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		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1075670</id>
		<title>User:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1075670"/>
		<updated>2014-02-03T06:10:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: Blanked the page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Richard_I&amp;diff=1058337</id>
		<title>Richard I</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Richard_I&amp;diff=1058337"/>
		<updated>2013-06-26T06:04:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Return and Captured */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;King '''Richard I''' of England lived September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199.  He was King of [[England]] from 1189 to 1199.  He is an important figure in many stories about the [[crusades]] such as Sir Walter Scott's &amp;quot;The Talisman&amp;quot; and participated in the Third Crusade where his forces performed admirably against [[Saladin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lineage==&lt;br /&gt;
He was from the Royal House of [[Plantagenet]], although this name was not adopted until later.  At the time, he,  his father (King [[Henry II]]) and brother ([[King John]]), were collectively known as the House of [[Anjou]] (or the [[Angevin]]s) as they descended from Count Geoffrey of Anjou, whose nickname was Plantagenet (from the sprig of 'planta genesta', a type of broom, that was  worn as the family emblem.) Geoffrey married the Empress [[Matilda]] (aka Maud), daughter of the English King [[Henry I]], who fought her cousin King [[Stephen]] for the English throne.  The treaty which ended this struggle saw her cede the throne to Stephen in return for her son (King [[Henry II]]) being made his heir.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French Ties==&lt;br /&gt;
King Richard was known as Coeur de Lion (the Lionheart).  At this time, the English court was almost entirely French in character and language, being directly descended from [[William the Conqueror|King William the Duke of Normandy]] and including the lands of [[Anjou]] and [[Aquitaine]] in modern day France.  Indeed, the largest land holder in France, was King Richard. He spoke no English - his native tongue was the regional dialect French of [[Poitou]]. His body was buried in Poitou, and his heart in Rouen Cathedral in his ancestral [[Normandy]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family and early years==	&lt;br /&gt;
He was the second oldest son of Henry II  and Eleanor of Aquitaine . He was not expected to ascend the throne, his elder brother Henry would become King of England. But he was always his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine’s favor. From an early age, he had already being known for his extraordinary military ability and great courage on the battlefield. He also had a great reputation of chivalry and energy in protecting pilgrims whom passing though his own territory.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Henry II ‘s plan , his eldest son Henry would become King of England and have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy, while Richard would inherit Aquitaine from his mother and become Count of Poitiers, and his younger brother Geoffrey would get Brittany through  marriage alliance with Constance, the heiress to the region. Richard was betrothed to Alys, fourth daughter of Louis VII of France. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1171 Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of his mother Eleanor. Together they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Monastery in Limoges.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1173, Henry the young King made a rebellion against Henry II, it is believe Eleanor manipulated her sons.  He went to Louis VII for support, Richard and Geoffrey made an alliance with their brother. The 5 –year- old John remained with Henry at that time. The war lasts for a year. Louis made a peace treaty with Henry II alone after he raised the siege of Rouen in France, Richard was specifically excluded in the treaty. Being abandoned by Louis, Richard had to face the whole army of his father.  He went to Henry’s court then weeping, and asked for forgiveness. Henry gave him the kiss of peace. His brothers joined him and reconciliated with their father later. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Henry the young King became increasingly jealous on him and demanded him pay homage but Richard refused. In 1183, Henry the young King and Geoffrey invaded Aquitaine, Bertrand de Born, Count of Hautefort, who was Richard's rival in minstrelsy also joined them. But Richard successfully hold them back. In June 11, 1183, the young King died. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
King Henry demanded Richard give up Aquitaine to his youngest son John , Richard refused. Henry soon gave John permission to invade Aquitaine. In 1188, the war broke up; Richard paid homage to Philip Augustus, King of France in addition with Normandy and Anjou in exchange of an alliance. They defeated Henry’s army at Ballans. Henry died in 6 July, 1189. According to report, Richard was unhorsed by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke during the war which give William the reputation of the only man ever to unhorse Richard, he then insulted the future King with words that “no one could ever bear”, but later, Richard welcomed and included him in the council of regency in his absence for Crusade as his chivalrous character. Richard was crowned as King of England at Westminster on  Sept 3.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crusade==	&lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Towards the end of 1187, when the news of fall of the Jerusalem reached him, Richard took the Cross. Philip Augustus and Henry II had subsequently followed his example. After the coronation, Richard swore an oath to renounce his past sin in order to show his worthy to take the Cross. He sold sheriffdoms, justiceships, church lands, and set all kinds of positions for biding and spent most of his father’s treasure in raising and equipping crusaders.  He even made bidding for the position of chancellor, William Longchamp, his own chancellor kept his position with £3,000. It is reported he said &amp;quot;I would have sold London if I could find a buyer.&amp;quot; He raised  around 8000 men and 100 ships.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1189, Richard crossed Calais and met Philip Augustus whom also started Crusade. He reached Marseilles and arrived in Messina then waited for the spring. Because his betrothed Alys , who is Philip’s sister had affair with his father, Richard refused to marry her, as a Christian, such a marriage is intolerable. Richard then betrothed to Berengaria of Navarre.  This is the start of the lifelong hostile between him and Philip.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 10, 1190, their main partner in the crusade, Holy Roman emperor Frederick I, famous known as Barbarossa drowned when he across the Saleph River which is now part of Turkey .Germans then left the Crusade. Since Fredrick has the largest army among them, almost 10 times larger than the English and French combined, this significantly weakened the third Crusade. &lt;br /&gt;
In1191, the ships carrying Richard’s fiancée Berengaria and his sister Joan which are on their way to catch up with him was anchored around coast of Cyprus. They were threatened and were put into prison by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. Richard came to their rescue, he ordered Isaac release the prisoner, but he refused. Richard then captured the island, and overthrew Komnenos. He married Berengaria in the Chapel of St George on Cyprus in May 12. 1191. &lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Richard arrived at Acre at June 8, 1191, but he was seriously sick. Even when he was being carried on a stretcher, he took out guards on the wall with his crossbow. He liberated Acre in July  12,1191. However, Philip Augustus left the Crusade at that point. The French’s left furthermore weaken the Crusade, the rest of the armies are not large enough to liberate Jerusalem. &lt;br /&gt;
Although in the hard situation, Richard then defeated Saladin at Arsuf on 7 September 1191, and then liberated Jaffa. These victories secured the way access to Jerusalem. In the first time, Christians in the Holy Land were relieved from the threat of Saladin. The armies then advanced into the Holy City, but the size of the armies made Richard decide to retreated back to the coast.&lt;br /&gt;
He made another attempt marching into Jerusalem but again, he decided to retreat. In the spring of 1192, news reached to Richard  that his brother John started a revolt against him back in England with the support of Philip Augustus whom had already came back to France. Without too many options, Richard had to go home. But He has to try everything he can to guarantee Christian’s security in Holy Land after his left. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Battle of Jaffa==&lt;br /&gt;
After Richard’s withdraw, Saladin seized the opportunity and reinvaded Jaffa which served as headquarter for Crusaders at Jerusalem campaign. Facing massive enemies, although fought bravely but Christians were quickly outnumbered, the survivors retreated into the citadel. News reached to Richard, he immediately came to rescue. He divided his army into two. The main army under Templars marched into Jaffa though land which he expected they would be blocked on their way and it happened indeed. Meanwhile he led a small army approach Jaffa by sea. At first , they thought there are no survivors , but when he saw a Christian flag weaving from the citadel in the city, Richard leaped into the sea and waded through the waves to reach the wall . The king led 54 knights, a few hundred infantrymen, and about 2,000 crossbowmen charge into the city. Christian prisoners in the city seized their arms and resumed fight. Being stunned by Richard’s assaulting, Muslims were quickly collapsed and fled.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But this was just beginning, after being driven out of the city, Saladin again gathered a massive army and plan to retake the city. With a much smaller army with him, Richard formed a defense line with spear men in the front and crossbowmen behind. Muslims repeated charge but were beaten back every time. After hold the line for hours, Richard led a charge with 50 knights which only 10 to 15 mounted. The king’s horse was killed during the battle and he eventually fought on foot. By the evening, it is clear the city was defended. Left 700 bodies and 1500 dead horses, Saladin abandoned his plan. Although with only a few men, Christians only miraculously lost 2 in the battle. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
After heard new Frankish crusaders are on their way to Holy Land and there is nothing more he can do, Saladin had no choose but accepted a peace talk with Richard. Pilgrims again could go to Jerusalem to worship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Return and Captured== &lt;br /&gt;
Richard’s ship wrecked on his way back and he was forced to across the dangerous Continent. He was captured by Leopold of Austria; the latter sold him to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI who is jealousy of what Richard had done. Henry demanded 150000 marks as ransom which being equivalent to around £2 billion in 2011. He also demanded Richard surround his Kingdom to him.  The Pope then excommunicated Henry.  Eleanor the King’s Mother eventually raised the money. Richard reached home in 1194. Although being repeatedly threaten by John, Richard eventually pardoned him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French campaign and the last days==&lt;br /&gt;
During Richard’s absence, Philip Augustus took the Normandy. After his return, Richard led his army back. In March 25, 1199, near the Castle perimeter in Chalus-Chabrol,   someone on the castle wall deliberately aimed the King with bow, applauded the first shot, he was hit in the left shoulder near the neck by the next. The arrow was positioned. The archer eventually was captured. As his last chivalric action, he forgave him, ordered gave him 100 shillings and set him free. However his wish was not practice by his company  after his death.. He also declared forgave Philip. After confessed his sin, Richard died in the arms of his mother in April 6. As his wish , he was buried at feet of his father at Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou. His heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy.             &lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriage and alleged homosexual==&lt;br /&gt;
It is sometimes recorded that King Richard was homosexual, but there is little direct evidence. He was acknowledged fathering an illegitimate son from before his marriage.He alleged have “love feeling” when he first met his future wife Berengaria, but it later went cold. It was possible a typical political marriage for him. But Berengaria was deeply in love with him.  The British monarchy website makes no mention of his homosexuality http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page60.asp&lt;br /&gt;
His sexuality may be argued, but he is known as a complex character, who on one hand enjoyed the rough male companionship of the military, and spent most of his reign under arms; whilst at the same time being accomplished in the arts of the troubadours with their focus on courtly love. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Reputation &lt;br /&gt;
He is the only Christian leader at that time feared by Muslims. &lt;br /&gt;
There is no denying Richard's skills as a tactician, and battle-field commander, and as a leader of men.Because of Scott, and the [[Robin Hood]] tales, and a belief that the warrior is more interesting than the diplomat, we have to peel back the various layers of romance and legend to reach the real Richard.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sellars and Yeatman in their classic history of England; &amp;quot;[[1066 and All That]]&amp;quot; described him as always setting off for somewhere and called him &amp;quot;Richard Gare de Lyon&amp;quot; (Lyon railway station)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:crusades]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:British History]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard 1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Nb english monarchs}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:crusades]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Richard_I&amp;diff=1058335</id>
		<title>Richard I</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Richard_I&amp;diff=1058335"/>
		<updated>2013-06-26T06:00:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Battle of Jaffa */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;King '''Richard I''' of England lived September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199.  He was King of [[England]] from 1189 to 1199.  He is an important figure in many stories about the [[crusades]] such as Sir Walter Scott's &amp;quot;The Talisman&amp;quot; and participated in the Third Crusade where his forces performed admirably against [[Saladin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lineage==&lt;br /&gt;
He was from the Royal House of [[Plantagenet]], although this name was not adopted until later.  At the time, he,  his father (King [[Henry II]]) and brother ([[King John]]), were collectively known as the House of [[Anjou]] (or the [[Angevin]]s) as they descended from Count Geoffrey of Anjou, whose nickname was Plantagenet (from the sprig of 'planta genesta', a type of broom, that was  worn as the family emblem.) Geoffrey married the Empress [[Matilda]] (aka Maud), daughter of the English King [[Henry I]], who fought her cousin King [[Stephen]] for the English throne.  The treaty which ended this struggle saw her cede the throne to Stephen in return for her son (King [[Henry II]]) being made his heir.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French Ties==&lt;br /&gt;
King Richard was known as Coeur de Lion (the Lionheart).  At this time, the English court was almost entirely French in character and language, being directly descended from [[William the Conqueror|King William the Duke of Normandy]] and including the lands of [[Anjou]] and [[Aquitaine]] in modern day France.  Indeed, the largest land holder in France, was King Richard. He spoke no English - his native tongue was the regional dialect French of [[Poitou]]. His body was buried in Poitou, and his heart in Rouen Cathedral in his ancestral [[Normandy]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family and early years==	&lt;br /&gt;
He was the second oldest son of Henry II  and Eleanor of Aquitaine . He was not expected to ascend the throne, his elder brother Henry would become King of England. But he was always his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine’s favor. From an early age, he had already being known for his extraordinary military ability and great courage on the battlefield. He also had a great reputation of chivalry and energy in protecting pilgrims whom passing though his own territory.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Henry II ‘s plan , his eldest son Henry would become King of England and have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy, while Richard would inherit Aquitaine from his mother and become Count of Poitiers, and his younger brother Geoffrey would get Brittany through  marriage alliance with Constance, the heiress to the region. Richard was betrothed to Alys, fourth daughter of Louis VII of France. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1171 Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of his mother Eleanor. Together they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Monastery in Limoges.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1173, Henry the young King made a rebellion against Henry II, it is believe Eleanor manipulated her sons.  He went to Louis VII for support, Richard and Geoffrey made an alliance with their brother. The 5 –year- old John remained with Henry at that time. The war lasts for a year. Louis made a peace treaty with Henry II alone after he raised the siege of Rouen in France, Richard was specifically excluded in the treaty. Being abandoned by Louis, Richard had to face the whole army of his father.  He went to Henry’s court then weeping, and asked for forgiveness. Henry gave him the kiss of peace. His brothers joined him and reconciliated with their father later. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Henry the young King became increasingly jealous on him and demanded him pay homage but Richard refused. In 1183, Henry the young King and Geoffrey invaded Aquitaine, Bertrand de Born, Count of Hautefort, who was Richard's rival in minstrelsy also joined them. But Richard successfully hold them back. In June 11, 1183, the young King died. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
King Henry demanded Richard give up Aquitaine to his youngest son John , Richard refused. Henry soon gave John permission to invade Aquitaine. In 1188, the war broke up; Richard paid homage to Philip Augustus, King of France in addition with Normandy and Anjou in exchange of an alliance. They defeated Henry’s army at Ballans. Henry died in 6 July, 1189. According to report, Richard was unhorsed by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke during the war which give William the reputation of the only man ever to unhorse Richard, he then insulted the future King with words that “no one could ever bear”, but later, Richard welcomed and included him in the council of regency in his absence for Crusade as his chivalrous character. Richard was crowned as King of England at Westminster on  Sept 3.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crusade==	&lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Towards the end of 1187, when the news of fall of the Jerusalem reached him, Richard took the Cross. Philip Augustus and Henry II had subsequently followed his example. After the coronation, Richard swore an oath to renounce his past sin in order to show his worthy to take the Cross. He sold sheriffdoms, justiceships, church lands, and set all kinds of positions for biding and spent most of his father’s treasure in raising and equipping crusaders.  He even made bidding for the position of chancellor, William Longchamp, his own chancellor kept his position with £3,000. It is reported he said &amp;quot;I would have sold London if I could find a buyer.&amp;quot; He raised  around 8000 men and 100 ships.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1189, Richard crossed Calais and met Philip Augustus whom also started Crusade. He reached Marseilles and arrived in Messina then waited for the spring. Because his betrothed Alys , who is Philip’s sister had affair with his father, Richard refused to marry her, as a Christian, such a marriage is intolerable. Richard then betrothed to Berengaria of Navarre.  This is the start of the lifelong hostile between him and Philip.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 10, 1190, their main partner in the crusade, Holy Roman emperor Frederick I, famous known as Barbarossa drowned when he across the Saleph River which is now part of Turkey .Germans then left the Crusade. Since Fredrick has the largest army among them, almost 10 times larger than the English and French combined, this significantly weakened the third Crusade. &lt;br /&gt;
In1191, the ships carrying Richard’s fiancée Berengaria and his sister Joan which are on their way to catch up with him was anchored around coast of Cyprus. They were threatened and were put into prison by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. Richard came to their rescue, he ordered Isaac release the prisoner, but he refused. Richard then captured the island, and overthrew Komnenos. He married Berengaria in the Chapel of St George on Cyprus in May 12. 1191. &lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Richard arrived at Acre at June 8, 1191, but he was seriously sick. Even when he was being carried on a stretcher, he took out guards on the wall with his crossbow. He liberated Acre in July  12,1191. However, Philip Augustus left the Crusade at that point. The French’s left furthermore weaken the Crusade, the rest of the armies are not large enough to liberate Jerusalem. &lt;br /&gt;
Although in the hard situation, Richard then defeated Saladin at Arsuf on 7 September 1191, and then liberated Jaffa. These victories secured the way access to Jerusalem. In the first time, Christians in the Holy Land were relieved from the threat of Saladin. The armies then advanced into the Holy City, but the size of the armies made Richard decide to retreated back to the coast.&lt;br /&gt;
He made another attempt marching into Jerusalem but again, he decided to retreat. In the spring of 1192, news reached to Richard  that his brother John started a revolt against him back in England with the support of Philip Augustus whom had already came back to France. Without too many options, Richard had to go home. But He has to try everything he can to guarantee Christian’s security in Holy Land after his left. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Battle of Jaffa==&lt;br /&gt;
After Richard’s withdraw, Saladin seized the opportunity and reinvaded Jaffa which served as headquarter for Crusaders at Jerusalem campaign. Facing massive enemies, although fought bravely but Christians were quickly outnumbered, the survivors retreated into the citadel. News reached to Richard, he immediately came to rescue. He divided his army into two. The main army under Templars marched into Jaffa though land which he expected they would be blocked on their way and it happened indeed. Meanwhile he led a small army approach Jaffa by sea. At first , they thought there are no survivors , but when he saw a Christian flag weaving from the citadel in the city, Richard leaped into the sea and waded through the waves to reach the wall . The king led 54 knights, a few hundred infantrymen, and about 2,000 crossbowmen charge into the city. Christian prisoners in the city seized their arms and resumed fight. Being stunned by Richard’s assaulting, Muslims were quickly collapsed and fled.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But this was just beginning, after being driven out of the city, Saladin again gathered a massive army and plan to retake the city. With a much smaller army with him, Richard formed a defense line with spear men in the front and crossbowmen behind. Muslims repeated charge but were beaten back every time. After hold the line for hours, Richard led a charge with 50 knights which only 10 to 15 mounted. The king’s horse was killed during the battle and he eventually fought on foot. By the evening, it is clear the city was defended. Left 700 bodies and 1500 dead horses, Saladin abandoned his plan. Although with only a few men, Christians only miraculously lost 2 in the battle. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
After heard new Frankish crusaders are on their way to Holy Land and there is nothing more he can do, Saladin had no choose but accepted a peace talk with Richard. Pilgrims again could go to Jerusalem to worship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Return and Captured== &lt;br /&gt;
Richard’s ship wrecked on his way back and he was force to across the dangerous Continent. He was captured by Leopold of Austria; the latter sold him to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI who is jealousy of what Richard had done. Henry demanded 150000 marks as ransom which being equivalent to around £2 billion in 2011. He also demanded Richard surround his Kingdom to him.  The Pope then excommunicated Henry.  Eleanor the King’s Mother eventually raised the money. Richard reached home in 1194. Although being repeatedly threaten by John, Richard eventually pardoned him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French campaign and the last days==&lt;br /&gt;
During Richard’s absence, Philip Augustus took the Normandy. After his return, Richard led his army back. In March 25, 1199, near the Castle perimeter in Chalus-Chabrol,   someone on the castle wall deliberately aimed the King with bow, applauded the first shot, he was hit in the left shoulder near the neck by the next. The arrow was positioned. The archer eventually was captured. As his last chivalric action, he forgave him, ordered gave him 100 shillings and set him free. However his wish was not practice by his company  after his death.. He also declared forgave Philip. After confessed his sin, Richard died in the arms of his mother in April 6. As his wish , he was buried at feet of his father at Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou. His heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy.             &lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriage and alleged homosexual==&lt;br /&gt;
