Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Random sampling

2012-08-16T16:31:32Z

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'''Random sampling''' is a [[statistical]] technique in which individuals are randomly selected from the target group (usually a sub-set of the population). More precisely, everyone has a known probability of selection. Generally the aim of this method is to remove bias in selection of samples, though it may not be suitable for all cases of statistical analysis, depending upon the circumstances.

The '''reliability''' of a poll is a different dimension and refers to the amount of random error still present. The larger the poll, the smaller the random error. (Increasing the size of a poll by X reduces the error by the square root of x. A poll with 4 times as many people will have half the random error.)

An example is all eligible voters being equally likely to be included in a poll. This method does not ensure accuracy, but increases its likelihood.

==Theory==
In statistical studies, '''random sampling''' refers to the extraction of values (''sampling'') of a designated input [[probability distribution]] for ensuing statistical calculations, such that the relative [[probability]] of extraction is that indicated by the input [[probability density function]] in the case of a continuous distribution or the [[probability mass function]] in the case of a discrete distribution.
==Further reading==
* Graham Kalton. ''Introduction to Survey Sampling'' (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences) (1983) [http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Sampling-Quantitative-Applications-Sciences/dp/0803921268/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235831356&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

[[Category:Statistics]]

Economics Homework Seven Answers - Student Seventeen

2012-08-16T16:31:12Z

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JonathanL Homework week 7

1) The four elements of perfect [[competition]] are : many buyers and sellers; goods that are perfect substitutes for each other; perfect knowledge in the market; and perfect mobility of resources.

2) In the end the only way to be truly motivated is to be in competition with yourself. As far as sports go, I could care less what other people are doing to make themselves better, because in a sense I am not competing against them, rather myself. Worrying or concerning yourself with other’s progress proves only to be futile in the long run. Wasting your time watching others practice and improve is merely lost time for bettering yourself.

3) How can economics be infused in actual life… Too many fields only limit themselves to theory, like socialism.

4) Yes but the converse is much harder to obtain… It is much easier to destroy or pollute someone’s mind then it is to rid their mind of those same sinful thoughts. One gallon of oil can pollute 1,000,000 gallons of fresh water in a matter of hours. However, reversing those effects can take months.

6) Your loss in wealth is 2,250$.

7) NO there is not. Homeschoolers have a huge advantage because their parents are their teachers, and parents care far more for you than any teacher at public school would. Also, you can cater to the individual rather than the masses. In public school, everyone is forced to follow the same time schedule and take the same classes. What if you don’t want to do art? If you are in public school, then you fail. If you are home schooled, then you do something that you want to do that betters YOUR education. Similarly, homeschoolers do 33% better on average than public schooled children.

[[Category:Economics Homework Seven Answers]]

Eristic principle

2012-08-16T16:30:58Z

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The ''Eristic Princible'' and ''Aneristic Principle'' are philosophical notions appropriated from [[Buddhism]] by the [[Discordianism|Discordians]], and adapted to their own ends. The basic idea is that the universe's natural state is [[Chaos]], and that any apparent [[Order]] is only perceived due to the pre-existing [[Reality tunnel]] of the perceiver. (In short, "believing is seeing".)

From the Principia Discordia:<ref>[http://www.principiadiscordia.com/book/56.php Principia Discordia, Page 00056].</ref>

The Aneristic Principle is that of APPARENT ORDER; the Eristic Principle is that of APPARENT DISORDER. Both order and disorder are man made CONCEPTS and are artificial divisions of PURE CHAOS, which is a level deeper than is the level of distinction making. 
With our concept making apparatus called "mind" we look at reality through the ideas-about-reality which our cultures give us. The ideas-about-reality are mistakenly labeled "reality" and unenlightened people are forever perplexed by the fact that other people, especially other cultures, see "reality" differently. It is only the ideas-about-reality which differ. Real (capital-T True) reality is a level deeper than is the level of concept. 
We look through the world through windows on which have been drawn grids (concepts). Different philosophies use different grids. A culture is a group of people with rather similar grids. Through a window we view chaos, and relate it to the points on our grid, and thereby understand it. The ORDER is in the GRID. That is the Aneristic Principle. 
Western philosophy is traditionally concerned with contrasting one grid with another grid, and amending grids in hopes of finding a perfect one that will account for all [[Reality]] and will, hence, (say unenlightened westerners) be True. This is illusory; it is what we Erisians call the ANERISTIC ILLUSION. Some grids can be more useful than others, some more beautiful than others, some more pleasant than others, etc., but none can be more True than any other. 
DISORDER is simply unrelated information viewed through some particular grid. But, like "relation", no-relation is a concept. Male, like female, is an idea about sex. To say that male-ness is "absence of female-ness", or vice versa, is a matter of definition and metaphysically arbitrary. The artificial concept of no-relation is the ERISTIC PRINCIPLE. 
The belief that "order is true" and disorder is false or somehow wrong, is the Aneristic Illusion. To say the same of disorder, is the ERISTIC ILLUSION.

The point is that (little-t) truth is a matter of definition relative to the grid one is using at the moment, and that (capital-T) Truth, metaphysical reality, is irrelevant to grids entirely. 
The point is that (little-t) truth is a matter of definition relative to the grid one is using at the moment, and that (capital-T) Truth, metaphysical reality, is irrelevant to grids entirely.

The point is that (little-t) truth is a matter of definition relative to the grid one is using at the moment, and that (capital-T) Truth, metaphysical reality, is irrelevant to grids entirely. Pick a grid, and through it some chaos appears ordered and some appears disordered. Pick another grid, and the same chaos will appear differently ordered and disordered.

Reality is the original [[Rorschach test|Rorschach]].

==Reference==
<references/>
[[Category:Philosophy]]

Hayland

2012-08-16T16:30:46Z

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'''Hayland''' is - according to the [[USDA]] terminology - ''"a subcategory of [[cropland]] managed for the production of forage crops that are machine harvested. The crop may be grasses, legumes, or a combination of both. Hayland also includes land in set-aside or other short-term agricultural programs."<ref>[http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRI/1997/summary_report/glossary.html List of USDA terminology]</ref>''
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Agriculture]]
{{USDA_Terms}}

Spinoff article

2012-08-16T16:30:32Z

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A '''spinoff article''', seen as a subordinate part of a main [[article]], treats an aspect which needs further explanation for the reader to understand the main article.

[[Wikipedia]] tends to resist spinoffs when their [[liberal]] contributors seek to maintain bias in articles. One way to resist a spinoff is to label it a "POV fork".

[[Category:Wikis]]

Kingston Trio

2012-08-16T16:30:19Z

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Credited with creating and popularizing the [[folk music]] craze of the early 1960’s, the '''Kingston Trio''' was three northern [[California]] college buddies. '''Dave Guard''', born on October 19, 1934, wrote songs and played [[banjo]] with two [[guitar]]ist, Hawaii born '''Robert Schoen''', known as '''Bob Shane''' (February 1, 1934) who also played bongo’s and San Diego native Nick Reynolds, born July 27, 1933.

Their big break came as performers at the San Francisco’s Purple Onion. Signed by Capitol Records, the Kingston Trio leaped to the top of the Hit Parade in 1958 with the multi million selling “Tom Dooley,” a song that stayed on the best selling charts for 21 consecutive weeks.

The following year “The Tijuana Jail,” “M.T.A.” and “A Worried Man” each reached the top ten as the threesome also exploded with album sales, four LP’s in the top ten during the same period of time. In 1963, “Reverend Mr. Black” earned more gold for the trio.

Among their single hits was, “Bad Man Blunder,” “El Matador,” “Where Have All The Flowers Gone,” “Scotch and Soda,” “Desert Pete” and “Greenback Dollar.”

Winners of two Grammy Awards, the original Kingston Trio disbanded after a final performance in 1967. They were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2000.

In 1991, Dave Guard died of lymphatic cancer.

[[category:bands]]

History Cooperative

2012-08-16T16:30:02Z

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The '''History Cooperative''' is a nonprofit humanities resource offering top-level online history scholarship. It offers full online text of articles from 20 major journals. These are accessed through library or personal subscriptions.

