Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Long-whiskered owlet

2022-05-10T13:19:49Z

DanielAPulido:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Long-whiskered Owlet
|image=
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=
|order=Strigiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Strigidae
|subfamily=Striginae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Xenoglaux
|subgenus=
|species=X. loweryi
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=2,000 (2016 est.)
|conservation=Endangered<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22689320/0</ref>
}}
The '''long-whiskered owlet''' (''Xenoglaux loweryi'') is a bird of prey of the family Strigidae found in restricted areas in Peru. It is one of the world's smallest owls and is also one of its rarest representatives.

==Description==
The long-whiskered owlet is a very small owl, with a maximum length of 5.5 inches, making it slightly larger than the [[elf owl]] (''Micrathene whitneyi''), the smallest owl on record. It has a relatively uniform gray-brown plumage with clear bright spots spread irregularly over the upper body. In addition to the large reddish-brown eyes, the facial feathers have striking tufts jutting from the sides of the head; their whisker-like appearance gives the bird its name. At the side of the dark gray beak are relatively long, black bristles, some of which end in a dark yellow tip, and it is speculated they have a function in night-time food production. Cream-colored right-angled eyebrows give the owl a slightly grim facial expression. The legs are unfeathered.

==Range and habitat==
Described in 1963 with the first live ones observed in 1976, the long-whiskered owlet is only found in a relatively small, very impassable mountain rainforest in northwestern Peru, on the eastern slope of the Andes at altitudes between 6,200 and 7,200 feet above sea level. The area is located near the Abra Patricia Pass, which is somewhat isolated, providing some protection for this owl and other endangered species. These mountain rainforest areas are still relatively intact at the moment, but deforestation due to road construction, long-range burns and short-term cultivation and associated extensive erosion progress very rapidly in deeper areas so that the owl's habitats also appear to be endangered in the long term. It is unclear whether the long-whiskered owlet is found in other suitable areas of this ecosystem.

==History==
The data on the history of discovery is inconsistent. The species was first described by Dr. George Lowery in 1963 as part of a study on the bird world of Peru. In 1976 and 1978 further specimens were captured in mist-nets by John Patton O'Neill and Gary Russell Graves of Louisiana State University. In 1978, two more individuals were caught in the Cordillera de Colan, about 22 miles west from where they were initially discovered. Since then the species was considered lost. In 2002 they were able to take pictures of one and record its calls, but there were no more outdoor observations for more than two decades. Only in February 2007 were researchers for the American Bird Conservancy and the Associación Ecosistemas Andinos successful. Not far from the first location, the biologists were able to observe the Peruvian Owl three times a day and listen to its calls during the night.

The area where the Peruvian Owl was observed has now become part of a private conservation area owned by the American Bird Conservancy.

==Entomology==
While the name ''glaux'' is one of the many Greek names for owl, ''xeno'' refers to the rarity and strangeness of this bird. The species name is in honor of American ornithologist George Lowery, who is credited with much work on South American avifauna.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Owls]]

Long-eared owl

2022-05-05T13:26:13Z

DanielAPulido: Fixing typical garbled syntax of Karajou

{{Taxonomy
|name=Long-eared Owl
|image=Long-eared owl1.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=
|order=Strigiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Strigidae
|subfamily=Striginae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Asio
|subgenus=
|species=A. otus
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=2,180,000-5,540,000 est. (2015)
|conservation=Least concern<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22689507/0</ref>
}}
The '''long-eared owl''' (''Asio otus'') is a medium-sized owl of the family Strigidae, found in the woodlands throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere.

==Description==
The long-eared owl is about 12–16 inches long, with a wingspan of 34–39 inches, weighing between 6.3 and 15.3 ounces. Females are larger than males. The upper plumage is a yellow rust brown to grayish-brown (females are somewhat darker), mottled with black spots and stripes. Chest and belly are a pale yellow to cream, and bearing dark vertical stripes. The facial disk is brown, with a light greyish "V" mark centered between the yellow-orange eyes, and extending downwards on either side of the beak. The brown ear tufts are set more in towards the center of the face, directly over the eyes; their length sets it immediately apart from the similar [[short-eared owl]], with which it shares much of its range.

===Subspecies===
*''Asio otus canariensis''; Canary Islands.
*''Asio otus otus''; Europe, northern Africa, Azores Islands, eastward to central and northern Asia.
*''Asio otus tuftsi''; western North America: Canada southward to Mexico.
*''Asio otus wilsonianus''; eastern North America: Canada southward to Oklahoma and Virginia.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Owls]][[Category:Eared Owls]]

Long-crested eagle

2022-04-30T13:30:42Z

DanielAPulido: Fixing more failures of the mouth-breathing fat moron E3 double arches to write semi-decently

{{Taxonomy
|name=Long-crested Eagle
|image=LongCrestEagle.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=
|order=Accipitriformes
|suborder=Accipitres
|infraorder=
|superfamily=Accipitroidea
|families=
|family=Accipitridae
|subfamily=Aquilinae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Lophaetus
|subgenus=
|species=L. occipitalis
|binomialname=
|syn=''Spizaetus occipitalis''
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=Unknown (2016 est.)<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696134/93546422#population</ref>
|conservation=Least concern<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696134/93546422</ref>
}}
The '''long-crested eagle''' (''Lophaetus occipitalis'') is a species of [[bird of prey]] of the family Accipitridae found throughout much of sub-Saharan [[Africa]].

==Description==
Long-crested eagles are medium-sized, about the size of a [[common buzzard]] (''Buteo buteo''), but have a longer tail and legs. They are also significantly heavier. They are about 21 to 23 inches in length, 44 to 50.6 inches in wingspan, and 32 to 53 ounces in weight. Females are slightly larger than males. The birds are blackish-brown to black in color overall, with patches or mottling of a slightly-lighter brown. The head is crowned with several feathers jutting towards the back in an elongated crest. The iris is golden yellow over orange to reddish brown, the beak yellow and black. The legs are white and speckled with dark brown, and feathered to the toes. Juvenile birds differ little from adults, with less banding on the tail, and brownish banding on the wings.

The calls have been described as a long, shrill ''"kik-kik-kik-kik-kiii-ih"'', or a display call ''"keeee-eh"'' or ''"keee-ee-af"''<ref>https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Lophaetus-occipitalis</ref>.

===Taxonomy===
The current taxonomic placement of the long-crested eagle is as of yet undetermined. Previously, the species was placed in the genus ''Aquila'' in 1972<ref>https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6276/2005B_Helbig_et_al.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245325?seq=1</ref>, with later research ten years later placing it within ''Spizaetus''. Later molecular studies (one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes) have indicated a proposed placement to the genus [[Clanga (birds)|''Clanga'']]<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7995520_A_multi-gene_phylogeny_of_aquiline_eagles_Aves_Accipitriformes_reveals_extensive_paraphyly_at_the_genus_level</ref>. Other proposals, such as merging the genus ''Hieraaetus'' into ''Aquila''<ref>http://raptors-international.org/book/raptors_worldwide_2004/Wink_Sauer-Guerth_2004_483-498.pdf</ref>, or merging clades based on other DNA studies<ref>http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hlerner/LM2005.pdf</ref> have been made. As of 2020, the long-crested eagle remains within its own monotypic genus, ''Lophaetus''.

==Range and habitat==
The long-crested eagle is found in Africa, from the Atlantic Ocean east to the Red Sea in Sudan south of the [[Sahara desert]] within a geographic region called the [[Sahal]]; southward its range extends to [[Angola]] in the west, the Congo river basin, [[Mozambique]], [[Tanzania]], and into [[South Africa]]. It is not found within either the Kalahari or Namib deserts, or the semi-arid lands adjacent to them. It inhabits a wide range of forested habitats, from tropical rainforests, gallery forests, and wet savannas.

==Diet==
It is a typical resident still-hunter, scanning for prey usually from a sitting perch. Prey items consist mainly of small, ground-dwelling mammals and birds. In addition, small lizards, snakes, fish, insects and crabs and occasionally fruits are used.

==Reproduction==
Nests are built 20 to 60 feet in trees below the canopy. Abandoned nests of other birds are often reused. The clutch consists of 1-2 white, brown-spotted eggs and is mainly incubated by the female. Although the eagle has been known to breed all year, the primary breeding season is between July andNovember, lasting about 42 days. Incubation is done by the female, with the chicks fed by both parents. Chicks are fledged after 53–58 days.

==Threats==
The IUCN has classified this species as "least concern". Deforestation for the purpose of agriculture or human habitation, usually an issue with similar species, has merely caused an increase in numbers; it is seen by locals as a pest remover, i.e. its predilection for rodents, and it is therefore not persecuted<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696134/93546422#population</ref>.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Eagles]]

Little owl

2022-04-11T13:22:53Z

DanielAPulido: /* Description */ Brian M's lack of comprehension of commas, and parallel structure, speak for themself.

{{Taxonomy
|name=Little Owl
|image=LittleOwl1.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=
|order=Strigiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=Strigidae
|family=
|subfamily=Striginae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Athene
|subgenus=
|species=A. noctua
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=4,960,000-9,360,000 (2012 est.)
|conservation=Least concern<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22689328/0</ref>
}}
The '''little owl''' (''Athene noctua'') is a species of [[owl]] found throughout much of Eurasia and northern Africa, and is the bird which was associated with the goddess [[Athena]] of Greek mythology.

==Description==
The little owl is small, about 8.7 inches in length, it has a wingspan of 22 inches, and with a weight of 6.3 ounces. It is greyish-brown to dark brown in color, and it has a a generally lighter-colored belly. The coloration is broken up by whitish spots above, and there are tan to brown streaks on the chest and belly. The wings and tail are banded whitish and dark brown. The facial disk is slight, with light mottling over a grayish-brown background, and yet it is bordered by prominent light-colored eyebrows; the eyes themselves are light to sulphur-yellow. The head is somewhat flattened, and it does not bear any ear tufts. Legs are relatively long, and it is feathered in pale white to the toes.

===Subspecies===
The species is found in temperate to desert areas over much of Eurasia south to northern and eastern Africa and the Middle East, with populations introduced to Great Britain<ref>https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/bird-and-wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/l/littleowl/</ref> and New Zealand<ref>http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/little-owl</ref> by man in an effort to control the rodent population. Thirteen subspecies are recognized.
*''Athene noctua bactriana''; Azerbaijan to Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Kazakhstan (Lake Balkhash area)
*''Athene noctua glaux''; northern Africa and coastal Israel (north to Haifa)
*''Athene noctua impasta''; west-central China (Kokonor and western Gansu)
*''Athene noctua indigena''; eastern Europe (Balkan Mountains) to Turkey, southern Russia, Transcaucasia and southwestern Siberia
*''Athene noctua lilith''; Cyprus; Middle East from southeastern Turkey to southern Sinai Peninsula
*''Athene noctua ludlowi''; south-central China and Tibet to northern Himalaya Mountains
*''Athene noctua noctua''; Sardinia, Corsica, Italy, northwestern Balkans, southeastern Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania
*''Athene noctua orientalis''; Extreme northwest China and adjacent Siberia
*''Athene noctua plumipes''; northeastern China, Mongolia and far-eastern Russia (Primorsky Krai)
*''Athene noctua saharae''; Morocco to Tunisia south of Atlas Mountains, Libya coast, western Egypt, Arabian Peninsula
*''Athene noctua somaliensis''; eastern Ethiopia and Somalia
*''Athene noctua spilogastra''; Red Sea coast of eastern Sudan and northern Ethiopia
*''Athene noctua vidalii''; Europe: northwestern Russia, Poland, and southern Baltic to Spain and Balearic Islands,

==Diet==
Little owls feed primarily on insects, but will take small rodents, reptiles, earthworms and other invertebrates. They are perch hunters, swooping down on prey after movement has been detected. During the breeding season birds and frogs are an important food source.

==Breeding==
The little owl is monogamous and territorial, with a courtship beginning as early as February by the male who makes his calls at or near a potential nesting site. The breeding season is March to August. The breeding pair nests in tree cavities as well as man-made nesting boxes; they will also use cavities within buildings. The clutch consists of three to six eggs laid at two-day intervals each, which are incubated up to 28 days. The chicks fledge after 35 days, are able to fly within 46 days, and are independent at 2 to 3 months. If food is abundant a second clutch of eggs is sometimes laid.

==Threats==
The ICUN classifies this bird as "least concern" due to the large population size throughout Eurasia. There is some concern that severe winters combined with alterations to its habitat can cause declines in numbers; in fact it was shown to have declined in range within Europe. Factors considered have been blamed on the following:
*Industrialized farming, resulting in a loss of prey animals such as voles, insects, and earthworms.
*Increased agriculture practices, including removal of trees used for cover and nesting.
*Use of pesticides and other farming chemicals.
*Automobile-related deaths due to nests placed near roadways.

==Greek mythology==
Owls figure prominently in the cultures and myths of people worldwide, and Greece was no exception, with the little owl portrayed as the companion of Athena,<ref>https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=s4AP30k4IFwC&lpg=PA71&dq=Minerva%27s%20owl%20wisdom&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> the goddess of wisdom and the patron of [[Athens]].<ref>https://www.owlpages.com/owls/articles.php?a=62</ref> Owls were often depicted on coins such as tetradrachmas, with the coins sometimes being informally referred to then as now as "owls". These birds were important for the Athenians, who passed laws protecting the birds and encouraged flocks to live on the Acropolis. Owls seen flying over troops in battle were seen as a sign of victory, as during the victory of Agathocles over Carthage<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=31a2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=Agathocles+and+the+owl&source=bl&ots=c79JIaej-q&sig=hPwPEf9nT6z1nKcSYQXHiybd2CQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVkISzp-PWAhULMSYKHXxgA6wQ6AEINjAG#v=onepage&q=Agathocles%20and%20the%20owl&f=false</ref> or during the battle of Salamis.<ref>http://athenianowlcoins.reidgold.com/</ref><ref>https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=7DfI39EDbMcC&lpg=PA158&ots=D38EZrPyA3&dq=athena%20bird%20goddess&pg=PA158#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Owls]][[Category:Athene Owls]]

Lesser yellow-headed vulture

2022-04-08T13:55:46Z

DanielAPulido:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Lesser yellow-headed vulture
|image=LesserYellowHead vulture.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Cathartiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Cathartidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=Cathartes
|genus=
|subgenus=
|species=C. burrovianus
|binomialname=
|sub=C. b. burrovianus C. b. urubitinga
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=0.5-4.99 million (2008 est.)
|conservation=Least concern<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22697630/0</ref>
}}
The '''lesser yellow-headed vulture''' (''Cathartes burrovianus'') is the smallest member of the family of New World vultures (Cathartidae). It is found in Central America and northern and central South America.

==Description==
Lesser yellow-headed vultures are 20 to 25 inches long and 2 to 3.4 pounds. They is reaches a wing span of 5 to 5.4 feet, tail is short and 7 to 9 inches long. Males are slightly smaller than the females. The plumage is dark; the back and upper wings are black, while below it is dark brown. While viewing in flight the bird appears black when seen from below, the wings are silvery, and the tail is gray. The head is naked, yellow or orange, forehead and neck red also, while the vertex, and sometimes also the throat are blue-gray. The scalp is wrinkled. Beaks and legs are whitish to pink. Young birds have yellowish legs, a dark head and beak, and a bright neck.

These vultures often sit on posts or other low platforms. While It is looking for their food by flying low over the ground in a rocking glide, despite rarely flying high. A keen sense of smell - in addition to excellent eyesight + It can find carrion.

Their reproductive biology has largely been unknown. Surinam, a place where people live in South America, claimed that they were observed to raise their brood in hollow tree trunks. Observers in Colombia claimed that their parents with two newly filed young birds were observed in Columbia in May.

===Subspecies===
*''Cathartes burrovianus burrovianus''
*''Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga''

==Habitat and range==
Lesser yellow-headed vultures prefer forest edges, moist savannahs and meadows to heights to about 3000 feet. The subspecies ''C. b. burrovianus'' is found in the coastal regions of southern Mexico, on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, in the Caribbean region of Honduras, Nicaragua and north-eastern Costa Rica, in Panama, Colombia, (except the Andean region), and in northwestern Venezuela. The range of ''C. b. urubitinga'' is the lowland areas of South America, from Venezuela to the Guyanas, Brazil, eastern Bolivia, the extreme north and south of Paraguay, the provinces Misiones and Corrientes in Argentina and adjacent regions of Uruguay.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Vultures]]

King penguin

2022-04-08T13:36:15Z

DanielAPulido: An E3 uses English at an E1 level; trying to make it better.

{{Taxonomy
|name=King Penguin
|image=King penguin 1.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=
|superphylum=Deuterostomia
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neognathae
|superorder=
|order=Spheniciformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Spheniscidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Aptenodytes
|subgenus=
|species=A. patagonicus
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=
}}

The '''King penguin''' is the second-largest species of [[penguin]]. <ref>http://www.penguinworld.com/types/king.html</ref> When fully grown, these penguins are usually about three feet tall and weigh about 35 [[pounds]].<ref>http://www.penguins-world.com/king-penguin</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Penguins]][[Category:Flightless Birds]]

Indian white-rumped vulture

2022-04-01T14:01:29Z

DanielAPulido: /* Description */

{{Taxonomy
|name=Indian White-rumped Vulture
|image=WhiteRumped vulture.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Accipitriformes
|suborder=Accipitres
|infraorder=
|superfamily=Accipitroidea
|families=
|family=Accipitridae
|subfamily=Aegypiinae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Gyps
|subgenus=
|species=G. bengalensis
|binomialname=
|sub=
|syn=''Pseudogyps bengalensis''
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=<10,000 (2015)
|conservation=Critically endangered<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22695194/0</ref>
}}
The '''Indian white-rumped vulture''' (''Gyps bengalensis''), also known as the '''Oriental white-rumped vulture''' or the '''Bengal vulture''', is a bird of prey from the sub-family of the Old World vultures (Aegypiinae).

The Indian white-rumped vulture is an example of an originally common species, whose population collapses suddenly and without warning and thereby gets to the brink of extinction. Even towards the end of the 1980s, the Indian white-rumped vulture was frequent on the Indian subcontinent and from Nepal to Pakistan. Within 15 years, however, there was a decline of well-over 90%<ref>Couzens, pg 105</ref>

==Description==
The Indian white-rumped vulture resembles the [[griffon vulture]] (''Gyps fulvus''), but is somewhat smaller at 30–37 inches in length, a wingspan of 6.3–8.5 feet, and a body weight of 7.7-16.5 pounds. The naked head and neck is dyed gray to dark blue, and has a whitish to light-gray neck ruff. The back and rump, as well as the underwing coverts, are whitish; the remaining plumage is a dark brownish-black. The secondary flight feathers bear silvery streaks. The abdomen is somewhat lighter in color and has isolated white feathers. Juvenile birds are darker in color throughout, and will wear the adult plumage within four to five years.

Indian white-rumped vultures live in Myanmar, Indonesia, India, Southeast Asia, Afghanistan and southwest China. They prefer open tree landscapes and form different groups with other vultures, gathering with more than fifty birds on animal carcasses to eat. They devour everything, even bones, and sometimes they eat so much they cannot fly. (Darwinian evolutionary theory predicts that this observed phenomenon would not be observed, since a bird that ate so much as to be unable to fly would be unable to escape predators, and thus the trait would be disfavored by natural selection. See [[Counterexamples to Evolution]].)

==Reproduction==
Breeding takes from October to February. The vultures breed in colonies of 20 to 40 pairs on tall trees. The number of whitish-green eggs is one to two, and they are incubated by both parents from 40 to 55 days. The chicks remain in the nest for another 80 to 90 days before fledging.

==Threats==
Once thought to be one of the most abundant large birds of prey in the world, the Indian white-rumped vulture has gone through a severe decline in numbers since the 1990s, with some researchers stating above 99.9%.<ref>https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/indian-vultures-are-dying-for-some-good-news/</ref> Originally blaming a decline in wild ungulate species as well as improvements in the care of domestic livestock, the current assessment is the ingestion of carrion meat containing diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) meant as an anti-biotic for livestock; the drug causes kidney and renal failure in vultures and is fatal to the birds. Diclofenac is routinely used throughout southern Asia, and in largely-Hindu India its use proved to be particularly problematic where Hindus are forbidden to consume beef. In these regions dead cattle are usually left at the place where they have died, where they are eaten by the vultures.

Diclofenac was banned very quickly in both Nepal and India after recognizing its harmful effect on vultures. This contributed significantly to the fact that with the decline of vultures the population of rats and the number of carrion-consuming feral dogs greatly increased; with both came an increase in the number of rabies cases in humans. Despite the ban, diclofenac is still used in parts of southern Asia.

The Bombay Natural History Society and the British Royal Society for the Protection of Birds have begun a rearing program. In 2007, the first Indian white-rumped vulture chicks hatched in offspring stations in Haryana. As a further protective measure, non-toxic carcasses are laid out on open terrain. It is attempted to accustom the remaining vultures to these feeding places and to bind them to these places until diclofenac-injected animals have disappeared from the natural cycle. Such feeding places are currently being operated in Nepal and Cambodia, where the vulture stocks were less affected by drug poisoning, while a lack of feeding has had a negative impact on breeding success<ref>Couzens, pg 106</ref>

==References==
<references/>
*Couzens, Dominic. ''Atlas of Rare Birds''; MIT Press, Boston (2010)

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Vultures]]

Hume's owl

2022-03-30T14:06:05Z

DanielAPulido: /* Description */ Fat Double Arches wouldn't know parallel structure if you suspended him off a cliff by a daisy and had him draw the force vectors

{{Taxonomy
|name=Hume's Owl
|image=
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=
|order=Strigiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Strigidae
|subfamily=Striginae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Strix
|subgenus=
|species=S. butleri
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=Least concern<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22689083/0</ref>
}}
'''Hume's owl''' or '''Hume's tawny owl''', (''Strix butleri'') is a species of [[owl]] found in the [[Middle East]], and named for ornithologist Allan Hume and an officer in the British Army who sent him the first specimen, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Arthur Butler.

==Description==
Hume's owl is medium-sized, just over a foot in length and three feet in wingspan. It is light brown above, and light tan below, resembling somewhat the closely-related [[tawny owl]].

==Range and habitat==
Hume's owls are found in eastern [[Egypt]], along the [[Red Sea]] shoreline and the [[Sinai Peninsula]]; [[Israel]]; [[Jordan]]; and the [[Arabian Peninsula]] south to [[Oman]] and [[Yemen]]. It lives in rocky gorges and canyons, semi-desert to desert, and palm groves.

==New species?==
Hume's owl was first known to western science when Hume received a specimen in 1878; this specimen purportedly came from Pakistan. Since that time this bird, as well as birds currently known from the Middle East and Egypt, are referred to as Hume's owl, despite obvious differences in coloration from the Pakistani specimen. Recently it was discovered through DNA research spearheaded by ornithologist Hadoram Shirihai that there was a 10% difference between Hume's first specimen and other ''S. butleri'' examples; this research included a specimen collected by Shirihai as a boy. What they found was a new species which they called the desert tawny owl, naming it ''Strix hadorami'' in his honor. But complicating matters is a possible third species culled from ''S. butleri'', "''S. omanensis''", which was determined solely on photographs and sound recordings made in Yemen.<ref>http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03904p050f.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.foxnews.com/science/2015/02/02/who-who-centuries-old-owl-mix-up-fixed/?intcmp=features</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Owls]][[Category:Wood Owls]]

Horned Puffin

2022-03-26T14:56:32Z

DanielAPulido: Liberal watermelon man does it again. Is there any depth Double Arches won't sink to?!?

{{Taxonomy
|name=Horned Puffin
|image=HornedPuffin.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Passerimorphae
|order=Charadriiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=Charadriides
|superfamily=Laroidea
|family=Alcidae
|subfamily=Fraterculinae
|supertribe=
|tribe=Fraterculini
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Fratercula
|subgenus=
|species=F. corniculata
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=
}}
The '''Horned Puffin''' (''Fratercula corniculata'') the Atlantic species of puffin, except for a ridge of hardened skin that rises vertically from above its eyes to the top of its head. According to the US Geological Survey, "about 1.2 million Horned Puffins breed in the North Pacific, almost exclusively in [[Siberia]] and [[Alaska]]."<ref>[http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/seabirds/flash_cards/horned_puffin.html US Geological Survey, ''Horned Puffin'']</ref> In winter months, it can be found further south, almost down to the waters off the [[California]] coast.<ref>http://www.thebigzoo.com/Animals/Horned_Puffin.asp</ref>

Despite its vast population, liberals have attempted to violate the Constitution, knowingly denying false [[liberal]] [[environmentalists]] claims to "protect" the bird in their bid to deny gun rights guaranteed by the [[Second Amendment]].

References==

<references/>

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Auks]]

Common murre

2022-03-26T14:43:15Z

DanielAPulido: /* Range and habitat */ Again, obese loser Karajou can't write in English.

{{Taxonomy
|name=Common murre
|image=CommonMurre.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Charadriimorphae
|order=Charadriiformes
|suborder=Lari
|infraorder=Alcides
|superfamily=
|family=Alcidae
|subfamily=Alcinae
|supertribe=
|tribe=Alcini
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Uria
|subgenus=
|species=U. aalge
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=>18,000,000 (2018 est.)<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694841/132577296#population</ref>
|conservation=Least concern<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694841/132577296</ref>
}}
The '''common murre''', also known as the '''common guillemot''' or '''thin-billed murre''' (''Uria aalge'') is a species of sea [[bird]] of the family Alcidae, and found in the low-Arctic waters and coastlines of the north Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

==Description==
The common murre is medium-sized, about 15–18 inches in length, a wingspan of 24–29 inches, and weigh between 2 to 2.7 pounds. Plumage above is dark brown to black, from the head to the back and wings; the underside of the body is white. Their long dark beak is thin and pointed, tail is short and rounded. Some individuals from the North Atlantic have the so-called "bridled" shape, with a thin white eye circle and a white line that stretches behind the eye. Winter plumage is almost identical except that the throat and cheeks turn white and a dark line appears behind the eye. Males are indistinguishable from females.

===Subspecies===
*''Uria aalge aalge''; eastern North America to the Baltic Sea, Norway, and Svalbard to northern Russia (Novaya Zemlya)
*''Uria aalge albionis''; British Isles to western Iberian Peninsula; Heligoland archipelago
*''Uria aalge californica''; United States: Washington state to southern California
*''Uria aalge inornata''; Korea, Japan and Russia (Kamchatka) to Bering Sea and Canada (British Columbia)

==Range and habitat==
Within the Atlantic Ocean, the common murre is found from eastern Greenland, south to Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia in Canada, to Cape Cod in the United States; eastward it is found on Svalbard south to Scandinavia, the Iceland, the British Isles, and northern Europe south to the southern Spanish coast. In the Pacific Ocean it is found in western Alaska and the Bering Sea, southwards to the Aleutians, Japan and eastern China, and western Canada south to California.

It is found in sub-Arctic, ice-free waters, with breeding colonies established around islands and shorelines with rocky cliff faces. In the Atlantic breeding colonies are in the west between the 43o and 56o northern latitude and in the east between 40o and 75o northern latitude. In the Pacific it breeds on the Asian coasts between 40o and 70o northern latitude. On the North American Pacific coast its breeding area ranges from the 36o to 68o northern latitude in Alaska. Northern birds migrate south during winter for ice-free waters.

==Threats==
The IUCN has classified this species as least concern, due to its large range and extensive numbers, estimated to be in excess of 18 million birds. They are, however, susceptible to immediate and sudden changes to their environment. A breeding population on Bear Island in the Barents Sea was reduced by 85% due to over-fishing, while a decline in numbers within the Irish Sea has been blamed on oil leaks from vessels sunk in [[World War II]]<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694841/132577296#threats</ref>.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Auks]]

Great auk

2022-03-26T14:38:45Z

DanielAPulido: /* Description */ Stupid Karajou can't keep singular or plural consistent in one paragraph. Fat moron.

{{Taxonomy
|name=Great Auk
|image=ExtPassgreatauk2-jja.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Charadriimorphae
|order=Charadriiformes
|suborder=Lari
|infraorder=Alcides
|superfamily=
|family=Alcidae
|subfamily=Alcinae
|supertribe=
|tribe=Alcini
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Pinguinus
|subgenus=
|species=P. impennis
|binomialname=
|sub=
|syn=''Alca impennis''
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=Extinct
}}
The '''great auk''' (''Pinguinus impennis'') was a flightless seabird native to the North Atlantic, the largest species of the family Alcidae. It became extinct by 1844 due to over-hunting.

==Entymology==
The great auk was also known as ''garefowl'' (Old Norse: ''geirfugl'', "spear bird"). The name "[[penguin]]" was also first applied to these birds before the discovery of similar-appearing species in the Southern Hemisphere in the mid-1500s. The word is possibly based upon the Welsh ''pen gwyn'', referring to the white eye patch on its head.

==Description==
Largest of the Alcidae family, the great auk was approximately 30 inches tall and weighed up to 11 pounds. Overall color pattern was similar to penguins and the [[orca]], with black plumage on its back, and white feathers on breast and stomach. It is assumed that its movements were similar to the penguin; it waddled on land and used its stubby wings to propel itself in water. Its beak was large and grooved.

====Distribution====
The great auk inhabited the rocky coastlines of Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland, and western Europe. Shell middens excavated in Florida revealed auk remains, indicating that these birds did a seasonal migration south during the winter months. It has been recently estimated that the overall population of the great auk never exceeded 400,000 at any point in history, possibly due to scarcity of food near shallow water; lack of suitable breeding grounds, natural predators, and the effects of the [[Little Ice Age]].

====Diet====
Based on recovered remains on Funk Island, Canada, the great auk generally ate small fish such as menhadden.

====Breeding====
What is known through the habits and records kept by hunting parties was that the great auk could only breed on low-lying rocky coasts with easy access to the water. They bred in colonies, laying a single egg on the bare ground about 4 inches long [http://www.ivorybill.com/g/greatauk.htm] which hatched in June.

==Extinction==
The great auk was extensively hunted by man; the birds were food, fuel, and provided down for warmth in the northern climates. Early trans-Atlantic crossings were sometimes interrupted by stops at breeding grounds so ship's crews could collect auks en-masse for fresh food and later consumption. Never trully abundant (recent estimates put the auk's numbers at no greater than 400,000), the population was reduced to a handful by 1800.

By 1844, with the auk reduced to a few birds of Iceland, author Robert Silverberg in the 1960s identified science as the main culprit for the species' final demise. According to him, museum curators discovered that the species was about to go extinct, and no specimens were available for display. Collectors began to pay handsome prices to anyone to bring home complete birds or skins; eggs would fetch slightly less. On June 3, 1844, the last two auks were killed on the island of Eldey, off [[Iceland]] and their single egg taken.

Today, some 80 great auk mounted specimens from the last phase of the extinction, in addition to skeletons and eggs, are in museums worldwide.

==References==
*Silverberg, Robert. ''The auk, the dodo, and the oryx: Vanished and vanishing creatures''; T.Y. Crowell Company, New York (1967)
*Cornish, Jim. ''The Great Auk: An Extinct Species''; (2003) [http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/great_auk.pdf]
*Fuller, Errol. ''The Great Auk: The Extinction of the Original Penguin''; Bunker Hill Publishing, Charlestown, Massachusetts (2003) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=35rGM50pAoAC&dq=great+auk&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=oSKvsuU6fB&sig=0ryhsAiSnCvrWw-CnnExLBbNQgI&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPP1,M1]
* Jordan, Richard H. & Olson, Storrs L. "First Record of the Great Auk (''Pinguinus impennis'') from Labrador," article in ''Auk'', January, 1982, pp. 167–168. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v099n01/p0167-p0168.pdf]
* Weigel, Penelope Hermes. "Great Auk Remains from a Florida Shell Midden," article in ''Auk'', April, 1958 pp. 215–216. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v075n02/p0215-p0216.pdf]

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Auks]][[Category:Flightless Birds]][[Category:Extinct Birds]][[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Auk

2022-03-26T14:34:31Z

DanielAPulido: /* Diet */ Idiot Karajou doesn't know the difference between "principle" and "principal".

{{Taxonomy
|name=Auk
|image=Murre and Razorbill.jpg
|caption=Common murre, ''Uria aalge'' Razorbill auk, ''Alca torda''
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Passerimorphae
|order=Charadriiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=Charadriides
|superfamily=Laroidea
|family=Alcidae
}}
'''Auks''' or '''alcids''', a general term for 25 species of marine diving birds of the family Alcidae, and found in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The family includes auklets, murres, gillemots and puffins, with the word "auk" generally restricted to three species: the [[razorbill auk]] (''Alca torda''), the [[little auk]] (''Alle alle''), and the extinct [[great auk]] (''Pinguinus impennis'').

==Description==
Auks are the northern equivalent of [[penguin]]s, of which there is a resemblance in many ways. The body is stocky with a large head, and they bear a short neck, legs, and tail. Length varies among species, from 6.5 inches to 30 inches. Beaks are long and pointed (murres); deep and laterally compressed (razorbills, puffins); or stubby (little auks). Plumage is generally monochrome: black or brown above a white belly in most species, with the bold colors of the puffin's beaks being a striking exception.

Auks are excellent divers, using their half-folded wings as paddles underwater as they strike at prey. Their webbed feet are set far back on their bodies and used for steering; the position also gives them an upright appearance when standing, and an awkward gait when walking, similar to penguins. In fact, the largest of the auks - the [[great auk]] - was once known as the original penguin before those birds were discovered in the Southern Hemisphere.

==Diet==
Auks are known to take small fish, shellfish, worms, and crustaceans, but the principal prey is fish. Prey is taken in deep water, and several species usually hunt the same fishing area. Little to no competition occurs between the birds within the area, as they strike at differing sizes and types of prey; a puffin with catch small fish no more than two inches in length, while a larger murre with catch those fish double the size.

==Species==
Family Alcidae
*'''Subfamily Alcinae'''
**'''Tribe Alcini'''; typical auks and murres
***Genus ''Alca''
****[[Razorbill auk]], ''Alca torda''
***Genus ''Alle''
****[[Little auk]], ''Alle alle''
***Genus ''Pinguinus''
****[[Great auk]], ''Pinguinus impennis'' (extinct)
***Genus ''Uria''
****[[Common murre]], ''Uria aalge''
****[[Thick-billed murre]], ''Uria lomvia''
**'''Tribe Brachyramphini'''; brachyramphine murrelets
***Genus ''Brachyramphus''
****[[Kittlitz's Murrelet]], ''Brachyramphus brevirostris''
****[[Long-billed murrelet]] ''Brachyramphus perdix''
****[[Marbled Murrelet]], ''Brachyramphus marmoratus''
**'''Tribe Cepphini'''; true guillemots
***Genus ''Cepphus''
****[[Black guillemot]], ''Cepphus grylle''
****[[Pigeon guillemot]], ''Cepphus columba''
****[[Spectacled guillemot]], ''Cepphus carbo''
**'''Tribe Synthliboramphini'''; murrelets
***Genus ''Synthliboramphus''
****[[Ancient murrelet]], ''Synthliboramphus antiquus''
****[[Craveri's murrelet]], ''Synthliboramphus craveri''
****[[Guadalupe murrelet]], ''Synthliboramphus hypoleucus''
****[[Japanese murrelet]], ''Synthliboramphus wumizusume''
****[[Scripps's murrelet]], ''Synthliboramphus scrippsi''
* '''Subfamily Fraterculinae'''
** '''Tribe Aethiini''' – auklets
***Genus ''Aethia''
****[[Crested auklet]], ''Aethia cristatella''
****[[Least auklet]], ''Aethia pusilla''
****[[Parakeet auklet]], ''Aethia psittacula''
****[[Whiskered auklet]], ''Aethia pygmaea''
***Genus ''Ptychoramphus''
****[[Cassin's auklet]], ''Ptychoramphus aleuticus''
**'''Tribe Fraterculini'''; puffins
***Genus ''Cerorhinca''
****[[Rhinoceros auklet]], ''Cerorhinca monocerata''
***Genus ''Fratercula''
****[[Atlantic puffin]], ''Fratercula arctica''
****[[Horned Puffin]], ''Fratercula corniculata''
****[[Tufted Puffin]], ''Fratercula cirrhata''

[[Category:Auks]]

Amethyst-throated Hummingbird

2022-02-26T14:47:13Z

DanielAPulido: "speciesof", "it natural habitat", "montanes." Why was an illiterate person allowed so much influence on this project for as long as Karajou was???

Part of the Trochilidae family, the '''Amethyst-throated Hummingbird''', or the Lampornis amethystinus, is a species of [[hummingbird]]. Its natural habitat is the tropical or subtropical mountains. It is usually found in Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico, and Honduras.

==See also==
[[Hummingbird]]

[[Category:Birds]]
[[Category:Hummingbirds]]
[[Category:South America]]

Amethyst Woodstar

2022-02-26T14:39:29Z

DanielAPulido: correcting illiterate pronoun usage. Please, let's build an encyclopedia that doesn't do stupid things like this.

The '''Amethyst Woodstar''' is found in [[South America]] east of the [[Andes]] from [[Venezuela]] to northern [[Argentina]]. It is one of the smallest [[hummingbird]]s. The Amethyst Woodstar's scientific name is ''Calliphlox amethystina''. The Amethyst Woodstar is very small and with short [[wing]]s and is one of the most proficient fliers in the hummingbird world. Its wing beats have been measured at 80 per second for the male and 70 per second for the (slightly [https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-90006/Calliphlox-amethystina larger]) female giving her a slightly lower humming note. Its heart beat has also been measured at 20 beats per second or 1,200 beats per minute!

==Description==
Although the Amethyst Woodstar can't be found in [[forest]] interiors, it can usually be found in a wide variety of habitats including [[garden]]s. The male hummingbird has a black bill and a forked tail. He has an amethyst throat with a white band across the chest. The female has whitish on her stomach and has green spots on the throat and a short tail.

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Hummingbirds]]
[[Category:South America]]

Akun eagle-owl

2022-02-26T14:31:08Z

DanielAPulido: /* Habits */ Correcting pronoun illiteracy. They is?!? It are?!? Thank the sweet lord Jesus that moron Karajou is finally gone; it's been a long fifteen years of idiocracy on bird articles.

{{Taxonomy
|name=Akun Eagle-owl
|image=
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=
|order=Strigiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Strigidae
|subfamily=Striginae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Bubo
|subgenus=
|species=B. leucostictus
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=Unknown
|conservation=Least concern<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/22688996/0</ref>
}}
The '''Akun eagle-owl''', or '''sooty eagle-owl''' (''Bubo leucostictus''), is a species of [[owl]] found in West and Central Africa.

==Description==
Akun eagle-owls are small in comparison to other owls of the genus ''Bubo'', with a body length of 15 to 18 inches. The top, head, and chest is a dark reddish brown, marked with brown bars on the back; white mottling is also present. The ear tufts are large, colored dark brown and spotted with white. The overall coloration has been described as "sooty", hence the other name. The underside of the body is a pale brown, with darker brown spots and streaks. The claws are relatively weak.

==Range and habitat==
Akun eagle-owls are found in western and central Africa from Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria to Cameroon and Congo and north-western Angola. They predominantly inhabit tropical and semi-tropical rainforests, and old secondary forests.

==Habits==
Akun eagle-owls are nocturnal, with the greatest activity occurring on moonlit nights. They rest during daytime in dense forest, where the abundance of leaves provide cover. Due to their size and weak talons, the diet consists mainly of large insects such as beetles, cicadas and cockroaches.

Reproductive biology has not yet been sufficiently investigated, with egg laying observed on ground nests taking place from November to January.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Owls]][[Category:Eagle Owls]]

Abyssinian Owl

2022-02-17T14:28:01Z

DanielAPulido: Correcting illiterate parallelism

{{Taxonomy
|name=Abyssinian Owl
|image=Abyssinian owl.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=
|order=Strigiformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Strigidae
|subfamily=Striginae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=[[Asio]]
|subgenus=
|species=A. abyssinicus
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=Least concern<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22689512/0</ref>
}}
The '''Abyssinian owl''' (''Asio abyssinicus'') is a species of [[owl]] inhabiting the forested areas of east-central [[Africa]].

==Description==
The Abyssinian owl is up to 17 inches in length and 30 inches in wingspan. Despite being darker in color, it bears a similar appearance to the related [[long-eared owl]] (''Asio otus''); some authorities list the Abyssinian owl as a subspecies of ''A. otis''. The Abyssinian owl has a buff-rufous or tawny facial disc that is pale to dark, with distinctive light grey eyebrows, yellow eyes and a dark bill. The ear tufts are also dark brown with white edging.

===Subspecies===
*''Asio abyssinicus abyssinicus''; Eritrean and Ethiopian highlands
*''Asio abyssinicus graueri''; Democratic Republic of the Congo: (Ruwenzori Mountains, Mt. Kabobo); Kenya (Mt. Kenya)

Abyssinian owls inhabit heath and open grasslands, wetlands, open wooded areas, damp forest valleys and gorges, from sea level to an elevation of up to 12,800 feet.

They are active at dawn as well as at night. Diet consists of small mammals, birds, and reptiles. Reproduction is largely unknown; however, it is clear that it is territorial and that it often places its nest in the abandoned nests of other birds.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Owls]][[Category:Eared Owls]]

Beating NFL addiction

2022-02-12T15:36:34Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Beating NFL addiction''' is a challenge for some Americans. They spend hours each Sunday afternoon, and evenings on Sundays, Mondays, and Thursdays, watching a meaningless game that causes harm and expense to themselves and others. In addition, many who are addicted to the NFL waste additional hours during the week thinking about, discussing, or reading about the NFL, or even playing "[[fantasy football]]."

What are good ways to overcome this harmful and costly addiction? Possibilities include:

*schedule other activities during game times, such as shopping, exercise, writing letters, driving to a gas station to fill the car, cleaning/organizing, going to church, reading a book, watching a movie, or even sleeping.
*recognize that God does not care about who wins NFL games, so why do you?
*keep a tally of how much time you spend each week on the NFL, and reduce it towards zero.
*spend time with the 90% of Americans who did not watch NFL games on [[Thanksgiving]], rather than with people who are obsessed with the game.
*realize that no one regrets towards the end of his life not having spent more time watching NFL games.
*recognize that the NFL takes people away from their marriages, their churches, and the [[Bible]].
*pick your favorite team and then learn to root against it.
*learn to replace thoughts about football with wholesome, productive thoughts.
*join the movement to cut off the billions of dollars in annual taxpayer subsidies that flow to the NFL and its billionaire owners.
*warn others against the high percentage of drunken fans who create heightened safety risks on the roads after each NFL game.
*avoid buying products or patronizing businesses endorsed by teams or players.
*wear a rubber band around your wrist. Every time thoughts of the NFL come into your mind, pull back the rubber band and snap it against your wrist. This negative association with the thoughts you are trying to avoid will reduce their occurrence.
*talk to a leader at church, and let them know what you are trying to do. The rubber band plan is even more effective if others know what the band, and what you are trying to accomplish, means to you. When you are trying to overcome your unwelcome inclination to watch NFL games, you are not alone. Rely on God's chosen leaders.
*if you do backslide, and start watching the first quarter, it's OK. Keep rooting against your favorite team, and thinking about the harm you're doing to your marriage. Resolve to snap the rubber band before the second quarter starts, or before halftime. Keep warning others about drunken fans.
*shortly before the Super Bowl, people at school or work, or others from the secular world, will want to talk about the game. Profess disinterest, and show them your rubber band when you rebuff an invitation to a gathering where the game will be shown. At the gathering, make sure others know why you are rooting against the team you want to win, and keep talking about the safety risks and the harms to marriage done by viewing the game.
*if the team you have been rooting against this whole time has finally made it, don't despair. They might still lose. Snap the rubber band harder and more frequently than ever before, and resolve to talk to your pastor in the event that the team you hope loses wins. Don't celebrate; they will probably have a terrible draft position.
== See also ==

*[[Unplug the NFL]]
*[[Blacklisting Tim Tebow]]
[[Category:NFL]]

Intentional Grounding (football)

2022-02-12T15:25:02Z

DanielAPulido: Created page with "'''Intentional Grounding ''' is a foul in football, committed when an offensive player, seeking to avoid being sacked by a defensive player, deliberately t..."

'''Intentional Grounding ''' is a [[foul (football)|foul]] in football, committed when an offensive player, seeking to avoid being sacked by a defensive player, deliberately throws the ball into the ground. There is no penalty for grounding if the offensive player remains inside the pocket (between the Offensive Tackels) prior to throwing intentionally into the ground as long as the ball does not cross the line of scrimmage. It is also illegal to throw into the ground immediately after receiving the snap, unless the player is seeking to preserve time while facing imminent pressure of loss of down, as in the famous "fake spike" done by Dan Marino.

[[Category:Football]]

Anti-Semitism

2022-02-12T15:14:47Z

DanielAPulido: /* Middle Ages */

[[Image:Aldershot Cemetery.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Anti-Semitic graffiti on Jewish graves, Aldershot Military Cemetery, Hampshire, England, November, 2004. (c. Community Security Trust/Fox News)]]
'''Anti-Semitism''' (or '''antisemitism''') is [[discrimination]] against, [[Hate|hatred]] against, or criticism of [[Jews]], Jewish culture, or the state of [[Israel]], or Semitic ethnic groups such as Arabs, Assyrians, and Samaritans. As a word it is first recorded in the English language in 1882,<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antisemitism</ref> but as an idea and argument of hatred examples exist from much earlier times. It was Wilhelm Marr (1819–1904), a German agitator who coined the term ''"anti-semitism"'' in 1879.

==Origins of Anti-Semitism==
The first Christians were Jews, including Jesus Christ. The story of Jesus was remembered and retold in the synagogues. Splits appeared very soon after the death of Jesus between the [[Pharisees]] and the Revisionist Jews. The [[Gospel of John]] was written quite soon after he and other revisionist Jews were barred from the [[synagogue]] by the Orthodox party. The references to Jews in the Gospel according to St John does not refer to Jews as a whole, but to the Pharisees. However, this was not well understood by later readers, and once the early generations of Jews had died out John's gospel was often used to justify acts of anti-Semitism.

==Blood Libel==
One of the oldest instances of anti-Semitic claims was made in the first century AD by Apion who claimed Jews sacrificed Greeks in their temple in a type of accusation known as a "blood libel".

The "Blood libel" myth reappeared in England in 1144, after [[William of Norwich]] was found murdered. William was called a martyr and created a second wave of anti-semitism, this time in Europe. It was mostly popularized with the story of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, and was even present in the [[Canterbury Tales]]. This continued on for many centuries until modern times. This "blood libel" accusation has survived the centuries and is today seen in [[Islam]]ic anti-Semitic propaganda.

==Middle Ages: Teachings about the Virgin Mary, Jesus and Boiling Excrement, and Unjustified Punishment of Jews==
In the [[Middle Ages]], Catholics blamed Jews for the death of Jesus Christ. This fueled Christian antipathy against Jews in most of Europe. This also led to rumors that Jews "desecrated the host" (tortured [[communion]] bread as per the [[Catholic]] doctrine of [[transubstantiation]]), and that they "poisoned the wells", leading to the [[Black Death]]. Another element that resulted in Jewish persecution was some quotations from the Talmud that had the Rabbis making various claims inferring that the Virgin Mary was a prostitute who had pre-marital relations with a Roman Centurion that resulted in Jesus's birth, and also claimed that Jesus (titled "Yeshu" in the Talmud as an insult<ref>https://jewsforjesus.org/newsletter-mar-2008/y-shua-or-yeshu</ref>) was boiling in hot excrement for all eternity,<ref>http://answering-christianity.com/jews1.htm</ref><ref>http://www.answering-christianity.com/jews2.htm</ref><ref>http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_57.html</ref> especially after the Jewish convert Nicolas Donin exposed these passages in 1239.<ref>http://www.traditioninaction.org/HotTopics/a028htJPII_VisitToSynagogue1986.htm</ref><ref>http://exodusmyth.com/2017/02/18/the-truth-about-the-talmud-michael-hoffman/</ref> It didn't help that Christians expelled practitioners of Judaism from various places. Professing Jews were expelled from England in 1290, from France in 1306, and from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1496. (Those who converted to Christianity could remain.) Many went to Holland and Poland. Napoleon removed most of the restrictions that kept Jews in ghettoes in Germany.

==1800–1914==
===New nationalism===
Secular nationalism became a trend in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As a result, anti-Semitism was transformed in the 19th century from a matter of religion to a matter of language and culture. Each "nation" rediscovered its historic language and culture and tried to establish a national homeland. However, this did not remove old biases against Jews in Europe. In most cases, Jews were excluded or distrusted and were not treated as part of the cultural center but as part of the periphery. Anti-Semitic references were common in the popular literature of both the 19th and early 20th centuries. It became more "scientific", and often connected with pseudo-scientific racial theories. The most notable example being the theory of [[evolution]].

===Germany===
In Germany, leading 19th century anti-Semites include composer [[Richard Wagner]] and his son-in-law writer [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]].

Historians have long debated whether or not the Anti-Semitism of imperial Germany directly prepared the ideological climate for Nazism. One way of testing the thesis of direct continuity is to examine how Judeophobes proposed to solve the "Jewish problem" in the Second Reich, 1870–1914. At that time, most anti-Semites stopped short of calling for the exclusion of Jews from German society, and in fact, many advocated full integration. A handful of exclusionists, believing in the preordained struggle with the Jews and being pessimistic about getting them to leave Germany, did, however, plant the seeds of genocide.<ref>Donald L. Niewyk, "Solving The 'Jewish Problem': Continuity and Change in German Antisemitism, 1871-1945." ''Leo Baeck Institute. Year Book'' 1990 35: 335-370.</ref>

===Socialism===
Leftist scholars examining the connection between socialism and anti-Semitism before 1914 generally have assumed that capitalist exploitation of the workers was responsible for the "Jewish question," and that the labor movement was largely immune to anti-Semitism. At a deeper level, factors such as retarded economic development in Central and Eastern Europe, Christian cultural traditions, the fragility of political liberalism outside Western Europe, the intensity of national conflicts and the quality of leadership and class consciousness among the proletariat led to anti-Semitism in Russia, Germany, France and Britain before 1914.

===Austria===
The national government of the Austro-Hungarian Empire deliberately protected Jews from violent Anti-Semitism. However, popular antipathy toward Jews was more deeply rooted and stubborn in Austria than in most European countries. Reasons included slow development of a secular, pluralist society based on individual rights and open career opportunities; survival of corporatist ideas of economic organization; replacement of the multinational ideal of the Austro-Hungarian Empire by political division and ethnic antagonism; and the conspicuous role of individual Jews in finance capitalism, mass media, arts, and radical politics.

Karl Lueger, the popular mayor of Vienna (1897–1910) and routinely used high powered Anti-Semitic rhetoric. It caught the attention of one young resident, Adolf Hitler, who had come from Linz. But there was no action takes against Jews, who played a major role in Vienna's cultural and business life. Lueger operated within a strong national government that tolerated Jews. The Habsburg dynasty did not allow significant anti-Jewish actions in its domains. The inviolate character of the Rechtsstaat and of a political culture based on law still existed. Mass violence within this political system was rare, and economic life was not yet caught up in the disastrous economic cycles of the post-1918 era. All these structural factors were serious barriers to the translation of anti-Semitic rhetoric in Vienna from words into deeds during the Habsburg era. In the 1930s, however, as Austria became culturally and politically dominated by its northern neighbor, Vienna became increasingly hostile, and many Jews fled even before the Nazis marched in and took over in 1938.

Anti-Semitism was an integral part of the political platform of the Austrian Socialist Left before 1914. Given the depths of anti-Jewish feelings among the Austrian masses, the Socialists endeavored to woo the working class from right-wing political parties through employing the latter's anti-Semitic arguments concerning Jewish control of the Austrian economy. This approach was even utilized by such Socialists of Jewish background as Victor Adler. Once Lueger's anti-Semitic party gained control of the Vienna municipal government in 1897, the Socialist press attacked him and his associates for their alleged lack of fidelity to their anti-Semitic principles through covert dealings with the Jewish upper class.

===Russia===
Alone among the major European nations, Russia in the 19th century did not emancipate its Jewish subjects. Popular anti-Semitism (which had an anti-capitalist bias) proceeded from, and flourished with the support of, anti-Jewish laws and official policies that tried either to forcibly integrate Jews into or to segregate them from the rest of Russian society - especially rural society. Pogroms – systematic slaughters of thousands of Jews in certain areas — happened in clusters, as in 1881-82 and 1905–06, and were related to severe political crises involving the issue of Jewish emancipation.

===Italy===
Anti-Semitism played a far smaller role in Italy than in other European countries. One possible explanation is the high degree of assimilation achieved by the Italian Jewish community. However, assimilation elsewhere in Europe was not a bar to anti-Semitism. A more plausible reason is the lateness of industrialization, which meant that the lower middle classes did not fall victim to the economic and social anxieties experienced by the petite bourgeoisie of Germany and France. Other factors are the extremely small numbers of Italian Jews, the ethnically homogeneous nature of the Italian population, which meant that the Italians did not suffer from the paranoid insecurity of Germans who were confronted by large minorities within their borders, and Italy's long history of not succumbing to xenophobia and its weak race consciousness.

===France===
[[Alfred Dreyfus]] (1859–1935) was a Jewish officer in the French Army falsely accused of spying in the 1890s. The Dreyfuss Affair became a central issue in French politics, with critics like Émile Zola—who creed "[[J'accuse]]"—insisting it was a miscarriage of justice brought by a conspiracy of Catholic army officers. Dreyfuss was proven innocent and released in 1899.

==1914–1945==
Anti-Semitism was the core belief of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the Nazis (National Socialists), helping them gain power in Germany in 1933 and leading to their murder of six million Jews during the [[Holocaust]] of World War II.

In the 1920s [[Henry Ford]]'s newspaper, ''The Dearborn Independent'', reprinted the false ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''. Ford publicly apologized to Jews.

American aviator [[Charles Lindbergh]] disparaged Jews at a critical debate over intervention in the war in Europe in 1940. He led the "[[America First]]" movement opposed to war. He suggested the drive to war was orchestrated by Jews and would hurt the U.S.

The modern [[Democratic party]] of the [[United States]] and its leadership is pervaded with anti-Semitism in the 21st century.

== Soviet Union and anti-semitism (1922–1991) ==
{{See also|Atheism and anti-semitism|Left-wing Anti-Semitism#20th century: Stalinist anti-Semitism}}

==Post 1945==
Following World War II there was a steady decline of anti-Semitism, and a virtual disappearance of discrimination against Jews, in North America and Western Europe. Despite an apparent resurgence in Russia and Eastern Europe after the collapse of communism and occasional outbreaks elsewhere, anti-Semitism outside the Middle East by the early 1990s was only one - and a relatively minor - type of the xenophobia found in multiethnic, multicultural societies.

Anti-Semitism was in total disrepute after the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945. After 1945 Anti-Semitism was not significantly greater in Germany than in Britain or France. For some years after 1945, the overwhelming majority of Jews in Germany were refugees and displaced persons from the East. Most of them emigrated to Israel, North and South America, or Australia, leaving behind small numbers who would not or could not leave. Some German Jews had "assimilated" and were criticized by Eastern Jews as being too lax in their religious observance, but all Jews faced problems arising from questions of reparations and remembrances of the Holocaust. Democratic [[West Germany]] admitted its guilt and made large-scale financial reparations to Israel. Communist [[East Germany]], however, denied everything, opposed Israel and promoted anti-Semitism as the Nazis before them had.

===United States===
[[File:Antifa fascists attack Jews,jpeg.jpg|right|350pc|thumb|Far left Antifa [[fascist]]s attack Jews For Trump rally in New York.<ref>https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/10/26/brawl-erupts-at-jews-for-trump-event-in-nyc/</ref>]]
Republican President [[Richard Nixon]] hurt his reputation after recordings of informal conversations laden with racial slurs and invective known as the [[Watergate Tapes]] were made public. These informal comments about Jewish control of the media and calling Robert Vesco "a cheap kike" among other comments suggested to Nixon critics that his views were informed by a mistrust of Jewish culture.<ref>http://hnn.us/articles/657.html</ref> Nixon defenders note his support of [[Israel]] during the [[Yom Kippur War]] and his many Jewish friends and associates such as [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Herb Stein]] and others.<ref>http://www.slate.com/id/1003783/</ref>

In 1958, the [[American Nazi Party]] was founded by [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], who is known for his Holocaust denial and racist positions.