It is sometimes recorded that King Richard was homosexual, but there is little direct evidence. He was acknowledged fathering an illegitimate son from before his marriage.He alleged have “love feeling” when he first met his future wife Berengaria, but it later went cold. It was possible a typical political marriage for him. But Berengaria was deeply in love with him.  The British monarchy website makes no mention of his homosexuality http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page60.asp&lt;br /&gt;
His sexuality may be argued, but he is known as a complex character, who on one hand enjoyed the rough male companionship of the military, and spent most of his reign under arms; whilst at the same time being accomplished in the arts of the troubadours with their focus on courtly love. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Reputation &lt;br /&gt;
He is the only Christian leader at that time feared by Muslims. &lt;br /&gt;
There is no denying Richard's skills as a tactician, and battle-field commander, and as a leader of men.Because of Scott, and the [[Robin Hood]] tales, and a belief that the warrior is more interesting than the diplomat, we have to peel back the various layers of romance and legend to reach the real Richard.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sellars and Yeatman in their classic history of England; &amp;quot;[[1066 and All That]]&amp;quot; described him as always setting off for somewhere and called him &amp;quot;Richard Gare de Lyon&amp;quot; (Lyon railway station)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:crusades]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:British History]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard 1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Nb english monarchs}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:crusades]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Richard_I&amp;diff=1058239</id>
		<title>Richard I</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Richard_I&amp;diff=1058239"/>
		<updated>2013-06-25T15:19:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;King '''Richard I''' of England lived September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199.  He was King of [[England]] from 1189 to 1199.  He is an important figure in many stories about the [[crusades]] such as Sir Walter Scott's &amp;quot;The Talisman&amp;quot; and participated in the Third Crusade where his forces performed admirably against [[Saladin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lineage==&lt;br /&gt;
He was from the Royal House of [[Plantagenet]], although this name was not adopted until later.  At the time, he,  his father (King [[Henry II]]) and brother ([[King John]]), were collectively known as the House of [[Anjou]] (or the [[Angevin]]s) as they descended from Count Geoffrey of Anjou, whose nickname was Plantagenet (from the sprig of 'planta genesta', a type of broom, that was  worn as the family emblem.) Geoffrey married the Empress [[Matilda]] (aka Maud), daughter of the English King [[Henry I]], who fought her cousin King [[Stephen]] for the English throne.  The treaty which ended this struggle saw her cede the throne to Stephen in return for her son (King [[Henry II]]) being made his heir.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French Ties==&lt;br /&gt;
King Richard was known as Coeur de Lion (the Lionheart).  At this time, the English court was almost entirely French in character and language, being directly descended from [[William the Conqueror|King William the Duke of Normandy]] and including the lands of [[Anjou]] and [[Aquitaine]] in modern day France.  Indeed, the largest land holder in France, was King Richard. He spoke no English - his native tongue was the regional dialect French of [[Poitou]]. His body was buried in Poitou, and his heart in Rouen Cathedral in his ancestral [[Normandy]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Family and early years==	&lt;br /&gt;
He was the second oldest son of Henry II  and Eleanor of Aquitaine . He was not expected to ascend the throne, his elder brother Henry would become King of England. But he was always his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine’s favor. From an early age, he had already being known for his extraordinary military ability and great courage on the battlefield. He also had a great reputation of chivalry and energy in protecting pilgrims whom passing though his own territory.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Henry II ‘s plan , his eldest son Henry would become King of England and have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy, while Richard would inherit Aquitaine from his mother and become Count of Poitiers, and his younger brother Geoffrey would get Brittany through  marriage alliance with Constance, the heiress to the region. Richard was betrothed to Alys, fourth daughter of Louis VII of France. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1171 Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of his mother Eleanor. Together they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Monastery in Limoges.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1173, Henry the young King made a rebellion against Henry II, it is believe Eleanor manipulated her sons.  He went to Louis VII for support, Richard and Geoffrey made an alliance with their brother. The 5 –year- old John remained with Henry at that time. The war lasts for a year. Louis made a peace treaty with Henry II alone after he raised the siege of Rouen in France, Richard was specifically excluded in the treaty. Being abandoned by Louis, Richard had to face the whole army of his father.  He went to Henry’s court then weeping, and asked for forgiveness. Henry gave him the kiss of peace. His brothers joined him and reconciliated with their father later. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Henry the young King became increasingly jealous on him and demanded him pay homage but Richard refused. In 1183, Henry the young King and Geoffrey invaded Aquitaine, Bertrand de Born, Count of Hautefort, who was Richard's rival in minstrelsy also joined them. But Richard successfully hold them back. In June 11, 1183, the young King died. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
King Henry demanded Richard give up Aquitaine to his youngest son John , Richard refused. Henry soon gave John permission to invade Aquitaine. In 1188, the war broke up; Richard paid homage to Philip Augustus, King of France in addition with Normandy and Anjou in exchange of an alliance. They defeated Henry’s army at Ballans. Henry died in 6 July, 1189. According to report, Richard was unhorsed by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke during the war which give William the reputation of the only man ever to unhorse Richard, he then insulted the future King with words that “no one could ever bear”, but later, Richard welcomed and included him in the council of regency in his absence for Crusade as his chivalrous character. Richard was crowned as King of England at Westminster on  Sept 3.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crusade==	&lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Towards the end of 1187, when the news of fall of the Jerusalem reached him, Richard took the Cross. Philip Augustus and Henry II had subsequently followed his example. After the coronation, Richard swore an oath to renounce his past sin in order to show his worthy to take the Cross. He sold sheriffdoms, justiceships, church lands, and set all kinds of positions for biding and spent most of his father’s treasure in raising and equipping crusaders.  He even made bidding for the position of chancellor, William Longchamp, his own chancellor kept his position with £3,000. It is reported he said &amp;quot;I would have sold London if I could find a buyer.&amp;quot; He raised  around 8000 men and 100 ships.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1189, Richard crossed Calais and met Philip Augustus whom also started Crusade. He reached Marseilles and arrived in Messina then waited for the spring. Because his betrothed Alys , who is Philip’s sister had affair with his father, Richard refused to marry her, as a Christian, such a marriage is intolerable. Richard then betrothed to Berengaria of Navarre.  This is the start of the lifelong hostile between him and Philip.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 10, 1190, their main partner in the crusade, Holy Roman emperor Frederick I, famous known as Barbarossa drowned when he across the Saleph River which is now part of Turkey .Germans then left the Crusade. Since Fredrick has the largest army among them, almost 10 times larger than the English and French combined, this significantly weakened the third Crusade. &lt;br /&gt;
In1191, the ships carrying Richard’s fiancée Berengaria and his sister Joan which are on their way to catch up with him was anchored around coast of Cyprus. They were threatened and were put into prison by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. Richard came to their rescue, he ordered Isaac release the prisoner, but he refused. Richard then captured the island, and overthrew Komnenos. He married Berengaria in the Chapel of St George on Cyprus in May 12. 1191. &lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Richard arrived at Acre at June 8, 1191, but he was seriously sick. Even when he was being carried on a stretcher, he took out guards on the wall with his crossbow. He liberated Acre in July  12,1191. However, Philip Augustus left the Crusade at that point. The French’s left furthermore weaken the Crusade, the rest of the armies are not large enough to liberate Jerusalem. &lt;br /&gt;
Although in the hard situation, Richard then defeated Saladin at Arsuf on 7 September 1191, and then liberated Jaffa. These victories secured the way access to Jerusalem. In the first time, Christians in the Holy Land were relieved from the threat of Saladin. The armies then advanced into the Holy City, but the size of the armies made Richard decide to retreated back to the coast.&lt;br /&gt;
He made another attempt marching into Jerusalem but again, he decided to retreat. In the spring of 1192, news reached to Richard  that his brother John started a revolt against him back in England with the support of Philip Augustus whom had already came back to France. Without too many options, Richard had to go home. But He has to try everything he can to guarantee Christian’s security in Holy Land after his left. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Battle of Jaffa==&lt;br /&gt;
After Richard’s withdraw, Saladin seized the opportunity and reinvaded Jaffa which served as headquarter for Crusaders at Jerusalem campaign. Facing massive enemies, although fought bravely but Christians were quickly outnumbered, the survivors retreated into the citadel. News reached to Richard, he immediately came to rescue. He divided his army into two. The main army under Templars marched into Jaffa though land which he expected they would be blocked on their way and it happened indeed. Meanwhile he led a small army approach Jaffa by sea. At first , they thought there are no survivors , but when he saw a Christian flag weaving from the citadel in the city, Richard leaped into the sea and waded through the waves to reach the wall . The king led 54 knights, a few hundred infantrymen, and about 2,000 crossbowmen charge into the city. Christian prisoners in the city seized their arms and resumed fight. Being stunned by Richard’s assaulting, Muslims were quickly collapsed and fled.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But this was just beginning, after being driven out of the city, Saladin again gathered a massive army plan to retake the city. With a much smaller army with him, Richard formed a defense line with spear men in the front and crossbowmen behind. Muslims repeated charge but were beaten back every times. After hold the line for hours, Richard led a charge with 50 knights which only 10 to 15 mounted. The king’s horse was killed during the battle and he eventually fought on foot. By the evening, it is clear the city was defended. Left 700 bodies and 1500 dead horses, Saladin abandoned his plan. Although with only a few men, Christians only miraculously lost 2 in the battle. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
After heard new Frankish crusaders are on their way to Holy Land and there is nothing more he can do, Saladin had no choose but accepted a peace talk with Richard. Pilgrims again could go to Jerusalem to worship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Return and Captured== &lt;br /&gt;
Richard’s ship wrecked on his way back and he was force to across the dangerous Continent. He was captured by Leopold of Austria; the latter sold him to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI who is jealousy of what Richard had done. Henry demanded 150000 marks as ransom which being equivalent to around £2 billion in 2011. He also demanded Richard surround his Kingdom to him.  The Pope then excommunicated Henry.  Eleanor the King’s Mother eventually raised the money. Richard reached home in 1194. Although being repeatedly threaten by John, Richard eventually pardoned him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French campaign and the last days==&lt;br /&gt;
During Richard’s absence, Philip Augustus took the Normandy. After his return, Richard led his army back. In March 25, 1199, near the Castle perimeter in Chalus-Chabrol,   someone on the castle wall deliberately aimed the King with bow, applauded the first shot, he was hit in the left shoulder near the neck by the next. The arrow was positioned. The archer eventually was captured. As his last chivalric action, he forgave him, ordered gave him 100 shillings and set him free. However his wish was not practice by his company  after his death.. He also declared forgave Philip. After confessed his sin, Richard died in the arms of his mother in April 6. As his wish , he was buried at feet of his father at Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou. His heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy.             &lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
==Marriage and alleged homosexual==&lt;br /&gt;
It is sometimes recorded that King Richard was homosexual, but there is little direct evidence. He was acknowledged fathering an illegitimate son from before his marriage.He alleged have “love feeling” when he first met his future wife Berengaria, but it later went cold. It was possible a typical political marriage for him. But Berengaria was deeply in love with him.  The British monarchy website makes no mention of his homosexuality http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page60.asp&lt;br /&gt;
His sexuality may be argued, but he is known as a complex character, who on one hand enjoyed the rough male companionship of the military, and spent most of his reign under arms; whilst at the same time being accomplished in the arts of the troubadours with their focus on courtly love. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Reputation &lt;br /&gt;
He is the only Christian leader at that time feared by Muslims. &lt;br /&gt;
There is no denying Richard's skills as a tactician, and battle-field commander, and as a leader of men.Because of Scott, and the [[Robin Hood]] tales, and a belief that the warrior is more interesting than the diplomat, we have to peel back the various layers of romance and legend to reach the real Richard.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sellars and Yeatman in their classic history of England; &amp;quot;[[1066 and All That]]&amp;quot; described him as always setting off for somewhere and called him &amp;quot;Richard Gare de Lyon&amp;quot; (Lyon railway station)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:crusades]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:British History]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard 1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Nb english monarchs}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:crusades]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Wikiproject:News&amp;diff=1029841</id>
		<title>Wikiproject:News</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Wikiproject:News&amp;diff=1029841"/>
		<updated>2013-01-17T03:59:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Hello, and welcome to Wikiproject:News. We are a project trying to improve both the &amp;quot;In the News&amp;quot; section and the &amp;quot;Previous Breaking News&amp;quot; articles by subject. The immediate purpose of the &amp;quot;Previous Breaking News&amp;quot; is to allow editors to review news articles they might have missed while away from the site. The ultimate purpose of the &amp;quot;Previous Breaking News&amp;quot; is to update the corresponding Conservapedia articles.&lt;br /&gt;
{{Template:WikiProjectNews}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Project leaders==&lt;br /&gt;
Project leaders are responsible for supervising the project. Some of their responsibilities include:&lt;br /&gt;
#Posting wanted page links to the news page. &lt;br /&gt;
#Archiving completed wanted pages.&lt;br /&gt;
#Recruiting new members to the project. &lt;br /&gt;
#Encouraging current members to contribute and follow the project guidelines.&lt;br /&gt;
#Suggest improvements to the project.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:DeanS|DeanS]] began this project on August 8, 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 03:13, 12 August 2008 (EDT) (promoted to admin on 1/1/09).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Admins==&lt;br /&gt;
Admins have the rights to add news and wikify wanted pages to the Main page.  &lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 17:06, 28 December 2008 (EST) (promoted 1/1/09)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:TK|TK]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Members==&lt;br /&gt;
To sign up simply put &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;*~~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:TagoPagdaluhong|TagoPagdaluhong]] 22:58, 10 August 2008 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Benp|Benp]] 15:12, 12 August 2008 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] 20 August 2008&lt;br /&gt;
*--&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;margin-top: -3px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;[[Image:50 star flag.png|12px]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:88px; height:15px; z-index:2;&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [[User:Deborah|Deborah]] [[Special:Contributions/Deborah|&amp;lt;font color=&amp;quot;gray&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(contributions)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;]] [[User_talk:Deborah|&amp;lt;font color=&amp;quot;darkslategray&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(talk)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;]][[Special:Emailuser/Deborah | email me]] &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; 09:36, 11 September 2008 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Etc|Etc]] 16:04, 16 September 2008 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 19:12, 19 September 2008 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Hsmom|Hsmom]] 20:34, 21 September 2008 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Mikek|Mikek]] 08:23, 19 November 2008 (EST).&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:BradJohnson|Brad Johnson]] [[User:BradJohnson|BradJohnson]] 15:34, 25 November 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Conservapedia1|Conservapedia1]] 00:19, 4 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:StevenM|Ṣ₮ёVeN]] 09:27, 8 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
*----[[User:PhilipV|PhilipV]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:PhilipV|'' I Support our Troops!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:47, 13 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Zerlock|Zerlock]] 21:35, 28 January 2009 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Economist|Economist]] 18:18, 6 February 2009 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:JY23|JY23]] 10:23, 23 February 2009 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:Sjay|Sjay]] 22:34, 26 February 2009 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[User:WesleyS|WesleyS]][[User Talk:WesleyS|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Hello!&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]] 19:08, 20 March 2009 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
*--[[User:JewishConservative|JewishConservative]] 22:39, 20 May 2009 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Conservativedreams|Conservativedreams]] 22:59, 16 January 2013 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Subprojects==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Editing the &amp;quot;In the News&amp;quot; section====&lt;br /&gt;
If you're an administrator, you can edit the news section. Here's how to do it: &lt;br /&gt;
#On the Main Page, there is an edit link to the right of &amp;quot;In the News&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
#Click the edit link, and you will be editing &amp;quot;Template:Mainpageright (section)&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
#Enter a post below where it says &amp;quot;PAGE CONTENT BEGINS BELOW THIS LINE&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
#You can put a return and ---- to separate the posts. &lt;br /&gt;
#Add the news posting.&lt;br /&gt;
#Put something in the edit summary and click the preview button to see how it looks. &lt;br /&gt;
#Click &amp;quot;Save page&amp;quot; and view your addition on the Main Page. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Today in History===&lt;br /&gt;
If you have a suggestion for &amp;quot;Today in History&amp;quot;, post it [[Wikiproject:News/Suggestions/Today in History|here]]. Your article will be posted on the Main Page on the corresponding day. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Wanted Pages===&lt;br /&gt;
This is a very important part of this project. Some of the news articles posted on the Main page need new articles created on Conservapedia. If you create a [[Wikiproject:News/Wanted page|wanted page]] for a news article, it will be wikilinked on the Main Page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Top three contributors ([[Wikiproject:News/Wanted_page|Wanted Pages]])====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Top 3 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt; Contributors&lt;br /&gt;
! Number of pages &amp;lt;br&amp;gt; ''as of 2/23/09''&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]]&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;center&amp;gt;237&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[User:Jpatt|Jp]]&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;center&amp;gt;59&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]]&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;center&amp;gt;57&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Previous Breaking News===&lt;br /&gt;
This subsection is for updates to the [[Wikiproject:News/Previous Breaking News|Previous Breaking News]] by Subjects. The ultimate purpose is to use the previous news articles to update the corresponding Conservapedia articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wikiproject:Religion]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wikiprojects]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Greatest_Conservative_Non-fiction_Books&amp;diff=1015296</id>
		<title>Essay:Greatest Conservative Non-fiction Books</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Greatest_Conservative_Non-fiction_Books&amp;diff=1015296"/>
		<updated>2012-10-28T06:18:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Despite many of today's non-fiction[[book| books]] being overrun by [[liberal bias]], [[liberal deceit|deceit]], and [[liberal values|distortion]], there are still some great conservative non-fiction books that promote true [[conservative values]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#The [[The Bible|''Bible'']] - the infallible Word of [[God]], from which conservative values originate&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' by [[Adam Smith]] - The classic guide to [[capitalism]] and an explanation of the necessity of [[free trade]]&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]'' by [[Barry Goldwater]] - describes the selfless values of [[conservatism]]&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[Feminist Fantasies]]'' by [[Phyllis Schlafly]] - about the deceitful, anti-[[Christian]] movement of [[feminism]]&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[A Choice, Not An Echo]]'' by [[Phyllis Schlafly]] - about how the anti-conservative [[liberal]] wing of the [[Republican Party]] manipulated the party's choice of nominees in the typical liberal fashion&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[The Burden of Bad Ideas]]'' by [[Heather MacDonald]] - how modern &amp;quot;intellectuals&amp;quot; hurt our society&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[McCarthy and His Enemies]]'' by [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]] and [[L. Brent Bozell Jr.]] - defends [[America|American]] [[patriot]] [[Joe McCarthy]] in his fight against [[communism|communist]] infiltration of this great country&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[Eat the Rich]]'' by PJ O'Rourke - An examination of the relative merits of capitalism and socialism through four case studies: Good Capitalism (USA), &amp;quot;Bad Capitalism&amp;quot; (Albania), &amp;quot;Good socialism&amp;quot; (Sweden) and Bad socialism (Cuba)&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[The New Answers Book]]'' by [[Ken Ham]] - gives comprehensive, biblical creationist answers to twenty-five important questions concerning the Bible and [[creation]]/[[evolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[An American Life]]'' by [[President Ronald Reagan]] - [[autobiography]] of a true conservative [[patriot]] and the Unites States' greatest [[president]]&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[10 Books That Screwed Up the World: And 5 Others That Didn't Help]]'' by Benjamin Wiker- a quick education on the worst ideas in human history--and how we can avoid them in the future.&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[Reflections on the Revolution in France ]]''by [[Edmund Burke]]  - A deep analysis of [[French Revolution]] and the reasons it being called evil.&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[The Complete C.S. Lewis Signature Classics ]]''by [[C.S. Lewis]] - A collections of essential volumes by writer, novelist and Christian apologetic C.S. Lewis &lt;br /&gt;