It currently hosts:
* ''American Historical Review'', a leading journal; covers all history
* ''Common-place'' (a popular history magazine)
* ''Environmental History''
* ''Health and History''
* ''The History Teacher''
* ''IA, the Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology''
* ''Indiana Magazine of History''
* ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association''
* ''Journal of American History'', a leading journal; covers American history
* ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era''
* ''Journal of Social History'', a leading journal; covers all history
* ''Journal of World History''
* ''Labour History''
* ''Labour / Le Travail''
* ''Law and History Review''
* ''Massachusetts Historical Review''
* ''Michigan Historical Review''
* ''Oregon Historical Quarterly''
* ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography''
* ''Western Historical Quarterly'', a leading journal; covers Western US history
* ''William and Mary Quarterly'', a leading journal; covers colonial American history
* World History Connected
* Booker T. Washington Papers
* Historian's Web Links
* Historical Map Collections

==See also==
* [[JSTOR]]
* [[Project MUSE]]
* [[EBSCO]]
==External links==
* [http://www.historycooperative.org/ official website]
[[category:Libraries]]
[[category:History]]
[[category:Historians]]

Debate:Favorite old time radio show

2012-08-16T16:29:48Z

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{{debate}}

What is your favorite old time radio show, let's debate this topic

My favorite thing about old time radio is that it proves that entertainment does not need to be dirty to be funny, (but to be honest it was sometimes a little racist).

For those new to old time radio, you can find huge amounts on the Internet Archive[http://www.archive.org/details/oldtimeradio].

My Personal favorite is the [[Dean Martin|Martin]] & [[Jerry Lewis|Lewis]] show[http://www.archive.org/details/MartinAndLewis_OldTimeRadio]. What's yours? [[User:DLerner|DLerner]] 22:39, 4 March 2008 (EST)

Although it was canceled a long time before I was born, I've listened to recordings of Lux Radio Theater and love them--[[User:TedM|TedM]] 23:33, 9 March 2009 (EDT)

Jack Benny, hands down. Mel Blanc was one of the funniest radio voices in broadcast history. --[[User:TomRobinson|TomRobinson]] 13:55, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

== Kick to the head! ==

Do any of y'all remember [[Ed Gruberman]]? Oh man, he'd just sit there and http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Debate:Favorite_old_time_radio_show&action=editkick people in the head. Sometimes they deserved it, sometimes they didn't - but it was always good stuff. --[[User:DrHubertJNugz|DrHubertJNugz]] 22:07, 18 August 2008 (EDT)

British Isles

2012-08-16T16:29:33Z

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[[Image:british-isles.gif|right|250px|thumb|Map of the British Isles]]

The British Isles are a [[Archipelago|group of islands]] off the northwestern coast of continental Europe.<ref>"Geographical terms also cause problems and we know that some will find certain of our terms offensive. Many Irish object to the term the 'British Isles';..." The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland: Power, Conflict and emancipation. Joseph Ruane and Jennifer Todd. Cambridge University Press. 1996
An Irishman's Diary Myers, Kevin; The Irish Times (subscription needed) 09/03/2000, Accessed July 2006 'millions of people from these islands — 'oh how angry we get when people call them the British Isles'; Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700. (London: Penguin/Allen Lane, 2003): “the collection of islands which embraces England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales has commonly been known as the British Isles. This title no longer pleases all the inhabitants of the islands, and a more neutral description is ‘the Atlantic Isles’” (p. xxvi); On 18 July 2004 The Sunday Business Post questioned the use of British Isles as a purely geographic expression, noting: [The] "Last Post has redoubled its efforts to re-educate those labouring under the misconception that Ireland is really just British. When British Retail Week magazine last week reported that a retailer was to make its British Isles debut in Dublin, we were puzzled. Is not Dublin the capital of the Republic of Ireland?. When Last Post suggested the magazine might see its way clear to correcting the error, an educative e-mail to the publication...:Retrieved 17 July 2006 </ref> Geographically speaking, the British Isles are comprised of [[Great Britain]], [[Ireland]] and a number of smaller islands including the [[Scottish]] islands in the north and some of the [[Channel Islands]] in the south. Politically, the island of Ireland has been divided into two states since 6 December 1922: [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Northern Ireland]], the latter of which remains part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].

Following the independence from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] of most of Ireland consequent on the [[Irish War of Independence]] (1916-1922), the term's usage has declined greatly. <ref> "...I have called the Atlantic archipelago – since the term ‘British Isles’ is one which Irishmen reject and Englishmen decline to take quite seriously." Pocock, J.G.A. [1974] (2005). "British History: A plea for a new subject". The Discovery of Islands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 29. OCLC 60611042.
"...what used to be called the "British Isles," although that is now a politically incorrect term." Finnegan, Richard B.; Edward T. McCarron (2000). Ireland: Historical Echoes, Contemporary Politics. Boulder: Westview Press, p. 358.; "In an attempt to coin a term that avoided the 'British Isles' - a term often offensive to Irish sensibilities - Pocock suggested a neutral geographical term for the collection of islands located in northwest Europe which included Britain and Ireland: the Atlantic archipelago..." Lambert, Peter; Phillipp Schofield (2004). Making History: An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline. New York: Routledge, p. 217.</ref> For historical and political reasons related to British rule over Ireland, it is expressly avoided in official communication between the sovereign states of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]], and several alternative names have emerged in British-Irish relations such as IONA (Islands of the North Atlantic) and the Atlantic Archipelago. However, at present the term 'Britain and Ireland' appears to be more popular.<ref> "..the term is increasingly unacceptable to Irish historians in particular, for whom the Irish sea is or ought to be a separating rather than a linking element. Sensitive to such susceptibilities, proponents of the idea of a genuine British history, a theme which has come to the fore during the last couple of decades, are plumping for a more neutral term to label the scattered islands peripheral to the two major ones of Great Britain and Ireland." Roots, Ivan (1997). "Union or Devolution in Cromwell's Britain". History Review.; The British Isles, A History of Four Nations, Second edition, Cambridge University Press, July 2006, Preface, Hugh Kearney. "The title of this book is ‘The British Isles’, not ‘Britain’, in order to emphasise the multi-ethnic character of our intertwined histories. Almost inevitably many within the Irish Republic find it objectionable, much as Basques or Catalans resent the use of the term ‘Spain’. As Seamus Heaney put it when he objected to being included in an anthology of British Poetry: 'Don’t be surprised If I demur, for, be advised My passport’s green. No glass of ours was ever raised To toast the Queen. (Open Letter, Field day Pamphlet no.2 1983)"(Note: sections bolded for emphasis do not appear bold in original publications)</ref>.

==Geography==

Geographically, the islands stretch from the [[Isles of Scilly]] in the South, to [[Shetland]] in the North and from [[Tearaght Island]] in the West, to [[Lowestoft Ness]] in the East. There are over than 6,000 [[island]]s covering a total land area of 121,674 square miles. Also part of the group is the [[Isle of Man]], a [[United Kingdom]] Crown dependency and notable [[tax haven]]. With the exception of the [[Isle of Man]], both states are members of the [[European Union|EU]]. Of the six thousand islands in the group, the largest two are [[Great Britain]] and [[Ireland]]. Great Britain alone covers over half the total landmass of the British Isles, some 83,698 square miles. [[Ireland]] is located to the West of [[Great Britain]] and covers some 32,589 square mile. Other islands notable for their size are [[Orkney]] off the [[Scottish]] coast, [[Anglesey]] (Ynys Mon) off the [[Welsh]] coast and the [[Isle of Man]] between [[Great Britain]] and [[Ireland]].

The islands are low lying with Southern [[Great Britain]] being at particularly low [[altitude]]. [[Ben Nevis]] in the Scottish [[Highlands]] is the highest [[mountain]] in the British Isles rising to 1,344 metres above [[sea level]]. Although other parts of the isles are mountainous (parts of [[Wales]], Northern [[England]] and parts of [[Ireland]]), few mountains in these areas reach more than 1,000 metres above [[sea level]].

Lakes on the islands are all [[freshwater]], the largest being [[Lough Neagh]] in [[Ireland]]. The largest lake in Great Britain is [[Loch Lomond]] although [[Lake Windermere]] and [[Loch Ness]] are both notable. Rivers are a prominent feature on the landscape and were once an important form of [[transport]]. The river [[Severn]] and the [[Shannon]] are the longest but perhaps the best known waterway is the river [[Thames]]. During the [[Industrial Revolution]], river transport was augmented by the building of many [[canals]] linking trade towns to ports. The best known examples are the [[Leeds]] to [[Liverpool]] [[canal]] linking these two important trading cities, and the [[Grand Union Canal]] linking [[London]] and the [[Thames]] with the canal system of the industrial English Midlands..