In 1984, [[Democrat Party]] presidential candidate, and noted liberal, [[Jesse Jackson]] uttered anti-Semitic slurs to a reporter for the ''Washington Post'' when discussing the state of African-American and Jewish relations, which had been a key [[New Deal Coalition]] for half a century. Jackson is reported to have referred to Jews as "Hymies", and to New York City as "Hymietown". Jackson apologized, but it was never forgotten.<ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=187440 Jesse and the Jews], Michael W. Hirschorn, ''The Harvard Crimson'', March 05, 1984.</ref> Mayor Ed Koch even said that any Jews who vote for Jackson in 1988 were "crazy".

The Left has falsely tried to claim that most anti-Semitism comes from the Right, and that it is increasing, something the Israeli government has rejected.<ref>Glick, Caroline (November 2, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2018/11/02/caroline-glick-israeli-cabinet-minister-challenges-never-trump-propaganda-antisemitism-adl/ Caroline Glick: Israeli Cabinet Minister Challenges Propaganda on Trump and Antisemitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 2, 2018.</ref>

==Modern anti-Semitism==
[[File:Trump-antisemitic-3.jpg|right|350px|thumb|A blatantly [[anti-Semitic]] cartoon depicting [[Israel]]i [[Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] as a guide dog with a [[Star of David]] collar leading a blind [[President Trump]] wearing a skullcap. The cartoon accompanied an op-ed published 4/25/19 in the International Edition of the ''New York Times''.<ref>https://thehill.com/homenews/media/440957-ny-times-opinion-apologizes-for-cartoon-depicting-anti-semitic-tropes</ref>]]
During the [[Gulf War]] of 1991 anti-Semites alleged the United States was being used to fight Israel's wars.<ref>[http://newint.org/features/2004/10/01/conspiracism/ ''Zog ate my brains''], [[Chip Berlet]], New Internationalist, October 2004.</ref>

The [[U.S. State Department]] ''Report on Global Anti-Semitism'' in 2005 said this about the current state of anti-Semitism worldwide:

:Beginning in 2000, verbal attacks directed against Jews increased while incidents of vandalism... surged. Physical assaults including beatings, stabbings and other violence against Jews in Europe increased markedly, in a number of cases resulting in serious injury and even death. Also troubling is a bias that spills over into anti-Semitism in some of the [[leftist|left-of-center]] press and among some intellectuals.

:The United States is frequently included as a target of such attacks, which often assert that U.S. foreign policy is made in Israel or that Jews control the media and financial markets in the United States and the rest of the world. ...Similarly, allegations that Jews were behind the [[9/11]] attacks were widely disseminated, especially in the Islamic world.<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/40258.htm Report on Global Anti-Semitism], U.S. Department of State Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on International Relations, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 5, 2005.</ref>

In the United States, [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator [[Ernest Hollings]] was recently ostracized for public criticism of the [[George W. Bush|Bush Administration]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040506-20051231re_/http://hollings.senate.gov/~hollings/opinion/2004506A17.html Bush's failed Mideast policy is creating more terrorism], U.S. Senator Ernest F. Hollings, Charleston Post and Courier, 6 May 2004.</ref> considered to be anti-Semitic.<ref>[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4496_12.htm Anti-Semitism: USA, ADL Urges Senator Hollings to Disavow Statements on Jews and the Iraq War], ADL Press Release, New York, 14 May 2004.</ref> On March 3, 2003 Rep. [[James Moran]] (D-Va.) said, "If it were not for the strong support of the Jewish community for this war with Iraq, we would not be doing this".<ref>[http://judaism.about.com/library/2_antisemitism/bl_moran_iraq.htm Are Jews Behind the War on Iraq?] A Case of Classical Anti-Semitism.</ref> Moran has since made further anti-semitic comments.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061601570.html Democrats Play House To Rally Against the War], Dana Milbank, ''Washington Post'', June 17, 2005.</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/14/AR2007091402171.html</ref>
Some supporters of the anti-[[Iraq War]] movement have been accused of anti-Semitism, including a group known as ANSWER-[[Act Now to Stop War and End Racism]], one of the first organizations formed to protest the policies of the Bush administration after 9/11.<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/the-%E2%80%98answer%E2%80%99-question-poses-difficult-choices/ "The 'Answer' Question Poses Difficult Choices for Liberals"] by Gal Beckerman, ''The Forward'', September 30, 2005.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041019075845/http://www.tikkun.org/magazine/index.cfm/action/tikkun/issue/tik0305/article/030512a.html Authoritarianism and Anti-Semitism in the Anti-War Movement?]. ''Tikkun'', May/June 2003. Link is to page on the Internet Archive, archived Oct 19, 2004.</ref>

Liberal activist [[Cindy Sheehan]], though she found popular support among [[leftist]]s and the mainstream media, was condemned for her outspoken anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.<ref>[http://www.davidduke.com/index.php?p=350 Why Cindy Sheehan is Right!], David Duke, 8/14/2005.</ref> Sheehan traveled to [[Venezuela]] <ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/40258.htm Report on Global Anti-Semitism] U. S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 5, 2005.</ref> to appear with Venezuelan dictator [[Hugo Chavez]] to denounce U.S. foreign policy which she blames as responsible for the death of her son.

Former [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Jimmy Carter]] has recently come under much criticism for his writings and comments that have been viewed as anti-Semitic. In his book, "Palestine Peace Not Apartheid", Carter endorsed Islamic terrorism against Israel as a tactic to achieve political ends. The sentiment was widely criticized by people across the political spectrum. In early 2007, it was revealed that Carter once complained there were "too many Jews" on the U.S. government's Holocaust Memorial Council. The council's former executive director, Monroe Freedman, also revealed that a noted Holocaust scholar who was a Presbyterian Christian was rejected from the council's board by Carter because the scholar's name "sounded too Jewish." <ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/staticarticles/article53954.html</ref>

While the contemporary American left's hatred for Jews and Jewish traditions has been documented, others who were on the right have been ostracized by conservative commentators. [[William F. Buckley]], Jr., founder and publisher of the ''National Review'' said of [[Reform Party]] presidential candidate and former Nixon speechwriter [[Patrick Buchanan]], "I find it impossible to defend Pat Buchanan against the charge that what he did and said during the period under examination amounted to anti-Semitism..." referring to comments Buchanan made regarding the U.S. involvement in the first [[Gulf War]] which lead to military action against [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[Iraq]].<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n24_v43/ai_11810753 In search of anti-semitism], William F. Buckley, Jr., ''National Review'', Dec 30, 1991.</ref>

The number of anti-Semitic incidents in Britain increased by 34 percent in 2006.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,290187,00.html Increase in Anti-Semitic Violence Troubles Jews in Britain] by Donald Snyder, Fox News, July 20, 2007</ref>

[[Swastika]]s have been carved into several cornfields in the United States. A 130-foot-square swastika was carved into a field in July 1998. A bigger 600-by-600 foot version of the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi]] symbol was found in a nearby cornfield almost a year later. In September 2007, a giant swastika covering several acres was discovered.<ref>
[http://www.nj.com/printer/printer.ssf?/base/news-8/1190695524193000.xml&coll=1 Police helicopter finds swastika cut into a Mercer County cornfield] The Star-Ledger, September 25, 2007</ref>

===Anti-Semitism and the Left===
[[File:CCP anti-semitism.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The communist controlled Chinese embassy in Paris tweeted an anti-Semitic image portraying the United States as the grim reaper carrying an [[Israel]]i flag knocking on [[Hong Kong]]'s door.<ref>https://freebeacon.com/national-security/chinese-embassy-in-france-tweets-quickly-deletes-anti-semitic-imagery/</ref>]]
{{See also|Left-wing Anti-Semitism}}
Anti-semitism has been growing rapidly at a phenomenal rate in Liberal countries, especially European countries.

It has also been growing amongst liberals in the United States of America, The Institute for Jewish & Community Research, did a study of who is anti-Semitic, and found that people who identify as Democrats are consistently more likely to believe any anti-Semitic belief than are Republicans. The data from the survey also revealed a connection between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. This is important since liberals are more likely to be anti-Zionist than conservatives. The study found that the young, who are more likely to be liberal, are also more likely to be anti-Semites than people over age 35. The study found that more than 75% of Democrats hold at least one anti-Semitic belief. According to the study 20% of Democrats believe Jews care only about themselves.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=30503</ref>

Recently, [[liberal]] [[Agnosticism|agnostic]] [[Richard Dawkins]] (see: [[Richard Dawkins and agnosticism]]) came under criticism for saying that the Religious Jews monopolize control over the American government.

Many left-wing anti-Semites claim to love Jews while condemning Zionism and Israel, though their comments in relation to Judaism shown otherwise.<ref>Brog, David (January 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/beware-the-fork-tongued-anti-semites-who-claim-to-love-jews Beware the fork-tongued anti-Semites who claim to love Jews]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved January 21, 2019.</ref>

Journalist in [[Germany]] decried on Islamic hate crimes being hidden. Crime statistics on anti-Semitic attacks are manipulated to hide Muslim perpetrators, blatantly misleading for years and which automatically classify alleged anti-Semitic crimes as ‘right-wing’ motivated if they cannot be attribute to anything else.<ref>[https://medforth.biz/german-newspaper-complains-that-crime-statistics-on-anti-semitic-attacks-are-manipulated-to-hide-muslim-perpetrators/ German newspaper complains that crime statistics on anti-Semitic attacks are manipulated to hide Muslim perpetrators], Medforth| September 25, 2021.
<blockquote>
German politics misses the point when it comes to anti-Semitism. Journalist Lennart Pfahler is convinced of this. As he writes in the early edition of the newspaper “Welt am Sonntag” (September 26), Muslim anti-Semitism is still taboo in Germany.

Whoever names it must fear being called a “right-winger” or a “fig leaf” if they are Muslim themselves. This is a “criminal failure of discourse”: “Apart from the police crime statistics, which have been blatantly misleading for years and which automatically classify alleged anti-Semitic crimes as ‘right-wing’ motivated if they cannot be attributed to anything else, there is little to support the convenient thesis of the marginal phenomenon.

In a survey by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 41 per cent of Jews in Germany said they felt most threatened by Islamic anti-Semitism.

Conservative politicians and Jewish associations regularly pointed out the problem. Too often, the response from “left-liberal columnists and Muslim activists” was appeasing. The debate about the broadcaster Nemi El-Hassan shows how much the fight against anti-Semitism has degenerated into a political question of opinion.

Background: German public broadcaster WDR wanted to hire the journalist as a presenter. After protests – among other things because of El-Hassan’s participation in an anti-Israel Al-Quds demonstration – WDR suspended its decision. Prominent voices now wanted to stall the reappraisal of the case, Pfahler writes. Especially for those Muslims who tried to address the issue in their own community, this defensive attitude was a slap in the face...</blockquote></ref>

==See also==
*[[Wandering Jew]]
*[[Blood libel|Blood Libel]]
*[[Jules Isaac]]
*[[Liberal Christianity#Liberal Christianity's Anti-semitism]]
*[[Theory of Fundamentalist anti-Semitism]]
*[[Suicide bomber: a personal account]]
*[[Left-wing Anti-Semitism]]
*[[Christianity and anti-semitism]]
*[[The Establishment and Zionism]]
*[[Triple parentheses]]
*[[Nazism at Arab Palestinians]]

==External links==
*[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/viewSubCategory.asp?id=86 DiscoverTheNetworks.org - Anti-Semitism in Academia]
*[http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/antisemitism.html What’s in a Hyphen?] by Shmuel Almog.
*[http://www.relativitycalculator.com/anti_semitism_special_relativity.shtml anti - Semitism and Special Relativity - Or, Who was the Very First German Nazi?]

==Further reading==
*Arendt, Hannah. ''Antisemitism'', (1968)
* Bellah, Robert N., and Frederick E. Greenspahn eds. ''Uncivil Religion: Interreligious Hostility in America'' (Part I: Jewish-Christian Tensions pp. 1–37), (1987)
* Beller, Steven. ''Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction‎'' (2007) 132pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=pOgpsjWEAQkC&dq=intitle:antisemitism&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]
* Bering, Dietz. ''The Stigma of Names: Antisemitism in German Daily Life, 1812-1933.'' (1992). 345 pp.
* Bishop, Claire Huchet. ''How Catholics Look at Jews: Inquiries into Italian, Spanish, and French Teaching Materials'', (1974)
* Chanes, Jerome A. ''Antisemitism: a reference handbook‎'' (2004) 347 pages; [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju7U83nRDt8C&dq=intitle:antisemitism&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]
* Flannery, Edward. '' The anguish of the Jews: twenty-three centuries of antisemitism‎'' (2004) 369 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1ulI_N0zW8C&dq=intitle:antisemitism&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]
* Gager, John G. ''The Origins of Anti-Semitism: Attitudes Toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity'', (1983)
* Holmes, Colin. ''Antisemitism in British Society, 1876-1939'' (1979)
* Laquer, Walter. '' The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day‎'' (2006) 228 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=xMGeXXBSY8wC&dq=intitle:antisemitism&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]
* Levy, Richard, ed. '' Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution'' (2005) 828 pages; a major scholarly resource [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&dq=intitle:antisemitism+inauthor:richard+inauthor:levy&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]
* Levy, Richard S., ed. ''Antisemitism in the modern world: an anthology of texts‎'' (1990) 270 pages, primary sources
===Holocaust and Nazis===
* Burleigh, Michael. ''The Third Reich: A New History.'' (2000). 864 pp. Stress on antisemitism; [https://www.amazon.com/Third-Reich-New-History/dp/080909326X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198874312&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Dawidowicz, Lucy. ''The War against the Jews, 1933-45,'' (1977).
* Friedlander, Saul. ''Nazi Germany and the Jews: Volume 1: The Years of Persecution 1933-1939'' (1998)
* Friedlander, Saul. ''The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945'' (2007), the standard history [https://www.amazon.com/Years-Extermination-Nazi-Germany-1939-1945/dp/0060190434/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979435&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gilbert, Martin. ''The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War'' (1987) [https://www.amazon.com/Holocaust-History-Europe-During-Second/dp/0805003487/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979238&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Gilbert, Martin. ''The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust'' (2002)[https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Atlas-Holocaust-Historical-Atlases/dp/0415281466/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979238&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Gutman, Israel, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust,'' 4 vol (1989)
* Landau, Ronnie. ''The Nazi Holocaust'' (2002)
* Niewyk, Donald, and Francis Nicosia. ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99854126&oplinknum=4 online edition]
* Wachsmann, Nikolaus. "Looking into the Abyss: Historians and the Nazi Concentration Camps," ''European History Quarterly,'' 4 2006; vol. 36: pp. 247 – 278. fulltext in Sage; historiography
* Wistrich, Robert S. ''Hitler and the Holocaust.'' 2001. 295 pp.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Anti-Semitism]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]
[[Category:Bigotry]]

Conspiracy theory

2022-02-12T15:03:15Z

DanielAPulido:

A '''conspiracy theory''' is a belief, held by a significant segment of society, that is wildly at odds with accepted wisdom, evidence, and logic. For the bulk of society not to accept such a belief requires that society must be engaged in some kind of conspiracy to cover up the truth; hence the term "conspiracy theory". Conspiracy theories often involve a plot by multiple individuals to cause a major event having political consequences, as in the belief by [[Barack Obama]], [[Hillary Clinton]] and other [[liberals]] that [[Russia]] somehow interfered with the presidential election in the [[United States]] in 2016, leading to [[Donald Trump]]'s victory.

It is important to note that conspiracy theories are not always false. Liberals often ridicule conspiracy theories, except when they resort to them to excuse their own failure as when Hillary lost an election that she was heavily favored to win by the [[mainstream media]]. Indeed, many of the most extreme theories are pushed hard by liberals.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/08/21/conspiracy-theories-arent-just-for-conservatives/</ref> In addition to liberals' false conspiracy theory that collusion with Russia enabled [[Donald Trump]] to defeat [[Hillary Clinton]] for president, additional notable conspiracy theories are set forth below.

==List of conspiracy theories==
There are many conspiracy theories in current or recent history, some much more widespread and important than others. In the following list, the more famous ones or focused ones are listed first.

*Various theories regarding President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s assassination. There are a number of theories proposed here, generally along the lines that the assassination was not conducted by [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] acting alone, but was part of some larger murder conspiracy. This may be the first of the modern conspiracy theories. (Similarly, theories exist that his son, John F. Kennedy Jr., did not die in the plane crash which killed him, his wife, and sister-in-law.)
*Denial of the [[Shroud of Turin]] implicitly requires a farfetched conspiracy theory, that someone severely injured, bloodied and allowed himself to be scourged so that co-conspirators would then promote a fake shroud despite not making any money from it.
*[[Apollo conspiracy theory]]: The theory that the [[Apollo 11]] lunar landing on July 20, 1969, and indeed the entire Apollo program, was fake. Supporters analyze photographs and often claim that satellite photographs of [[Area 51]] resemble a movie studio. This view is common among those who hold to the [[flat Earth]] theory.
*Various [[9/11 conspiracy theories]]. People who embrace these are called [[Truther]]s. The theories generally state that the World Trade Center buildings were not brought down by airplane collisions, but (typically) by detonation of explosives planted earlier.<ref>They claim that Jewish workers had been telephoned in advance and told not to come to work (false), that airplane collisions would have caused the buildings to topple over rather than collapse directly downward (false, ignorant of high-school physics), or that the heat of burning aviation fuel would not raise the temperature sufficiently to melt the girders (false, the temperature to make iron visibly bend is much higher than the temperature to make it lose the strength needed to hold up a building, in addition the buildings had other materials inside (both in their construction, as well as items typically found in office settings such as paper) which would increase the temperatures).</ref> Truthers often ascribe the motivation for this to some kind of nefarious scheme by the [[George W. Bush]] administration. Among the websites promoting these theories are [[Infowars]] and [https://wearechange.org We Are Change].
*The belief that President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] knew about the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] in advance, and allowed it to happen, so America could get into the war; that officers ignored evidence that the attack had started.<ref>From decrypts of Japanese communications, American intelligence expected a major military operation within that time frame, but believed it would take place in southern Asia.</ref>
*The influence of [[secret societies]], [[fraternal organizations]], and various [[religion|religious groups]]. [[Freemasons]], the [[Illuminati]], the [[United Nations]], the [[Catholic Church]], [[Judaism]], and the Catholic "Society of Jesus" ([[Jesuits]]) are popular targets. Often these groups are accused of being behind so-called "[[shadow government]]s." [[FEMA]] has been accused of being a "shadow government" as well. These conspiracy theories have been around since the 1700s. At present, the phrase "[[New World Order]]" is often associated with them.
*The notion that [[Jews]] are [[Anti-Semitism|conspiring to destroy civilization]]. This one is particularly serious. It has been going on in [[Europe]] for hundreds of years. It led to [[Anti-Semitism]], and, more tragically, the [[Holocaust]] of the [[Nazi Party|Nazi]]s in 20th century Germany.<ref>[http://newint.org/features/2004/10/01/conspiracism/ "ZOG Ate My Brains"]</ref> The term “Zionist Occupation Government” is used to describe any government that supports [[Israel]]’s right to exist.
*Denial that the Holocaust happened, and/or claims of exaggeration. In a number of European countries, Holocaust denial is a criminal offense. [[Iran]]ian president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] is among this theory's supporters.
*The idea that [[HIV/AIDS]] was invented by the United States at Fort Detrick, as a part of CIA project MK-NAOMI.<ref>[https://heavy.com/news/2014/10/ebola-virus-evd-aids-conspiracy-theory-origins-government-cia-nazis-mk-naomi-africa/ Ebola: The Top 5 Conspiracy Theories]</ref> The idea that America created AIDS was an invention of the [[Soviet Union]] with [[Operation Infektion]].
*The Chinese accusation that the U.S. Army may have introduced [[coronavirus]] in China. [https://nypost.com/2020/03/30/uk-furious-over-chinas-coronavirus-disinformation-campaign-against-us/]
*"Chemtrails"—this appears to be one of the "New World Order" conspiracy theories. It says that some entity (the U.S. government? the New World Order?) is seeding the atmosphere with chemicals for weather manipulation, mind control, or some other purpose. Evidence of this can be seen in what normal people would consider to be the condensation trails (contrails) of high-flying aircraft.<ref>http://weatherwars.info/</ref> Some variants of this have suggested that what normal people call cell phone towers are in fact put in place for some other sinister purpose.
*Highway signs—another one of the "New World Order" conspiracy theories. It says that the tiny numbers in the lower corners of direction signs on interstate highways are actually put in place to guide the military vehicles that will be used in some kind of invasion of the United States. The invasion is expected to come from the United Nations, some foreign government, or some other internationalist entity.
*The [[Newtown|Sandy Hook massacre conspiracy theory]], which claims that the massacre did not occur, and was a "false flag" operation by the federal government. This theory is quite difficult to accept, since it requires believing that the 26 victims never existed, a notion that their families do not appreciate. This, in turn, has led to some lawsuits and criminal actions. [[Alex Jones]] is perhaps this theory's main proponent. There are similar conspiracy theories about the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.
*That [[Queen Elizabeth II]] is/was running a drug cartel in England. This one dates back to the 1980s, and appears to have originated with [[Lyndon Larouche]]. It is currently embraced by Jacques Cheminade, a Larouche follower and current candidate for the presidency of France.
*If a president of his quality and insight has failed, it must be because his opponents are uniquely evil, coordinated and effective. The problem is not [[Bill Clinton]] or [[Barack Hussein Obama]] but an imaginary "[[conservative]] conspiracy" against them.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/25/AR2010112502553.html?wpisrc=nl_opinions Washington Post; Liberals resort to conspiracy theories to explain Obama's problems]</ref>
*Various theories surrounding [[UFO]]s, alien abduction, and governments "covering up" the existence of extraterrestrials. Usually this is associated with supposed [[alien]] sightings at [[Roswell]], [[New Mexico|NM]]
*The [[George W. Bush]] presidential campaign conspired to rig the election in 2000. See also: [[Bush v. Gore]]
*The [[George W. Bush]] presidential campaign conspired with [[Diebold]] and other [[electronic]] [[voting machine]] manufacturers to rig the election in 2004. (See article: [[Diebold]])
*The so-called "[[Vast right-wing conspiracy theory|vast right-wing conspiracy]]" as described by [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]].
*The "[[fake news]]" accusations leveled by the liberal [[mainstream media]] against conservative media outlets (which became a popular theory propagated by the MSM in the days following the 2016 presidential election).
*People (particularly scientists) who are skeptical of [[Global Warming]] are supposedly funded by [[Big Oil]].
*The theory that a [[neocon]] [[cabal]] controlled the Bush Administration and was responsible for the [[War in Iraq]].
*The theory that the Iraq War was started by [[Big Oil]] in order to gain access to cheap [[petroleum]].
*Various theories regarding [[population control]], including a supposed deliberate conspiracy to make foods and the [[environment]] unsafe, legalization of [[abortion]] and [[contraception]] to prevent [[population growth]], and jets spraying toxic "[[chemtrails]]" over rural areas. Usually supporters claim ease of controlling smaller groups of people.
*Various claims regarding the [[income tax]], including the [[ratification]] process of the [[Sixteenth Amendment]]. The legitimacy of the [[Federal Reserve]] and the [[IRS]] are questioned by these people, and most favor a return to the [[gold standard]].
*A supposed part-human, part-reptile (or part-alien) bloodline with politically- and financially-powerful members. Former British [[soccer]] player [[David Icke]] promotes these theories.<ref>http://www.davidicke.com/</ref>
*People associated with the [[Clinton]]s wind-up dead, [[Clinton Body Count]] conspiracy.<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Clinton+body+count&aq=f&oq=&aqi=g5 Google Search Clinton Body Count]</ref>
*[[Pat Tillman]] was killed by the government due to his antiwar/Noam Chomsky relationships.<ref>[http://bighollywood.breitbart.com/kschlichter/2010/07/13/the-tillman-story-dont-let-the-facts-get-in-the-way-of-your-agenda/ FILM REVIEW: Absurd Conspiracy Theories Abound in Agenda-Driven ‘Tillman Story’, BigHollywood.com]</ref>
*Middle East connection to the [[Oklahoma City Bombing]].<ref>[http://atlasshrugs2000.typepad.com/atlas_shrugs/2009/04/mcveigh-cited-again-as-reason-for-rightwing-warning-why-not-accomplices-hussain-alhussaini-and-.html MCVEIGH CITED AGAIN AS REASON FOR 'RIGHT-WING' WARNING; Atlas Shrugs, April 16, 2009]</ref>
*[[Sirhan Sirhan]] was complicit with the Arab world, [[Robert F. Kennedy|RFK's]] staunch support of [[Israel]] would be the reason for his assassination.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/02/28/assassin-maintains-remember-shooting-rfk/?test=latestnews?test=faces?test=latestnews Assassin Maintains He Can't Remember Shooting RFK, FoxNews, February 28, 2011]</ref>
*[[Diana, Princess of Wales]] was murdered by the British security service [[MI5]] at the [[Duke of Edinburgh]]'s orders to prevent her giving birth to a [[Islam]]ic child by Dodi Fayed.
*The [[CIA]] or Russian operatives are using [[Wikipedia]], Conservapedia, [[YouTube]], and social media in a government-controlled disinformation campaign targeting the American public.
*The notion that [[Russian collusion hoax|Russia hacked or rigged]] the [[2016 Presidential election]] to help Donald Trump win.<ref>Murdock, Deroy (March 29, 2019). [https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/03/collusion-clingers-and-their-flat-earth-forebears/ Collusion Clingers and Their Flat-Earth Forebears]. ''National Review''. Retrieved March 30, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://video.foxnews.com/v/6020444417001/?playlist_id=5198073478001#sp=show-clips Tucker: Brennan and Comey disgraced themselves]. ''Fox News Video''. March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.</ref>
*The false claim that President Donald Trump and [[Louis DeJoy]] are stealing mailboxes in order to rig mail-in voting so Trump can win the [[2020 Presidential election]].<ref>[https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2020/08/27/_democrats_move_from_conspiracy_theory_to_conspiracy_theory_144077.html Democrats Move From Conspiracy Theory to Conspiracy Theory, RealClearPolitics, August 27, 2020]</ref>
*Various theories that the world would end on [[Mayan 2012 prediction|December 21, 2012]] associated with the Mayan calendar.
*The belief that the [[Democrat Party]] and the [[Republican Party]] switched platforms and that [[Richard Nixon]] appealed to [[white supremacists]] in order to win in 1968. (see also: [[Southern strategy]])

==Conspiracy theories proven true==
*[[Project MKUltra]]
*[[Operation Mockingbird]]
*[[Operation Northwoods]]
*The [[Mafia]]
*[[Manhattan Project]]
*[[Watergate]]
*[[Operation Snow White]]
*[[Operation Gladio]]
*[[Globalism]] and an emerging [[one-world government]] (see [[War on Sovereignty]])
*[[Bohemian Grove]]
*[[Operation Paperclip]]

==Common elements of conspiracy theories==
The target blamed for everything may change, but most destructive conspiracy theories believe the same things:

* The world is divided into 'us' and 'them'. We are "good," and they are "evil."
* Our opponents are evil and subversive... possibly not even human.
* "They" are responsible for our troubles – We are blameless and without fault.
* Time is running out, and we must act immediately to avoid disaster.<ref>[http://newint.org/features/2004/10/01/conspiracism/ "ZOG Ate My Brains", again]</ref>

Conspiracy theories provide an important element of certainty in a world that seems random and perverse. Believing that a small, evil group controls everything is actually more reassuring to some minds than believing things just happen by random circumstance. Often it can be entertaining, and many [[documentaries]] and TV specials have been produced about conspiracy theories.

== See also ==
*[[Georgia Guidestones]]
*[[Crony virus plandemic]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.rense.com/general44/sevenjewishamericans.htm Seven Jewish Americans Control Most US Media.]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Conspiracy Theory]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Conspiracy Theorists]]
[[Category: Liberal Traits]]

Best of the public

2022-02-12T14:55:46Z

DanielAPulido: /* Art and music examples */

[[Image:Constitution.jpg|right|300px]]
The '''"best of the public"''' is a successful approach to education, scholarship, art, sports, science, and biblical translation that was the topic of discussion when [[Andy Schlafly]] appeared on the [[Stephen Colbert|''Colbert Report'']] on December 8, 2009.<ref>[http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/258144/december-08-2009/andy-schlafly The Colbert Report Videos: Andy Schlafly], ColbertNation.com, December 08, 2009.</ref> Mr. Schlafly, the founder of ''Conservapedia'', originally coined the expression during an interview published a week earlier, on December 3, 2009:<ref>Tom Breen. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34270487/ns/us_news-faith/ Blessed are the conservative in Bible translation], ''Yahoo! News'', December 03, 2009.</ref>
{{cquote|<big>'''The best of the public is better than a group of experts.'''</big>}}
Another way of expressing this concept is that "extraordinary achievements are attained by ordinary people." [[Jesus]]'s enigmatic, repeated reference to himself as the "[[Son of Man]]" illustrates how great achievement comes from the ostensibly ordinary rather than esteemed experts. Most [[prophet]]s were also ordinary men.<ref>In early February 2010, [[Supreme Court]] Justice [[Clarence Thomas]] implicitly endorsed the concept of the "best of the public" with this response to a question by a state college student:
{{cquote|I think there are smart kids a lot of places. ... [T]here is a bias. If you look at smart bloggers — or self-proclaimed smart bloggers — they referred to my clerks last year as TTT — 'third tier trash.' That's the attitude that you're up against.}} [http://abovethelaw.com/2010/02/clarence_thomas_rejects_ttt_label_for_his_law_clerks.php]</ref> "Experts," on the other hand, frequently mislead the public and promote faulty ideas,<ref>Duke, Selwyn (April 21, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/32071-tucker-on-the-smartest-people-in-the-world-why-are-they-wrong-on-everything Tucker on “The Smartest People in the World”: Why Are They Wrong on Everything?!] ''The New American''. Retrieved April 22, 2019.</ref><ref>Cohen, Adriana (December 27, 2019). [https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2019/12/27/ignore_the_so-called_experts_they_keep_getting_it_wrong_142037.html Ignore the So-Called Experts; They Keep Getting It Wrong]. ''RealClearPolitics''. Retrieved December 29, 2019.</ref> as "expert" [[Anthony Fauci]] with his [[liberal denial]] that [[Covid-19]] was man-made.

==Examples==

[[Bob Dylan]]'s famous lyric about not needing experts expresses disdain for over-reliance on experts: "You don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows."<ref>from Subterranean Homesick Blues, on Bringing it All Back Home (Columbia 1965).</ref>

Intellectual and other examples using the "best of the public" include:

===Intellectual examples===

*[[Walt Whitman]], perhaps the finest [[America]]n poet ever, dropped out of [[public school]] at age 11, and glorified the common man in his poetry.
*[[Mark Twain]] left school at age 12 and went on to become one of the greatest American writers.<ref>https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/647747/famous-novelists-early-careers</ref>
*[[Bobby Fischer]], born to a nearly homeless mother, won the [[chess]] [[Greatest Chess Games|Game of the Century]] at age 13, became U.S. Chess Champion at age 14, and spectacularly won the world title for the [[U.S.]] in 1972.
*the [[Bible]]
:*the earliest gospel -- the [[Gospel of Mark]] -- was likely written by a non-Apostle who witnessed the events as a young boy, and includes Jesus's advice to welcome good by the public
:*the [[Parable of the Good Samaritan]] describes how the best of the public -- even someone ostracized -- is better than a group of experts; the destitute widow gave more than anyone else.<ref>Mark 12:41-44</ref>
:*[[Encouragement of Jesus]] by ordinary, unexpected people who played an essential role
:*[[Psalms]] and [[Proverbs]] are filled with gems and yet have unknown authorship
:*the Stranger on the road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13-35) -- ostensibly a random, uniformed member of the public -- knew more
:*the [[Epistle to the Hebrews (Translated)|Epistle to the Hebrews]] has unknown authorship, despite having the highest intellectual level; it was possibly written by [[Jesus]]
*[[Shakespeare]] was an unknown commoner in aristocratic [[England]], and yet Shakespeare became the greatest playwright of all time; some refuse even now to accept that an ordinary, relatively uneducated person could have surpassed the elite by so much.
*[[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] dropped out of [[Princeton University|Princeton]], was rejected by literary critics of his day, and was banished by his girlfriend's family for being too poor, but he is now credited with having written the greatest American novel, ''[[The Great Gatsby]]''.<ref>http://www.modernlibrary.com/top-100/100-best-novels/</ref>
*[[Kurt Gödel]] single-handedly changed mathematics by proving its incompleteness, contrary to what all leading mathematicians thought, and yet Godel never received a tenured professorship or high award.
*the [[Apostles]]
*Justice [[Robert Jackson]], the finest Supreme Court jurist of the 20th century, did not attend college and never graduated from law school.
*pamphleting, as in ''[[Common Sense]]''
*the solution to the [[Poincaré conjecture]] (see below); also, the proposed solution to the "abc conjecture," merely posted on a website [http://www.nature.com/news/the-biggest-mystery-in-mathematics-shinichi-mochizuki-and-the-impenetrable-proof-1.18509]
*[[Georg Cantor]], founder of the basis for modern math ([[set theory]]), taught at an obscure university and never lectured on his brilliant breakthrough in [[mathematics]] for which he is revered today
*[[Ronald Coase]], an originally obscure economist, developed the now-accepted [[Coase theorem]] despite nearly unanimous rejection and opposition by experts; ultimately Coase was recognized by the award of an unshared [[Nobel Prize]]
*[[Evariste Galois]], an unknown teenager, developed [[group theory]] and it took the mathematical experts a century to appreciate it
*[[Alexander Hamilton]], the most intellectually productive of the [[Founding Fathers]], was abandoned by his father, orphaned by the premature death of his mother, and then orphaned again by the suicide of his adopted father; he was stigmatized due to his social background and excluded from the local [[British]] school for it.
*the principle of trial by a jury of one's peers
*letters to the editor
*the design of [[Vietnam War]] Memorial (competition won by a college student, featuring ordinary soldiers)
*the design of the immensely successful [[:File:Gateway Arch.jpg|St. Louis Arch]] (the result of a competition won by an obscure architect,<ref>However, he was the son of a famous one; in fact when the five finalists were announced for the second design round, the telegram of congratulations was errantly sent to his father.</ref> awarding a design featuring openness)
*an obscure, unsuccessful author, [[Herman Melville]], wrote the greatest novel in English literature, ''[[Moby-Dick]]''
*The [[Constitution of the United States of America]]. The [[Founding Fathers]], in their wisdom, chose to eschew the idea of "expert" hereditary nobility, but were also wary of the mob rule that could result with pure democracy; thus, they chose a democratic republic instead.
*The [[Electoral College]] was intended to be composed of the best of the public, who would judge who was best qualified to be president.
*'''''Conservapedia''''' posted [[Flaws in Richard Lenski Study|errors and flaws]] in a pro-[[evolution]] article by Professor [[Richard Lenski]] (published after a mere 14-day peer review), but [[PNAS]] [[Letter to PNAS|refused to correct the errors]] and Lenski responded with [[Conservapedia:Lenski dialog|petulant rants]] insisting his critic lacked "expertise".
*design of the distinctive Coca-Cola glass bottle, which resulted from a public contest in 1915.
*Internet blogs. Anyone can start a blog, and readers read the best blog posts. Such blogs have been responsible for breaking crucial news stories well before the "experts" of the traditional media—for example, the [[Monica Lewinsky]] story and [[Rathergate]]
*Layman Allen devised games like "WFF 'n proof" and Equations which reduced absenteeism, increased math achievement and achieved voluntary integration in the segregated Chicago school system. [http://o.b5z.net/i/u/6035566/f/pdfs/articles/chicagoreader.pdf]
*[[Homeschooled]] students tended to dominate the annual Math Counts competition to such an extent that the competition changed the rules to ban teams of homeschoolers from participating.<ref>http://theaquilareport.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2760:homeschoolers-count-national-math-competition-bans-homeschoolers&catid=49:people&Itemid=132</ref>
*In 1939, George Dantzig, a graduate student at [[Stanford University]] solved two problems in statistics that were previously considered unsolvable after mistaking them for a homework assignment. Until Dantzig's professor told him what he had done, he was unaware that there was anything special about the problems.<ref>http://www.snopes.com/college/homework/unsolvable.asp</ref>
*All wikis, such as [[Conservapedia]], are an example of the 'Best of the Public' because their accuracy depends upon the premise that the public can outdo encyclopedias written by experts.

=== Political and legal examples ===

*[[Phyllis Schlafly]] was born into a poor [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era family, and yet as a small-town housewife with six children defeated the presidents of both parties, [[Ted Kennedy]], the entire media, the [[Establishment]], and all the experts by stopping [[ERA]].
*Spending only $153, a furniture company truck driver defeated the most powerful entrenched [[Dem]] legislator in [[New Jersey]] in 2021.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/spending-153-edward-durr-ousts-nj-senate-leader-sweeney/ar-AAQk4fy</ref>
*[[William Penn]]'s approach to colonial [[Pennsylvania]], which even advertised to attract hard-working settlers of all ethnicity and religious beliefs; as a result [[Philadelphia]] quickly became the most prosperous and highly populated city in colonial [[America]].
*[[Ronald Reagan]] was a "C" student and a "B" actor who was second-rate at virtually everything he did outside of politics, and yet won landslides to become president and embodied the best of the public in his speeches and political philosophy. He was underestimated by all of his political opponents. His famous "tear down this wall!" speech was mocked and yet achieved the seemingly impossible, peacefully.
*the recall of the governor, the attorney general, and another top official in North Dakota in 1921—who were corrupt politicians devoted to state ownership of industry—was organized and achieved by someone who never held public office<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/23/opinion/recalling-the-first-recall.html?pagewanted=1</ref>
*the "[[common law]]" developed over centuries based on many day-to-day judicial decisions, relying on logic, custom and precedent, and such law was considered better than a statute drafted by one or a few experts
*the [[U.S. Constitution]], in its prohibition on nobility and religious tests for office, its frequent elections of House members, and its term limitation on the president.
*the [[Australian]] 2020 summit employed the best of the public by bringing together 1,000 people from all over Australia to discuss and make plans for the country's future.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/summit-not-just-another-talkfest/story-e6frg726-1111115465754</ref>

===Moral examples===

*[[Mary]], the mother of [[Jesus]]
*[[Stephen]], the first martyr
*[[Prophet]]s in the [[Old Testament]]
*Lenny Skutnik, the [[Mississippi]] native who dove into the icy [[Potomac River]] to rescue passengers from Air Florida Flight 90 on Jan. 13, 1982.<ref>"I wasn't a hero," Lenny Skutnik said. "I was just someone who helped another human being. We're surrounded by heroes. What made this different was that it was caught on film and went all over the world." [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011202052.html]</ref> Tragically, a passenger aboard the plane (Arland D. Williams Jr.), after assisting in the rescue of four passengers, succumbed to the cold and perished; the bridge which the plane struck was renamed in his memory.
*the [[faith]] of the woman from [[Canaan]], Matthew 15:21-28
*individuals who display [[stigmata]], as [[Padre Pio]] did

===Art and music examples===
*An untitled painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat, a young formerly homeless man, broke all records for [[America]]n works with its sale price of $110M at an auction, stunning art experts. Basquiat's politically inspired art denounced institutions and [[colonialism]].
*Adele, who has broken numerous records in music sales, was raised in an underprivileged home by a single mother and Adele first became known based on a posting of her work on ''MySpace.com''.
*[[Orson Welles]], whose mother died when he turned 9 years old, his [[alcoholic]] father died when he was 15, and he declined a scholarship to [[Harvard University]] to pursue work; he wrote, directed, produced and acted in what most critics say is the greatest film ever made, ''Citizen Kane''.
*"Battle Hymn of the Republic," the only significant song by Julia Ward Howe, written in the dark during a pre-dawn inspiration.
*"I Can See Clearly Now," a massive one-hit wonder by Johnny Nash in 1972.
*"You Light Up My Life," the only hit by Debby Boone, was a tribute to [[God]] that topped the charts for many weeks.
*"Sunshine" (1971), which was not only a one-hit-wonder by Jonathan Edwards, but it was included in his album only because a preferred song had been accidentally erased.<ref>here was a song on the album called ‘Please Find Me,’ and for some reason the engineer rolled over it. It got erased. We spent hours looking for it. We fired the engineer and put ‘Sunshine’ in its place.” [http://www.jonathanedwards.net/general/presskit-biography.php]</ref>
*"Ice Ice Baby" was the "B-side" filler panned by "experts" which became a massive hit because a disc jockey played it by chance; reportedly written by Vanilla Ice when he was 16.<ref>"There's just something about the way its hook — a sample from Queen and David Bowie's ''Under Pressure'' — grabs you and flings you out onto the dance floor." [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318500,00.html]</ref>
*[[American Idol]], which lasted from 2002 to 2016 and was restarted in 2018.
*"[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]," the [[national anthem]] of the United States.
*"96 Tears" by Question Mark and the Mysterians reached Number One on the charts, and overshadowed subsequent successes by the band.
*Cher Lloyd's song ''Want U Back''.
*"In the Year 2525", by Zager and Evans, reached number one in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The group had no other Top 40 songs in either country, making them the only group to have this kind of "one-hit wonder" in both countries.
*"Spirit in the Sky" by Norman Greenbaum.
*Michael Sembello and ''Maniac''.
*Tommy Tutone produced ''867-5309 (Jenny)''.
*Soft Cell's song ''Tainted Love''.
*Quarterflash ''Hearden my Heart''.
*''[[Casablanca (film, 1942)]]'' - a low-budget film which gained a massive audience only years later.
*''It Never Rains in Southern California'' by Albert Hammond (1972)
*''Runaway'' by Del Shannon (1961) - #1 on all the major [[English]]-speaking national charts, none of his other songs close
*"The Final Countdown" by the band Europe was a one-hit wonder.
:(add more one-hit wonders)<ref>[https://bestlifeonline.com/best-one-hit-wonders/ List of the top 50 one-hit wonders of all time]</ref>

=== Military examples ===

*Eddie Rickenbacker, who had to drop out of school at age 12 in order to support his mother after his father died, became the "American Ace of Aces" with 26 victories in [[World War I]] (despite being relatively old), survived on a life raft for 24 days after his plane went down in [[World War II]] (despite being over 50 years old), and later spoke out for [[conservative]] views; Rickenbacker, a phenomenal race-car driver when WWI broke out, was rejected for flying but then fixed [[Billy Mitchell]]'s car and persuaded him to give Eddie a chance at aviation.<ref>http://www.acepilots.com/wwi/us_rickenbacker.html</ref>
*"Expert" General [[Robert E. Lee]] devised the military strategy for the [[Confederacy]] at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], but was crushed by a military strategy developed by the unheralded Union General George Meade, who then failed to heed the advice of his underlings to pursue the enemy for a total victory.<ref>http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-gettysburg</ref>

===Athletics===

Anyone can enter, and winning is based solely on skill. Examples include the following:
====Competitions====
*The [[Olympic Games]],<ref>Since 1990 there has been a qualifying requirement of reasonable success at a prior event.</ref> known for setting the most world records. When [[Francois Duvalier]] was the dictator of Haiti, he decided to abandon common sense and instead use [[nepotism]] to select who would compete in the Olympics. High-ranking military officials were sent to represent Haiti regardless of athletic ability, and typically finished last. The International Olympic Committee has since taken steps to ensure all athletes are reasonably qualified, although they do make exceptions in the Summer Olympics for countries with no reasonably qualified athletes in any sport (also, the host country is allowed to enter its athletes into any event). Today, all countries send their best athletes, rather than use the methods Duvalier used.
*The [[Tour de France]].<ref>In the 1920s it was open to all; now there is a qualifying process for teams.</ref>

====Achievements====
*[[Villanova University]] won two [[NCAA]] men's basketball titles in three years (2016 and 2018) despite having a relatively obscure athletic program.
*[[Muhammad Ali]] was not expected to win the heavyweight boxing championship, and even after he won some experts doubted his ability, yet he was arguably the greatest ever.
*Arthur Ashe, son of a policeman, at the relatively old age of 31 crushed the nearly invincible 22-year-old Jimmy Connors in 1975 to become the only African American men's Wimbledon singles champion;<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5/newsid_2798000/2798971.stm</ref> Ashe won this upset with an ingenious strategy of using offspeed volleys unfamiliar to the hard-hitting Connors.
*Dick Fosbury invented the Fosbury Flop despite criticism by all the experts. He won the 1968 Gold Medal with it, and now nearly everyone imitates his style.
*Bob Beamon, an obscure 22-year-old long jumper who barely qualified for the 1968 Olympic finals after fouling out on most attempts, then broke the world record by nearly two feet. In the preceding 30 years, the world record for the long jump had increased by only about 8 inches.<ref>http://www.infoplease.com/spot/summer-olympics-bob-beamon.html</ref>
*Terrell Davis, only a sixth-round [[NFL]] draft pick, carried the Denver Broncos to two [[Super Bowl]] championships and was inducted into the NFL Hall of Fame in 2017.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2017/08/05/nbcs-sunday-night-football-honored-by-hall-of-fame/104322286/</ref>
*Marion Bartoli, a relatively obscure tennis player with a low seed at [[Wimbledon]], won the women's single title in 2013 without losing a single set the entire tournament, a feat achieved by only five other players in modern history.
*15-year-old Cori Gauff became the youngest to qualify for [[Wimbledon]] through the public qualifying rounds, and then defeated 5-time champion Venus Williams in straight sets, in 2019.
*Simona Halep had never won [[Wimbledon]], but played near-perfect tennis to crush in only 56 minutes the overpowering, 7-time Wimbledon champion Serena Williams, in 2019.
*An unsuccessful Olympian, the medical student Roger Bannister broke the 4-minute barrier for the mile, which some experts considered impossible; now the record is 3:43.
*[[Don Larsen]], then a little-known pitcher, threw the only perfect game in [[World Series]] history (Game 5, 1956).
*[[David]], a boy of slight build, defeated the most feared warrior of all time, the mammoth [[Goliath]].
*Kurt Warner, one of the greatest football quarterbacks by multiple yardsticks,<ref>Warner is only of only two quarterbacks who led two ''different'' teams to the Super Bowl, participating in three and winning one.</ref> was not drafted by any team out of college, was originally cut by the Green Bay Packers, was denied a tryout by the Chicago Bears, and was ultimately given a chance only due to another player's injury.
*[[Tim Tebow]], a devout Christian dismissed by the media, led the Denver Broncos to the playoffs his first season as a starter, and was inexplicably traded to the New York Jets, who preferred to play "expert" quarterback Mark Sanchez, costing them the season and finishing a pathetic 6-10. Tebow was again rejected by the [[New England Patriots]] in favor of "expert" quarterback Tom Brady. The team performed poorly in the first quarter of the 2013 season, with Brady playing at a mediocre level of play.
*The Dallas Mavericks, having few stars, swept the heavily favored Los Angeles Lakers and then crushed the star-studded Miami Heat to win the 2011 [[NBA]] title.
*Similarly, the Toronto Raptors stunned the overwhelmingly-favored Golden State Warriors to win the 2019 NBA championship despite not having any lottery picks on their roster.
*Giannis Antetokounmpo, the "Greek Freak" born to [[Nigeria]]n parents, was drafted by the NBA only 15th, far below the lottery choices, and was unremarkable but gradually improved each season in the NBA until he won its coveted MVP award in 2019. His motto is a quote from the [[Bible]]: "walk by [[faith]], not by sight."<ref>http://evangelicalfocus.com/lifetech/4555/NBA_MVP_Antetokounmpo_walks_by_faith_</ref>
*[[Jeremy Lin]], denied college basketball scholarships, left undrafted by the [[NBA]] and cut by a weak NBA team, joined the 8-15 Knicks and then took them on a seven-game winning streak, including wiping the floor with [[liberal]]-promoted [[Kobe Bryant]] of the favored Lakers
*a very longshot underdog colt, ridden by a [[Kentucky Derby]] rookie, won the fabled race in an enormous upset in 2012.
*[[Atletico Madrid]], a Spanish soccer team whose roster had far fewer stars and cost much less than the expensively-assembled [[Real Madrid]], which contained the two most expensive players in the world, and the star-laden and [[liberal]]-promoted [[FC Barcelona]], won the 2013-14 La Liga championship over both clubs. Furthermore, their star striker, Diego Costa, had only scored 52 league goals over seven prior career years and had bounced around seven different teams before the 2013–14 season, but in that season alone, he scored 27 league goals, easily surpassing his previous career-best and leading Atletico to the title.
*Jim Plunkett, a Mexican American raised by blind parents who had met at a school for the blind, won two stunning [[Super Bowl]] victories in addition to the [[Heisman Trophy]], despite how his college coach had tried to talk him out of being a quarterback.<ref>http://www.davidpietrusza.com/Plunkett.html</ref>
*[[Albert Pujols]] was a community college baseball player with only one year of experience at that level, was panned by a [[scouting report]] and as a result, was not drafted until the 402nd selection in 1999, and yet after only one season in the minors was on the St. Louis Cardinals major league roster the following year. Pujols became one of the greatest hitters of the 21st century and led the Cardinals to two World Series championships. (It is commonly, though wrongly, reported that Pujols' chance came only because of an injury to Bobby Bonilla; Tony La Russa (the Cardinals' manager) stated that this was not the case; he had impressed the staff and several players and was going to be promoted before the injury.<ref>''One Last Strike''. LaRussa, Tony, with [[Rick Hummel]]. 2012, Harper Collins Publishers, {{ISBN|978-0-06-220738-8}}, p. 41-42</ref>)
*Sloane Stephens, an African American ranked No. 934 in the world in women's tennis the month before, easily won the U.S. Open in 2017, while no player in the finals of the 2015 U.S. Open in women's tennis was ranked in the top 20.
*Stephen Curry, one of the smallest players in the [[NBA]], was drafted only 7th in his year and yet has become perhaps the finest basketball shooter ever.
*In an even more extreme example of the above, Sarunas Marciulionis, drafted 127th in the 1987 [[NBA]] draft, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2014, and during his career, pioneered the use of the Euro step, which was almost unknown in his day, but is now a very common basketball move.
*In baseball, most of the stars were not considered to be strong prospects for success, as only two number-one draft picks ever made it to the Hall of Fame: Ken Griffey, Jr., and Chipper Jones.<ref>http://atlanta.cbslocal.com/2018/01/24/chipper-jones-hall-of-fame-by-the-numbers-atlanta-braves/</ref> On the opposite extreme is Mike Piazza, a 62nd round selection (and drafted solely because his father was a good friend of Los Angeles Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda) who went on to a successful career, finally being selected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2016.
:''(add more)''

===Science, engineering, architecture, and technology===
*the [[Loretto spiral staircase]] was designed and constructed by unknown carpenter without nails, electricity, or a supporting beam, and defies ordinary explanation to this day
*the greatest river engineer ever, James B. Eads, lacked any formal education and his revolutionary successes (such as the Eads Bridge) were opposed by leading experts<ref name="Eads bridge">https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eads/peopleevents/p_jbeads.html</ref>
*perhaps the greatest health program of the 20th century, using a new term he coined for his program ("aerobics"), was developed by military physician Kenneth Cooper outside of a major medical research facility
*"Moldy" Mary Hunt, a low-level lab worker, used a rotten cantaloupe to facilitate the first ''mass'' production of [[penicillin]].<ref>"Then, in 1943, Mary Hunt, a lab worker in Peoria, Illinois brought in a cantaloupe melon. It was said to have been infected with a 'pretty, golden mould'. This mould was 'Penicillium chrysogeum'. It yielded about 200 times as much penicillin as Fleming's mould. Florey used x-rays to mutate the mould, which eventually gave 1000 times the yield of penicillin from the original." [http://www.qi.com/talk/viewtopic.php?t=11777&start=0&sid=270d7f1ec3dc7c97bbb3c84a264676cc]</ref>
*the [[free software]] movement and its ongoing development of the [[Linux]] operating system
*the development of a heavier-than-air, fixed-wing aircraft by the [[Wright Brothers]], despite opposition and mockery by aviation "experts."
*[[Henry Ford]]'s mass-production techniques, which turned automobiles from a curiosity into the backbone of American industry despite Ford's lack of formal education.
*the investigation of the [[Challenger Disaster]] by maverick physicist [[Richard Feynman]]
*[[Steve Wozniak]] developed the first popular personal computer from a garage-based operation
*[[Leonardo Da Vinci]] is one of the most well-known designers in history, yet was illiterate in Latin, and never attended a university.
*the [[intelligent design]] theory explaining the origins of our universe.
*Tired of being denied a voice in the elite liberal media, [[Conservative media]] finds its voice and is widely popular; [[FOX News]], Drudge Report, Breitbart.com, NewsMax, ''[[National Review]]'', Worldnetdaily.com.
*New astronomical discoveries are regularly reported by amateur astronomers, to then be published by "experts", advancing their careers in the process.
*The leading and most innovative internet browser, [[Firefox]], was developed in a not-for-profit effort outside of the multibillion-dollar [[Microsoft]] and [[Google]] empires.
*[[Mikhail Kalashnikov]] was drafted by the Russian military, and despite being trained in poetry and literature, eventually was made a firearms designer. He drew upon inspiration from Russian literature, and the Bible to focus on simplicity, and dependability. This simplicity resulted in the atheist experts rejecting his designs, and declaring them unworkable. The experts were however ultimately proven wrong, when one of his designs went on to win an open design contest, and became the single most reliable and prevalent firearm in the world: the [[AK-47]].
*In 1919, philanthropist Raymond Orteig offered $25,000 to the first person to fly a solo, non-stop flight between New York and Paris. Although many wealthy aviation experts attempted to win this prize, it was an unknown amateur pilot named [[Charles Lindbergh]] who won it.
*In 1873, [[homeschooled]] [[Scotland|Scottish]] scientist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] discovered the system of equations bearing his name that describe [[electromagnetism]].
*[[Michael Faraday]], a son of a poor blacksmith, had no formal education and became literate only after age thirteen. However, he discovered that magnetic fields could produce electricity, which no expert had attempted. Faraday later denied all patents, knighthood, and large funerals.

===Finance===

*Studies show that the public does as good a job at picking good stock investments as the experts do. For example, stock market indexes typically outperform funds managed by experts.

===Exploration and discovery===

*Despite billions of research dollars, technical experts and equipment for professional astronomers, amateur astronomers play a crucial role in outer space discoveries. ''See [[Comet Lovejoy]]''
*[[Christopher Columbus]] discovered the New World, despite the near-unanimous expert opinion that his first voyage was doomed to failure. On his second voyage, he successfully returned to the same place he had previously reached, despite the limited navigational skills of the experts of the time.

===Journalism===
*As noted in Conservapedia's breaking news, the [[lamestream media]] is being replaced by [[YouTube]] videos of breaking news.<ref>Fernandez, Richard. "A Wired World in its Own Mirror." March 11, 2011. Pajamas Media. http://pajamasmedia.com/richardfernandez/2011/03/11/a-wired-world-in-its-own-mirror/?singlepage=true</ref>
*Large media outlets have begun presenting amateur reports from viewers. This began with [[CNN]]'s iReport<ref>http://ireport.cnn.com</ref> and later was adopted by [[Fox News]] (uReport<ref>http://ureport.foxnews.com</ref>) and others.

===Law Enforcement===
*Convicted Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was caught, not by the thousands of police experts swarming uselessly over a shut-down Watertown, MA, but by an individual keeping his eyes open in his own back yard.

== Obstacles Created by Liberal Experts ==

[[Liberal]] and [[conservative]] experts have a self-interest in defending their theories, even if incorrect, and in perpetuating the system that has rewarded and applauded them. Some experts receive prodigious sums by promoting theories that are false or implausible, either in the media or in courtrooms.

Most conservatives who are experts in their own right reasonably fear a loss in grants, compensation or awards if they take a position at odds with a [[liberal]] counterpoint, especially one that has gained wide acceptance with the general population.

Despite their status as "experts," they have frequently made wrong predictions.<ref>Williams, Walter E. (July 25, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/reviews/opinion/item/29615-can-we-trust-experts Can We Trust Experts?] ''The New American''. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</ref>

===Examples===

One expert said about the revolutionary design of the Eads bridge to transport heavy ships by railroad over the [[Mississippi River]]:<ref name="Eads bridge"/>
{{cquote|I deem it entirely unsafe and impracticable.}}
The Eads bridge continues to stand and carry much rail and car traffic to this day, despite the intense opposition by experts to its design.<ref>https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eads/sfeature/sf_footage.html</ref>

==The Best of the Public and the Invisible Hand==

The concept of best of the public was first articulated on [[Conservapedia]], although the effects have been observed by many great thinkers over the years. In a free society where the best of the public is allowed the latitude to excel, benefits accrue on many levels. [[Adam Smith]], the father of capitalism, observed this principle in effect; in his book ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', he described how the best of the public, when given the freedom to generate wealth, could generate a net beneficial and uplifting effect that goes beyond their individual enterprises. Smith called this the "[[Invisible Hand]]." However, he confined his observations to the sphere of economics, whereas the "Best of the Public" principle operates on many different levels.