#''[[How then, shall we live?]]''by [[Wayne Muller]] - A great book about how Christianity has shaped the Western Civilization.&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[Special autographed edition of War Stories: Heroism in the Pacific ]]''by [[Oliver North]] - A collection of heroic stories at South pacific in world war 2, a book about Patriotism, Duties and Self-sacrifice.&lt;br /&gt;
#''[[First Navy Jack Flag]]''by [[Collectible]] - A history of United States’ Navy. &lt;br /&gt;
#''[[The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and Lessons for Global Power]]'' by [[Niall Ferguson]]- From the Leftists, they had robbed the Spaniards, beaten the French and plundered the Indians. But there should always have an answer to the question &amp;quot;why&amp;quot;?&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Essays about Conservatism]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1015233</id>
		<title>User talk:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1015233"/>
		<updated>2012-10-28T02:22:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Welcome|--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 10:39, 10 March 2012 (EST)}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== question. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
is English your first language? [[User:Cmurphynz|Cmurphynz]] 09:58, 22 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No, actually Dutch is . But I've lived at U.S. for a while.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:It's pretty good though considering.[[User:Cmurphynz|Cmurphynz]] 02:32, 25 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== hey ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
i see you were wondering about some stuff you wrote that I deleted. I am not quite sure which of it was written by you, but you said it was about the crusades and colonialism.  I have most of my reasons on the talk page at the article, but I'll summarise here anyway.  The colonialism bit said something about colonialism usually being a good thing, and bringing technology and democracy and that.  I would fundamentally disagree about it being better for the colonised population, for instance Belgian Congo, which was perhaps a little more extreme than some other examples, but a good example of the colonial mindset.  On the whole the natural resources of colonised countries were used for the benefit of either the colonising government or companies from that country.  Also if you look at the current condition of many Aboriginal and Native American people, you will see that colonialism has done very little for them, and that the effects were mostly negative.  About it bringing democracy, that was very rarely the case, and it makes little sense to claim that you are bringing democracy if the majority of the people want you gone.  And anyway the entire idea of colonialism strikes me as being fundamentally patronising and paternalistic; assuming that you must 'look after' the local population as they are incapable of making responsible decisions for themselves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
About the Crusades bit, did it say something like 'the first crusade succeeded because it was the will of God' or something like that?  If it was, then that seems pretty presumptuous to assume that you know that.  And while the argument could easily be made that ''everything'' that succeeds is the will of God, what was in the article seemed to indicate that that meant that it was morally right, and justified, which I think is a pretty hard position to defend given the behaviour of many of those involved.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Anyway, those were my reasons, I don't know if you agree with them or not, but it should give you an idea of why I got rid of them. [[User:Cmurphynz|Cmurphynz]] 02:32, 25 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ok, I just checked the history of that article and it looks like another one of the bits that I deleted was added by you.  It was something about 'Muslims have always attacked Christians and the west, and the West has never attacked muslims'.  That one I just removed because it was factually wrong. thanks, [[User:Cmurphynz|Cmurphynz]] 02:37, 25 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sherman ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Done! --[[User:Joaquín Martínez|Joaquín Martínez]] 20:54, 27 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:: Welcome here! --[[User:Joaquín Martínez|Joaquín Martínez]] 20:56, 27 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks!--[[User:Conservativedreams|Conservativedreams]] 22:22, 27 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014911</id>
		<title>Gallery of British Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014911"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T16:58:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Gallery of British [[Hero|Heroes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=6&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|[[Boudicca]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Alfred.jpg|[[Alfred the great]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Henry V.jpg|[[Henry V]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Elizabeth_1.jpg|[[Elizabeth I]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Drake.jpg|[[Francis Drake]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Image:WalterRaleigh3.jpg|[[Walter Raleigh]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Shakespeare.jpg|[[William Shakespeare]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Oliver Cromwell.jpg|[[Oliver Cromwell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Newton.png|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Reynolds Self Portrait.jpg|[[Sir Joshua Reynolds]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:JamesWatt.jpg|[[James Watt]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Nelson1.jpg|[[Horatio Nelson]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington.jpg|[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Burke-Edmund.jpg|[[Edmund Burke]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:James Cook.gif|[[James Cook]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Turner..jpg|[[William Turner]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Sir Francis Grant's Portrait of Queen Victoria.jpg|[[Queen Victoria]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Dickens.jpg|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Florence Nightingale.jpg|[[Florence Nightingale]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:I.K.Brunel.jpg|[[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|[[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Robert falcon scott.jpg|[[Robert Falcon Scott|Scott of the Antarctic]] &lt;br /&gt;
Image:ErnestHenryShackleton.jpg|[[Ernest Shackleton]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Lawrence Oates.jpg|[[Lawrence Oates|Captain Oates]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:T.E.Lawrence.jpg|[[T.E. Lawrence|Lawrence of Arabia]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Solidgold.jpg|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Bernard Law Montgomery.jpg|[[Bernard Law Montgomery|Montgomery of Alamein]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Douglas Bader.jpg|[[Douglas Bader]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Cenotaph.jpg|[[Remembrance Day|The Glorious Dead]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Hgdctuy6.jpg|[[George Orwell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Jrrt 1972 pipe.jpg|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Jhcfju6.jpg|[[C.S. Lewis]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:503px-Thatcher-loc.jpg|[[Margaret Thatcher]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Elizabeth-II.jpg|Queen [[Elizabeth II]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Paul McCartney.jpeg|[[Paul McCartney]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:George harrison.jpg|[[George Harrison]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of American Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of French Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British History]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014877</id>
		<title>Gallery of French Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014877"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T14:08:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Gallery of French [[Hero|Heroes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:396px-Joan of arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|[[Joan of Arc]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:T768.jpg|[[Jean Jacques Rousseau]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Diderot.jpg|[[Denis Diderot]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Lavoisier.jpg|[[Antoine Lavoisier]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:JLDavid.jpg|[[Jacques Louis David]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Laplace.jpeg|[[Pierre Simon Laplace|Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Marquis de Lafayette.jpg|[[Marquis de Lafayette]] &lt;br /&gt;
Image:Y8r587ig.jpg|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Victor Hugo.jpg|[[Victor Hugo]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Napoleon III.jpg|[[Louis Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Braille.jpg|Louis Braille&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Louis Pasteur.jpg|[[Louis Pasteur]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Verne.jpg|[[Jules Verne]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Gustave Eiffel.jpg|[[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Paul Cezanne 1861.jpg|[[Paul Cezanne]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Auguste Rodin.jpg|[[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Monet.jpg|[[Claude Monet]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:R Selfportrait.jpg|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Ravel.jpg|[[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Charles de Gaulle.jpg|[[Charles de Gaulle]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Delacroix.jpg|thumb|[[Eugene Delacroix]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of British Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of American Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[French painting]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[French Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Honore de Balzac.jpg|thumb|left|Honore de Balzac.]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Claude Debussy.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Debussy|Claude-Achille Debussy]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.understandfrance.org/France/Whoswho2.html Who's who in France.]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.artoflegendindia.com/browse/PEBD_French_Great_Heroes_Paintings_Gallery/1/ French Great Heroes Paintings Gallery]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-french-people.html Famous French People]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Pscal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Blaise Pascal]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:George Clemenceau.jpg|thumb|center|[[Georges Clemenceau|George Clemenceau]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:France]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014876</id>
		<title>Gallery of French Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014876"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T14:07:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Gallery of French [[Hero|Heroes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:396px-Joan of arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|[[Joan of Arc]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:T768.jpg|[[Jean Jacques Rousseau]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Diderot.jpg|[[Denis Diderot]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Lavoisier.jpg|[[Antoine Lavoisier]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:JLDavid.jpg|[[Jacques Louis David]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Laplace.jpeg|[[Pierre Simon Laplace|Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Marquis de Lafayette.jpgPNG|[[Marquis de Lafayette]] &lt;br /&gt;
Image:Y8r587ig.jpg|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Victor Hugo.jpg|[[Victor Hugo]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Napoleon III.jpg|[[Louis Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Braille.jpg|Louis Braille&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Louis Pasteur.jpg|[[Louis Pasteur]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Verne.jpg|[[Jules Verne]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Gustave Eiffel.jpg|[[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Paul Cezanne 1861.jpg|[[Paul Cezanne]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Auguste Rodin.jpg|[[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Monet.jpg|[[Claude Monet]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:R Selfportrait.jpg|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Ravel.jpg|[[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Charles de Gaulle.jpg|[[Charles de Gaulle]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Delacroix.jpg|thumb|[[Eugene Delacroix]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of British Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of American Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[French painting]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[French Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Honore de Balzac.jpg|thumb|left|Honore de Balzac.]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Claude Debussy.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Debussy|Claude-Achille Debussy]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.understandfrance.org/France/Whoswho2.html Who's who in France.]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.artoflegendindia.com/browse/PEBD_French_Great_Heroes_Paintings_Gallery/1/ French Great Heroes Paintings Gallery]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-french-people.html Famous French People]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Pscal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Blaise Pascal]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:George Clemenceau.jpg|thumb|center|[[Georges Clemenceau|George Clemenceau]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:France]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014875</id>
		<title>Gallery of French Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014875"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T14:04:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Gallery of French [[Hero|Heroes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:396px-Joan of arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|[[Joan of Arc]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:T768.jpg|[[Jean Jacques Rousseau]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Diderot.jpg|[[Denis Diderot]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Lavoisier.jpg|[[Antoine Lavoisier]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:JLDavid.jpg|[[Jacques Louis David]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Laplace.jpeg|[[Pierre Simon Laplace|Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette.PNG|Marquis de Lafayette &lt;br /&gt;
Image:Y8r587ig.jpg|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Victor Hugo.jpg|[[Victor Hugo]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Napoleon III.jpg|[[Louis Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Braille.jpg|Louis Braille&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Louis Pasteur.jpg|[[Louis Pasteur]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Verne.jpg|[[Jules Verne]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Gustave Eiffel.jpg|[[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Paul Cezanne 1861.jpg|[[Paul Cezanne]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Auguste Rodin.jpg|[[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Monet.jpg|[[Claude Monet]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:R Selfportrait.jpg|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Ravel.jpg|[[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Charles de Gaulle.jpg|[[Charles de Gaulle]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Delacroix.jpg|thumb|[[Eugene Delacroix]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of British Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of American Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[French painting]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[French Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Honore de Balzac.jpg|thumb|left|Honore de Balzac.]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Claude Debussy.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Debussy|Claude-Achille Debussy]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.understandfrance.org/France/Whoswho2.html Who's who in France.]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.artoflegendindia.com/browse/PEBD_French_Great_Heroes_Paintings_Gallery/1/ French Great Heroes Paintings Gallery]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-french-people.html Famous French People]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Pscal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Blaise Pascal]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:George Clemenceau.jpg|thumb|center|[[Georges Clemenceau|George Clemenceau]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:France]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014874</id>
		<title>Gallery of French Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014874"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T13:59:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Gallery of French [[Hero|Heroes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:396px-Joan of arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|[[Joan of Arc]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:T768.jpg|[[Jean Jacques Rousseau]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Diderot.jpg|[[Denis Diderot]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Lavoisier.jpg|[[Antoine Lavoisier]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:JLDavid.jpg|[[Jacques Louis David]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Laplace.jpeg|[[Pierre Simon Laplace|Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Robespierre.jpg|[[Maximilien de Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Y8r587ig.jpg|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Victor Hugo.jpg|[[Victor Hugo]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Napoleon III.jpg|[[Louis Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Braille.jpg|Louis Braille&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Louis Pasteur.jpg|[[Louis Pasteur]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Verne.jpg|[[Jules Verne]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Gustave Eiffel.jpg|[[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Paul Cezanne 1861.jpg|[[Paul Cezanne]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Auguste Rodin.jpg|[[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Monet.jpg|[[Claude Monet]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:R Selfportrait.jpg|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Ravel.jpg|[[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Charles de Gaulle.jpg|[[Charles de Gaulle]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Delacroix.jpg|thumb|[[Eugene Delacroix]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of British Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of American Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[French painting]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[French Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Honore de Balzac.jpg|thumb|left|Honore de Balzac.]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Claude Debussy.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Debussy|Claude-Achille Debussy]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.understandfrance.org/France/Whoswho2.html Who's who in France.]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.artoflegendindia.com/browse/PEBD_French_Great_Heroes_Paintings_Gallery/1/ French Great Heroes Paintings Gallery]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-french-people.html Famous French People]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Pscal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Blaise Pascal]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:George Clemenceau.jpg|thumb|center|[[Georges Clemenceau|George Clemenceau]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:France]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014873</id>
		<title>Talk:Gallery of French Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014873"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T13:58:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I can’t understand why Maximilien de Robespierre is here. He was responsible for thousands’ deaths in French revolution.--[[User:Conservativedreams|Conservativedreams]] 09:58, 26 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014872</id>
		<title>Talk:Gallery of French Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_French_Heroes&amp;diff=1014872"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T13:57:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: Created page with &amp;quot;I can’t understand why Maximilien de Robespierre is here. He was responsible for thousands’ deaths in French revolution.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I can’t understand why Maximilien de Robespierre is here. He was responsible for thousands’ deaths in French revolution.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014870</id>
		<title>Gallery of British Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014870"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T13:25:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Gallery of British [[Hero|Heroes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=6&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|[[Boudicca]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Alfred.jpg|[[Alfred the great]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Henry V.jpg|[[Henry V]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Elizabeth_1.jpg|[[Elizabeth I]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Drake.jpg|[[Francis Drake]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Image:WalterRaleigh3.jpg|[[Walter Raleigh]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Shakespeare.jpg|[[William Shakespeare]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Newton.png|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Reynolds Self Portrait.jpg|[[Sir Joshua Reynolds]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:JamesWatt.jpg|[[James Watt]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Nelson1.jpg|[[Horatio Nelson]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington.jpg|[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Burke-Edmund.jpg|[[Edmund Burke]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:James Cook.gif|[[James Cook]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Turner..jpg|[[William Turner]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Sir Francis Grant's Portrait of Queen Victoria.jpg|[[Queen Victoria]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Dickens.jpg|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Florence Nightingale.jpg|[[Florence Nightingale]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:I.K.Brunel.jpg|[[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|[[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Robert falcon scott.jpg|[[Robert Falcon Scott|Scott of the Antarctic]] &lt;br /&gt;
Image:ErnestHenryShackleton.jpg|[[Ernest Shackleton]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Lawrence Oates.jpg|[[Lawrence Oates|Captain Oates]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:T.E.Lawrence.jpg|[[T.E. Lawrence|Lawrence of Arabia]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Solidgold.jpg|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Bernard Law Montgomery.jpg|[[Bernard Law Montgomery|Montgomery of Alamein]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Douglas Bader.jpg|[[Douglas Bader]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Cenotaph.jpg|[[Remembrance Day|The Glorious Dead]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Hgdctuy6.jpg|[[George Orwell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Jrrt 1972 pipe.jpg|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Jhcfju6.jpg|[[C.S. Lewis]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:503px-Thatcher-loc.jpg|[[Margaret Thatcher]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Elizabeth-II.jpg|Queen [[Elizabeth II]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Paul McCartney.jpeg|[[Paul McCartney]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Bvfgdtre.jpg|[[Stephen Hawking]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:George harrison.jpg|[[George Harrison]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of American Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of French Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British History]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014869</id>