The islands share a temperate climate with winters being cool and wet and summers milder and dryer. [[Rain]] is a common weather feature and is responsible for the long history of [[arable]] farming. Southern areas tend to be warmer than the Northern parts of the Isles and are thus more suited for [[arable]] farming. Northern farms are predomenantly [[Hill Farms]] concentrating on livestock.

==A note on terminology==

The British Isles may be divided historically, geographically, or politically in any of several ways:
*Large island masses: [[Ireland]] and [[Great Britain]]
*Modern politics: [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]]

[[Ireland]], the island on the West, is home to:
*[[Northern Ireland]]
*[[Republic of Ireland]] (or "Ireland") - writers must take care to avoid confusion here

[[Great Britain]], the larger island on the East, consists of:
*[[Scotland]]
*[[England]]
*[[Wales]]

==Culture of the British Isles==

The British Isles, being home to the [[English]], [[Welsh]], [[Scottish]] and [[Irish]] peoples has a very diverse culture. Perhaps the most unifying cultural aspect is the shared [[language]], [[English]] although there are a wealth of other languages spoken within the Isles. These include [[Irish]], [[Manx]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Cornish]] and [[Welsh]]. It is worth noting that there are a great number of regional accents, dialects and variations of [[English]] spoken and that a [[Geordie]] (a native of [[Newcastle]]) will sound very different from a [[Cockney]] (a native [[London]]er).

The British Isles are predominantly [[Christian]] and are home to many beautiful [[Church]]es, [[Cathedral]]s and [[Abbey]]s.

A number of sports are popular throughout the British Isles, the most prominent of which is [[soccer]]. [[Rugby]], [[darts]], [[snooker]], [[horse racing]] and [[cricket]] are also popular spectator and participatory sports.

The Public House (or [[pub]]) and the consumption of [[beer]] or [[Real ale]] is an important part of adult social life in all parts of the islands and pubs, along with [[church]]es, are the central point of many communities. The British Isles is home to a diverse range of foodstuffs and gastronomic traditions with the [[chip shop]] being found in all parts of the Isles and frequented by people from all walks of life. [[Fish and chips]] is the most well known dish traditional to the British Isles but has seen a decline in popularity in recent years due to the dwindling of [[North Sea]] fish stocks. Indeed, nearly all towns and villages will contain several [[pub]]s, several [[chip shop]]s, one or more [[churches]] and a football ground.

==Footnotes==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>

==Links of Interest==

http://www.geograph.org.uk/

[[Category:Geography]]
[[Category:Europe]]

Early European Explorers

2012-08-16T16:29:16Z

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+ ! Explorers !! Country Represented !! Year of Exploration !! Journey
|-
| [[Leif Ericson]] || [[Vikings]] ([[Norway]]) || about 1000 || [[Newfoundland]]
|-
| [[Bartolomeu Dias]] || [[Portugal]] || 1487-1488 || First [[Europe|European]] to round [[Cape of Good Hope]] at the southern tip of [[Africa]]
|-
| [[Christopher Columbus]] || [[Spain]] || 1492 || [[San Salvador]] and [[West Indies]]
|-
| [[John Cabot]] || [[England]] || 1497 || [[Greenland]], [[Labrador]], [[Newfoundland]]
|-
| [[Vasco da Gama]] || [[Portugal]] || 1497-1498 || First to reach [[India]] from [[Europe]] by sea
|-
| [[Amerigo Vespucci]] || [[Spain]] || 1497-1502 || [[South America]] and [[West Indies]]
|-
| [[Pedro Cabral]] || [[Portugal]] || 1500 || Sailed around [[Africa]] to [[India]]; discovered [[Brazil]]
|-
| [[Vasco de Balboa]] || [[Spain]] || 1513 || First to sight [[Pacific Ocean]]
|-
| [[Ferdinand Magellan]] || [[Spain]] || 1509-1522 || Led first expedition to sail around the globe, but died mid way
|-
| [[Juan Ponce de Leon]] || [[Spain]] || 1513 || [[Florida]]
|-
| [[Hernando Cortes]] || [[Spain]] || 1519-1521 || [[Aztec]] kingdom of [[Mexico]]
|-
| [[Giovanni da Verrazano]] || [[France]] || 1524 || Eastern coast of [[North America]]
|-
| [[Panfilo de Narvaez]] || [[Spain]] || 1528 || [[Florida]] and [[Mexico]]
|-
| [[Francisco Pizarro]] || [[Spain]] || 1531 || [[Inca]] empire of [[Peru]]
|-
| [[Jacques Cartier]] || [[France]] || 1535 || [[St. Lawrence River]]
|-
| [[Esteban and Father Marcos]] || [[Spain]] || 1539 || [[Canada]] and [[Quebec]]; Zuni pueblos of [[New Mexico]]
|-
| [[Hernando DeSoto]] || [[Spain]] || 1539-1542 || [[Mississippi River]], American Southeast
|-
| [[Francisco de Coronado]] || [[Spain]] || 1540-1542 || American Southwest
|-
| [[Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo]] || [[Spain]] || 1542 || [[California]]
|-
| [[Sir Francis Drake]] || [[England]] || 1577-1580 || Around the world
|-
| [[Samuel de Champlain]] || [[France]] || 1603-1609 || The [[Great Lakes]] and [[Quebec]]
|-
| [[Henry Hudson]] || [[England]] || 1609 || [[Hudson River]] and [[Hudson Bay]]
|}

[[category:Explorers]]

Conker

2012-08-16T16:29:01Z

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I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
[[Image:conker.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A conker in its outer shell. Only the brown nut is used in the game]]
A '''Conker''' is the name used in [[Britain]] and the United States for the hard brown nuts of the Horse-Chestnut tree. Conkers are used in a game traditionally played by young children.

==The Game==

A game of "conkers" is a game for two players. Playing conkers is a simple affair. Players will select a conker and make a hole through the centre of it. A piece of string is then threaded through the hole and tied off so that the conker freely hangs from the bottom. The opponents then face each other and take turns hitting each others conker with their own whilst the string is held in one hand.

The winner is the first player to smash the other conker. Once a conker has successfully smashed another, it becomes a "one-er". With each successive victory, it adds a further number (e.g a conker victorious in 6 matches would be a "six-er").

The trick to winning is to pick a large, hard conker. Children will gather many conkers in the autumn allowing them to select the best one.

==Cheating==

Although many schoolboys through the ages have attempted methods of artificially hardening their conkers, this is widely viewed (especially in tournaments) as cheating. Popular methods have included varnishing the conker using clear nail polish, baking or microwaving the conker to remove moisture and soaking the conker in vinegar or household cleaner to harden it.

Using an old, unused conker from a previous year also gives the player an advantage. Once again, this is frowned upon although it is not explicitly cheating.

==Fiction==

The Conker as Hard as a Diamond by Chris Powling is a comical childrens book about a fantastical conker tournament and makes a moral point about not bragging about victories.

==Controversy==

Although a game that has been played in schoolyards for hundreds of years [http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1319457,00.html some schools have considered banning the game] due to fear of injury. This is a recent phenomena no doubt inspired by the new [[Health and Safety]] culture.

==Links==

:[http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/conkers.html How to play]
:[http://www.nostalgiacentral.com/pop/conkers.htm Some of this constitutes cheating]

[[Category:Games]]
[[Category:Botany]]

Snoop Dogg

2012-08-16T16:28:47Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
'''Cordozar Calvin Broadus, Jr.''' (born October 20, 1971), better known as '''Snoop Dogg''' (formerly Snoop Doggy Dogg), is an [[American]] [[rap]]per. He is a [[Gangsta rap]] pioneer, working with [[Dr. Dre]] to popularize the genre in the early 1990's.

==Illegal Activities==

Snoop Dogg was arrested on Aug. 25, 1993 in connection with the [[murder]] of Philip Woldemariam. Snoop Dogg claimed his bodyguard had shot Woldemariam in self-defence. Both Snoop Dogg and his bodyguard were acquitted.

Snoop Dogg is quite open about his drug use, especially about his use of [[marijuana]]. He is a libertarian[http://www.ucllibertarians.com/celebrities.html] and an advocate of marijuana use.[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=21457]

[[Category: Rappers]]

Antimatter

2012-08-16T16:28:34Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
[[Matter]], and therefore everything seen, is made out of fundamental particles of nature. These fundamental particles are hadrons and leptons, the hadrons being further subdivided into baryons and mesons. Hadrons include the proton and neutron and leptons include the electron, [[muon]] and tau as well as the corresponding neutrinos. For simplicity, the overwhelming majority of matter in the universe is comprised of protons, neutrons and electrons.

