Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Fire

2009-03-05T16:59:44Z

Conservativemdm:

[[Image:Ugdfiyjfhj6.jpg|right|thumb|A forest fire.]]
'''Fire''' is the result of a [[chemical]] process that produces [[heat]], [[light]], and [[smoke]]. Fire is dependent on oxygen for [[combustion]] and will spread if not controlled.

==Physics of fire==

The "fire triangle" is a term which refers to the three elements necessary for a fire to burn: [[oxygen]], [[fuel]], and a source of [[heat]]. Remove any one of the three and the fire can no longer burn. All firefighting tactics are based on removing one or more of the three elements in the fire triangle.

Types of heat transfer: Radiant, conductive, and convective. Conductive heat is transferred by direct contact with the heat source. Convective heat is transferred by hot gases from the heat source, often to objects above the heat source since heat rises. Radiant heat is transferred through radiation of the heat not involving hot gases. To illustrate, when you hold a metal spoon in a cup of hot coffee and feel the spoon get hot, this is conductive heat. When you stand near a campfire and feel the heat on your face, this is radiant heat. When hot steam is rising from a boiling pot of water, this is convective heat.

==Christian symbolism==

One of the symbols of the [[Holy Ghost]] is fire (eg the tongues of fire in Acts 2:3). Fire is also used frequently to depict [[Hell]]; many Christians disagree on whether Hell contains literal flames or whether the flames are meant as a metaphor. According to the Bible much of the [[earth]] will be destoyed by fire during the [[End Times]].(Revelation 8:7)

==See also==
* [[Firefighting]]
* [[Fire drill]]
* [[Prometheus]]
[[category:chemistry]]

Fire

2009-03-04T16:28:10Z

Conservativemdm:

[[Image:Ugdfiyjfhj6.jpg|right|thumb|A forest fire.]]
'''Fire''' is the result of a [[chemical]] process that produces [[heat]], [[light]], and [[smoke]]. Fire is dependent on oxygen for [[combustion]] and will spread if not controlled.

==Physics of heat and fire==

The "fire triangle" is a term which refers to the three elements necessary for a fire to burn: [[oxygen]], [[fuel]], and a source of [[heat]]. Remove any one of the three and the fire can no longer burn. All firefighting tactics are based on removing one or more of the three elements in the fire triangle.

Types of heat transfer: Radiant, conductive, and convective. Conductive heat is transferred by direct contact with the heat source. Convective heat is transferred by hot gases from the heat source, often to objects above the heat source since heat rises. Radiant heat is transferred through radiation of the heat not involving hot gases. To illustrate, when you hold a metal spoon in a cup of hot coffee and feel the spoon get hot, this is conductive heat. When you stand near a campfire and feel the heat on your face, this is radiant heat. When hot steam is rising from a boiling pot of water, this is convective heat.

==Christian symbolism==

The symbol of the [[Holy Ghost]] is fire. Fire is also used frequently to depict [[Hell]]; many Christians disagree on whether Hell contains literal flames or whether the flames are meant as a metaphor. According to the Bible much of the [[earth]] will be destoyed by fire during the [[end times]].(Revelation 8:7)

==See also==
* [[Firefighting]]
* [[Fire drill]]
* [[Prometheus]]
[[category:chemistry]]

Homo sapiens

2009-03-03T19:00:01Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Human
|image=Billy_sunday.jpg
|kingdom=Animalia
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrate
|class=Mammalia
|order=Primate
|family=Hominidae
|genus=homo
|species=sapiens
|subspecies=sapiens
}}
'''Humans''', or '''human beings''', are classified by biologists as '''''Homo sapiens''''', from the [[Latin]] ''homo'' meaning "man", and ''sapiens'' meaning "wise",<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Homo+sapiens&searchmode=term Online Etymology Dictionary]</ref>.
Modern humans, along with [[Cro-Magnon]] man, are more specifically classified as ''homo sapiens sapiens''.<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab12 History of Homo sapiens] (History World)</ref>

Humans inhabit every continent including [[Antarctica]], with a total population of over 6.5 billion as of 2007.

Secular biologists believe that anatomically "modern" humans have been around for approximately 130,000 years<ref>Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103-12.</ref>.
Creationists believe that humans have been around since the [[Genesis#The Creation|sixth day of creation]].

== Characteristics ==

Humans have great intellectual abilities such as abstract reasoning, [[language]], and introspection. This mental capability, combined with a body suitable for standing erect such that their upper limbs are free to manipulating objects, allows humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species.
The design of the [[larynx]] gives a physiological capacity for speech. Consciousness is of unknown source; speculations include being an emergent property of a complex brain and the mind existing independently of the body.

Humans have more [[hair]] follicles than chimpanzees, one of the next most similar species, but shorter finer hair in most body areas makes this hard to see. Hair and skin colour varies according to the amount of melanin, a pigment that helps protect skin from the sun. Originally an adaptation to climate, pigment variation is now found globally.

==Tool use==
Because humans are bipeds with opposable thumbs, they can create tools more skillfully than other species. Humans inhabit almost all areas of the planet, using technology to overcome inhospitable environments. They are the only species to deliberately control fire to cook food.

Human thirst for knowledge and tool-building capacity has led to many ways of investigating and exploring the universe and culture. These include the scientific method, philosophy, art, and literature.

==Social organization==
Human self-expression has led to complex competitive and co-operative social groups. Some groups are based around abstract symbols or arbitrary land divisions associated with group history, others around perceived genetic or philosophical differences. Humans may belong to several groups simultaneously. Competition for resources plus greed leads to wars, and the human capacity for tool-building to improved technology with which to fight them.

== Longevity ==
Humans in modern times have been known to live to ages of just over 100 years, although much greater ages have been recorded in the distant past.
According to the [[Bible]], pre-[[great flood|flood]] people sometimes lived for over 900 years. According to certain Creationist and Jewish views, God subsequently limited the lifespan of man to 120 years. ({{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=6|verses=3}} and the lifespan of [[Moses]] in {{Bible ref|book=Deuteronomy|chap=34|verses=7}}), although other creationists believe that Genesis 6:3 is not referring to an age limit for humans. Some creationists have postulated that the pre-flood earth had climatic conditions unlike those found today. The flood may have been the first rain on earth, while previous to the flood, water was received by a constant mist or fog that covered the land. This mist would have blocked out most [[ultraviolet]] radiation which would have dramatically reduced cell damage and greatly lengthened life span.<ref>http://www.jpdawson.com/lifetime.html</ref> This post-Flood climate change may also explain the apparent great extinction of dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and other organisms after the flood. However, most creationists have since dropped this idea.

The oldest human ever authenticated in modern times was [[Jeanne Calment]] of [[France]] who lived 122 years and 164 days.<ref>Guinness World Records 2006, p.20.</ref>

== The Origins of Man according to Creationists ==

A large number of [[Christian]]s, Jews, Muslims and [[Creationism|Creationists]] have postulated that Homo sapiens were created in [[God|God's]] image on day 6 of [[creation]].[http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2313]
:''And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.'' ([[Genesis]] 1:26-27)

:''And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.'' (Genesis 2:7)

The first man was [[Adam]].
:''And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.'' (Genesis 2:15)
The first woman, [[Eve]], was made from one of his ribs.
:''And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.'' (Genesis 2:22)

Because of the sinful nature of man [[God]] sent a [[Great Flood]] which annihilated all the people on Earth except for the then 600 year old [[Noah]] and his family. All people alive today are descendants of [[Noah#Family of Noah|Noah and his family]].