		<title>Talk:Gallery of British Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014869"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T13:15:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Currently a mixture of political figures, scientists &amp;amp; writers.  Also heavily limited by how few of these we have pictures of (&amp;amp; me without upload rights).  If anybody (with upload rights) wants to help add to this, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2208671.stm these] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2208671.stm two] lists make a good starting point.  The most important ones we're currently missing pictures of are [[Henry V]], [[Queen Victoria]], [[Florence Nightingale]], and [[John Lennon]] &amp;amp;/or [[Paul McCartney]].  - [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 19:37, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: Good work, congratulations. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 22:13, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::Thank you.  Any chance you upload a picture of any of those people I mentioned above?  I know you're one of the main guys for illustrations.  It would be greatly appreciated.  [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 22:17, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Now added.  Thanks.  [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 23:29, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:What about people like Montgomery? Baden Powell? Conan Doyle? Lewis Carroll? Also, if John and Paul are there, should George and Ringo not be there too? --[[User:JessicaT|KotomiT]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:JessicaT|''ohayougozaimasu'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:59, 21 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is pretty interesting that King Arthur is on the list, there are no direct evidences to suggest he was really exist. He probably is just a myth. For Diana, I don't know if she has made any achievements that can be called a hero. She is just popular, but you can't call someone a hero just because she is popular. Her style of personal life also will not make Conservatives feel very comfortable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For Steven Hawking, since this website is described as a Christian website. These heroes also will be called heroes for Conservatives .But Steven Hawking is atheist, he openly said there is no God. Although he can be called a hero on his personal life. &lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Also, I think you should add Alfred the great as a British hero; He successfully defended England from Vikings and protected the churches there. He is the only British monarchy being called “the great”. Richard the Lionheart also should be here since he greatly fought for Christians and thousands of pilgrims can travel to Jerusalem safely since he forced Saladin to accept his agreement. Although as a king, he didn’t stay at England too much. &lt;br /&gt;
Edmund Burke also should here since he is a Conservative hero. --[[User:Conservativedreams|Conservativedreams]] 23:43, 25 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Alfred's already there (no.2) In 30 seconds I came up with: St. Dunstan, Bede, Stephen Langton, Chaucer, Donne, William Byrd, Hennry Purcell, RVW, Ben Britten, Isaac Watt, John Watt, W.G.Grace, James Cook, the Wesley brothers, and (because I'm silly and of an age,) Judi Dench. [[User:AlanE|AlanE]] 01:04, 26 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
James Watt and James Cook are good choices.--[[User:Conservativedreams|Conservativedreams]] 09:15, 26 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014868</id>
		<title>Talk:Gallery of British Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014868"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T13:13:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Currently a mixture of political figures, scientists &amp;amp; writers.  Also heavily limited by how few of these we have pictures of (&amp;amp; me without upload rights).  If anybody (with upload rights) wants to help add to this, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2208671.stm these] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2208671.stm two] lists make a good starting point.  The most important ones we're currently missing pictures of are [[Henry V]], [[Queen Victoria]], [[Florence Nightingale]], and [[John Lennon]] &amp;amp;/or [[Paul McCartney]].  - [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 19:37, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: Good work, congratulations. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 22:13, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::Thank you.  Any chance you upload a picture of any of those people I mentioned above?  I know you're one of the main guys for illustrations.  It would be greatly appreciated.  [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 22:17, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Now added.  Thanks.  [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 23:29, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:What about people like Montgomery? Baden Powell? Conan Doyle? Lewis Carroll? Also, if John and Paul are there, should George and Ringo not be there too? --[[User:JessicaT|KotomiT]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:JessicaT|''ohayougozaimasu'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:59, 21 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is pretty interesting that King Arthur is on the list, there are no direct evidences to suggest he was really exist. He probably is just a myth. For Diana, I don't know if she has made any achievements that can be called a hero. She is just popular, but you can't call someone a hero just because she is popular. Her style of personal life also will not make Conservatives feel very comfortable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For Steven Hawking, since this website is described as a Christian website. These heroes also will be called heroes for Conservatives .But Steven Hawking is atheist, he openly said there is no God. Although he can be called a hero on his personal life. &lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Also, I think you should add Alfred the great as a British hero; He successfully defended England from Vikings and protected the churches there. He is the only British monarchy being called “the great”. Richard the Lionheart also should be here since he greatly fought for Christians and thousands of pilgrims can travel to Jerusalem safely since he forced Saladin to accept his agreement. Although as a king, he didn’t stay at England too much. &lt;br /&gt;
Edmund Burke also should here since he is a Conservative hero. --[[User:Conservativedreams|Conservativedreams]] 23:43, 25 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Alfred's already there (no.2) In 30 seconds I came up with: St. Dunstan, Bede, Stephen Langton, Chaucer, Donne, William Byrd, Hennry Purcell, RVW, Ben Britten, Isaac Watt, John Watt, W.G.Grace, James Cook, the Wesley brothers, and (because I'm silly and of an age,) Judi Dench. [[User:AlanE|AlanE]] 01:04, 26 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
James Watt and James Cook are good choices.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014827</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide from 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014827"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T05:14:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Christian population &lt;br /&gt;
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Reconquista&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Siege of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Forbidden City]]&lt;br /&gt;
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|slave trade&lt;br /&gt;
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Henry VIII&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rene Descartes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Thirty Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Westphalia &lt;br /&gt;
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nation-state]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prince Henry the Navigator&lt;br /&gt;
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bartholomew Diaz&lt;br /&gt;
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christopher Columbus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the &amp;quot;New World&amp;quot; by reaching the Caribbean&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Columbian Exchange]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Tordesillas&lt;br /&gt;
|1494: established an 1100-mile long &amp;quot;Line of Demarcation,&amp;quot; giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Line of Demarcation&lt;br /&gt;
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vasco da Gama &lt;br /&gt;
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Cabot]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jacques Cartier&lt;br /&gt;
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferdinand Magellan&lt;br /&gt;
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Results of Magellan's voyage&lt;br /&gt;
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Francisco Pizzaro&lt;br /&gt;
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|El Greco &lt;br /&gt;
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Diego Velázquez &lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Miguel de Cervantes&lt;br /&gt;
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|divine right of kings&lt;br /&gt;
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William of Orange&lt;br /&gt;
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it greatly helped shape the modern world and established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|mercantilism&lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Queen Elizabeth &lt;br /&gt;
|(1558-1603) was known as the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[James Stuart]]&lt;br /&gt;
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Oliver Cromwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Prynne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jamestown settlement&lt;br /&gt;
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King James Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Glorious Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William and Mary&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ivan IV “the Terrible” &lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Romanov&lt;br /&gt;
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Peter the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Maria Theresa &lt;br /&gt;
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Frederick the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|War of the Austrian Succession &lt;br /&gt;
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French &amp;amp; Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt (&amp;quot;Pittsburgh&amp;quot; is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|American Revolution &lt;br /&gt;
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Washington&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  Leibniz invented the curly &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\int_a^b f(x)dx&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Blackstone&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu &lt;br /&gt;
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Denis Diderot &lt;br /&gt;
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Jacques Rousseau&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XIV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[capitalism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the &amp;quot;Scientific Revolution&amp;quot; with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life (&amp;quot;On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Galileo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book (&amp;quot;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican,&amp;quot; published in 1632)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rasputin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)&lt;br /&gt;
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV &amp;quot;The Terrible.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Fulton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[balance of power]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitution of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Hume]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote &amp;quot;A Treatise on Human Nature&amp;quot; and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Independence &lt;br /&gt;
|(1776) an American statement of &amp;quot;inalienable&amp;quot; (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Edmund Burke&lt;br /&gt;
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase &amp;quot;salutary neglect&amp;quot; to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Federalist Papers &lt;br /&gt;
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Immanuel Kant &lt;br /&gt;
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book &amp;quot;A Critique of Pure Reason&amp;quot; criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|James Clerk Maxwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the &amp;quot;maxwell&amp;quot;, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Johann Sebastian Bach&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the &amp;quot;Passion according to St. Matthew&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis Pasteur&lt;br /&gt;
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Matthew Perry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|steamboat&lt;br /&gt;
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Economies of scale&lt;br /&gt;
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Enclosure movement&lt;br /&gt;
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Adam Smith&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the &amp;quot;invisible hand&amp;quot; of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the &amp;quot;Wealth of Nations&amp;quot; (1776)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Ricardo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Victor Hugo&lt;br /&gt;
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bastille Day]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XVI]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marie Antoinette]]&lt;br /&gt;
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, &amp;quot;Let them eat cake!&amp;quot; upon hearing of the shortage of bread &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reign of Terror]]&lt;br /&gt;
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]&lt;br /&gt;
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression &amp;quot;someone's Waterloo&amp;quot; refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Congress of Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Concert of Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon III]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the &amp;quot;Iron Chancellor,&amp;quot; he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|First French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Second French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the combination of &amp;quot;Great Britain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Northern Ireland,&amp;quot; which is part of the island of Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Luddites]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|France&lt;br /&gt;
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prussia&lt;br /&gt;
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''The Communist Manifesto''&lt;br /&gt;
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sun Yixian&lt;br /&gt;
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Virginia Declaration of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[utilitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall &amp;quot;utility&amp;quot; (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Stuart Mill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Handel&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Haydn&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mozart&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanticism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Neoclassicism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Karl Marx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Friedrich Engels]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|classical economics&lt;br /&gt;
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[realpolitik]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[laissez-faire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, &amp;quot;let to do&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Giuseppe Mazzini&lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Leopold II&lt;br /&gt;
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Darwin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of &amp;quot;natural selection,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;survival of the fittest&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like &amp;quot;Scrooge&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Livingstone]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Dual Alliance &lt;br /&gt;
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|impressionism &lt;br /&gt;
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”.  Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|musical impressionism&lt;br /&gt;
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zulus&lt;br /&gt;
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kaiser Wilhelm II &lt;br /&gt;
|German emperor  who started the world war I and later went into exile in the Netherlands after defeating. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[imperialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Alliance&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Entente&lt;br /&gt;
|(1907) from the French for &amp;quot;good-will&amp;quot;, Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined.  Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Central Powers]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allies]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Axis]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Schlieffen Plan&lt;br /&gt;
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Entrenchment&lt;br /&gt;
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Battle of Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[U-boat]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lusitania]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Better known as the &amp;quot;Red Baron,&amp;quot; this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Versailles &lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk&lt;br /&gt;
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bolsheviks&lt;br /&gt;
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Expressionism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Depression]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Il Duce]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The Leader.&amp;quot; Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nazi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fascism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II.  In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mussolini]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enigma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War I]] (WWI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War II]] (WWII)&lt;br /&gt;
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;FDR&amp;quot; was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German for &amp;quot;lightning war,&amp;quot; high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joseph Stalin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manhattan Project]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|D-Day&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Patton&lt;br /&gt;
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Big Bang]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niels Bohr]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Albert Einstein]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Easter Rising &lt;br /&gt;
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Irish Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Northern Ireland &lt;br /&gt;
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[jazz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|globalism&lt;br /&gt;
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|free trade&lt;br /&gt;
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GATT&lt;br /&gt;
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|World Trade Organization&lt;br /&gt;
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NAFTA&lt;br /&gt;
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|consumerism&lt;br /&gt;
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cold War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korean War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries&lt;br /&gt;
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Berlin Wall&lt;br /&gt;
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|domino effect&lt;br /&gt;
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too.  This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ho Chi Minh &lt;br /&gt;
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietcong&lt;br /&gt;
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Henry Kissinger&lt;br /&gt;
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pol Pot &lt;br /&gt;
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zionism&lt;br /&gt;
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Balfour Declaration&lt;br /&gt;
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|David Ben-Gurion&lt;br /&gt;
|1948: first prime minister of Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Arab-Israeli wars&lt;br /&gt;
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|Six-Day War&lt;br /&gt;
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anwar Sadat &lt;br /&gt;
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yom Kippur War&lt;br /&gt;
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur.  After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Camp David Accords&lt;br /&gt;
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yasser Arafat&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|intifada&lt;br /&gt;
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;br /&gt;
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Gorbachev&lt;br /&gt;
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Commonwealth of Independent States&lt;br /&gt;
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chechnya&lt;br /&gt;
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|John Paul II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lech Walesa&lt;br /&gt;
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|East Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] &amp;quot;self-determination&amp;quot; principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romania&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nicolae Ceausescu&lt;br /&gt;
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kosovo War&lt;br /&gt;
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chairman Mao Zedong&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the &amp;quot;Cultural Revolution&amp;quot; to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Tiananmen Square&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hong Kong&lt;br /&gt;
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9-11&lt;br /&gt;
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Modern Era &lt;br /&gt;
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[British Royal Air Force]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also nicknamed the &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;, this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher&lt;br /&gt;
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dunkirk]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the &amp;quot;miracle of Dunkirk.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|  A rebel leader who collaborated with Muslims against U.S. and U.S. citizens in Philippine during 1899-1902, and later collaborated with Japanese against U.S. in world war two. They commited massive atrocities and their methods are extremely savage and brutal.    &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Endlosung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called &amp;quot;concentration camps.&amp;quot; The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's &amp;quot;Final Solution.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-    &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Guillotine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franz Kafka]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915). &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[National Security Agency]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manchuria]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Standing army]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Automobile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Henry Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Adolf Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[opium]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Little Boy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot; was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[M1 Garand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cotton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[slavery]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|factors of production&lt;br /&gt;
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corsica&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Guy Fawkes&lt;br /&gt;
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gregor Mendel&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the &amp;quot;Oedipus Complex&amp;quot; which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Columbian Exchange&lt;br /&gt;
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Malthus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communist League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Owen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the &amp;quot;Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Fourier]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Helena]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|encomiendas&lt;br /&gt;
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|repartimientos&lt;br /&gt;
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|locomotive&lt;br /&gt;
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Andreas Vesalius&lt;br /&gt;
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Harvey&lt;br /&gt;
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Francis Bacon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marian Rejewski]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|other free trade agreements in the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|McDonaldization&lt;br /&gt;
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty &lt;br /&gt;