These particles have been mysterious for quite some time: although [[physicist]]s knew they existed, they knew very little about them. In [[physics]], you can say you "know" something when, among other proprieties, you can predict and describe the way it behaves. You know that a [[stone]] will fall if it's not held properly. [[Physicist]]s can describe how it falls and predict exactly where it will touch the [[ground]] using mathematical formulas.

But physicists couldn't predict anything about the electron! Until a [[Paul Dirac]] thought about it: he found a very simple way to describe the proprieties and behavior of electrons, but... there was something curious about it. His description would only work if the electron had a "[[twin]]" particle, identical to it but with an opposite electric charge. It would be just like its mirror image!
He called it an [[antielectron]] or [[POSITRON]]. Of course, the same would be true for any existing particle ([[proton]] and [[antiproton]], [[neutron]] and [[antineutron]]).

[[Relativity]] teaches that mass is a very concentrated form of [[energy]]. So if energy and matter are the same thing, you can create matter with energy and you can create energy with matter.

Of course, to make matter a lot of it is needed, and very much concentrated in space. Particles and antiparticles are always created together, out of energy.

The first success was the creation of an "electron-positron" pair, twins that only require a relatively small amount of energy-dough to make them. Later came pairs of protons and antiprotons, then pairs of neutrons and antineutrons.

Antiparticles created in a laboratory "live" for a very short time before they crash into normal particles and annihilate. But nevertheless, they do exist.

Paul Dirac wondered, if protons, electrons and neutrons stick together to make atoms, and atoms stick together to make everything around us, what we call matter, then what about positrons, antiprotons and antineutrons? Do they stick together to make antiatoms? Are antiatoms the building bricks of antimatter? Modern-day physicists agree with him. But thinking something is possible doesn't mean it's necessarily true.

Scientists are hard at work on this mystery at a place called [[CERN]] they are trying to build antimatter. If some of the originally-created antiparticles are still around, they certainly can't be nearby some people think those antiparticles could be somewhere far, far away in the Universe. Some people think the antiparticles do not exist anymore. Something may have happened, just after their [[creation]], which destroyed them all, leaving only particles for the hard task of building up the Universe.

When a particle meets its antiparticle, they destroy each other, releasing a burst of energy such as gamma rays. In 1978, gamma ray detectors flown on balloons detected a type of gamma ray emerging from space that is known to be emitted when electrons collide with positrons — meaning there was antimatter in space.

These gamma rays apparently came from a cloud of antimatter roughly 10,000 light-years across surrounding our galaxy's core. This giant cloud shines brightly with gamma rays, with about the energy of 10,000 suns.

What exactly generated the antimatter was a mystery for the following decades. Suspects have included everything from exploding stars to dark matter.

Now, an international research team looking over four years of data from the European Space Agency's International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) satellite has pinpointed the apparent culprits. Their new findings suggest these positrons originate mainly from stars getting devoured by black holes and neutron stars.

As a black hole or neutron star destroys a star, tremendous amounts of radiation are released. Just as electrons and positrons emit the tell-tale [[gamma rays]] upon annihilation, so too can gamma rays combine to form electrons and positrons, providing the mechanism for the creation of the antimatter cloud, scientists think.

The researchers calculate that a relatively ordinary star getting torn apart by a black hole or neutron star orbiting around it — a so-called "low mass X-ray binary" — could spew on the order of one hundred thousand billion billion billion billion positrons (a 1 followed by 41 zeros) per second. These could account for a great deal of the antimatter that scientists have inferred, reducing or potentially eliminating the need for exotic explanations such as ones involving dark matter.

[[Category:Physics]]

Liu Bei

2012-08-16T16:28:22Z

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'''Liu Bei''' ([[Simplified Chinese|simplified]]: 刘被; [[Traditional Chinese|Traditional]]: 劉被; [[Hanyu pinyin]]: Liú Bèi; [[Wade-Giles]]: Liu Pei) (161–21 June 223) was a general, warlord, and later the founding emperor of Shu Han during the [[Three Kingdoms]] era of [[China]]. He was the main character in [[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]. Due to the popularity of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei is widely known as the ideal ruler who cared for his people and selected good advisors for his government.

==Life==

===Early life===

Liu Bei was a distant descendant of the Han emperor [[Liu Bang]], but was born very poor. He first gained notice as leader of a volunteer force in the [[Yellow Turban Rebellion]]. Afterwards, he was made Governor of Pingyuan County. He had difficulty protecting the land from warlords, and in 196 he surrendered his land and his post to the Emperor. Liu Bei and his generals wandered the land for several years after that. In 202, he received a land grant from his uncle Liu Biao, but the next year he was attacked by [[Cao Cao]] and forced to retreat.

===Three Kingdoms===

In 209, Liu Bei had his first formal meeting with [[Zhuge Liang]]. On his advice, Liu Bei took his men and recaptured the land he lost to Cao Cao. From there, he made trading relationships with the [[Turkic]] tribes of central Asia to get weapons and mercenary warriors. He invaded other warlords and used their land to create the Shu Han empire, which was a key part of Zhuge Liang's Three Kingdoms strategy. After the [[Battle of Chibi]], he formally declared himself emperor and declared war on the Cao Wei empire.

===Late years and death===

He was allied with Wu emperor [[Sun Quan]] for most of this period, but ended the alliance after finding Wu assassins in the his palace in 218. After the death of [[Guan Yu]], he had a dream in which Guan Yu told him that he should conquer Wu and defeat Sun Quan once and for all. He abandoned the Shu Han capital and attacked Sun Quan with all available men. After weeks of battle, Liu Bei challenged Sun Quan to a personal duel at Yiling. Sun Quan arranged an ambush, and Liu Bei was forced to retreat. He survived his injuries, but became ill and died in 223.

After he died, his men hid the body so that his enemies could never find it. Though there is some speculation, the exact location of Liu Bei's grave is not known today.

==Legacy==

He was very well respected, even by his enemies. After learning of his death, [[Cao Pi]] wrote an homage to him. Emperor Wendi of the [[Sui Dynasty]] staged a funeral procession for Liu Bei and was the first to acknowledge him as a true emperor.

Although the Shu Han was weakened by Liu Bei's death, it lasted for more than 20 years under the rule of Liu Bei's son [[Liu Shan]].

[[Category:Chinese Warlords]]
[[Category:Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]

Federal Circuit

2012-08-16T16:28:08Z

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The United States Court of Appeals for the '''Federal Circuit''' sits in [[Washington, D.C.]] and handles all [[patent]] appeals.

The Federal Circuit was established in 1982 by [[Congress]] to reduce the problem of forum shopping in patent cases. The Court merged two courts that had been handling [[patent]] appeals.

The Court is credited with reducing some inconsistencies. Its judges are more knowledgeable about patent law than other federal judges are.

In 2007, the Federal Circuit entered a rare unanimous opinion making it much harder for patentees to prove [[willful infringement]], which entitles them to increased damages and attorneys fees.
[[Category:Circuit Courts]]

Civil Air Patrol

2012-08-16T16:27:56Z

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The '''Civil Air Patrol''' is the civilian auxiliary of the [[United States Air Force]] that provides assistance to many government authorities, mainly in support and Search and Rescue capacities. It mainly works with the United States Department of Homeland Security, and local Law Enforcement agencies. The CAP's main missions consist of Emergency Services, Cadet Programs and Aerospace Education programs.

== External Links ==
*[http://www.gocivilairpatrol.com Official CAP website]

[[Category:United States Government Chartered Organizations]]
[[Category:Military]]

Liberal opinion

2012-08-16T16:27:46Z

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A [[Liberal opinion]] is an opinion that is held not because of the essence of the opinion held, but because of ''how'' the opinion can be held: they are often held tentatively, and may at any moment be abandoned.<ref>[[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]] quoted in Wilcox, Laird ''Rationality, Rhetoric, Skepticism & Logic'' (2005) ISBN 0-9761-3373-3</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|small}}
==See also==
*[[Liberal]]
*[[Liberalism]]

[[Category:Liberalism]]

Vaudeville

2012-08-16T16:27:32Z

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[[Image:OZ-1903.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Poster for 1903 Broadway version features an adult Dorothy for an adults-only audience; the show toured vaudeville nationwide from 1908 to 1920]]
'''Vaudeville''' is a type of theatrical performance which consists of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on one bill. It was the dominant form of entertainment before radio and movies became popular in the late 1920s. Singing, dancing, and acrobatic acts toured the nation appearing in small concert halls and "museums". They grew in popularity and became known as ''variety shows''. By 1860 there were theaters devoted to such programs in most major cities. Many noted legitimate actors first appeared in variety, most notably [[Will Rogers]].