==The Origins of Man according to Evolutionary Biologists and Anthropologists==

In more recent times [[Theory of evolution|evolutionary biologists]] and other scientists in the fields of biology and more specifically, anthropology, have postulated that humans have been around in anatomically modern form for approximately 130,000 years<ref>Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103-12.</ref>. One version of this theory maintains that ''Homo sapiens'' evolved from ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' or ''[[Homo erectus|Homo erectus]]'', and from other earlier primates. Humans' closest living relative is the [[chimpanzee]]. However, despite sharing 98.4% of their DNA sequence and a common ancestor six million years ago, the genetic difference between chimpanzees and humans is 10 times greater than between unrelated humans. <ref> http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/238852_chimp01.html</ref>

Humans evolved on the [[Africa]]n savannah during the [[Pliocene]] and [[Pleistocene]] epochs. Bipedalism was one of the first traits that our ancestors developed. This occurred around four million years ago. The recovered remains of "Lucy" (''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'') suggest to evolutionists that the Australopithecines had developed bipedalism before developing into ''Homo'' contrary to popular depictions of cavemen as not being fully bipedal, although the evidence for bipedalism is questioned. About 2.5 million years ago at the Plio-Pleistocene boundary the first ''Homo'' appeared. ''Homo habilus'' was believed to be the first hominid to use [[Stone age|stone tools]] but it was later discovered that [[Paranthropus]] (aka the "robust Australopithicines") also used the same primitive stone technology known as [[Oldowan]] culture, as ''Homo habilus''.

Later in the Pleistocene, man took on a more modern appearance. ''Homo erectus'' was close to the same size as a modern human and had a brain capacity 70-80% of that of modern humans. Fully modern humans did not appear until around 130,000 years ago and then, according to one version of the story, migrated out of [[Africa]] and replaced all other human populations throughout the world. Two other human species, ''[[Homo florensis]]'' and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' were contemporaries of modern man but both species are now extinct, possibly because of us.

==The Origins of Man according to non-Abrahamic religions==
Myths about the creation of mankind are an important method by which anthropologists may discover more about the societies they are studying, as they show the important facets of human life to that culture. A list of creation myths in various cultures can be found at <ref>http://www.plesiosaur.com/creationism/creationmyths/index.php</ref>. Some notable myths are presented below.

===Hindu===
According to Hindus, humans were created from a part of the cut up body of Purusha.

===Iroquois===
According to the Iroquois, humans came about fully formed in the Sky World before descending through a hole caused by the uprooting of a tree into a lower world, originally a sea, which the humans manipulated by sending creatures to dive to the sea bottom and bring up mud for the creation of earth on which they could dwell.

===China===
Various creation myths exist in China, the most popular being the story of Nuwa. Nuwa was a lonely goddess, who one day looked in a pool and decided to create figures from mud based on her image in the water; creating many figures of grown ups, children, males and females (where the inspiration for males and children came from is not explained) and blowing on them to give them life (the idea here being that breath is the most important thing to all humans), Nuwa saw that the world became much livelier, and she appreciated it. She decided, too, that creating humans one-by-one was too slow, so she picked up a rope and whipped it into the mud, and many figures tumbled out, which she again blew on to give them life. This kind of creation of humans is common in cultures that have a strong pottery tradition. In the pre-modern Chinese scientific tradition, no creator is ascribed to creation - simply, one became two, two became three, and three generated all things in the universe, and this includes humans.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Creations of God]]
[[Category:Hominid]]

Triceratops

2009-03-03T18:54:22Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Triceratops (extinct)
|image=Fdt566e4.jpg
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Sauropsida
|subclass=Diapsida
|infraclass=Archosauromorpha
|superorder=Dinosauria
|order=Ornithischia
|suborder=Cerapoda
|infraorder=Ceratopsia
|superfamily=
|family=Ceratopsidae
|subfamily=Ceratopsinae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Triceratops
|subgenus=
|species=T. horridus; T. prorsus
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Triceratops''' ("three-horned face") was a large North [[America]]n ceratopsian (horned) [[dinosaur]]. It had a large bony frill protecting its neck and three horns - one over each eye and a smaller one on its beaked snout.

Triceratops was herbivorous, up to 26 feet long, and could weigh up to 6 tons. The skull of Triceratops, which is approximately a third of the entire animal's length, is among the largest known for all land animals.

Paleontologists once believed there were several species of Triceratops, judging from the large number of [[fossil]] remains, but it is now thought that there were just two, ''T. horridus'' and the larger ''T. prorsus''. In the evolutionary paradigm, they would have been among the last of the dinosaurs, living in the late [[Cretaceous]] period. Fossils of Triceratops have so far been found only in North America.<ref>''The Complete Book of Dinosaurs'', by Dougal Dixon, Anness Publishing, 2006</ref>

Creationists hold that Triceratops, and other [[dinosaurs]] are the [[behemoths]] of [[Job]] and were created during the sixth day of [[creation week]]. Triceratops went extinct either during the [[Great Flood]] or did not survive the post-flood world.

Triceratops is the official state dinosaur of [[Wyoming]].<ref>http://wyoming.gov/general.aspx</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Dinosaurs]]

Petroleum

2009-02-25T22:05:41Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface.

It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Crude oil is extracted from the ground and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:

The following table<ref>Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, ''Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual''.</ref> compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:

{| class="wikitable"
| align=left bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Fraction]]'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[API]] gravity'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Viscosity]] (mp)'''''
|-
| align=left | [[Gasoline]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 6
|-
| align=left | [[Kerosene]]
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 20
|-
| align=left | [[Diesel]]
| align=center | 45
| align=center | 100
|-
| align=left | [[Lubricating oil]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 500
|-
| align=left | [[Residuum]]
| align=center | 10
| align=center | >105
|}

== Origins ==

Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with [[natural gas]] in a variety of geological structural or [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] traps.

Petroleum is possibly of organic origin, believed by some scientists to be formed from the remains of vegetable material. Secular [[geologists]] have contended that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of [[alga]]l material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce [[coal]] or [[lignite]].

Creationary geologists believe that petroleum was formed from organic material buried during the [[Great flood|Noachian flood]].

Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly<ref>O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.</ref>, and that some is still being formed.
This gives support to the creationary view. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.{{fact}} It has also been posulated that oil and natural gas are formed continuously by an abiotic process, deep inside the earth<ref>Gold, Thomas (1999). The deep, hot biosphere. Copernicus Books</ref>. These petroleum products constantly migrate from deep in the earth to the earth's crust where they can be effectively mined <ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59991</ref>. If this hypothesis is supported by further evidence, the notion of petroleum as a limited resource would be refuted.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]

Fish

2009-02-24T18:27:29Z

Conservativemdm:

[[Image:Fishes.jpg|left]]
'''Fish''' are aquatic cold-blooded [[vertebrates]] with fins and scales. Many species of fish are often kept as pets in containers known as [[aquarium]]s. Fish are generally divided into two groups: [[freshwater]]-dwelling and [[saltwater]]-dwelling, and fish from one group are generally unable to survive in the environment of the other. There are, however, a small number of [[species]] that move between saltwater and freshwater at different stages of their lives.