Marriage and family, for example, serve as an illustration of the principle in the social arena. When marriage is allowed to function without government interference and misguided attempts at social engineering, the result is strong families; the best of the public raise children of superior virtue and character, who in turn grow up to pass those values on to their children. This, in turn, leads to a net positive effect on society known as the [[Invisible Hand of Marriage]].

The same uplifting principle can be seen in any situation in which the best of the public is allowed to freely function and attain its potential. Events like the Olympics and the Tour de France permit the best of the public to strive on a physical level, resulting in many new record-breaking performances. The principle has seldom (as of yet) been applied to academic endeavors.

==Opposition to the Best of the Public==

===Ordering of the Gospels===

The [[Gospel of Mark]] was chronologically the first, and the most direct of [[the Gospels|the four Gospels]]. But it was written by an outsider, someone never invited by [[the Apostles]] into their inner circle. Mark was a young son of a woman disciple, an eyewitness who was not excluded during [[Jesus]]'s ministry because Jesus welcomed his mother.

So the [[Gospel of Mark]] was misplaced as the second, rather than the first, in the ordering of [[the Gospels]].

===Movie critics===
Movie critics try to put down films that typify the best of the public, such as ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941), ''Blade Runner'' (1982), ''The Thing'' (1982), and ''Scott Pilgrim vs. The World'' (2010). ''Citizen Kane'' is now considered the finest movie ever made, and the others were later honored also.

===Government restrictions===
History demonstrates that the best of the public can only thrive in a free society. The cream cannot rise to the top if it is weighted down; eagles cannot soar if they are shackled by an oppressive government. This understanding is at the heart of conservative wisdom.

For example: it is only in a [[free market economy]] that the best of the public will be truly free to drive innovation, develop new technologies, and generate new wealth. In an overly-regulated economy, the incentive to excel is greatly reduced. Innovation is replaced by stagnation, and achievement by mediocrity.

===Elite gatekeepers===
Likewise, in an academic environment in which elite "experts" serve as gatekeepers, truly innovative research is frequently squelched in favor of orthodoxy and blind consensus. The chilling effect "scientific experts" can have on honest research was clearly demonstrated by the [[Climategate]] scandal. Even when such "experts" do not actively conspire to suppress dissent, their use of expertise and consensus as a bully pulpit can still silence opposing (and possibly correct) viewpoints.

===Mobs===
It is important to note the difference between "Best of the Public" and "mob rule." Simply allowing the loudest or most numerous voices to prevail is not the same thing as allowing the best of the public to drive achievement. Sites such as [[Wikipedia]] operate on the principle of mob rule, and as a result, are plagued with bias, inaccuracy, and an inability to differentiate between significant insights and trivia.

One of the most pointed illustrations of this difference is the [[United States]] itself. The [[Founding Fathers]], despite not naming it, applied the "Best of the Public" principle in their attempts to craft a new government. Realizing the danger of mob rule, they rejected a pure democracy in favor of a democratic Republic—a system designed to ensure that, while all of the public would have a voice in their new government, the best of the public would guide that government. To ensure that only the best of the public was selected, with the exception of members of the [[U.S. House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], officials in the federal government were not directly elected. The framers of the [[U.S. Constitution]] conceived of the [[Electoral College]] as a body of men who would exercise independent judgment in choosing the [[President of the United States|President]] and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], not merely cast their ballots as directed by their state's voters. Moreover, electors in most states were initially appointed by state legislatures. Likewise, members of the [[U.S. Senate|Senate]] were originally selected by state legislatures. Judges, ambassadors, and other federal officials are chosen by the President and subject to approval by the Senate. Thus, although the people would directly choose their Congressmen, they would only indirectly choose other officials, and this filtering mechanism would ensure that only the best of the public was in charge of the government, rather than having mob rule.

By choosing this compromise, they clearly affirmed that they believed the best of the public was better than a group of experts; in contrast, the nations of Europe still firmly subscribed to the notion that government should be in the hands of elite "experts" (the ruling families and nobility.)

===Obscurity===
The "best of the public" must be able to be heard. There are millions of books published, and even more books self-published without approval of traditional publishing houses. Many authors protest<ref>Paul Biba. [http://www.teleread.org/2009/09/18/self-publishing-e-books-and-legitimacy-part-3-of-a-series/ Self-publishing, E-books, and Legitimacy: Part 3 of a series], teleread.org, September 18th, 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm Prime Palaver #6]", Eric Flint</ref> that this is the greatest problem with modern publishing.

==Experts versus the Best of the Public==
Some confusion may exist over the difference between an "expert" and the "best of the public." The primary difference lies in the manner in which expertise is obtained. Most "experts" undergo highly specialized training, and in the process, become immersed in a sub-culture of like experts. This always carries the danger of [[groupthink]] and the pressure to conform. Also, academic credentialing consists almost entirely of repeating what professors say, rather than criticizing their errors.<ref>See, e.g., the movie "Dark Matter" for a candid portrayal of academic credentialing.</ref>

For instance, someone interested in obtaining a job in the field of climate science (whom we shall refer to as "Student A") would likely pursue a degree at an established university. In so doing, he would be immersed in the academic subculture of researchers and professors who have already obtained their degrees in that field. He would be subjected to their political views, preconceptions, and biases, and would likely find that these were presented as facts and as an integral part of the subject. Any questioning or dissent on his part might be harshly punished. Ultimately, he would be faced with a difficult choice: abandon his desire to be an accredited expert in that field, dishonestly pretend to believe in the questionable claims of his superiors, or convince himself that those claims were, in fact, the truth.

On the other hand, someone interested in learning about climate science, but not interested in becoming a credentialed expert (we'll call him "Student B,") would likely study a diverse variety of sources. Not confined to the insular and clannish academic subculture, he would speak with a wider range of people, and be exposed to a wider range of viewpoints. This would, in all probability, cause him to examine the claims of the experts with a more critical eye. Ultimately, his studies would not gain him a degree or the official imprimatur of the scientific community, but his understanding of climate science would very likely be more rounded and complete than that of Student A. He very well might disagree with the experts' point of view; at the very least, he would have a much better knowledge of its shortcomings.

A traditional, expert-dominated inquiry would dismiss the contributions of Student B, since he has not an "expert" - he has not received the official approval of the gatekeepers. A "best of the public" approach would accept the contributions of both Student A and Student B, since they are both members of the public. However, it would not place Student A's contributions on a pedestal and make them sacrosanct and immune to questioning. Student B would be free to bring in HIS expertise as well; as a result, the ensuing discussion would be much less one-sided and more comprehensive, and thus far more likely to result in accurate and truthful insights. Perhaps many ideas coming from people like Student B would be wrong, unprofitable, and therefore rightly rejected; the "best of the public" approach recognizes that not all ideas from the public are better than those of experts. However, it is very likely that some ideas from people like Student B will be true and helpful. This is the difference between the two approaches: such ideas will be heard under the "best of the public" method.

== Solution of the Poincaré Conjecture ==

The solution to the [[Poincaré conjecture]], one of the greatest unsolved math problems of the 20th century, was by the little-known [[Gregori Perelman]] who worked on his own and merely posted his solution on the internet. He had never been offered a permanent job and was critical of the lack of openness among mathematical experts as he described a rare exception:<ref>[http://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Mi-So/Perelman-Grigory.html Grigory Perelman Biography (emphasis added)], Encyclopedia of World Biography.</ref>
{{cquote|He actually told me a couple of things that he published a few years later. He did not hesitate to tell me. Hamilton's openness and generosity—it really attracted me. '''I can't say that most mathematicians act like that'''.}}
At great monetary sacrifice, Perelman refused to accept the awards conferred on him by experts after they eventually recognized the brilliance of his proof. A leading expert was accused of improperly trying to take credit for Perelman's work.

The Steklov Institute apparently declined to re-elect Perelman as a member in 2003, supposedly because the experts continued to doubt his proof. Reportedly Perelman has quit mathematics and was "jobless, living with his mother in St. Petersburg, and subsisting on her modest pension." He was quoted as saying:<ref>Mike Ciavarella. [http://imechanica.org/node/3360 Perelman limit case: not a single paper, refuse the Field medal, refuse reviewers], imechanica.org, June 17, 2008.</ref>
{{cquote|I can't say I'm outraged. Other people do worse. Of course, there are many mathematicians who are more or less honest. But almost all of them are conformists. They are more or less honest, but they tolerate those who are not honest. ... It is not people who break ethical standards who are regarded as aliens. It is people like me who are isolated.}}

In 2006, the mathematical establishment delivered another backhanded compliment to Perelman's achievement: he was awarded the [[Fields Medal]] on a shared basis with (1) an Obama-supporter who had jointly worked on a number theory problem, (2) a French mathematician-actor, and (3) a younger countryman who had achieved far less. This four-way split of the prize with far less significant achievements was inappropriate. Perelman declined this prize also.

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==See also==
* [[Expert Error]]
* [[Independent review]]
* [[Essay:Everyday Heroes]]
* [[Free software movement]]

{{Conservapedia}}
{{Conservatism}}
[[Category:Conservapedia]]
[[Category:Best of the Public]]

Pornography addiction

2022-02-12T14:49:50Z

DanielAPulido:

In psychology, '''pornography addiction''' refers to the repetitive and obsessive observation of [[pornography]]. Pornography addiction can debilitate a person, leaving them unable to participate in a normal [[romantic relationship]], and in some cases, lead to violent [[sexual crime]]s.<ref name="PG_160">{{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Ben |title=Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future|publisher=Regnery Publishing|date=2005|pages=160|ISBN=978-0895260161}}</ref> An expert on the subject has commented, "Pornography addicts have a more difficult time recovering from their addiction than cocaine addicts, since [[cocaine|coke]] users can get the drug out of their system, but [[pornography|pornographic images]] stay in the brain forever." <ref>https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2004/11/65772</ref>

Although at the time there is no consensus among [[mental health]] professionals about the dangers of porn or the use of the term pornography addiction,<ref>https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2004/11/65772</ref> the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM IV-TR]] does not list many other obvious and debilitating disorders, like homosexuality and transgenderism, out of a respect for political correctness.

==Links==
*[http://newlifehabits.com/2009/11/05/using-a-counterintuitive-approach-to-overcome-porn-addiction/ Using a Counterintuitive Approach to Overcome Porn Addiction] - a [[Mormon]] approach to the problem

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Child molestation

2022-02-12T14:46:32Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Child molestation''' is the physical or psychological act of harming a minor child by sexual means. The chief characteristic of such abuse is the position of the adult over the child; the dominance of the adult allows that individual to coerce and/or force a child into sexual activity.<ref>Authors unknown, "[http://www.apa.org/releases/sexabuse/ What is Child Sexual Abuse?]", ''American Psychological Association'', 2001. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref> Studies by law enforcement and psychologists indicate that most individuals engaged in child sexual abuse continue to do so regardless of punishment; the effects on the children involved indicate a lifetime scarring.

==Symptoms on the child==
What a child can suffer as a victim of a molester can range from mild to severe, but in general the following are characteristics of a victim:
*Depression, fear (or fear of the opposite sex), or anxiety.
*Sudden clinging to parents or a loved adult.
*Sleep disorders, or a return to regressive behaviors like bed wetting and thumb sucking.
*Behavior or performance problems at school, and non-participation in social activities.
The strongest indication of sexual abuse of a child is sexual knowledge, interest, or acting out by the child. Such displays are simply not normal child behavior, and the best way to deal with it is to reassure the child as to his or her self-esteem, and give positive family support.<ref>Authors unknown, "[http://www.apa.org/releases/sexabuse/effects.html What are the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse?]," ''American Psychological Association'', 2001. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref>

==Laws and punishments==
The current trend towards punishment of offenders has been longer prison sentences, and upon release mandatory registration as a sex offender. Legislation signed into law by President George Bush on July 27, 2006 mandates the requirement for offenders to update their whereabouts with law enforcement many times a year; it also provides for permanent incarceration of offenders deemed a continual threat to society. This law was named for Adam Walsh, the murdered son of ''America's Most Wanted'' host [[John Walsh]].<ref>Author unknown, "[http://rpc.senate.gov/_files/L49HR4427ChldprotBB072006.pdf#search='H.R.%204472' HR 4472--Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006]", ''Legislative Notice'' 49, July 20, 2006. Published by [[Republican]] Policy Committee ([[United States Senate]]), [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[John Kyl]] ([[Republican|R]]-[[Arizona|AZ]]), chairman. Retrieved April 29, 2997. Requires PDF reader.</ref>

In Florida, individuals convicted of a sexual crime against a child under the age of 11 receive a minimum 25 years in prison, followed by electronic monitoring for the remainder of their lives when released.<ref>Authors unknown, "[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/05/02/national/main692465.shtml Fla. Gets Tough New Child-Sex Law]", ''CBS News'', May 2, 2005. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref>

Punishments often continue to be administered in prison, as child molesters are "marked" by other inmates for beatings or death.

The state of Vermont has come under fire recently for being a "safe haven" for child molesters who wish for lenient or no punishment for their actions. In one recent case, Judge Edward Cashman sentenced one such individual to 60 days in jail; the man involved, Mark Hulett, had molested a girl for four years, beginning from the age of 6.<ref>Authors unknown, [https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,181498,00.html Light Sentence for Child Molester Leaves Vermont Judge Under Fire]", ''Associated Press'', January 12, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2007, from ''[https://www.foxnews.com/ Fox News Home]''.</ref>

==Cases of child molesting==
===Ancient times===
The earliest known cases of child molestation are the ancient Greeks, who invented the term pederast where an adult man has a homosexual relationship with a young boy.

===Middle Ages===
Mohammed, the founder of the ideology of [[Islam]], married a six-year-old girl Aisha, and first had sex with her when she was 9 years old. [http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/062.sbt.html#007.062.064]

*Sources differ as to Aisha's age at the betrothal and "consummation". [http://www.muslim.org/islam/aisha-age.htm]

===Modern times===
Kenneth John Freeman, a former deputy sheriff from the state of Washington, allegedly raped his own daughter and had the event videotaped and posted on the internet. He posted bond of $50,000 in November, 2005, but fled the country before his trial date in March, 2006. He was arrested in Hong Kong on May 2, 2007, during an escape attempt in which he had learned that Chinese authorities were given information on him by United States Marshals, as well as a recent profile on ''America's Most Wanted''. His victim has since become an advocate against child sexual abuse. [https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,269644,00.html]

The [[Roman Catholic Church]] has had a history of problems with cloistered child abusers among its clergy.<ref>Authors unknown, "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1963716.stm Catholic child abuse fears widen]", ''BBC-Asia-Pacific'', British Broadcasting Corporation, May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007.</ref> While Pope [[John Paul II]] was seen in some quarters as reluctant to address the scandal, his successor [[Benedict XVI]] has publicly acknowledged the Vatican's mishandling of the issue.<ref>http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425822/1721305</ref> In a recent trip to the United States Benedict spoke before bishops at Washington's National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception:

<blockquote>
"While it must be remembered that the overwhelming majority of clergy and religious in America do outstanding work...it is vitally important that the vulnerable always be shielded by those who would cause harm."
</blockquote>

====Cases which led to murder====
On April 20, 2007 Ted Lamborgine, 66, of Parma, Ohio, was sentenced by a Detroit judge to three life terms in Michigan for sexually molesting boys. Lamborgine and Richard Lawson, 60, were accused of operating a pedophile ring in Detroit during the 1970s and 1980s, often luring kids into sexual acts in exchange for candy, soda, food, and other items. Lawson, however, pointed the finger of blame at Lamborgine at another unsolved case: the notorious Oakland County Child Killings of 1976-77, in which four children were molested and killed in the county north of Detroit. Lamborgine had refused a prosecutor's deal in which 13 of the fifteen charges for child molestation would be dropped in exchange for a polygraph examination into the deaths. Lawson is currently serving a life sentence for murder.<ref>Authors unknown, "[http://www.ohio.com/mld/beaconjournal/17109582.htm Ohio man given 3 life sentences for sexual assaults on young boys]", ''Akron Beacon Journal'', April 20, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref><ref>Authors unknown, "[http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/myfox/pages/News/Detail?contentId=2986405&version=5&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=VSTY&pageId=3.1.1 Lamborgine Receives Three Life Sentences]", ''My Fox Detroit'', April 20, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref><ref>Authors unknown, "[http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/71632 '70s multi-child Murder suspect found and arrested]", ''Digital Journal'', December 11, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2007</ref>

Polly Klaas, a 12-year-old girl from Petaluma, California, was kidnapped at knife point on October 1, 1993, while hosting a slumber party at her home; she was later found strangled, and an autopsy determined she had been raped. Arrested in the case was Richard Allen Davis, who led police to the body. Davis had a lengthy criminal history, including burglary and kidnapping; the Klaas murder earned him a spot on California's death row.<ref>Denise Noe, "[http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/klaas/1.html All About Polly Klaas and Richard Allan Davis]", ''Crime Library'', retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref><ref>Authors unknown, "[https://www.cnn.com/US/9609/26/davis.klass/ Killer of Polly Klaas sentenced to death]", ''CNN Interactive'', September 26, 1996. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref>

John Evander Couey, a 46-year-old sex offender registered with the state of Florida, was charged with capitol murder, sexual battery, and assault on 9 year-old Jessica Lunsford, who was kidnapped from her home in Homasassa on February 24, 2005. Couey was assisted in evading police by family members with whom he shared a home, and indications are they may have helped him in committing the crime or covering it up. An autopsy determined Lunsford was buried alive, still clutching a stuffed blue dolphin that her father had given her.<ref>Anthony Brune, "[http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/jessica_lunsford/1_index.html Jessica Lunsford child abducted and murdered by repeat sex offender John Couey]", ''Crime Library'', retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref> Couey's act helped pass "[[Jessica's Law]]", in which individuals convicted of a sexual crime against a child under the age of 11 would receive a minimum 25 years in prison, followed by electronic monitoring for the remainder of their lives when released. The law was signed by Florida Governor Jeb Bush on May 2, 2005.<ref>Authors unknown, "[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/05/02/national/main692465.shtml Fla. Gets Tough New Child-Sex Law]", ''CBS News'', May 2, 2005. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref>

==Precautions against molestation==
The United States' Stop It Now! Foundation recommends 'the four R's' to limit children's vulnerability in at-risk situations. These include:

'''Rules:''' discussing with your child the importance of rules for behaviour around others. (Note that this is not merely limited to 'stranger danger', but can be taught as 'circles of closeness'). An effective way to introduce this concept can be drawing your own diagram to show this (Mummy/Daddy, family, friends, strangers) and encourage them to create their own.

'''Respect:''' explaining why the rules are necessary - your child has a right to feel safe, but so does everyone else.

'''Responsibility:''' the hard part - teaching your child to follow these rules through reminders and encouragement.

'''Reading:''' encouraging your child's awareness of their social environment. Prevention is most effective when children learn to read the situation. If rules and a sense of self-respect are in place, your child is far more likely to let you know when they're troubled by someone's behaviour.

==Organizations which promote child molesting==
The North American Man-Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) is an organization which promotes [[homosexual]] pedophilia relations on young boys, and actively seeks the overturn of [[statutory rape]] laws. Specifically, they seek to change ''[[age of consent]]'' laws which require that a child be of a certain age (which varies by state) before they can agree to sexual intercourse. NAMBLA also engages in activities against law enforcement of pedophilia, and has stymied efforts of officers to effect arrests of wanted individuals worldwide; one famous case was Eric Franklin Rosser, a one-time keyboard player for rockstar John Cougar Mellencamp. Rosser was added to the FBI's most wanted list, as well as profiled on the television show ''America's Most Wanted'', and was continually warned by NAMBLA members as to police efforts in locating him while on the run in Europe. He was finally captured in Bangkok, Thailand on August 21, 2001.<ref>Authors unknown, "[http://www.americasmostwanted.com/fugitives/capture.cfm?id=25084 Eric 'Doc' Franklin Rosser]," ''America's Most Wanted'', capture no. 680. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref>

NAMBLA was defended by the [[ACLU]] in a $200 million civil lawsuit<ref>Deroy Murdock, [https://www.nationalreview.com/murdock/murdock200402270920.asp No Boy Scouts: The ACLU defends NAMBLA]", ''National Review Online'', February 27, 2004. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref> brought by the parents of a 10 year old murder victim; the parents claimed the killers were motivated by material accessible on the NAMBLA website.

==See also==

*[[Megan's Law]]
*[[Jessica's Law]]
*[[Atheism, pederasty and NAMBLA|Atheism, pedophilia and NAMBLA]]
*[[Atheism and child pornography]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
If anyone suspects someone engaged in child molesting, contact your local law enforcement agency, county sheriff, state or provincial police, or one of the following links:
*[http://www.amw.com/ America's Most Wanted]
*[http://www.missingkids.com/missingkids/servlet/PublicHomeServlet?LanguageCountry=en_US National Center for Missing and Exploited Children]
*[http://www.fbi.gov/ Federal Bureau of Investigation]
*[http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm FBI Field Offices page]
*[http://www.usdoj.gov/marshals/ United States Marshals Service]
*[http://www.interpol.int/ INTERPOL]
*[http://www.met.police.uk/ Metropolitan Police Service, London (New Scotland Yard)]
*[http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ Royal Canadian Mounted Police]
*[http://www.afp.gov.au/ Australian Federal Police]

====Other links====
*[http://www.sexualpredators.com/spc/ Database of sexual predators by state]
*[http://meganslaw.ca.gov/index.aspx?lang=ENGLISH California Megan's Law]
*[http://www.newswithviews.com/Cosman/madeleine5.htm Article by Dr. Madeleine Cosman on sexual predators illegally in the U.S.]
*[http://news.corporatecounselcentre.ca/hdocs/docs/rosser/rosserindict.pdf Charges against Eric Franklin Rosser, once a keyboardist for John Cougar Mellencamp]
*[http://www.apa.org/releases/sexabuse/ Understanding Child Sexual Abuse]
*[http://www.jessicamarielunsford.com/ Jessica Lunsford Foundation]
*[http://www.ncys.org/childsafety.html National Council of Youth Sports]
*[http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp.cfm?subjID=83&rate_chno=11-11214 Child Welfare Information Gateway]
*[http://www.fbifingerprintchecks.com/index.html National Foundation to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse]

{{Ten Commandments}}

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Crimes]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Wannsee Conference

2022-02-12T14:45:17Z

DanielAPulido:

The '''Wannsee Conference''' took place in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] in 1942 during [[World War II]]. It was called to plan the [[Holocaust|Final Solution]], in which the [[Nazis]] would attempt to murder all [[European]] [[Jews]].<ref>http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-wannsee.htm</ref> The conference itself did not take very long, highlighting the eagerness and willingness of the Nazis to carry out the Holocaust.
<references/>
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:Mass Murderers]]
[[Category:Nazis]]
[[Category:Holocaust]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]

User:DanielAPulido

2022-02-12T14:37:47Z

DanielAPulido:

I just want to make it clear that I have never gone on an App, like Tendryl, or Grinder, or whatever. That isn't me at all. Jesus is my savior. I have never tried to violate God's law online.

John McCain

2022-02-12T14:30:45Z

DanielAPulido:

{{Officeholder
|name=John McCain
|image=John McCain official portrait 2009.jpg
|party=[[Republican Party|Republican]]
|spouse=Carol Shepp (1965–1980) [[Cindy McCain|Cindy Lou Hensley]] (1980–2018)
|religion=[[Baptist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Arizona
|terms=January 3, 1987 – August 25, 2018
|preceded=[[Barry Goldwater]]
|former=y
|succeeded=[[Jon Kyl]]
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Arizona
|district=1st
|terms=January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987
|preceded=John Jacob Rhodes Jr.
|former=y
|succeeded=John Jacob Rhodes III
}}
|military=y
|branch=[[United States Navy]]
|serviceyears=1958–1981
|rank=Captain
|battles=[[Vietnam War]]
}}
'''John Sidney McCain, III''' (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018),<ref name=bioguide>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m0003http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/Button_enter.png Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]</ref> was the Republican candidate for President in 2008 as well as a prominent politician and [[Vietnam War]] veteran. He was also the senior [[United States Senate|Senator]] of [[Arizona]]. He was an influential [[establishment]] and [[neocon]] voice in American politics since 1986. McCain was defeated by [[George W. Bush]] for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, and lost to [[Barack Obama]] in the 2008 Presidential Election. McCain died on August 25, 2018,<ref>Pollak, Joel B. (August 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/25/john-mccain-1936-2018-conservative-frenemy-american-hero/ John McCain (1936-2018): Conservative Frenemy, American Hero]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 25, 2018.</ref> and Obama and [[Hillary Clinton]], among others, praised him.<ref>O'Reilly, Andrew (August 26, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/26/clinton-obama-among-democrats-paying-tribute-to-mccains-commitment-to-bipartisanship.html Clinton, Obama among Democrats paying tribute to McCain's commitment to bipartisanship]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved August 26, 2018. Several speakers at McCain's funeral criticized President Trump:
*Shaw, Adam (September 1, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/09/01/obama-bush-to-pay-tribute-to-john-mccain-at-washington-national-cathedral-memorial-service.html Meghan McCain, Obama knock Trump at John McCain's funeral service: 'America was always great']. ''Fox News''. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
*Axelrod, Tal (September 1, 2018). [https://thehill.com/homenews/news/404726-7-times-trump-was-called-out-at-john-mccains-funeral 7 subtle jabs speakers took at Trump during John McCain’s funeral]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
*Rodriguez, Katherine (September 1, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/09/01/meghan-mccain-uses-fathers-eulogy-to-take-pot-shots-at-trump/ Meghan McCain Uses Father’s Eulogy to Take Pot-Shots at Trump]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
*Betz, Bradford (September 2, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/09/02/trump-issues-4-word-reply-after-criticism-at-mccain-franklin-funerals.html Trump issues 4-word reply after criticism at McCain, Franklin funerals]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
See also:
*Virgil (September 2, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/09/02/virgil-the-mccain-funeral-marked-the-end-of-an-era-for-the-globalist-war-party/ Virgil: The McCain Funeral Marked the End of an Era for the Globalist War Party]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
*Byas, Steve (September 2, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/29939-the-politics-of-funerals The Politics of Funerals]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 2, 2018.</ref> The [[mainstream media]] used McCain to accomplish its goals, and it frequently praised McCain for his role in advancing the left-wing agenda, except when he ran against Democrats in elections when they viciously attacked him.<ref>Multiple references:
*Byas, Steve (August 28, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/29893-why-was-john-mccain-the-media-s-favorite-republican Why Was John McCain the Media’s Favorite Republican?] ''The New American''. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
*Nolte, John (August 27, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2018/08/27/establishment-media-john-mccain-apology-2008-smears/ Nolte: The Establishment Media Still Owe John McCain a Big Apology]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
*Pollak, Joel B. (August 27, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/27/pollak-democrats-risk-repeating-mistake-of-paul-wellstones-memorial-with-john-mccain/ Pollak: Democrats, Media Risk Repeating Mistake of Paul Wellstone with John McCain]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
*Kurz, Howard (August 28, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/28/media-use-john-mccains-death-to-denigrate-donald-trump.html Media use John McCain's death to denigrate Donald Trump]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
*[https://video.foxnews.com/v/5827551968001/?playlist_id=5198073478001#sp=show-clips Tucker: Hypocritical left and the way to honor McCain]. ''Fox News Video''. August 27, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
See also:
*Delingpole, James (August 29, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/29/delingpole-de-john-mccain-nil-nisi-bonum-thats-latin-trump-derangement-syndrome-strikes-again/ Delingpole: De John McCain Nil Nisi Bonum (That’s Latin for ‘Trump Derangement Syndrome Strikes Again’)]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
*Scarry, Eddie (August 30, 2018). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/trump-didnt-owe-the-media-a-show-over-john-mccains-death Trump didn't owe the media a show over John McCain's death]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
*Starr, Penny (September 3, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/09/03/leftist-media-define-mccains-memorial-service-biggest-resistance-meeting-yet/ Leftist Media Define McCain’s Memorial Service: ‘Biggest Resistance Meeting Yet’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
*Nolte John (September 3, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2018/09/03/nolte-how-vulgar-media-political-elite-ruined-two-funerals/ Nolte: How Our Vulgar Media and Political Elite Ruined Two Funerals]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 3, 2018.</ref> The conservative base strongly disliked McCain, based on his antagonistic attitude and policies toward them.<ref>Antle, W. James III (August 30, 2018). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/understanding-mccains-rift-with-the-right Understanding McCain's rift with the Right]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved August 30, 2018.</ref>

As a pilot for the [[United States Navy]] and former Prisoner-of-War ([[POW]]), he served in the military for 22 years.<ref name=bioguide /> McCain, a [[Baptist]],<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/09/16/mccain-identifies-himself-as-baptist.html McCain Identifies Himself as a Baptist], [[Fox News]]</ref> emphasized issues related to foreign policy and national security, which propelled him in the forefront of national politics as both an outspoken voice for the United States military and as a Presidential contender for the Republican Party starting in 1993.<ref>Paul Alexander, ''John McCain: Man of the People''. (2003)</ref> He originally ran for office attacking corruption, attacking [[pork barrel]] spending and working for [[campaign finance reform]]. Despite being a POW in Vietnam, McCain had no interest in returning other American POWs home, and he fought to cover up evidence that hundreds of American POWs remained in Vietnam decades after the war ended.<ref name="NoMaverick"/> He also attacked and denigrated those who, with strong evidence, argued that American POWs remained in Vietnam.<ref name="NoMaverick">Kirkwood, R. Cort (August 26, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/29882-mccain-was-no-maverick-on-pows McCain Was No Maverick on POWs]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 26, 2018.</ref>

Despite his hawkish national security positions, McCain took moderate positions overall, and he has flip-flopped various times, most notably when he voted against repealing ObamaCare in 2017 when he made numerous campaign statements several years prior stating he would do the exact opposite. McCain also was a [[globalist]] on issues related to foreign policy.<ref name="McCainWhines">Newman, Alex (March 28, 2017). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/25700-mccain-whines-about-threats-to-globalist-new-world-order McCain Whines About Threats to Globalist “New World Order”]. ''The New American''. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</ref> He criticized [[Donald Trump]] for caring more about projecting strength than displaying a [[neoconservative]] promotion of democracy worldwide and letting in large numbers of refugees,<ref>Multiple references:
*Thomsen, Jacqueline (April 30, 2018). [https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/385540-mccain-torches-trump-in-new-book-he-places-the-appearance-of-toughness-over McCain torches Trump in new book: He prioritizes appearance of toughness over American values]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
*Stewart, Phil (May 3, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mccain/mccain-in-new-memoir-chides-trump-for-undermining-u-s-values-idUSKBN1I42L4 McCain, in new memoir, chides Trump for undermining U.S. values]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
See also:
*Seipel, Brooke (May 26, 2019). [https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/445574-democratic-senator-says-mccain-listed-off-names-of-dictators-during-trump-inaugural Democratic senator says McCain listed off names of dictators during Trump inaugural]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
*Caplan, Joshua (May 27, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/05/27/amy-klobuchar-john-mccain-listed-names-of-dictators-during-trumps-inauguration/ Amy Klobuchar: John McCain Listed Names of Dictators During Trump’s Inauguration]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 28, 2019.</ref> as well as for his immigration positions.<ref name="Lee2018"/> He stated in 2018 that he regretted choosing conservative [[Sarah Palin]] as his running mate,<ref>Gstalter, Morgan (May 5, 2018). [https://thehill.com/homenews/news/386392-mccain-i-regret-picking-palin-as-my-vice-presidential-nominee McCain says he regrets picking Palin as running mate]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.</ref><ref>Lee, Tony (May 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/05/06/mccain-regrets-sarah-palin-vp-pick/ McCain Regrets Sarah Palin VP Pick]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 6, 2018.</ref> and his family even banned her from his funeral despite her continued loyalty toward him.<ref>Pollak, Joel B. (August 29, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/29/sarah-palin-loyal-running-mate-excluded-from-john-mccains-funeral/ Sarah Palin, Loyal Running Mate, Excluded from John McCain’s Funeral]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 29, 2018.</ref>

McCain attempted to [[rectify]] himself with [[the left]] by promoting the fraudulent [[Steele dossier]] to smear Donald Trump.

==Early life==
McCain's family had a long history of military service, including ancestors who fought as army soldiers in the Indian Wars, [[American Revolutionary War]], [[War of 1812]], for both the Union and the Confederate States of America during the [[American Civil War]], and in [[World War I]]. Both his father and grandfather were four-star Navy admirals. In addition, McCain's two sons are currently serving in the U.S. Navy.

In 1951, the McCain family moved to Northern [[Virginia]] and he attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria. McCain was on the wrestling team and went on to graduate in 1954. He later joined the U.S. Naval Academy and graduated in 1958.

==Military career==
[[Image:McCain 1965.jpg|left|thumb|200px|McCain photographed in 1965]]
McCain served heroically in the [[United States Navy]] from 1958 to 1981. He spent two and a half years as a naval aviator in training at the Naval Air Station Pensacola in [[Florida]] and the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in [[Texas]]. By 1967, McCain was a veteran pilot aboard the [[USS Forrestal|USS ''Forrestal'']] [[aircraft carrier]] off the coast of Vietnam. On 29 July 1967, while preparing to take off on a bombing run over North Vietnam, a missile accidentally fired from another plane, hitting the fuel tanks on McCain's aircraft and triggering explosions and a fire. McCain escaped from his plane by crawling onto the nose of the aircraft and diving on to the ship's deck which was ablaze from burning fuel. His attempt to rescue a fellow pilot whose flight suit was on fire was prevented when McCain was blown over by further explosions. When the fire was contained 24 hours later, 134 men had been killed and hundreds more injured. It was called the worst non-combat-related accident in U.S. naval history.<ref>[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.html?in_article_id=526451&in_page_id=1811 ''The coronation of the ultimate survivor, John McCain''] 5 March 2008 [[Daily Mail]]</ref>

===Prisoner-Of-War (1967–1973)===

On October 26, 1967, as McCain was flying over [[Hanoi]]'s Thermal Power Plant during his 23rd bombing mission, he was shot down and captured by the North Vietnamese. He had just released his bombs when [[A-4 Skyhawk|his plane]] was shot down by a [[surface-to-air missile]]. As he ejected, unconscious from the accident, he broke his knee and both arms and descended by parachute into a lake. When he floated ashore, Vietnamese locals spit and kicked him, nearly killing him. The police took him to Hoa Loa Prison where he was held in solitary captivity without medical attention or sufficient food. During brutal interrogations, he was asked for information in return for medical care. McCain refused, giving only his name and date of birth. When it was discovered that he was the son of a top U.S. Admiral, he was given medical care. Hospital personnel never believed he would survive, as he had large wounds and weighed a mere 100 lbs. He also had completely white hair, a product of accelerated aging under harsh conditions. Nonetheless, his health improved and McCain was held as a Prisoner-Of-War (POW) at the [[Hanoi Hilton]]. As a prisoner, guards tortured him with frequent beatings and painful contortions, breaking his teeth and bones.<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. Published 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-47545-9</ref>

After months of beating sessions and intense interrogations, McCain was psychologically and physically weakened. At one point, he was forced to sign a statement which made claims exonerating his captors of inhumane treatment.<ref>From which he earned the nicknane, "Songbird McCain" from other veterans. https://www.democraticunderground.com/1251254282 </ref> The paper was intended for use as propaganda, but in all their subsequent attempts for promoting a "humane" image of the POW camp, McCain worked his hardest to thwart them. In 1971, four years from his capture, he was placed with 20 to 30 other Americans in better treatment. They were allowed to celebrate Christian holidays, including Christmas. McCain, who served as an impromptu chaplain, recalled that during their services, men cried; "They were tears of joy that for the first time... we were able to celebrate Christmas together."<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. Published 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-47545-9</ref> In light of his father's high military status, McCain was offered early release, which he adamantly refused in honor of the "First in, first out" clause of the POW Code of Conduct.

On March 14, 1973, after five and a half years of imprisonment, McCain was released alongside 106 other pilots under the Nixon administration. McCain received a heartfelt reception at the White House and was pronounced a war hero and eminent voice for the Vietnam War. Awards from the military followed, including the Legion of Merit, a [[Silver Star]], a [[Bronze Star]], a [[Purple Heart]], the [[Distinguished Flying Cross]], and the Vietnamese Legion of Honor.<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. Published 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-47545-9</ref> McCain's severe war injuries prevent him today from combing his hair, typing on a keyboard, or tying his shoes.<ref>http://graphics.boston.com/news/politics/campaign2000/news/McCain_character_loyal_to_a_fault+.shtml</ref>

===Return to the Navy (1973–1981)===
The Vietnam War and his military service remained strong in McCain's. He immediately wanted to rejoin the Navy, and spent years preparing with excruciating physical therapy and a year of study in the Naval War College, where he attacked the liberal anti-war movement for weakening the morale of his fellow POWs.<ref>Kirkpatrick, David D. "[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/06/14/america/15pows.php In '74 thesis, the seeds of McCain's war views.]" The New York Times (June 15, 2008) p. A1.</ref> With his extensive experience in the Navy's Aviation division, he was selected to reform the flying fleet as Commanding Officer. John McCain quickly transformed his crew's personnel, which had been underfunded in the post-Vietnam era. Carl Smith, who served under McCain, stated, "He immediately began making changes. He fired people, and he replaced people at the top who he thought were not being as effective as he wanted them to be. He wanted real leadership. He wanted the squadron to come to life."<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. pg. 57</ref> Many in his staff were disappointed to have him leave, and praised his work in promoting efficiency.<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People.</ref>

During his assignment to the Senate as the Navy's liaison, 1977–81, McCain began to join the ranks of politicians. He transformed the position from a rather unimportant post into one of authority and respect{{fact}}, gaining allies in the Senate. The Senate liaison role provided a learning experience in national security policy and foreign affairs.

==Political career==
===Congressional (1982–1986)===

Prior to entering public service, McCain worked in [[Phoenix]] for his father-in-law's company, Hensley & Co, which was an Anheuser-Busch beer wholesaler and distributor. With nagging injuries and limited physical mobility, McCain realized he would never become a four-star general like his forefathers.<ref>[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542249 John McCain Biography (1936-)]</ref> Some biographers argue that he shifted into politics so that he could achieve the equivalent in politics, leading to his Senatorial career. After gaining support from local business leaders, he ran for a congressional seat for Arizona's 1st congressional district as a Republican in 1982. His [[liberal]] opponents labeled him as a "carpetbagger". McCain responded to a voter making the charge of "carpetbagging" saying,

{{cquote|Listen, pal. I spent 22 years in the Navy. My father was in the Navy. My grandfather was in the Navy. We in the military service tend to move a lot. We have to live in all parts of the country, all parts of the world. I wish I could have had the luxury, like you, of growing up and living and spending my entire life in a nice place like the First District of Arizona, but I was doing other things. As a matter of fact, when I think about it now, the place I lived longest in my life was Hanoi.}}

With the endorsements of local newspapers, McCain easily won the election. In 1983, he became President of the Republican freshman class of representatives. At the time, he largely supported Reagan's hard stance against the [[Soviet Union]], his tax cuts and matters on Indian Affairs. He did, however, break with the President on the decision to place a U.S. military presence in Lebanon, saying {{cquote|''I do not foresee obtainable objectives in Lebanon; I believe the longer we stay, the more difficult it will be to leave.''<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. pg. 100</ref>}} During his four years in [[Congress]], McCain and his wife Cindy had three children.

===Senatorial (1986–Present)===
[[Image:Reagan mccain.jpg|left|thumb|300px|3/3/1987 President Reagan and Nancy Reagan greet John McCain in the Blue Room during a dinner for newly elected members of the 100th Congress]]
When Republican and [[conservative]] icon [[Barry Goldwater]] retired from the United States Senate in Arizona in 1986, Congressman McCain announced his candidacy for the seat. He easily won the election, defeating his Democratic opponent Richard Kimball by 20 percentage points. When entering the Senate, he became a member of the powerful Armed Services Committee and he also joined the Commerce Committee and the Indian Affairs Committee. During the 1988 Presidential Election, McCain was named chairman of Veterans for Bush. In 1991, Senator McCain became part of the "Keating Five" scandal, where McCain and four other Senators (all Democrats) were accused of improperly aiding Charles H. Keating, Jr., chairman of the failed Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, which was the target of an investigation by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Between 1982 and 1987, McCain had received approximately $112,000 in political contributions from Charles Keating Jr. After a lengthy investigation, the Senate Ethics Committee determined that McCain's involvement was minimal and was criticized for using "poor judgement".

===="Maverick" Image in the Senate====
John McCain has gained a reputation as a "maverick" for his sponsorship of many bills and leadership on almost every issue. Starting in 1994, he worked with Democratic [[Wisconsin]] Senator [[Russ Feingold]] on campaign finance reform. The McCain-Feingold bill banned "soft money". It passed and was signed into law on November 6, 2002, by President Bush. In the 1990s, McCain gained attention for his strong opposition to pork barrel spending. He championed the 1996 Line Item Veto Act, which gave the President the power to veto individual spending items. However, in 1998, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled the act unconstitutional.

Voteview.com rated McCain as the second most conservative Senator in the 109th Congress (Jan. 2005 - Jan. 2007).<ref>http://voteview.com/SEN109.HTM</ref>

John McCain and the Bush administration agree on most issues. He voted with the Bush administration 95% of the time in 2007, according to Congressional Quarterly's "Presidential Support Scores".<ref>[https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2008/jun/04/barack-obama/thats-what-the-votes-show-yes/ That's what the votes show, yes], Politifact fact checks McCain's voting support</ref> Issues include making the Bush tax cuts permanent (even though he originally opposed and voted against them), energy independence, winning the war in Iraq, reforming Social Security, and continuing and expanding Bush's supply-side economic policies.

In 2008, McCain asked for $0 in earmarks.<ref>[http://www.cagw.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reports_pigbook2008_database 2008 ''Pig Book''], Council for Citizens Against Government Waste</ref> The Council for Citizens Against Government Waste has given him a rating of 100% in 2007 (88% lifetime).<ref>[http://councilfor.cagw.org/site/DocServer/2007_Senate_Ratings_Final.pdf?docID=3242 2007 Senate Scorecard]</ref> A score of 100% represents voting against all pork, and 0% represents voting ''for'' all pork. Democrats averaged 5% in 2007, whereas Republicans averaged 60%.<ref>[http://councilfor.cagw.org/site/News2?abbr=CCAGW_&page=NewsArticle&id=11590 CCAGW Releases ''2007 Congressional Ratings'']</ref>

==Presidential Politics==
===2000 Presidential Campaign===
McCain launched his first campaign for President in 2000, when he challenged then-[[Texas]] Governor [[George W. Bush]] for the Republican nomination. McCain's campaign was surprisingly strong. By ignoring the [[Iowa Caucus]], he was able to win the [[New Hampshire]] Primary by nineteen percentage points. He then won the [[Michigan]] Primary. However, he went on to lose [[South Carolina]] and 9 out of the 13 [[Super Tuesday]] states. McCain withdrew from the race on March 9, 2000.

After withdrawing, McCain announced that he supported the removal of the Confederate battle flag from the top of the South Carolina statehouse. During the primary he had stated he believed it was an issue for the state to decide, which was his true belief from a federal standpoint, but not his personal belief. He felt by withholding her personal belief that he had erred. He explained that he lived his life by being open and felt he should have been at that time and apologized for not speaking up sooner.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080116070837/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/04/19/mccain.sc/ Apologetic McCain calls for removal of Confederate battle flag from S.C. Statehouse], [[CNN]]</ref>

Rick Davis was McCain's campaign manager in both 2000 and 2008.

===During Bush Presidency 2001–2008 ===
Following McCain's loss in the 2000 Presidential primary and reports of dirty tricks in [[South Carolina]],<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/03/21/the_anatomy_of_a_smear_campaign/ The anatomy of a smear campaign], March 21, 2004, [[Boston Globe]]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091221024959/http://www.palmettoscoop.com/2007/12/30/top-romney-advisor-tied-to-anonymous-attacks-of-previous-presidential-primary/ Top Romney advisor tied to anonymous attacks of previous presidential primary], December 30, 2007</ref> McCain began to disagree with President Bush on many issues, such as tax cuts, climate change, and gun legislation. After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], McCain wrote legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic Senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security. In May 2005, McCain led the so-called "[[Gang of 14]]" in the Senate, which established a compromise that preserved the ability of senators to [[filibuster]] judicial nominees, but only in "extraordinary circumstances". McCain also co-sponsored comprehensive immigration reform (see below under political record for details). In addition to bipartisan work in the Senate, it was during this period that McCain was courted by the Senate Democrats, and considered switching parties.<ref>[https://thehill.com/homenews/news/11485-democrats-say-mccain-nearly-abandoned-gop https://thehill.com/homenews/news/11485-democrats-say-mccain-nearly-abandoned-gop]</ref>

In the mid-2000s McCain's campaign chairman Rick Davis connected with [[Russia]]n [[oligarch]] [[Oleg Deripaska]]. At the time, the Davis-Manafort firm was advising with pro-Russian political figures in [[Ukraine]] and also doing work in [[Montenegro]], another former Soviet satellite that Putin was trying to influence.

While Davis was building the political connections with the oligarch, he was handing off the commercial side of the relationship to [[Paul Manafort]], his longtime lobbying partner. Manafort came to work on the commercial side for Deripaska through Davis.

U.S intelligence raised concerns to McCain's staff about the Davis Manafort work. McCain's office also was warned about possible Russian military connections to one of his policy advisers at the International Republican Institute (IRI), a think tank which McCain chairs. In 2005, McCain's inner circle was encouraged to distance itself from the adviser, causing aides to scramble to separate Deripaska from McCain.

In 2006, Davis and Manafort arranged two meetings with McCain and Deripaska. The first occurred in January 2006 in [[Davos]], Switzerland.

Deripaska showed up by McCain a second time, during an official trip to [[Montenegro]], another place where the Davis-Manafort firm was offering advice. Deripaska and Davis joined McCain and other officials at a dinner hosted by the country's government in August 2006, and some of the attendees went on to take a cruise aboard a yacht where drinks and pastry were served in honor of McCain's 70th birthday.

Deripaska's visa to travel to the United States had been blocked by the State Department because of concerns about his ties to Russian businesses and government. The U.S. embassy in Moscow monitored Deripaska's business dealings during the time, reporting back to Washington they believed the oligarch was close to Putin.

{{Quotebox|“Deripaska enjoys a favorable relationship with [[President Putin]] -- he is a more or less permanent fixture on Putin's trips abroad, and he is widely acknowledged by our contacts to be among the 2-3 oligarchs Putin turns to on a regular basis,”}} one 2006 cable from the Moscow embassy to Washington declared.

The oligarch's visa controversy dragged on for years and reached the highest levels of both governments. A February 2008 State Department cable released by WikiLeaks shows that Putin was so concerned about the matter that he had then-Russian Deputy Foreign Minister [[Sergey Kislyak]] lobby then U.S. Ambassador to Moscow William Burns to try win Deripaska's entry to the United States. "Kislyak parried with a demand for more information on the U.S. refusal to issue Oleg Deripaska a visa. Ambassador said he had already provided our response,” the cable said. Putin eventually dispatched Kislyak to be his ambassador in Washington.

In 2018, Manafort plead guilty to money laundering and tax evasion schemes he was involved in while employed by John McCain.<ref>[https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4883168-Manafort-DC-Superseding-Criminal-Information.html#document/p1 Item 7, Manafort plea deal].</ref>

===2008 Presidential Campaign===

{{main|John McCain 2008 Presidential Campaign}}

McCain announced his run for President in early 2007 at New Hampshire, a state which had boosted his floundering 2000 run for President. From the onset, he ran on an unwavering support for the Iraq War and a close tie to President Bush, stemming from his shift during the 2004 election. The Republican Party was highly splintered among political groups, with strong constituents of the Christian social conservatives (Sam Brownback and Mike Huckabee), anti-immigration activists (Duncan Hunter, Tom Tancredo), and the blockbuster fundraisers, Mitt Romney and Rudy Giuliani, who appeared to be media favorites upon entry. McCain was not seen as a viable candidate by many Republicans because of his strong support for immigration reform and distaste for political fund-raising. Mitt Romney, for instance, had raised $23 million in the first three months of 2007, for instance, three times that of Sen. McCain.<ref>Cook, Charles. "The 2008 Presidential Primaries: What in America's Name Is Going On?" The Washington Quarterly Vol. 31 Issue 3 pp. 193-204.</ref>

Christian conservatives overwhelmingly backed Mike Huckabee and Sam Brownback, rejecting McCain from longstanding offense he had struck during his 2000 run. John McCain had called politically-charged leaders such as Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson "agents of intolerance" for their part in a smear campaign during the South Carolina Primary. Many Christians were angered by these remarks, and fumed that they would field a Third Party candidate if McCain was chosen as the nominee. McCain had shown unfavorable views on abortion and religious initiatives in the past, and many Republican voters were worried that he could not be a reliably conservative candidate.<ref>Luo, Michael. "Evangelicals see Dilemma in GOP Field." July 8, 2007. New York Times.</ref>

Sen. McCain's unwavering support for victory in Iraq was made into a hot-button issue by many politicians following stories of insurgent violence erupting during early 2007. People began to fear the worst in Iraq, and the idea of a timetable for withdrawal became a major issue. At this time, conservative Republicans also feared McCain's position on immigration reform, and booed him loudly at the 2007 Conservative Political Action Conference. A news story by the New York Times was a major blow to the campaign, which reported that a scandalous affair between McCain and a lobbyist had taken place. It was found to be completely false, but the story severely hurt his political advances.

When news had spread that McCain's campaign bankrupted and "imploded" in the summer of 2007, the Republican nomination began a period of quick shifting; other candidates began to soar in the polls, detracting McCain's support. Rudy Giuliani, who collected a strong following based on his leadership as "America's Mayor", began to court evangelical Christians who felt uneasy about McCain, gaining the endorsement of televangelist Pat Robertson. However, as his less-than-flattering personal life and liberal positions on social issues became apparent, he quickly lost momentum to Fred Thompson and Mike Huckabee.<ref>Cook, Charles. "The 2008 Presidential Primaries: What in America's Name Is Going On?" The Washington Quarterly Vol. 31 Issue 3 pp. 193-204.</ref> Fred Thompson, who entered late in the race, quickly withdrew because of lackadaisical popularity and poor fund-raising efforts. Huckabee remained popular in the Southern United States, but failed to win major contests among independents and Democrat voters.

Liberals, Democrats, Progressives, and the [[mainstream media]] painted McCain as a [[racist]] and [[traitor]] based on his record as a POW.<ref>https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/14/uselections2008-johnmccain</ref>

Romney had the edge in early races, but couldn't deliver a knockout blow. McCain's poll numbers slowly increased and benefited as the field narrowed. After McCain defeated top contender Mitt Romney by a large margin on Super Tuesday in delegate-rich states like New York, California, and Arizona,<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18772382 Mitt Romney Drops Out of GOP Presidential Race], [[NPR]], Scott Neuman and Howard Berkes. February 7, 2008.</ref> Mitt Romney withdrew with some protest, leaving McCain the clear front-runner.<ref>Bumiller, Elisabeth, Kirkpatrick, David. "Romney Is Out; McCain Emerges as G.O.P. Choice." Feb. 8, 2008. New York Times.</ref> Although McCain's proportion of the vote was not much higher than Romney's, he won most of the 'winner take all' states giving him a much higher proportion of the delegate count. Without Romney's well-financed opposition, McCain easily clinched the necessary delegate lead of 1,191 in March after a spirited yet short-lived fight from Mike Huckabee.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18739137 Election 2008: Huckabee, Romney Stay in Race for GOP Nomination], [[NPR]], February 6, 2008.</ref>

McCain had won the nomination and could focus on the [[2008 United States Presidential Election]].

==Domestic Policy==
[[Image:McCain_on_Meet_the_Press.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Senator John McCain discusses his opinions with Tim Russert on "Meet the Press", 2005]]

===Balanced Budget===
McCain emphasized reducing government spending over tax cuts. He was one of the Senate's most outspoken critics of pork-barrel spending and had pledged to veto any bill with pork as President. Congressional experience enabled John McCain to identify items that were unnecessary. McCain's website claimed he was fiscally responsible with the taxpayers' money and created a simple method to detect spending abuses.<ref>[http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Issues.View&Issue_id=d1a878d9-f16c-4570-b402-9d1bc3fe6ab9] , http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Issues.View&Issue_id=d1a878d9-f16c-4570-b402-9d1bc3fe6ab9, U.S. Senate Pork Barrel Spending</ref>

* An appropriation that is not properly authorized by the Senate and not requested by the Administration.
* An unauthorized and unrequested, locality-specific or facility-specific earmark (including those funds that are above the Administration request).
* A budget add-on that would be subject to a budget point of order.
* The transfer or disposal of federal property or items under terms that circumvent existing law.
* New items added in conference that were never considered in either bill in either House.

===Economy===
Upon his party gaining the White House in 2001, McCain opposed a $1.35 trillion cut in [[taxation]] over 10 years, but switched his position around 2006, and voted to renew it twice. The plan included the objectives of doubling the child tax credit from $500 to $1,000, reducing the tax penalty on [[marriage|married couples]] and fully repealing the [[Estate tax|tax on estates]]. A [[United States Senate]] Finance Committee Report estimated that with all the planned reductions fully phased in, the average family of four making $50,000 would save $1,825 per year.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes/ $1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law], [[CNN]], 21 June 2001</ref>

Since the tax cuts, [[IRS]] revenues increased from $1.78 trillion in 2003 to $2.56 trillion in 2007 with a 46.3% increase of individual income tax receipts. Surging $785 billion since the 2003 investment tax cuts, it is the largest four-year revenue increase in U.S. history<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119189497675953035 The Shrinking Deficit], [[Wall Street Journal]]</ref>

During this same time period, spending mandated by Congress has also increased by more than 29 percent in inflation-adjusted dollars, representing an 11.4 percent increase in federal spending as a percentage of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. This spending has doubled the federal debt, increasing it from 58 to 66 percent of GDP. Defense spending increased 61 percent, and non-defense by 23 percent during the eight years since 2000. The largest non-defense spending increase has been for federally-funded medical expenses, at 54 percent.<ref>[http://www.aier.org/research/commentaries/750-big-government-under-the-bush-administration Big Government Under The Bush Administration], AIER, 16 November 2008</ref> In total, Congress and the White House has increased government expenditures by the largest percentage since the administration of President [[Lyndon Johnson]], but McCain has opposed every earmark put forward in the Democratic and Republican congresses, even ones Bush supported. Part of the huge spending increases are directly traceable to the economic repercussions of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the economic downturn in its aftermath, and increased defense and Homeland Security spending. However, this appears likely to be eclipsed by the spending plans of [[Barack Obama]], who pledged on 6 December 2008 to invest "record amounts of money" in infrastructure, a plan which some members of Congress are estimating at $400 to $700 billion.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/us/politics/07radio.html?ref=us Obama Pledges Public Works on a Vast Scale], [[The New York Times]], 6 December 2008</ref>

McCain's policies caused general economic growth. This was partially due to changes in the stock market that lead to a record high in 2007, although the [[NASDAQ]] was still down considerably from the levels it was at before the Dot-com bubble burst. Corporations showed profits growing by double digits growth.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/markets/us/2006-05-08-mart-usat_x.htm Dow closing in on record high], [[USA Today]]</ref> Even the working class benefited from the Bush economy, as unemployment hit an all-time low in March 2007.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/economy</ref> McCain supported a minimum wage increase, one of the platforms for the Democrats in the 2006 Congressional elections, after the House and Senate included McCain's request of provisions for small-business tax breaks.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/20/AR2006122001784.html Bush Supports Democrats' Minimum Wage Hike Plan], [[Washington Post]]</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011001666.html House Passes Increase in Minimum Wage to $7.25], [[Washington Post]]</ref> Tax policies have been favorable to reducing the [[Capital Gains Tax]], with a subsequent surge in investment.