It was late in the 19th century that the French word ''vaudeville'' came into use to describe these programs—the British called them [[Music hall|music halls]]. B. F. Keith, who began managing a music hall in [[Boston]] in 1883, acquired a number of vaudeville theaters. Combining with rival F. F. Proctor in 1906, he became the leading figure within the vaudeville community. Marcus Loew, Alexander Pantages, and the firm Sullivan, Considine, and Orpheum were also operating large vaudeville circuits at that time.

Much of vaudeville featured scantily clad women and bawdy jokes. Today, vaudeville shows flourish in a [[conservative]], [[Christian]] setting in [[Branson]], Missouri.

Between 1910 and 1930, motion pictures so supplanted stage shows in popular patronage that after 1930 vaudeville acts were rarely seen except as parts of the program at the larger motion picture theaters.

==Further reading==
* Robert M. Lewis. ''From Traveling Show to Vaudeville: Theatrical Spectacle in America, 1830--1910'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Traveling-Show-Vaudeville-Theatrical-1830-1910/dp/0801887488/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1239156182&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
==See also==
* [[Branson]]
* [[Music hall]]
* [[Will Rogers]]

[[Category: Entertainment]]
[[Category: Vaudeville]]

Metaphase

2012-08-16T16:27:21Z

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'''Metaphase''' are the phases of [[mitosis]] (of which there is one phase) and [[meiosis]] (of which there are 2 phases, metaphase 1 and metaphase 2), or cell division, when the [[chromosome]]s align along the center of the cell. Because metaphase chromosomes are highly condensed, scientists use these chromosomes for gene mapping and identifying chromosomal aberrations.

== Sources ==
http://www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=metaphase

[[Category:Genetics]]

American History Homework Three Answers - Student Nineteen

2012-08-16T16:26:56Z

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'''IsaacZ'''

1.Two weaknesses in the [[articles of confederation]] were that while it stated that the Americans would have to pay taxes; [[Congress]] did not have the power to enforce the tax. Another reason was that most of the power was still in the states.

:Excellent.

2.The first article in the constitution sates that all legislative power is granted to Congress the second and third articles established the House of Representatives and the Senate.

:Your first is right, but not your second and third. See model answers. (Minus 2).

3. I like George Washington because he held strong to his beliefs and always listened to authority.

:Good, except Washington ''was'' the authority! (Minus 1).

4.The cotton Gin was invented in the 1790’s it could do more work than 50 regular men could. It gave the south a good economical structure and made the south powerful.

:Excellent.

5.The cartoon shows Massachusetts being raised to the level of the other states that accepted the constitution. This cartoon was drawn in 1788.

:Close, but understand and explain "ratification" rather than "raised to the level." (Minus 1).

6.The northwest ordinance divided the unexplored regions northwest of the Appalachians into states and made them available for expansion.

: Good, need a second point also. Be sure to answer the question fully. (Minus 1).

7.The most significant thing about Adam’s presidency was that the United States accidentally went into a naval war with France.

:Excellent, will use as a model answer.

:Well done. Score: 65/70.
[[Category:American History Homework Three Answers]]

Article Improvement Drive/Archive1

2012-08-16T16:26:43Z

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== Voting ==
Can one vote for more than one [[article]]?
I have no problem with any of the articles mentioned. I nominated the Germany article more to call to attention the fact that it really is in pretty bad shape, and conceivably created by somebody with less than serious intentions. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 23:03, 16 March 2007 (EDT)
:I guess my question is sorta related. Is the purpose of this Drive to fix articles up for featured status or to select articles to be featured? If the former, I believe [[Bible]] is closed to editing. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 23:04, 16 March 2007 (EDT)
::You may vote for as many articles as you wish. This project is to improve the quality of the articles to bring them up to a featured article status, not to select featured articles. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 23:05, 16 March 2007 (EDT)

:I just closed the [[Bible]] when a vandal came along and had his way with it. I am opening to it being edited by others, but there has to be some standards adhered to when the editing takes place, namely the article as it stands has to be ''about'' the Bible and it's direct history; the criticism of the Bible, the opposing views of it's authenticity, stuff like that, need separate articles specifically about those subjects. I did it that way, not because I'm a Bible-believer (and I am), but the fact that when there's just too much side-tracking in an article, then the article loses focus. This also applies to many other subjects besides the Bible. What say you? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 23:23, 16 March 2007 (EDT)

:: If we have a full article about something like [[Criticism of the Bible]], then wouldn't it be appropriate to have a short summary in the [[Bible]] article (say, one or two paragraphs) with a link to the full article? And yes, I agree, too much sidetracking would be bad. But anything relevant should be added. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 23:38, 16 March 2007 (EDT)

:::One suggested a "see also" subheading in the article, and this could contain the links to the articles in question. In my experience with Wikipedia (regretably!) there's always someone who's got to take the "one or two" paragraphs and turn them into an embarrassment. But I think we're planning ahead for things like this, which means more control, more quality, better results...it's going to make Wikipedia quite mad, but that's ok! :) [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 00:44, 17 March 2007 (EDT)

==Standardization==
I think we should get together and discuss a plan which ensures a single standardization with regards to the layout and structure of each article. It doesn't have to involve a re-write of each one, but something where the reader can go to each article and not have everything all over the place with each click. So here's a suggestion (not mandatory, by the way):
*Each one to be well-written! Now that should be mandatory!
*Each article laid out thus: intro paragraph, main body (divided by subheadings, if necessary), conclusion, references, links.
*All pics to the right, at 250px, with the exception of the lead pic, at 300px.
*If criticism of the subject is necessary for inclusion, it must have a well-sourced rebuttal as well. If such criticism is too long, then separate article is needed.
*All effort should be made to use actual books as primary source material when writing any article; online links should be regarded as secondary.
[[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 16:53, 17 March 2007 (EDT)

:About the last point... I would sort of disagree there. The sources are included in the article so people can easily check facts to make sure the article does not try to spin things. Book references are hard to verify at home, and can even be hard to verify at a library. This of course assumes that the online source is reliable in the context! If the choice is between a reliable book and a dubious site (or between an okay online source and a book that is widely regarded as The Source), we should of course prefer the book. --[[User:Sid 3050|Sid 3050]] 17:16, 17 March 2007 (EDT)

:This is being formed at [[Conservapedia:Manual of Style]]. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 17:21, 17 March 2007 (EDT)

::It's a diabolical trick on my part...imaging some poor editor out there who screaming "You mean I can't use the INTERNET!?!" Forces the poor sap to actually read! :) [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 23:02, 17 March 2007 (EDT)

[[Category:Conservapedia]]

April Fool's Day

2012-08-16T16:26:32Z

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[[File:Napolean-obama.jpg|right]]
'''April Fool's Day''' is the first day of April and is known for practical jokes. The custom is believed to have originated in [[France]] in 1564 when [[New Year's Day]] was changed from April 1st to January 1st. Those continuing to observe April 1st were ridiculed.

==Well Known April Fool's Pranks==

*Taco Bell issuing a press release claiming the purchase of the Liberty Bell from the [[United States]] Government. The release also stated that National Landmark would be renamed the Taco Liberty Bell <ref>http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/Hoaxipedia/Taco_Liberty_Bell/</ref>

*The BBC "Panorama" documentary about the "Swiss Spaghetti Harvest", including discussion of the Spaghetti Weevil <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/1/newsid_2819000/2819261.stm</ref>

== Sources ==
* The New American Desk Encyclopedia, Penguin Group, 1989

==External links==
*[http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/aprilfool/P0/ Top 100 April Fool's Pranks]

==References and notes ==
<div class="references-small" style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div> 

[[Category: Customs]]
[[Category:Holidays]]

Cedars of Lebanon

2012-08-16T16:26:19Z

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[[Image:Cedars.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Cedar trees]]

The trees called the '''cedars of Lebanon''' were used to build the First Temple of [[Solomon]], as written:

<blockquote>
And, behold, I purpose to build an house unto the name of the LORD my God, as the LORD spake unto David my father, saying, Thy son, whom I will set upon thy throne in thy room, he shall build an house unto my name. Now therefore command thou that they hew me [[cedar]] trees out of [[Lebanon]]; and my servants shall be with thy servants: and unto thee will I give hire for thy servants according to all that thou shalt appoint: for thou knowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians. 