The largest freshwater fish ever found was a 646 pound giant catfish found in the Mekong River in [[Thailand]] in 2005. [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/photogalleries/giantcatfish/]

== Types of fish ==
[[Image:Cod.jpg|thumb|A Cod]]
*[[Cod]]
*[[Puffer fish]]
*[[Shark]]
{{Clear}}
== What the Bible says about fish ==

FISH. Creation of, Gen. 1:20-22. Appointed for food, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen%209:2&version=47; Gen. 9:2,3]. Clean and unclean, Lev. 11:9-12; Deut. 14:9,10. Taken with nets, Eccl. 9:12; Hab. 1:14-17; Matt. 4:21; Luke 5:2-6; John 21:6-8; hooks, Isa. 19:8; Amos 4:2; Matt. 17:27; spears, Job 41:7. Ponds for: in Heshbon, Song 7:4; in Egypt, Isa. 19:10. Traffic in, Neh. 13:16; John 21:13. Broiled, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:9-13&version=47; John 21:9-13]; Luke 24:42. Miracles connected with: Jonah swallowed by, Jonah 1:17; 2; Matt. 12:40; of the loaves and fishes, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt%2014:19&version=47; Matt. 14:19]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt%2015:36&version=47; 15:36]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk%205:6&version=47; Luke 5:6]; 9:13-17; coin obtained from mouth of, Matt. 17:27; great draught of, Luke 5:4-7; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:6-8&version=47; John 21:6]; furnished to the disciples by Jesus after his resurrection, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk%2024:42&version=47; Luke 24:42]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:9-13&version=47; John 21:9-13].

::: "Which of you fathers, if your son asks for a fish, will give him a snake instead? Or if he asks for an egg, will give him a scorpion? If you then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give the [[Holy Spirit]] to those who ask him!" Luke 11:11-13. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+11:11-13]

Today there are over 10,000 species of fish, which is far more diversity that all other land vertebrates. This diversity pattern can be explain by the notion that fish, being aquatic, survived the [[Great Flood]], while many land vertebrates went extinct during this catastrophic event <ref>http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c037.html</ref>

== See also ==
[[Image:Pez.jpg|right]]
*[[Fishing]]
*[[Fish and chips]]
*[[Ship]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.infovisual.info/02/033_en.html Fish Anatomy]

[[Category: Vertebrates]]
[[Category:Marine]]

Fish

2009-02-24T18:26:38Z

Conservativemdm:

[[Image:Fishes.jpg|left]]
'''Fish''' are aquatic cold-blooded [[vertebrates]] with fins and scales. Many species of fish are often kept as pets in containers known as [[aquarium]]s. Fish are generally divided into two groups: [[freshwater]]-dwelling and [[saltwater]]-dwelling, and fish from one group are generally unable to survive in the environment of the other. There are, however, a small number of [[species]] that move between saltwater and freshwater at different stages of their lives.

The largest freshwater fish ever found was a 646 pound giant catfish found in the Mekong River in [[Thailand]] in 2005. [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/photogalleries/giantcatfish/]

== Types of fish ==
[[Image:Cod.jpg|thumb|A Cod]]
*[[Cod]]
*[[Puffer fish]]
*[[Shark]]
{{Clear}}
== What the Bible says about fish ==

FISH. Creation of, Gen. 1:20-22. Appointed for food, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen%209:2&version=47; Gen. 9:2,3]. Clean and unclean, Lev. 11:9-12; Deut. 14:9,10. Taken with nets, Eccl. 9:12; Hab. 1:14-17; Matt. 4:21; Luke 5:2-6; John 21:6-8; hooks, Isa. 19:8; Amos 4:2; Matt. 17:27; spears, Job 41:7. Ponds for: in Heshbon, Song 7:4; in Egypt, Isa. 19:10. Traffic in, Neh. 13:16; John 21:13. Broiled, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:9-13&version=47; John 21:9-13]; Luke 24:42. Miracles connected with: Jonah swallowed by, Jonah 1:17; 2; Matt. 12:40; of the loaves and fishes, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt%2014:19&version=47; Matt. 14:19]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt%2015:36&version=47; 15:36]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk%205:6&version=47; Luke 5:6]; 9:13-17; coin obtained from mouth of, Matt. 17:27; great draught of, Luke 5:4-7; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:6-8&version=47; John 21:6]; furnished to the disciples by Jesus after his resurrection, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk%2024:42&version=47; Luke 24:42]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:9-13&version=47; John 21:9-13].

::: "Which of you fathers, if your son asks for a fish, will give him a snake instead? Or if he asks for an egg, will give him a scorpion? If you then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give the [[Holy Spirit]] to those who ask him!" Luke 11:11-13. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+11:11-13]

Today there are over 10,000 species of fish, which is far more diversity that all other land vertebrates. This diversity pattern can be explain by the notion that fish, being aquatic, survived the [[Great Flood]], while many land vertebrates went extinct during this catastrophic event<ref>http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c037.html</ref>

== See also ==
[[Image:Pez.jpg|right]]
*[[Fishing]]
*[[Fish and chips]]
*[[Ship]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.infovisual.info/02/033_en.html Fish Anatomy]

[[Category: Vertebrates]]
[[Category:Marine]]

Fish

2009-02-24T18:26:07Z

Conservativemdm:

[[Image:Fishes.jpg|left]]
'''Fish''' are aquatic cold-blooded [[vertebrates]] with fins and scales. Many species of fish are often kept as pets in containers known as [[aquarium]]s. Fish are generally divided into two groups: [[freshwater]]-dwelling and [[saltwater]]-dwelling, and fish from one group are generally unable to survive in the environment of the other. There are, however, a small number of [[species]] that move between saltwater and freshwater at different stages of their lives.

The largest freshwater fish ever found was a 646 pound giant catfish found in the Mekong River in [[Thailand]] in 2005. [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/photogalleries/giantcatfish/]

== Types of fish ==
[[Image:Cod.jpg|thumb|A Cod]]
*[[Cod]]
*[[Puffer fish]]
*[[Shark]]
{{Clear}}
== What the Bible says about fish ==

FISH. Creation of, Gen. 1:20-22. Appointed for food, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen%209:2&version=47; Gen. 9:2,3]. Clean and unclean, Lev. 11:9-12; Deut. 14:9,10. Taken with nets, Eccl. 9:12; Hab. 1:14-17; Matt. 4:21; Luke 5:2-6; John 21:6-8; hooks, Isa. 19:8; Amos 4:2; Matt. 17:27; spears, Job 41:7. Ponds for: in Heshbon, Song 7:4; in Egypt, Isa. 19:10. Traffic in, Neh. 13:16; John 21:13. Broiled, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:9-13&version=47; John 21:9-13]; Luke 24:42. Miracles connected with: Jonah swallowed by, Jonah 1:17; 2; Matt. 12:40; of the loaves and fishes, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt%2014:19&version=47; Matt. 14:19]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt%2015:36&version=47; 15:36]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk%205:6&version=47; Luke 5:6]; 9:13-17; coin obtained from mouth of, Matt. 17:27; great draught of, Luke 5:4-7; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:6-8&version=47; John 21:6]; furnished to the disciples by Jesus after his resurrection, [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk%2024:42&version=47; Luke 24:42]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2021:9-13&version=47; John 21:9-13].