===Earmarks===
John McCain staunchly opposed [[earmarks]] as [[corrupt]] and wasteful spending. In his 28 years in federal government, McCain never requested an earmark. He vigorously crusaded against earmarks in his 2008 presidential campaign.

===Education===
McCain supported [[school vouchers]] and [[charter school]]s. His voting record showed support for reducing the federal government's role in [[education]]. He voted for school vouchers for Washington, D.C., education savings accounts, and against $5 billion for grants to local educational agencies. McCain sponsored the Education A-Plus bill in 1997 and again in 1999, which allowed parents to open tax-free saving accounts for their children's school supplies. McCain also co-sponsored the Child Nutrition Act, which would provide [[federal funding]] for at-risk children. He has publicly stated he supports [[intelligent design]] teaching in schools.<ref>http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/politics/90069 "On Tuesday, though, he sided with the president on two issues that have made headlines recently: teaching intelligent design in schools...McCain told the Star that, like Bush, he believes "all points of view" should be available to students studying the origins of mankind."</ref>

===Health Care===
McCain's record and stated positions on [[health care]] were mixed. He claimed to oppose socialized health care and health coverage mandates. McCain supported tax credits for personal health savings accounts and enhancing competition in the healthcare industry to improve quality and lower costs. He also supported allowing citizens to purchase out-of-state health insurance. In an October 2007 statement, McCain said: "In health care, we believe in enhancing the freedom of individuals to receive necessary and desired care. We do not believe in coercion and the use of state power to mandate care, coverage or costs." McCain is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership.<ref>[http://www.republicanmainstreet.org/healthcare.htm Pro Healthcare]</ref> However, in 2017, McCain cast the deciding vote to keep [[ObamaCare]], which went completely against those stated positions.

===Energy===
John McCain stated "ethanol subsidies, tariff barriers and sugar quotas drive up food prices and hurt Americans. However, we cannot take the wrong direction and cut off trade for American goods."<ref>[http://www.johnmccain.com/Informing/Issues/4dbd2cc7-890e-47f1-882f-b8fc4cfecc78.htm], McCain Economic Plan</ref> "America’s most vital interests call us to the mission of energy security, and so does our sense of honor. And the straightest, swiftest path to energy security is to produce more, use less, and find new sources of power — so that no commodity can determine our security, and no crisis can undermine our economy," McCain said in Houston, TX, June 16, 2008. He proposes to remove federal obstacles to offshore drilling. Among his major initiatives is the removal of the 27-year old federal moratorium on states’ abilities to explore and drill for oil and natural gas.<ref>[http://embeds.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/06/17/mccain-slaps-obama-on-energy-calls-for-more-drilling/ McCain slaps Obama on energy], June 17th, 2008</ref> In addition, he wants the states to receive incentives and royalties to drill. The current ban on offshore drilling covers an estimated 80 percent of U.S. coastal waters."We've seen the impact of it in the form of food prices, in the form of gasoline, in the form of threats of inflation and indeed indications of inflation, and we must embark on a national mission to eliminate our dependence on foreign oil." <ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-06-16-2824987828_x.htm McCain urges end to ban on offshore drilling], [[USA Today]]</ref> He indicated, though, that the end of the ban on offshore drilling would have mostly psychological effects in the short term. At a town hall meeting, McCain stated, "I don't see an immediate relief, but I do see that exploitation of existing reserves that may exist -- and in view of many experts that do exist off our coasts -- is also a way that we need to provide relief. Even though it may take some years, the fact that we are exploiting those reserves would have psychological impact that I think is beneficial."
He would support incentives for building new nuclear power plants.<ref>[http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2008/06/24/4434679-obamamccain-psychological-benefit?lite Obama/McCain: 'Psychological' benefit?], [[MSNBC]]</ref> John McCain wants more nuclear reactors to increase America's energy independence. He is calling for the construction of 45 new reactors by 2030. Also, McCain wants to increase federal funds for clean coal technology by 2 billion dollars to reduce dependence on foreign oil.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/19/us/politics/19nuke.html?_r=0 McCain Sets Goal of 45 New Nuclear Reactors by 2030], [[The New York Times]]</ref>
McCain supports increasing ethanol imports and more production of hybrid vehicles. He is co-sponsor of a Senate cap-and-trade bill designed to limit greenhouse gas emissions. He has consistently voted for preserving the budget for ANWR but against drilling for [[oil]] in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] (ANWR), because of environmental concerns. Conservationists differ from conservatives that 2000 acres for oil drilling is not enough to impact [[polar bears]] in the region.

===Environment===
McCain's position on [[global warming]] issues put him at odds with conservatives. On January 2007, McCain said, "we continue to learn more about the science of climate change and the dangerous precedence of not addressing this environmental problem. The science tells us that urgent and significant action is needed." On October 30, 2003, he co-sponsored the Climate Stewardship Act (S.139), which was defeated. McCain was a member of, and was endorsed by, the Republicans for Environmental Protection organization. His conservative stances included voting to confirm Gale Norton as Secretary of Interior and he is in favor of renewable energy such as solar, hydro, and wind. "Wind power is one of many alternative energy sources that are changing our economy for the better, and one day they will change our economy forever."

===Immigration===
McCain flip-flopped on immigration issues, but he leaned toward the [[Liberal|Left]] on the issue. In 2007, McCain worked to provide border security efforts with a temporary worker program and an eventual path to citizenship for many illegal immigrants. Conservatives wanted nothing to do with the proposal and in June 2007, Congress' efforts collapsed. McCain said of the outcome,"I say it is a lesson learned about what the American people's priorities are. And their priority is to secure the borders." <ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-11-03-610628094_x.htm McCain emphasizes border security], [[AP]], November 4, 2007</ref> "..I support the same solution. But we've got to secure the borders first" says McCain

On Jan. 5, regarding the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Senator McCain announced that anyone who says he supported amnesty is "a liar, is lying." The senator stated "I do not support, nor would I ever support, any services provided to someone who came to this country illegally, nor would I ever and I never have supported [[Social Security]] benefits for people who are in this country illegally. Any assertion to the contrary is absolutely false." During the comprehensive immigration reform debate, Senator McCain voted to table an amendment that would have prevented illegal immigrants from receiving Social Security who "are not able to receive Social Security benefits as a result of unlawful activity."<ref>https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00130</ref> Senator McCain stated in a May 29, 2003 interview, "Amnesty has to be an important part because there are people who have lived in this country for 20, 30 or 40 years, who have raised children here and pay taxes here and are not citizens." Arguing amnesty is not a free pass or a reward for law breaking, McCain stated, "Well, because amnesty, according to the dictionary, is forgiveness. The proposal that we had- would require fines, would require back in the line, would require deportation for some. It would require others to go back to the country of their origin" <ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/John_McCain_Immigration.htm] , Ontheissues.com, John McCain on Immigration</ref> At the [[Republican]] debate at the Reagan Library, McCain stated he supports the deportation of 2 million illegals who have committed crimes in the USA.

Conversely, in a June 2008 meeting with Hispanic leaders in Chicago, McCain indicated he would push legislation to overhaul federal immigration laws if elected. According to one attendee, Rosanna Pulido, head of the Illinois [[Minuteman Project]], ""He's one John McCain in front of white Republicans. And he's a different John McCain in front of Hispanics..." <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008102435/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/06/20/mccain-discusses-immigrat_n_108297.html McCain Discusses Immigration With Hispanic Leaders]</ref><ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-06-19-4020801806_x.htm McCain Meets With Hispanic Leaders]</ref> Pulido further stated, "He was telling one group of people one thing and the Hispanics another, I'm a conservative and I think he's throwing conservatives under the bus."<ref>[http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/06/title----mcca-1.html McCain Double-Talk on Immigration?]</ref> Due to his support, members of the Minuteman Project, participating in the Minuteman Project Caravan, traveled to Washington, D.C. to register their disapproval. They made an entry into McCain's Guest Log Book asking him to uphold the Constitution and enforce the law. After making the entry, the group was forced to leave by a senior staffer for Senator McCain or be reported to the police.<ref>[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1643181/posts Minuteman Project Thrown Out of McCain's Office]</ref>

Senator McCain's position on illegal immigration arguably resulted in the most criticisms from conservatives. On May 12, 2005, McCain joined Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] (D-[[Massachusetts]]) as co-sponsor of the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act. The bill would legalize and eventually grant citizenship to the estimated 12–20 million [[illegal alien]]s in the United States and have them immediately start collecting social security and other government benefits. The bill never came for a vote on the Senate floor. The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 and the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 are two additional compromises based on the original McCain-Kennedy bill. McCain has consistently voted for visas for skilled workers. McCain voted for the Secure Fence Act of 2006 and has said border security should be a bigger priority then the illegal aliens who are currently here.

In 2018, McCain criticized pro-Trump Republicans' views on immigration, claiming they were on the "wrong side of ... progress" and siding with the [[establishment]].<ref name="Lee2018">Lee, Tony (May 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/05/09/john-mccain-pro-trump-republicans-wrong-side-immigration-debate/ John McCain: Pro-Trump Republicans on ‘Wrong Side’ of Immigration Debate]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 9, 2018.</ref> In June 2018, McCain condemned Trump for pursuing a zero tolerance border policy despite having supported the same policy with [[Jeff Flake]] as recently as 2015.<ref>Munro, Neil (June 19, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/2018-elections/2018/06/19/sen-mccain-flip-flops-zero-tolerance-urges-no-detention-migrants/ Sen. McCain Flip-Flops on ‘Zero Tolerance,’ Now Urges Zero Enforcement]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 19, 2018.</ref><ref>Tillett, Emily (June 19, 2018). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-mccain-slams-family-separation-policy-as-an-affront-to-american-decency/ John McCain slams family separation policy as an "affront" to American decency]. ''CBS News''. Retrieved June 19, 2018.</ref>

===Global Trade===
McCain actively supported reducing barriers to trade and so-called [[Free trade|"Free" Trade]] Agreements (FTA). McCain supported both pending FTAs for Columbia and [[South Korea]].<ref>[http://useconomy.about.com/od/candidatesandtheeconomy/p/McCain_Trade.htm], John McCain and Trade</ref> He voted for and defends the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

===Social Security===
McCain was a strong supporter of private [[Social Security]] accounts.

===Tax Reform===
In 2001, McCain gained attention as one of only two Republicans who voted against President Bush's tax cuts. He opposed accelerating the cuts in 2003, saying, "I voted against the tax cuts because of the disproportional amount that went to the wealthiest Americans. I would clearly support not extending those tax cuts in order to help address the deficit." He has now changed his stance, by voting to make the tax cuts permanent, and says he would do the same as President. In 2002, Senator McCain was one of only two Republicans to twice vote against the permanent repeal of the Death Tax. He has also refused to sign a pledge put forth by Americans for Tax Freedom not to impose any new taxes or increase existing taxes. However, many of McCain's votes has shown support for lower taxes, such as eliminating the marriage penalty, a 1997 vote to cut capital gains taxes and he introduced measures that would require a sixty-vote majority to pass a tax increase.

==Foreign Policy==

===Globalism===
McCain was a [[globalist]] who supports greater international cooperation, including through unaccountable international organizations.<ref name="McCainWhines"/> He has defended organizations such as the [[European Union]].<ref name="McCainWhines"/>

===National Security===

McCain urged the Senate to pass FISA. "For months, House Democrats, the [[ACLU]], and the trial lawyers have held up legislation to modernize our nation's terrorist surveillance laws. Today, the House passed a compromise bill to end this impasse. While I would have preferred to see the Senate bill enacted, which I voted for earlier this year, I am pleased Congressional leaders and the Administration were able to reach an agreement to reform our current surveillance law and not let FISA expire in August. I hope [[United States Senate|Senate]] Democrats will allow this matter to quickly be considered by the Senate and sent to the President for his signature. I will support this measure and hope that politics will be put aside in favor of this vital national security matter."<ref>[http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=a7f9dc6c-da0e-459d-dd6c-91e20a46e1e5] , McCAIN URGES SENATE PASSAGE OF FISA
, June 20, 2008</ref> Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was established in 1978.

McCain voted in support of the [[Patriot Act|USA PATRIOT Act]] as well as National Missile Defense. However, he joined [[liberal]]s in support of immediately closing [[Guantanamo Bay]], and moving all the prisoners to Fort Leavenworth. On October 3, 2005, he introduced the McCain Detainee Amendment which prohibits inhumane treatment of prisoners, including prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. The bill was passed and signed by President [[George W. Bush]]. McCain has recently criticized the practice of [[waterboarding]], saying "they should know what it is. It is not a complicated procedure. It is torture." McCain voted against HR 2082, the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, which included provisions that would have prevented the CIA from waterboarding prisoners.

===Afghanistan===
After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] McCain was a strong advocate for military action in [[Afghanistan]], saying:

''We did not cause this war. Our enemies did, and they are to blame for the deprivations and difficulties it occasions. They are to'' ''blame for the loss of innocent life. They are to blame for the geopolitical problems confronting our friends and us. We can help'' ''repair the damage of war. But to do so, we must destroy the people who started it.'' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20011108001125/http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=95001375 No Substitute for Victory]</ref>

McCain called for 15,000 additional troops to address the situation in Afghanistan, similar to his victorious 2007 troop surge in Iraq.

===Iran===
McCain said that "We continue to be concerned about [[Iran]]ian influence and assistance to Hezbollah as well as Iranian pursuit of nuclear weapons." He tried to ban Iran from playing in the 2006 World Cup, citing Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]'s [[Holocaust]] denials.

===Iraq===
[[Image:610x.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Senator John McCain with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri Maliki, 03/17/08]] McCain voted with the majority [[Republican]] Party and 29 Democrats of the Senate in favor of the 2002 "[[Iraq War]] Resolution" authorizing President George W. Bush to go to war against Iraq and overthrow the [[Saddam Hussein]] regime. In 1998, McCain voted in favor of HR 4655 Iraq Liberation Act, signed by then-President Clinton.<ref>[http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Legislation/ILA.htm], http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Legislation/ILA.htm, HR4655 Public Law: 105-338, October 31, 1998</ref> HR 4655 declares that it should be the policy of the United States to seek to remove the Saddam Hussein regime from power in Iraq and to replace it with a democratic government. McCain went on to became a critic of the management of the war, arguing that there wasn't enough troop strength in the area. However, he never became a defeatist advocating surrender. McCain publicly stated that he had "no confidence" in then-Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]]. However, he refused to call for his resignation, saying that "the President picks his team, and the president has the right to stay with that team if he wants to." McCain became one of the strongest leading advocates in the Senate for the 2007 troop surge, which increased the number of American troops by 20,500, deployed to provide security to [[Baghdad]] and Al Anbar Province. On February 4, he criticized a non-binding resolution opposing the troop buildup, calling it a reckless "vote of no confidence" in the U.S. Commanders and in the military. Additionally, he voted against all measures aimed at withdrawal of U.S. forces and voted against cutting off of war funds. McCain rightly believes that Congress should not micromanage the war and to give the military everything they ask for to successfully complete the mission. He has mentioned in a town hall forum that staying the course in Iraq for 'a hundred years' would not bother him if no American soldier's were losing their lives. This became an issue for Democratic political strategy. The DNC lead by chairman [[Howard Dean]] repeatedly tried to use false statements in justifying attacking McCain.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080515102655/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/04/mccains_100year_war.html McCain's '100-year war'], [[Washington Post]], April 2, 2008</ref> What McCain said is very different from what the liberal media and the DNC were reporting. Asked in Derry, NH of the willingness to keep troops in Iraq for 50 years, he said "Make it 100" and

{{QuoteBox|"That's fine with me as long as Americans are not being injured or harmed or wounded or killed."}}

===Russia===
[[File:John-mccain-sergei-millian-600x395.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Alleged Russian agent [[Sergei Millian]] colluding with Sen. John McCain.]]
Senator McCain strongly criticized [[Russia]]n President [[Vladimir Putin]]. During a primary debate he said, "He bullies his neighbors and he wants to get a control of the energy supply of Western Europe. This is a dangerous person. And he has to understand that there's a cost to some of his actions." In 2005 McCain and [[Connecticut]] senator [[Joe Lieberman]] drafted a resolution banning Russia from attending the Group of 8 (G8) international forum. McCain is also a strong supporter of ballistic national missile defenses.

===Cuba===
McCain forcefully supported the [[United States embargo against Cuba]] and believed it should be maintained until certain specific political freedoms are restored to the country.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/us/politics/21mccain.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&fta=y&adxnnlx=1222106556-zea3cQG12OakFI9P97dogQ Cuba Is Topic as McCain Continues Attack on Obama], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

===Syria===
During the [[Syrian Civil War]] McCain wanted to arm the Islamist opposition with weapons and also called for an air strike against the Syrian president [[Bashar al-Assad]].<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/03/05/mccain-calls-for-air-strikes-against-syrias-assad/ McCain calls for air strikes against Syria's Assad], [[Fox News]]</ref>

===Egypt===
After the [[Egypt]]ian dictator [[Mohammed Morsi]] was set down, McCain called it a "coup".<ref>[http://cnsnews.com/news/article/mccain-worries-egypt-may-suffer-prolonged-violence McCain worries Egypt may suffer prolonged violence], [[CNS News]]</ref>

===Ukraine===
During the [[Ukrainian crisis]] McCain called U.S. military support for Ukraine "right and decent". He called for [[President Obama]] to take actions to restore the United States' credibility and strength around the world.<ref>
http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/03/15/mccain-calls-u-s-military-support-for-ukraine-right-and-decent/</ref> McCain praised the decision of [[President Trump]] to provide anti-tank munitions to Ukraine and called it "another significant step in the right direction". He explained that this action "sends a strong signal that the United States will stand by its allies and partners as they fight to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity. This decision is years overdue".<ref>https://www.unian.info/politics/2315336-mccain-comments-on-trumps-decision-to-provide-anti-tank-munitions-to-ukraine.html</ref>

==Social Issues==
===Abortion===
{{QuoteBox|"If I am fortunate enough to be elected as the next President of the United States, I pledge to you to be a loyal and unswerving friend of the right to life movement."}}

Sen. John McCain had more than a twenty-year [[pro-life]] record, first in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], then in the U.S. Senate. McCain voted 11 times on anti-abortion and other pro-life issues in the House. Senator McCain has voted 119 times on anti-abortion and other pro-life measures in the Senate.<ref>[http://www.naral.org/assets/files/mccain_fact_sheet.pdf], http://www.naral.org/assets/files/mccain_fact_sheet.pdf</ref>

McCain's record in the Senate on abortion was pro-life. He voted for the 2003 Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act. McCain has also voted against government funding of birth control and sex education.<ref>https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00214 Voted Nay on an amendment to authorize grants to carry out programs to provide education on preventing teen pregnancies</ref><ref>https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00075 Vote against allocation of $100m for prevention of unintended pregnancies</ref><ref>http://www.nowpublic.com/quiet-campaign-against-contraception Arizona Republican Sen. John McCain's campaign officials boast that he has "consistently voted against taxpayer-funded contraception programs." And Mr. McCain reports that his adviser on sexual-health matters is Sen. Tom Coburn, Republican of Oklahoma, who leads campaigns claiming condoms are unsafe and opposing emergency contraception.</ref> During his first Presidential campaign for the 2000 election, McCain said the following on [[Roe v. Wade]], "I'd love to see a point where it is irrelevant, and could be repealed because abortion is no longer necessary. But certainly in the short term, or even the long term, I would not support repeal of Roe v. Wade, which would then force X number of women in America to [undergo] illegal and dangerous operations." <ref>[https://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2007/feb/07021908.html McCain’s Rejection of Roe v. Wade Seems As Wobbly as His Rejection of Gay "Marriage"], [[LifeSiteNews]]</ref> He has since changed his position, saying Roe v. Wade should be overturned.

John McCain:
* Voted against a [[Roe v. Wade]] resolution
* Co-sponsored and voted for the Federal Abortion Ban
* Supported H.R.1997, the Unborn Victims of Violence Act
* Voted for four anti-abortion U.S. Supreme Court judges
* Voted for six anti-abortion lower court judges
* Supported H.R.3913, to prohibit federal funds for abortion services in any case
* Voted to make it a federal crime for anyone but a parent to cross state lines for abortion termination
* Voted in favor of a national network of parental notification.

====Quotations====
“I do not support Roe v. Wade. It should be overturned.” <ref>Ann Althouse, Rudy & Mitt Hem & Haw on Abortion, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 24, 2007.</ref>

*"I have many, many votes and it’s been consistent. And I’ve got a consistent zero from NARAL throughout all those years…."<ref>John McCain for President 2008, On the Issues: Human Dignity and the Sanctity of Life</ref>
*"My record is clear, and I think the important thing is you look at people’s voting record because sometimes rhetoric can be a little… misleading…. As you know I don’t support Roe v. Wade…. I thought it was a bad decision, and I think that the decision should be made in the states"<ref>John McCain for President 2008, On the Issues: Human Dignity and the Sanctity of Life</ref>
*“I’m proud that we have Justice Alito and Roberts on the United States Supreme Court. I’m very proud to have played a very small role in making that happen.” McCain explained further that he “will try to find clones of Alito and Roberts” to fill future court vacancies.<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/politics/story.php?id=26539], Letter from Sen. John McCain to Pro‐Life Community Janary 23, 2008</ref>

===Gun Control===
McCain's record on [[gun control]] was mixed. He co-sponsored the Gun Show Loophole Closing and Gun Law Enforcement Act of 2001. This act would reduce the number of gun shows, require gun-owners to purchase trigger locks, and allow federal agents to arrest those who violate federal gun laws. However, McCain has frequently voted in support of the Second Amendment, such as voting against background checks at gun shows and voting in support of prohibiting lawsuits against gun manufacturers. In August 1999, McCain said he was open to voting for an assault weapon ban, depending on the details. However, he still voted against the Federal Assault Weapons Ban and the efforts to renew it, as well as the Brady Bill.

A top official of the [[National Rifle Association]] said McCain was a reliable ally of gun owners despite divisions with the powerful lobbying group on some issues. NRA executive vice president Wayne LaPierre told The Associated Press "...We're not foolish enough to ignore the vast areas of agreement in which John McCain has been a friend to gun owners." <ref>[http://www.gopusa.com/news/2008/may/0514_nra_mccain.shtml], http://www.gopusa.com/news/2008/may/0514_nra_mccain.shtml, NRA chief stresses common ground with McCain, May 14, 2008</ref> The Republican presidential nominee has voted against a ban on assault-type weapons with restrictions which were objected. In 2013 he voted to block his colleagues' filibuster and was one of four Republicans who voted for the Manchin-Toomey background checks gun control bill.

===Same-sex marriage===
In the speech on the Senate floor July 13, 2004, McCain stated "Mr. President, most Americans believe, as I do, that the institution of marriage should be reserved for the union of a man and a woman."<ref>http://www.friendsofmccain.com/news/dspnews.cfm?id=143</ref> John McCain revealed his decision based on super majority requirements and the current political realities within Congress. “By my count, there is not at this time even a small majority of senators who would vote for Senator Allard’s amendment, much less the 67 votes required by the Constitution. That won’t change, Mr. President, unless public opinion changes significantly. The [[Founders]], wisely, made certain that the Constitution is difficult to amend, and, as a practical political matter, can’t be done without overwhelming public approval. And thank God for that. Were it any easier I fear we could not make the claim for the Constitution’s enduring success that I have just made." Further, he explained his approach to the amendment's ultimate success “If a constitution is to be amended, Mr. President, it should be a state constitution." McCain voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment. In May 2008, the California Supreme Court effectively created a ruling to grant same-sex partners equal rights to [[Marriage]] and to be recognized by the state. A spokesman for Republican John McCain, who opposes gay marriage, said the Arizona senator "doesn't believe judges should be making these decisions."

===Evolution===
McCain was an evolutionist:

{{QuoteBox|"I think Americans should be exposed to every point of view, I happen to [[believe in evolution]]. ... I respect those who think the world was created in seven days. Should it be taught as a science class? '''Probably not'''." [http://thinkprogress.org/2007/02/12/mccain-creationism/]}}

==Relationship with conservatives and tea partiers==
McCain had a very strained relationship with the traditional conservative base over the years, with some going as far as to describe his relationship with grassroots activists as "vicious".<ref>[https://www.newsmax.com/Politics/Ken-Cuccinelli-John-McCain-Senate-Conservatives-republican/2015/04/09/id/637565/ Cuccinelli: 'Vicious Anti-Conservative' McCain Must be Ousted], [[Newsmax]]</ref> Instead, McCain has seemingly preferred to pal around with liberal journalists.

===The Press===
As early as the 2000 election, McCain's own aids jokingly used to say that "McCain's base was the media".<ref>[https://www.weeklystandard.com/mccain-and-the-conservatives/article/14601 McCain and the Conservatives], [[Weekly Standard]]</ref> Over the years, McCain's loyalty to conservatives drifted further apart, while he continued to shore up his base in the media.<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/mccain-feeds-his-base-bbq-84405 McCain Feeds His ‘Base’ BBQ], [[Newsweek]]</ref><ref>[https://www.nysun.com/opinion/wooing-the-press/78708/ Wooing the Press]</ref>

===Bill Cunningham===
{{main|John McCain 2008 Presidential Campaign}}

During a campaign stop for then-candidate McCain, [[Bill Cunningham]] stated: "at one point, the media will quit taking sides in this thing and start covering Barack Hussein Obama." McCain took offense to these remarks, specifically the use of Obama's middle name "Hussein", and went on the offense against Cunningham.<ref>[https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/26/mccain-repudiates-hussein-obama-remarks/?_r=0 McCain Repudiates ‘Hussein Obama’ Remarks], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

===Hobbits, Wacko Birds, and more===
On July 27, 2011, McCain derided<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/28/nation/la-na-mccain-tea-party-20110728 John McCain derides 'tea party hobbits' in debt ceiling fight], [[Los Angeles Times]]</ref> members of the Tea Party in a speech on the floor of the Senate,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7GfPEtyQsE McCain Floor Speech - Tea Party Hobbits], He said: "The idea seems to be, that if the House GOP refuses to raise the debt ceiling, a default crisis or gradual government shutdown will ensue, and the public will turn en-masse against Barack Obama. The Republican House that failed to raise the debt ceiling would somehow escape all the blame. Then Democrats would have no choice but to pass a balanced budget amendment and reform entitlements, and the tea party hobbits would return to middle earth having defeated Mordor."</ref> where he stated his disagreement with "tea party hobbits". The following night, he appeared on Hannity's show on Fox, and continued to act indignant about his position.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgnRtPHnOH4 John McCain Defends Trashing Tea Party]</ref>

A month later McCain was asked about his "Lord of the Rings" reference, and he still refused to apologize.<ref>[https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/176055--mccain-not-sorry-for-tea-party-hobbits-comment Sen. McCain won’t apologize for ‘Tea Party hobbits’ comment]</ref>

When John Brennan was nominated for the position as CIA director, Rand Paul led a filibuster in opposition. He was later joined by senators Mike Lee, Ted Cruz, Jerry Moran, Marco Rubio, Saxby Chambliss, and Pat Toomey. In response, McCain called Paul, Lee, and Cruz "Wacko birds".<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/article/349919/mccain-against-wacko-birds-jonathan-strong McCain Against the ‘Wacko Birds’], [[National Review]]</ref>

Shortly after [[Jim DeMint]] left the senate and joined the [[Heritage Foundation]], McCain stated that the organization "just doesn’t have the credibility".<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/mccain-against-heritage McCain Against Heritage]</ref>

===Arizona Purges===
Lost in McCain's high-profile national activity has been what McCain does in his home state of Arizona.<ref>[https://www.politico.com/story/2014/12/john-mccain-arizona-tea-party-113849 McCain's big purge], [[Politico]], The Arizona senator’s team has been ridding the state’s GOP apparatus of his tea party foes.</ref>

In Arizona, McCain gained considerable ire from conservative activists for his unseating of conservative activists from positions, in order to lay the continued groundwork for his own re-elections.<ref>[https://hotair.com/archives/2014/12/30/mccains-team-quietly-purging-arizona-gop-of-tea-party-foes-before-2016-reelection-bid/ McCain’s team quietly purging Arizona GOP of tea-party foes before 2016 reelection bid]</ref> There was some speculation that this was revenge for him being censured by the AZ GOP.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/point/248414/mccain-using-obama-san-francisco-donor-purge-daniel-greenfield McCain Using Obama San Francisco Donor to Purge Arizona Tea Partiers]</ref><ref>[http://archive.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20140125arizona-republican-party-mccain-censure-gop.html Arizona GOP censures McCain for ‘disastrous’ record]</ref>

===IRS Targeting===
On April 9, 2015, [[Judicial Watch]] released documents pointing to pressure against Lois Lerner to target [[Tea Party]] groups, seemingly coming from senators [[Carl Levin]] and John McCain.<ref>[http://www.judicialwatch.org/press-room/press-releases/judicial-watch-irs-documents-reveal-lerner-knew-targeting-criteria-of-nonprofit-groups-might-raise-questions/ Judicial Watch: IRS Documents Reveal Lerner Knew Targeting Criteria of Nonprofit Groups ‘Might Raise Questions’]</ref><ref>[https://arizonadailyindependent.com/2015/04/11/key-mccain-aides-moved-to-silence-tea-party/ Key McCain Aides Moved To Silence Tea Party]</ref> McCain was quick to respond on Twitter, stating that the reports were "false".<ref>[https://pjmedia.com/blog/john-mccain-lashes-out-at-judicial-watch-over-damning-irs-doc-release/ John McCain Lashes Out at Judicial Watch over Damning IRS Doc Release]</ref><ref>[http://www.judicialwatch.org/blog/2015/04/mccain-counters-reports-of-jws-recent-irs-doc-release/ McCain Counters Reports of JW’s Recent IRS Doc Release]</ref>

==Personal life==
[[Image:Cindy McCain.jpg|thumb|Cindy McCain]]
McCain has been married twice. His first marriage, to Carol Shepp, ended in [[divorce]] in 1980 after 15 years, of which he spent five in captivity. McCain publicly acknowledges the responsibility for the breakup as his, stating in a 2008 interview with Pastor Rick Warren that "My greatest moral failing, and I have been a very imperfect person, is the failure of my first marriage".<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/rules021299.htm Rewriting the Rules], [[Washington Post]]</ref> His second and current wife is Cindy Lou Hensley, to whom he has been married for 28 years. His son John Sidney IV is a Midshipman at the [[United States Naval Academy]], Annapolis, and his son James is a non-commissioned officer in the [[United States Marine Corps]], who is serving in [[Iraq]] as part of [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]]. Also, the McCains adopted a ten-week old baby girl in 1993, who they named Bridget, from [[Mother Teresa]]'s orphanage in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>[http://celebrity.rightpundits.com/?p=3183 Bridget McCain Biography] Rightpundits.com</ref><ref>[http://www.newsanalysisindia.com/109022008.htm Bridget vs Sonia: McCain vs Rajiv Gandhi] News Analysis India</ref>
Cindy McCain was in the country as part of the American Voluntary Medical Team<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-041408-cindy-mccain-bio,1,2151434.story Bio of Cindy McCain]</ref> in response to the 1991 [[Bangladesh]] cyclone.
===McCain's family===
*Wife Cindy
*4 sons
**Douglas
**Andrew
**John (''"Jack"'') Sidney IV
**James
*3 daughters
**Sidney
**[[Meghan McCain|Meghan]]
**Bridget
*Parents
**[[Admiral]] John Sydney McCain, Jr. (from [[Indiana]])
**[[Roberta McCain|Roberta Wright McCain]] (from [[Oklahoma]]).

== Books ==
* ''Faith of My Fathers'' (Random House; 1999) ISBN 0-3755-0191-6
* ''Odysseus in America'' (Scribner; 2002) ISBN 0-7432-1156-1
* ''Worth Fighting For: A Memoir'' (Diane Publ. Co; 2002) ISBN 0-7567-6759-8
* ''Medal of Honor'' (Artisan; 2003) ISBN 1-5796-5240-9
* ''Why Courage Matters: The Way to a Braver Life'' (Random House; 2004) ISBN 1-4000-6030-3
* ''Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember'' (Random House; 2005) ISBN 1-4000-6412-0
* ''Hard Call: Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them'' (Twelve; 2007) ISBN 0-4466-9911-X

==Further reading==
*McCain, John [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.html?in_article_id=513224&in_page_id=1811 ''My six years of hell: John McCain recalls life as a prisoner of war in Vietnam''] 8 February 2008 [[Daily Mail]]. Accessed 9 February 2008
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/25/john-mccains-military-career-from-his-time-as-vietnam-war-pow-to-role-in-passing-defense-bill.html John McCain's military career, from his time as Vietnam War POW to role in passing defense bill], by Madeline Farber of Fox News
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/25/john-mccains-political-accomplishments.html John McCain's political accomplishments] by Kaitlyn Schallhorn of Fox News

==See also==
*[[Spygate]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|small}}

==See also==
* [[John McCain 2008 Presidential Campaign]]
* [[Previous Breaking News/John McCain|Articles about John McCain from previous "Breaking News"]]
* [[White House]]
*[[Cindy McCain]], spouse of John McCain
*[[Roberta McCain]], mother of John McCain
*[[Spygate]]
*[[Trump-Russia scandal]]
*[[Deep state coup]]

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQsckD9trn4&eurl=http://evangelicalsformccain.org/meetthesenator.htm ''John McCain: Courageous Service''] - Streaming video documentary hosted at YouTube, including footage of McCain's time as a POW and the Forrestal incident.
*[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542249 John McCain Biography]
*[http://evangelicalsformccain.org/index.htm Evangelicals for McCain] - Christians, Families and Patriots for John McCain
*[http://studentsformccain08.blogspot.com/ Students for McCain 2008]
*[http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/01/mccains-mom-pop.html McCain's Mom Pops Off]
*[http://www.rd.com/national-interest/people-and-politics/our-interview-with-sen-john-mccain/article.html Presidential Candidate John McCain on the Issues]
*[http://www.votesmart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=53270 Voting record]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/300071_john_mccain OpenCongress]

{{2008 presidential candidates}}
{{Republican establishment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCain, John}}

[[Category:Republicans]]
[[Category:United States Senators]]
[[Category:American War Heroes]]
[[Category:Prisoners of war]]
[[Category:United States Veterans]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Featured articles]]
[[Category:111th United States Congress]]
[[Category:112th United States Congress]]
[[Category:113th United States Congress]]
[[Category:114th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Former United States Representatives]]
[[Category:Failed Presidential Candidates]]
[[Category:Trump-Russia Collusion Hoax]][[Category:Anti-Trump]]
[[Category:2000s]]
[[Category:Baptists]]
[[Category:RINOs]]
[[Category:Globalists]]
[[Category:Establishment]]
[[Category:Neoconservatives]]
[[Category:Republican Establishment]]
[[Category:Amnesty Republicans]]
[[Category:Republican Main Street Partnership]]
[[Category:Pro Patriot Act]]
[[Category:Evolutionists]]

Cannibalism

2021-11-11T14:59:41Z

DanielAPulido:

[[File:Jeffrey Dahmer Milwaukee Police 1991 mugshot.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|The [[serial killer]] [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] engaged in cannibalism. He was an [[atheism|atheist]] while he committed these acts.<ref>[http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1sv4ky_serial-killer-jeffrey-dahmer-blames-atheism-and-evolution-belief-for-murders_news Serial Killer Jeffrey Dahmer blames Atheism and Evolution belief for Murders]</ref> See: [[Atheism and cannibalism]] ]]
'''Cannibalism''' is the practice of an organism eating other members of the same [[species]]. It occurs in humans, mostly in primitive tribal settings, and other [[animal]]s.

==See also==

*[[Atheism and cannibalism]]
*[[Communism and cannibalism]]
*[[Cannibal Island]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[[Category:Cannibalism]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Sociology]]
[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Rule 12(h)

2021-11-11T14:56:50Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Rule 12(h)''' of the [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]] sets forth which defenses are waived if not asserted immediately in [[federal]] litigation, and how other defenses that are not waived may be asserted. Specifically, Rule 12(h) mandates that:

(h) Waiving and Preserving Certain Defenses.
:(1) When Some Are Waived. A party waives any defense listed in Rule 12(b)(2)-(5) by:
::(A) omitting it from a motion in the circumstances described in Rule 12(g)(2); or
::(B) failing to either:
:::(i) make it by motion under this rule; or
:::(ii) include it in a responsive pleading or in an amendment allowed by Rule 15(a)(1) as a matter of course.
:(2) When to Raise Others. Failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, to join a person required by Rule 19(b), or to state a legal defense to a claim may be raised:
::(A) in any pleading allowed or ordered under Rule 7(a);
::(B) by a motion under Rule 12(c); or
::(C) at trial.
:(3) Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction. If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.

In layman's terms, there are three categories of defenses when you are sued civilly in federal court. The first category is those that you must raise at the first opportunity of the pre-trial process. For example, "This suit was filed in the wrong court" or "The crime I'm being sued for does not even exist." The second category includes the vast majority of defenses; these can be raised all the way through the trial. The third category is a defense that can be raised at any time, even after trial at any level of appeal including the Supreme Court of the United States.

==See also==
*[[Albany Ins. Co. v. Almacenadora Somex]]

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Venue]]

Consensus science

2021-11-11T14:36:00Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Consensus science''' is the illogical position, often taken by [[liberals]], that the truth in science is what a majority of scientists claim it is. For example, liberals claim that since the vast majority of scientists believe in evolution (a false premise), evolution must be true. Of course, this position is logically fallacious, and therefore false, since a large number of scientists do not believe in evolution.

Technology writer [[George Gilder]] observed in an article entitles "Another Flop for 'Consensus Science'":<ref>http://www.discoverynews.org/2010/02/another_flop_for_consensus_sci031561.php</ref>

:In California, the state sold the public on a gauzy multi-billion dollar vision of miracle cures that supposedly were just around the corner. The warning signs about the California Prop. 71 embryonic stem cell program were virtually ignored by the mainstream media. ... [Now] California is broke and plainly has wasted billions on a quixotic errand for political correctness. The real progress with stem cells comes, happily, in less controversial--and less well funded areas.

Science writer [[Michael Crichton]] said:

*"Historically, the claim of consensus has been the first refuge of scoundrels; it is a way to avoid debate by claiming that the matter is already settled. Whenever you hear the consensus of scientists agrees on something or other, reach for your wallet, because you're being had.

*"Let's be clear: the work of science has nothing whatever to do with consensus.

*"Consensus is the business of politics. Science, on the contrary, requires only one investigator who happens to be right, which means that he or she has results that are verifiable by reference to the real world. In science consensus is irrelevant. What is relevant is reproducible results. The greatest scientists in history are great precisely because they broke with the consensus." <ref>http://www.sitewave.net/news/s49p1835.htm</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Science]]

Azure tit

2021-11-11T14:25:42Z

DanielAPulido: correcting illiterate pronoun usage

{{Taxonomy
|name=Azure tit
|image=AzureTit.jpg
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Passerimorphae
|order=Passeriformes
|suborder=Passeri
|infraorder=Passerida
|superfamily=Passeroidea
|families=
|family=Paridae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Cyanistes
|subgenus=
|species=C. cyanus
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=20,000-99,999<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22735985/87434883#population</ref>
|conservation=Least concern<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22735985/87434883</ref>
}}
The '''azure tit''' (''Cyanistes cyanus'') is a small species of passerine bird of the family Paridae, and found over eastern Europe across much of central Asia to the Pacific.

==Description==
The Azure tit is up to 5.2 inches long, with a wingspan of 7.3 inches, and weighs about 0.4 ounces. Its plumage is white-blue, with black eye stripes on a white head. The belly is white, as is a wide band on the wing covers. Males and females are similar. Hybrids between closely-related species have also been recorded in the wild<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lukasz-Lawicki/publication/264914009_Azure_Tits_and_hybrids_Azure_x_European_Blue_Tit_in_Europe/links/53f5f3e70cf22be01c3fc220/Azure-Tits-and-hybrids-Azure-x-European-Blue-Tit-in-Europe.pdf</ref>.

===Subspecies===
*''Cyanistes cyanus cyanus''; Russia: European portion to basin of middle Volga River
*''Cyanistes cyanus hyperrhiphaeus''; Russia: European portion to western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan
*''Cyanistes cyanus koktalensis''; Kazakhstan: southeastern lowlands (south of Lake Balkhash)
*''Cyanistes cyanus tianschanicus''; southeastern Kazakhstan to northwestern China, Manchuria and Pakistan
*''Cyanistes cyanus yenisseensis''; southeastern Siberia to Sea of Japan and lower Amur River

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Perching Birds]][[Category:Paridae]]

Beating NFL addiction

2021-01-30T16:04:46Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Beating NFL addiction''' is a challenge for some Americans. They spend hours each Sunday afternoon, and evenings on Sundays, Mondays, and Thursdays, watching a meaningless game that causes harm and expense to themselves and others. In addition, many who are addicted to the NFL waste additional hours during the week thinking about, discussing, or reading about the NFL, or even playing "[[fantasy football]]."

What are good ways to overcome this harmful and costly addiction? Possibilities include:

*schedule other activities during game times, such as shopping, exercise, writing letters, driving to a gas station to fill the car, cleaning/organizing, going to church, reading a book, watching a movie, or even sleeping.
*recognize that God does not care about who wins NFL games, so why do you?
*keep a tally of how much time you spend each week on the NFL, and reduce it towards zero.
*spend time with the 90% of Americans who did not watch NFL games on [[Thanksgiving]], rather than with people who are obsessed with the game.
*realize that no one regrets towards the end of his life not having spent more time watching NFL games.
*recognize that the NFL takes people away from their marriages, their churches, and the [[Bible]].
*pick your favorite team and then learn to root against it.
*learn to replace thoughts about football with wholesome, productive thoughts.
*join the movement to cut off the billions of dollars in annual taxpayer subsidies that flow to the NFL and its billionaire owners.
*warn others against the high percentage of drunken fans who create heightened safety risks on the roads after each NFL game.
*avoid buying products or patronizing businesses endorsed by teams or players.
*wear a rubber band around your wrist. Every time thoughts of the NFL come into your mind, pull back the rubber band and snap it against your wrist. This negative association with the thoughts you are trying to avoid will reduce their occurrence.
*talk to a leader at church, and let them know what you are trying to do. The rubber band plan is even more effective if others know what the band, and what you are trying to accomplish, means to you. When you are trying to overcome your unwelcome inclination to watch NFL games, you are not alone. Rely on God's chosen leaders.
*if you do backslide, and start watching the first quarter, it's OK. Keep rooting against your favorite team, and thinking about the harm you're doing to your marriage. Resolve to snap the rubber band before the second quarter starts, or before halftime. Keep warning others about drunken fans.
*shortly before the Super Bowl, people at school or work, or others from the secular world, will want to talk about the game. Profess disinterest, and show them your rubber band when you rebuff an invitation to a gathering where the game will be shown. At the gathering, make sure others know why you are rooting against the team you want to win, and keep talking about the safety risks and the harms to marriage done by viewing the game.
== See also ==

*[[Unplug the NFL]]
*[[Blacklisting Tim Tebow]]
[[Category:NFL]]

Christian Missionary Alliance

2021-01-04T12:48:04Z

DanielAPulido: /* Beliefs */

The '''Christian and Missionary Alliance''' ("C&MA") or ("The Alliance") is a denomination of [[evangelical]] [[Christians]]. This denomination was founded by Dr. Albert B. Simpson in 1887, in order to "take the whole [[Bible]] to the whole world." According to their website, "The C&MA exists to know Jesus [[Christ]], exalt Him as Savior, Sanctifier, Healer, and Coming King; and complete His [[Great Commission]]."

The Christian and Missionary Alliance operates uniquely in the manner in which missionaries are supported. Funds from individual churches to support missionary work are combined into the "Great Commission Fund" (GCF). Long term workers are fully funded through the GCF, meaning they do not need to seek support from individual churches. A formal process including training ensures career missionaries are properly rained and equipped.

==Beliefs==
The Alliance professes certain, specific doctrinal positions, including:<ref>[http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/doctrine The Alliance Stand]</ref>
*There is one God who is both perfect and exists as a [[Trinity]].
*Jesus Christ is both truly God and truly man.
*Jesus was divinely conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of Mary, then a virgin.
*Jesus never sinned.
*Jesus died on the cross as a substitutionary sacrifice, arose from the dead, and is now at the right hand of God.
*All who believe in Jesus are justified through His shed blood.
*Jesus will come again to establish His kingdom, righteousness and peace.
*"The Holy Spirit is a divine person sent to indwell, guide, teach, empower the believer, and convince the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment."
*Both the Old and New Testaments are divinely inspired and were originally given without defect. They are the whole revelation of God and His will for salvation. They constitute the only rule of Christian faith and practice.
*People were created in God's image and likeness, but were born with a sinful nature, separated from God. Man fell through disobedience, causing both physical and spiritual death.
*There will be a bodily resurrection of all people. Unrepentant, unbelieving individuals will exist forever in everlasting conscious torment, but believers will enter into everlasting joy and bliss.
*Through Jesus, salvation is provided for all. Those who repent and believe in Him are born again of the Holy Spirit, receive the gift of eternal life, and become the children of God.
*God wants each believer to be filled with the Holy Spirit and sanctified, separated from sin and from the world and dedicated completely to the will of God. This is both a crisis and a progressive experience.
*The scriptures teach of the redemptive work of Jesus in healing mortal bodies. Praying for the sick and anointing with oil are privileges for the Church, even in this present age.
*"The Church consists of all those who believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, are redeemed through His blood, and are born again of the Holy Spirit. Christ is the Head of the Body, the Church..."
*We have been commissioned by Christ to go into all the world as a witness, preaching the gospel to all.
*"The second coming of the Lord Jesus Christ is imminent and will be personal, visible, and premillennial."

==References==
<references />

== Links ==
[http://www.cmalliance.org/ Official website]

[[Category:Christian Denominations]]

Mens rea

2021-01-04T12:28:09Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Mens rea''' is the mental state of a criminal defendant. In Latin it means "guilty mind". Usually there are four levels of mens rea in crimes, in descending order of culpability:

#intent
#knowledge
#recklessness
#negligence

The trend in trials and in legislation has been to weaken the requirement of proof of mens rea. A utilitarian view of justice does not depend on mens rea, while a moral view of justice does. Mens rea usually combined with [[actus reus]] is used to produce criminal liability. Very often the seriousness of an offence will vary depending on the level of mens rea. The most obvious example of this is in [[homicide]] where intent is generally required (with some limited exceptions) for murder, where as negligence is often sufficient for manslaughter.

William Blackstone famously observed, “in order to have a crime, there must be a vicious will.”<ref>William Blackstone, Commentaries 21.</ref> However, in the modern regulatory state there are increasing attempts, particularly at the federal level, to create crimes that do not require proof of ''mens rea'' (often referred to as strict liability offences).

==The difference between recklessness and negligence==

A person is considered reckless if, in the circumstances, it is considered that they were aware of a risk of their behaviour, but proceeded anyway. Negligence however, accrues merely when you owe a duty of care to someone but through a mistake or inaction breach this duty. There is an actual knowledge component required with recklessness that is not present with negligence (or as it is commonly referred to in criminal law carelessness).
An offence of reckless driving for example is much more serious than one of careless driving. In order to prove carelessness it is sufficient to prove a mistake, recklessness on the other hand requires an actual knowledge of the negative potential consequences of an action, but still taking that action.

==Illustration of the four mental states==
-You are an "atheist." That is, you know that God exists, and you are aware of His will, but you decide to follow Satan's will instead. God forbids certain acts, but you decide to do those acts precisely because they are against God's will. You are intentionally culpable. Nevertheless, Jesus died for your sins, and it is not too late to repent, as long as you do so before you die.

-You have been raised in God's church, but you claim to be an "agnostic." Even though you know that God forbids your acts, you do them anyway. You are knowingly culpable. Nevertheless, Jesus died for your sins, and it is not too late to repent, as long as you do so before you die.

-You are a good Christian. Someone tells you your acts are OK. You suspect God does not approve, but instead of consulting with your Pastor, you do it anyway. Suppose you have not actually heard your pastor make it clear that what you are doing is forbidden, and you ignore your conscience screaming at you to stop doing it every time you do it. You were reckless, because you should have known better than to do what you kept doing, over and over. Nevertheless, Jesus died for your sins, and it is not too late too repent, as long as you do so before you die.

-You committed acts that God forbade. You should have been a Christian, and you should not have done what you did. Better to realize that nevertheless, Jesus died for your sins, and it is not too late to repent, as long as you do so before you die.

Even negligence suffices to separate one from God eternally, and thereby give up the internal salvation offered to each of us by Christ.

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Latin Legal Terms]]

Martial arts

2021-01-04T12:03:49Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Martial arts''' is the collective name given to a variety of hand-to-hand fighting styles, or fighting styles that involve [[weapon]]s that are used as an extension of the body. Most fighting styles are unique to a particular culture, such as [[Tai Chi]] to [[China]], [[Karate]] to [[Japan]], and [[Tae Kwon Do|TaeKwonDo]] to [[Korea]]. While many have roots that antedate the physical birth of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]], there are variations of the styles that evolved in the last 200 years.

The oldest martial arts originated in [[China]] in the [[Buddhist]] and [[Taoism|Taoist]] temples and [[monastery|monasteries]] and thus [[breathing]] [[meditation]] is considered a foundation technique of great importance.

Interestingly enough, Karate is more of an anti-martial art, designed to help common folk prepare to fight against martial rule, during a time of weapons bans. ''Kara te do'' means "empty hand way" referencing this style without weapons. ''TaeKwonDo means'' "the way of the hands and feet".

Most martial arts were originally intended to be used for serious fighting, but in the modern age they are mainly practiced as [[sport]]s, with strictly codified rules; indeed some, such as [[Judo]], were developed from other martial arts purely for sporting purposes. Many people, especially [[women]], also learn martial arts for [[self-defense]].

Stylized forms of martial arts, especially [[kung fu]], are widely found in [[cinema]]. Martial arts movies are so widespread that they are often considered a genre in their own right.

Some [[American]] [[Gun Owners of America|gun enthusiasts]] would say that [[self-defense]] skill in [[firearm]]s, such as displayed by Jerry Miculek, is a martial art.

There is a dichotomy between martial arts that train for success in the controlled environment of the ring, where rules are enforced, such as Brazilian Ju Jitsu, and more effective arts that train for success in the uncontrolled environment of the streets, such as Aikido, where the art has to actually be effective against, for example, mulitiple opponents, or armed opponents.