And it came to pass, when Hiram heard the words of Solomon, that he rejoiced greatly, and said, Blessed be the LORD this day, which hath given unto David a wise son over this great people. 

And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying, I have considered the things which thou sentest to me for: and I will do all thy desire concerning timber of cedar, and concerning timber of fir. My servants shall bring them down from Lebanon unto the sea: and I will convey them by sea in floats unto the place that thou shalt appoint me, and will cause them to be discharged there, and thou shalt receive them: and thou shalt accomplish my desire, in giving food for my household. So Hiram gave Solomon cedar trees and fir trees according to all his desire. And Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand measures of wheat for food to his household, and twenty measures of pure oil: thus gave Solomon to Hiram year by year.<ref>I Kings 5:5-11</ref>
</blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Solomon|King Solomon]]
*[[King Hiram]]
*[[Phoenicians]]

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*http://www.phoenician.org/cedars_of_lebanon.htm
*http://www.kingsolomonlegend.com/the-temple-in-jerusalem.html

[[Category:Trees]]
[[Category:Ancient History]]

Cato the Younger

2012-08-16T16:26:05Z

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'''Marcus Porcius Cato''', (95 BC - 46 BC), who is often known as "Cato the Younger", to distinguish him from his famous great grandfather [[Cato the Elder]], was a Roman statesman in the late Republic. He was renowned for finishing whatever he started and for hating flattery. He embraced every Roman virtue, and he was especially appreciated for his sense of justice and his even temperament. Cato believed that the traditional values that had made Rome great had been destroyed, and that, because of that, Rome was suffering from moral degeneracy. Cato is one of the major models for the political philosophy of [[Republicanism]], and decisively shaped the [[Republicanism|republican]] ideas of the American [[Founding Fathers]] about the necessity of every citizen displaying civic virtue.

He lived and acted in accord with [[Stoics|Stoic philosophy]], being unmoved by passion and firm in everything. That moral superiority annoyed his colleagues who felt compromises, bribes and deals were necessary for the practical conduct of affairs. [[Cicero]] noted, "He speaks as if he were in Plato's commonwealth, " his fellow politician Cicero complained, "not as f he were dealing with the dregs of Romulus" (the Roman electorate).

In 67-66 BC Cato was the Roman military tribune, a high-ranking officer, in Macedonia. Back in Rome he was quaestor, a treasury officer, in 64 BC. In 63 BC came the famous conspiracy of [[Catiline]] against the Roman government, a conspiracy which stopped thanks to the courage and energy of the consul Cicero. In the Senate debate on the fate of the senators involved in the conspiracy, [[Julius Caesar]] argued against their execution. Cato's uncompromising advocacy of severity carried the day, and they were executed. In another case Cato tried to unseat Murena, a consul notorious for bribery; Cicero, believing that the situation needed Murena as consul, managed to block.

Cato is probably most famous as a staunch opponent of [[Julius Caesar]], who he believed would overthrow the Republic and set himself up as a [[tyrant]]. Long an enemy of Caesar, Cato joined [[Pompey the Great]]'s forces in the civil war; and after Pompey's defeat and death in 48 BC, Cato led a remnant of the Pompeians to North Africa. His forces were decisively defeated at [[Battle of Thapsus]], and Cato, retreating to nearby Utica, committed suicide rather than fall into Caesar's hands.<REF> He is sometimes called "Cato of Utica"</ref>
==Image and memory==
Caesar complained that he had been denied the opportunity to pardon Cato. Cicero wrote an essay which made Cato a symbol of the lost republican cause. 18 centuries after his death Cato became a hero of [[Enlightenment]] political theorists in Europe and the American colonies. He became the model of civic virtue for [[David Hume]] and many of the American [[Founding Fathers]], along with [[Brutus]], [[Cassius]] and [[Cicero]]. Thus George Washington admired Cato so greatly that he had [[Joseph Addison]]'s 1712 play about Cato performed in Valley Forge to boost the troops' morale. Cato's speeches (as reported in the 1713 play by [[Joseph Addison]] were echoed by [[Patrick Henry]], ''Give me liberty or give me death!,"'' by the cry of [[Nathan Hale]] before his execution as an American spy, ''"I regret I have but one life to lose for my country,"''

Cato inspired English political journalists [[John Trenchard]] and [[Thomas Gordon]] to publish anonymously ''[[Cato's Letters]]'' (1720-23). These were 144 short essays that expounded on republicanism and which greatly influenced the American Founding Fathers.<ref> See Ronald Hamowy, "Cato's Letters" in Hamowy, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Libertarianism'' (2008) p. 54-55 [http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PA54&dq=republicanism+%22cato+the+younger%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2005&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=republicanism%20%22cato%20the%20younger%22&f=false online]</ref>

The [[Cato Institute]] is a prominent American libertarian think tank was founded in 1977 in honor of ''Cato's Letters'' by Trenchard and Gordon.

==In literature==
Cato the Younger plays an important role in [[Dante]]'s [[Divine Comedy]], where he appears as the guardian of [[Purgatory]] despite his status as a suicide.

==Further reading==
* Addison, Joseph. ''Cato: A Tragedy'' (1713), highly influential play that displayed Cato's republican virtues. [http://www.constitution.org/addison/cato_play.htm online edition]
* Litto, Fredric M. "Addison's Cato in the Colonies," ''William and Mary Quarterly,'' Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jul., 1966), pp. 431-449 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1919239 in JSTOR]
* Richard, Carl J. ''Greeks and Romans bearing gifts: how the ancients inspired the Founding Fathers'' (2008) 203 pp. [http://books.google.com/books?id=eMCNOo3xsOUC&pg=PA149&dq=republicanism+%22cato+the+younger%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]

====references====
<references/>
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Romans]]
[[Category:Republicanism]]

Indiana Pacers

2012-08-16T16:25:46Z

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The '''Indiana Pacers''' are a professional [[basketball]] team based in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]. They began play in the [[NBA]] during the 1976-1977 season, as one of four teams to transition from the now-defunct American Basketball Association, or ABA. Prior to joining the NBA, they had won three championships in the ABA. Unfortunately for Pacers fans, their success didn't translate to the new league, and the team struggled to achieve only one winning season in the first thirteen years. The team began to surge in the 1990's, led by Hall of Fame coach [[Larry Brown]] and All-Star [[Reggie Miller]]. During that decade, the team reached the Conference Finals five times, won two division titles, and reached the NBA Finals in 2000.

The team played at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum for most of their ABA years, from 1967-1974. The team then moved to Market Square Arena, and played there from 1974 until its demolition in 1999. The Pacers currently play at the Conseco Fieldhouse.

==Roster==
===Guards===
*6 Marquis Daniels
*12 Travis Diener
*5 [[T.J. Ford]]
*1 Jarrett Jack
*25 [[Brandon Rush]]
*11 Jamaal Tinsley

===Forwards===
*9 Maceo Baston
*17 Mike Dunleavy
*23 Stephen Graham
*33 Danny Granger
*32 Josh McRoberts
*3 [[Troy Murphy]]

===Centers===
*10 Jeff Foster
*55 [[Roy Hibbert]]
*8 [[Rasho Nesterovic]]

==Official Team Website==

*[http://www.nba.com/pacers/ Official Site of the Indiana Pacers]

{{NBA}}
[[Category:National Basketball Association]]
[[Category:Indiana]]

Cairo

2012-08-16T16:25:29Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
[[Image:5457e.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Pyramid and [[Sphinx]], east of '''Cairo''' across the Nile (''photograph taken by [http://www.ianandwendy.com Ian Sewell])'']]
[[File:Egypt rel97.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'''Cairo''' is located in northeast [[Egypt]], where the Nile branches into the Nile Delta flowing to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].]]

'''Cairo''' ("Ky-roh") is the capital of [[Egypt]] and is home to over 16 million people.<ref> http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf</ref> Cairo sits in the upper part of Egypt on the bank of the [[Nile River]]. The city is still growing, though more slowly than in the past, as Egypt's population growth slows, and the movement of major employers, including many government institutions, to satellite cities such as "6th October", Giza and Helwan. It is believed that Jesus and the [[Holy Family]] lived a while in part of Old Cairo.