::: "Which of you fathers, if your son asks for a fish, will give him a snake instead? Or if he asks for an egg, will give him a scorpion? If you then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give the [[Holy Spirit]] to those who ask him!" Luke 11:11-13. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+11:11-13]

Today there are over 10,000 species of fish, which is far more diversity that all other land vertebrates. This diversity pattern can be explain by the notion that fish, being aquatic, survived the <<Great Flood>>, while many land vertebrates went extinct during this catastrophic event<ref>http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c037.html</ref>

== See also ==
[[Image:Pez.jpg|right]]
*[[Fishing]]
*[[Fish and chips]]
*[[Ship]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.infovisual.info/02/033_en.html Fish Anatomy]

[[Category: Vertebrates]]
[[Category:Marine]]

Petroleum

2009-02-24T18:07:20Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface.

It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Crude oil is extracted from the ground and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:

The following table<ref>Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, ''Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual''.</ref> compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:

{| class="wikitable"
| align=left bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Fraction]]'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[API]] gravity'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Viscosity]] (mp)'''''
|-
| align=left | [[Gasoline]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 6
|-
| align=left | [[Kerosene]]
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 20
|-
| align=left | [[Diesel]]
| align=center | 45
| align=center | 100
|-
| align=left | [[Lubricating oil]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 500
|-
| align=left | [[Residuum]]
| align=center | 10
| align=center | >105
|}

== Origins ==

Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with [[natural gas]] in a variety of geological structural or [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] traps.

Petroleum has an organic origin, being generally believed to be formed from the remains of vegetable material.

Secular [[geologists]] have contended that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of [[alga]]l material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce [[coal]] or [[lignite]].

Creationary geologists believe that petroleum was formed from organic material buried during the [[Great flood|Noachian flood]].

Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly<ref>O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.</ref>, and that some is still being formed.
This gives support to the creationary view. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.{{fact}} It has also been posulated that oil and natural gas are formed continuously by an abiotic process, deep inside the earth<ref>Gold, Thomas (1999). The deep, hot biosphere. Copernicus Books</ref>. These petroleum products constantly migrate from deep in the earth to the earth's crust where they can be effectively mined <ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59991</ref>. If this hypothesis is supported by further evidence, the notion of petroleum as a limited resource would be refuted.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]

Petroleum

2009-02-24T18:06:16Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface.

It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Crude oil is extracted from the ground and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:

The following table<ref>Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, ''Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual''.</ref> compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:

{| class="wikitable"
| align=left bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Fraction]]'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[API]] gravity'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Viscosity]] (mp)'''''
|-
| align=left | [[Gasoline]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 6
|-
| align=left | [[Kerosene]]
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 20
|-
| align=left | [[Diesel]]
| align=center | 45
| align=center | 100
|-
| align=left | [[Lubricating oil]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 500
|-
| align=left | [[Residuum]]
| align=center | 10
| align=center | >105
|}

== Origins ==

Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with [[natural gas]] in a variety of geological structural or [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] traps.

Petroleum has an organic origin, being generally believed to be formed from the remains of vegetable material.

Secular [[geologists]] have contended that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of [[alga]]l material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce [[coal]] or [[lignite]].

Creationary geologists believe that petroleum was formed from organic material buried during the [[Great flood|Noachian flood]].

Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly<ref>O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.</ref>, and that some is still being formed.

This gives support to the creationary view. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.{{fact}} It has also been posulated that oil and natural gas are formed by an abiotic process, deep inside the earth<ref>Gold, Thomas (1999). The deep, hot biosphere. Copernicus Books</ref>. These petroleum products constantly migrate from deep in the earth to the earth's crust where they can be effectively mined <ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59991</ref>. If this hypothesis is supported by further evidence, the notion of petroleum as a limited resource would be refuted.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]

Elephant

2009-02-24T15:41:36Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Elephant
|image=elephant.jpg
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=Elephantoidea
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Loxodonta; Elephas
|subgenus=
|species=L. africana, L. cyclotis; E. maximus
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
The '''elephants''' are three species of very large mammals belonging to the family Elephantidae - the only extant family belonging to the order Proboscidea. The three elephant species currently recognized by scientists are the African [[Bush]] Elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), the African [[Forest]] Elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and the Asian, or Indian, Elephant (''Elephas maximus''). Centuries of hunting elephants for their ivory has reduced the population of these animals. Renewed efforts at stewardship have caused a population boom, with the number of elephants in Africa alone tripling in the last decade.

Elephants are the largest land animals alive today. Apart from their massive size their most striking features are a long trunk, or proboscis, a flexible nose strong enough to lift objects, their huge [[ivory]] tusks, and their large flapping ears, used to keep them cool.

Bull elephants, when inclined to mate, enter a frenzied state called ''musth''; they fight with each other for possession of the cow elephants, and become a menace to everything in their path; many humans are killed at this time. Elephants' gestation period, at 22 months, is the longest of any land mammal. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 120 kg (265 lb). An elephant may live as long as 70 years, sometimes longer.

The largest elephant ever recorded (the Fenykovi elephant, now in the [[Smithsonian Institution]]) was shot in [[Angola]] in 1954. It was male and weighed about 10.7 tonnes (12 U.S. tons), with a shoulder height of 4 metres (13 feet, 2 inches). <ref>http://www.cardcow.com/151863/african-bush-elephant-animals-elephants/</ref>

==Uses of Elephants==
[[Image:Elephant2.jpg|left]]
Elephants (today generally Indian, but historically African elephants also) have been used as beasts of burden and draught animals, as mounts in processions and in war (notably by [[Hannibal]]), playing [[polo]], and as [[circus]] performers. They are also popular for tourist rides in [[Thailand]].

==Similar and related species==

From a molecular and morphological point of view, [[hyrax]]es and [[Sirenia]]ns (sea cows and manatees) are the most similar living creatures to elephants<ref>Hidenori Nishihara et al. A Retroposon Analysis of Afrotherian Phylogeny. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' '''22''': 1823-1833,</ref>, and these groups are hypothesized by evolutionists to have shared a common ancestor approximately 50 million years ago.
Creationists say that each [[baraminology|kind]] was separately created, and that two of the elephant kind were on board [[Noah's Ark]], and from these all elephants alive today are descended.

The three extant species of elephant are sole survivors of a much more diverse Proboscidian fauna with some 170 described [[fossil]] species and including species of [[mammoth]] from [[North America]] and the massive ''Deinotherium'', the second largest land mammal that ever lived, which sported two downward facing tusks. According to Young Earth Creationists, some extinct elephants may represent species that did not survive the [[Great Flood]], while some other more recently extinct species represent descendents of the two on board [[Noah's Ark]]. Regardless, extinct and living elephants represent a distinct [[holobaramin]] separate from other mammals.

==Trivia==

*A ''white elephant'' (from the historical veneration of such animals in Southeast Asia) is the term for a possession whose initial and upkeep cost exceeds its use (in most cases income), making it an overall liability.
*An elephant is the symbol of America's [[Republican Party]].

==See also==
*[[Elephant in the living room]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Dangerous Animals]]

Shrimp

2009-02-20T22:06:58Z

Conservativemdm:

[[Image:Facebook picture of fish.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Shrimp make good pets, and they get along well with [[Betta fish]], which also make fine pets.]]

'''Shrimps''' are small decapod crustaceans, often consumed as food, and sometimes kept as pets.