==See also==
* [[Meditation]]
* [[Home security]]/[[defense]] and the [[Castle Doctrine]]
* [[Self-defense]]: [[Firearms]] ([[Rifle]], [[Handgun]], [[Shotgun]]), [[Knife]], [[Pepper spray]], [[Taser]], [[Weapon]]s
* EDC - Everyday carry

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Martial Arts]]
[[Category:Exercise]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Hobbies]]
[[Category:Weapons]]
[[Category:Everyday Carry]]
[[Category:Home Security]]
[[Category:Survivalism]]

Leviticus 1-9 (Translated)

2021-01-04T11:54:02Z

DanielAPulido: /* Chapter 2 */

==Chapter 1==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And the LORD called unto Moses, and spake unto him out of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying,
|God called on Moses and spoke to him out of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying:
|
|-
|2
|"Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man of you bring an offering unto the LORD, ye shall bring your offering of the cattle, even of the herd, and of the flock.
|"Speak to the Sons of Israel and tell them 'If any of you bring an offering to God, bring the offering of cattle from the herd and the flock.
|
|-
|3
|If his offering be a burnt sacrifice of the herd, let him offer a male without blemish: he shall offer it of his own voluntary will at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD.
|If his offering is a burnt sacrifice of the herd, let him offer a male without any defects. He will offer it voluntarily at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before God.
|
|-
|4
|And he shall put his hand upon the head of the burnt offering; and it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him.
|He will put his hand upon the head of the burnt offering and it will be accpeted for him to make atonement.
|
|-
|5
|And he shall kill the bullock before the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall bring the blood, and sprinkle the blood round about upon the altar that is by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
|He will kill the young bull before God and the priests, Aaron's sons, will bring the blood and sprinkle it around the altar that is by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
|
|-
|6
|And he shall flay the burnt offering, and cut it into his pieces.
|He will flay the burnt offering and cut it into pieces.
|
|-
|7
|And the sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire upon the altar, and lay the wood in order upon the fire:
|The sons of Aaron the priest will fire up the altar and put wood in order to keep it going.
|
|-
|8
|And the priests, Aaron's sons, shall lay the parts, the head, and the fat, in order upon the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar:
| The priests, Aaron's sons, will lay the parts, the head and the fat in order on the firewood which is on the altar.
|
|-
|9
|But his inwards and his legs shall he wash in water: and the priest shall burn all on the altar, to be a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.
|However, its internal organs and legs will be washed in water and the priest will burn all of it on the altar, to be a burnt sarcrifice, an offering made of fire and sweet smell for God.
|
|-
|10
|And if his offering be of the flocks, namely, of the sheep, or of the goats, for a burnt sacrifice; he shall bring it a male without blemish.
|If his offering is of the flocks, namely the sheep or the goats, for a burnt sacrifice he will bring a male without defects.
|
|-
|11
|And he shall kill it on the side of the altar northward before the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall sprinkle his blood round about upon the altar.
|He'll kill it on side of the altar northward before God and the priests, Aaron's sons, will sprinkle its blood around the altar.
|
|-
|12
|And he shall cut it into his pieces, with his head and his fat: and the priest shall lay them in order on the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar:
|He will cut it into pieces, with its head and its fat. The priest will lay them in order on the wood that is on the fire which is on the altar.
|
|-
|13
|But he shall wash the inwards and the legs with water: and the priest shall bring it all, and burn it upon the altar: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.
|However, he will wash the internal organs and the legs with water. The priests will bring it all and burn it on the alter. It is a sarcrifice, an offering made by fire, and smells sweet to God.
|
|-
|14
|And if the burnt sacrifice for his offering to the LORD be of fowls, then he shall bring his offering of turtledoves, or of young pigeons.
|If the burnt sacrfice for his offering to God is a bird of any kid, then his offering will be turtledoves or young pigeons.
|
|-
|15
|And the priest shall bring it unto the altar, and wring off his head, and burn it on the altar; and the blood thereof shall be wrung out at the side of the altar:
|The priest will bring it to the altar, twist off its neck, and burn it on the altar. The blood will be squeezed out at the side of the altar.
|
|-
|16
|And he shall pluck away his crop with his feathers, and cast it beside the altar on the east part, by the place of the ashes:
|He will pluck away the crop with his feathers and put it beside the altar's eastern part, by the ashes.
|
|-
|17
|And he shall cleave it with the wings thereof, but shall not divide it asunder: and the priest shall burn it upon the altar, upon the wood that is upon the fire: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.
| He will cut the wings but will not divide it into pieces. The priest will burn it on the altar where the firewood is. It is a burnt sacrifice, an offering by fire that smells sweet to God.'"
|
|-
|}

==Chapter 2==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And when any will offer a meat offering unto the LORD, his offering shall be of fine flour; and he shall pour oil upon it, and put frankincense thereon:
|Also, when you give meat to Jesus Christ, you have to use good flour, and you have to use oil to cook it, and you have to use something to make it smell good on it too.
|
|-
|2
|And he shall bring it to Aaron's sons the priests: and he shall take thereout his handful of the flour thereof, and of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof; and the priest shall burn the memorial of it upon the altar, to be an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD:
|And you have to let the Levites take some of it, including the breading and the oil, and the part that makes it smell good, and they will burn something that makes God remember it, so it smells good to Jesus Christ.
|
|-
|3
|And the remnant of the meat offering shall be Aaron's and his sons': it is a thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD made by fire.
|And the Levites can have the leftovers; it is the best part of what you give to Jesus Christ in Fire.
|
|-
|4
|And if thou bring an oblation of a meat offering baken in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour mingled with oil, or unleavened wafers anointed with oil.
|
|
|-
|5
|And if thy oblation be a meat offering baken in a pan, it shall be of fine flour unleavened, mingled with oil.
|
|
|-
|6
|Thou shalt part it in pieces, and pour oil thereon: it is a meat offering.
|
|
|-
|7
|And if thy oblation be a meat offering baken in the fryingpan, it shall be made of fine flour with oil.
|
|
|-
|8
|And thou shalt bring the meat offering that is made of these things unto the LORD: and when it is presented unto the priest, he shall bring it unto the altar.
|
|
|-
|9
|And the priest shall take from the meat offering a memorial thereof, and shall burn it upon the altar: it is an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|10
|And that which is left of the meat offering shall be Aaron's and his sons': it is a thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD made by fire.
|
|
|-
|11
|No meat offering, which ye shall bring unto the LORD, shall be made with leaven: for ye shall burn no leaven, nor any honey, in any offering of the LORD made by fire.
|
|
|-
|12
|As for the oblation of the firstfruits, ye shall offer them unto the LORD: but they shall not be burnt on the altar for a sweet savour.
|
|
|-
|13
|And every oblation of thy meat offering shalt thou season with salt; neither shalt thou suffer the salt of the covenant of thy God to be lacking from thy meat offering: with all thine offerings thou shalt offer salt.
|
|
|-
|14
|And if thou offer a meat offering of thy firstfruits unto the LORD, thou shalt offer for the meat offering of thy firstfruits green ears of corn dried by the fire, even corn beaten out of full ears.
|
|
|-
|15
|And thou shalt put oil upon it, and lay frankincense thereon: it is a meat offering.
|
|
|-
|16
|And the priest shall burn the memorial of it, part of the beaten corn thereof, and part of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|}

==Chapter 3==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And if his oblation be a sacrifice of peace offering, if he offer it of the herd; whether it be a male or female, he shall offer it without blemish before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|2
|And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill it at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron's sons the priests shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar round about.
|
|
|-
|3
|And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards,
|
|
|-
|4
|And the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away.
|
|
|-
|5
|And Aaron's sons shall burn it on the altar upon the burnt sacrifice, which is upon the wood that is on the fire: it is an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|6
|And if his offering for a sacrifice of peace offering unto the LORD be of the flock; male or female, he shall offer it without blemish.
|
|
|-
|7
|If he offer a lamb for his offering, then shall he offer it before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|8
|And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill it before the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron's sons shall sprinkle the blood thereof round about upon the altar.
|
|
|-
|9
|And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat thereof, and the whole rump, it shall he take off hard by the backbone; and the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards,
|
|
|-
|10
|And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away.
|
|
|-
|11
|And the priest shall burn it upon the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|12
|And if his offering be a goat, then he shall offer it before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|13
|And he shall lay his hand upon the head of it, and kill it before the tabernacle of the congregation: and the sons of Aaron shall sprinkle the blood thereof upon the altar round about.
|
|
|-
|14
|And he shall offer thereof his offering, even an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards,
|
|
|-
|15
|And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away.
|
|
|-
|16
|And the priest shall burn them upon the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire for a sweet savour: all the fat is the LORD's.
|
|
|-
|17
|It shall be a perpetual statute for your generations throughout all your dwellings, that ye eat neither fat nor blood.
|
|
|-
|}

==Chapter 4==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|2
|Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a soul shall sin through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and shall do against any of them:
|
|
|-
|3
|If the priest that is anointed do sin according to the sin of the people; then let him bring for his sin, which he hath sinned, a young bullock without blemish unto the LORD for a sin offering.
|
|
|-
|4
|And he shall bring the bullock unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD; and shall lay his hand upon the bullock's head, and kill the bullock before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|5
|And the priest that is anointed shall take of the bullock's blood, and bring it to the tabernacle of the congregation:
|
|
|-
|6
|And the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle of the blood seven times before the LORD, before the vail of the sanctuary.
|
|
|-
|7
|And the priest shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar of sweet incense before the LORD, which is in the tabernacle of the congregation: and shall pour all the blood of the bullock at the bottom of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
|
|
|-
|8
|And he shall take off from it all the fat of the bullock for the sin offering; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards,
|
|
|-
|9
|And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away,
|
|
|-
|10
|As it was taken off from the bullock of the sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall burn them upon the altar of the burnt offering.
|
|
|-
|11
|And the skin of the bullock, and all his flesh, with his head, and with his legs, and his inwards, and his dung,
|
|
|-
|12
|Even the whole bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn him on the wood with fire: where the ashes are poured out shall he be burnt.
|
|
|-
|13
|And if the whole congregation of Israel sin through ignorance, and the thing be hid from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which should not be done, and are guilty;
|
|
|-
|14
|When the sin, which they have sinned against it, is known, then the congregation shall offer a young bullock for the sin, and bring him before the tabernacle of the congregation.
|
|
|-
|15
|And the elders of the congregation shall lay their hands upon the head of the bullock before the LORD: and the bullock shall be killed before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|16
|And the priest that is anointed shall bring of the bullock's blood to the tabernacle of the congregation:
|
|
|-
|17
|And the priest shall dip his finger in some of the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before the LORD, even before the vail.
|
|
|-
|18
|And he shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar which is before the LORD, that is in the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall pour out all the blood at the bottom of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
|
|
|-
|19
|And he shall take all his fat from him, and burn it upon the altar.
|
|
|-
|20
|And he shall do with the bullock as he did with the bullock for a sin offering, so shall he do with this: and the priest shall make an atonement for them, and it shall be forgiven them.
|
|
|-
|21
|And he shall carry forth the bullock without the camp, and burn him as he burned the first bullock: it is a sin offering for the congregation.
|
|
|-
|22
|When a ruler hath sinned, and done somewhat through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD his God concerning things which should not be done, and is guilty;
|
|
|-
|23
|Or if his sin, wherein he hath sinned, come to his knowledge; he shall bring his offering, a kid of the goats, a male without blemish:
|
|
|-
|24
|And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before the LORD: it is a sin offering.
|
|
|-
|25
|And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out his blood at the bottom of the altar of burnt offering.
|
|
|-
|26
|And he shall burn all his fat upon the altar, as the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall make an atonement for him as concerning his sin, and it shall be forgiven him.
|
|
|-
|27
|And if any one of the common people sin through ignorance, while he doeth somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and be guilty;
|
|
|-
|28
|Or if his sin, which he hath sinned, come to his knowledge: then he shall bring his offering, a kid of the goats, a female without blemish, for his sin which he hath sinned.
|
|
|-
|29
|And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and slay the sin offering in the place of the burnt offering.
|
|
|-
|30
|And the priest shall take of the blood thereof with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out all the blood thereof at the bottom of the altar.
|
|
|-
|31
|And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat is taken away from off the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet savour unto the LORD; and the priest shall make an atonement for him, and it shall be forgiven him.
|
|
|-
|32
|And if he bring a lamb for a sin offering, he shall bring it a female without blemish.
|
|
|-
|33
|And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and slay it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering
|
|
|-
|34
|And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out all the blood thereof at the bottom of the altar:
|
|
|-
|35
|And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of the peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them upon the altar, according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: and the priest shall make an atonement for his sin that he hath committed, and it shall be forgiven him.
|
|
|-
|}

==Chapter 5==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And if a soul sin, and hear the voice of swearing, and is a witness, whether he hath seen or known of it; if he do not utter it, then he shall bear his iniquity.
|
|
|-
|2
|Or if a soul touch any unclean thing, whether it be a carcase of an unclean beast, or a carcase of unclean cattle, or the carcase of unclean creeping things, and if it be hidden from him; he also shall be unclean, and guilty.
|
|
|-
|3
|Or if he touch the uncleanness of man, whatsoever uncleanness it be that a man shall be defiled withal, and it be hid from him; when he knoweth of it, then he shall be guilty.
|
|
|-
|4
|Or if a soul swear, pronouncing with his lips to do evil, or to do good, whatsoever it be that a man shall pronounce with an oath, and it be hid from him; when he knoweth of it, then he shall be guilty in one of these.
|
|
|-
|5
|And it shall be, when he shall be guilty in one of these things, that he shall confess that he hath sinned in that thing:
|
|
|-
|6
|And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD for his sin which he hath sinned, a female from the flock, a lamb or a kid of the goats, for a sin offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for him concerning his sin.
|
|
|-
|7
|And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass, which he hath committed, two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, unto the LORD; one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering.
|
|
|-
|8
|And he shall bring them unto the priest, who shall offer that which is for the sin offering first, and wring off his head from his neck, but shall not divide it asunder:
|
|
|-
|9
|And he shall sprinkle of the blood of the sin offering upon the side of the altar; and the rest of the blood shall be wrung out at the bottom of the altar: it is a sin offering.
|
|
|-
|10
|And he shall offer the second for a burnt offering, according to the manner: and the priest shall make an atonement for him for his sin which he hath sinned, and it shall be forgiven him.
|
|
|-
|11
|But if he be not able to bring two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, then he that sinned shall bring for his offering the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a sin offering; he shall put no oil upon it, neither shall he put any frankincense thereon: for it is a sin offering.
|
|
|-
|12
|Then shall he bring it to the priest, and the priest shall take his handful of it, even a memorial thereof, and burn it on the altar, according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: it is a sin offering.
|
|
|-
|13
|And the priest shall make an atonement for him as touching his sin that he hath sinned in one of these, and it shall be forgiven him: and the remnant shall be the priest's, as a meat offering.
|
|
|-
|14
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|15
|If a soul commit a trespass, and sin through ignorance, in the holy things of the LORD; then he shall bring for his trespass unto the LORD a ram without blemish out of the flocks, with thy estimation by shekels of silver, after the shekel of the sanctuary, for a trespass offering:
|
|
|-
|16
|And he shall make amends for the harm that he hath done in the holy thing, and shall add the fifth part thereto, and give it unto the priest: and the priest shall make an atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering, and it shall be forgiven him.
|
|
|-
|17
|And if a soul sin, and commit any of these things which are forbidden to be done by the commandments of the LORD; though he wist it not, yet is he guilty, and shall bear his iniquity.
|
|
|-
|18
|And he shall bring a ram without blemish out of the flock, with thy estimation, for a trespass offering, unto the priest: and the priest shall make an atonement for him concerning his ignorance wherein he erred and wist it not, and it shall be forgiven him.
|
|
|-
|19
|It is a trespass offering: he hath certainly trespassed against the LORD.
|
|
|-
|}

==Chapter 6==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|2
|If a soul sin, and commit a trespass against the LORD, and lie unto his neighbour in that which was delivered him to keep, or in fellowship, or in a thing taken away by violence, or hath deceived his neighbour;
|
|
|-
|3
|Or have found that which was lost, and lieth concerning it, and sweareth falsely; in any of all these that a man doeth, sinning therein:
|
|
|-
|4
|Then it shall be, because he hath sinned, and is guilty, that he shall restore that which he took violently away, or the thing which he hath deceitfully gotten, or that which was delivered him to keep, or the lost thing which he found,
|
|
|-
|5
|Or all that about which he hath sworn falsely; he shall even restore it in the principal, and shall add the fifth part more thereto, and give it unto him to whom it appertaineth, in the day of his trespass offering.
|
|
|-
|6
|And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD, a ram without blemish out of the flock, with thy estimation, for a trespass offering, unto the priest:
|
|
|-
|7
|And the priest shall make an atonement for him before the LORD: and it shall be forgiven him for any thing of all that he hath done in trespassing therein.
|
|
|-
|8
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|9
|Command Aaron and his sons, saying, This is the law of the burnt offering: It is the burnt offering, because of the burning upon the altar all night unto the morning, and the fire of the altar shall be burning in it.
|
|
|-
|10
|And the priest shall put on his linen garment, and his linen breeches shall he put upon his flesh, and take up the ashes which the fire hath consumed with the burnt offering on the altar, and he shall put them beside the altar.
|
|
|-
|11
|And he shall put off his garments, and put on other garments, and carry forth the ashes without the camp unto a clean place.
|
|
|-
|12
|And the fire upon the altar shall be burning in it; it shall not be put out: and the priest shall burn wood on it every morning, and lay the burnt offering in order upon it; and he shall burn thereon the fat of the peace offerings.
|
|
|-
|13
|The fire shall ever be burning upon the altar; it shall never go out.
|
|
|-
|14
|And this is the law of the meat offering: the sons of Aaron shall offer it before the LORD, before the altar.
|
|
|-
|15
|And he shall take of it his handful, of the flour of the meat offering, and of the oil thereof, and all the frankincense which is upon the meat offering, and shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet savour, even the memorial of it, unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|16
|And the remainder thereof shall Aaron and his sons eat: with unleavened bread shall it be eaten in the holy place; in the court of the tabernacle of the congregation they shall eat it.
|
|
|-
|17
|It shall not be baken with leaven. I have given it unto them for their portion of my offerings made by fire; it is most holy, as is the sin offering, and as the trespass offering.
|
|
|-
|18
|All the males among the children of Aaron shall eat of it. It shall be a statute for ever in your generations concerning the offerings of the LORD made by fire: every one that toucheth them shall be holy.
|
|
|-
|19
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|20
|This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons, which they shall offer unto the LORD in the day when he is anointed; the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a meat offering perpetual, half of it in the morning, and half thereof at night.
|
|
|-
|21
|In a pan it shall be made with oil; and when it is baken, thou shalt bring it in: and the baken pieces of the meat offering shalt thou offer for a sweet savour unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|22
|And the priest of his sons that is anointed in his stead shall offer it: it is a statute for ever unto the LORD, it shall be wholly burnt.
|
|
|-
|23
|For every meat offering for the priest shall be wholly burnt: it shall not be eaten.
|
|
|-
|24
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|25
|Speak unto Aaron and to his sons, saying, This is the law of the sin offering: In the place where the burnt offering is killed shall the sin offering be killed before the LORD: it is most holy.
|
|
|-
|26
|The priest that offereth it for sin shall eat it: in the holy place shall it be eaten, in the court of the tabernacle of the congregation.
|
|
|-
|27
|Whatsoever shall touch the flesh thereof shall be holy: and when there is sprinkled of the blood thereof upon any garment, thou shalt wash that whereon it was sprinkled in the holy place.
|
|
|-
|28
|But the earthen vessel wherein it is sodden shall be broken: and if it be sodden in a brasen pot, it shall be both scoured, and rinsed in water.
|
|
|-
|29
|All the males among the priests shall eat thereof: it is most holy.
|
|
|-
|30
|And no sin offering, whereof any of the blood is brought into the tabernacle of the congregation to reconcile withal in the holy place, shall be eaten: it shall be burnt in the fire.
|
|
|-
|}

==Chapter 7==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Likewise this is the law of the trespass offering: it is most holy.
|
|
|-
|2
|In the place where they kill the burnt offering shall they kill the trespass offering: and the blood thereof shall he sprinkle round about upon the altar.
|
|
|-
|3
|And he shall offer of it all the fat thereof; the rump, and the fat that covereth the inwards,
|
|
|-
|4
|And the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the flanks, and the caul that is above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away:
|
|
|-
|5
|And the priest shall burn them upon the altar for an offering made by fire unto the LORD: it is a trespass offering.
|
|
|-
|6
|Every male among the priests shall eat thereof: it shall be eaten in the holy place: it is most holy.
|
|
|-
|7
|As the sin offering is, so is the trespass offering: there is one law for them: the priest that maketh atonement therewith shall have it.
|
|
|-
|8
|And the priest that offereth any man's burnt offering, even the priest shall have to himself the skin of the burnt offering which he hath offered.
|
|
|-
|9
|And all the meat offering that is baken in the oven, and all that is dressed in the fryingpan, and in the pan, shall be the priest's that offereth it.
|
|
|-
|10
|And every meat offering, mingled with oil, and dry, shall all the sons of Aaron have, one as much as another.
|
|
|-
|11
|And this is the law of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which he shall offer unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|12
|If he offer it for a thanksgiving, then he shall offer with the sacrifice of thanksgiving unleavened cakes mingled with oil, and unleavened wafers anointed with oil, and cakes mingled with oil, of fine flour, fried.
|
|
|-
|13
|Besides the cakes, he shall offer for his offering leavened bread with the sacrifice of thanksgiving of his peace offerings.
|
|
|-
|14
|And of it he shall offer one out of the whole oblation for an heave offering unto the LORD, and it shall be the priest's that sprinkleth the blood of the peace offerings.
|
|
|-
|15
|And the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings for thanksgiving shall be eaten the same day that it is offered; he shall not leave any of it until the morning.
|
|
|-
|16
|But if the sacrifice of his offering be a vow, or a voluntary offering, it shall be eaten the same day that he offereth his sacrifice: and on the morrow also the remainder of it shall be eaten:
|
|
|-
|17
|But the remainder of the flesh of the sacrifice on the third day shall be burnt with fire.
|
|
|-
|18
|And if any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings be eaten at all on the third day, it shall not be accepted, neither shall it be imputed unto him that offereth it: it shall be an abomination, and the soul that eateth of it shall bear his iniquity.
|
|
|-
|19
|And the flesh that toucheth any unclean thing shall not be eaten; it shall be burnt with fire: and as for the flesh, all that be clean shall eat thereof.
|
|
|-
|20
|But the soul that eateth of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, that pertain unto the LORD, having his uncleanness upon him, even that soul shall be cut off from his people.
|
|
|-
|21
|Moreover the soul that shall touch any unclean thing, as the uncleanness of man, or any unclean beast, or any abominable unclean thing, and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which pertain unto the LORD, even that soul shall be cut off from his people.
|
|
|-
|22
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|23
|Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, Ye shall eat no manner of fat, of ox, or of sheep, or of goat.
|
|
|-
|24
|And the fat of the beast that dieth of itself, and the fat of that which is torn with beasts, may be used in any other use: but ye shall in no wise eat of it.
|
|
|-
|25
|For whosoever eateth the fat of the beast, of which men offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD, even the soul that eateth it shall be cut off from his people.
|
|
|-
|26
|Moreover ye shall eat no manner of blood, whether it be of fowl or of beast, in any of your dwellings.
|
|
|-
|27
|Whatsoever soul it be that eateth any manner of blood, even that soul shall be cut off from his people.
|
|
|-
|28
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|29
|Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, He that offereth the sacrifice of his peace offerings unto the LORD shall bring his oblation unto the LORD of the sacrifice of his peace offerings.
|
|
|-
|30
|His own hands shall bring the offerings of the LORD made by fire, the fat with the breast, it shall he bring, that the breast may be waved for a wave offering before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|31
|And the priest shall burn the fat upon the altar: but the breast shall be Aaron's and his sons'.
|
|
|-
|32
|And the right shoulder shall ye give unto the priest for an heave offering of the sacrifices of your peace offerings.
|
|
|-
|33
|He among the sons of Aaron, that offereth the blood of the peace offerings, and the fat, shall have the right shoulder for his part.
|
|
|-
|34
|For the wave breast and the heave shoulder have I taken of the children of Israel from off the sacrifices of their peace offerings, and have given them unto Aaron the priest and unto his sons by a statute for ever from among the children of Israel.
|
|
|-
|35
|This is the portion of the anointing of Aaron, and of the anointing of his sons, out of the offerings of the LORD made by fire, in the day when he presented them to minister unto the LORD in the priest's office;
|
|
|-
|36
|Which the LORD commanded to be given them of the children of Israel, in the day that he anointed them, by a statute for ever throughout their generations.
|
|
|-
|37
|This is the law of the burnt offering, of the meat offering, and of the sin offering, and of the trespass offering, and of the consecrations, and of the sacrifice of the peace offerings;
|
|
|-
|38
|Which the LORD commanded Moses in mount Sinai, in the day that he commanded the children of Israel to offer their oblations unto the LORD, in the wilderness of Sinai.
|
|
|-
|}

==Chapter 8==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
|
|
|-
|2
|Take Aaron and his sons with him, and the garments, and the anointing oil, and a bullock for the sin offering, and two rams, and a basket of unleavened bread;
|
|
|-
|3
|And gather thou all the congregation together unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
|
|
|-
|4
|And Moses did as the LORD commanded him; and the assembly was gathered together unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
|
|
|-
|5
|And Moses said unto the congregation, This is the thing which the LORD commanded to be done.
|
|
|-
|6
|And Moses brought Aaron and his sons, and washed them with water.
|
|
|-
|7
|And he put upon him the coat, and girded him with the girdle, and clothed him with the robe, and put the ephod upon him, and he girded him with the curious girdle of the ephod, and bound it unto him therewith.
|
|
|-
|8
|And he put the breastplate upon him: also he put in the breastplate the Urim and the Thummim.
|
|
|-
|9
|And he put the mitre upon his head; also upon the mitre, even upon his forefront, did he put the golden plate, the holy crown; as the LORD commanded Moses.
|
|
|-
|10
|And Moses took the anointing oil, and anointed the tabernacle and all that was therein, and sanctified them.
|
|
|-
|11
|And he sprinkled thereof upon the altar seven times, and anointed the altar and all his vessels, both the laver and his foot, to sanctify them.
|
|
|-
|12
|And he poured of the anointing oil upon Aaron's head, and anointed him, to sanctify him.
|
|
|-
|13
|And Moses brought Aaron's sons, and put coats upon them, and girded them with girdles, and put bonnets upon them; as the LORD commanded Moses.
|
|
|-
|14
|And he brought the bullock for the sin offering: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the bullock for the sin offering.
|
|
|-
|15
|And he slew it; and Moses took the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar round about with his finger, and purified the altar, and poured the blood at the bottom of the altar, and sanctified it, to make reconciliation upon it.
|
|
|-
|16
|And he took all the fat that was upon the inwards, and caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat, and Moses burned it upon the altar.
|
|
|-
|17
|But the bullock, and his hide, his flesh, and his dung, he burnt with fire without the camp; as the LORD commanded Moses.
|
|
|-
|18
|And he brought the ram for the burnt offering: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram.
|
|
|-
|19
|And he killed it; and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about.
|
|
|-
|20
|And he cut the ram into pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat.
|
|
|-
|21
|And he washed the inwards and the legs in water; and Moses burnt the whole ram upon the altar: it was a burnt sacrifice for a sweet savour, and an offering made by fire unto the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses.
|
|
|-
|22
|And he brought the other ram, the ram of consecration: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram.
|
|
|-
|23
|And he slew it; and Moses took of the blood of it, and put it upon the tip of Aaron's right ear, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot.
|
|
|-
|24
|And he brought Aaron's sons, and Moses put of the blood upon the tip of their right ear, and upon the thumbs of their right hands, and upon the great toes of their right feet: and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about.
|
|
|-
|25
|And he took the fat, and the rump, and all the fat that was upon the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat, and the right shoulder:
|
|
|-
|26
|And out of the basket of unleavened bread, that was before the LORD, he took one unleavened cake, and a cake of oiled bread, and one wafer, and put them on the fat, and upon the right shoulder:
|
|
|-
|27
|And he put all upon Aaron's hands, and upon his sons' hands, and waved them for a wave offering before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|28
|And Moses took them from off their hands, and burnt them on the altar upon the burnt offering: they were consecrations for a sweet savour: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|29
|And Moses took the breast, and waved it for a wave offering before the LORD: for of the ram of consecration it was Moses' part; as the LORD commanded Moses.
|
|
|-
|30
|And Moses took of the anointing oil, and of the blood which was upon the altar, and sprinkled it upon Aaron, and upon his garments, and upon his sons, and upon his sons' garments with him; and sanctified Aaron, and his garments, and his sons, and his sons' garments with him.
|
|
|-
|31
|And Moses said unto Aaron and to his sons, Boil the flesh at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and there eat it with the bread that is in the basket of consecrations, as I commanded, saying, Aaron and his sons shall eat it.
|
|
|-
|32
|And that which remaineth of the flesh and of the bread shall ye burn with fire.
|
|
|-
|33
|And ye shall not go out of the door of the tabernacle of the congregation in seven days, until the days of your consecration be at an end: for seven days shall he consecrate you.
|
|
|-
|34
|As he hath done this day, so the LORD hath commanded to do, to make an atonement for you.
|
|
|-
|35
|Therefore shall ye abide at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation day and night seven days, and keep the charge of the LORD, that ye die not: for so I am commanded.
|
|
|-
|36
|So Aaron and his sons did all things which the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses.
|
|
|-
|}

==Chapter 9==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And it came to pass on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel;
|
|
|-
|2
|And he said unto Aaron, Take thee a young calf for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering, without blemish, and offer them before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|3
|And unto the children of Israel thou shalt speak, saying, Take ye a kid of the goats for a sin offering; and a calf and a lamb, both of the first year, without blemish, for a burnt offering;
|
|
|-
|4
|Also a bullock and a ram for peace offerings, to sacrifice before the LORD; and a meat offering mingled with oil: for to day the LORD will appear unto you.
|
|
|-
|5
|And they brought that which Moses commanded before the tabernacle of the congregation: and all the congregation drew near and stood before the LORD.
|
|
|-
|6
|And Moses said, This is the thing which the LORD commanded that ye should do: and the glory of the LORD shall appear unto you.
|
|
|-
|7
|And Moses said unto Aaron, Go unto the altar, and offer thy sin offering, and thy burnt offering, and make an atonement for thyself, and for the people: and offer the offering of the people, and make an atonement for them; as the LORD commanded.
|
|
|-
|8
|Aaron therefore went unto the altar, and slew the calf of the sin offering, which was for himself.
|
|
|-
|9
|And the sons of Aaron brought the blood unto him: and he dipped his finger in the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, and poured out the blood at the bottom of the altar:
|
|
|-
|10
|But the fat, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver of the sin offering, he burnt upon the altar; as the LORD commanded Moses.
|
|
|-
|11
|And the flesh and the hide he burnt with fire without the camp.
|
|
|-
|12
|And he slew the burnt offering; and Aaron's sons presented unto him the blood, which he sprinkled round about upon the altar.
|
|
|-
|13
|And they presented the burnt offering unto him, with the pieces thereof, and the head: and he burnt them upon the altar.
|
|
|-
|14
|And he did wash the inwards and the legs, and burnt them upon the burnt offering on the altar.
|
|
|-
|15
|And he brought the people's offering, and took the goat, which was the sin offering for the people, and slew it, and offered it for sin, as the first.
|
|
|-
|16
|And he brought the burnt offering, and offered it according to the manner.
|
|
|-
|17
|And he brought the meat offering, and took an handful thereof, and burnt it upon the altar, beside the burnt sacrifice of the morning.
|
|
|-
|18
|He slew also the bullock and the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings, which was for the people: and Aaron's sons presented unto him the blood, which he sprinkled upon the altar round about,
|
|
|-
|19
|And the fat of the bullock and of the ram, the rump, and that which covereth the inwards, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver:
|
|
|-
|20
|And they put the fat upon the breasts, and he burnt the fat upon the altar:
|
|
|-
|21
|And the breasts and the right shoulder Aaron waved for a wave offering before the LORD; as Moses commanded.
|
|
|-
|22
|And Aaron lifted up his hand toward the people, and blessed them, and came down from offering of the sin offering, and the burnt offering, and peace offerings.
|
|
|-
|23
|And Moses and Aaron went into the tabernacle of the congregation, and came out, and blessed the people: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto all the people.
|
|
|-
|24
|And there came a fire out from before the LORD, and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat: which when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces.
|
|
|-
|}

==See also==
[[Conservative Bible Project]]

[[Category:Conservative Bible]]

Holocaust

2020-12-25T14:49:56Z

DanielAPulido:

[[Image:Warsaw ghetto.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Jewish families are forced from the Warsaw Ghetto in the aftermath of its destruction by the SS in 1943. Their final destination was the killing center at Treblinka.]]
The '''Holocaust''' was systematic destruction by the [[Nazis]] of [[Jews|Jewish culture]], society, and, in ''die Endlösung'' (the '''Final Solution'''), the lives of Jews, Slavs, the disabled, Communists, Roma, and all others viewed as racially inferior, from 1933 to 1945. Before [[Hitler]] and the [[Nazis]] came to national power in 1933, they [[demonize]]d the Jews as subhuman and the cause of all [[Germany]]'s troubles. Once in power, the Nazis first removed the Jews from positions of power and prestige, initially by [[gun control]];<ref>See many articles from [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]]</ref> from 1938–41 they imposed severe restrictions on Jews in Germany (many of whom fled). The systematic killings started in 1941, as the [[SS]] under [[Heinrich Himmler]] rounded up all the Jews they could find in the areas under Nazi control, and ultimately killed about 6 million through mobile SS death squads and in the extermination camps. Millions of non-Jews were also killed in separate Nazi operations.

The Holocaust was known but downplayed between 1945–1960, but since 1960 has become one of the central memories and horrors of [[World War II]], shaping policies by and towards [[Israel]] and profoundly shaping the modern conceptions of guilt and evil.

The Holocaust is perhaps the textbook example of the moral unacceptability of liberalism, its values, and its consequences.

==Origins==
Hatred of the Jews has a long history all over Europe, but the modern forms of antisemitism emerged in the 19th century as a new spirit of nationalism allowed some Germans to sharply differentiate themselves from the Jews, a cultural subgroup that was well integrated into German society. By the end of the century, ant-semitic politicians and organized movements had emerged. Antisemitism was muted during [[World War I]], but exploded in 1919 as the defeated war veterans looked about for someone to blame for the national disgrace.

===Stage 1: to 1933===
The Nazi Party emerged among veterans in the early 1920s, with a violent attack on Jews as [[Adolf Hitler]]'s central theme. After years of struggling to push their ideology into the masses through propaganda and violence, the Nazi Party in Germany came to power in January 1933, with Hitler as Chancellor, with his ideology firmly entrenched within the party. In his book ''Mein Kampf'', Hitler expounded on the idea that the Aryan race, of which he was a part, was the so-called “master race”, and had a moral right and duty to subjugate the world; in the way stood the ''untermenschen'' (“sub-humans”), which, according to the Nazis, were meant to serve the master race as slaves. At the very bottom were the Jews, who were depicted as an evil race bent on world domination.

The Nazis violently hated all the Jews and everything for which they stood. They worked relentlessly toward the goal of removing all possible Jewish influences. Starting in the 1920s (when they were a small party) with a violently anti-Semitic rhetoric that blamed Jews for all the problems of Germany and the modern world, the Nazis defined Jews as a permanent “race” that would never change and could never be improved. The Nazis also strongly disliked Christianity as being too Jewish. Their goal was to return to a pre-Christian, all-Aryan (imaginary) world.

The Nazi goal was first to remove all Jewish influence, then deport all Jews from Europe.

===Stage 2: 1933–38===
The second stage of Nazi policy concerning Jews, from 1933 to 1938, when Hitler was dictator in a peacetime Germany, involved the removal of Jews from all public office. The Nazis encouraged the Jews to leave and half of the Jewish population in Germany did so (including famous scientist [[Albert Einstein]] and the teenaged [[Henry Kissinger]]). The Nazis opened Dachau and other “concentration camps” to punish thousands of their political enemies—including many Jews. About 1,000 Jews were murdered in concentration camps inside Germany before 1939; these were distinct from the death camps that were opened in 1942 in Poland.

Jewish businesses began feeling the effects of a boycott that began on April 1, 1933, followed by the dismissal of Jewish civil service workers, judges, and university professors a week later. On May 10, some ten days after laws were enacted which prevented Jewish children from attending public schools except by quota, thousands of university students and professors stormed bookstores and libraries to remove books they deemed “un-Germanic” and opposed to Nazi teachings, throwing them into public bonfires. The [[Nuremberg Laws]] were enacted in 1935, which revoked German citizenship from Jews as well as declaring the marriage between a Jew and a [[German]] illegal. By 1938, the political and economic foundations of German Jewry were completely decimated.

===Stage 3: 1938–41===
{{main|Kristallnacht}}

Stage three, from 1938 to 1941, involved increasingly severe and humiliating restrictions for Jews. “Kristallnacht” in November 1938 was a systematic violent attack on all synagogues. World public opinion grew hostile to the Nazi actions; they responded by supporting pro-Nazi, anti-Semitic political movements in France and other countries, including the “German-American Bund.” After invading Poland in September 1939, the Nazis forced two million Jews into a few ghettos with below-starvation food allotments. Before the war plans were made to start deporting Jews from Germany. The war meant Nazi control of millions of Jews in the east and occupied west as well, and deportation became impossible. That left extermination as the Nazi plan.

====Crystal Night====
On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a German Jew living in Paris and upset over his family's forced deportation to Poland, shot the third secretary (Ernst vom Rath) to the German ambassador in France, who died two days later. His assassination touched off a wave of riots on November 9, seemingly at the behest of the Nazi minister of propaganda, [[Joseph Goebbels]], but this was expanded and organized better with the issuing of orders by the deputy chief of the SS, [[Reinhard Heydrich]], later that evening, who specified that SS and SA units in various cities would march out with sledgehammers against Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues - but in civilian clothes only (to symbolize the “righteous” anger of the German people). Business could not be looted, as the property inside was deemed property of the state; Jewish property near German shops and homes could not be burned, but smashed; and many Jewish males, particularly the wealthy, were subject to arrest. Over 35,000 men were arrested that night, and according to figures released by Heydrich the total number of arrests exceeded 100,000; 815 Jewish businesses were destroyed, 191 synagogues were destroyed or demolished, and over 2,000 were dead. By the end of the week, local jails as well as the new [[Buchenwald]] and [[Dachau]] concentration camps were quickly filled. The Jews were declared responsible for the damages done to their property and ordered to pay the staggering sum of one billion Reichmarks.

The sidewalks were littered with shards of the expensive storefront glass that was preferred for shops in Germany and neighboring [[Austria]], which was called ''Kristallglas'' for its high-quality. The amount of glass left behind gave the incident its name: ''Kristallnacht'' (“Crystal Night”), or the Night of Broken Glass.

====World War II: 1939–41====
When World War II in Europe began in the fall of 1939, Jews in Germany were completely marginalized. They could not own property, use parks, associate with Germans, enter a library or museum, work in any professional field or engage in business, nor could their children attend public schools. Public transportation was forbidden to them in 1941, and the wearing of the yellow Star of David badge on their clothing became mandatory. They were also, prior to September 1, forced to migrate from countries and territories which had come under Hitler's wing (the Rhineland, Austria, the Sudetenland), with many being deported to Poland.

====Poland====
By September 21, 1939, Poland was now the “General Government” protectorate under former lawyer [[Hans Frank]], and on that day Heydrich ordered the establishment of ''Judenrates'' (Jewish councils) which comprised 24 men - political leaders and rabbis – and whose personal responsibility was to carry out, to the letter, all German orders. This would include supplying people for work details, usually mundane tasks like digging ditches to amuse their Nazi overlords. Later, they were required to supply thousands of people a day for the “work” camps of [[Treblinka]], [[Sobibor]], [[Belzec]], and new one under construction near the town of Oswiecim, which the Germans called [[Auschwitz]].

Thousands, nearly 30% of the total population of Warsaw, were crammed into just over 2% of the city's total land, a density of 200,000 people per square mile. Disease and malnutrition would take its toll, but for the German overlords this was a minor inconvenience. The ghetto was a temporary place to hold all of Europe's Jews until a final solution was determined, and when the Nazis attacked its ally, the Soviet Union, in June 1941, the killing began in earnest.

====Black soldiers====
The Germans did not generally commit atrocities against Allied soldiers in the West in 1940, with one major exception. About 40,000 black African combat troops in the French Army became targets of the Nazis. German units, acting on the own in accord with longstanding racial hatred of Africans, shot about 1500 to 3000 black soldiers in French uniforms after they had surrendered.<ref>Raffael Scheck, ''Hitler's African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French Soldiers in 1940'' (2006) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24173 online review].</ref>

===Stage 4: 1941–42===
Stage 4 began when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. All Russian Jews were assumed to be Communist agents and large scale killing of political enemies began in Poland. Special units of the SS, the Security Police, and the Security Service (Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, Einsatz- and Sonderkommandos) not only massacred large numbers of Jews, but routinely included handicapped persons in open-air mass shootings. Seven of the “Einsatzgruppen” rounded up and shot many Polish Catholic priests, intellectuals, and political leaders. Another five units (with 3,000 men) followed the Red Army and executed Communist commissars and partisans, and about 600,000 Russian Jews.

====The Einsatzgruppen====
[[Image:Babi Yar.jpg|right|150px|left|thumb|1943 German photo of Soviet POWs forced to dig up the thousands of Jews killed at Babi Yar two years before; the Nazis destroyed the evidence by burning the bodies.]]
Alongside the German Army were special mobile units whose job it was to locate and kill Jews, Gypsies, Soviets commissars, and others deemed unfit in the areas controlled by the army. These ''Einsatzgruppen'' (“special units”) were also aided by local populations who felt the Germans had relieved them of [[Soviet]] occupation as well as sharing a hatred for Jews and other minorities. Making no difference between young or old, male or female, the Einsatzgruppen killed 70,000 Jews at Ponary, near Vilnius, [[Lithuania]]; 33,771 Jews were machine-gunned in a ravine known as Babi Yar near [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], between [[September]] 28–29, 1941;<ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yevtushenko.htm]</ref> 9,000 Jews were killed at the Ninth Fort at Kaunas, Lithuania, on October 28, of which half of the dead were children. On November 30 in the Rumbula Forest outside of Riga, Latvia, between 25,000-28,000 were killed.

By mid-1941, the Ukrainian SSR had the largest population of Jews in Europe. The addition of the eastern provinces of Poland in late 1939, as well as the seizure of sections of Romanian territory in June 1940, led to some 2.7 million Jews living within the borders of the newly enlarged republic. About 85% lived in cities. By 1944, 1.6 million of these Jews had died at the hands of the Germans and their allies and auxiliaries. Unlike the majority of the Holocaust's later victims who died in the industrialized mass murder of the death camps, the overwhelming bulk of Ukraine's Jews died in mass shootings during the initial stages of the war.

The killings were done in first and second waves, with the bodies buried in mass graves. When the Soviet Red Army threatened and carried out counter-offensives to reclaim lost territory, special units made up of concentration camp inmates (''sonderkomandos'') would return to the sites, dig up the bodies, and burn them in mass pyres, destroying the evidence of their crimes. The number of individual persons killed by the Einsatzgruppen has been estimated at a minimum of one million.

===Stage 5: 1942–1944===
Stage 5 began at The [[Wannsee Conference]] in January 1942 began stage five of Nazi power; it was then that top Nazis decided on a “Final Solution” —to round up and secretly execute all the Jews of Europe. Killing centers were opened in Poland, and thousands of trainloads of Jews were transported there. Jews were gassed immediately upon arrival. Over three million Jews (and numbers of gypsies and other hated groups) were murdered, mostly in 1942–1943.

====Wannsee Conference====
On January 20, 1942 at a villa near Berlin named Wannsee a conference was convened by Heydrich to implement methods and ideas for a "final solution to the Jewish question" (''die Endlösung der Judenfrage''). At the conference were fifteen men, among them Heydrich's head of Jewish affairs, [[Adolf Eichmann]], who would be instrumental in providing the logistical plans for removing the Jews to the camps. The men represented government agencies, such as the Gestapo, the Race and Resettlement Office, the SS, as well as a representative from the General Government in Poland. As Heydrich explained near the beginning of the conference, ideas were in play on relocating Jews:
:''“Another possible solution of the [Jewish] problem has now taken the place of emigration—i.e., evacuation of the Jews to the east…Such activities are, however, to be considered as provisional actions, but practical experience is already being collected which is of greatest importance in relation to the future final solution of the Jewish problem.”''

The minutes of the meeting were kept, but were edited by Heydrich. The language used contains euphemisms in place of what was really said. ''Evacuation of Jews to the east'' and ''resettlement'' meant relocation to the concentration and extermination camps in Poland; ''special handling'' regarded the killing of Jews, either through slave labor in which the Jew was worked to death, or being killed immediately on arrival. The ''final solution'' was put into practice within a few months of the conference, as the bullets of guns and the exhaust of carbon monoxide were replaced by the more efficient killing methods installed in the first gas chambers.

===Stage 6: 1944–45===
Stage 6 arrived when the Soviet armies overran the Polish camps in 1944–45 and, liberated the survivors.

But the killing continued unabated, even to the last week of the war. As territory was regained by Soviet forces, the death camps were evacuated of survivors and destroyed as much as possible in a futile attempt to hide the evidence. The survivors were moved west into Germany, usually in hellish death marches, and interned in concentration camps where death still awaited them; such killing by the S.S. took priority over military matters at times.
[[Image:Ike at Ordruf.jpg|left|150px|thumb|General Dwight D. Eisenhower saw for himself the carnage wrought by the Nazis when he toured the Ohrdruf concentration camp on April 12, 1945. These prisoners were executed prior to the camp's liberation.]]

In all, six million Jews were murdered; most of the 300,000 survivors emigrated to the United States or Israel.

==The people involved==
Analytically, the people involved in the Holocaust can be divided into the following groups:

===Victims===
Millions were victimized by the Nazi regime during the Holocaust. The Jews were always the principal targets; [[Anne Frank]] in the Netherlands was the most famous victim. However, the Nazis also systematically hunted down and murdered the Roma people (“Gypsies”). They also targeted special enemies, including Communist activists, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals (Femmes faction), and people with disabilities. The last group was the target of euthanasia programs carried out in German hospitals in 1939–1941. Some of these programs were stopped when German Christian leaders mobilized public opinion against them.

===Perpetrators===
Under the guidance of an all-powerful Führer (Hitler), the Nazis believed fervently in force, violence, and terror as their best weapons. Many of the most fanatical Nazis joined the SS, which carried out most of the executions. The Final Solution was directed by [[Heinrich Himmler]], chief of the SS and Minister of the Interior. His top aide was [[Reinhard Heydrich]], head of the SD and Gestapo, then after 1939, of all the secret police and security agencies grouped into the RSHA; he was assassinated by Czech commandos with British help in 1942. [[Adolf Eichmann]] was the senior SS bureaucrat in charge of handling deportation and transportation. However, regular German army police units also systematically killed large numbers of civilians and POWs on the Eastern Front.<ref>After the war, West Germany recognized its guilt and made large financial payments to Israel; Communist East Germany refused to do the same.</ref>

====Endlösung====
[[Image:Heydrich.jpg|right|150px|thumb|''Obergruppenführer'' Reinhard Heydrich, the man who convened the Wannsee Conference with the intention of determining a "final solution to the Jewish question".]]
:''To Gruppenführer Heydrich:''
:''Supplementing the task assigned to you by the decree of January 24, 1939, to solve the Jewish problem by means of emigration and evacuation in the best possible way according to present conditions, I hereby charge you to carry out preparations as regards organizational, financial, and material matters for a total solution (Gesamtlösung) of the Jewish question in all the territories of Europe under German occupation.''
:''Where the competency of other central organizations touches on this matter, these organizations are to collaborate.''
:''I charge you further to submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution (Endlösung) of the Jewish question.'' (Order from Hermann Göring to Reinhard Heydrich, July 31, 1941)

====The death camps====
[[Image:Hgdye56.jpg|right|200px|thumb|''Selektion'' of Hungarian Jews at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in May/June 1944. To be sent to the right meant slave labor; to the left, the gas chambers.]]
In the early years of Nazi Germany concentration camps were built with the expressed purpose of housing political prisoners; this was quickly expanded to Jews and other people the Nazis considered undesirable. By 1942 new camps were built in eastern Poland as death camps; the victims, once targeted by the Einsatzgruppen coming to them, had been rounded up by units of the Army and Waffen-SS, and forced to travel to their own destruction. The victims were packed tightly into cattle cars - so tight in fact that many would die standing up – and transported by rail to the new extermination camps of Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, [[Majdanek]], and Belzec. The camps were essentially factories which specialized in death, making the process from arrival to counting to shower to disposal coldly efficient.

As they arrived the victims were divided in two: those fit for work, usually young to middle aged men, or possessed a special skill needed in the camp, and the remainder sent for delousing in the showers. Deceived to the end, the “showers” was actually a sealed room in which a chemical tablet known as “[[Zyklon B]]” was dropped through a hole in the ceiling. The cyanide-based vapors would kill the entire room within minutes; within thirty, the room was emptied by the ''sonderkomandos'', cleaned, and ready for another group of victims.

The "Operation Reinhardt" camps (Chelmno, Sobibor, Majdanek and Belzec, used a different execution method; the gas chambers were pumped full of carbon monoxide generated by gasoline engines from vehicles and captured Soviet tanks. At these camps all arrivals were gassed, as the camps were pure extermination facilities with no attached work camps.

Of the death camps, the one at Osweicim, Poland – Auschwitz – was perhaps the most notorious. Auschwitz was three camps: a prisoner-of-war camp (Auschwitz I), a slave-labour camp (Auschwitz III–Buna-Monowitz) and the extermination camp (Auschwitz II–Birkenau). The arrivals would disembark the trains at Auschwitz II, where the old, handicapped, infirm, sick, and pregnant women would face a German doctor (among them the notorious [[Joseph Mengele]]) in the ''selektion'', where a flick of a thumb could mean the difference between slave labor in the nearby factory run by I.G. Farben (which took advantage of the forced labor by investing some 700 million Reichsmarks in the project), or to their immediate deaths. Those selected for labor would be worked to death by a combination of hard labor and inadequate food and medical care; a second ''selektion'' of their numbers, if they had survived, would mean a trip to the gas chambers.

===Bystanders===
In recent years much controversy has arisen over when President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] learned about the Nazis programs, and what he did or did not do. Switzerland was neutral and accepted in some refugees, but it also made large profits by trading and banking with Germany. The Swiss were forced in the 1990s to make reparation payments.

===Collaborators===
In rounding up Jews the Nazis sometimes had the enthusiastic cooperation of pro-Nazi governments (as in France and Slovakia). A few countries, including Italy and Hungary, tried to stall the Nazis, but the Germans took power directly and seized the Jews. Only Bulgaria and Denmark were largely successful in protecting their Jews.

===Resisters===
Resistance took many forms, from individual acts to hundreds of examples of organized, armed resistance. The most famous episode was the month-long uprising of 60,000 remaining Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto in April 1943. At the Sobibor death camp, an uprising in October 1943 allowed 600 prisoners to escape.

Jews stood virtually alone against the Nazi death machine and those who collaborated with them, receiving no aid or assistance from outside, as well as having no access to arms with which to defend themselves. Further, the Nazis took great care to prevent their victims from knowing their true plans right up to the moment of their deaths; at Babi Yar many had believed they were being transported to a “family work camp” right up to the point of standing before their own mass grave. There was also the fear of reprisals against large numbers of Jews within the ghettos, which also prevented resistance. But word of the unbelievable atrocities of the death camps filtered into places like Warsaw, and as the trains were leaving packed with Jews many saw that resistance was preferable to the death that awaited them.

Nine months after the Warsaw deportations had commenced, and after confirmation that their destination was the Treblinka extermination camp, 24-year-old [[Mordecai Anielewicz]] and his Jewish Resistance began the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] on April 19, 1943, which lasted just over a month.

[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] was a Christian pastor and theologian who was opposed to the goings on in Germany. He was involved in the German Resistance and took part in a plan to assassinate Hitler. This led to his capture and eventual execution, under Hitler's order, at Flossenbürg concentration camp on April 9, 1945.

Jews fought alongside partisans elsewhere in France, the Balkans, and Soviet Russia during the last three years of the war. Uprisings also occurred in two of the death camps, Treblinka and Sobibor; the latter was closed as a result and the site razed to hide the evidence.

In a unique case of resistance, the Jews of [[Denmark]] were almost entirely saved by the good will of their neighbors. The Danish government had arranged a system by which they maintained control of the government except for foreign affairs. This allowed the Jews of Denmark to live unmolested for several years. When the Nazis did move to deport the Jews in 1943 the Danish Government resigned in protest. The Danish people began a process of evacuating all of the Jews, en masse, to Sweden. The universities closed so students could assist the evacuation, congregations were urged to help, and the fishing fleets helped to evacuate the Jews by sea. In the end, only 500 Danish Jews were captured and placed in Theresienstadt where they remained until the end of the war thanks in part to the continued attentions of the Danish people.<ref>http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/faq/languages/en/04/01/denmark2.php</ref>

===Rescuers===
Rescuers hid potential victims as best they could; the tragic story of [[Anne Frank]] is the most famous. The Pope helped protect some Italian Jews; it is still being debated whether he could have done much more. The most famous rescuer was Oskar Schindler; —“Schindler’s List” the movie is a tells the true story about of how he saved 1,100 Jews from the Nazis by setting up factories that produced defective munitions.<ref>[http://www.teachwithmovies.org/guides/schindlers-list.html For further information, see]</ref>

In territory occupied by the Germans, the situation was bleak for Jews. Their allies were few and resources were meager. Despite this, many put their lives on the line to provide aid and comfort, as well as putting them in hiding or through a network of underground units to get them to safety. In Poland, it was punishable by death to aid Jews, yet a “council for the aid of Jews” known as the Zegota rescued about 5,000 men, women, and children, providing hiding places and forged identity papers. A similar number was hidden by French Huguenots in the little town of Le Chamblon-sur-Lignon.

====Vatican====
Although criticized by many for his silence about the Nazi persecution of the Jews, Pope [[Pius XII]] hid several hundred inside the Vatican, away from Mussolini and German occupiers and quietly worked behind the scenes to do what they could. The Vatican estimates they were able to save upwards of 150,000 Jews during this horrible time. For those who say the Vatican should have done more to save Jews, it should be noted that they weren't even able to stop the killing of Polish Catholics, of whom more than a million lost their lives, so how could they stop the killing of Jews?

====Wallenburg====
Swedish diplomat [[Raoul Wallenburg]], in an attempt to save the last remaining Jews in Hungary, arrived in Budapest on July 9, 1944, and working with neutral diplomats and the Vatican, secured the release of several thousand; his efforts at the rescue of Jews would total well over 100,000 by war's end, including [[Tom Lantos]], a survivor who became a powerful member of the U.S. Congress.

====Schindler====
A Nazi businessman who took advantage of the slave labor conditions to make a personal profit, [[Oskar Schindler]], would use that profit to bribe camp guards and Nazi officials at the Plazow camp to ensure that the workers he had grown to love and admire would survive the end of the war; among the individuals he played cat and mouse with for their lives was the camp's commandant, Amon Goeth, a sadistic SS officer who shot Jews for target practice from his villa and tortured a captured escapee by shooting the prisoners around him. These men and women, who hid Jews out of a sense of common humanity, would not be forgotten: the state of Israel would recognize them with honorary citizenship several years later.

===Liberators===
The Allies liberated the concentration camps in 1945 — but the question remains as to whether they could have bombed the camps or otherwise stopped the Final Solution.

===Survivors===
The survivors of the Final Solution were very quiet about their experiences until about 1961, when Adolf Eichmann was captured in South America by Israel, tried in Jerusalem, and executed. Since then the Holocaust has become recognized as the most horrible episode of the 20th century, and it has been analyzed in numerous with many books, courses, museums, and movies. The most important museums are Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, the Holocaust Museum in Washington, and the Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles.

===Non-Jewish victims===
Jews were not the only victims of Nazi persecution.<ref>It is estimated that around 6 million Jews were killed during the Final Solution, along with as many as another 6 million non-Jews. [http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/heinrich-himmler.shtml]</ref>
Members of unions, members of the Social Democratic Party, and political dissidents were also sent to the camps; indeed they were among the first ones incarcerated immediately following Hitler's appointment as chancellor. Some 20,000 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] also were rounded up and sent to the camps, primarily because of refusal to register for the draft, swear allegiance to the state, or give the “Heil Hitler” greeting. [[Homosexual]]s were arrested if they were of the Femmes faction; they were forced to wear a pink triangle on their prison garments; and sent to the camps. [[Gypsies]] as well were rounded up and imprisoned, and like the Jews, were deliberately marked for killing.

The mentally retarded, the disabled, and the insane were selected for the "T-4" Program, which was created in 1939. Dubbed “useless eaters” by SS general Ernst Kaltenbrunner, these people were murdered as part of a “euthanasia” campaign, usually by placing them in a special room where a vehicle's engine provided the carbon monoxide gas that flowed in through a hose in a wall.

Following the outbreak of World War II in [[Poland]], the Nazis killed Polish intelligentsia in territories under their control, politicians, priests, and anyone else deemed part of a Polish leadership; the remainder were deemed slaves to serve their new masters; many were forced to perform hard labor, while many of the children who happened to look Aryan were kidnapped and raised as Germans in German households.

As Hitler was pro-[[animal rights]] and [[environmentalism]], [[hunter]]s, fishermen, lumberjacks, [[farmer]]s, and builders were also killed by Nazis.

[[Image:Goeth.jpg|right|150px|right|thumb|Amon Goeth, commandant of the Plazow concentration camp near Kraków, Poland. A sadistic man, his recreation was to target and kill individual Jews in the camp with a hunting rifle from the balcony of his villa.]]

==Deaths==
The number of Jews put to death were staggering. Beginning in the summer of 1942 a bare minimum of 960,000 were believed killed at Auschwitz during its three years in operation. At Treblinka, between 750,000-900,000 Jews were killed within 17 months, considering the staff and guards there numbered 120. 600,000 Jews died at Belzac within 10 months by a staff numbering 104. In the eighteen months of its operation, Sobibor killed 250,000.

{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="450" style="margin-left:5px"
|-
!colspan="5" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: yellow no-repeat scroll top left;"|Jewish Death Statistics during the Holocaust
|-
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Country
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Prior Jewish Population
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: red no-repeat scroll top left;"|Estimated Number Killed
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Percentage of Total
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Estimated Number of Survivors
|-
|'''Poland'''
|3,300,000
|'''3,000,000'''
|91%
|300,000
|-
|'''Germany'''
|566,000
|'''200,000'''
|36%
|366,000
|-
|'''USSR'''
|3,020,000
|'''1,100,000'''
|36%
|1,920,000
|-
|'''Hungary'''
|800,000
|'''596,000'''
|74%
|204,000
|-
|'''Lithuania'''
|168,000
|'''143,000'''
|85%
|25,000
|-
|'''Estonia'''
|4,500
|'''2,000'''
|44%
|2,500
|-
|'''Latvia'''
|95,000
|'''80,000'''
|84%
|15,000
|-
|'''France'''
|350,000
|'''77,320'''
|22%
|272,680
|-
|'''Austria'''
|185,000
|'''65,000'''
|35%
|120,000
|-
|'''Netherlands'''
|140,000
|'''100,000'''
|71%
|40,000
|-
|'''Belgium'''
|65,700
|'''28,900'''
|45%
|36,800
|-
|'''Romania'''
|342,000
|'''287,000'''
|84%
|55,000
|-
|'''Bohemia Moravia'''
|118,310
|'''71,150'''
|60%
|47,160
|-
|'''Greece'''
|77,380
|'''67,000'''
|87%
|10,380
|-
|'''Czechoslovakia'''
|88,950
|'''71,000'''
|80%
|17,950
|-
|'''Yugoslavia'''
|78,000
|'''63,300'''
|81%
|14,700
|-
|'''Italy'''
|44,500
|'''7,680'''
|17%
|36,820
|-
|'''Bulgaria'''
|50,000
|'''0'''
|0%
|50,000
|-
|'''Denmark'''
|7,800
|'''60'''
|.8%
|7,740
|-
|'''Finland'''
|2,000
|'''7'''
|.03%
|1,993
|-
|'''Norway'''
|1,700
|'''762'''
|45%
|938
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''9,508,340'''
|'''5,962,129'''
|'''63%'''
|'''3,546,211'''
|
|}

==Survivors==
More than nine million people were discovered by the [[Allies]] to have been displaced throughout the European Theater of the war; of these, six million were returned to their native lands. One million refused, citing either a fear of communist persecution or a fear of being discovered to have collaborated with the enemy. The remainder, more than three and a half million Jews, had nothing. For these survivors, life after the war meant searching for loved ones, as well as recovering from the severe effects of malnutrition and disease at the hands of the Nazis.

As to the future of finding homes for the surviving Jews, that was solved in part by both covert and well-publicized efforts to pressure [[Great Britain]] into relinquishing control of [[Palestine]] for the purpose of a Jewish homeland, as well as the relaxing of American immigration laws in 1948 which allowed a large influx of Jewish refugees. So shocking was the Holocaust to the Jewish mindset that it caused a determination of survivors to speed the creation of the State of [[Israel]] in May, 1948, vowing that a repeat of the Holocaust, as well as previous pogroms against the Jews in the past, would not happen again. Since 1948, Israel has fought in four major wars against their neighbors bent on eradicating it, and each time Israel has emerged victorious.

The Allies were just as shocked over the conditions which prevailed at the Nazi death camps, and set up military tribunals as a result. The most famous was the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal|Nürnberg Trials]], taking place 1945-1946 near the site of the Nazi mass rallies. For the first time in history, an international tribunal would try the 22 major living Nazis for crimes against humanity; all but one would be found guilty, and more than half would suffer death by hanging.