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Orleans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fat Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enola Gay]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot;, the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Heil Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Swastika]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ultra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ngo Dinh Diem&lt;br /&gt;
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnamization&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Four Tigers&lt;br /&gt;
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deng Xiaoping&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jiang Zemin&lt;br /&gt;
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bloody Sunday&lt;br /&gt;
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[President Truman]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiroshima]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Doctor who because of his belief of &amp;quot;survival of the fittest,&amp;quot; performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Leap Forward]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yalta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[European Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of [[Stalingrad]] and [[Kursk]], led to the defeat of Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide to 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014825</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide from 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014825"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T04:59:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Christian population &lt;br /&gt;
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Reconquista&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Siege of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Forbidden City]]&lt;br /&gt;
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|slave trade&lt;br /&gt;
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Henry VIII&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rene Descartes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Thirty Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Westphalia &lt;br /&gt;
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nation-state]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prince Henry the Navigator&lt;br /&gt;
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bartholomew Diaz&lt;br /&gt;
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christopher Columbus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the &amp;quot;New World&amp;quot; by reaching the Caribbean&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Columbian Exchange]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Tordesillas&lt;br /&gt;
|1494: established an 1100-mile long &amp;quot;Line of Demarcation,&amp;quot; giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Line of Demarcation&lt;br /&gt;
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vasco da Gama &lt;br /&gt;
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Cabot]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jacques Cartier&lt;br /&gt;
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferdinand Magellan&lt;br /&gt;
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Results of Magellan's voyage&lt;br /&gt;
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Francisco Pizzaro&lt;br /&gt;
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|El Greco &lt;br /&gt;
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Diego Velázquez &lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Miguel de Cervantes&lt;br /&gt;
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|divine right of kings&lt;br /&gt;
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William of Orange&lt;br /&gt;
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it greatly helped shape the modern world and established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|mercantilism&lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Queen Elizabeth &lt;br /&gt;
|(1558-1603) was known as the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[James Stuart]]&lt;br /&gt;
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Oliver Cromwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Prynne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jamestown settlement&lt;br /&gt;
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King James Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Glorious Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William and Mary&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ivan IV “the Terrible” &lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Romanov&lt;br /&gt;
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Peter the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Maria Theresa &lt;br /&gt;
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Frederick the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|War of the Austrian Succession &lt;br /&gt;
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French &amp;amp; Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt (&amp;quot;Pittsburgh&amp;quot; is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|American Revolution &lt;br /&gt;
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Washington&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  Leibniz invented the curly &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\int_a^b f(x)dx&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Blackstone&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu &lt;br /&gt;
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Denis Diderot &lt;br /&gt;
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Jacques Rousseau&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XIV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[capitalism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the &amp;quot;Scientific Revolution&amp;quot; with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life (&amp;quot;On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Galileo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book (&amp;quot;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican,&amp;quot; published in 1632)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rasputin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)&lt;br /&gt;
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV &amp;quot;The Terrible.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Fulton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[balance of power]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitution of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Hume]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote &amp;quot;A Treatise on Human Nature&amp;quot; and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Independence &lt;br /&gt;
|(1776) an American statement of &amp;quot;inalienable&amp;quot; (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Edmund Burke&lt;br /&gt;
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase &amp;quot;salutary neglect&amp;quot; to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Federalist Papers &lt;br /&gt;
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Immanuel Kant &lt;br /&gt;
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book &amp;quot;A Critique of Pure Reason&amp;quot; criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|James Clerk Maxwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the &amp;quot;maxwell&amp;quot;, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Johann Sebastian Bach&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the &amp;quot;Passion according to St. Matthew&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis Pasteur&lt;br /&gt;
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Matthew Perry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|steamboat&lt;br /&gt;
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Economies of scale&lt;br /&gt;
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Enclosure movement&lt;br /&gt;
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Adam Smith&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the &amp;quot;invisible hand&amp;quot; of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the &amp;quot;Wealth of Nations&amp;quot; (1776)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Ricardo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Victor Hugo&lt;br /&gt;
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bastille Day]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XVI]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marie Antoinette]]&lt;br /&gt;
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, &amp;quot;Let them eat cake!&amp;quot; upon hearing of the shortage of bread &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reign of Terror]]&lt;br /&gt;
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]&lt;br /&gt;
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression &amp;quot;someone's Waterloo&amp;quot; refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Congress of Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Concert of Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon III]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the &amp;quot;Iron Chancellor,&amp;quot; he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|First French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Second French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the combination of &amp;quot;Great Britain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Northern Ireland,&amp;quot; which is part of the island of Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Luddites]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|France&lt;br /&gt;
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prussia&lt;br /&gt;
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''The Communist Manifesto''&lt;br /&gt;
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sun Yixian&lt;br /&gt;
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Virginia Declaration of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[utilitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall &amp;quot;utility&amp;quot; (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Stuart Mill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Handel&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Haydn&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mozart&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanticism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Neoclassicism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Karl Marx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Friedrich Engels]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|classical economics&lt;br /&gt;
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[realpolitik]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[laissez-faire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, &amp;quot;let to do&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Giuseppe Mazzini&lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Leopold II&lt;br /&gt;
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Darwin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of &amp;quot;natural selection,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;survival of the fittest&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like &amp;quot;Scrooge&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Livingstone]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Dual Alliance &lt;br /&gt;
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|impressionism &lt;br /&gt;
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”.  Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|musical impressionism&lt;br /&gt;
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zulus&lt;br /&gt;
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kaiser Wilhelm II &lt;br /&gt;
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[imperialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Alliance&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Entente&lt;br /&gt;
|(1907) from the French for &amp;quot;good-will&amp;quot;, Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined.  Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Central Powers]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allies]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Axis]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Schlieffen Plan&lt;br /&gt;
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Entrenchment&lt;br /&gt;
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Battle of Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[U-boat]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lusitania]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Better known as the &amp;quot;Red Baron,&amp;quot; this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Versailles &lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk&lt;br /&gt;
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bolsheviks&lt;br /&gt;
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Expressionism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Depression]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Il Duce]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The Leader.&amp;quot; Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nazi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fascism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II.  In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mussolini]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enigma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War I]] (WWI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War II]] (WWII)&lt;br /&gt;
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;FDR&amp;quot; was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German for &amp;quot;lightning war,&amp;quot; high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joseph Stalin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manhattan Project]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|D-Day&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Patton&lt;br /&gt;
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Big Bang]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niels Bohr]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Albert Einstein]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Easter Rising &lt;br /&gt;
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Irish Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Northern Ireland &lt;br /&gt;
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[jazz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|globalism&lt;br /&gt;
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|free trade&lt;br /&gt;
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GATT&lt;br /&gt;
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|World Trade Organization&lt;br /&gt;
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NAFTA&lt;br /&gt;
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|consumerism&lt;br /&gt;
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cold War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korean War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries&lt;br /&gt;
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Berlin Wall&lt;br /&gt;
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|domino effect&lt;br /&gt;
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too.  This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ho Chi Minh &lt;br /&gt;
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietcong&lt;br /&gt;
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Henry Kissinger&lt;br /&gt;
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pol Pot &lt;br /&gt;
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zionism&lt;br /&gt;
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Balfour Declaration&lt;br /&gt;
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|David Ben-Gurion&lt;br /&gt;
|1948: first prime minister of Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Arab-Israeli wars&lt;br /&gt;
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|Six-Day War&lt;br /&gt;
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anwar Sadat &lt;br /&gt;
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yom Kippur War&lt;br /&gt;
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur.  After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Camp David Accords&lt;br /&gt;
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yasser Arafat&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|intifada&lt;br /&gt;
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;br /&gt;
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Gorbachev&lt;br /&gt;
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Commonwealth of Independent States&lt;br /&gt;
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chechnya&lt;br /&gt;
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|John Paul II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lech Walesa&lt;br /&gt;
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|East Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] &amp;quot;self-determination&amp;quot; principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romania&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nicolae Ceausescu&lt;br /&gt;
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kosovo War&lt;br /&gt;
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chairman Mao Zedong&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the &amp;quot;Cultural Revolution&amp;quot; to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Tiananmen Square&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hong Kong&lt;br /&gt;
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9-11&lt;br /&gt;
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Modern Era &lt;br /&gt;
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[British Royal Air Force]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also nicknamed the &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;, this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher&lt;br /&gt;
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dunkirk]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the &amp;quot;miracle of Dunkirk.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|  A rebel leader who collaborated with Muslims against U.S. and U.S. citizens in Philippine during 1899-1902, and later collaborated with Japanese against U.S. in world war two. They commited massive atrocities and their methods are extremely savage and brutal.    &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Endlosung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called &amp;quot;concentration camps.&amp;quot; The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's &amp;quot;Final Solution.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-    &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Guillotine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franz Kafka]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915). &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[National Security Agency]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manchuria]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Standing army]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Automobile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Henry Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Adolf Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[opium]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Little Boy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot; was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[M1 Garand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cotton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[slavery]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|factors of production&lt;br /&gt;
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corsica&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Guy Fawkes&lt;br /&gt;
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gregor Mendel&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the &amp;quot;Oedipus Complex&amp;quot; which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Columbian Exchange&lt;br /&gt;
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Malthus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communist League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Owen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the &amp;quot;Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Fourier]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Helena]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|encomiendas&lt;br /&gt;
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|repartimientos&lt;br /&gt;
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|locomotive&lt;br /&gt;
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Andreas Vesalius&lt;br /&gt;
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Harvey&lt;br /&gt;
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Francis Bacon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marian Rejewski]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|other free trade agreements in the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|McDonaldization&lt;br /&gt;
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty &lt;br /&gt;
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Orleans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fat Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enola Gay]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot;, the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Heil Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Swastika]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ultra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ngo Dinh Diem&lt;br /&gt;
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnamization&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Four Tigers&lt;br /&gt;
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deng Xiaoping&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jiang Zemin&lt;br /&gt;
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bloody Sunday&lt;br /&gt;
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[President Truman]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiroshima]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Doctor who because of his belief of &amp;quot;survival of the fittest,&amp;quot; performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Leap Forward]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yalta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[European Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of [[Stalingrad]] and [[Kursk]], led to the defeat of Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide to 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014823</id>
		<title>Talk:Matthew Perry</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014823"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T04:46:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This is a really awful picture, really. --[[User:Conservativedreams|Conservativedreams]] 00:46, 26 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014821</id>
		<title>Talk:Matthew Perry</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014821"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T04:46:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: Created page with &amp;quot;This is a really awful picture, really.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This is a really awful picture, really.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014812</id>
		<title>Gallery of British Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014812"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T04:01:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Gallery of British [[Hero|Heroes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=6&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|[[Boudicca]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Alfred.jpg|[[Alfred the great]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Henry V.jpg|[[Henry V]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Elizabeth_1.jpg|[[Elizabeth I]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Drake.jpg|[[Francis Drake]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Image:WalterRaleigh3.jpg|[[Walter Raleigh]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Shakespeare.jpg|[[William Shakespeare]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Newton.png|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Reynolds Self Portrait.jpg|[[Sir Joshua Reynolds]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Nelson1.jpg|[[Horatio Nelson]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington.jpg|[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Burke-Edmund.jpg|[[Edmund Burke]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Turner..jpg|[[William Turner]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Sir Francis Grant's Portrait of Queen Victoria.jpg|[[Queen Victoria]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Dickens.jpg|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Florence Nightingale.jpg|[[Florence Nightingale]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:I.K.Brunel.jpg|[[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|[[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Robert falcon scott.jpg|[[Robert Falcon Scott|Scott of the Antarctic]] &lt;br /&gt;
Image:ErnestHenryShackleton.jpg|[[Ernest Shackleton]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Lawrence Oates.jpg|[[Lawrence Oates|Captain Oates]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:T.E.Lawrence.jpg|[[T.E. Lawrence|Lawrence of Arabia]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Solidgold.jpg|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Bernard Law Montgomery.jpg|[[Bernard Law Montgomery|Montgomery of Alamein]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Douglas Bader.jpg|[[Douglas Bader]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Cenotaph.jpg|[[Remembrance Day|The Glorious Dead]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Hgdctuy6.jpg|[[George Orwell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Jrrt 1972 pipe.jpg|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Jhcfju6.jpg|[[C.S. Lewis]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:503px-Thatcher-loc.jpg|[[Margaret Thatcher]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Elizabeth-II.jpg|Queen [[Elizabeth II]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Paul McCartney.jpeg|[[Paul McCartney]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Bvfgdtre.jpg|[[Stephen Hawking]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:George harrison.jpg|[[George Harrison]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of American Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of French Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British History]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014811</id>