[[Category:Crustaceans]]
[[Category:Seafood]]

==Biblical Prohibition==
The [[Old Testament]] prohibits the consumption of shrimp and other non-fish marine animals.

Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination unto you. (Leviticus 11:12)

Shrimp

2009-02-20T22:06:36Z

Conservativemdm:

[[Image:Facebook picture of fish.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Shrimp make good pets, and they get along well with [[Betta fish]], which also make fine pets.]]

'''Shrimps''' are small decapod crustaceans, often consumed as food, and sometimes kept as pets.

[[Category:Crustaceans]]
[[Category:Seafood]]

==Biblical Prohibition==
The Old Testament prohibits the consumption of shrimp and other non-fish marine animals.

Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination unto you. (Leviticus 11:12)

Mitochondrion

2009-02-20T20:49:06Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Mitochondria''' (singular: '''mitochondrion'''), are rod-shaped [[organelle]]s that can be considered the power generators of the cell, converting [[oxygen]] and nutrients into [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP). [[ATP]] is the chemical energy "currency" of the cell that powers the cell's metabolic activities. This process is called [[aerobic respiration]] and is the reason animals breathe oxygen. Without mitochondria, higher animals would likely not exist because their cells would only be able to obtain energy from [[anaerobic respiration]], a process much less efficient than [[aerobic respiration]]. In fact, mitochondria enable cells to produce 15 times more [[ATP]] than they could otherwise, and complex animals, like humans, need large amounts of energy in order to survive.

The number of mitochondria present in a [[cell]] depends upon the metabolic requirements of that [[cell]], and may range from a single large mitochondrion to thousands of the [[organelle]]s. Mitochondria, which are found in nearly all [[eukaryote]]s, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists, are large enough to be observed with a light microscope and were first discovered in the 1800s.

==Etymology==
The name of the [[organelle]]s was coined to reflect the way they looked to the first scientists to observe them, stemming from the Greek words for "thread" and "granule." For many years after their discovery, mitochondria were commonly believed to transmit hereditary information. It was not until the mid-1950s when a method for isolating the organelles intact was developed that the modern understanding of mitochondrial function was worked out.

==Structure==
The elaborate structure of a mitochondrion is very important to the functioning of the [[organelle]]. Two specialized membranes encircle each mitochondrion present in a cell, dividing the organelle into a narrow intermembrane space and a much larger internal matrix, each of which contains highly specialized proteins. The outer membrane of a mitochondrion contains many channels formed by the protein [[porin]] and acts like a sieve, filtering out molecules that are too big. Similarly, the inner membrane, which is highly convoluted so that a large number of infoldings called [[cristae]] are formed, also allows only certain molecules to pass through it and is much more selective than the outer membrane. To make certain that only those materials essential to the matrix are allowed into it, the inner membrane utilizes a group of transport proteins that will only transport the correct molecules. Together, the various compartments of a mitochondrion are able to work in harmony to generate [[ATP]] in a complex multi-step process.

[[Image:Mitochondriafigure1.jpg]]

Mitochondria are generally oblong [[organelle]]s, which range in size between 1 and 10 micrometers in length, and occur in numbers that directly correlate with the cell's level of metabolic activity. The organelles are quite flexible, however, and time-lapse studies of living cells have demonstrated that mitochondria change shape rapidly and move about in the cell almost constantly. Movements of the [[organelle]]s appear to be linked in some way to the [[microtubule]]s present in the cell, and are probably transported along the network with motor proteins. Consequently, mitochondria may be organized into lengthy traveling chains, packed tightly into relatively stable groups, or appear in many other formations based upon the particular needs of the cell and the characteristics of its microtubular network.

==Mitochondrial DNA==
The mitochondrion is different from most other [[organelle]]s because it has its own circular [[DNA]] (similar to the [[DNA]] of [[prokaryote]]s) and reproduces independently of the cell in which it is found; an apparent case of [[endosymbiosis]]. Evolutionists hypothesize that millions of years ago small, free-living [[prokaryote]]s were engulfed, but not consumed, by larger [[prokaryote]]s, perhaps because they were able to resist the digestive enzymes of the host organism. The two organisms developed a symbiotic relationship over time, the larger organism providing the smaller with ample nutrients and the smaller organism providing [[ATP]] molecules to the larger one. Eventually, according to this view, the larger organism developed into the [[eukaryotic cell]] and the smaller organism into the mitochondrion.

Mitochondrial [[DNA]] is localized to the matrix, which also contains a host of enzymes, as well as [[ribosome]]s for [[protein synthesis]]. Many of the critical metabolic steps of [[cellular respiration]] are catalyzed by enzymes that are able to diffuse through the mitochondrial matrix. The other proteins involved in respiration, including the enzyme that generates [[ATP]], are embedded within the mitochondrial inner membrane. Infolding of the [[cristae]] dramatically increases the surface area available for hosting the enzymes responsible for [[cellular respiration]].

==Similarities to Chloroplasts==
Mitochondria are similar to plant [[chloroplast]]s in that both [[organelle]]s are able to produce energy and metabolites that are required by the host cell. As discussed above, mitochondria are the sites of respiration, and generate chemical energy in the form of [[ATP]] by metabolizing sugars, fats, and other chemical fuels with the assistance of molecular oxygen. [[Chloroplast]]s, in contrast, are found only in plants and algae, and are the primary sites of [[photosynthesis]]. These [[organelle]]s work in a different manner to convert energy from the sun into the biosynthesis of required organic nutrients using carbon dioxide and water. Like mitochondria, [[chloroplast]]s also contain their own [[DNA]] and are able to grow and reproduce independently within the cell.

==Mitochondria Inheritance==
In most animal species, mitochondria appear to be primarily inherited through the maternal lineage, though some recent evidence suggests that in rare instances mitochondria may also be inherited via a paternal route. Typically, a sperm carries mitochondria in its tail as an energy source for its long journey to the egg. When the sperm attaches to the egg during fertilization, the tail falls off. Consequently, the only mitochondria the new organism usually gets are from the egg its mother provided. Therefore, unlike [[nuclear DNA]], [[mitochondrial DNA]] doesn't get shuffled every generation, so it is presumed to change at a slower rate, which is useful for the study of human [[evolution]]. [[Mitochondrial DNA]] is also used in forensic science as a tool for identifying corpses or body parts, and has been implicated in a number of genetic diseases, such as [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[diabetes]].

==Ethnic Differences==
Because of this slower mutation rate within mitochondrial DNA, human lineages can be more directly traced back through these inherited genes. ''Computational Cell Biology'' by Christopher Fall and Eric Marland indicates that this more-direct linkage allows for a correlation to be drawn between descent and certain traits, such as intelligence:

"The lineal descent of this genetic material makes it possible to more directly trace genetic links and indicates a strong correlation with traits, most interestingly intelligence. This indicates a link between genetic strains that can be measured objectively, although many researchers view such endeavors with distaste in fears of encouraging racist prejudices."<ref>Fall, Christopher, et. al. Computational Cell Biology. Boone, NC: Appalachian State University Press, 2002. 314.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cellular Biology]]

Pig

2009-02-20T20:41:22Z

Conservativemdm: pigs have two toes on each foot and are therefore even-toed ungulates

{{Taxonomy|image = Pig.jpg|kingdom = Animalia|phylum = Chordata|subphylum = Vertebrata|class = Mammalia|order = Artiodactyla|suborder = Suina |family = Suidae|genus = Sus|species = S. barbatus (Bearded Pig) S. bucculentus (Vietnamese Warty Pig) S. cebifrons (Visayan Warty Pig) S. celebensis (Celebes Warty Pig) S. domestica (Domestic pig) S. heureni (Flores Warty Pig) S. salvanius (Pigmy Hog|) S. scrofa (Wild Boar|) S. timoriensis (Timor Warty Pig) S. verrucosus (Javan pig) }}
'''Pigs''' are [[omnivorous]] [[even-toed ungulates]] originally native to Eurasia.<ref>[http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/ Breeds of Livestock - Swine]. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 30 January 2008.</ref> Pigs have long snouts with flattened ends, curly tails, and are typically pink in color.