Technically, Cairo only refers to the city on the east bank of the Nile, the west bank being Giza, which is administratively separate. Cairo is part of a large built-up area that covers four governates and several cities. The city is typically called by the name of the country, Misr (مصر, Egypt, "Mezz-ruh" or "Masr").<ref name="ixp">
"Egyptian City of Cairo", Online Expatriate Community,
ixpats.com, June 2010, webpage:
[http://ixpats.com/city-cairo/ ixpats-Cairo].
</ref> However, the official name of Cairo is Al-Qāhirah (Arabic: القاهرة ), which means "The Vanquisher" (or "The Triumphant").
Most people in Cairo are [[Sunni]] Moslems, with fewer [[Shiite]] Moslems (the majority sect of [[Iraq]]), but there are also Christians, Jews, and Buddhists.

==Neighborhoods==
Cairo is located on the eastern bank and islands<ref name=ixp/> of the Nile River in northern Egypt, near the point where the Nile leaves its desert-bound valley and splits into two branches which flow into the low-lying Nile Delta region.

The oldest part of the city (Old Cairo) is further east from the riverbank,<ref name=ixp/> which formerly flooded almost every year before the [[Aswan Dam]] was built. From Old Cairo, the city spreads west, covering the agricultural lands next to the Nile. These newer, western areas were built in the layout style of [[Paris]] by Ismail the Magnificent, in the mid-19th century. They have wide boulevards, grand statues, public gardens, and the Cairo Zoo (with hundreds of exotic animals). The older eastern section of the city is more compressed: having expanded haphazardly over thousands of years, it has many small lanes and crowded tenements. While western Cairo is dominated by modern architecture and large government buildings, the eastern section of Cairo is filled with hundreds of ancient mosques which act as landmarks.

Manmade water systems have allowed Cairo to expand, even further east,<ref name=ixp/> into the desert away from the Nile. Bridges link the banks to the Nile islands of Gezira ("ga-Zee-ra") and Roda, where many government buildings have been constructed and government officials live. Bridges also cross the Nile, connecting modern Cairo to the west-bank suburbs of Imbabah and Giza.

On the western edge of Giza, in the desert, is part of the ancient necropolis of [[Memphis]]<ref name=ixp/> on the Giza plateau, with its three large pyramids, including the [[Great Pyramid]] of Giza, and 6 smaller pyramids. Nearly 11 miles (18 km) south from modern Cairo is the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis and the necropolis of [[Saqqara]] ("Sa-Kah-ra", site of [[Djoser]]'s Step Pyramid). Those areas were Cairo's ancient predecessors, when the population was still centered in that general geographical location.<ref name=ixp/>

== Transport ==
=== Railway ===
The main railway station of the conurbation is Rameses station in the Downtown district on the east bank of the river. It is Egypt's busiest railway interchange and the primary transport interchange for the Cairo region, being a hub for intercity, commuter and regional rail, local and regional bus services, the Heliopolis tram, and Metro lines 1 and 2. It is also the terminus for the Turbini high speed rail service to Alexandria.

Cairo has several other important rail stations, including Giza Station on the west bank, which acts a terminus for sleeper trains and some regional services, as well a s major stop for inter-city services heading to Middle and Upper Egypt. Ain Shams station in northern Cairo handles all services using the Suez line. Both these stations are also served by the Metro.

=== Tram ===
Cairo used to have an extensive tram network, but much of it has been lifted in recent decades and now only two systems run, both serving the north of the city. The Heliopolis tram dates to 1906 (the oldest on the continent), and was one of the first electric tram systems in the world. Sadly, the system is now run down, as development of the Metro has been deemed a better solution to the city's transportation issues. However, many people like the tram for its relaxed ride and airiness, despite its slow pace, and until Line 3 reaches Heliopolis, the tram is still the subrubs only rail based transport option. The system is a hybrid of street running and segregated. From its downtown terminus at Ramesses, it runs on a dedicated track, parallel to Metro Line 1, before parting with the Metro and entering Heliopolis suburb, where it splits into three branches, all running on street. The entire system uses 1000 mm gauge, the only system in Egypt to do so. Like the Metro, it takes power from overhead electric wires.

=== Metro ===
Slated a model system, the Metro is a source of great pride to many Egyptians. The only system of its kind on the continent and the entire Middle East, the Metro is clean, organised and efficient. It has 53 stations and carries over 700 million passengers a year. Two lines have been built so far, with Line 3 (with two branches and an airport link) currently under construction, and several more in planning. The Metro includes the only tunnel crossing the Nile at any point, on Line 2.

The Metro is unusual in its administration, in that it is not run by the city government transport authority. As it crosses governate and city borders, it is actually administered by Egypt National Railways, although its ticketing and branding are entirely separate. The Metro has a heavily subsidised flat fare of LE1 for every journey, which, again unusually, is purchased from a manned ticket office, although the ticket checking system is enforced by fully electronic ticket gate systems. Furthermore, some carriages (originally 1, now often 2) are reserved solely for women. Signs on the platform indicate where women only carriage stop, and on the cars, signs on the exterior above the doors indicate that it is a women only carriage.

Routes: 
Line 1: El Marg to Helwan, RED on maps. 
Line 2: Shubra to El Monib, YELLOW/ORANGE on maps. 
Line 3 (under const.): Airport to Mohandiseen (southern branch) and Embaba (northern branch), GREEN on maps. 

Metro stations can be identified by a red "M" in a black, eight pointed star. "Metro" is spelt above the "M" in small arabic script, in white cubic font. Major stations all have a distinctive decorative theme, unique to each station, often making use of modernist flavoured mosaics or tile work. The system is entirely bi-lingual in Arabic and English.

=== Buses ===
Cairo and its conurbation have a number of overlapping bus systems. The municipal authority has the most extensive network, branded "CTA". These buses are large single deckers with white colour scheme with the CTA logo displayed in black down the flanks. They operate on fixed routes, indicated by a three digit number. Most services run every few minutes, and some run 24 hours a day. Fares are 50pt for standard buses and LE2 for air conditioned services, where standing is not permitted, ensuring a more comfortable, less cramped journey. Bus services are always slower than the metro, due to the heavy congestion on many routes.

Private microbuses also operate and to some degree overlap with other services. Some of these also run 24 hours and can be quicker as they have much shorter loading and unloading times, as they carry few passengers.

Major stops, and all stops on certain key roads (such as Sh. Al Ahram) have modern shelters, with clearly printed route maps and tables, though unlike the Metro none of these, nor bus numbers, are bi-lingual.

=== Airport ===
Cairo International Airport is a major global hub, and the 2nd busiest airport on the continent. It has three terminals, including the brand new Terminal 3 for EgyptAir flights, and will be connected to Metro Line 3 in future, ending the long road journey to Downtown that plagues travellers. In the meantime the 6th October expressway tunnels have reduced this already, to some extent.

Cairo is EgyptAir's main hub for both domestic and international flights, with [[Alexandria]] being the secondary hub, operations at the latter being split between two airports. It is possible to fly direct to Cairo from almost all European and Middle Eastern capitals, to several cities in the Americas (mostly on the eastern coastline), and to southern and eastern Asia, where routes are improving. Connections to sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania and Central Asia are less well developed.

Domestically, EgyptAir offers very good service, with near hourly "shuttle" connections to most key cities using a fleet of brand new Embraer E170 jets. The carrier is the "flag carrier" of Egypt, and like the Metro, is a source of considerable national pride as an internationally well respected airline.

==Culture==
===Pyramids===
Giza is home to the [[Pyramids]], the only remaining wonder of the world, built around 2500BC to glorify the [[Pharaoh]]s. Millions of visitors come to visit them, and wonder at their construction. With these is the Solar Boat of [[Khufu]], excavated from beside the [[Great Pyramid]] and found in almost perfect condition, disassembled. It has been assembled and now has its own dedicated museum on top of the original spot of its discovery.

===Egyptian Museum===
Downtown Cairo houses the world famous Egyptian Museum, which has the largest collection of Pharaonic artefacts in the world, including the famous treasure of [[Tutankhamun]]. One of the first curators of the museum, and the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation is buried in its grounds, which also house a pond planted with the now endangered Nile Lotus flower. The museum is one of the oldest in Africa, and was founded in the 1850's, though at a different location to its current home, which dates to the early 20th century, and was purpose built, though long ago exceeded its intended storage and display capacity.