		<title>Gallery of British Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014811"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T03:58:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Gallery of British [[Hero|Heroes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=6&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|[[Boudicca]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image::Alfred.jpg|[[Alfred the great]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Henry V.jpg|[[Henry V]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Elizabeth_1.jpg|[[Elizabeth I]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Drake.jpg|[[Francis Drake]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Image:WalterRaleigh3.jpg|[[Walter Raleigh]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Shakespeare.jpg|[[William Shakespeare]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Newton.png|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Reynolds Self Portrait.jpg|[[Sir Joshua Reynolds]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Nelson1.jpg|[[Horatio Nelson]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington.jpg|[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Burke-Edmund.jpg|[[Edmund Burke]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Turner..jpg|[[William Turner]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Sir Francis Grant's Portrait of Queen Victoria.jpg|[[Queen Victoria]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Dickens.jpg|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Florence Nightingale.jpg|[[Florence Nightingale]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:I.K.Brunel.jpg|[[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|[[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Robert falcon scott.jpg|[[Robert Falcon Scott|Scott of the Antarctic]] &lt;br /&gt;
Image:ErnestHenryShackleton.jpg|[[Ernest Shackleton]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Lawrence Oates.jpg|[[Lawrence Oates|Captain Oates]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:T.E.Lawrence.jpg|[[T.E. Lawrence|Lawrence of Arabia]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Solidgold.jpg|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Bernard Law Montgomery.jpg|[[Bernard Law Montgomery|Montgomery of Alamein]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Douglas Bader.jpg|[[Douglas Bader]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Cenotaph.jpg|[[Remembrance Day|The Glorious Dead]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Hgdctuy6.jpg[[George Orwell]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Jrrt 1972 pipe.jpg|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Jhcfju6.jpg|[[C.S. Lewis]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:503px-Thatcher-loc.jpg|[[Margaret Thatcher]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Elizabeth-II.jpg|Queen [[Elizabeth II]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Paul McCartney.jpeg|[[Paul McCartney]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:Bvfgdtre.jpg|[[Stephen Hawking]]&lt;br /&gt;
Image:George harrison.jpg|[[George Harrison]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of American Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gallery of French Heroes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British History]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014810</id>
		<title>Talk:Gallery of British Heroes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Gallery_of_British_Heroes&amp;diff=1014810"/>
		<updated>2012-10-26T03:43:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Currently a mixture of political figures, scientists &amp;amp; writers.  Also heavily limited by how few of these we have pictures of (&amp;amp; me without upload rights).  If anybody (with upload rights) wants to help add to this, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2208671.stm these] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2208671.stm two] lists make a good starting point.  The most important ones we're currently missing pictures of are [[Henry V]], [[Queen Victoria]], [[Florence Nightingale]], and [[John Lennon]] &amp;amp;/or [[Paul McCartney]].  - [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 19:37, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: Good work, congratulations. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 22:13, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::Thank you.  Any chance you upload a picture of any of those people I mentioned above?  I know you're one of the main guys for illustrations.  It would be greatly appreciated.  [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 22:17, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Now added.  Thanks.  [[User:Sideways|Sideways]] 23:29, 18 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:What about people like Montgomery? Baden Powell? Conan Doyle? Lewis Carroll? Also, if John and Paul are there, should George and Ringo not be there too? --[[User:JessicaT|KotomiT]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:JessicaT|''ohayougozaimasu'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:59, 21 December 2008 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is pretty interesting that King Arthur is on the list, there are no direct evidences to suggest he was really exist. He probably is just a myth. For Diana, I don't know if she has made any achievements that can be called a hero. She is just popular, but you can't call someone a hero just because she is popular. Her style of personal life also will not make Conservatives feel very comfortable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For Steven Hawking, since this website is described as a Christian website. These heroes also will be called heroes for Conservatives .But Steven Hawking is atheist, he openly said there is no God. Although he can be called a hero on his personal life. &lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
Also, I think you should add Alfred the great as a British hero; He successfully defended England from Vikings and protected the churches there. He is the only British monarchy being called “the great”. Richard the Lionheart also should be here since he greatly fought for Christians and thousands of pilgrims can travel to Jerusalem safely since he forced Saladin to accept his agreement. Although as a king, he didn’t stay at England too much. &lt;br /&gt;
Edmund Burke also should here since he is a Conservative hero. --[[User:Conservativedreams|Conservativedreams]] 23:43, 25 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014382</id>
		<title>User:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014382"/>
		<updated>2012-10-24T05:28:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I'm a traveler and somehow an explorer if I can be called that way. I like to think, so I guess I can be called a &amp;quot;thinker&amp;quot;. Concentrate in History, Politics and Philosophy since it is my special field, I always think what we have abandoned in the past is actually the future of our children. We are trying to fix the hole in this world but in reality we are enlarging it. I don't know how well I can help to change these but I know do nothing is not an option. I know the responsibilities, not just as a guy surrounded by love and blessings from family and people around me in this country, but also as a Conservative, and most importantly, a servant of God.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014226</id>
		<title>User:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014226"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T17:23:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I'm a traveler and somehow an explorer if I can be called that way. I like to think, so I guess I can be called a &amp;quot;thinker&amp;quot;. Concentrate in History, Politics and Philosophy since it is my special field, I always think what we have abandoned in the past is actually the future of our children. We are trying to fix the hole in this world but in reality we are enlarging it. I don't know how well I can help to change these but I know do nothing is not an option. I know the responsibilities, not just as a guy surrounded by love and blessings from family and people around me in this country, but also as a Conservative, and most importantly, a child of God.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014225</id>
		<title>User:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014225"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T17:21:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I'm a traveler and somehow an explorer if I can be called that way. I like to think, so I guess I can be called a &amp;quot;thinker&amp;quot;. Concentrate in History, Politics and Philosophy since it is my special field, I always think what we have abandoned in the past is actually the future of our children. We are trying to fix the hole in this world but in reality we are enlarging it. I don't know how well I can help to change these but I know do nothing is not an option. I know the responsibilities, not just as a guy surrounded by love and blessings from friends,family and people around me in this country, but also as a Conservative, and most importantly, a child of God.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014224</id>
		<title>User:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014224"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T17:20:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I'm a traveler and somehow an explorer if I can be called that way. I like to think, so I guess I can be called a &amp;quot;thinker&amp;quot;. Concentrate in History, Politics and Philosophy since it is my special field, I always think what we have abandoned in the past is actually the future of our children. We are trying to fix the hole in this world but in reality we are enlarging it. I don't know how well I can help to change these but I know do nothing is not an option. I know the responsibilities, not just as a guy surrounded by love and blessings from family and people around me in this country, but also as a Conservative, and most importantly, a child of God.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014134</id>
		<title>User:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014134"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T07:12:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: Blanked the page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014130</id>
		<title>User talk:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014130"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T06:53:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* question. */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Welcome|--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 10:39, 10 March 2012 (EST)}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== question. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
is English your first language? [[User:Cmurphynz|Cmurphynz]] 09:58, 22 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
No, actually Dutch is . But I've lived at U.S. for a while.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_to_1648&amp;diff=1014124</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide to 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_to_1648&amp;diff=1014124"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T06:14:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Description&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Abraham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[acropolis]] &lt;br /&gt;
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense.  Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Aesop]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as &amp;quot;The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing,&amp;quot; to teach life lessons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Alexander the Great]] &lt;br /&gt;
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Alexandria]] &lt;br /&gt;
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then &amp;quot;Hellenized&amp;quot; (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allah]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Analects]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ancient world]] &lt;br /&gt;
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''[[Aeneid]]''&lt;br /&gt;
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anglo-Saxon&lt;br /&gt;
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Anselm]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an &amp;quot;ontological&amp;quot; proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Archimedes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented &amp;quot;Archimedes' screw,&amp;quot; and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[archons]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-  &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Arianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[aristocracy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Aristotle]]&lt;br /&gt;
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Art of War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like &amp;quot;If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Assyrian Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Athens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Attila the Hun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the &amp;quot;Scourge of God&amp;quot;; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Augustus Caesar]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began &amp;quot;Pax Romana&amp;quot; (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Aztecs]]&lt;br /&gt;
| A fierce type of people (AD 1200-1521), also known as &amp;quot;the Mexica,&amp;quot; from Central Mexico who built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Babylon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Babylonia]]&lt;br /&gt;
|State and empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Babylonian Exile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[barbarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
|any &amp;quot;uncivilized&amp;quot; (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name &amp;quot;barbarus&amp;quot; means &amp;quot;bearded&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles &amp;quot;the Hammer&amp;quot; of the Germanic people known as the &amp;quot;Franks&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]&lt;br /&gt;
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby &amp;quot;Before Common Era (B.C.E.)&amp;quot; replaces &amp;quot;Before Christ (B.C.)&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;Common Era (C.E.)&amp;quot; replaces &amp;quot;In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bible]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Brahman is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; &amp;quot;Brahmin&amp;quot; means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bronze Age]]&lt;br /&gt;
|2500-1200 BC: when bronze was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Buddha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;Awakened One&amp;quot; in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Buddhism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bushi]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own &amp;quot;samurai&amp;quot; soldiers to defend and protect their land.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Byzantine Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Caligula]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Carolingian Court]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the &amp;quot;Holy Roman Empire&amp;quot;, also known as the Carolingian empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Carthage]]&lt;br /&gt;
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caste]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmins are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Celts]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called &amp;quot;druids.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Chaldeans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The ancient Babylonians &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Chaldean Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charlemagne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Martel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles &amp;quot;the Hammer&amp;quot;; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (AD 732)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Chivalry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[China]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christendom]]&lt;br /&gt;
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[city-states]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece.  Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[civilization]]&lt;br /&gt;
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[classical civilizations]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[classicism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cleisthenes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cleopatra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-  &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Code of Manu]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Colosseum]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[comedy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending.  All classical plays were either a &amp;quot;comedy&amp;quot; or a &amp;quot;tragedy&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Confucius]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constantinople]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire beginning in AD 330.  Originally known as Byzantium.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Council of Nicaea]]&lt;br /&gt;
|AD 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Crusades]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 1099-1204): a series of four major military expeditions by Christians to free Jerusalem and make it safe for pilgrimages, beginning with the successful First Crusade but later including the looting of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[cuneiform]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cynicism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Daimyo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese feudal lord. Smaller agricultural workers would function under them. Daimyos began their importance after a civil war in 1467. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Darius the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ.  He expanded the kingdom of Israel.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Delian League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dharma]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The laws of the religions of Buddhism and Hinduism &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[diaspora]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Diocletian]]&lt;br /&gt;
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the &amp;quot;tetrarchy&amp;quot; (rule by four), and ruled from AD 284 to 305. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[direct democracy]] &lt;br /&gt;
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials.  Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dorians]] &lt;br /&gt;
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 BC, having an oppressive military ruling class. The &amp;quot;Doric order&amp;quot; is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dravidians]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The lowest class of the Aryans, they were the children of mixed Aryans and not treated very well. They were people of Southern India and Sri Lanka &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[early agriculture]] &lt;br /&gt;
|crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Edict of Milan]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Egypt]] &lt;br /&gt;
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back to nearly 3000 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Eightfold Path]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment.  It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action &amp;amp; livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness &amp;amp; concentration).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emperor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enlightened One]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A philosophical movement in the 1700s that included atheistic ideas like utilitarianism.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Euclid]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Greek mathematician around 300 BC who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Euphrates river]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fertile Crescent]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[feudalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a &amp;quot;lord&amp;quot; who owned land (given by the king) on which &amp;quot;peasants&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;serfs&amp;quot; farmed in exchange for food and protection.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Punic War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Four Noble Truths]] &lt;br /&gt;
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain &amp;quot;nirvana&amp;quot; (complete contentment).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Franks]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gentiles]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Golden Age&lt;br /&gt;
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gracchi brothers]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Great Schism&lt;br /&gt;
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Wall of China]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Greece]]&lt;br /&gt;
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Greek drama]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gregory the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most significant popes, who used church money for non-religious purposes such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor; this later caused controversies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gaul]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gothic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gupta empire]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hammurabi]] &lt;br /&gt;
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Han dynasty]]&lt;br /&gt;
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana.  The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as &amp;quot;shi&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hannibal]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hebrews]] &lt;br /&gt;
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hellenistic]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Led the Spanish to capture and burn the Aztec capital in 1519.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[hieroglyphics]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hinduism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hippocrates]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The father of medicine&amp;quot; in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Homer]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hsia dynasty]]&lt;br /&gt;
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Huns]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[ideograms]] &lt;br /&gt;
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Incas]]&lt;br /&gt;
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[India]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Indus River Valley]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Invisible Hand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A powerful unseen force that benefits all when the government leaves free enterpise alone.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Iron Age]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but later (600 BC) in China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite Abraham's great love for Isaac.  Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) Scientist during the Scientific Revolution and Christian fundamentalist who discovered and explained the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ishmael]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar.  Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Islam]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the &amp;quot;Five Pillars of Islam.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Israel]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jainism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Japan]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jesus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity.  He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joan of Arc]]&lt;br /&gt;
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) Scientist in Scientific Revolution who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits; also a devout Christian&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) Leading political philosopher in the Enlightenment whose ideas helped the American colonists form a new government with the social contract theory&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Julius Caesar]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Julian Calendar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[karma]] &lt;br /&gt;
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants &amp;quot;good karma.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[knight]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe.  These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages.  &amp;quot;Caveat emptor!&amp;quot; (let the buyer beware)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[lord]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lyceum]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Magna Carta]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[maize]] &lt;br /&gt;
