Dead (1827)
* A Dream (1827)
* Stanzas (1827)
* Tamerlane (1827)
* The Lake (1827)
* Evening Star (1827)
* A Dream (1827)
* To Margaret (1827)
* The Happiest Day (1827)
* To The River (1828)
* Romance (1829)
* Fairy-Land (1829)
* To Science (1829)
* To Isaac Lea (1829)
* Al Aaraaf (1829)
* An Acrostic (1829)
* Elizabeth (1829)
* To Helen (1831)
* A Paean (1831)
* The Sleeper (1831)
* The City in the Sea (1831)
* The Valley of Unrest (1831)
* Israfel (1831)
* The Coliseum (1833)
* Enigma (1833)
* Fanny (1833)
* Serenade (1833)
* Song of Triumph from Epimanes (1833)
* Latin Hymn (1833)
* To One in Paradise (1833)
* Hymn (1835)
* Politician (1835)
* May Queen Ode (1836)
* Spiritual Song (1836)
* Bridal Ballad (1837)
* To Zante (1837)
* The Haunted Palace (1839)
* Silence, a Sonnet (1839)
* Lines on Joe Locke (1843)
* The Conqueror Worm (1843)
* Lenore (1843)
* Eulalie (1843)
* A Campaign Song (1844)
* Dream-Land (1844)
* Impromptu. To Kate Carol (1845)
* To Frances (1845)
* The Divine Right of Kings (1845)
* Epigram for Wall Street (1845)
* The Raven (1845)
* A Valentine (1846)
* Beloved Physician (1847)
* An Enigma (1847)
* Deep in Earth (1847)
* Ulalume (1847)
* Lines on Ale (1848)
* To Marie Louise (1848)
* Evangeline (1848)
* A Dream Within A Dream (1849)
* Eldorado (1849)
* For Annie (1849)
* The Bells (1849)
* Annabel Lee (1849)
* Alone (1875)

===Tales===

* Metzengerstein (1832)
* The Duc De L'Omelette (1832)
* A Tale of Jerusalem (1832)
* Loss of Breath (1832)
* Bon-Bon (1832)
* MS. Found in a Bottle (1833)
* The Assignation (1834)
* Berenice (1835)
* Morella (1835)
* Lionizing (1835)
* The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall (1835)
* King Pest (1835)
* Shadow - A Parable (1835)
* Four Beasts in One - The Homo-Cameleopard (1836)
* Mystification (1837)
* Silence - A Fable (1837)
* Ligeia (1838)
* How to Write a Blackwood Article (1838)
* A Predicament (1838)
* The Devil in the Belfry (1839)
* The Man That Was Used Up (1839)
* The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)
* William Wilson (1839)
* The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion (1839)
* Why the Little Frenchman Wears His Hand in a Sling (1840)
* The Business Man (1840)
* The Man of the Crowd (1840)
* The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841)
* A Descent into the Maelstrom (1841)
* The Island of the Fay (1841)
* The Colloquy of Monos and Una (1841)
* Never Bet the Devil Your Head (1841)
* Eleonora (1841)
* Three Sundays in a Week (1841)
* The Oval Portrait (1842)
* The Masque of the Red Death (1842)
* The Landscape Garden (1842)
* The Mystery of Marie Roget (1842)
* The Pit and the Pendulum (1842)
* The Tell-Tale Heart (1843)
* The Gold-Bug (1843)
* The Black Cat (1843)
* Diddling (1843)
* The Spectacles (1844)
* A Tale of the Ragged Mountains (1844)
* The Premature Burial (1844)
* Mesmeric Revelation (1844)
* The Oblong Box (1844)
* The Angel of the Odd (1844)
* Thou Art the Man (1844)
* The Literary Life of Thingum Bob, Esq. (1844)
* The Purloined Letter (1844)
* The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade (1845)
* Some Words with a Mummy (1845)
* The Power of Words (1845)
* The Imp of the Perverse (1845)
* The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether (1845)
* The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar (1845)
* The Sphinx (1846)
* The Cask of Amontillado (1846)
* The Domain of Arnheim (1847)
* Mellonta Tauta (1849)
* Hop-Frog (1849)
* Von Kempelen and His Discovery (1849)
* X-ing a Paragrab (1849)
* Landor's Cottage (1849)

===Essays===

* Maelzel's Chess Player (1836)
* The Daguerreotype (1840)
* The Philosophy of Furniture (1840)
* A Few Words on Secret Writing (1841)
* The Rationale of Verse (1843)
* Morning on the Wissahiccon (1844)
* Old English Poetry (1845)
* The Philosophy of Composition (1846)
* The Poetic Principle (1846)
* Eureka (1848)

===Hoaxes===
* The Balloon-Hoax (1844)

===Novels===
* The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1837)
* The Journal of Julius Rodman (1840)

===Plays===

* Scenes From 'Politian' (1835)

===Others===

* The Conchologist's First Book (1839)
* The Light-House (1849)

==References==

<References/>

{{DEFAULTSORT: Poe, Edgar Allan}}

==External Links==
[http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/p#a481 Poe's Works at Project Gutenberg]

[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Hall of Fame honorees]]
[[Category:Poets]]

Hall of Fame for Great Americans

2008-01-03T20:00:34Z

Dpbsmith:

Edgar Allan Poe

2008-01-03T19:59:24Z

Dpbsmith:

Stephen Collins Foster

2008-01-03T19:55:54Z

Dpbsmith: Redirecting to Stephen Foster

#REDIRECT [[Stephen Foster]]

Ulysses Simpson Grant

2008-01-03T19:55:21Z

Dpbsmith: Redirecting to Ulysses S. Grant

#REDIRECT [[Ulysses S. Grant]]