Unfortunately, some survivors of the horrific event have exploited this tragedy to push more horrific aspects. An infamous example is Simone Veil, née Simone Jacob, an ethnic non-practicing Jew who was along two of her three eldest siblings among the few survivors in her family of the holocaust due to being arrested despite getting fake papers hiding her family's Jewish identity, who later was responsible for the passage of "loi Veil", France's equivalent of Roe v. Wade that legalized abortion, with there being sufficient evidence to suggest that Veil used her status as a holocaust victim to push its legalization.<ref>https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/france-mourns-the-loss-of-a-politician-who-wrote-countrys-abortion-law</ref>

==Punishment==
Hitler and Goebbels committed suicide as the Russians were capturing Berlin. Himmler was captured in late May 1945 and committed suicide before he could be brought to trial for his war crimes. The main war criminals were tried at the International War Crimes Tribunals at Nuremberg in 1945–1947, and at smaller trials throughout Europe. The Holocaust was mentioned at the trials, but the major allegation against defendants was the systematic planning of an unjust war.<ref>The Far East War Crimes Trials were held from 1946 to 1948, and resulted in the conviction of 25 Japanese generals and high officials accused of crimes against peace. Over 2,000 local and regional trials convicted 4,000 Japanese officers accused of mistreating prisoners and civilians.</ref> Many Nazis fled justice, reaching Argentina or other distant locations. Adolf Eichmann, a chief architect of the Holocaust, was captured while hiding in Argentina under an assumed name, brought to Israel, and put on trial in 1961. He was found guilty, and suffered the first and only death penalty carried out in Israel's history. Other Nazis would eventually be brought to trial: [[Klaus Barbie]], the “Butcher of Lyon”, was tried in France in 1987, as well as [[Maurice Papon]] a decade later for collaborating with the Nazis. These trials brought to new generations an awareness of the Holocaust.

==Etymology==
The word '''Holocaust''' comes from the Greek word ''holokaustos'' (''holos'': complete, and ''kaustos'': a sacrificial or burnt offering to a god); the [[Hebrew]] words ''Sho'ah'' (Catastrophe) and ''Hurban'' (destruction)<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269548/Holocaust</ref> were also used, and survivors have used both to refer to what seemed to be the complete and utter destruction of the Jewish people at the hands of the Nazis, specifically in the crematoria of the [[concentration camps|extermination camps]] built for that purpose. Many victims have taken offense to the term '''Holocaust''' because of the meaning of the word. The term ''Sho'ah'' has become the preferred term in some parts of the world<ref>http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/the_holocaust.asp</ref>

==Books and film==
* ''[[Schindler's List]]''

==See also==
[[Image:Lovis Corinth Römische Campagna.jpg|thumb|Römische Campagna by Lovis Corinth; returned to the heirs of a Jew in 2007.]]
* [[Holocaust denial]]
*[[Holocaust Memorial Day]]
*[[Kindertransport]]
* [[Bergen-Belsen]], one of the main killing camps
* [[SS]], in charge of the killing
* [[Sára Salkaházi]]
* [[Concentration camp]]s and [[Death camp]]s
* [[Tibet]]
* [[Big government]] [[Welfare state]] leads to [[socialist]] [[Nanny state]], leads to [[communist]] [[Police state]] - Don't think [[Communism]] is incompatible with [[Islam]].
* [[Gun control]] - key element to create a police state
* [[Terrorism]]

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCy02267X8A&feature=related Original U.S. Army record of the discovery of camps, recorded on orders of General Dwight D. Eisenhower]
*[http://www.h-net.org/~holoweb/ H-HOLOCAUST], daily discussion group, edited by scholars; numerous book reviews and reports on current scholarship
*[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/ Holocaust Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.yadvashem.org/ Yad VaShem, the World Center for Holocaust Research], [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]]
*[http://www.ushmm.org/ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum] in Washington, D.C.
*[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yevtushenko.htm ''Babi Yar'', poem by Yevgeni Yevtushenko]
*[http://www.hmh.org/ Houston Holocaust Museum]
*[http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/ Florida Holocaust Museum]
*[http://www.va-holocaust.com/ Virginia Holocaust Museum]
*[http://holocausteducationcenter.org/ Holocaust Awareness Museum & Educational Center of Philadelphia; America's First Holocaust Museum]
*[http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Nuremberg/Nuremberg.html#search Searchable list of 2300 victims from Nuremberg]
*[http://www.holocaustcentre.net/ Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre in Newark, England]
*[http://www.mhmc.ca/ Montreal Holocaust Memorial Center Museum]
*[http://www.holocaust-mahnmal.de/en German Government's Memorial To Jews Murdered During Holocaust]
*[http://www.amcha.org/ AMCHA: Israeli Association of Holocaust Survivors]
*[http://www.hitler.org/writings/first_writing/ Hitler's first writing about Jewry.] On 16 September 1919.
{{Clear}}

====Notes====
<references/>

==Bibliography==
===Surveys and victims===
* Bloxham, Donald and Kushner, Tony. ''The Holocaust: Critical Historical Approaches.'' (2005). 238 pp.
* Brandon, Ray, and Wendy Lower, eds. ''The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization.'' (2008). 378 pp. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24078 online review]
* Dawidowicz, Lucy. ''The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945'' (1986)
** '' Hitler's War Against the Jews: A Young Reader's Version of the War Against the Jews, 1933-1945, by Lucy S. Dawidowicz'' (1978) [https://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-War-Against-Jews-Dawidowicz/dp/0874412226/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979155&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Edelheit, Abraham et al. ''History Of The Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary'' (1995) 544pp, a standard reference work [http://www.questia.com/read/9134049?title=History%20of%20the%20Holocaust%3a%20A%20Handbook%20and%20Dictionary online edition]
* Friedlander, Saul. ''Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1933-1945'' (2009) abridged version of standard 2 volume history:
** Friedlander, Saul. ''The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945'' (2007), the standard scholarly history [https://www.amazon.com/Years-Extermination-Nazi-Germany-1939-1945/dp/0060190434/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979435&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
** Friedlander, Saul. ''The Years of Persecution:1933-1939'' (1998)
* Friedman, Saul S. ''A History of the Holocaust.'' (2004). 494 pp.
* Gilbert, Martin. ''Never Again: The History of the Holocaust'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Never-Again-Holocaust-Martin-Gilbert/dp/0789304090/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979238&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gilbert, Martin. ''The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War'' (1987) [https://www.amazon.com/Holocaust-History-Europe-During-Second/dp/0805003487/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979238&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Gilbert, Martin. ''The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust'' (2002)[https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Atlas-Holocaust-Historical-Atlases/dp/0415281466/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979238&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Gutman, Israel. ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'' (4 vol 1990), a standard reference work
* Lacqueur, Walter, ed. ''The Holocaust Encyclopedia'' (2001).
* Landau, Ronnie. ''The Nazi Holocaust'' (2002)
* Marrus, Michael A. ''The Holocaust in History'' (1989)
* Niewyk, Donald, and Francis Nicosia. ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99854126&oplinknum=4 online edition]; [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=289191002135231 online review]
* Rosen, Philip. ''Dictionary of the Holocaust: Biography, Geography and Terminology.'' (1997)
* Rothkirchen, Livia. ''The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust.'' (2006). 447 pp.
* Spector, Shmuel ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life: Before and During the Holocaust'' (2001).
* Yahil, Leni. ''The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry'', (1990).

===Perpetrators===
* Browning, Christopher. ''Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers'' (2000)
* Burleigh, Michael. ''The Third Reich: A New History.'' 2000. 864 pp., stresses central role of antisemitism.
* Dawidowicz, Lucy. ''The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945'' (1986)
* Friedlander, Henry. ''The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution.'' (1995) 445 pp. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=2249957902770 online review];[http://www.questia.com/read/9253469?title=The%20Origins%20of%20Nazi%20Genocide%3a%20From%20Euthanasia%20to%20the%20Final%20Solution online edition]
* Friedlander, Saul. ''Nazi Germany and the Jews: Volume 1: The Years of Persecution 1933-1939'' (1998)), the standard scholarly history
* Friedlander, Saul. ''The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945'' (2007), the standard scholarly history [https://www.amazon.com/Years-Extermination-Nazi-Germany-1939-1945/dp/0060190434/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979435&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gaunt, David; Levine, Paul A.; and Palosuo, Laura, eds. ''Collaboration and Resistance during the Holocaust: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.'' (2004). 519 pp.
* Goldhagen, Daniel Joseph. ''Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust'' (1997).
* Graml, Hermann. ''Antisemitism in the Third Reich'' (1992).
* Gutman, Israel, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust,'' 4 vol (1989)
* Johnson, Eric A. ''Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans'' (2000). [https://www.amazon.com/Nazi-Terror-Gestapo-Ordinary-Germans/dp/0465049087/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979435&sr=8-13 excerpt and text search]
* Lewy, Guenter. ''The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies'' (2001). [https://www.amazon.com/Nazi-Persecution-Gypsies-Guenter-Lewy/dp/0195142403/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979549&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Levy, Richard, ed. ''Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution'' (2005)
* Lower, Wendy. ''Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine.'' (2005). 307 pp.
* Wachsmann, Nikolaus. "Looking into the Abyss: Historians and the Nazi Concentration Camps," ''European History Quarterly,'' 4 2006; vol. 36: pp. 247 - 278. fulltext in Sage; historiography
* Wistrich, Robert S. ''Hitler and the Holocaust.'' (2001). 295 pp.

===Memory===
* Bartov, Omer. ''Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide and Modern Identity.'' (2000). 310 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-507723-0. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=23289980364228 online review]; [https://www.amazon.com/Mirrors-Destruction-Genocide-Modern-Identity/dp/0195151844/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979627&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Bloxham, Donald. ''Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory.'' (2001) 292pp ISBN 978-0-19-820872-3. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=122091071198412 online review]
* Carrier, Peter. ''Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the Véd'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin.'' (2005) 267 pp.
* Douglas, Lawrence. ''The Memory of Judgment: The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust'' (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=hiU2C0maeAMC&pg=PP1&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Memory+intitle:of+intitle:Judgment+inauthor:douglas&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=MiETAxY1KKnru9emnC0x3IXWJIE excerpt and text search]
* Greenspan, Henry. ''On Listening to Holocaust Survivors: Recounting and Life History.'' (1998) 220 pp. ISBN 978-0-275-95718-6. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=3035937424750 online review]
* Haggith, Tony and Newman, Joanna, ed. ''Holocaust and the Moving Image: Representations in Film and Television.'' 2005. 317 pp.
* Mikhman, Dan. ''Holocaust Historiography: A Jewish Perspective: Conceptualizations, Terminology, Approaches, and Fundamental Issues'' (2003)
* Roseman, Mark. ''A Past in Hiding: Memory and Survival in Nazi Germany'' (2001). [https://www.amazon.com/Past-Hiding-Memory-Survival-Germany/dp/031242065X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979685&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Rosen, Philip. and Nina Apfelbaum. ''Bearing Witness: A Resource Guide to Literature, Poetry, Art, Music, and Videos by Holocaust Victims and Survivors'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Bearing-Witness-Literature-Holocaust-Survivors/dp/0313310769/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195980447&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Stone, Dan, ed. ''The Historiography of the Holocaust.'' (2004). 573 pp
* Waxman, Zoe Vania. ''Writing the Holocaust: Identity, Testimony, Representation'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Writing-Holocaust-Representation-Historical-Monographs/dp/0199206384/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195981167&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Wiesel, Elie, and Robert Franciosi. ''Elie Wiesel: Conversations'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Elie-Wiesel-Conversations-Literary/dp/1578065038/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979990&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Weisel, Elie. ''Night'' (1999).

===Reactions and memory in U.S.===
* Abzug, Robert H. ed. ''America Views the Holocaust, 1933-1945: A Brief Documentary History'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/America-Views-Holocaust-1933-1945-Documentary/dp/0312218192/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195981035&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search]
* Lipstadt, Deborah E. ''Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945'' (1993). [https://www.amazon.com/Beyond-Belief-American-Coming-Holocaust/dp/0029191610/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979711&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Newton, Verne W., ed. ''FDR and the Holocaust'' (1996). [https://www.amazon.com/Holocaust-Franklin-Roosevelt-Institute-Diplomatic/dp/0312122268/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979739&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Novick, Peter. ''The Holocaust in American Life'' (1999). [https://www.amazon.com/Holocaust-American-Life-Peter-Novick/dp/0618082328/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979766&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wyman, David. ''The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945.'' (1984). [https://www.amazon.com/Abandonment-Jews-America-Holocaust-1941-1945/dp/159558174X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979795&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

===Primary sources===
* Aroneanu, Eugene and Thomas Whissen, eds. ''Inside the Concentration Camps: Eyewitness Accounts of Life in Hitler's Death Camps'' (1996) 176 pp, [http://www.questia.com/read/26185130?title=Inside%20the%20Concentration%20Camps%3a%20Eyewitness%20Accounts%20of%20Life%20in%20Hitler's%20Death%20Camps online edition]
* Greene, Joshua M, and Shiva Kumar, eds. ''Witness: Voices from the Holocaust'' (2000). [https://www.amazon.com/WITNESS-Holocaust-Joshua-M-Greene/dp/0684865262/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979830&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Klemperer, Victor. ''I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years 1942–1945'' (2001). [https://www.amazon.com/Will-Bear-Witness-1942-1945-Diary/dp/0375756973/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979856&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 2]
* Kremer, S. Lillian, ed. ''Holocaust Literature: An Encyclopedia of Writers and Their Work'' (2002).
* Siedlecki, Janusz Nel, et als. ''We Were in Auschwitz'' (2000).
* Szpilman, Wladyslaw. ''The Pianist'' (2000). [https://www.amazon.com/Pianist-Read-Great-Movie/dp/0752864297/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195979914&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

==International Justice==
* Pritchard, R. John, “War Crimes, International Criminal Law, and the Postwar Trials in Europe and Asia.,” in Loyd E. Lee ed., ''World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War’s Aftermath, with General Themes,'' edited by Loyd E. Lee (1987).

===Video===
* “Schindler’s List” (DVD and VHS) (1993).
* [http://college.usc.edu/vhi/ USC Shoah Foundation], largest video archive of testimonies of Holocaust survivors and witnesses,

[[Category:European History]]
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:Holocaust| ]]
[[Category:Nazis]]
[[Category:Man-Made Disasters]]
[[Category:Threats]]
[[Category:Police State]]
[[Category:Gun Control]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Oppression]]
[[Category:Anti-American]]
[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]

Wannsee Conference

2020-12-25T14:45:44Z

DanielAPulido:

Reinhard Heydrich

2020-12-25T14:45:01Z

DanielAPulido:

[[Image:Heydrich.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''Obergruppenführer'' Reinhard Heydrich]]
'''Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich''' (nickname ''Der Henker'': '''the Hangman''') was a high ranking [[Nazi]] political officer in the notorious ''Schutzstaffel'' ([[SS]]), the chief lieutenant of [[Heinrich Himmler]], and the man most responsible for the creation and implementation of the [[Holocaust]] against the Jews of Europe.

He is regarded by some historians as the most sinister figure in the Regime, and Hitler referred to him as "the man with the iron heart".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8_gwDwAAQBAJ Heydrich, Hitler’s Most Evil Henchman]</ref>

==Early life==
Heydrich was born March 7, 1904 in Halle, [[Germany]], the son of a composer and director of a musical conservatory, Richard Bruno Heydrich. One of Heydrich's father's compositions, written several years before Heydrich was born, was ironically entitled “Reinhard’s Crime”. [[Richard Wagner]] was one of his father's influences, and Reinhard was exposed to his music a great deal. He became a gifted [[violin]]ist within a few years. A rumor a grandparent was Jewish, coupled with a slight build and high-pitched voice, caused young Reinhard to be introverted, and yet be as competitive as possible with those around him. He would also develop a hidden desire to get even, which he would put to use later on in life.

Just after [[World War I]], he joined a Freikorps unit in 1919. In 1922, he entered the German Navy with the intent to secure a commission. By 1926 he obtained the rank of ensign (Leutnant zur See) and was assigned to a battleship as a signals officer. In April 1931, Admiral Erich Raeder dismissed him from the German Navy after a court of honor found him guilty of "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman" for breaking off an engagement promise to a shipyard director’s daughter in order to marry Lina von Osten<ref>They were married in December 1931. Lisa and her brother were already members of the Nazi Party in 1929. Gerwarth (2011) pp. 39-41</ref> Jobless for several months, he obtained an interview with [[Heinrich Himmler]] in the summer of 1931. Impressed with Heydrich, Himmler hired him to organize the intelligence and surveillance department of the SS known as the ''Ic-Dienst'' (Ic Service). Heydrich then joined the Nazi Party and SS. Himmler made him the chief of the SS ''Ic-Dienst'' unit on August 1, 1931. In the summer of 1932, the "Ic service" was renamed the ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (Security Service) or SD.<ref>Gerwarth (2011); Longerich (2011)</ref>

==Nazi==
Heydrich became head of the political department of the Munich police force soon after Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933; his rapid reorganization of that force spread to others and helped bring them Himmler's control. Despite Heydrich's rapid rise in the ranks of the SS, his hopes for advancement rested only with his specialization (Himmler was just four years older than Heydrich). On April 20, 1934 [[Hermann Goering]] handed over the [[Gestapo]] to Himmler. Two days later, Himmler named Heydrich the chief of the Gestapo. Later on June 17, 1936, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of German police in the Ministry of Interior; he formed the (Sicherheitspolizei or SiPo) (the security police). The SiPo was made up of two sub-branches, the Kriminalpolizei (national criminal police) and the Gestapo, under Heydrich's overall command. Heydrich retained command of the SD, as well.<ref>Gerwarth (2011); McNab (2009)</ref>

Several events during the late-1930s expanded Heydrich’s influence and power. In 1938 a purge was conducted against the German High Command, removing many officers from their posts, either through forced retirement or being denounced and led off to concentration camps; Heydrich played a leading role, and as head of the Gestapo, he could arrest and jail his enemies with impunity. In early-November of that year, Kristallnacht took place; some 35,000 Jews were arrested on his orders, their property confiscated with the addendum that they would pay for the damage that was caused. And by 1939, Heydrich assumed the leadership of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Main Office), the agency in charge of all of Germany’s secret and political police, security police, national criminal police and intelligence gathering services (outside the German Army, until taking over the Abwehr, German military intelligence, in 1944).<ref>Weale, (2010); McNab (2009)</ref>

==World War II==
In the last week of August, 1939, several German convicts were dressed in Army uniforms, sent to the Gleiwitz radio transmitter near the Polish/German border and summarily shot; the plan for the fake attack was certainly Heydrich’s, and the “news” of German soldiers being swarmed over by Polish raiders gave Hitler the pretext to invade Poland on September 1, 1939.

Soon after the conquest of Poland, Heydrich and his head of Jewish affairs, [[Adolf Eichmann]], began the first large-scale deportations of Jews to ghettos in established in Polish cities, principly Warsaw, for the purpose of confining Jews until further actions to be determined; the ''Judenräte'' (Jewish Councils) was largely his creation as well, meant to increase German control over the ghettos, and in the future, direct the removal of Jews to the extermination camps. At the same time, Heydrich established and organized the Einsatzgruppen (Special Task groups), which fanned out into the occupied territories and murdered up to one million Soviet and Polish Jews in German-occupied territories.

====Wannsee Conference====
:''To Gruppenführer Heydrich:''
:''Supplementing the task assigned to you by the decree of January 24, 1939, to solve the Jewish problem by means of emigration and evacuation in the best possible way according to present conditions, I hereby charge you to carry out preparations as regards organizational, financial, and material matters for a total solution (Gesamtlösung) of the Jewish question in all the territories of Europe under German occupation.''
:''Where the competency of other central organizations touches on this matter, these organizations are to collaborate.''
:''I charge you further to submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution (Endlösung) of the Jewish question.'' (Order from [[Hermann Göring]] to Reinhard Heydrich, July 31, 1941)

On January 20, 1942 at a lakeside villa near Berlin named Wannsee a top secret [[Wannsee Conference|conference]] was convened by Heydrich to implement methods and ideas for a "final solution to the Jewish question" (''die Endlösung der Judenfrage''). At the conference were fifteen men, among them Eichmann, who would be instrumental in providing the logistical plans for removing the Jews to the camps. The men present were highly educated, and represented government agencies, such as the Gestapo, the Race and Resettlement Office, the SS, as well as a representative from the General Government in Poland. As Heydrich himself explained near the beginning of the conference, ideas were bartered about as to relocating Jews:

:''“Another possible solution of the [Jewish] problem has now taken the place of emigration—i.e., evacuation of the Jews to the east…Such activities are, however, to be considered as provisional actions, but practical experience is already being collected which is of greatest importance in relation to the future final solution of the Jewish problem.”''

The minutes of the meeting were kept, but had been edited by Heydrich. The language it contains euphemisms in place of what was really said. ''Evacuation of Jews to the east'' and ''resettlement'' meant relocation to the concentration and extermination camps in Poland; ''special handling'' regarded the killing of Jews, either through slave labor in which the Jew was worked to death, or being killed immediately on arrival. The ''final solution'' was put into practice within a few months of the conference, as the bullets of the machine guns and the exhaust of carbon monoxide were replaced by the more efficient killing methods installed in the first gas chambers.

==Prague==
In September 1941 Heydrich was appointed the position of Reichsprotektor (governor) of Bohemia and Moravia (now in the Czech Republic). As the “head” of a state with a free hand, he mollified the Czechs with improved social and working conditions, combining them with repression and mass executions. His success in “pacifying” the Czechs lulled Heydrich into a false sense of security; he referred to them as “my Czechs” at times, and refused to believe they would cause him harm. On May 27, 1942 two Free Czech soldiers trained in, and transported from, Britain, had lain in wait on a Prague street corner as he arrived in his typical style, an open car without an armed escort. The corner forced the car to slow, allowing the agents to throw a bomb at the car and wound Heydrich. Although his injuries were not life-threatening, embedded horsehair fibers from the seat caused an infection, and he died June 4.

After his state funeral in Berlin, “Operation Reinhard” was commenced in his memory, it included a retaliatory act against the citizens of [[Lidice]], just north of Prague; hundreds were executed, and the town was dynamited and razed.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbKnlI242JQ&feature=related Video of Heydrich posted on YouTube]
*Breitman, Richard. ''The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
*Dederichs, Mario. ''Heydrich: The Face of Evil''. Greenhill Books: Newberry, United Kingdom, 2006.
*Fleming, Gerald. ''Hitler and the Final Solution''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984.
*Gerwarth, Robert. ''Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011.
*Gilbert, Martin. ''The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War''. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985.
*Longerich, Peter. ''Heinrich Himmler: A Life''. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
*MacDonald, Callum. ''The Killing of SS Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich''. New York: The Free Press, 1989.
*McNab, Chris. ''The SS: 1923–1945''. Amber Books Ltd., 2009.
*Toland, John. ''The Last 100 Days''. New York: Random House, 1966.
*Weale, Adrian. ''The SS: A New History''. London: Little, Brown, 2010.
*[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60A10F63C5E1A7A93CAAB1782D85F458485F9 "CZECH STATE GETS GESTAPO MASTER; Heydrich, Chief Lieutenant of Himmler, Succeeds von Neurath as Protector"; ''New York Times'', 28 September 1941]
*[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4091FF83B5F1A7A93C7A9178DD85F468485F9 "HEYDRICH'S FAME RESTED ON MURDER; Known as 'Hangman' and 'Cobra,' He Rose in Nazidom as Killer of Friend and Foe", ''New York Times'', 5 June 1942]
*[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B12FF3E5E1A7A93CBA8178DD85F468485F9 "Heydrich Killers Slain, Say Nazis, As Ultimatum to Czechs Expires; HEYDRICH KILLERS DEAD, SAY GERMANS", ''New York Times'', 19 June 1942]
*[http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/biographies/heydrich.htm History Place bio]
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Heydrich.html Jewish Virtual Library]
*[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERheydrich.htm Spartacus Educational]

[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:Mass Murderers]]
[[Category:Nazis]]
[[Category:Anti-Semitism]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heydrich, Reinhard}}

Craig Stephen Hicks

2020-12-25T14:39:04Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Craig Stephen Hicks''' was the [[militant atheist]] perpetrator of the February 2015 Chapel Hill Shootings, in which he murdered Muslim American students in cold blood.

== See also ==

*[[List of atheist shooters and serial killers]]
*[[Devin Patrick Kelley]]

== External links ==
*[https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/chapel-hill-shooting-white-male-atheist-murders-three-muslim-students The Chapel Hill shooting: White male atheist murders three Muslim students] by Anna Leszkiewicz

[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Serial Killers]]
[[Category:Murderers]]
[[Category:Liberals]]

Logic

2020-12-23T12:28:26Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Logic''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] ''λογίζω'' – I think, I reason; from ''λόγος'' – reason) refers the patterns in reasoning behind arguments. In [[philosophy]], logic is a sub-branch of [[epistemology]] that deals with and attempts to guide the faculty of human reason. It is often studied alongside [[mathematics]].

''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'' declares:
:"Laws of thought, traditionally, the three fundamental laws of logic: (1) the [[Law of Non-Contradiction|law of contradiction]], (2) the [[Law of the excluded middle|law of excluded middle]] (or third), and (3) the [[Law of identity|principle of identity]]. That is, (1) for all propositions p, it is impossible for both p and not p to be true, or symbolically ∼(p · ∼p), in which ∼ means “not” and · means “and”; (2) either p or ∼p must be true, there being no third or middle true proposition between them, or symbolically p ∨ ∼p, in which ∨ means “or”; and (3) if a propositional function F is true of an individual variable x, then F is indeed true of x, or symbolically F(x) ⊃ F(x), in which ⊃ means “formally implies.” Another formulation of the principle of identity asserts that a thing is identical with itself, or (∀x) (x = x), in which ∀ means “for every”; or simply that x is x."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/laws-of-thought Laws of Thought], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>

[[Aristotle]] was the first to formalize the practice of reasoning. In particular, Aristotle developed a formalization of the [[Syllogism|categorical syllogism]], the three laws of logic, and the Square of Opposition. While modus ponens and its complement modus tollens were known to the medieval philosophers, it is not clear when these central laws of deduction were first formalized.

The next easily identifiable major development in logic comes from Boole in 1847 with the creation of [[Boolean algebra]] and Boolean logic. In the 1870s, Peirce introduces a logic of quantifiers, followed by [[Gottlob Frege]]'s 1879 ''Begriffsschrift'', which contains the first complete formalization of the propositional calculus. Frege's work was developed in service of his logicist project, which was shown to be inconsistent by [[Bertrand Russell]] in 1903 with what is famously called [[Russell's paradox]]. In 1913 Russell and Whitehead published ''Principia Mathematica'', a landmark work that sought to define mathematics with first-order logic.

By the 1950s, with the work of many logicians including [[Hilbert]], Emile Post, Alfred Tarski and [[Kurt Gödel]], most of the major results in first-order logic had been proved, and in the 1960s Saul Kripke added a completeness proof for modal logic.

Most logical systems are bivalent; that is, they admit only two truth-values, true or false. However, there is a fair amount of work done on trivalent systems of logic, specifically paraconsistent logic and relevance logic (a subset of paraconsistent logic). These logics were developed in response to the paradoxes that classical logic can create, namely, that anything can follow from a falsehood and the [[principle of explosion]].

Formal logic requires, since Frege, a distinction between the object language and the metalanguage. The metalanguage is ordinarily a natural language like English or German, while the object language is a symbolic language with an alphabet limited to variable meanings and a symbolic system for describing the relationships between the variables.

== Informal Logic ==
The art of [[rhetoric]] is sometimes called "informal logic", and the classic [[logical fallacies|fallacies]] are often described as "logical fallacies", though, strictly speaking, most of them are simply emotionally effective ways to build an invalid argument. Generally speaking, "informal logic" consists of "common sense" and a collection of other rather loose rules that people employ while making most decisions and even in debate. It is unstructured, and depends largely on one's view of "the reasonable". The thresholds of what is "reasonable" and what is not are inexact and subject to change with the receipt of sufficient contrary evidence – and again, what constitutes "sufficiency" in this context might vary from person to person.

== Deduction and Induction ==
Deductive logic is characterized by certainty: in a valid argument, when the premises are true, the conclusion '''must''' be true. Take a classic argument of deductive logic:

:'''P1:''' All men are mortal
:'''P2:''' Socrates is a man.
:'''C:''' Socrates is mortal.

The conclusion is "contained" in the premises. In this sense the conclusion can be said to "follow" from the premises. The conclusion, "Socrates is mortal", is also less informative than the premises, which imply not just that Socrates is mortal but that all men are also mortal. As a result, deductive logic is not thought to add to knowledge, merely to clarify it.

Inductive logic is ampliative, but is famously less certain. In a strong inductive argument, even when the premises are true, it is still possible for the conclusion to be false. An example of an inductive argument is:

:'''P1:''' The first student is wearing red
:'''P2:''' The second student is wearing red
:'''P(n):''' The ''n''th student is wearing red
:'''Conclusion:''' ''All'' students are wearing red

Given the amount of evidence, it is reasonable to inductively conclude that all students are wearing red; however, one's senses could fail or a student could be hiding who is wearing blue. Given this, the conclusion is never certainly true and can only be highly probably true. The event of moving from "''n'' examples are this way" to a universal statement that "''all'' examples are this way" is commonly known as the [[Problem of Induction|problem of induction]].

== Uses of logic in other disciplines ==
Logic is a necessary discipline in [[philosophy]], because it deals with how we study and interact with propositions. Logic and [[mathematics]] are also closely connected, and much of mathematics can be reduced to first-order logic, though Gödel's [[Incompleteness theorem|incompleteness theorem]] shows that not all of mathematics can be so reduced.

*In [[computer science]], logic dictates how a machine will follow a set of instructions, including how to test its "world," evaluate it, and act according to that evaluation, except that instead of establishing propositions, a computer following a program is usually choosing between and among different commands to execute.
*Logic is also used extensively in [[theology]], and especially the study of the [[Bible]]
*Logic, and especially formal logic, informs the discipline of [[critical thinking]] – which, by no coincidence, takes its name from the Greek word for a judge. Indeed, judges and juries in courts of [[law]] must apply logic to evaluate the arguments and evidence and arrive at their decisions.

== Propositional logic ==
Propositional logic is the study of logical propositions. It is sometimes called ''zeroth''-order logic because it does not deal with subjects or predicates but is specifically the study of the truth values of logical propositions and the logical connectives used to make compound propositions. [[Lewis Carroll]] wrote a book on it for young students.

== Logical arguments for the existence of God ==

See: [[Logical arguments for the existence of God]]

== Recommended reading ==
* [[Aristotle]], "Organon"
* [[Gottlob Frege]], "Begriffsschrift" and "The Foundations of Arithmetic"
* [[Bertrand Russell]] and Albert N Whitehead, "Principia Mathematica"
* Bas van Fraassen and J C Beall, "Possibility and Paradox"
* Geoffrey Hunter, "Metalogic"
* Patrick Hurley, "A Concise Introduction to Logic, 12th Edition"

== See also ==
*[[Atheism and logic]]
*[[Christianity and logic]]
*[[Specious reasoning]]

[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]

Specious reasoning

2020-12-23T12:23:36Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Specious reasoning''' is any argument or analysis which has the apparent ring of truth or plausibility but is actually [[Logical fallacy|fallacious]].

Such arguments are attractive because they are seemingly well-reasoned or factual, but are either fallacious or insincere. They are deceptively pleasing, but when not honestly mistaken are based on pretense. Many specious arguments are used as support for strongly held [[belief]]s but are false. This kind of [[Apologetics|apologetical]] reasoning has a deceptively attractive appearance intended to generate a favorable response. It can be beautiful, well-constructed, elegant in simplicity, pleasing to consider; appearing completely reasonable at first view, apparently plausible, right, superficially fair, just, or correct, but not so in reality. A specious person or book can be bequiling because what they present themselves to be appears to be actual reality, not imaginary. Many such people and writers have themselves been "taken in" and deceived, and they sincerely believe what they say; and it is that which makes them seem all the more plausible.

Problems of biblical [[exegesis]] and [[Historical-critical method (Higher criticism)|textual criticism]] relating to internal textual consistency are often the result of specious reasoning based on assumptions rooted in lack of sufficient knowledge of culture, terminology and religious practice.<ref>For example, the difficulty of reconciling John 18:28 and Matthew 26:17; Mark 14:12; Luke 22:7, is resolved by the knowledge that Passover called Unleavened Bread was a period of eight days, the knowledge that Friday was the regular Day of Preparation of the Sabbath of Passover that year (A.D. 33), the knowledge that the Jews carefully kept themselves ritually undefiled during the whole period of the eight days of Passover called Unleavened Bread, the implicit belief that scripture is internally consistent and not self-contradictory, and the reasonable understanding based on this knowledge that John 18:28 is referring to the anticipation of "eating the Passover" on the ''second'' day of Passover called Unleavened Bread, on Friday evening, the evening (beginning) of the Sabbath day, Saturday, which, because it was a Day of Assembly (Leviticus 23:4-8), was a "high day" of solemnity before the Lord. The assumption made by many that "eating the Passover" in John 18:28 refers ''only'' to the single night of the first Seder of Passover and that the Preparation of Passover of John 19:14 on which Jesus was crucified ''preceded the first Seder of Passover'' is a primary example of specious reasoning which, by failing to recognize the eating of the Passover for the eight days called Unleavened Bread creates an unnecessary difficulty that does not exist when all factors are taken into account.</ref>

In contrast to misled, sincere reasoners and apologists, deliberately deceitful political [[demagogue]]s, [[charlatan]]s, [[scam|con artist]]s, and many merchants and salespeople are all specious [[Lie|liars]]. See [[Marketing|marketing strategy]] and [[advertising]].

The [[Bible]] says, "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom",<ref>Proverbs 9:10</ref> and "Trust in the LORD with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding. In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct thy paths. Be not wise in thine own eyes: fear the LORD, and depart from evil."<ref>Proverbs 3:5-7</ref> The Bible tells us what fear of the Lord is: "The fear of the LORD is to hate evil: [[pride]], and arrogancy, and the evil way, and the froward mouth, do I hate. Counsel is mine, and sound wisdom: I am understanding; I have strength."<ref>Proverbs 8:13-14</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sophistry]]
*[[Logical fallacy]]
*[[Delusion]]
*[[Falsehood]]
*[[Peer review]]
*[[Atheism]]
*[[Skepticism]]
*[[Heresy]]
*[[Philosophical naturalism]]
*[[Fallacy of invincible ignorance]]
*[[Fallacy of analogy]]
*[[Satan]]
*[[Atheism and satanic deception]]
*[[Atheism and logic]]
*[[Secularism]]
*[[Theology]]
*[[Cults]]
*[[Logic]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Apologetics]]
[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Secularism]]
[[Category:Theology]]
[[Category:Cults]]
[[Category:Logic]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Black Lives Matter

2020-12-23T12:21:57Z

DanielAPulido:

[[File:Secoriea Turner.png|right|350px|thumb|Black Lives Matter protesters murdered 8 year old [[Secoriea Turner]] on July 5, 2020 in Atlanta.<ref>https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/police-identify-8-year-old-girl-killed-in-atlanta-4th-of-july-shooting</ref>]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is a fundraising arm for the [[DNC]]<ref>https://www.cathinfo.com/catholic-living-in-the-modern-world/blm-direct-funding-arm-of-the-dnc/</ref><ref>https://www.factcheck.org/2020/06/donations-to-black-lives-matter-group-dont-go-to-dnc/</ref> and a [[Fifth Column]] organization that is promoting social radicalism. As of July 4th, 2020 Black Lives Matter [[protester]]s murdered at least 4 [[Black]]s, including two [[children]], and shot at least 3 other Blacks.<ref>BLM protesters murder 2 Blacks including one child in [[CHAZ}}, and 2 Blacks including 1 child in Atlanta. 1 Black was also shot in CHAZ and 2 more in Atlanta.</ref>

The movement is a highly organized [[Marxist]]/[[Leftist]] organization and has formed a [[united front]] with other [[far left]] extremist groups which call for [[Communist]] [[revolution]], seeking to uproot the American [[constitution]]al form of [[government]] and install a Marxist [[dictatorship of the proletariat]]. The movement is also known for its violent [[homophobia]]<ref>https://twitter.com/BrandonStraka/status/1302403490648649734</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/BrandonStraka/status/1299223473009631232</ref> and violence against African American free thinkers.<ref>https://twitter.com/EricWFAA/status/1302342400124301312</ref>

The group has very little concern for the lives and wellbeing of [[African American]]s, burning down their communities and shopping districts. The group's main objective is Marxist revolution. Its demands, as of mid 2020, are the abolition of police departments across the United States and the release of all [[criminal]]s from prison, as well as a host of other far left agenda projects, including the [[Green New Deal]] and the imminent takeover of the [[Democratic party]] by Marxists (Marxists believe in [[single party control]] and the outlawing and [[censorship]] of opposition). Group organizers, who are principally white, specifically target [[sociopath]]ic and [[criminal]] elements in both black and white society for recruitment.

While most innocent protesters have unwittingly marched under the banner of an anti-American [[subversive]] organization, the truth is the organization has been infiltrated by the violent [[Antifa]] terror organization. Antifa has acted as [[provocateur]]s at BLM demonstrations, turning them into [[riot]]s. The group's leadership is working in close consultation with Antifa and other Marxist groups dedicated to the violent overthrow of the United States system of government.

It was the Summer of Love until Black Lives Matter protesters started murdering Black Lives Matter protesters.<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/06/30/seattle-police-chief-blasts-chop-two-men-are-dead-enough-is-enough/</ref> BLM protesters murdered two [[African American]]s in Seattle's [[Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone]], including a [[child]],<ref>https://www.chron.com/news/article/1-killed-in-shooting-at-Seattle-s-occupied-15373623.php</ref> and Black policemen in [[St. Louis]] and [[Oakland]].<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/06/05/while-defending-rioters-the-media-ignores-slain-black-police-officers/</ref> BLM protesters murdered an 8 year old Black girl in [[Atlanta]],<ref>https://www.cbs46.com/news/shooting-leaves-8-year-old-girl-dead-on-university-avenue-police-investigate/article_3de6674c-be41-11ea-8e33-2b7eacb8bee8.html</ref> and a Black man.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/07/atlanta-triple-shooting-leaves-one-dead-scene-fatal-shooting-8-year-old-black-girl-parents-cry-black-lives-matter-killed/</ref> A one year old Black toddler was murdered while sitting in a stroller in the BLM violence.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2020/07/13/go-to-hell-gardner-family-slain-toddler-tells-killers/</ref> A journalist was murdered by a Black Live Matter protester in St. Louis.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/what-we-know-about-steven-lopez-the-suspect-in-the-fatal-louisville-protest-shooting/ar-BB166xfs</ref> In Davenport, [[Iowa]] BLM protesters murdered another protester.<ref>https://www.conservapedia.com/2020_Leftwing_insurrection#cite_note-211</ref> In [[Madison, Wisconsin]] BLM [[homophobe]]s beat up and left for dead a [[gay]] state senator.<ref>https://www.theblaze.com/news/violent-protesters-beat-up-state-senator</ref> [[Church]]es were set on fire. Most, and virtually all in some areas, BLM terrorists are privileged white liberal, progressive, socialists and communists. Many if not most Blacks soon tired of white liberal communists explaining to them why their lives mattered. Democrat mayors and governors did nothing and stood by and watched while [[white]] liberal socialists burnt down Black communities and business districts in the name of "Black Lives Matter."

==Far left radicalism==
[[File:2 race card Breitbart.jpg|right|350px|thumb|The Black Lives Matter organization has nothing to do with improving the lives of Black citizens. It is in fact a traditional [[Marxist-Leninist]] movement and fundraising scam for [[Democrat]] candidates. Its objectives are to overthrow the government of the United States, beginning with abolishing police and emptying the jails.]]
:{{See also|Revolutionary vanguard}}
In 2016, the “Movement for Black Lives,” a BLM umbrella organization, released a political platform which consisted of numerous [[far-Left]] demands, including socialized medicine, the immediate legalization of [[prostitution]], the immediate pardon of all drug offenses with reparations paid to those convicted of drug offenses, and the restructuring of tax policy to create a “radical and sustainable redistribution of wealth.”<ref>[https://www.influencewatch.org/app/uploads/2017/08/The-Movement-for-Black-Lives-M4BL-Economic-Justice.pdf “Economic Justice.”] The Movement for Black Lives.</ref> While the [[Occupy Wall Street]] and [[Obama riots]] had failed to bring about a violent Marxist overthrow of the existing social order and governmental system,<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2014/08/11/5-race-riots-in-obamas-post-racial-america/</ref> the same organizers and groups attempted again, this time in a nationwide coordinated effort during the [[2020 Leftist insurrection]].<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jun/3/antifa-planned-anti-government-insurgency-george-f/</ref> While justifying [[violence]] to achieve "social justice", the movement’s goal is to overthrow our society to replace it with a Marxist one. Many members of the black community would be shocked to learn that the intellectual godfathers of this movement are mostly white Communists, “queers,” and leftist Democrats, intent on making blacks cannon fodder, the shock troops of the coming Marxist revolution.

Black Lives Matter was endorsed by Democrat Presidential nominee [[Joe Biden]];<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/2020-election/2020/06/16/exclusive%E2%80%95katrina-pierson-joe-biden-and-the-politicization-of-black-lives-matter/</ref> a co-founder of BLM teaches followers that [[white people]] are subhuman.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2017/02/13/black-lives-matter-leader-white-people-are-sub-human/</ref> [[Walkaway]] founder [[Brandon Straka]] has been physically assaulted by Black Lives Matter [[terrorist]]s and [[bigot]]s who called him "f*gg*t".<ref>https://twitter.com/BrandonStraka/status/1299223473009631232</ref>

BLM declared war on cops. They marched down a New York street chanting, “What do we want? Dead cops! When do we want it? Now!”<ref>https://youtu.be/hqQXmnMr_w8</ref> BLM [[community organizer]]s were charged in [[extortion]] plots.<ref>https://dcdirtylaundry.com/feds-bust-black-lives-matter-organizer-for-blackmailing-local-businesses/</ref> BLM has been criticized for ignoring black-on-black violence and promoting racial hatred.<ref>93% of all Black homicide victims are murdered by Blacks. *https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2016/crime-in-the-u.s.-2016/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-3.xls *https://www.dailywire.com/news/7-statistics-you-need-know-about-black-black-crime-aaron-bandler</ref>

Citizens who volunteered to clean up the vandalism and graffiti of white Antifa rioters in the name of BLM were [[liberal projection|falsely called "racist"]] by racist leftists.<ref>https://youtu.be/S6yLM8ZOs6s</ref>

Black Lives Matter was hijacked in [[Germany]] to promote [[drug]] legalization for [[white]] people.<ref>https://youtu.be/HzUYX9pP93Q</ref>

==Funding==
{{main|Thousand Currents}}

[[File:ActBlue.png.PNG|left|300px|thumb|]]
Thousand Currents, the charity that manages fundraising for Black Lives Matter, includes on its board [[Susan Rosenberg]], a convicted [[terrorist]] who was sentenced to 58 years in prison. Rosenberg’s involvement with the [[May 19 Communist Organization]], which carried out its bombing campaign in the 1980s, earned her a spot on the FBI’s Most Wanted List.<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/black-lives-matter-fundraising-handled-by-group-with-convicted-terrorist-on-its-board</ref> She was arrested in 1984 while unloading 740 pounds of stolen explosives and a sub-machine gun from a truck. Rosenberg was pardoned by [[Bill Clinton]] on his last day in office.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2020/06/27/convicted-terrorist-black-lives-matter-thousand-currents/</ref>

[[George Soros]], Rob McKay, and other [[Democracy Alliance]] donors have given millions of dollars to groups associated with the movement, which have in total raked in over $133 million. Organizations associated with Soros are said to have provided at least $33 million to various BLM movement groups since 2016.<ref>Richardson, Valerie. [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/16/black-lives-matter-cashes-100-million-liberal-foun/ “Black Lives Matter cashes in with $100 million from liberal foundations.”] The Washington Times. August 16, 2016.</ref>

In 2015, the fundraising club Democracy Alliance, led by Soros and Taco Bell heir Rob McKay, recommended “its donors step up check writing to a handful of endorsed groups that have supported the Black Lives Matter movement.” BLM Movement groups which received support from the Democracy Alliance were the Black Youth Project 100, the Center for Popular Democracy, the Black Civic Engagement Fund, Color of Change and the Advancement Project.<ref>Vogel, Kenneth And Wheaton, Sarah. [http://www.politico.com/story/2015/11/major-donors-consider-funding-black-lives-matter-215814 “Major donors consider funding Black Lives Matter.”] Nov. 13, 2015. </ref>

Additionally, the [[Ford Foundation]] and the Borealis Philanthropy created the Black-led Movement Fund,<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/06/11/the-complex-funding-and-ideology-of-black-lives-matter/</ref> a funding vehicle for the Movement for Black Lives, the coalition of groups responsible for the extremist “Vision 4 Black Lives.”<ref>[https://borealisphilanthropy.org/grantmaking/black-led-movement-fund/ “Black-led Movement Fund.”] Borealis Philanthropy. </ref> The fund has received “pledges of more than 100 million dollars from liberal foundations and others eager to contribute.”

[[Gatewaypundit]] exposed Black Lives Matter as a [[money laundering]] scheme for the [[Democratic National Committee]].<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/06/exclusive-donations-including-international-funding-blacklivesmatter-com-go-directly-dnc-money-laundering/</ref> When you click on the “Donate” button on blacklivesmatter.com you are sent to “[[ActBlue]]”, the DNC official payment portal.
ActBlue claims to be tax exempt organization and all donations to it are tax-deductable. The terms and conditions also link to ActBlue and mention “Campaign Finance Laws”.<ref>https://secure.actblue.com/content/fineprint</ref> When you research the expenditures of ActBlue, all of their contributions are directly going to top DNC campaigns.<ref>https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/expenditures.php?cmte=C00401224&cycle=2020</ref> After reaching the BLM homepage, which features a “[[Defund The Police]]” petition front and center, if a user chooses to donate, they’re rerouted to a site hosted by ActBlue. [[Joe Biden]] is a top beneficiary of the ActBlue’s fundraising efforts.<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/politics/biden-black-lives-matter-defund-the-police/</ref> ActBlue contributions comprise 99.64 percent of all funds raised for the “[[Biden for President]]” entity and the total is nearly 773 times greater than the group with the second-highest donation sum. As of May 21, 2020, the organization has donated $119,253,857 to the “Biden for President” effort.<ref>https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/expenditures.php?cmte=c00401224&cycle=2020</ref>

==2020 Presidential election==
[[File:Pete-Buttigieg-Confronted-Over-Police-Shooting (2).jpg|right|350px|thumb|Buttigieg reads a prepared statement to Black Lives Matter. In what can only be described as a "Sister Souljah moment",<ref>https://politicaldictionary.com/words/sister-souljah-moment/</ref> Buttigieg told the protesters "I'm not asking for your vote."]]
:{{See also|2020 Presidential election}}
When [[gay married]] [[Democrat]] [[2020 presidential primary]] hopeful Mayor [[Pete Buttigieg]] was confronted by Black Lives Matter protesters over a South Bend, Indiana police shooting, Buttigieg read from a prepared script saying, "I'm not asking for your vote."<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjT5MlOoUUI&feature=youtu.be</ref><ref>https://youtu.be/ZhlJntrzrD8</ref> Buttigieg defended Democrat [[white supremacist]] Virginia Gov. [[Ralph Northam]]'s [[white privilege]] to remain in office rather than resign and allow the African American Lieutenant Governor after Northam's particularly vile racist sentiments were exposed.<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/pete-buttigieg-claims-gop-tolerates-racist-behavior-and-sexual-assault</ref> Northam then donated over $85,000 to fellow Democrats who refused to criticize his racism and he was allowed to remain in office.<ref>https://freebeacon.com/politics/northam-pac-funnels-85000-to-democratic-candidates/</ref> A lawyer for Northam then hosted a fundraiser for Buttigieg in June 2019.<ref>https://freebeacon.com/politics/northam-lawyer-to-host-buttigieg-fundraiser/</ref>

===Amy Klobuchar===

Alleged "centrist" [[Amy Klobuchar]], who at one time ranked high on Democrat presidential nominee Joe Biden's short list of VP choices, was the Minneapolis Hennepin County prosecutor prior to being elected by the longtime [[communist]] infiltrated [[Democrat Farm Labor]] party senator from Minnesota. Klobuchar handled a case involving the same police officer charged in the death of [[George Floyd]]. When exposed for protecting racist cops, Klobuchar blamed the [[Bill of Rights]] for not indicting the same cop accused of killing George Floyd in the death of another black man in 2006.<ref>https://www.nysun.com/editorials/amy-klobuchar-blames-the-bill-of-rights/91150/</ref>

Earlier in 2020 the [[NAACP]] and Black Lives Matter called on Klobuchar to withdraw her presidential bid due to her racist prosecution in a 2003 murder case resulting in a life sentence for an innocent black man.<ref>http://www.startribune.com/activists-call-on-amy-klobuchar-to-withdraw-over-2003-murder-case/567397292/</ref> As district attorney, Klobutcher built her career prosecuting a vastly disproportionate number of black youths.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1s0W1-ILBT4</ref>

Klobuchar's racist views are in keeping with her opposition to [[due process]] rights and her [[anti-constitutionalist]] ideology.

With Klobuchar forced out of contention and her appeal to Blacks tainted, the [[liberal media]] re-booted [[Stacey Abrams]] of [[Georgia]] as the top contender for the Number 2 spot. A much touted Biden/Abrams "dream ticket" had already been peddled "out of the gate" even before Biden announced his candidacy in the Spring of 2019.<ref>https://www.axios.com/2020-presidential-election-joe-biden-stacey-abrams-vp-54472f8f-5bb2-4d1f-bc7c-0544a09ebba5.html</ref> Abrams supposedly is representative the vital Black female vote that Democrats relied upon to win back the [[House of Representatives|House]] in the [[2018 Midterm elections]]. Abrams has proven herself as a loyal dogface pony soldier shilling for the [[Democrat plantation]], attacking [[Tara Reade]]'s credibility, with the added bonus of poo-pooing the "Believe All Women" and [[MeToo movement]]s. Racist Biden's staffers quietly and ironically told journalists behind Abrams back, 'no one takes Stacey seriously'.<ref>https://nypost.com/2020/05/02/the-powerful-female-democrats-angling-for-biden-administration-hjobs/</ref>

===Leftist insurrection===
[[File:CNN Jones.png|left|175px|thumb|]]
:{{See also|2020 Leftwing riots}}
CNN analyst [[Van Jones]] summarized sentiments in the Black community days after [[George Floyd]]'s death and the Central Park Karen controversy:
{{quotebox-float|"It's not the racist white person who is in the [[Ku Klux Klan]] that we have to worry about. It's the [[white]] [[liberal]] [[Hillary Clinton]] supporter walking her dog in [[Central Park]] who would tell you right now, you know, people like that, 'I don't see race, race is no big deal to me, I see us all as the same, I give to charities,' but the minute she sees a black man who she does not respect or who she has a slight thought against, she weaponized race like she had been trained by the [[Aryan nation]].<ref>https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/central-park-karen</ref> A Klansmember could not have been better trained to pick up her phone and tell the police a black man, African-American man, come get him."<ref>https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/05/29/van-jones-george-floyd-white-liberal-hillary-clinton-supporter-sot-newday.cnn</ref>}}
Central Park Karen called police claiming that a black man, who asked her to put her dog on a leash in compliance with city ordinances, threatened her life.<ref>https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/central-park-karen</ref> The [[Twitter]] world exploded and was convulsed with the notion that such incidents can lead to police shootings of black men.<ref>[https://youtu.be/zVl2nfe2Ivo The Amy Cooper Incident and "Social Media Justice"] - Viva Frei Vlawg, May 26, 2020.</ref> The black man wrote in a [[Facebook]] post where he posted an edited video:
{{quotebox|Central Park this morning: This woman's dog is tearing through the plantings in the Ramble.

ME: Ma'am, dogs in the Ramble have to be on the leash at all times. The sign is right there.

HER: The dog runs are closed. He needs his exercise.

ME: All you have to do is take him to the other side of the drive, outside the Ramble, and you can let him run off leash all you want.

HER: It's too dangerous.

ME: Look, if you're going to do what you want, I'm going to do what I want, but you're not going to like it.

HER: What's that?

ME (to the dog): Come here, puppy!

HER: He won't come to you.

ME: We'll see about that...

I pull out the dog treats I carry for just for such intransigence. I didn't even get a chance to toss any treats to the pooch before Karen scrambled to grab the dog.

HER: DON'T YOU TOUCH MY DOG!!!!!

That's when I started video recording with my iPhone, and when her inner Karen fully emerged and took a dark turn...<ref>https://www.facebook.com/christian.cooper1/posts/10158742137255229</ref>}}

===Minneapolis riots===
[[File:Velshi-riot.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|As buildings burned behind him, Ali Velshi of [[MSNBC]] reported with a straight face that [[leftist]] "protests" were "not generally speaking unruly."<ref>https://hotair.com/archives/ed-morrissey/2020/05/29/msnbc-reporter-front-burning-liquor-store-protest-not-generally-speaking-unruly/</ref>]]
The leftist riots were triggered by the death of a Black man who was pinned to the ground in an allegedly "non-lethal" choke hold approved by the city's Democrat administration.<ref>https://www.lawofficer.com/neck-hold-used-by-minneapolis-officer-was-approved-by-department-policy/</ref> The neck hold used by the Minneapolis cop was approved by the city's [[Democratic party|Democrat administration]].<ref>[https://www.lawofficer.com/neck-hold-used-by-minneapolis-officer-was-approved-by-department-policy/</ref> According to the Minneapolis Police Policy Manual, the restraint used was a "Non-deadly force option" and training is given to officers on the maneuver. <ref>https://archive.is/Avjb5</ref> Minneapolis has not elected a [[Republican]] mayor since 1957; all police chiefs entrusted with overseeing police training, conduct, and community relations in six decades have been appointed by Democrat mayors, with the approval of a Democrat majority city council, and elected by Democrat voters.

[[White]] [[Antifa]] [[liberal]]s were identified as smashing windows at an Autozone car parts store and Wendy's restaurant where the violence originated.<ref>https://twitter.com/MrAndyNgo/status/1265906786541830144</ref><ref>https://youtu.be/vtzsYFs-2Qc</ref> ''Jacobin'' magazine, described as "the closest thing to a flagship publication of the [[DSA]] left",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weeklyworker.co.uk/worker/1195/walking-the-tightrope/ |title=Walking the Tightrope |last=Creegan |first=Jim |date=22 March 2018 |website=[[Weekly Worker]]|access-date=}}</ref> asked,
{{quotebox|"Should we care about the looting of stores like Target and Autozone? ...Should we participate in this ritual condemnation even though our media consistently treats identical acts of property destruction by sports fans as simply revelry and exuberance, and corporate looting of working-class communities as business as usual? No.... until working people of all races unite against capitalists and their repressive apparatus, it is a good thing that bosses, government officials, and the police who protect them are sometimes reminded that black lives matter through a little proletarian fury."<ref>https://jacobinmag.com/2020/05/george-floyd-minneapolis-uprising-police-brutality/</ref>}}
Fires, looting,<ref>https://streamable.com/6fouwt</ref> and violence spread to [[St. Paul, Minnesota]] and nationwide from the burning of the Autozone store, Target, and Wendy's. Both the Minneapolis and St. Paul mayors identified the vast majority of arrests of far-Left rioters the first night were from out of state;<ref>https://www.fox9.com/news/twin-cities-mayors-vast-majority-of-violent-rioters-are-from-out-of-state</ref> crossing state lines to incite riot is a federal offense.
[[File:White rioters in George Floyd protests.jpeg|right|35-px|thumb|A white Antifa provocateur instigated the Minneapolis [[George Floyd]] riots for which peaceful BLM protesters were blamed.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/Minneapolis/comments/gs6jwn/the_real_face_of_the_instigators_in_minneapolis/</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2646114418996236</ref>]]
[[Minnesota]] [[Attorney General]] and former DNC vice chair [[Keith Ellison]] is a proponent of Antifa and political violence<ref>https://nypost.com/2018/01/04/keith-ellison-invites-antifa-to-the-party/</ref> who has had a long-running dispute with the Minneapolis police.<ref>https://www.mprnews.org/story/2006/06/22/ellisonprofile</ref> According to reports,
{{quotebox-float|The crowd that had gathered outside the police precinct was, for the most part, peaceful. White members of Antifa, however, began to attempt to do what they do and begin escalating the situation with violence.

Before it got anywhere, a black man spoke up and addressed the crowd.

He assured people that they aren’t trying to shut down anyone’s speech, but they weren’t going to allow anyone to start getting violent, understanding that if that started, the black members of the crowd would get the bulk of the response.