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mandate of Heaven]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[manor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marc Antony]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marcus Crassus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Martin Luther]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation in AD 1517 and founded the Lutheran Church based on a theory of salvation by faith alone, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mauryan Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maya]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The civilization of the Mayans existed in Mesoamerica (including where Guatemala is today) from about AD 300-900. They were advanced in math and astronomy and had a written pictographic language; today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mesoamerica]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mesopotamia]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Messiah]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Michelangelo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Middle Ages]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Middle Kingdom]] &lt;br /&gt;
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ming Dynasty]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Kept to itself while rebuilding and strengthening its country's defenses against the Mongols. Was replaced in 1644. &lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|[[monasteries]]&lt;br /&gt;
|communities of Christian monks that are set apart for God, and which preserved knowledge during the Middle Ages.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mongol empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monotheism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Moses]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion &amp;quot;Islam&amp;quot;, founded on only one god, Allah.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nile]] &lt;br /&gt;
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nero]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most irresponsible and cruel emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until AD 69.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Kingdom]] &lt;br /&gt;
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were construted primarily with slave labor &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicene Creed]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) Polish scientist who first sparked this movement with the bold declaration that the earth revolved around the sun, instead of sun revolving around the earth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nirvana]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism: the end of all suffering&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Normans&lt;br /&gt;
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Octavian]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Old Kingdom]] &lt;br /&gt;
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Paper]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[patricians]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the upper 10% of the Roman republic, consisting of wealthy landowners&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Paul]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pax Romana]] &lt;br /&gt;
|27 BC-180 AD: the &amp;quot;glory days&amp;quot; of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Peloponnesian War]] &lt;br /&gt;
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pentateuch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pepin]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne. Donated territories to the Pope and was a wise and judicious king of the Franks.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Persian empire]] &lt;br /&gt;
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Persian Wars]] &lt;br /&gt;
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Peter]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[pharaoh]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Philip of Macedon]] &lt;br /&gt;
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Philistines]] &lt;br /&gt;
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Phoenicians]] &lt;br /&gt;
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pillars of Islam&lt;br /&gt;
|the five basic rules of Islam:  submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Plato]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pompey the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[polis]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[polytheism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pope]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, who was most powerful in Europe during the time of the Holy Roman Empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ptolemy]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Punic Wars]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Won by the Roman republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[pyramids]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Qin Shia Huandgi&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the holy book of Islam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ramses II&lt;br /&gt;
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Red Sea]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Red Sea is between Egypt and the Sinai peninsula. The Israelites would have died if not for the protection of the Red Sea, yes they would have died if a miracle had not been preformed  Through Moses God parted the Red Sea so the Israelites could escape from the Egyptian army.-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reformation]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Republic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Renaissance]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Richard the Lionheart]] &lt;br /&gt;
| King of England and primary leader of the third Crusade, the only Christian leader feared by Muslims. He supposed to free the Jerusalem but his French partner king Philip left the Crusade and supported his brother revolt against him. He is known for his Chivalry and adhering of Christian ideas.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word &amp;quot;catholic&amp;quot; means &amp;quot;universal&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Roman citizenship]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Roman empire]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Roman law]]&lt;br /&gt;
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of &amp;quot;justice&amp;quot; - rule by principle and not by whim&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Roman military]]&lt;br /&gt;
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Roman republic]] &lt;br /&gt;
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States.  The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Roman senate&lt;br /&gt;
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanesque&lt;br /&gt;
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rome]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rosetta Stone]] &lt;br /&gt;
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Royal Road]] &lt;br /&gt;
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[samurai]] &lt;br /&gt;
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Saul]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Satraps]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the &amp;quot;King's Eyes and Ears&amp;quot; soldiers to prevent rebellions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[scholasticism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[scientific revolution]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Second Punic War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (200-100 BC)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Shang Dynasty]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Shiite Muslims]]&lt;br /&gt;
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Shinto]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from a godlike &amp;quot;sun kami&amp;quot;; Shinto is sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|[[shogun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silk Road]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sir Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Discovered the explained the force of gravity. Many say he was the second most influential man after Jesus Christ. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Socrates]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Socratic method]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Solomon]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Solon of Athens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should &amp;quot;keep everything with moderation&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sparta]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Spread of Buddhism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Augustine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sumer]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sunni Muslims]]&lt;br /&gt;
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sumerians]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Taijitu]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also called &amp;quot;Yin and Yang,&amp;quot; this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ten Commandments]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Theocracy]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Aquinas]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Punic War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thucydides]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toltecs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tragedy]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending.  Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Troy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tutankhamen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;King Tut&amp;quot;: a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Twelve Tables]]&lt;br /&gt;
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as &amp;quot;If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Vassals]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Vedas]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Holy books of Hinduism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Virgil]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet &amp;amp; philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''.  Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Vishnu]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Supreme god of Hinduism &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Visigoths]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) Leading philosopher in the Enlightenment, advocating freedom and emphasizing his form of reason, written in &amp;quot;The Candide&amp;quot;; his ideas later formed the basis of the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Vulgate]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Warring States Period]] &lt;br /&gt;
|475-221 BC: war period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Wheel]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yahweh]] &lt;br /&gt;
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yangtze River]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yellow River]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and &amp;quot;the cradle of Chinese civilization,&amp;quot; it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Zeus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)&lt;br /&gt;
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher.  This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age after 600 BC.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ziggurat]] &lt;br /&gt;
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia.  The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Zoroastrianism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians. &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Description&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Aeneas]]&lt;br /&gt;
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Aeschylus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Metal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Pericles]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the &amp;quot;golden age&amp;quot; of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ahuramazda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Akkadian Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Alluvial]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|archons&lt;br /&gt;
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Aristophanes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ark of the Covenant]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Aryans]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ashoka]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Assembly of Centuries&lt;br /&gt;
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Assembly of Tribes&lt;br /&gt;
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ashoka]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Aztecs&lt;br /&gt;
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bantu]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Barracks Emperors]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Marathon]] &lt;br /&gt;
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Battle of Chalons&lt;br /&gt;
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bhagavad Gita]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Breda]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Caligula]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Canaan]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Catal Huyuk]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the &amp;quot;Reconquest&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cato the Censor]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Champollion, Jean]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christian Catacombs]]	&lt;br /&gt;
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cicero]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cincinnatus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Claudius]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cleopatra]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Confucianism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitutional monarchy]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[consul]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman republic.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Copts]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Covenant]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An oath or promise. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cynicism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cyrus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Darius]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Delian League]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as &amp;quot;Philippics&amp;quot;. He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Diadochi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi (&amp;quot;successors&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Diocletian]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Donatello]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1386-1466) He lived during the Renaissance and was a sculptor and painter. He created a statue of &amp;quot;David&amp;quot; made out of bronze, and sculpted a famous statue of St. George.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dorians]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Draco&lt;br /&gt;
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term &amp;quot;draconian&amp;quot; today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dravidians]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Empress Lu]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Epicureanism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Etruscans]] &lt;br /&gt;
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Euripides]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Exodus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ezana]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from AD 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Five Good Emperors]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to  180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[foraging society]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Four Emperors Era]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franks]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gaul]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Golden mean]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Canal]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hadrian]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The third of the &amp;quot;Five Good Emperors&amp;quot; of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from AD 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous &amp;quot;Walls of Hadrian,&amp;quot; and he effectively &amp;quot;Hellenized&amp;quot; Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Han empire]] &lt;br /&gt;
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Harappa]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hatshepsut]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hellenistic culture]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[heliocentric]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Recognizing that the Sun (&amp;quot;helio&amp;quot; is Greek for &amp;quot;sun&amp;quot;), and not Earth, is the center of solar system. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Helot]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Herodotus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the &amp;quot;father of history&amp;quot;. His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiram]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Phoenician king of Tyre. Ruled from 980-947 B.C. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hittites]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Horace]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[humanism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hundred Years' War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1337-1453) This war was fought between France and England. It lasted for 116 years. It started when the English king Edward III tried to take the French throne because France lacked a successor to the late Capetian king.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hyksos]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ides (of March)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Invisible Hand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|If government allows free enterprise to flourish on its own, without interference by government, then an “invisible hand” harnesses the power of self-interest for the overall good of society. Companies are guided by this “invisible hand” to work in a way that is beneficial to others, and the overall wealth and progress of society will increase.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Imperator]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Iron Smelting]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Iliad]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Incas&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Indo-European]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jericho]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Josephus]] &lt;br /&gt;
| Flavius Josephus AD 37-101 Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Judaism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Kami]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people.  Shrines are often built to Kami.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Kassites]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Kautilya]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Arthoshastra&amp;quot; on maintaining political power.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Khmer Empire]] &lt;br /&gt;
|This empire peaked in A.D. 1200 in modern Cambodia, thriving on rice production and trade with China and India. The Khmer empire built the Angkor Wat, a temple dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu with mixed Southeast Asian and Indian art.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Khufu]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Khyber Pass]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Kush]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Larger Vehicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Last Roman Emperor]] &lt;br /&gt;
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of AD 475 to September of AD 476&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|legalism&lt;br /&gt;
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Legions]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Leonardo da Vinci]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1452-1519) Leonardo da Vinci was considered a “Renaissance man.” He was a painter, a scientist, a mathematician and many more. He created one of the best paintings in the world, The Mona Lisa. He was said to have draw up designs for flying machines and armored tanks. When he wrote he wrote backwards so that you would have to look in a mirror to read it.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lesser Vehicle]] &lt;br /&gt;
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Livy]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Roman historian (59 BC - 17 AD) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Loess]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A type of soil derived form glacial deposits consisting of fine yellow silt that is extremely crumbly. The silt from Loess Plateau of north-west China, carried along by the Yellow River, has given that river its distinctive name.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Magadha]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mahayana]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the later of the two great schools of Buddhism, chiefly in China, Tibet, and Japan, characterized by eclecticism and a general belief in a common search for salvation, sometimes thought to be attainable through faith alone.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manichaeism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A belief system teaching that there exists two separate, opposite and equally ultimate Principles: the Light and the Darkness. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marathon]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marcus Aurelius]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marius]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Roman general and consul: opponent of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Masada]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a mountaintop fortress in East Israel on the South West shore of the Dead Sea: site of Zealots' last stand against the Romans during revolt of AD 66–73.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Menes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Meroe]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a ruined city in Sudan, on the Nile, NE of Khartoum: a capital of ancient Ethiopia that was destroyed AD c350. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mesolithic Age]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Minoan Civilization]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A civilization that flourished on the island of Crete from around the 27th century B.C., to the 15th century B.C. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Moche&lt;br /&gt;
|A South American civilization that existed in northern Peru from AD 100-800  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Moksha]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Means liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth in the Hindu religion. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monsoons]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the &amp;quot;southwest monsoon&amp;quot; occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mount Sinai]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.” &lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]] &lt;br /&gt;
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called &amp;quot;Judah.&amp;quot; He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neolithic Age]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = &amp;quot;new&amp;quot;, lithic = &amp;quot;of/like stone&amp;quot;), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nero]] &lt;br /&gt;
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nerva]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nile River]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nineveh]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nok culture]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Octavian]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 BC - AD 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Odyssey]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Olmec]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|oracle bone&lt;br /&gt;
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Origen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|was an early Christian philosopher, who lived in the East, and especially in Alexandria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ostrogoths]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ovid]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 BC to 17 AD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Paleolithic Age]] &lt;br /&gt;
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[papyrus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|pariah&lt;br /&gt;
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Parthenon]] &lt;br /&gt;
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[patricians]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pericles&lt;br /&gt;
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: &amp;quot;Government in the hands of the many, not of the few,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Peru]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Petra]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 AD when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone  and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[phalanx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Philippides]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Philo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(20 BC - 50 AD) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[pictograph]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pisistratids]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[plebian]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Plutarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(46 to 127 AD.)Was a Greek historian, philosopher, biographer, and priest.  &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[praetors]] &lt;br /&gt;