Feral pigs, however, rapidly revert to the dark and bristly form of the [[wild boar]] from which domestic pigs are derived. Feral swine in the Americas, thought to be descendant from those immigrated with the Spanish, exist in the southern United States. Estimates place the number of wild swine at as many as two million in this area.<ref>[http://texnat.tamu.edu/symposia/feral/feral-5.htm A National Perspective on Feral Swine]. Dale Rollins. Retrieved from the Texas Natural Resource Server 30 January 2008.</ref>

2007 is the [[Chinese]] year of the Pig.

Male pigs are called boars, female pigs are called sows, and baby pigs are called piglets.

Pigs are surprisingly intelligent, and trained pigs are used in parts of Europe to root for [[truffle]]s.

[[Bacon]], [[pork]], often in the form of the [[sausage]] and ham come from pigs. [[Pigs' trotters]] are a delicacy in northern England, dried [[pigs' ears]] are readily available as a treat for [[dog]]s, and the fat of the pig is [[lard]], the skin is often either deep fried or baked and sold as [[pork scratchings]] in UK [[pubs]]. It is said that everything of the pig can be eaten, with the exception of the oink.
Footballs are traditionally made from a pig's skin, and for the earliest ballgames, an inflated pig's [[bladder]] was used for a ball.

==Religious Views==
To those of the Jewish faith, rule of the Book of Leviticus, eating pigs or even handling their hide is an [[abomination]]. , "...the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you. Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcase shall ye not touch; they are unclean to you." (Leviticus 11:7-11:8).

Muslims have, and still practice, a similar prohibition on the consumption or handling of pigs.

In the liberty of the New Covenant, not even pigs are considered unclean by Christians, unless a person is convinced they are unclean in his own mind. Romans 14:14 ''I know, and am persuaded by the Lord Jesus, that there is nothing unclean of itself: but to him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean, to him it is unclean.''

==Pigs In Literature==
Pigs have often featured in works of fiction. Two particular examples are [[Animal Farm]] by [[George Orwell]], and the [[Blandings Castle]] novels by [[P.G. Wodehouse]] where the Empress of Blandings is a prize-winning sow. Another one is Piglet from the [[Winnie the Pooh]] stories.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Even-toed ungulates]]
[[Category:Livestock]]
[[Category:Domestic Animals]]

Shrimp

2009-02-20T18:23:17Z

Conservativemdm:

[[Image:Facebook picture of fish.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Shrimp make good pets, and they get along well with [[Betta fish]], which also make fine pets.]]

'''Shrimps''' are small decapod crustaceans, often consumed as food, and sometimes kept as pets.

[[Category:Crustaceans]]
[[Category:Seafood]]

==Biblical Prohibition==
The bible prohibits the consumption of shrimp and other non-fish marine animals.

Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination unto you. (Leviticus 11:12)

Mammoth

2009-02-20T18:05:13Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.
In 2009 a nearly complete mammoth skeleton was found in downtown Los Angeles. [[Evolutionists]], using unreliable [[radiometric dating]], have calculated a date of 10,000-45,000 years before present as the age of this fossil(1).

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

==References==
1. http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/02/19/california.fossil.discovery/index.html

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-20T18:04:20Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.
In 2009 a nearly complete mammoth skeleton was found in downtown Los Angeles. Evolutionists, using unreliable [[radiometric dating]], have calculated a date of 10,000-45,000 years before present as the age of this fossil(1).

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

==References==
1. http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/02/19/california.fossil.discovery/index.html

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-20T18:03:19Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.
In 2009 a nearly complete mammoth skeleton was found in downtown Los Angeles. Evolutionists, using unreliable [[radiometric dating]], have calculated a date of 10,000-45,000 years before present as the age of this fossil </ref>.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

==References==
1. http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/02/19/california.fossil.discovery/index.html

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-20T15:55:16Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.
In 2009 a nearly complete mammoth skeleton was found in downtown Los Angeles. Evolutionists, using unreliable [[radiometric dating]], have calculated a date of 10,000-45,000 years before present as the age of this fossil.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-20T15:54:37Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.
In 2009 a nearly complete mammoth skeleton was found in downtown Los Angeles. Evolutionists, using unreliable radiometric dating, have calculated a date of 10,000-45,000 years before present as the age of this fossil.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Bruce Springsteen

2009-02-20T15:53:58Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen''' (born September 23, 1949, in Long Branch, [[New Jersey]]<ref>http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/bruce-springsteen/bio/197715</ref>) is a very popular American [[musician]].<ref>http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/brucespringsteen/biography</ref><ref> http://www.springstomania.com/springstomania.php3?page=start&lang=us</ref> He is one of the top selling recording artists of all time.<ref>http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt</ref> He was nonpolitical until 2004, when he started to bash President Bush; he campaigned for Obama in 2008.<ref> Stephen M. Silverman, "Springsteen States His Case Against Bush," [http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,677682,00.html ''People Magazine'' Aug. 06, 2004]</ref>

His most famous song "Born in the USA" was for a time considered a patriotic song but a closer look at the lyrics showed that is was actually a Vietnam protest song.

"I had a brother at Khe Sanh

Fighting off the Viet Cong
They're still there, he's all gone

He had a woman he loved in Saigon
I got a picture of him in her arms now"

Khe Sanh refers to a Vietnam battle that was used by antiwar activists to support the notion that the war was unjust.

==Discography==

Springsteen has a number of [[studio]] and live [[album]]s<ref>http://www.brucespringsteen.net/albums/index.html</ref>

*Greetings From Asbury Park, N.J. (1973)
*The Wild, the Innocent, and the E Street Shuffle (1973)
*Born To Run (1975)
*Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978)
*The River (1980)
*Nebraska (1982)
*Born in the U.S.A. (1984)
*Live 1975-1985 (live) (1986)
*Tunnel of Love (1987)
*Chimes of Freedom (1988)
*Human Touch (1992)
*Lucky Town (1992)
*In Concert MTV Plugged (Live) (1993)
*Greatest Hits (1995)
*The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995)
*Tracks (1998)
*Live in New York City (Live) (2001)
*The Rising (2002)
*The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003)
*Live in Barcelona (Live) (2003)
*In Concert MTV Plugged (Live) (2004)
*Devils & Dust (2005)
*Born To Run: 30th Anniversary (2005)
*Hammersmith Odeon London '75 (2006)
*We Shall Overcome(2006)
*Live in Dublin (Live) (2007)
*Magic (2007)
*Working on a Dream (2009)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Stub}}

[[Category: Male Singers]]
[[Category: Guitarists]]

Mammoth

2009-02-20T15:14:43Z

Conservativemdm: Undo revision 628036 by Conservativemdm (Talk)

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.
In 2009 a nearly complete mammoth skeleton was found in downtown Los Angeles. Evolutionists, using unreliable radiometric dating, have calculated a date of 10,000-45,000 years before present as the age of this fossil <ref>.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-20T15:13:29Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.