“We’re going to keep our social distance, and we’re not going to allow somebody in the crowd to throw some bulls**t and then we feel the bulk of that,” said the man. “We’re not allowing that no more. That’s the reality of what we’re dealing with right now.”<ref>https://www.redstate.com/brandon_morse/2020/05/28/peaceful-black-protester-shuts-down-antifa-after-they-tried-to-get-violent/</ref>}}
[[File:Ellison-antifa.jpg|right|175px|thumb|The Antifa Manual calls for [[defunding police]].]]
Before the night was over, violent revolutionaries burnt down the Minneapolis 3rd precinct police station. The rioters showed no regard for life or property. The mayor politely asked rioters to wear masks and practice social distancing, which the rioters refused to do.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/crime/2020/05/28/minneapolis-mayor-to-rioters-please-practice-social-distancing-wear-masks/</ref> Minneapolis "boy mayor" [[Jacob Frey]] still did not request [[National Guard]] assistance.<ref>https://bombardsbodylanguage.com/2020/05/29/body-language-minneapolis-riots-mayor-jacob-frey/</ref> [[DFL]] governor [[Tim Walz]] peddled a curious [[conspiracy theory]] that international drug cartels and "[[white supremacist]]s" were behind the violence.<ref>https://www.waynedupree.com/2020/05/mn-gov-mobilizes-national-guard/</ref> [[St. Paul]], Minnesota mayor Melvin Carter said that all "protesters" who were arrested the first night in his city were from out of state.<ref>https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/500268-st-paul-mayor-says-arrested-protesters-were-from-out-of-state</ref> Mike Griffin, a longtime political activist from Minneapolis, told ''The New York Times'' there were people he never witnessed before demonstrating, including “well-dressed young white men in expensive boots carrying hammers and talking about torching buildings.”
{{quotebox-float|“I know protests, I’ve been doing it for 20 years. People not affiliated with the protests are creating havoc on the streets.”<ref>http://archive.is/QNWOS</ref>}}
The Minneapolis Police department warned of "incendiary materials and accelerants" such as water bottles filled with [[gasoline]] found hidden in bushes and neighborhoods.<ref>https://twitter.com/MinneapolisPD/status/1267306513594494977</ref> Minneapolis [[veto]]-proof Democrat City Council considered disbanding the police department completely, leaving the citizenry vulnerable to [[lawlessness]] and Marxist thugs. One councilman said the entire council had been discussing the proposal “to some degree”:
{{quotebox-float|“Several of us on the council are working on finding out what it would take to disband the Minneapolis Police Department and start fresh with a community-oriented, nonviolent public safety and outreach capacity.”<ref>http://www.citypages.com/news/minneapolis-city-council-members-consider-disbanding-the-police/570993291</ref>}}
"Compassionate" liberals destroyed a subsidized housing project under construction in the name of "[[equality]]"<ref>https://streamable.com/dxmc0w</ref> Initial reports estimated Democrat supporters destroyed 220 buildings and 500 businesses, mostly in minority neighborhoods, and $55 million in damages.
{{quotebox-float|Minneapolis City Council members on Tuesday received an update from the city’s Community Planning & Economic Development department that estimated at least 220 buildings had been damaged, resulting in a minimum of $55 million in costs, though the city was “not yet ready to produce a credible estimate” of the losses.<ref>https://www.startribune.com/mayor-frey-seeks-federal-state-aid-for-mpls-as-early-estimate-shows-at-least-55m-in-damages/570984542/</ref>}}

===Democratic Socialists of America===

:{{See also|Communism}}
The [[Democratic Socialists of America]] (DSA) has 600 comrades in the [[Twin Cities]] who work closely with Antifa-aligned groups. On May 27, 2020 the Twin Cities DSA issued a call on [[Twitter]] asking comrades for supplies at the same intersection where the Auto Zone was burned to the ground kicking off the nationwide riots. Later that evening the [[Marxist]]s tweeted,
[[File:Twin Cities DSA.PNG|right|3o0px|thumb|DSA call for supplies at the 3rd Precinct police station in Minneapolis which rioters burnt down hours later.]]
{{quotebox-float|"Want to help out your comrades protesting at the 3rd precinct? Here's a good list of much needed supplies."<ref>https://twitter.com/TwinCitiesDSA/status/1265774113693372417</ref>}}
The folks on the ground attached a list and included medical supplies, plywood for shields, anything else useful for shielding from the cops. The Minneapolis Police 3rd precinct building was evacuated and burnt down hours later.<ref>https://www.fox9.com/news/rioters-set-minneapolis-police-precinct-on-fire-as-protests-reignite-over-george-floyds-death</ref> Private cars were then requested. The tweet read,
{{quotebox-float|"Another big need: if you have a car, some folks may need a quick ride out of the area."<ref>https://www.facebook.com/TwinCitiesDSA/photos/a.252330275204626/951997051904608/?type=3&theater</ref>}}
The Twin Cities DSA Ecosocialists Working Group tweeted to comrades,
{{quotebox-float|"Support the ongoing mass [[working-class]] uprising!"}}
The daughters of Democrat governor Tim Walz and Democrat Rep. Ilhan Omar were two of the insurgents tweeting out strategic intelligence for the Communist uprising.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/05/breaking-exclusive-minnesota-governors-daughter-hope-walz-tweeting-intel-violent-looters-rioters-just-like-ilhan-omars-daughter-isra-hirsi/</ref> On May 28, 2020, after the violence and burning down of law enforcement buildings, the DSA National Political Committee issued a statement in support of the rioters:
{{quotebox-float|"We the National Political Committee of the Democratic Socialists of America condemn the public execution of George Floyd at the hands of the Minneapolis Police. His murder falls into the deeply entrenched pattern of violence, anti-Blackness, and oppression upheld by policing in this country.... This is [[white supremacy]]... We stand with and share the rage of all of those who are making themselves heard on the streets after years of being suffocated by policing and poverty after years of being looted by corporations landlords and billionaires."<ref>https://www.dsausa.org/statements/dsa-condemns-the-public-execution-of-george-floyd/</ref>}}
On May 30, journalist [[Andy Ngo]] tweeted:
{{quotebox-float|“We are witnessing glimpses of the full insurrection the [[far-left]] has been working on for decades. Within hours, militant antifa cells across the country mobilized to aid BLM rioters. The first broken window is the blood in the water for looters to move in. The fires come next.”}}
Ngo later added:
{{quotebox-float|“Media, politicians, public—all of us—have underestimated the training, purpose & capability of left-wing extremists. Every part of the rioting has a purpose. Fires destroy economy. Riots can overwhelm police & even military. All of it leads to a destabilized state if maintained.”}}
[[File:Harris Mpls riot.jpeg|left|250px|thumb|Sen. Kamala Harris solicited money for the [[MFF]] to bail out the [[terrorist]]s who burnt down the [[Minneapolis]] Police Station.]]
In [[Marxist–Leninist]] and [[Maoist]] theory, a [[United front]] is a [[coalition]] of [[leftist]] organizations that [[collude]] for the purpose of taking over a [[government]]. In the [[116th Congress]], the [[Committees of Correspondence for Democratic Socialism]], Democratic Socialists of America, [[Liberation Road]] (formerly Freedom Road Socialist Organization}, and Communist Party of the United States formally created a united front of the nation's four largest Communist organizations to take over the [[Democratic Party|Democrat Party]].<ref>https://m.theepochtimes.com/how-57000-socialists-and-communists-plan-to-take-over-the-democratic-party_2654589.html</ref> As of 2018 the umbrella group is known as the [[Left Inside/Outside Project]] (“One foot in the institutions, one foot in the streets.”<ref>https://dsabuild.org/r9-establishing-a-national-antifascist-and-direct-action-working-group</ref>) consisted of 57,000 [[community organizer]]s.<ref>https://organizingupgrade.com/the-left-we-want/</ref> At its August 2019 convention the DSA passed a resolution to form a
{{quotebox-float|“National Working Group to help drive collaboration and resource sharing to support our antifascist organizing.”<ref>https://www.dsausa.org/2019-convention-a-world-to-win/</ref>}}
Law enforcement authorities found evidence of pre-planning. The ''Minneapolis Star/Tribune'' reported:
{{quotebox-float|state officials said several caches of flammable materials were found both in neighborhoods where there have already been fires and “in cars we’ve stopped as recently as this morning,” said John Harrington, state public safety commissioner. Some of the caches look like they may have been planted days ago and some only in the last 24 hours or so, he said.

Police are also finding stolen vehicles with plates removed that are being used to transport the flammable materials. Looted goods and weapons also have been found in the stolen cars, he said.<ref>https://www.startribune.com/police-arrest-150-driver-who-barreled-into-crowd-held/570908442/?refresh=true</ref>}}
The [[Sunrise Movement]], with established groups in several major cities, has heavily recruited activists from the DSA and Liberation Road affiliated groups, such as the Pennsylvania Student Power Network. Sunrise founding activists are all current trainers with Momentum Community, which is a training workshop funded by millionaires and billionaires to “incubate” supposed "[[grassroots]]" organizations such as Sunrise and the Movimiento Cosecha (Harvest Movement). Democrat millionaire donor and former [[2020 presidential election]] candidate [[Tom Steyer]]'s [[NextGen America]] is also tied to the Sunrise Movement, and according to the ''New York Times'', the two groups “strategize” together.<ref>https://archive.fo/ytfYT</ref>

The DSA itself as of 2020 has 66,000 members nationwide and locals in almost every state. Other communist groups such as Communist Party USA, Liberation Road, [[Socialist Alternative]], Workers World Party, Party for Socialism and Liberation, [[Socialist Unity Party]], and Revolutionary Communist Party and their allies in Black Lives Matter and [[Antifa]] can mobilize tens of thousands of militants and organizing cadre at short notice. The American [[Left]] has the power to start race riots in nearly every major U.S. city. DSA branches in [[Memphis]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Louisville]], [[Philadelphia]], and [[Richmond]] are raising funds for “George Floyd Uprisings Nationwide.”<ref>https://www.dsa-la.org/support_floyd_protests_nationwide</ref>

[[File:Tom Carpenter.jpeg|right|300px|thumb|Black Lives Matter [[homophobe]]s beat a [[homosexual]] Democrat state senator and left him for dead.<ref>https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/25/wisconsin-gay-democrat-state-senator-violence-attack-tim-carpenter-black-lives-matter/</ref> Party leaders refused to condemn the violence.<ref>https://nypost.com/2018/07/29/when-will-democrats-condemn-the-lefts-growing-turn-to-violence/</ref>]]

===BLM homophobes beat homosexual state senator===

In [[Madison, Wisconsin]] Black Lives Matter protesters pulled down the statue of Col. Christian Heg, an [[abolitionist]] who fell in the [[Battle of Chickamauga]].<ref>https://wkow.com/2020/06/23/protesters-pull-down-forward-statue-outside-state-capitol/</ref> Tim Carpenter, a [[homosexual]] [[progressive]] [[Democrat]] state senator, was punched in the eye, kicked in the head, neck, and ribs, left for dead by a group of 8-10 [[white]] Black Lives Matter "protesters". Sen. Carpenter tried to tell the Black Lives Matter protesters, "I'm on your side.".<ref>https://www.theblaze.com/news/violent-protesters-beat-up-state-senator</ref> Four weeks into the nationwide riots, not a single Democrat at the federal, state, or local level condemned the violence and attacks on innocent people.<ref>https://youtu.be/JWzbCxlCPbw</ref> Thyblackman.com observed:
{{quotebox|"If blacks really believe that police are racist, black victims would presumably be less likely than white victims to report crimes committed against them. After all, they would doubt the commitment of the officers to solve the crimes. They would think that officers will engage in profiling and arrest an innocent black suspect.

In fact, blacks don’t shy away from reporting crimes to the police. [[U.S. Department of Justice]] survey data on crimes reported to police shows that blacks are actually more likely than whites to report violent crimes committed against them to the police by 9 percentage points (54 percent to 45 percent).

If you want to get rid of the police, that will mean no arrests, no convictions, and eventually no prisons. This change would be so far outside anything that the U.S. has ever experienced. But if research by economists gives us anything to go on, it may very well cause an 80 percent or more increase in murder rates.

Research also finds that the benefits of policing are greatest in those areas where crime rates are highest — namely poor, black, urban areas. These neighborhoods would stand to lose the most by defunding the police.

The cities where police are supposedly out of control and harming minorities have one thing in common – they are run by [[liberal]] Democrats. Indeed, almost all of them have been run exclusively by Democrats for many decades. For example, [[Los Angeles]] has only had one Republican mayor since 1961. Minneapolis and St. Paul haven’t had Republican mayors for over 45 years. As these politicians failed to protect their citizens, it may be the Democratic politicians and not the police who are to blame.

One searches in vain for Democratic politicians who have reprimanded the rioters. After several nights of riots, Minnesota [[Sen. Tina Smith]], a Democrat, egged on demonstrators by calling for a continuation of the “righteous protests” and necessary routing out of “racism” that she said is endemic in Minnesota. On Thursday, not a single Democrat in the House voted for a resolution condemning acts of violence and rioting — including the “deliberate targeting of law enforcement officers,” as well as opposing the defunding of police.

Yet, the very politicians who want to disband the police and who ordered the police to stand down during the riots after George Floyd’s death are the same people who want to ban civilians owning guns for protection."<ref>https://thyblackman.com/2020/06/28/the-democrats-cant-condemn-violence-including-violence-against-police/</ref>}}
[[File:BLM Provo terrorist.png|right|200px|thumb|BLM terrorist fires into a car in Provo, Utah.]]

===BLM protester murders journalist===
[[File:BLM protester Steven Lopez.jpg|left|200px|thumb|BLM protester Steven Lopez taken into custody on rioting charges; he was released and days later allegedly shot and killed a journalist covering the "peaceful protests".<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/29/louisville-breonna-taylor-protest-shooting-suspect-identified/3277736001/</ref>]]
In [[Louisville]], [[Kentucky]], 7 people were shot in Breyonna Taylor protests.<ref>https://www.pressherald.com/2020/05/29/7-shot-at-louisville-protest-over-fatal-police-shooting/</ref>

Steven Lopez, a Black Lives Matter protester, was arrested for inciting a [[riot]], disorderly conduct, harassment and possession of drug paraphernalia. His citation noted he was in possession of a handgun "with two full mags of ammo" at the time of the arrest. He was released. Ten days later Lopez was arrested again for [[murder]] and first-degree wanton endangerment. The murder victim was another Black Lives Matter protester. Lopez fired into an encampment of protesters wanting to [[defund the police]]. Bystanders returned fire, wounding the accused killer in the leg. Lopez participated in many protests, which rocked the streets of Louisville for a month. [[Liberal media]] accounts referred to the [[BLM]] protester as a [[Hispanic]] "[[white supremacist]]".<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/what-we-know-about-steven-lopez-the-suspect-in-the-fatal-louisville-protest-shooting/ar-BB166xfs</ref>

===Two Blacks murdered by BLM protesters in CHOP===
:{{See also|CHOP}}
Two black men were murdered by their white [[Antifa]] [[comrade]]s, one a 16 year old, and a third 14 year old black youth was shot while protesting for Black Lives Matter in [[Seattle]]'s Capital Hill Occupation Protest [[No Go Zone]].<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/us/seattle-chop-shooting-protest</ref> There was at least 4 shootings and an untold number of sexual assaults during what Seattle's Democrat mayor declared was the "Summer of Love." The protesters were demanding to defund the police. A [[Socialist Alternative]] city councilwoman blamed the murders on "[[capitalism]]".<ref>https://www.redstate.com/bonchie/2020/06/29/seattle-city-council-member-blames-capitalisms-brutality-for-chop-murder/</ref> If the allegation that "capitalism" is responsible the deaths were true, the killings then would likely be a dispute over market territory for illegal drug sales and distribution.
[[File:Alamosa shooting3.png|right|200px|thumb|BLM terrorist James Edward Marshall IV, an attorney, shot an innocent pick-up driver at a stop light in Alamosa, Colorado.<ref>https://coloradosun.com/2020/06/28/black-lives-matter-shooting-alamosa-colorado/</ref>]]
Neither Antifa nor Black Lives Matter had yet to put forward any positive proposals on how to take the [[profit]] out of either legal or illegal [[drug]] sales. Or proposals on who would enforce legal or illegal distribution of drugs in a gun-free and cop-free city. Or who would protect the lives of teenagers from getting shot by bandits and villains undercutting the prices charged by legally licensed dope vendors. Or who would arrest armed dope dealers who are illegally profiting from drug sales once capitalism and individual profit is abolished.

One thing is certain, these people, at least those who don't OD or get shot, are tomorrows' citizens, voters, taxpayers, and leaders, assuming [[America]] survives as a [[sovereign]] and independent [[republic]].

===Eight year old girl murdered by BLM in Atlanta===
BLM sent out an alert broadcast by the [[socialist]] mouthpiece [[National Public Radio]] that so-called "white supremacists" would use vehicles to run over protesters blocking freeways and public streets. BLM changed its rules of engagement to allow shooting into vehicles of citizens avoiding roadblocks.<ref>https://dcdirtylaundry.com/black-lives-matter-upgrades-rules-of-engagement-roe-to-shoot-people-in-vehicles-protester-shoots-unarmed-elderly-man-in-a-vehicle-chaz-security-opens-f/</ref> Innocent citizens in Alamosa, Colorado, in Provo, Utah, and the CHOP zone were shot. An 8-year-old girl was murdered by Black Lives Matter rioters when they shot into a car in Atlanta in the violent aftermath of the Defund police movement, a mass walk-off the job of police in the wake of political persecutions by Democrats, and the death of a drunk driver fleeing from police.<ref>https://www.cbs46.com/news/shooting-leaves-8-year-old-girl-dead-on-university-avenue-police-investigate/article_3de6674c-be41-11ea-8e33-2b7eacb8bee8.html</ref>

A day later, Black Lives Matter murdered a Black man.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/07/atlanta-triple-shooting-leaves-one-dead-scene-fatal-shooting-8-year-old-black-girl-parents-cry-black-lives-matter-killed/</ref>

===New York City===
[[File:NY shooting.jpeg|right|300px|thumb|A Black father was murdered in a drive-by shooting while walking with his 7 year old daughter shortly after $1 billion was cut from police funding to meet the demands of Black Lives Matter.<ref>https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-girl-bronx-shooting-father-20200707-7wbhqoe4onfidht4zjbu7nuq6m-story.html</ref>]]
[[NBC News]] reported that New York's Deputy Commissioner for Intelligence and Counterterrorism said there is a high level of confidence within the New York Police Department (NYPD) that rioters had organized scouts, medics, and supply routes of rocks, bottles and accelerants to commit vandalism and violence. There are strong indicators they planned for violence in advance while using encrypted communications. NYPD has received intelligence that U-Haul trucks with NJ registrations were aiding looters and vandals by transporting stolen goods and criminal actors.<ref>https://twitter.com/JackPosobiec/status/1267877057817698305</ref>

NYPD Commissioner Dermot Shea explained how bricks and water bottles filled with cement had been thrown at NYPD members. Shea wrote that construction sites in the city have had bricks stolen from them.
{{quotebox-float|“Pre-staged bricks are being placed and then transported to ‘peaceful protests,’ which are peaceful protests, but then used by that criminal group within. We’ve had construction sites burglarized in recent days in Manhattan … during a riot, it’s interesting what was taken – bricks.”<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/feds-investigating-whether-criminal-actors-exerting-command-and-control-over-unrest-as-bricks-thrown-at-copsM</ref>}}

''The Daily Mail'' reported:
{{quotebox|video captured the moment rioters in [[Manhattan]] chanced upon a cache of bricks between St. Marks Place and Seventh Street in the East Village on Sunday evening, though no construction site appeared to be nearby.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8377069/Bricks-randomly-appear-protests-sparking-theories-planted-stoke-violence.html</ref>}}

Teams of looters armed with power tools systematically worked together to loot one location after another. A neighborhood eyewitness stated,
{{quotebox|“Cars would drive up, let off the looters, unload power tools and suitcases and then the cars would drive away. Then the cars would come back pick them up and then drive off to the next spot. They seemed to know exactly where they were going. Some of the people were local, but there were a lot of out-of-towners.”<ref>https://6abc.com/nyc-looters-and-vandals-chauffeured-in-cars-had-power-tools-witness/6228327/</ref>}}
[[File:Davell Gardner Jr.png|left|230px|thumb|1 year old Davell Gardner, Jr. was murdered by peaceful protesters<ref>https://youtu.be/NGBSCJ0dyyU</ref> while in his stroller after the Democrats cut $1 billion in funding for NYPD.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2020/07/13/go-to-hell-gardner-family-slain-toddler-tells-killers/</ref>]]
One out of every seven arrests in [[New York City]] were of people from out of state. Those arrested came from [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New Jersey]], [[Iowa]], [[Nevada]], [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], [[Texas]] and St. Paul, Minnesota. The Police Commissioner estimated at least 20% of arrests were from out of town. Democrat mayor [[Bill de Blasio]]'s daughter was among those arrested along with others for acts of violence. The counterterrorism deputy commissioner told [[NBC News]],
{{quotebox-float|"Before the protests began, organizers of certain anarchists groups set out to raise bail money and people who would be responsible to be raising bail money, they set out to recruit medics and medical teams with gear to deploy in anticipation of violent interactions with police. They prepared to commit property damage and directed people who were following them that this should be done selectively and only in wealthier areas or at high-end stores run by corporate entities....[they] developed a complex network of bicycle scouts to move ahead of demonstrators in different directions of where police were and where police were not for purposes of being able to direct groups from the larger group to places where they could commit acts of [[vandalism]] including the torching of police vehicles and [[Molotov cocktail]]s where they thought officers would not be."<ref>https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/nypds-terrorism-chief-says-unnamed-groups-planned-protest-violence-in-advance/2440722/</ref>}}
Hawk Newsome, chairman of Black Lives Matter of Greater New York (BLMNY) outlined a “pathway forward”: “We pattern ourselves after the [[Black Panthers]], after the [[Nation of Islam]], we believe that we need an [[army]] to defend ourselves." Newsome told [[FOX News]], "If this country doesn't give us what we want, then we will burn down this system and replace it.<ref>https://www.investmentwatchblog.com/blm-if-this-country-doesnt-give-us-what-we-want-then-we-will-burn-down-this-system-and-replace-it/</ref> Cirvona Newsome, BLMNY co-founder and [[Democrat]] 2020 primary challenger for Congress (NY-15) said,<ref>https://ballotpedia.org/Chivona_Newsome</ref> “For far too long our institutions have protected the abusers and victimized the innocent while trapping people of color in the quicksand of racism, poverty and despair.”<ref>https://100percentfedup.com/black-lives-matter-makes-a-power-and-money-grab-with-new-list-of-demands/</ref>

[[2020 Biden campaign]] staffers and [[Hollywood values|Hollywood celebrities]] were among those providing financing and bail money for arrested terrorists.<ref>https://www.lifezette.com/2020/05/hollywood-celebs-and-biden-staff-team-up-to-bail-out-violent-rioters/</ref> Two attorney's, including an [[Ivy League]] corporate lawyer, were charged with after tossing a Molotov cocktail into a police car.<ref>https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-molotov-nypd-brooklyn-lawyers-charged-20200531-nxamwxnjmzgvzmczi6z2ypcbzi-story.html</ref><ref>https://www.foxnews.com/us/new-york-molotov-cocktail-nypd-van-federal-charges-antifa-brooklyn-riots-floyd</ref> An [[Obama]] [[intelligence community|intelligence official]] secured bail over the objections of government prosecutors for the attorney charged with a domestic terror attack on law enforcement.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8388125/Obama-era-intelligence-posts-bail-NYC-lawyer-alleged-Molotov-cocktail-Floyd-protest.html</ref> In another event, an out-of-town white woman was charged with attempted murder after tossing a Molotov cocktail into a police van with four [[law enforcement]] officers inside.<ref>https://www.redstate.com/nick-arama/2020/06/03/minnesota-finds-incendiary-devices-stashed-in-residential-neighborhoods-this-is-organized-and-its-not-just-minnesota/</ref>

Three officers were poisoned with bleach while eating at a restaurant.<ref>https://headlineswithavoice.com/2020/06/16/public-service-announcement/</ref> [[Colin Kaepernick]]'s paymaster's, [[Nike]] shoes, were looted.<ref>https://streamable.com/6sdcb3</ref>

A one year old Black toddler was murdered while sitting in a stroller during the BLM violence.<ref>https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-baby-fatally-shot-stroller-brooklyn-park-cookout-20200713-hso2fb63r5bsjebq7ltp2ki5gu-story.html</ref>

===Kansas City, Missouri===
[[File:LeGend Taliferro.jpeg|right|300px|thumb|4 year old LeGend Taliffero was murdered by [[Marxist]] [[gangbanger]]s during the [[BLM riots]].<ref>https://www.kcur.org/news/2020-05-29/kansas-city-activists-plan-peaceful-blacklivesmatter-protests-following-minneapolis-riots</ref>]]
:{{See also|Operation Legend}}
[[Kansas City]] [[NPR]] affiliate KCUR-FM reported following the [[Minneapolis riots]], that city's Black Lives Matter protests lasted late into the night.<ref>https://www.kcur.org/news/2020-05-29/kansas-city-activists-plan-peaceful-blacklivesmatter-protests-following-minneapolis-riots</ref> The crowd removed barricades and began walking neighborhoods, chanting “Who's streets? Our streets!” and " “No justice, no peace!". [[Facebook]] posted an advertisement saying "Black Lives Matter. Enough is Enough”. More than 3,000 people showed up. Police announced they found “stashes of bricks and rocks in & around the Plaza and Westport to be used during a riot”. The ''[[Daily Caller]]'' reported:
{{quotebox-float|Kansas City police officers found bricks and rocks staged near protest sites around the city, stoking concerns that individuals or groups had pre-planned looting and destruction that hit the city over the weekend, the department said Sunday.

“We have learned of & discovered stashes of bricks and rocks in & around the Plaza and Westport to be used during a riot,” the department said in a tweet on Sunday.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2020/06/01/kansas-city-bricks-george-floyd-retail-riots/</ref>}}
On May 30, 2020 "protesters" set a police car on fire. broke windows, and vandalized the Country Club Plaza business district including, Foot Locker, Victoria's Secret, H&M, The North Face, Cafe Trio, Season's 52, P.F. Chang's and other employers struggling to revive after the [[coronavirus]] lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksnt.com/news/police-car-on-fire-vandalism-and-looting-protesting-turns-to-civil-unrest-in-kansas-city/|title=Police car on fire, vandalism and looting: Protesting turns to civil unrest in Kansas City|date=May 31, 2020}}</ref> On June 1, 2020 protests grew more violent as protesters threw rocks and bottles at police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kctv5.com/news/local_news/protests-turn-violent-in-kansas-city-as-demonstrators-throw-rocks-water-bottles/article_f2dd2c30-a3ed-11ea-b0d8-e3b3a6ee26a0.html|title=Protests turn violent in Kansas City as demonstrators throw rocks, water bottles|website=KCTV Kansas City}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Stark | first=Cortlynn | last2=Nozicka | first2=Luke | title=Police say protesters try to break into Plaza businesses as KC protests turn ‘violent’ | website=kansascity | date=2020-05-30 | url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/article243128641.html | access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Adler | first=Eric | title=‘Heartbreaking’: Kansas City’s Plaza shops reel from COVID-19 and now protest vandals | website=kansascity | date=2020-06-01 | url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article243178521.html | access-date=}}</ref> More than 150 people were arrested.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/more-than-150-protesters-were-arrested-in-kansas-city-over-three-days-of-unrest/ar-BB14TuaZ</ref> Jackson County’s prosecutor, Jean Peters Baker, refused to file charges against anyone and Mayor Quinton Lucas said he would likely pardon anyone if she did. Meantime the prosecutor encouraged rioters to file charges against police.<ref>https://nypost.com/2020/06/05/kansas-city-announces-police-reform-amid-george-floyd-protests/</ref> In the first week of June there were more than 230 arrests at the protest.

Kansas City had 68 homicides when the riots started and was on pace for a recorded year, over the next 90 days the homicides doubled to 139.<ref>https://www.kshb.com/news/homicide-tracker</ref> About three-quarters of the victims, as well as most of the suspects, are young black men.<ref>https://www.ky3.com/content/news/Homicides-spike-in-Kansas-City-on-possible-record-pace-570900251.html</ref>

Four-year-old Legend Taliferro was shot while he slept in his bedroom early on the morning of June 29, 2020. Kansas City Police believe this was not a random shooting and that the apartment was targeted.<ref>https://apnews.com/bbd8713ff6c488268f6af65f25a3c62b</ref> A week later, some 200 federal [[law enforcement]] agents from the FBI, U.S. Marshals Service and other agencies surged into Kansas City. Mayor Lucas claimed he was blindsided by the [[White House]] Press Secretary [[Kayleigh McEnany]]'s announcement of [[Operation LeGend]]. The mayor was found later to have been lying.

===St. Louis, Misouri===
[[File:Cori Bush.png|right|300px|thumb|BLM agitator [[Cori Bush]].]]
Corrupt [[Soros]]-funded St. Louis Circuit Attorney [[Kim Gardner]], the city’s prosecutor, was criticized ahead of the election for releasing a political ad paid for by the Safety and Justice Super PAC that received funding from [[liberal]] billionaire [[George Soros]], according to the ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch''.<ref>https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/st-louis-circuit-attorney-candidate-defends-accepting-super-pac-campaign-money-from-liberal-billionaire/article_11036aaf-4b1b-58cd-871f-4084f1ec1485.html</ref> The total funds donated by the super PAC were at least $190,750. It was not immediately clear what her campaign budget was or who else contributed. Gardner won her 2020 primary re-election bid while under criminal investigation.<ref>https://justthenews.com/politics-policy/elections/soros-linked-pac-donates-77000-st-louis-circuit-attorney-targeting</ref> Gardner allowed the release of all 36 rioters and looters arrested in the city following riots in which a retired [[Black]] St. Louis Police Captain was [[murder]]ed by Black Lives Matter protesters.<ref>https://twitter.com/Eric_Schmitt/status/1268195075953176576</ref>

Gardner unjustly indicted a married couple for exercising their [[2nd Amendment]] rights on their own property when they were assaulted and threatened by [[white]] Black Lives Matter [[terrorist]]s.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W43LNEVOnbA</ref> The mob was led by [[Cori Bush]], Democrat candidate for [[United States House of Representatives]] from [[Missouri]]'s 1st congressional district in the [[2020 U.S. House elections|2020 elections]]. Bush screamed through a bullhorn, "You can't stop the [[revolution]]!"<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/09/01/meet-cori-bush-the-latest-socialist-squad-member-headed-to-congress/</ref>

[[File:Beloved-st-louis-police-captain-killed-amid-unrest.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Retired St. Louis Police Captain David Dorn was murdered by socialist [[revolution]]aries during the [[Marxist]] uprising.<ref>https://canadafreepress.com/article/george-floyd-riots-antifas-marxist-anti-cop-skulduggery</ref>]]
Marxist rioters murdered 77-year-old retired Black Police Captain [[David Dorn]], who had been working as a private security guard.<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jun/2/donald-trump-pays-tribute-david-dorn-retired-st-lo/</ref> The shooting and theft was posted on [[Facebook]] Live. Dorn served on the St. Louis police force for 38 years. Dorn’s personality was described as “bigger than life...a fun guy, a happy guy....He wanted them to do the right thing all the time." The Ethical Society of Police, which represents black officers in St. Louis, said in a news release that Dorn was “the type of brother that would’ve given his life to save them if he had to.”<ref>https://news.immitate.com/2020/06/03/beloved-st-louis-police-captain-killed-amid-unrest/</ref> Neighborhoods were set on fire.<ref>https://streamable.com/8lnd7v</ref>

In the month of June 2020 homicides rose from 10 the year prior to 32, more than 1 per day.<ref>https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/edwards-violence-is-occurring-in-every-portion-of-st-louis/article_5114505c-e8b2-5774-91cb-215b02763584.html</ref>

In response to a [[Catholic]] prayer rally announced by the [[Gateway Pundit]] at a statue of St. Louis (the saint which the city is named for, and whose statue is being targeted for removal by far-Left Islamic activist Umar Lee) in Forest Park, the city's racist Democrat treasurer Tishaura Jones irresponsibly called the rally a "KKK meeting" and the attendees "white supremacists", displaying clear ignorance of the fact that the KKK is the creation of her own party and is historically as anti-Catholic as it is anti-black.<ref name="St. Louis">[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/07/st-louis-treasurer-tishaura-jones-labels-catholic-prayer-rally-kkk-meeting-three-st-louis-christians-beaten-one-knocked-leftist-brass-knuckles-kicked-head-video/ St. Louis Treasurer Tishaura Jones Labels Catholic Prayer Rally a KKK Meeting – Then Three St. Louis Christians Beaten, One Knocked Out by Leftist and Kicked in the Head] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> Following Jones' comments and a false claim by Lee that the rally attendees were "connected" to the Charlottesville riots in 2017, over 100 violent leftist thugs soon after crashed the rally at Lee's urging with a "protest" that degenerated into violence as the hoodlums viciously harassed and childishly mocked the rally attendees, hurled profanities at them and acted disruptively,<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/06/blah-blah-blah-hateful-black-lives-matter-protester-mocks-interrupts-catholics-prayer-st-louis-statue-video/ “Blah-Blah-Blah…” – Hateful Black Lives Matter Protester Mocks, Interrupts Catholics in Prayer at St. Louis Statue] at the Gateway Pundit</ref><ref name="Press Charges">[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/06/catholic-man-press-charges-black-lives-matter-mob-beat-st-louis-statue-praying-peace-video/ Catholic Man to Press Charges After Black Lives Matter Mob Beat Him at St. Louis Statue while PRAYING FOR PEACE] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> vandalized the statue with racist and sacrilegious graffiti<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/06/marxists-show-christian-prayer-rally-st-louis-statue-demand-removal-statue-catholic-saint-videos/ Christians Hold Prayer Rally at St. Louis Statue, Leftist Mob Meets Them, Hurls Insults, Tries to Shut it Down!] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> and made open threats against the St. Louis Cathedral,<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/06/catholic-priest-attempts-defend-st-louis-statue-leftist-vandalism-leftist-mob-threatens-take-cathedral-next-video/ Catholic Priest Attempts to Defend St. Louis Statue from Further Leftist Vandalism — Leftist Mob Threatens to TAKE CATHEDRAL NEXT!] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> and several of the rallygoers were assaulted by the thugs, one of which, racist black activist and member of the notorious Crips gang Terrence Page,<ref name="New Low">[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/07/new-low-snopes-uses-local-crips-member-islamist-fanatic-defamatory-hit-piece-gateway-pundit-st-louis-catholics/ A New Low. Snopes Uses Local Crips Member and Islamist Fanatic in Defamatory Hit Piece Against Gateway Pundit and St. Louis Catholics] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> was caught on camera using brass knuckles to viciously assault a rally attendee in a cowardly blindside attack, then kicked him in the head after the man went down and also assaulted two other rallygoers,<ref name="St. Louis"/> then openly bragged about the assaults on his Facebook page afterward. One of the rallygoers, Conor Martin, announced later that he intends to file criminal charges against the thugs (including Page) who invaded the rally and assaulted him and other attendees,<ref name="Press Charges"/> while the Gateway Pundit itself intends to file libel charges against liberal "fact-checking" website [[Snopes.com]] for a defamatory and falsehood-filled hit piece written by that site about the event and the Gateway Pundit.<ref name="New Low"/>

===Marxist rectification===

:{{See also|Maoism|Rectification movement}}
A [[Maoist]] rectification campaign erupted out of the Antifa riots.<ref>https://justthenews.com/nation/culture/forced-apologies-and-public-shaming-doctrinal-deviation-sweep-american-culture</ref> Whites were asked, if not demanded, to kneel and publicly disavow their [[white privilege]].<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2020/06/03/brain-washed-whites-convulsing-from-white-guilt-make-pledge-of-allegiance-to-black-people-929304</ref> Calling police to report crimes or threats to life and safety was deemed "racist".<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2020/06/08/minn-official-tells-cnns-camerota-wanting-to-protect-your-home-comes-from-a-place-of-privilege-931770</ref> The mayor of Minneapolis was shamed before a leftist mob of mostly white people for not agreeing to disband the Minneapolis police.<ref>https://youtu.be/eACIjK36mek</ref> A ''New York Times'' columnist urged white people to text “relatives and loved ones telling them you will not be visiting them or answering phone calls until they take significant action in supporting black lives either through protest or financial contributions.”<ref>https://summit.news/2020/06/09/new-york-times-columnist-demands-white-people-ditch-family-members-who-dont-support-black-lives-matter/</ref>
[[File:BLM rectification.PNG|right|300px|thumb|A white woman accosted on the street with a demand to kneel and apologize for her whiteness.<ref>https://twitter.com/AnnCoulter/status/1267734418241830912</ref>]]
[[New Orleans Saints]] quarterback Drew Brees told an interviewer “I will never agree with anybody disrespecting the [[flag]] of the United States of America.” Brees and his family received death threats from leftist cowards. Brees asked for "forgiveness" for saying Americans should respect the flag.<ref>https://www.dailywire.com/news/drew-brees-caves-asks-for-forgiveness-for-saying-americans-should-respect-the-flag?itm_source=parsely-api</ref> Even Brees' wife wrote an apology: “WE ARE THE PROBLEM. I write this with tears in my eyes and I hope you all hear our hearts.”<ref>https://nypost.com/2020/06/07/drew-brees-wife-brittany-issues-apology-we-are-the-problem/</ref>

The wife of Aleksandar Katai, a [[Serbia]]n soccer who played with the Los Angeles Galaxy, posted criticism of the Minneapolis rioters in Serbian. Someone noticed, translated the posting and criticized her. She deleted the posting. Katai's wife was in Chicago when she wrote the post, and Aleksandar may not have even been aware of the post. Rioters arrived at the Los Angeles stadium to call for Alexander's firing. The management of the L.A. Galaxy cowardly forced Alexander Katai to apologize for his wife, and then to denounce her. Then they made him endorse Black Lives Matter, which he did, and then they fired him anyway.<ref>https://skugal.org/racist-violent-la-galaxy-fire-aleksandar-katai-over-wifes-shocking-social-media-posts-about-us-police-brutality-protests/</ref> Then Katai was attacked on his way out for something he didn't do, may not have even been aware of, in a language most Americans don't understand.<ref>https://nypost.com/2020/06/06/la-galaxy-releases-aleksandar-katai-amid-wifes-racist-posts/</ref>

[[UCLA]] investigated a [[white]] professor who read [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]’s ''Letter from Birmingham Jail,'' which reportedly contains the N-word, to students in a [[political science]] class. UCLA also held a town hall shaming and urged students to come forward with complaints. The department head and other faculty charged,
{{quotebox|"The lecturer also showed a portion of a documentary which included graphic images and descriptions of [[lynching]], with a narrator who quoted the n-word in explaining the history of lynching. Many students expressed distress and anger regarding the lecture and the lecturer's response to their concerns during the lecture. We share students' concerns that the lecturer did not simply pause and reassess their teaching pedagogy to meet the students' needs."<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/professor-under-investigation-for-reading-mlks-letter-from-birmingham-jail-containing-n-word</ref>}}
Editorial page director of the ''[[New York Times]]'' James Bennet apologized, and then resigned, after publishing an [[op-ed]] from [[Sen. Tom Cotton]]. The article suggested the U.S. military might be necessary to quell nationwide socialist insurrection if governors and mayors refused to defend the lives and property of American citizens and taxpayers.

The stepmother of an Atlanta policeman charged in a politically motivated indictment before the Georgia Bureau of Investigation completed its investigation was fired from her job for being a relative of a person designated as a scapegoat by the Left.<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/tucker-carlson-reports-stepmother-of-ex-atlanta-officer-who-shot-rayshard-brooks-fired-from-job</ref>

==Organization and history==
:''See also: [[Communism]], [[Anti-Semitism]], and [[Atheism and sociopathy#Atheistic communism, mass murder and sociopathic leaders|Atheistic communism, mass murder and sociopathic leaders]]''
BLM was founded in 2013 by three cultural Marxists: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]]. Garza is an old [[Van Jones]] cohort from the Marxist STORM organization in the Bay Area in the 1990s. In 2015, Alicia Garza wrote:
{{quotebox|"When I use Assata [Shakur]'s powerful demand in my [[Community organizing|organizing]] work, I always begin by sharing where it comes from, sharing about Assata’s significance to the Black Liberation Movement, what its political purpose and message is, and why it’s important in our context."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref>}}
[[File:OT-1610-3-644x483.jpg|righ|350px|thumb|Missourians Organizing for Reform and Empowerment (MORE) is Missouri’s rebranded [[ACORN]] group. It created an illustrative chart offering a snapshot of the Left’s grievance agenda. Capitalism is always the problem. Socialism is always the solution.]]
[[Assata Shakur]] is the former "queen" of the Black Liberation Army (BLA) terrorist group, who was convicted of the first-degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper in 1973. She was convicted of [[murder]] and seven other [[felon]]ies. While serving a life sentence, she escaped from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in 1979. She was granted political asylum in [[Cuba]] in 1984 where she has lived ever since, despite US government efforts to have her extradited. She is on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list, under her maiden name [[Joanne Deborah Chesimard]]. BLM founders openly admit to being "trained Marxists".<ref>https://twitter.com/RitaPanahi/status/1273739801464725504</ref>
Garza is a black separatist and more recently was affiliated with the Marxist [[Freedom Road Socialist Organization]] that wants to carve out an independent [[nation-state]] in the Bay Area.<ref>[https://www.periscope.tv/w/1zqKVljlzyDJB ''Black Lives Matter Unmasked''], Lee Stanahan, 2020.</ref>

Black Lives Matter began as a slogan or hashtag that became popular in response to a series of incidents involving what was believed to be an excessive use of force by police resulting in the death of blacks in the United States. The slogan could be flipped to call anyone a racist who disagreed with the organizations socialist objectives.

The #blacklivesmatter hashtag became popular following the death in 2012 of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin who was killed by George Zimmerman, a community watch volunteer. Different people tried to capitalize on the slogan and take leadership of the people that have adopted the hashtag. Three lesbians, Garza, Cullors, and Tometi have since created an organization by the name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/herstory/|title=The Theft of Black Queer Women’s Work|accessdate=}}</ref> and have started a website.<ref>http://blacklivesmatter.com</ref> BLM’s mission includes a kitchen sink of favored radical Left causes, including support of poverty elimination programs, prison deinstitutionalization, illegal immigration and gay rights.

Garza, Cullors and Tometi all work for front groups of the Freedom Road Socialist Organization (FRSO), one of the four largest radical Left organizations in the country. The others are the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), and the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (CCDS). Nelini Stamp’s ACORN—now rebranded under a variety of different names—works with all four organizations, and Dream Defenders is backed by the [[Service Employees International Union]] (SEIU), the [[ACLU]], the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] and others.

BLM's wide network of affiliates and partner organizations like CPUSA and ACORN allows BLM to turn out large crowds. Many participate simply to protest, commit violence, loot or all three.

===Black Liberation Movement===
At the [[Students for a Democratic Society]] National Convention held in Chicago on June 18–22, 1969 adhered to the general over-all line of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and the Chinese world view that attributed the source of global conflict from tension between the [[colonialism|colonial]] and former colonial peoples of [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]] on the one hand, and the forces of [[imperialism]] led by the [[United States]] on the other. The unfolding of the conflict between the [[national liberation movement]] of the [[Viet Cong]] and "forces of United States imperialism" and its "puppet regime in [[Saigon]]" would provide an example for peoples of the [[Third World]] to unite in the defeat of US imperialism and the establishment of a "world socialist order."<ref>Foreign Influence - Weather Underground Organization (WUO). FBI Chicago Field Office Report, August 20, 1976. Section I. Ideology D. ''Influence of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought'', Pages 56-57 in original (pp. 19-20 pdf).</ref>

The main point of contention centered on the role of the [[Black Panther Party]] (BPP) in the [[revolution]]ary process in the United States. Many held the view that a [[Vietnam war|Vietnam style war]] with the Black Panthers assuming the role similar to the [[Viet Cong]] as the [[Revolutionary Vanguard|vanguard]] Marxist armed national liberation movement within the United States against "the white imperialist super-structure."<ref>https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/</ref> Many were fond of quoting [[Mao Tse-tung]] who wrote, "In the final analysis a national struggle is a [[class struggle]]." There was a great deal of competition among the warring factions to portray themselves as the main purveyors of [[Maoism]] in the United States revolutionary movement.
[[File:Sup-Ct-Judge-Harold-Haley-w-shotgun-taped-around-his-neck-during-Jonathan-Jacksons-Marin-Courthouse-Rebellion-080770-by-Jim-Kean-Marin-Independent-Journal.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Black Liberation Army murdered Judge Harold Haley while hearing the [[George Jackson]] case.]]
The Progressive Labor Party (PLP) was pushing as a strategy the Worker Student Alliance (WSA) which postulated that students should unite with the traditional Marxist revolutionary power in the U.S., 'the workers,' to make revolution. The [[Bill Ayers]]/[[Bernardine Dohrn]] faction and Revolutionary Youth Movement II (RYM II), according to [[Mark Rudd]], considered the fixation on 'the workers' as "racist in that the PLP didn't want to see non-white people as the revolutionary agents." The Black Panthers demanded that SDS expel the PLP "for its racism in not supporting national liberation."<ref>[http://www.markrudd.com/?sds-and-weather/the-death-of-sds.html ''The Death of SDS,''] Mark Rudd. Retrieved from markrudd.com, March 6, 2010.</ref>

The Dohrn/Ayers group called for a program of confrontation and action by white students in the style of [[Fidel Castro|Castro]]ite guerillas in a supportive role to black revolution without regard to the white working class. Ayers and Dohrn, who are both white, felt armed struggle of blacks for self-determination would result in the victory of [[socialism]] in the United States without any reliance on white workers. They saw their role as supportive of the black liberation struggle and one which involved direct confrontation with the authority of the capitalist state.

After the election of officers, Bernardine Dohrn declared that the National Office of the SDS was responsible for development of a correct Marxist–Leninist line and called for "the future exclusion of [[deviationist]] forces such as the Progressive Labor Party (PLP) and the [[CPUSA]] from the SDS." The debate within SDS leadership between the Klonsky and Dohrn factions, however, was far from over. Both factions were committed to a socialist revolution through armed struggle, their differences centered on strategy and tactics.

The newly elected leaders of SDS, Mark Rudd, [[Jeff Jones]] and Bill Ayers, sent the following letter to [[Anna Louise Strong]] in China immediately after the Convention:
{{quotebox|Dear Comrade: Our Ninth Convention of SDS was highly honored to hear greetings from our best-loved revolutionary writer and champion of [[People's China]], and the thought of [[Mao Tse Tung]]. With help and inspiration of our black and brown brothers and sisters, we have succeeded at this convention in overthrowing the counter-revolutionary PLP forces, who had attempted to seize power. Long live our comrade Anna Louise Strong. Long live People's China. Long live Comrade Mao Tse Tung. Victory to the peoples of the U.S. Victory to the peoples of the entire world.<ref>Foreign Influence - Weather Underground Organization (WUO). FBI Chicago Field Office Report, August 20, 1976, [http://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1c.pdf ''Influence of China''], Pages 144-145 in original (pp. 32-33 pdf).</ref>}}
[[Carl Davidson]] is a Maoist who organized [[Progressives for Obama]]. He organized Peace Voters for Harold Washington and Peace Voters for [[Jesse Jackson]], as well as a number of third party campaigns. He is also currently a national committee member of the [[Committees of Correspondence for Democracy & Socialism]].<ref>Retrieved from [http://www.unitedforpeace.org/article.php?id=1824 United for Peace and Justice.]</ref> Davidson was a key player in the Maoist October League (OL) and the Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) (CP-ML).<ref>[http://www.revolutionintheair.com/chron/chron4.html Chronology of Political Events, Part Four 1975-1980.] Max Elbaum. Retrieved from Revolution In The Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che, March 16, 2010. Excerpted: '''1977-''' June 4–5: October League holds founding convention of Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) - CP(ML); [[Mike Klonsky]] is chair... August 12–18: Eleventh Congress of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. Mao and the [[Cultural Revolution]] are given positive assessments but the Congress officially declares the Cultural Revolution ended. That same month, CPC chair [[Hua Guofeng]] and U.S. CP(M-L) chair Mike Klonsky exchange toasts at banquet for CP(M-L) leaders in [[Beijing]]; this is effective recognition of the CP(M-L) as the semi-official pro-China party in the U.S. The June founding of the CP(ML) had been hailed by a top CPC leader as a “new victory of the [[Marxist-Leninist]] Movement in the U.S.”... '''1979-''' Beginning of crisis and collapse of CP(ML)... In early 1979 there was also a trip to [[China]] by representatives of CP(ML), LRS, RWH, PUL, BACU and other “pro-China” collectives as part of the efforts to build unity among all those who supported the [[CPC]] and the Three Worlds Theory, but the Chinese do not press the groups to unite although they effectively withdraw the idea (as does CP(ML) itself) that the CP(ML) is “the” party in the U.S... '''[[U.S. Peace Council]]''', with CP activists in pivotal positions, is founded...</ref> and wrote for the radical extremist<ref>John George and Laird Wilcox, [http://www.questia.com/library/book/nazis-communists-klansmen-and-others-on-the-fringe-political-extremism-in-america-by-john-george-laird-wilcox.jsp''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America''], Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992, (ISBN 0-87975-680-2), pgs. 125-131.</ref><ref>[http://www.revolutionintheair.com/chron/chron4.html Chronology of Political Events, Part Four 1975-1980.] Max Elbaum. Retrieved from Revolution In The Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che, March 16, 2010.</ref>

The Black Lives Matter movement was founded on the Black Liberation movement's founding demand to release all Blacks from prison.<ref>https://revolutionarystudents.wordpress.com/2015/07/24/blm-or-blm-black-lives-matter-or-black-liberation-movement/</ref>

====What is to be Done? Black Lives Matter OR Black Liberation Movement?====
BLM's own writings make clear the black lives of "upper class" blacks don't matter in this Marxist revolutionary movement aimed at destroying imperialism. Nor is this revolution limited to the "black lives" of "working class" citizens, but includes "middle class Black progressives", "some sections of the criminal class", "the immigration movement, and the women’s and queer movements."
[[File:Ayers and dohrn.jpeg|right|200px|thumb|Ayers and Dohrn, admirers of the [[Charles Manson|Manson Family]], in 2017.]]
{{quotebox|This is the most pivotal question of our time for Afro-descended people and New Afrikans generally. There is a genocidal war being waged, which is the legacy of our colonial status to the US. In the 50s and 60s the question was between a [[Civil Rights Movement]], which attempted to integrate blacks into the society ending their second class status under [[apartheid]], and there was the Black Liberation Movement, which saw its struggle in a global revolutionary context. as part of an anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist struggle being waged world wide.....

Civil rights had won, but today there are more Black people in jail than were enslaved. Today there are Blacks being killed every 28 hours with impunity. The path for our survival is nothing short of revolution. And in the global context we are not alone. US White power imperialism has identified who the enemy is. Blacks are ‘thugs,’ Muslims are ‘terrorists,’ and Latinos are ‘illegal aliens.’ The struggle for New Afrikan liberation is one which can only be achieved in understanding the need for a revolutionary [[united front]] against a common enemy. This is likewise hinges on organizing the lowest sections of society, the [[working class]], because unlike upper class Blacks, working class New Afrikans have no stake in White power US Imperialism, like upper class Blacks do. Working class Blacks are the pivot to uniting and leading [[middle-class]] Black [[progressive]]s, and even some sections of the [[criminal]] class who is exploited by being excluded from production. A revolutionary united front with the immigration movement, and the women’s and queer movements is on the horizon.

The Black Liberation Movement of the 60s and 70s was plagued with patriarchal and homophobic practices and ideas which set back the movement for liberation. We need to view our struggle as part of a global struggle; [[Palestinian]]s under [[Israel]]i occupation were the first people changing tactics to resistance fighters in Ferguson against tear gas and other defenses against militarized police. We need to have a clarity of who the enemy is. The recent focus on the confederate flag misses the fact that this flag is not in political power, that this flag only represents one small section of the enemie’s ranks. The US flag has not only killed and exploited our communities more, it represents the current enemy we are fighting.

What will revolution take? Sacrifice, blood, tears, theory, organization and, fundamentally, people. There needs to be various organizations organizing different sections of the people: students, women, tenants, workers, etc., etc., able to carry out revolutionary struggle locally. There needs to be a revolutionary political party, which is disciplined and dedicated to coordinate strategically and withstand attacks from the [[US government]]. <ref>https://revolutionarystudents.wordpress.com/2015/07/24/blm-or-blm-black-lives-matter-or-black-liberation-movement/</ref>}}

===Biden Crime Bill===
[[File:Joe Biden.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Biden [[collude]]d with [[segregation]]ists to undermine the Supreme Court decision of ''[[Brown vs. Board]]''.]]
:{{See also|The New Jim Crow}}
Title VI, the Federal Death Penalty Act, created 60 new [[death penalty]] offenses under 41 federal capital statutes,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00069.htm|work=Office of the United States Attorneys|publisher=Department of Justice|accessdate=17 May 2013}}</ref> [[Joe Biden]] joked “we do everything but hang people for jaywalking.”<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AK_DAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA141&dq=we%20do%20everything%20but%20hang%20people%20for%20jaywalking&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q=we%20do%20everything%20but%20hang%20people%20for%20jaywalking&f=false The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America]'', Naomi Murakawa, Oxford University Press, Jul 10, 2014, p. 141.</ref> After repealing the law in 2019, [[Donald Trump]] tweeted to Biden and his allies why the bill was bad and anyone who is associated with it will not win the [[2020 presidential election]].<ref>https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1133119875272994816</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1133139717069910017</ref>

====Superpredators====
In a 1993 Senate floor speech Biden warned of "predators on our streets" who were "beyond the pale" and said they must be cordoned off from the rest of society because the justice system did not know how to rehabilitate them. Biden described a
{{quotebox-float|"cadre of young people, tens of thousands of them, born out of wedlock, without parents, without supervision, without any structure, without any conscience developing because they literally ... because they literally have not been socialized, they literally have not had an opportunity."}} Biden went on in the same breath, {{quotebox|"It doesn't matter whether or not the person that is accosting your son or daughter or my son or daughter, my wife, your husband, my mother, your parents, it doesn't matter whether or not they were deprived as a youth. It doesn't matter whether or not they had no background that enabled them to become socialized into the fabric of society. It doesn't matter whether or not they're the victims of society. The end result is they're about to knock my mother on the head with a lead pipe, shoot my sister, beat up my wife, take on my sons."}}
[[File:Blm now mf.jpeg|right|200px|thumb|A Black Lives Matter terrorist kneels on a two year old white child's neck.<ref>https://www.newsweek.com/ohio-police-george-floyd-1519618</ref>]]
Biden said, that he didn't care "why someone is a malefactor in society" and that criminals needed to be "away from my mother, your husband, our families." Biden added "we should focus on them now" because "if we don't, they will, or a portion of them, will become the predators 15 years from now."

Biden's 1993 "predator" remarks are similar to comments then made by first lady [[Hillary Clinton]] where she warned of "Superpredators" who had "no conscience, no empathy" and who need to be brought "to heel."