===Coptic Cairo===
Coptic Cairo is one of Cairo's oldest surviving quarters, dating to the Roman era, whose fortifications are still standing, and include much looted masonry from the Pharaonic cities of Memphis and Heliopolis, both nearby. Coptic Cairo is home to many famous [[Christian]] churches such as the "Hanging Church", named for its famous architecture. It is also home to the Cathedral of [[St. Joseph]] and the [[Coptic Museum]], run by the Patriarchiate, and home to the largest museum collection of Coptic antiquities in the world. It was one of the first museums in Egpyt to make use of interactive media to present its exhibits via the internet, and has an extensive online catalogue to aid those researching artefacts of the true religion. Coptic Cairo also has several monasteries, and many work with city youth and help the poor of the city, as well as being involved in small-scale model enterprises. The area has seen much investment, of late, in being redeveloped to make it appealing to tourism and improve the quality of life for its residents, and to avoid the "donut effect" (of inner-city blight) that has been feared with the move of major employers to the new satellite towns.

===Gezira Island===
Gezira Island is one of the most exclusive districts, and is home to many foreign embassies, the rich, and much of the city's green space. It is also home to some of Cairo's modern landmarks, the [[Cairo Opera House]], and Cairo Tower, which is taller than the [[Great Pyramid]] in the desert to the west.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites]]
[[Category:Egypt]]
[[Category:Capital Cities]]
[[Category:African Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:Urban History]]
[[Category:Egyptian History]]

Morning business

2012-08-16T16:25:17Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
'''Morning business''' is routine business that is supposed to occur during the first two hours of a new [[legislative]] day. This business includes receiving messages from the [[President]] and from the [[House of Representatives]], reports from [[executive branch]] officials, [[petition|petitions]] from [[citizens]], memorials from [[state|States]], and [[committee]] reports, and the introduction of [[bill|bills]] and submission of [[resolutions]]. In practice, the [[Senate]] often does this business instead by [[unanimous consent]] at other convenient points in the day.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Senate Terms]]

Urine

2012-08-16T16:24:52Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
'''Urine''' is liquid [[biology|biological]] waste excreted by the [[kidney]]s. The [[human]] body produces urine, as do all [[mammals]], [[reptile|reptiles]], [[birds]], [[fish]], and [[amphibian|amphibians]]. Urine is mostly [[water]], and also contains [[urea]], [[creatinine]], waste [[enzymes]] and [[hormone]]s, [[protein]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s and fatty [[acid]]s<ref>[http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/Topics/Urinary_System_Composition_Urine.php Urinalysis - The composition of Urine]</ref>. Urine also contains large numbers of [[bacteria]], so coming into contact with or ingesting it is unhygienic and can be harmful.

Sociologically, urine's smell and the potential harm it can cause in terms of infection make it [[taboo]] in many cultures. Urinating on objects [[desecration by urine|is sometimes done]] in order to show extreme disapproval, or to humiliate, although such behavior has no place in civilized society.

==References==
<references/>

[[category:anatomy]]

Carlo Gesualdo

2012-08-16T16:24:38Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
'''Carlo Gesualdo''' (c1561-1613), [[Italian]] nobleman (Prince of Venosa) and amateur composer, became notorious for his ordering the murder of his first wife and her lover in 1590. Today he is remembered more as a highly proficient and innovative composer of both secular and sacred music who furthered the development of both the [[madrigal]] and [[motet]] forms.

He was a master of the relationship between words and music, not afraid to be innovative in setting what he considered the right music for the texts. Thus, he is notable for using original harmonies and dissonances to adequately express the texts.
For the last years of his life, in deep despondency, he locked himself away in his castle, finding solace only in his music; however he is known to have written over 40 motets, in addition to other sacred pieces, a number of instrumental works, and about 120 madrigals for which he is acknowledged, with [[Monteverdi]] as a supreme master of the art.

[[Category: Composers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gesualdo, Carlo}}

Ramen

2012-08-16T16:24:26Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
[[Image:Ramen.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Two types of ramen noodle soup, including the traditional Japanese kind]]
'''Ramen''' are [[Japan|Japanese]] [[noodles]] of [[China|Chinese]] origin. They are very popular snacks in the [[Pacific Rim]] and in [[United States|America]]. They are stereotypically associated with American college students because they (or at least their instant form, such as manufactured by Nissin) are typically very inexpensive.

==Ingredients==
A typical bowl of ramen consists of wheat noodles in a [[soy sauce]] broth. Usually, it is accompanied by a raw egg, ''naruto'' (a spiral fish paste), ''katsuo'' ([[bonito]]) flakes, and ''tonkatsu'' (a piece of barbecued pork). There are many different variations of the dish.

Instant ramen bowls and cups, the most well-known type in America, come in many different flavors. [[Chicken]] broth and [[beef]] broth are very popular. In [[South Korea]], one of the most popular varieties of ramen, [[Shin Ramyun]], is a spicy beef-flavored ramen that has gained popularity not only in its native country, but also in Japan and Korea.

==Ramen Manufacturers==
*[[Nissin]]
*[[Maruchan]]
*[[Nong Shim]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.worldramen.net/ World Ramen]

[[Category: Noodles]]
[[Category: Japanese Food]]

1978 Midterm Elections

2012-08-16T16:24:13Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
In the '''midterm elections of 1978''', the [[Republican Party]] gained 15 seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and three seats in the [[U.S. Senate]] from the [[Democratic Party]]. Democrats retained a clear majority in both chambers.

The country was going through a [[recession]], high energy prices and [[inflation]], which hurt President [[Jimmy Carter]]'s standing in the polls. Although Republican gains were modest by historical standards, the election was significant and indicated the nation was heading towads a more [[conservative]] direction. Five prominent liberal Democratic Senators were defeated for reelection, and ten new Senators and 77 House freshman from across party lines were considered more conservative than their predecessors. Republicans also gained six governorships, including [[Texas]] and [[Pennsylvania]]. Twelve out of sixteen state ballot initiatives to limit taxing and spending passed.

Future Republican [[Speaker of the House]] [[Newt Gingrich]] was elected to Congress in [[Georgia]] and future Democratic President [[Bill Clinton]] was elected Governor of [[Arkansas]]. Future Republican President [[George W. Bush]] ran for Congress in Texas, but was defeated by a narrow margin.

[[category:Politics]]
[[category:Republican Party]]
[[category:Democratic Party]]

Hawkins v. United States

2012-08-16T16:23:59Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
In '''''Hawkins v. United States''''', 358 U.S. 74 (1958), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] unanimously upheld (one concurrence) application of the [[Fifth Amendment]] to [[marital unity]] such that a criminal [[defendant]] has the right to prevent his spouse from testifying against him.

This decision was partially overturned in [[United States v. Trammel]], leaving only a privilege to be held by the witness (and not by the [[defendant]]) to decline to testify against her [[defendant]]-spouse.
[[category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[category:Fifth Amendment]]

Ediacarian

2012-08-16T16:23:46Z

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I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!
The '''Ediacarian''' is the final period of the Neoprotozoic Era. It took place from 630 million to 550 million years ago. The Ediacarian saw the first development of complex multicellular animal life. This predates the [[Cambrian explosion]] by 80 million years. Sponges, jellyfish, and primitive arthropods all thrived during this period. [[Algae]] also thrived during this period. Scientists believe that multicellular life, which existed since the early Tonian one billion years ago would have diversified sooner but two massive ice ages between 850 million years and 630 million years ago prevented that from happening. In the previous period, known as the [[Cryogenian]], the Earth experienced its worst glaciation ever, much worse than the Plio-Pleistocene glaciations. Some scientists even speculate that the entire planet was glaciated resulting in Snowball Earth. After the Cryogeneian, the diversification of [[animal]] life began. This was the Ediacarian.
[[Category:Geologic Systems]]

U.S. Senate Terms X

2012-08-16T16:23:36Z

Dashen:

Communicable

2012-08-16T16:23:22Z

Dashen:

I hat Conservipedia. They are recist, hat librals, and treet gayys as secondd-clas citizens. Fick Conservipedia! They are allso verry mucch ''not'' trrustwortthy!In immunology, "'''communicable'''" describes a [[disease]] that can be transmitted from one person or animal to another.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/about/terms/glossary.htm#c</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Medicine]]