In 2009 a nearly complete mammoth skeleton was found in downtown Los Angeles. Evolutionists, using unreliable radiometric dating, have calculated a date of 10,000-45,000 years before present as the age of this fossil <ref>.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

==References==
1. http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/02/19/california.fossil.discovery/index.html

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Talk:Petroleum

2009-02-19T22:51:31Z

Conservativemdm:

Is there a conservative YEC explanation for the formation of oil out there? [[User:ChrisWa|ChrisWa]]

See [[Flood Geology]] [[User:PhilScheur|PhilScheur]] 13:08, 17 September 2008 (EDT)

== "Vandal work" ==

Hey JMR10, why did you take out my petroleum edit. As a Young Earth Creationist, I believe we must provide evidence for our claim beyond just the bible. I included a reference where scientists showed how fossil fuels can form rapidly under conditions consistent with Noah's Flood. This evidence supports the YEC model of the Earth. I resent being called a vandal for submitting an edit with published evidence. {{unsigned|Conservativemdm}}
: Some of what he undid was my work. I'd also like an explanation. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 00:53, 19 February 2009 (EST)

Hi Philip. I didn't mind your edits. After all, our work should get edited to improve it. But just erasing it and accusing someone of vandalism without reason is not proper editing.
[[user: Conservativemdm]]

Petroleum

2009-02-18T22:39:28Z

Conservativemdm: Undo revision 627098 by JMR10 (Talk)

'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface.

It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Crude oil is extracted from the ground and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:

The following table<ref>Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, ''Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual''.</ref> compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:

{| class="wikitable"
| align=left bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Fraction]]'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[API]] gravity'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Viscosity]] (mp)'''''
|-
| align=left | [[Gasoline]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 6
|-
| align=left | [[Kerosene]]
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 20
|-
| align=left | [[Diesel]]
| align=center | 45
| align=center | 100
|-
| align=left | [[Lubricating oil]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 500
|-
| align=left | [[Residuum]]
| align=center | 10
| align=center | >105
|}

== Origins ==

Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with [[natural gas]] in a variety of geological structural or [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] traps.

Petroleum has an organic origin, being generally believed to be formed from the remains of vegetable material.

Secular [[geologists]] have contended that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of [[alga]]l material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce [[coal]] or [[lignite]].

Creationary geologists believe that petroleum was formed from organic material buried during the [[Great flood|Noachian flood]].

Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly<ref>O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.</ref>, and that some is still being formed.

This gives support to the creationary view. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.{{fact}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]

Talk:Petroleum

2009-02-18T22:38:28Z

Conservativemdm:

Mammoth

2009-02-18T22:26:27Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-18T22:25:53Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodon]]s) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-18T22:25:26Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths (and related [[Mastodons]]) were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-18T22:24:09Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from Baramin theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Mammoth

2009-02-18T22:23:28Z

Conservativemdm:

{{Taxonomy
|name=Mammoth
|image=
|caption=
|superkingdom=
|kingdom= Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Proboscidea
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|family=Elephantidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Mammuthus
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|sub=
|alt=
}}
'''Mammoths''' (Russian: мамонт ''mamont'') are several extinct species of elephant belonging to the genus ''Mammuthus'', characterized by large size, long curving tusks, and in a few examples, extensive body hair. All members of the genus were extinct by 2000 B.C., the estimated date of the last known mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia.

==Description==
The average size of remains found indicates mammoths were as large as modern-day Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus''), approximately 9-10 feet at the shoulders and 4-6 tons in weight. The largest mammoth on record, ''M. imperator'' of North America, was 16 feet at the shoulders; of extinct mammals only the elephant-like ''[[Deinotherium]]'' and the hornless rhinoceros ''[[Indricotherium]]'' were larger.

Their teeth were high-crowned molars, as opposed to their contemporaries the [[mastodon]]s, which had nipple-like features. Their tusks were long and curved inwards. Body hair, reddish-brown in woolly mammoths (''M. primigenius''), is known from the excellent cave paintings of Spain and France, as well as frozen individuals found in the Siberian and Alaskan permafrosts.

==Origins==
According to [[Baraminology]], mammoths were part of the elephant [[Holobaramin]] and were descended from the two [[elephant]]s present on [[Noah's Ark]]. Mammoths were therefore represent descendents the two survivors of the Flood, which migrated to various parts of the world. The long hair and other minor anatomical features that separate mammoths from living [[elephant]]s are adaptations to local environments, predicted from [[Baramin]] theory.

==Species==
*African mammoth (''Mammuthus africanavus'')
*Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'')
*Imperial mammoth (''Mammuthus imperator'')
*Jeffersonian mammoth (''Mammuthus jeffersonii'')
*Pygmy mammoth (''Mammuthus exilis'')
*Sardinian dwarf mammoth (''Mammuthus lamarmorae'')
*Songhua River mammoth (''Mammuthus sungari'')
*South African mammoth (''Mammuthus subplanifrons'')
*Southern mammoth (''Mammuthus meridionalis'')
*Steppe mammoth (''Mammuthus trogontherii'')
*Woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'')

[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Extinct Animals]]

Biology

2009-02-18T21:33:04Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Biology''' is the scientific study of life.

It encompasses several fields of study, including [[genetics]], [[biochemistry]], [[cell biology]], [[structural biology]], [[mammalian physiology]], [[biophysics]], [[medicine]], [[botany]], and [[zoology]]; in addition, studies such as [[ecology]] and [[evolution]] also fall under the purview of biology.

==Principles==

The study of biology works from several basic foundations:

1. The cellular theory of life. All life is composed of at least once cell, which undergoes the classical processes of cellular life; the cell is the basic unit of all macrobiotic life. The chemical composition of all cells in nature is similar, and all existing cells have emerged from prior cells through the processes of cellular division and [[mitosis]].

2. Genetic theory. All cells encode their genetic information in the form of DNA, the fundamental component of genes. These genes transfer the physical, and often psychological, traits of one generation of organism to the next.

3. Homeostasis. All living organisms will attempt to reach some form of dynamic equilibrium with their environment - both through the metabolism of individual creatures, and the population dynamics of whole populations.

==History==

More than ten thousand years ago, Mesopotamia showed evidence of the domestication of goats, sheep, and grains; while this was most likely unintentional, at least at first, it can be placed as the first point at which human study of the nature of life itself began. From these humble beginnings, all of modern biology eventually flourished.

The discoveries of the nineteenth century spurred the development of modern biology. Mendel's breeding experiments initiated [[genetics]]; the microscope initiated [[microbiology]]; and the synthesis of urea initiated [[biochemistry]]. In the early twentienth century the field of [[population genetics]] spurred the development of [[statistics]]. Advances in [[analytical chemistry]] permitted scientists to determine the structure of important biological molecules, such as DNA. These discoveries lead to the rapid development of [[molecular genetics]]. Coming full circle, these developments, combined with population genetic theory, is permitting scientists to examine the process of crop and animal domestication.