[[Hillary Clinton]] publicly advocated treating minority youth like dogs,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsSDqbot-EI Hillary Clinton on "Superpredators"], Mrs. Clinton Campaign Speech Keene State University, January 25, 1996. youtube.com</ref> made mocking and offensive comments about [[Jews]] and retarded children.<ref>http://nation.foxnews.com/2016/09/12/clinton-and-doeplorables-her-comments-about-trump-voters-her-fellow-americans-show-why-she</ref> These sentiments were confirmed by Hillary's campaign chair, [[John Podesta]], and her campaign manager, [[Robby Mook]]. According to all major, reputable sources, [[Hillary Clinton]] and/or her organization and its surrogates started the [[birther movement]] to discredit [[Barack Obama]].<ref>https://youtu.be/bifsEkjTAc8</ref>

====Mass incarceration====
Under the [[Biden Crime Bill]], more the 250,000 African Americans were imprisoned in the [[United States]] than under [[President Reagan]],<ref>http://www.blackelectorate.com/articles.asp?ID=320</ref> a fact for which both [[Joseph Biden]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] took credit for.<ref>https://www.thenation.com/article/hillary-clinton-does-not-deserve-black-peoples-votes/</ref> Hillary Clinton was at his side when [[Bill Clinton]] raised mandatory sentencing guidelines which disproportionately sent Blacks to prison, giving the United States the highest mass incarceration rate in the world.<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/129433/clintons-war-drugs-black-lives-didnt-matter The Clintons’ War on Drugs: When Black Lives Didn’t Matter], By Donna Murch, ''The New Republic'', February 9, 2016</ref> Biden and the Clinton's championed the “three strikes you're out” law, passed a crime bill that created dozens of new federal capital crimes, mandated life sentences for some three-time offenders, and authorized more than $16 billion for more state prisons. By the time the Clinton's left office in 2001, the United States had the highest rate of incarceration in the world. [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that in seven states, African Americans constituted 80 to 90 percent of all drug offenders even though they were no more likely than whites to use or sell illegal drugs. Prison admissions for drug offenses reached a level in 2000 for African Americans more than 26 times the level they had been under [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>[https://www.thenation.com/article/hillary-clinton-does-not-deserve-black-peoples-votes/ Why Hillary Clinton Doesn’t Deserve the Black Vote], Michelle Alexander, ''The Nation'', February 10, 2016</ref>

Cumulatively since the Biden Crime Bill passed, 2.5 million adult black males—more than 10% of the population—were incarcerated leaving untold damage on black families.<ref>http://www.prisonpolicy.org/research/incarceration_rates_growth_causes/</ref>

===Obama riots===
[[File:Democrat rioters Compton, CA.png|right|250px|thumb|Democrat riots in Compton, California, 2020.<ref>https://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2020/09/10/the-united-states-its-constitution-have-two-months-left/</ref>]]
:{{See also|Obamunism|Obama riots}}
{{Cquote|Pernicious [[liberal propaganda]] that the police are murderers in uniform makes policing more difficult and more dangerous by whipping up a hostile attitude towards the police ...<ref> [https://townhall.com/columnists/marknuckols/2020/06/01/dont-believe-the-liberal-propaganda-or-fall-for-their-hysterics-n2569832 Townhall columnist Mark Nuckols] Posted: Jun 01, 2020 - Don’t Believe the Liberal Propaganda or Fall for Their Hysterics</ref>}}
The number of the nation's police officers murdered in the line of duty doubled during Barack Obama's regime.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/2016-presidential-race/2016/07/20/cop-deaths-double-2016-amid-obamas-anti-cop-rhetoric/ </ref> At least 94 police and corrections officers killed.<ref>http://www.policemag.com/channel/patrol/articles/2016/09/police-are-less-safe-under-obama.aspx </ref> Many were deliberately targeted.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/us/dallas-police-shooting.html?_r=0 </ref>
<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/us/police-shootings-san-antonio-st-louis-sanibel-gladstone/ </ref>

The [[Ferguson Riots]] failed to muster African-American voters to the polls in the [[2014 Midterm Elections]] to retake the U.S [[House of Representatives]] or keep the [[U.S. Senate]] from going Republican, as Democrat Party strategists (such as [[Donna Brazile]]) had hoped.<ref>http://www.mediaite.com/online/donna-brazile-hypes-midterm-voter-turnout-with-ferguson-hashtag/</ref><ref>https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2014/0904/Playing-politics-with-Ferguson-Will-it-work-for-Democrats-in-midterms</ref><ref>http://news.yahoo.com/obama-triangulates-ferguson-crisis-midterm-231620731.html</ref> Yet in many ways the 2015 Baltimore Riots were a spinoff of the anger engendered in Ferguson. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported Obama met the day after the midterms with Ferguson protest leaders and expressed concern, in the words of [[Al Sharpton]], that the movement and its objectives "stay on course".<ref>http://www.examiner.com/article/obama-met-with-ferguson-activists-concerned-protests-stay-on-course</ref> [[Social media]] analysts discovered links between the [[Baltimore]] and Ferguson violence; between 20 and 50 social media accounts active in Baltimore were also used in Ferguson at the peak of violence in late Summer 2014, suggesting the presence of professional organizers.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3059840/Anarchists-year-s-violence-Ferguson-active-Baltimore-claim-social-media-experts.html</ref>

Black Lives Mater advocates for the disruption of the “Western-prescribed nuclear family structure.”<ref>https://blacklivesmatter.com/what-we-believe/</ref>

====Obama scapegoats an innocent Hispanic man====
In March 2012 a [[white Hispanic]] shot and killed a 17 year old youth, Trayvon Martin, who violently assaulted him. A jury found Trayvon Martin's killer acted in self-defense.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/13/george-zimmerman-found-not-guilty/2514163/</ref> Wikipedia reports, "media coverage surrounding Martin's death was greater than that of the [[Presidential Election 2012|2012 presidential race]], which was underway at the time."

According to the victim, an altercation began when Trayvon Martin suddenly appeared from behind and said, "You got a f----- problem, homie? You got a problem now", knocked him down and pounded his head on a concrete sidewalk.<ref>http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:a_ooInCXchsJ:https://www.txantimedia.com/%3Fp%3D987+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us</ref> The victim received a nose fracture, two black eyes, lacerations to the back of his head, a back injury, and facial bruising. When Trayvon Martin saw the gun, he reached for it saying, "You're going to die tonight m-----------!" Obama later remarked, "Trayvon Martin could have been me."<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/19/politics/obama-zimmerman/</ref>

[[Liberal]] law professor Jonathon Turley noted, "I am equally troubled by Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] discussing the case in public speeches when his department is supposed to be conducting an unbiased review of the facts involving a man who has not been convicted of a crime....The impression, in my view, diminishes the appearance of [[due process]] and fair trial for the accused."<ref>http://jonathanturley.org/2012/05/16/medical-report-on-zimmerman-shows-broken-nose-lacerations-and-back-injury/</ref>

After he was exonerated, the victim responded to Obama's provocative comments: "I think that throughout the process (Obama) should have done what he said he was going to do and not interject himself in a local law enforcement matter or a state matter and waited until the facts came out, instead of rushing to judgment, making [[racial]]ly charged comments, and pitting American against American. I believe that he should have taken the higher road given his position and, been an example, been a leader as (Obama) should be and say, let's not rush to judgment."<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/george-zimmerman-accuses-barack-obama-of-fuelling-racial-tensions-with-comments-following-trayvon-martin-shooting-10129778.html [Account by ''The Independent'' contains transcription errors].</ref>

====Ferguson riots====
[[File:Eric Holder.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Eric Holder, point man for the administration's racial agitation program.]]
According to witnesses deemed credible by investigators, a [[Grand Jury]], and even eventually the [[United States Department of Justice]] Civil Rights Division, 18-year-old Michael Brown was shot six times and killed by Officer Darren Wilson of the Ferguson, MO Police Dept. after Brown assaulted the Officer with a punch to the face from a standing position through the police vehicle window, and attempted to steal the Officer's [[firearm]]. Brown was the main suspect in a strong-arm [[robbery]] that occurred moments earlier. Brown was unarmed, and his body lay in the street as Police conducted an investigation lasting several hours.

The [[White House]] sent three representatives to Brown's funeral<ref>https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/08/24/342868844/3-white-house-aides-to-attend-michael-browns-funeral-service</ref> as violence and looting already occurred.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/michael-brown-shooting/looting-erupts-after-vigil-slain-missouri-teen-michael-brown-n177426</ref> Obama called the death of the 6'4", 292 lb. Brown, who smashed Officer Wilson's face while in a sitting position, "heartbreaking".<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/michael-brown-shooting/looting-erupts-after-vigil-slain-missouri-teen-michael-brown-n177426</ref> Eric Holder was dispatched to meet with Brown's family and begin a separate DOJ investigation before local authorities completed their own. As in the Louis Gates and Trayvon Martin cases, Obama and Holder began a series of public statements impugning the integrity of public servants who were lawfully fulfilling their duties.<ref>http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/private-pathologist-michael-brown-family-testify-grand-jury</ref> Obama spoke of "a gulf of mistrust between local residents and law enforcement"<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-talks-gulf-of-mistrust-between-police-communities/</ref> and Brown's family flew to [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] to testify before the United Nations Committee Against Torture, alleging police violence against [[African-American]]s was "widespread" and "commonplace" in the [[United States]].<ref>http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/michael-brown-family-headlines-delegation-un-panel-geneva</ref>

The pro-[[China]] [[Freedom Road Socialist Organization]] (now Liberation Road) and its allies claim to have brought nearly 10,000 activists into [[St. Louis]], Missouri, to swell the ranks of the rioters.

When the Grand Jury failed to indict the Officer, more violence erupted. Months later, Holder's Justice Department, again, was forced to publicly admit there was no cause to consider the death of the black teenager as a [[civil rights]] violation or [[hate crime]]. When Holder's announcement came, more rioting erupted and two police officers were shot. Obama reserved his reaction on the shooting of the two officers for a late night comedy show, ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!''<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/03/13/heres-how-president-obama-responded-to-the-shooting-of-two-ferguson-police-officers-on-jimmy-kimmel-live/</ref>

Dollar costs of the [[Ferguson riots]] by mid 2015 were still not available, that is, damage to [[private property]] and government riot control costs. The ''real cost'' is in the loss of ''future'' income which now will never materialize.<ref>http://hoosierecon.com/2015/03/07/total-cost-of-ferguson-riots/</ref>

====Baltimore riot====
The Ferguson Riots failed to muster African-American voters to the polls in the [[2014 Midterm Elections]] to retake the U.S [[House of Representatives]] or keep the [[U.S. Senate]] from going Republican, as [[Democratic Party|Democrat Party]] strategists (such as [[Donna Brazile]]) had hoped.<ref>http://www.mediaite.com/online/donna-brazile-hypes-midterm-voter-turnout-with-ferguson-hashtag/</ref><ref>https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2014/0904/Playing-politics-with-Ferguson-Will-it-work-for-Democrats-in-midterms</ref><ref>http://news.yahoo.com/obama-triangulates-ferguson-crisis-midterm-231620731.html</ref> Yet in many ways the 2015 Baltimore Riots were a spinoff of the anger engendered in Ferguson. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported Obama met the day after the midterms with Ferguson protest leaders and expressed concern, in the words of [[Al Sharpton]], that the movement and its objectives "stay on course".<ref>http://www.examiner.com/article/obama-met-with-ferguson-activists-concerned-protests-stay-on-course</ref> Social media analysts discovered links between the Baltimore and Ferguson violence; between 20 and 50 social media accounts active in Baltimore were also used in Ferguson at the peak of violence in late Summer 2014, suggesting the presence of professional organizers.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3059840/Anarchists-year-s-violence-Ferguson-active-Baltimore-claim-social-media-experts.html</ref>

====War on Cops====
The number of the nation's police officers murdered in the line of duty doubled during Barack Obama's regime.<ref>http://www.policemag.com/channel/patrol/articles/2016/09/police-are-less-safe-under-obama.aspx </ref><ref>https://www.breitbart.com/2016-presidential-race/2016/07/20/cop-deaths-double-2016-amid-obamas-anti-cop-rhetoric/ </ref> Many were deliberately targeted.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/us/dallas-police-shooting.html?_r=0 </ref>
<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/us/police-shootings-san-antonio-st-louis-sanibel-gladstone/ </ref>

"Pernicious liberal propaganda that the police are murderers in uniform makes policing more difficult and more dangerous by whipping up a hostile attitude towards the police ..."<ref> [https://townhall.com/columnists/marknuckols/2020/06/01/dont-believe-the-liberal-propaganda-or-fall-for-their-hysterics-n2569832 Townhall columnist Mark Nuckols] Posted: Jun 01, 2020 - Don’t Believe the Liberal Propaganda or Fall for Their Hysterics</ref>

===Controversies===
[[File:BLM-Women's March.png|right|300px|thumb|[[Black Lives Matter|BLM]] / [[Women's March]] [[misogynist]]s beat a female Trump supporter.<ref>Two references:*[https://nationalfile.com/exclusive-trump-supporter-hospitalized-by-black-lives-matter-thugs-at-womens-march/ EXCLUSIVE: Trump Supporter Hospitalized By Black Lives Matter Thugs At Women’s March] *[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/10/womens-marchers-rally-womens-rights-washington-dc-stomp-beat-choke-punch-female-trump-supporter/ Women’s Marchers Rally for Women’s Rights in Washington DC — Then Stomp, Beat, Choke and Punch Female Trump Supporter]</ref>]]
People who value all human life advocated #alllivesmatter as a more appropriate slogan. They argue that people should care about Trayvon Martin and other victims because they are human beings without regard to their race. Many people believe that the social problems resulting in these deaths are too complex to discuss as hashtags and would prefer a more reasoned dialogue.<ref>Ann Coulter reported: "In 2008, the most recent year for which such data seems to have been collected, FBI surveys show that, out of 520,161 interracial violent crimes, blacks committed 429,444 of them against whites, while whites committed 90,717 of them against blacks. In other words, blacks commit more than 80 percent of all interracial violent crime." (June 24, 2015). [http://www.anncoulter.com/columns/2015-06-24.html "There's a reason we mostly hear about white 'micro-aggressions'"]. Ann Coulter website.</ref> During a 2015 televised [[Presidential debates 2016|Democratic candidate debate]], the moderator asked each candidate to pick either #blacklivesmatter or #alllivesmatter, with all the candidates picking #blacklivesmatter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/black-lives-matter-democratic-debate_us_561da706e4b050c6c4a35bb1|work=Huffington Post|title=The Future Democratic Presidential Nominee Thinks Black Lives Matter|date=October 14, 2016|accessdate=}}</ref>

In September 2015, the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]-front [[Council on American Islamic Relations]] (CAIR) joined BLM activists in storming California Governor [[Jerry Brown]]’s office. CAIR also participated in the Ferguson protests.

The "Nashville chapter of Black Lives Matter" booked a meeting room in the local library for the public meetings of the group. However, the group excluded whites from attending their meetings. Some people complained and the library said it would enforce its rule allowing the public and media to attend. The meetings moved to a local church with whites continued to be excluded.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/davidson%20/2016/02/19/black-lives-matter-color-only-rule-runs-afoul-nashville-library/80606970/|title=Black Lives Matter 'color-only' rule runs afoul of Nashville library|work=The Tennesseean|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=}}</ref>

On February 18, 2016, Barack Obama invited a number of civil rights leaders to meet with him and included Aislinn Pulley, a leader of "Black Lives Matter Chicago." Pulley rejected Obama's invitation and did not attend the meeting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/18/politics/obama-civil-rights-leaders-meeting/index.html|title=Obama meets with civil rights leaders -- minus Black Lives Matter|date=Feb. 18, 2016|accessdate=|work=CNN|first=Kevin |last=Liptak}}</ref>

In February 2016, some [[Facebook]] employees wrote #blacklivesmatter on community whiteboards at their company headquarters. Other employees crossed out that slogan and replaced it with "all lives matter." In response, [[Mark Zuckerberg]] sent a memo to Facebook employees ordering them to stop it, in contradiction of the policy that these boards were supposed to be "free speech zones." Zuckerburg wrote, " 'Black lives matter' doesn't mean other lives don't -- it's simply asking that the black community also achieves the justice they deserve." Two percent of Facebook employees are black.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zuckerberg-tells-workers-not-to-cross-out-black-lives-matter/|title=Zuckerberg tells workers not to cross out "Black Lives Matter"|date=Feb. 25, 2016|work=CBS News|accessdate=}}</ref>

On February 29, 2016, [[Donald Trump]] held a rally that was disrupted by Black Lives Matter protestors. Trump responded that "all lives matter."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/29/politics/donald-trump-event-protest-rally/index.html|title=Photographer: Secret Service agent choked me at a Trump rally|date=Feb. 29, 2016|work=CNN|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/black-students-trump-rally-georgia_us_56d501c2e4b0871f60ec98ba|title=Black Students Removed From Trump Rally In Georgia|date=Feb. 29, 2016|accessdate=|work=Huffington Post}}</ref>

In response to a tragic death of a police officer in the line of duty, the hashtag #bluelivesmatter was circulated. In response, ''Village Voice'' has tried to mockingly make light of it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/twitter-trolls-bluelivesmatter-with-meme-featuring-smurfs-the-navi-and-tobias-f-nke-6702309|title=Twitter Trolls #BlueLivesMatter With Meme Featuring Smurfs, the Na'vi, and Tobias Fünke|work=Village Voice|date=December 16, 2016|accessdate=}}</ref>

In July 2016, 21 police were injured by rocks, steel pipes, and fireworks during a demonstration in [[St. Paul]], Minnesota, where rioters illegally shut down the interstate for five hours. One officer suffered a spinal fracture after a concrete block was dropped on his head.

Black Lives Matter activists reportedly harassed police and engaged in violent behavior during a major protest in August 2018.<ref>Binder, John (August 12, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/12/watch-blm-activist-antagonizes-black-policeman-you-must-be-a-member-of-ku-klux-klan/ Watch – BLM Activist Antagonizes Black Policeman: ‘You Must Be a Member’ of Ku Klux Klan]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 13, 2018.</ref><ref>Binder, John (August 12, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/12/watch-black-lives-matter-activists-surround-cars-attack-drivers-back-the-fck-up/ Watch – Black Lives Matter Activists Surround Cars, Attack Drivers: ‘Back the F*ck Up!’] ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 13, 2018.</ref>

== Edward Colston Statue ==
On June 11th 2020, the statue of [[Edward Colston]] was toppled from its original place which was first erected in Bristol in 1895, ever since the 1980's, people have wanted it gone due to him being related to the Slave Trade of the late 17th century. Home Secretary Priti Patel condemned the actions of BLM supporters defacing the statue, it was thrown into the river and was rescued a few days later, it is planned to be moved to a museum.

==2020 Marxist insurrection timeline==
:{{See also|2020 Marxist insurrection timeline}}

==See also==
*[[Democrat urban issues]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/souls/vol1no4/vol1num4art1.pdf ''Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution''], Robin D.G. Kelley and Betsy Esche, ''Souls'' Volume 1, Number 4 Fall 1999.
*[https://medium.com/fairbank-center/black-power-in-china-maos-support-for-african-american-racial-struggle-as-class-struggle-7673f2a6abb Black Power in China: Mao’s Support for African American “Racial Struggle as Class Struggle”]
*[https://youtu.be/kknldrSh7E8 History of the Violent Left: Symbionese Liberation Army]. Investigative journalist Lee Stranahan takes a deep dives into the goals and mechanics of the Black Lives Matter movement.
*[https://cultureshield.com/PDF/45_Goals.pdf Congressional Record--Appendix, pp. A34-A35Current Communist Goals], EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. A. S. HERLONG, JR. OF FLORIDA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, January 10, 1963. See Items 35, ''et al'', 35. Discredit and eventually dismantle the FBI. 37. Infiltrate and gain control of big business. 38. Transfer some of the powers of arrest from the police to social agencies. Treat all behavioral problems as psychiatric disorders which no one but psychiatrists can understand [or treat]. 39. Dominate the psychiatric profession and use mental health laws as a means of gaining coercive control over those who oppose Communist goals. 40. Discredit the family as an institution. Encourage promiscuity and easy divorce. 42. Create the impression that violence and insurrection are legitimate aspects of the American tradition; that students and special-interest groups should rise up and use ["] united force ["] to solve economic, political or social problems. 15. Capture one or both of the political parties in the United States. 17. Get control of the schools. Use them as transmission belts for socialism and current Communist propaganda. Soften the curriculum. Get control of teachers' associations. Put the party line in textbooks. 20. Infiltrate the press. Get control of book-review assignments, editorial writing, and policymaking positions. 21. Gain control of key positions in radio, TV, and motion pictures. 29. Discredit the American Constitution by calling it inadequate, old-fashioned, out of step with modern needs, a hindrance to cooperation between nations on a worldwide basis. 30. Discredit the American Founding Fathers. Present them as selfish aristocrats who had no concern for the "common man." 31. Belittle all forms of American culture and discourage the teaching of American history on the ground that it was only a minor part of the "big picture." Give more emphasis to Russian history since the Communists took over. 32. Support any socialist movement to give centralized control over any part of the culture--education, social agencies, welfare programs, mental health clinics, etc. 

{{communism}}
{{anarchism}}
[[Category:Liberal Organizations]]
[[Category:United States Political Slogans]]
[[Category:Racist Organizations]]
[[Category:Anti-American]][[Category:United States Presidential Election, 2020]][[Category:Biden Putsch]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Hate Groups]]
[[Category:Snowflakes]]
[[Category:Misnomers]]
[[Category:Violence]]
[[Category:Liberal Falsehoods]]

Insanity

2020-12-20T15:47:30Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Insanity''' refers to being afflicted by a [[mental disorder]] or severe [[mental illness]]. [[Madness]] is an older term for the same concept. It can be used metaphorically to refer to the extreme stupidity or unworkability of ideas without necessarily implying that the proposer suffers literally from insanity. For example, "the insanity of [[liberal]] [[tax-and-spend]] proposals."

Due to censorship of Conservative Truths, accountable to [[Political Correctness]], the term insanity is no longer in use in the medical community. Liberals like to insist that those who disagree with them suffer from mental disabilities, while denying disability benefits to those exact same persons. For example, Liberals insist he could continue to work at his job like before, since disadvantaged minorities do the same job without complaint. This objection assumes that Americans should have to endure conditions of their jobs, without complaint. Conservative political philosophy has always rejected this position, while Socialist economies as in Venezuela have always unilaterally accepted it. Patriots' position is clear: Biden's unacceptable senility will lead to the degradation of the formerly great nation. The facts speak for themselves. God bless Christ. Though the term is still in formal use in American law in referring to one who cannot be found guilty of a crime even though he actually committed the action. The metaphorical use is also in frequent colloquial use, e.g. "Insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result." Courts of law have very strict standards as to which defendants are merely insane and which are actually in touch with the alternatives, and therefore not eligible for acquittal on grounds of insanity.

[[Category:Psychology]][[Category:Mental Health]][[Category:Psychiatric Disorders]] [[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Schizophrenia

2020-12-20T15:20:10Z

DanielAPulido:

[[File:Artistic view of how the world feels like with schizophrenia - journal.pmed.0020146.g001.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|Self-portrait of a person with schizophrenia. The picture reflects how schizophrenia can distort a person's perception.]]
'''Schizophrenia''', as described by [[mental health]] professionals, is a chronic, severe, and disabling [[mental disorder]].
It affects about 1 percent of Americans.

* ... schizophrenics are the victims of lives filled with trauma, sometimes subtle but usually obvious. Professionals have tried not to listen. But if one investigates, most of the bad things patients talk about or symbolize in their symtpoms are not delusional, but real traumas. It helps to face the truth. [http://www.kellevision.com/kellevision/2009/06/trauma-and-schizophrenia.html]

It has been recognized by the [[American Psychiatric Association]] and throughout recorded history.

People with schizophrenia may hear voices other people don't hear or they may believe that others are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. These experiences are terrifying and can cause fearfulness, withdrawal, or extreme agitation.

People with schizophrenia may not make sense when they talk, may sit for hours without moving or talking much, or may seem perfectly fine until they talk about what they are really thinking.

Because many people with schizophrenia have difficulty holding a job or caring for themselves, the burden on their families and society is significant as well. They may rely on taxpayer-funded handouts in the form of welfare payments or disability payments, without any realistic prospect of ever paying back into the system. Liberals defend these payments as "entitlements" while conservatives rightly oppose them as a waste of the funds extracted from taxpayers like you. (A thought assignment: If more funds are deducted from your paycheck each week, does it help the people described above, or does it merely perpetuate wasteful spending while earning votes for liberal politicians? Wouldn't we all be better served if the mentally "disabled" people worked an honest living, like you and your family? Should we really pay so that they can sit on the couch all day and complain about their "fearfulness" and "agitation"? If you "sympathize" or "empathize" with the values of the schizophrenics and the liberals, will Jesus say on Judgement day that it doesn't really matter that you made that choice, and you can go to Heaven anyway? Or will He say that if you had rejected liberal values like schizophrenia, you could have gotten into Heaven?)

Available treatments can relieve many of the disorder's symptoms, but most people who have schizophrenia must cope with some residual symptoms as long as they live. Nevertheless, this is a time of hope for people with schizophrenia and their families. Many people with the disorder now lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. Researchers are developing more effective medications and using new research tools to understand the causes of schizophrenia and to find ways to prevent and treat it.

The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three broad categories:

*'''Positive symptoms''' are unusual thoughts or perceptions, including hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and disorders of movement.
*'''Negative symptoms''' represent a loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate plans, speak, express emotion, or find pleasure in everyday life. These symptoms are harder to recognize as part of the disorder and can be mistaken for laziness or depression.
*'''Cognitive symptoms''' (or '''cognitive deficits''') are problems with attention, certain types of memory, and the executive functions that allow us to plan and organize. Cognitive deficits can also be difficult to recognize as part of the disorder but are the most disabling in terms of leading a normal life.

== Positive symptoms ==

Positive symptoms are easy-to-spot behaviors not seen in healthy people and usually involve a loss of contact with reality. They include hallucinations, [[delusions]], thought disorder, and disorders of movement. Positive symptoms can come and go. Sometimes they are severe and at other times hardly noticeable, depending on whether the individual is receiving treatment.

*'''Hallucinations:''' A hallucination is something a person sees, hears, smells, or feels that no one else experiences. "Voices" (auditory hallucinations) are the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia. Many people with the disorder hear voices that may comment on their behavior, order them to do things, warn them of impending danger, or talk to each other (usually about the patient). They may hear these voices for a long time before family and friends notice that something is wrong. Other types of hallucinations include seeing people or objects that are not there (visual hallucinations), smelling odors that no one else detects (olfactory hallucinations - although this can also be a symptom of certain brain tumors), feeling things like invisible fingers touching their bodies (tactile hallucinations)when no one is near and tasting things when there is no substance present in the person's mouth (gustatory hallucinations).

*'''Delusions''': Delusions are false personal beliefs that are not part of the person's culture and do not change, even when other people present proof that the beliefs are not true or logical. People with schizophrenia can have delusions that are quite bizarre, such as believing that neighbors can control their behavior with magnetic waves, people on television are directing special messages to them, or radio stations are broadcasting their thoughts aloud to others. They may also have delusions of grandeur and think they are famous historical figures or that they are highly important. People with paranoid schizophrenia can believe that others are deliberately cheating, harassing, poisoning, spying upon, or plotting against them or the people they care about. These beliefs are called delusions of persecution. In addition, individuals may experience ideas of reference, whereby they may experience messages from the TV, radio or newspaper meant specifically for them, that no-one else can see/hear or understand. Ideas of reference can also include "secret signals" from other people, such as the way an innocent person across the road stops to let someone pass, or the way in which a receptionist holds the telephone.

*'''Thought Disorder''': People with schizophrenia often have unusual thought processes. One dramatic form is disorganized thinking, in which the person has difficulty organizing his or her thoughts or connecting them logically. Speech may be garbled or hard to understand. Another form is "thought blocking," in which the person stops abruptly in the middle of a thought. When asked why, the person may say that it felt as if the thought had been taken out of his or her head. Finally, the individual might make up unintelligible words, or "[[neologisms]]." In addition, some people experience having their thoughts "removed" from their minds (thought withdrawal), that others are putting thoughts into their head (thought insertion) or that everyone can hear the individual's thoughts (thought broadcast).

*'''Disorders of Movement''': People with schizophrenia can be clumsy and uncoordinated. They may also exhibit involuntary movements and may grimace or exhibit unusual mannerisms. Such movements are often side effects of the anti-psychotic medications used to treat the primary symptoms of schizophrenia (Tardive Dyskinesia - TD - or Extra-Pyramidal Side Effects - EPSEs). They may repeat certain motions over and over or, in extreme cases, may become catatonic. Catatonia is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness. It was more common when treatment for schizophrenia was not available; fortunately, it is now rare.

== Negative symptoms ==

The term "negative symptoms" refers to reductions in normal emotional and behavioral states. These include the following:

*'''Flat affect''': immobile facial expression, monotonous voice
*'''Lack of pleasure in everyday life'''
*'''Diminished ability to initiate and sustain planned activity'''
*'''Infrequent speaking''': even when forced to interact
*'''Demotivation''': a lack of interest in life in general
*'''Hygiene neglect''': People with schizophrenia often neglect basic hygiene and need help with everyday activities.

Because it is not as obvious that negative symptoms are part of a psychiatric illness, people with schizophrenia are often perceived as lazy and unwilling to better their lives.

== Cognitive symptoms ==

Cognitive symptoms are subtle and are often detected only when neuropsychological tests are performed. They include the following:

*'''Poor "executive functioning"''': Person lack the ability to absorb and interpret information and make decisions based on that information
*'''Inability to sustain attention'''
*'''Problems with "working memory"''': Person lacks the ability to keep recently learned information in mind and use it right away

Cognitive impairments often interfere with the patient's ability to lead a normal life and earn a living. They can cause great emotional distress.

== External links ==
*[http://scholarshipsecretary.com/top-mental-health-resources/ List of the Top Mental Health Resources]
*[http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/ Royal College of Psychiatrists]
*[http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/default.htm WebMD Schizophrenia Health Center]
*[http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/ National Suicide Prevention Lifeline]

==See also==
* [[PTSD]]

[[Category:Mental Health]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disorders]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Schizophrenia

2020-12-20T14:56:21Z

DanielAPulido:

[[File:Artistic view of how the world feels like with schizophrenia - journal.pmed.0020146.g001.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|Self-portrait of a person with schizophrenia. The picture reflects how schizophrenia can distort a person's perception.]]
'''Schizophrenia''', as described by [[mental health]] professionals, is a chronic, severe, and disabling [[mental disorder]].
It affects about 1 percent of Americans.

* ... schizophrenics are the victims of lives filled with trauma, sometimes subtle but usually obvious. Professionals have tried not to listen. But if one investigates, most of the bad things patients talk about or symbolize in their symtpoms are not delusional, but real traumas. It helps to face the truth. [http://www.kellevision.com/kellevision/2009/06/trauma-and-schizophrenia.html]

It has been recognized by the [[American Psychiatric Association]] and throughout recorded history.

People with schizophrenia may hear voices other people don't hear or they may believe that others are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. These experiences are terrifying and can cause fearfulness, withdrawal, or extreme agitation.

People with schizophrenia may not make sense when they talk, may sit for hours without moving or talking much, or may seem perfectly fine until they talk about what they are really thinking.

Because many people with schizophrenia have difficulty holding a job or caring for themselves, the burden on their families and society is significant as well.

Available treatments can relieve many of the disorder's symptoms, but most people who have schizophrenia must cope with some residual symptoms as long as they live. Nevertheless, this is a time of hope for people with schizophrenia and their families. Many people with the disorder now lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. Researchers are developing more effective medications and using new research tools to understand the causes of schizophrenia and to find ways to prevent and treat it.

The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three broad categories:

*'''Positive symptoms''' are unusual thoughts or perceptions, including hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and disorders of movement.
*'''Negative symptoms''' represent a loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate plans, speak, express emotion, or find pleasure in everyday life. These symptoms are harder to recognize as part of the disorder and can be mistaken for laziness or depression.
*'''Cognitive symptoms''' (or '''cognitive deficits''') are problems with attention, certain types of memory, and the executive functions that allow us to plan and organize. Cognitive deficits can also be difficult to recognize as part of the disorder but are the most disabling in terms of leading a normal life.

== Positive symptoms ==

Positive symptoms are easy-to-spot behaviors not seen in healthy people and usually involve a loss of contact with reality. They include hallucinations, [[delusions]], thought disorder, and disorders of movement. Positive symptoms can come and go. Sometimes they are severe and at other times hardly noticeable, depending on whether the individual is receiving treatment.

*'''Hallucinations:''' A hallucination is something a person sees, hears, smells, or feels that no one else experiences. "Voices" (auditory hallucinations) are the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia. Many people with the disorder hear voices that may comment on their behavior, order them to do things, warn them of impending danger, or talk to each other (usually about the patient). They may hear these voices for a long time before family and friends notice that something is wrong. Other types of hallucinations include seeing people or objects that are not there (visual hallucinations), smelling odors that no one else detects (olfactory hallucinations - although this can also be a symptom of certain brain tumors), feeling things like invisible fingers touching their bodies (tactile hallucinations)when no one is near and tasting things when there is no substance present in the person's mouth (gustatory hallucinations).

*'''Delusions''': Delusions are false personal beliefs that are not part of the person's culture and do not change, even when other people present proof that the beliefs are not true or logical. People with schizophrenia can have delusions that are quite bizarre, such as believing that neighbors can control their behavior with magnetic waves, people on television are directing special messages to them, or radio stations are broadcasting their thoughts aloud to others. They may also have delusions of grandeur and think they are famous historical figures or that they are highly important. People with paranoid schizophrenia can believe that others are deliberately cheating, harassing, poisoning, spying upon, or plotting against them or the people they care about. These beliefs are called delusions of persecution. In addition, individuals may experience ideas of reference, whereby they may experience messages from the TV, radio or newspaper meant specifically for them, that no-one else can see/hear or understand. Ideas of reference can also include "secret signals" from other people, such as the way an innocent person across the road stops to let someone pass, or the way in which a receptionist holds the telephone.

*'''Thought Disorder''': People with schizophrenia often have unusual thought processes. One dramatic form is disorganized thinking, in which the person has difficulty organizing his or her thoughts or connecting them logically. Speech may be garbled or hard to understand. Another form is "thought blocking," in which the person stops abruptly in the middle of a thought. When asked why, the person may say that it felt as if the thought had been taken out of his or her head. Finally, the individual might make up unintelligible words, or "[[neologisms]]." In addition, some people experience having their thoughts "removed" from their minds (thought withdrawal), that others are putting thoughts into their head (thought insertion) or that everyone can hear the individual's thoughts (thought broadcast).

*'''Disorders of Movement''': People with schizophrenia can be clumsy and uncoordinated. They may also exhibit involuntary movements and may grimace or exhibit unusual mannerisms. Such movements are often side effects of the anti-psychotic medications used to treat the primary symptoms of schizophrenia (Tardive Dyskinesia - TD - or Extra-Pyramidal Side Effects - EPSEs). They may repeat certain motions over and over or, in extreme cases, may become catatonic. Catatonia is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness. It was more common when treatment for schizophrenia was not available; fortunately, it is now rare.

== Negative symptoms ==

The term "negative symptoms" refers to reductions in normal emotional and behavioral states. These include the following:

*'''Flat affect''': immobile facial expression, monotonous voice
*'''Lack of pleasure in everyday life'''
*'''Diminished ability to initiate and sustain planned activity'''
*'''Infrequent speaking''': even when forced to interact
*'''Demotivation''': a lack of interest in life in general
*'''Hygiene neglect''': People with schizophrenia often neglect basic hygiene and need help with everyday activities.

Because it is not as obvious that negative symptoms are part of a psychiatric illness, people with schizophrenia are often perceived as lazy and unwilling to better their lives.

== Cognitive symptoms ==

Cognitive symptoms are subtle and are often detected only when neuropsychological tests are performed. They include the following:

*'''Poor "executive functioning"''': Person lack the ability to absorb and interpret information and make decisions based on that information
*'''Inability to sustain attention'''
*'''Problems with "working memory"''': Person lacks the ability to keep recently learned information in mind and use it right away

Cognitive impairments often interfere with the patient's ability to lead a normal life and earn a living. They can cause great emotional distress.

== External links ==
*[http://scholarshipsecretary.com/top-mental-health-resources/ List of the Top Mental Health Resources]
*[http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/ Royal College of Psychiatrists]
*[http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/default.htm WebMD Schizophrenia Health Center]
*[http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/ National Suicide Prevention Lifeline]

==See also==
* [[PTSD]]

[[Category:Mental Health]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disorders]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Psychosis

2020-12-20T14:54:40Z

DanielAPulido:

'''Psychosis''' is the mental state of being lost from reality. It is considered a severe mental disease, and those who have the condition experience intense [[hallucination]]s, [[delusion]]s, and/or [[paranoia]].

== Examples of psychotic disorders ==

* [[Bipolar disorder]]
* [[Schizophrenia]]

== See also ==

*[[Psychiatric]]

[[Category:Mental Health]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Texas v. Pennsylvania

2020-12-16T14:14:45Z

DanielAPulido:

'''[[Texas]] v. [[Pennsylvania]]''' (official style: '''State of Texas v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of [[Georgia]], State of [[Michigan]], and State of [[Wisconsin]]''') was a [[United States Supreme Court]] motion filed on December 8, 2020, by Texas Attorney General [[Ken Paxton]], seeking leave to file a bill of complaint in the ongoing 2020 United States Presidential Election.

The filing was quite unexpected: Texas is a fairly solid Republican state and (despite polls to the contrary) voted in the majority for President [[Donald Trump]], and was not involved in any significant controversy in the conduct of its election (in fact, the Texas Secretary of State refused to certify any of the [[Dominion Voting Systems]] machines for use in the election due to its own testing, which found significant issues with potential hacking). As the matter involves one sovereign state suing another (or four, in this case), the Supreme Court has not only original jurisdiction, but exclusive jurisdiction (i.e. the suit could not be filed in a Federal District Court). The case was docketed shortly after it was filed and the defendants were given until 3PM EST on December 10 to respond.

Unlike the many other cases which contained allegations of fraud (e.g. ballot stuffing, secret algorithms in the voting machine software), the Texas case centered on the Electors Clause of the [[United States Constitution]], specifically that the Legislatures of each State have the sole province of determining how Presidential Electors are chosen (and, by extension, the election laws of the state). Texas argued that the actions taken by members of the Executive and Judicial branches (by "amending" electoral laws, either by "settlements" of "friendly lawsuits" filed by partisan organizations, or unilateral changes under the guise of a "public health emergency" from the COVID-19 pandemic), not ratified by the Legislatures of those states, violate the Electors Clause. By doing so, it has denied the voters of Texas [[due process]] and [[equal protection]] by allowing states to change their election laws without legislative consent for the benefit of a preferred political candidate.

However, in an order issued on December 11, 2020, the Court rejected the filing, stating that Texas had no standing in the case. Justices Alito and Thomas made separate statements, stating that in their opinion the Court could not reject the filing based on original jurisdiction, but would have not granted relief anyhow.<ref>https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/12110zr_p860.pdf</ref>

The Court should have found that Texas has standing, and it should have granted the relief that Texas sought.

==Related Filings==
The docket for this case, containing links to the original complaint filed, all responses and replies, and motions to intervene and/or participate as [[Amicus Curiae|Amici]], can be found here:<ref>https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22o155.html</ref>

The following parties have filed to either officially intervene as parties of interest, or to file amici briefs, are listed below:

===Intervention===
*President Trump
*Six states ([[Missouri]] as lead state, [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Utah]]; all voted in the majority for President Trump)
*A group comprised of members of the Michigan and Pennsylvania legislatures, along with voters from Michigan, Georgia, and Wisconsin

===Amici in Support===
*Seventeen states (all of which voted in the majority for President Trump, also led by [[Missouri]])<ref>In addition to the six states who have also filed a joint motion to intervene, the other states are [[Alabama]], [[Florida]], [[Nebraska]] (which splits its electoral votes, one of which went to Biden), [[North Dakota]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Indiana]], [[Kansas]], [[Montana]], [[South Dakota]], [[Tennessee]] and [[West Virginia]].</ref>
*Attorney General Mark Brnovich of [[Arizona]] (which purportedly voted for Biden, and who's results were certified by [[RINO]] Governor Doug Ducey)<ref>Brnovich and Arizona are involved in a separate suit against the Democratic National Committee arguing in a matter involving Section 2 of the [[Voting Rights Act]].</ref>
*A group of "Constitutional Attorneys" (the most notable being former [[Alabama]] Supreme Court Justice [[Roy Moore]])
*The Christian Family Coalition of Florida
*The Speaker and Majority Leader of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (who are both Republicans)
*A separate group of 70 Republican Pennsylvania state representatives, not including the Speaker and Majority Leader
*Members of the [[Arizona]], [[Alaska]], and [[Idaho]] state legislatures, and the Lieutenant Governor of Idaho
*The Justice and Freedom Fund
*27 Members (plus one Member-Elect) of the Georgia General Assembly (representing both chambers)
*[[Lin Wood]]
*Citizens United, Citizens United Foundation, and The Presidential Coalition, LLC
*"New California State" and "New Nevada State" (a group seeking to create new states from the existing territories of those states)
*Over 125 [[Republican]] [[House of Representatives]] Members, including House Minority Leader [[Kevin McCarthy]]

===Amici in Opposition===
*A group of individuals (many of who previously served in Congress and are considered to be part of the [[Deep State]]):
*Twenty states (all but one of which voted for Biden) along with the [[District of Columbia]] and the Territories of [[Guam]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] (the latter which do not have any Electoral College representation):<ref>The states which filed are [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Hawaii]], [[Illinois]], [[Maine]] (which splits its electoral votes, one of which went to President Trump), [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Minnesota]], [[Nevada]] (another state which voted for Biden but is embroiled in controversy), [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[New York]], [[North Carolina]] (which voted for President Trump, but who's leadership is primarily Democrat), [[Oregon]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Vermont]], [[Virginia]] and [[Washington State|Washington]].</ref>
*The City of [[Detroit]]
*The Governor of [[Montana]] in his official capacity
*The Democratic Caucus of the Pennsylvania Senate

===Neutral Amici===
*[[Ohio]]
*A group of 24 Pennsylvania Republican state senators

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Link==
*[https://www.scribd.com/document/487348469/TX-v-State-Motion-2020-12-07-FINAL#from_embed Original Filing by Texas]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163234/20201209155327055_No.%2022O155%20Original%20Motion%20to%20Intervene.pdf Motion to Intervene by President Trump]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163367/20201210142206254_Pennsylvania%20Opp%20to%20Bill%20of%20Complaint%20v.FINAL.pdf Pennsylvania Response]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163387/20201210145404465_22O155%20Texas%20MI%20BIO%2012-10.pdf Michigan Response]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163383/20201210145849997_Georgia%20--%20Brief%20in%20Opposition.pdf Georgia Response]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163393/20201210150111653_Brief.pdf Wisconsin Response]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163492/20201211095715842_TX-v-State-MPI-Reply-2020-12-11.pdf Texas (Reply in Support of Motion For Preliminary Injunction)]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163493/20201211095822921_TX-v-State-LeaveReply-2020-12-11.pdf Texas (Reply in Support of Motion For Leave to File Bill of Complaint)]

[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:Wrongly Decided Cases]]

Texas v. Pennsylvania

2020-12-16T14:08:00Z

DanielAPulido:

'''[[Texas]] v. [[Pennsylvania]]''' (official style: '''State of Texas v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of [[Georgia]], State of [[Michigan]], and State of [[Wisconsin]]''') was a [[United States Supreme Court]] motion filed on December 8, 2020, by Texas Attorney General [[Ken Paxton]], seeking leave to file a bill of complaint in the ongoing 2020 United States Presidential Election.

The filing was quite unexpected: Texas is a fairly solid Republican state and (despite polls to the contrary) voted in the majority for President [[Donald Trump]], and was not involved in any significant controversy in the conduct of its election (in fact, the Texas Secretary of State refused to certify any of the [[Dominion Voting Systems]] machines for use in the election due to its own testing, which found significant issues with potential hacking). As the matter involves one sovereign state suing another (or four, in this case), the Supreme Court has not only original jurisdiction, but exclusive jurisdiction (i.e. the suit could not be filed in a Federal District Court). The case was docketed shortly after it was filed and the defendants were given until 3PM EST on December 10 to respond.

Unlike the many other cases which contained allegations of fraud (e.g. ballot stuffing, secret algorithms in the voting machine software), the Texas case centered on the Electors Clause of the [[United States Constitution]], specifically that the Legislatures of each State have the sole province of determining how Presidential Electors are chosen (and, by extension, the election laws of the state). Texas argued that the actions taken by members of the Executive and Judicial branches (by "amending" electoral laws, either by "settlements" of "friendly lawsuits" filed by partisan organizations, or unilateral changes under the guise of a "public health emergency" from the COVID-19 pandemic), not ratified by the Legislatures of those states, violate the Electors Clause. By doing so, it has denied the voters of Texas [[due process]] and [[equal protection]] by allowing states to change their election laws without legislative consent for the benefit of a preferred political candidate.

However, in an order issued on December 11, 2020, the Court rejected the filing, stating that Texas had no standing in the case. Justices Alito and Thomas made separate statements, stating that in their opinion the Court could not reject the filing based on original jurisdiction, but would have not granted relief anyhow.<ref>https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/12110zr_p860.pdf</ref>

==Related Filings==
The docket for this case, containing links to the original complaint filed, all responses and replies, and motions to intervene and/or participate as [[Amicus Curiae|Amici]], can be found here:<ref>https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22o155.html</ref>

The following parties have filed to either officially intervene as parties of interest, or to file amici briefs, are listed below:

===Intervention===
*President Trump
*Six states ([[Missouri]] as lead state, [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Utah]]; all voted in the majority for President Trump)
*A group comprised of members of the Michigan and Pennsylvania legislatures, along with voters from Michigan, Georgia, and Wisconsin

===Amici in Support===
*Seventeen states (all of which voted in the majority for President Trump, also led by [[Missouri]])<ref>In addition to the six states who have also filed a joint motion to intervene, the other states are [[Alabama]], [[Florida]], [[Nebraska]] (which splits its electoral votes, one of which went to Biden), [[North Dakota]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Indiana]], [[Kansas]], [[Montana]], [[South Dakota]], [[Tennessee]] and [[West Virginia]].</ref>
*Attorney General Mark Brnovich of [[Arizona]] (which purportedly voted for Biden, and who's results were certified by [[RINO]] Governor Doug Ducey)<ref>Brnovich and Arizona are involved in a separate suit against the Democratic National Committee arguing in a matter involving Section 2 of the [[Voting Rights Act]].</ref>
*A group of "Constitutional Attorneys" (the most notable being former [[Alabama]] Supreme Court Justice [[Roy Moore]])
*The Christian Family Coalition of Florida
*The Speaker and Majority Leader of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (who are both Republicans)
*A separate group of 70 Republican Pennsylvania state representatives, not including the Speaker and Majority Leader
*Members of the [[Arizona]], [[Alaska]], and [[Idaho]] state legislatures, and the Lieutenant Governor of Idaho
*The Justice and Freedom Fund
*27 Members (plus one Member-Elect) of the Georgia General Assembly (representing both chambers)
*[[Lin Wood]]
*Citizens United, Citizens United Foundation, and The Presidential Coalition, LLC
*"New California State" and "New Nevada State" (a group seeking to create new states from the existing territories of those states)
*Over 125 [[Republican]] [[House of Representatives]] Members, including House Minority Leader [[Kevin McCarthy]]

===Amici in Opposition===
*A group of individuals (many of who previously served in Congress and are considered to be part of the [[Deep State]]):
*Twenty states (all but one of which voted for Biden) along with the [[District of Columbia]] and the Territories of [[Guam]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] (the latter which do not have any Electoral College representation):<ref>The states which filed are [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Hawaii]], [[Illinois]], [[Maine]] (which splits its electoral votes, one of which went to President Trump), [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Minnesota]], [[Nevada]] (another state which voted for Biden but is embroiled in controversy), [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[New York]], [[North Carolina]] (which voted for President Trump, but who's leadership is primarily Democrat), [[Oregon]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Vermont]], [[Virginia]] and [[Washington State|Washington]].</ref>
*The City of [[Detroit]]
*The Governor of [[Montana]] in his official capacity
*The Democratic Caucus of the Pennsylvania Senate

===Neutral Amici===
*[[Ohio]]
*A group of 24 Pennsylvania Republican state senators

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Link==
*[https://www.scribd.com/document/487348469/TX-v-State-Motion-2020-12-07-FINAL#from_embed Original Filing by Texas]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163234/20201209155327055_No.%2022O155%20Original%20Motion%20to%20Intervene.pdf Motion to Intervene by President Trump]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163367/20201210142206254_Pennsylvania%20Opp%20to%20Bill%20of%20Complaint%20v.FINAL.pdf Pennsylvania Response]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163387/20201210145404465_22O155%20Texas%20MI%20BIO%2012-10.pdf Michigan Response]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163383/20201210145849997_Georgia%20--%20Brief%20in%20Opposition.pdf Georgia Response]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163393/20201210150111653_Brief.pdf Wisconsin Response]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163492/20201211095715842_TX-v-State-MPI-Reply-2020-12-11.pdf Texas (Reply in Support of Motion For Preliminary Injunction)]
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O155/163493/20201211095822921_TX-v-State-LeaveReply-2020-12-11.pdf Texas (Reply in Support of Motion For Leave to File Bill of Complaint)]

[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:Wrongly Decided Cases]]

Category:Wrongly Decided Cases

2020-12-16T14:05:53Z

DanielAPulido: Created page with "This is a category for cases that courts have decided incorrectly."

This is a category for cases that courts have decided incorrectly.

Roe v. Wade

2020-12-16T14:05:04Z

DanielAPulido:

{{caselaw|Roe v. Wade|410 U.S. 113|January 22, 1973}}

'''''Roe v. Wade''''' (Jan. 22, 1973) was the epitome of [[liberal]] [[judicial supremacy]], in which the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] created a new right in the [[Constitution]] for a woman to have an [[abortion]] at any time during pregnancy. It weakened the legitimacy of the Court, and resulted in a political reaction against it that continued for decades. The decision caused the death of more than 50 million unborn children.

The ''Roe'' decision was issued the same day as ''[[Doe v. Bolton]]'', a companion case, which held that states could not prohibit a physician from performing an [[abortion]] after the fetus has become "viable" if the physician determines that the abortion is necessary for the "health" of the mother, which could include "physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the woman's age," all of which the Court determined were "relevant to the wellbeing of the patient."

The women represented by "Roe" and "Doe" have both since come forward to oppose these decisions, and "Doe" has even described the [[deceit]] of the lawsuit brought in her name.

In addition to creating a new constitutional right, '''''Roe v. Wade''''' also created an exception to the usual rule that one must face a threat of imminent prosecution in order to have [[standing]]. In ''Roe'', the Court held that there was [[standing]] because the alleged injury was said to be "capable of repetition yet evading review."

This decision is, therefore, one of the most famous examples of law by judicial fiat, that is, judges writing the laws. It created a dangerous precedent that is still followed today by supporters of a "living constitution."

==Opinion==
===Majority and concurrences===
====Blackmun====
The opinion, written by Justice [[Harry Blackmun]], declares that [[abortion]] is a "fundamental right" under the [[U.S. Constitution]] and [[substantive due process]] under the [[Fourteenth Amendment]]. Writing for the 7-2 Court, Justice Blackmun held that abortion is a fundamental right because it falls under the "[[penumbra]]" of the [[right to privacy]]. ''Roe'' provided the underpinning for cases such as [[Griswold v. Connecticut]]<ref>See generally Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479</ref> and [[Lawrence v. Texas]],<ref>See, e.g., Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558</ref> all of which set up spheres of personal activity which states cannot regulate without "good cause."

Specifically, Blackmun found that the right to terminate a pregnancy is in the penumbra of [[privacy]] rights protected by [[substantive due process]], since pregnancy can occasion life-changing events for women, changes not to be taken lightly. However, he noted that the woman's interest in her own privacy is counterbalanced, obviously, by the fetus' interest in life, and the state's interest in protecting life. The question, then, is when each interest trumps the other, and what that means at law. Blackmun set up this framework specifically:
::”(a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgment of the pregnant woman's attending physician.

::(b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health.

::(c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. “<ref>Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 165 (U.S. 1973)</ref>

The "health of the mother" was defined to include the physical, psychological, and emotional health of the mother. There can be no requirement that the abortion reason be reported to anyone. The upshot is that any pregnant woman could get an abortion for any reason throughout the entire nine months as a constitutional right, provided that she could find an abortionist to do it.

====Stewart====
Associate Justice [[Potter Stewart]] concurred with the Court's majority opinion on the basis that liberty extends to a women's right to [[Pro-choice|"choose"]] to end her pregnancy through abortion. Stewart cited the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] to further argue that the woman's interests should be protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade/Concurrence_Stewart Roe v. Wade/Concurrence Stewart]</ref> However, Stewart had only interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment in a very biased manner to support his personal opinion, as the phrase "no person should be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law" would, by definition, apply to unborn children and not just the mother.

====Douglas====
Associate Justice [[William O. Douglas]] noted in his concurrence that legalizing abortion is part of "protecting privacy" and that sometimes these decisions need to be made by the mother, as he listed pregnancy discomforts, supposed higher mortality rates, mental and physical health burdens, and even lifelong stigma as possible reasons for allowing abortion. Rather than give much rational nor logical explanation, Douglas exaggerated the notion of constitutional rights and offered examples of possible incidents to support his personal opinion that was part of his [[judicial activism]].<ref>[http://landmarkcases.c-span.org/pdf/Roe_Douglas_Concurrence.pdf Roe_Douglas_Concurrence.pdf]</ref>

====Marshall====
Associate Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]] also concurred with the Court's majority opinion<ref>[https://www.lifenews.com/2010/05/19/nat-6347/ Thurgood Marshall’s Pro-Abortion Record Good Indicator of Elena’s Kagan’s]</ref>, though any possible documents of his statements regarding his opinion are not known.

===Dissents===
====Rehnquist====
[[William Rehnquist]] cited his dissent in ''Roe v. Wade'' on the argument that Roe's complaint does not justify nor give the court power to outlaw abortion restrictions in every state. He also listed 36 states with abortion restrictions to further argue his point in the general sense that powers not given to the federal government should be left to the states (also known as the [[Tenth Amendment]]).<ref>[https://college.cengage.com/polisci/eduspace/sources/civil_liberties/hmps_roevwade_dissent.html Roe v. Wade—Dissenting Opinion]</ref>

====White====
[[Byron White]]'s dissent in ''Roe v. Wade'' was owed to his findings that nowhere in the Constitution supports the majority of the Court's opinion. He is known to have said: "The Court simply fashions and announces a new constitutional right for pregnant mothers, and, with scarcely any reason or authority for its action, invests that right with sufficient substance to override most existing state abortion statutes." White also concluded that the Court's majority opinion values convenience over potential life and that its ruling in prohibiting the protection of that potential life was unacceptable to him.<ref>https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade/Dissent_White</ref>

==Subsequent jurisprudence==

The ''Roe'' holding was subsequently modified by [[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]], a plurality decision which did away with the trimester framework, as well as lessening the degree of scrutiny of regulation from "fundamental rights" analysis to "undue burden analysis."

Recently the federal Partial Birth Abortion Act (upheld in [[Gonzales v. Carhart]]) approved a ban on a particular kind of late-term abortion procedure. This was the first complete ban on a particular abortion procedure found to be constitutional since Roe v. Wade.

Several cases, up for decision at the Supreme Court in the 2007 term, may whittle away at the holding of the case. Specifically, a South Dakota law banning nearly all abortions is seen as a deliberate attempt to force a [[test case]], where "pro-life" activists will have a chance to ask the Supreme Court to reconsider ''Roe''.<ref>The Economist, https://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VVJRJTN</ref> However, while ''Roe'' may be highly distinguished in these cases, the fact that the central holding of ''Roe v. Wade'' is so important to modern [[civil rights]] jurisprudence suggests that the whole case is unlikely to be overturned in its entirety, based on the United States concept of [[stare decisis]], or respect for legal precedent. Under this outlook, losing ''Roe'''s holding would be fatal to an entire constitutional structure, which the Court disfavors.<ref>See Lawrence v. Texas, supra (relying strongly on Roe v. Wade)</ref>

Some commentators suggest that limitations of Roe may actually be good for the "pro-choice" movement, as it would allow "pro-life" activists to vent their animosity against [[judicial activism]], while forcing the public to create a more moderate legislative solution to the problem. These commentators perceive the American public as more moderate than either the "pro-life" or "pro-choice" movements.<ref>The Economist, https://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VNSRJQV</ref>

==Controversy==
''Roe'' and subsequent decisions following it have incited intense public controversy over whether abortion is such a "fundamental right" that it overrides the right of a child to live, the right of a father to prevent the abortion of his child, and the right of states to legislate the issue in accord with the will of the people. [[Pro-abortion]] activists generally argue that it does, while [[pro-life]] activists generally argue that it does not.

==See also==
* [[Incorporation doctrine]]
* [[Norma McCorvey]]
* [[Essay:25 Worst Court Decisions]]

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
*[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=410&invol=113 Complete text of ''Roe v. Wade'', from FindLaw.com]

[[Category:Abortion]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:Judicial Activism]]
[[Category:Fourteenth Amendment]]
[[Category:Wrongly Decided Cases]]