==Modern Research==
Modern biological research is heavily focused on identifying [[gene]]s and characterizing their [[gene expression|expression]] and function. Progress in this field has enabled scientists to analyze organisms as [[complex]] molecular systems. The study of complex systems has also been applied to ecology. There is also rapid characterization of the [[biodiversity]] of the [[Earth]]. This is especially pronounced in [[microbiology]], where surveys of diversity have only become possible with the development of modern molecular techniques.

Unfortunately, the vast majority of biologists are secular [[atheists]], blinded by a pure [[naturalism]], and use [[evolution]] to explain every aspect of biology.

[[Category:Biology]]

Biology

2009-02-18T21:32:47Z

Conservativemdm:

Biology

2009-02-18T21:31:41Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Biology''' is the scientific study of life.

It encompasses several fields of study, including [[genetics]], [[biochemistry]], [[cell biology]], [[structural biology]], [[mammalian physiology]], [[biophysics]], [[medicine]], [[botany]], and [[zoology]]; in addition, studies such as [[ecology]] and [[evolution]] also fall under the purview of biology.

==Principles==

The study of biology works from several basic foundations:

1. The cellular theory of life. All life is composed of at least once cell, which undergoes the classical processes of cellular life; the cell is the basic unit of all macrobiotic life. The chemical composition of all cells in nature is similar, and all existing cells have emerged from prior cells through the processes of cellular division and [[mitosis]].

2. Genetic theory. All cells encode their genetic information in the form of DNA, the fundamental component of genes. These genes transfer the physical, and often psychological, traits of one generation of organism to the next.

3. Homeostasis. All living organisms will attempt to reach some form of dynamic equilibrium with their environment - both through the metabolism of individual creatures, and the population dynamics of whole populations.

==History==

More than ten thousand years ago, Mesopotamia showed evidence of the domestication of goats, sheep, and grains; while this was most likely unintentional, at least at first, it can be placed as the first point at which human study of the nature of life itself began. From these humble beginnings, all of modern biology eventually flourished.

The discoveries of the nineteenth century spurred the development of modern biology. Mendel's breeding experiments initiated [[genetics]]; the microscope initiated [[microbiology]]; and the synthesis of urea initiated [[biochemistry]]. In the early twentienth century the field of [[population genetics]] spurred the development of [[statistics]]. Advances in [[analytical chemistry]] permitted scientists to determine the structure of important biological molecules, such as DNA. These discoveries lead to the rapid development of [[molecular genetics]]. Coming full circle, these developments, combined with population genetic theory, is permitting scientists to examine the process of crop and animal domestication.

==Modern Research==
Modern biological research is heavily focused on identifying [[gene]]s and characterizing their [[gene expression|expression]] and function. Progress in this field has enabled scientists to analyze organisms as [[complex]] molecular systems. The study of complex systems has also been applied to ecology. There is also rapid characterization of the [[biodiversity]] of the [[Earth]]. This is especially pronounced in [[microbiology]], where surveys of diversity have only become possible with the development of modern molecular techniques.

Unfortunately, the vast majority of biologists are secular [[atheists]], blinded by a purely naturalistic view of life and using [[evolution]] to explain every aspect of [[biology]].

[[Category:Biology]]

Petroleum

2009-02-16T23:53:09Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface.

It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Crude oil is extracted from the ground and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:

The following table<ref>Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, ''Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual''.</ref> compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:

{| {{prettytable}}
| align=left bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Fraction]]'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[API]] gravity'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Viscosity]] (mp)'''''
|-
| align=left | [[Gasoline]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 6
|-
| align=left | [[Kerosene]]
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 20
|-
| align=left | [[Diesel]]
| align=center | 45
| align=center | 100
|-
| align=left | [[Lubricating oil]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 500
|-
| align=left | [[Residuum]]
| align=center | 10
| align=center | >105
|}

Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with [[natural gas]] in a variety of geological structural or [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] traps.

[[Geologists]] have deduced that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of algal material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce [[coal]] or lignite.

Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly, supporting the idea that petroleum products could have been formed within the last few thousand years and is constantly being replenished, supporting the views of [[Young Earth Creationists]]. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing. It is also likely the [[Great Flood]] described in [[Genesis]] produced vast quantities of coal, oil, and gas because of the rapid sedimentation associated with the flood waters.

[[References]]
1. O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.

[[category:geology]]

Petroleum

2009-02-16T23:45:04Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface.

It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Crude oil is extracted from the ground and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:

The following table<ref>Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, ''Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual''.</ref> compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:

{| {{prettytable}}
| align=left bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Fraction]]'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[API]] gravity'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Viscosity]] (mp)'''''
|-
| align=left | [[Gasoline]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 6
|-
| align=left | [[Kerosene]]
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 20
|-
| align=left | [[Diesel]]
| align=center | 45
| align=center | 100
|-
| align=left | [[Lubricating oil]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 500
|-
| align=left | [[Residuum]]
| align=center | 10
| align=center | >105
|}

Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with [[natural gas]] in a variety of geological structural or [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] traps.

[[Geologists]] have deduced that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of algal material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce [[coal]] or lignite.

Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly, supporting the idea that petroleum products could have been formed within the last few thousand years and is constantly being replenished, supporting the views of [[Young Earth Creationists]]. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.

[[References]]
1. O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.

[[category:geology]]

Petroleum

2009-02-16T23:44:24Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface.

It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Crude oil is extracted from the ground and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:

The following table<ref>Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, ''Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual''.</ref> compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:

{| {{prettytable}}
| align=left bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Fraction]]'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[API]] gravity'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Viscosity]] (mp)'''''
|-
| align=left | [[Gasoline]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 6
|-
| align=left | [[Kerosene]]
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 20
|-
| align=left | [[Diesel]]
| align=center | 45
| align=center | 100
|-
| align=left | [[Lubricating oil]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 500
|-
| align=left | [[Residuum]]
| align=center | 10
| align=center | >105
|}

Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with [[natural gas]] in a variety of geological structural or [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] traps.

[[Geologists]] have deduced that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of algal material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce [[coal]] or lignite.

Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly, supporting the idea that petroleum products could have been formed within the last few thousand years and is constantly being replenished, supporting the views of [[Young Earth Creationists]]. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.

[[category:geology]]

[[References]]
1. O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.

Petroleum

2009-02-16T23:43:41Z

Conservativemdm:

'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface.

It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Crude oil is extracted from the ground and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:

The following table<ref>Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, ''Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual''.</ref> compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:

{| {{prettytable}}
| align=left bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Fraction]]'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[API]] gravity'''''
| align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''''[[Viscosity]] (mp)'''''
|-
| align=left | [[Gasoline]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 6
|-
| align=left | [[Kerosene]]
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 20
|-
| align=left | [[Diesel]]
| align=center | 45
| align=center | 100
|-
| align=left | [[Lubricating oil]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 500
|-
| align=left | [[Residuum]]
| align=center | 10
| align=center | >105
|}

Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with [[natural gas]] in a variety of geological structural or [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] traps.

[[Geologists]] have deduced that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of algal material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce [[coal]] or lignite.

Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly, supporting the idea that petroleum products could have been formed within the last few thousand years and is constantly being replenished, supporting the views of [[Young Earth Creationists]]. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing </ref>.

[[category:geology]]

[[References]]
1. O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.