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Poseidon]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses; known as the &amp;quot;Earth Shaker&amp;quot;. He is a son of Cronus and Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In classical artwork, he was depicted as a mature man of sturdy build with a dark beard, and holding a trident.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prehistory]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Before 3400 B.C. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|purdah&lt;br /&gt;
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pythagorus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side.  His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ramayana]] &lt;br /&gt;
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ramses II]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Raphael]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1482-1520) Raphael was contemporary to the Renaissance. He was a skilled painter who is known for his artwork in churches and for his private clients. He inspired Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rembrandt]]&lt;br /&gt;
| A Dutch painter who lived from AD 1606-1669&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rig Veda]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization. (AD 220-280) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Romulus and Remus]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[rule of tyrants]] &lt;br /&gt;
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens.  One was &amp;quot;Draco&amp;quot;, who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Saint Patrick]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s AD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sanctuary]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Medieval right of criminals on the run to enter churches and be untouchable by authorities.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sargon the Great]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Satrap]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Saxons]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]] &lt;br /&gt;
|German archeologist who was an excavator of Troy. His work supported the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflected real historical events. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Scipio]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(236 BC -183 BC) Was the Roman General during the Second Punic War who brought about the final defeat of Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Seneca]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Shang dynasty]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Shang Yang]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Shi]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Shiva]] &lt;br /&gt;
|In Hinduism, Shiva &amp;quot;the Destroyer&amp;quot; is the third member of the Trimurti, or the &amp;quot;Hindu triad&amp;quot;, along with Brahma &amp;quot;the Creator&amp;quot; and Vishnu &amp;quot;the Preserver&amp;quot;.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Slavs]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Slavic people who settled the Steppe and cultivated the soil in AD 100. They lived in tribes and villages and were vulnerable to nomadic fighters like the Huns. They established a trade city known as Kiev which exists to this day.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Song Dynasty]] &lt;br /&gt;
|About 50 years after the fall of the Tang dynasty, the Song dynasty united China again under centralized rule. This dynasty governed for about 300 years, from A.D. 960 to 1279. It emphasized education even more than the Tang dynasty did. Art and literature thrived. Paper money was invented during the Song dynasty.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Solon]] &lt;br /&gt;
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sophocles]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Steppes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[stirrup]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stoicism]] &lt;br /&gt;
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stone age]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stupa]] &lt;br /&gt;
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sui Dynasty]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Sui dynasty established centralized rule in China in A.D. 589 for the first time since the Han dynasty in A.D. 220. In other words, China went without a centralized government for over 300 years, from 220 to the establishment of the Sui Dynasty in 589.The Sui dynasty ruled for only a very brief period of 29 years, until A.D. 618. But in that brief period of time it accomplished something magnificent: it built the Grand Canal to connect northern and southern China. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sulla]] &lt;br /&gt;
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sunna&lt;br /&gt;
|d &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Sumuabum]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was an Amorite king who established a Babylonian Kingdom in 1894 BC.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Suttee]]&lt;br /&gt;
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tacitus]] &lt;br /&gt;
| (AD 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Taj Mahal]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tang Dynasty]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The Tang dynasty ruled for nearly 300 years, from A.D. 618 to 907. This is known as the golden age of art and poetry in China. New territories were acquired, including Manchuria, Tibet, Korea and northern Vietnam.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Teotihuacan&lt;br /&gt;
|Known as &amp;quot;City of the gods,&amp;quot; Teotihuacan (AD 100-900) was perhaps the most powerful and largest city-state in Mesoamerica. They worshiped many gods and lived in barrios (suburbs or ghettos) around the city.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[terra cotta]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Terracotta army&lt;br /&gt;
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thales]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thales of Melitus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Theravada]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thirty Years' War]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thutmos III]] &lt;br /&gt;
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tiber River]] &lt;br /&gt;
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tiberius]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from AD 14-37&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Titus and Domitian]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from AD 79–81; Domitian ruled from AD 81-96.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Toltecs&lt;br /&gt;
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Torah]] &lt;br /&gt;
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Trajan]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tribal Assembly]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians &amp;amp; patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Triumvirate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus (&amp;quot;Pompey the Great&amp;quot;) and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Untouchables]] &lt;br /&gt;
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is &amp;quot;Dalits.&amp;quot; Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Upanishads]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ur]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Vandals]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in AD 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Vergil]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology &amp;quot;The Aeneid.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Vespasian]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Roman Emperor (AD 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the AD 60s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Shakespeare]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1616) William Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the history of the world. He has developed many famous plays such as the &amp;quot;Merchant of Venice&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;a Midsummer Night's Dream&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;Macbeth&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Xenephos]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Xenophon]] &lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work &amp;quot;The Anabasis.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Xerxes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Zealots]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Zeno]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide from 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014119</id>
		<title>Matthew Perry</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014119"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T05:27:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Matthew Calbraith Perry''' was a U.S. naval officer who headed an expedition to [[Japan]] in 1853–54 after several unarmed U.S. merchant ships being attacked by Japanese on their way to there for trading (Shogunal order that any approching Western ships , apart from Dutch ones, should be fired upon.).He successfully made Shogun (their rulers) agree to  entered into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. Through his efforts the United States became an equal power with Britain, France, and Russia in the economic exploitation of East Asia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perry, Matthew}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014115</id>
		<title>Matthew Perry</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014115"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T05:17:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Matthew Calbraith Perry''' was a U.S. naval officer who headed an expedition to [[Japan]] in 1853–54 after several unarmed U.S. merchant ships being attacked by Japanese on their way to trade with Japan.He successfully made Shogun (their rulers) agree to  entered into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. Through his efforts the United States became an equal power with Britain, France, and Russia in the economic exploitation of East Asia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perry, Matthew}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014113</id>
		<title>Matthew Perry</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014113"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T05:12:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Matthew Calbraith Perry''' was a U.S. naval officer who headed an expedition to [[Japan]] in 1853–54 after several unarmed U.S. merchant ships being attacked by Japanese on their way to trade with Japan.He successfully made Shogun (their rulers) agreed to  entered into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. Through his efforts the United States became an equal power with Britain, France, and Russia in the economic exploitation of East Asia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perry, Matthew}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014112</id>
		<title>Matthew Perry</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014112"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T05:10:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Matthew Calbraith Perry''' was a U.S. naval officer who headed an expedition to [[Japan]] in 1853–54 after several unarmed U.S. merchant ships being attacked by Japanese on their way to trade with Japan.He successfully made Shogun(their rulers)agreed to  entered into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. Through his efforts the United States became an equal power with Britain, France, and Russia in the economic exploitation of East Asia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perry, Matthew}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014111</id>
		<title>Matthew Perry</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014111"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T05:09:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Image:Commodore Matthew Perry Statue in Touro Park, Newport, RI.JPG|right|thumb|upright|200px|Perry's Statue in Touro Park]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Matthew Calbraith Perry''' was a U.S. naval officer who headed an expedition to [[Japan]] in 1853–54 after several unarmed U.S. merchant ships being attacked by Japanese on their way to trade with Japan.He successfully made Shogun(their rulers)agreed to  entered into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. Through his efforts the United States became an equal power with Britain, France, and Russia in the economic exploitation of East Asia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perry, Matthew}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014103</id>
		<title>Matthew Perry</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Matthew_Perry&amp;diff=1014103"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T05:04:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;[[Information |Description=Statue of Commodore Matthew Perry in Touro Park on Bellevue Avenue in Newport, RI |Source=self-made |Date=2008-05-24 |Author= Ahodges7 |Permission= |other_versions= ]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Matthew Calbraith Perry''' was a U.S. naval officer who headed an expedition to [[Japan]] in 1853–54 after several unarmed U.S. merchant ships being attacked by Japanese on their way to trade with Japan.He successfully made Shogun(their rulers)agreed to  entered into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. Through his efforts the United States became an equal power with Britain, France, and Russia in the economic exploitation of East Asia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perry, Matthew}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Military Commanders]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014094</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide from 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014094"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T03:56:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Honors terms */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Christian population &lt;br /&gt;
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Reconquista&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Siege of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Forbidden City]]&lt;br /&gt;
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|slave trade&lt;br /&gt;
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Henry VIII&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rene Descartes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Thirty Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Westphalia &lt;br /&gt;
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nation-state]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prince Henry the Navigator&lt;br /&gt;
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bartholomew Diaz&lt;br /&gt;
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christopher Columbus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the &amp;quot;New World&amp;quot; by reaching the Caribbean&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Columbian Exchange]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Tordesillas&lt;br /&gt;
|1494: established an 1100-mile long &amp;quot;Line of Demarcation,&amp;quot; giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Line of Demarcation&lt;br /&gt;
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vasco da Gama &lt;br /&gt;
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Cabot]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jacques Cartier&lt;br /&gt;
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferdinand Magellan&lt;br /&gt;
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Results of Magellan's voyage&lt;br /&gt;
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Francisco Pizzaro&lt;br /&gt;
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|El Greco &lt;br /&gt;
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Diego Velázquez &lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Miguel de Cervantes&lt;br /&gt;
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|divine right of kings&lt;br /&gt;
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William of Orange&lt;br /&gt;
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|mercantilism&lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Queen Elizabeth &lt;br /&gt;
|(1558-1603) was known as the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[James Stuart]]&lt;br /&gt;
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Oliver Cromwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Prynne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jamestown settlement&lt;br /&gt;
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King James Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Glorious Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William and Mary&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ivan IV “the Terrible” &lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Romanov&lt;br /&gt;
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Peter the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Maria Theresa &lt;br /&gt;
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Frederick the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|War of the Austrian Succession &lt;br /&gt;
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French &amp;amp; Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt (&amp;quot;Pittsburgh&amp;quot; is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|American Revolution &lt;br /&gt;
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Washington&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  Leibniz invented the curly &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\int_a^b f(x)dx&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Blackstone&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu &lt;br /&gt;
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Denis Diderot &lt;br /&gt;
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Jacques Rousseau&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XIV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[capitalism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the &amp;quot;Scientific Revolution&amp;quot; with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life (&amp;quot;On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Galileo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book (&amp;quot;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican,&amp;quot; published in 1632)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rasputin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)&lt;br /&gt;
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV &amp;quot;The Terrible.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Fulton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[balance of power]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitution of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Hume]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote &amp;quot;A Treatise on Human Nature&amp;quot; and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Independence &lt;br /&gt;
|(1776) an American statement of &amp;quot;inalienable&amp;quot; (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Edmund Burke&lt;br /&gt;
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase &amp;quot;salutary neglect&amp;quot; to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Federalist Papers &lt;br /&gt;
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Immanuel Kant &lt;br /&gt;
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book &amp;quot;A Critique of Pure Reason&amp;quot; criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|James Clerk Maxwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the &amp;quot;maxwell&amp;quot;, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Johann Sebastian Bach&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the &amp;quot;Passion according to St. Matthew&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis Pasteur&lt;br /&gt;
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Matthew Perry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|steamboat&lt;br /&gt;
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Economies of scale&lt;br /&gt;
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Enclosure movement&lt;br /&gt;
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Adam Smith&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the &amp;quot;invisible hand&amp;quot; of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the &amp;quot;Wealth of Nations&amp;quot; (1776)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Ricardo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Victor Hugo&lt;br /&gt;
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bastille Day]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XVI]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marie Antoinette]]&lt;br /&gt;
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, &amp;quot;Let them eat cake!&amp;quot; upon hearing of the shortage of bread &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reign of Terror]]&lt;br /&gt;
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]&lt;br /&gt;
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression &amp;quot;someone's Waterloo&amp;quot; refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Congress of Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Concert of Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon III]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the &amp;quot;Iron Chancellor,&amp;quot; he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|First French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Second French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the combination of &amp;quot;Great Britain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Northern Ireland,&amp;quot; which is part of the island of Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Luddites]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|France&lt;br /&gt;
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prussia&lt;br /&gt;
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''The Communist Manifesto''&lt;br /&gt;
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sun Yixian&lt;br /&gt;
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Virginia Declaration of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[utilitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall &amp;quot;utility&amp;quot; (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Stuart Mill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Handel&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Haydn&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mozart&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanticism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Neoclassicism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Karl Marx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Friedrich Engels]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|classical economics&lt;br /&gt;
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[realpolitik]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[laissez-faire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, &amp;quot;let to do&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Giuseppe Mazzini&lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Leopold II&lt;br /&gt;
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Darwin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of &amp;quot;natural selection,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;survival of the fittest&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like &amp;quot;Scrooge&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Livingstone]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Dual Alliance &lt;br /&gt;
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|impressionism &lt;br /&gt;
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”.  Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|musical impressionism&lt;br /&gt;
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zulus&lt;br /&gt;
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kaiser Wilhelm II &lt;br /&gt;
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[imperialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Alliance&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Entente&lt;br /&gt;
|(1907) from the French for &amp;quot;good-will&amp;quot;, Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined.  Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Central Powers]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allies]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Axis]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Schlieffen Plan&lt;br /&gt;
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Entrenchment&lt;br /&gt;
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Battle of Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[U-boat]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lusitania]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Better known as the &amp;quot;Red Baron,&amp;quot; this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Versailles &lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk&lt;br /&gt;
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bolsheviks&lt;br /&gt;
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Expressionism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Depression]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Il Duce]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The Leader.&amp;quot; Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nazi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fascism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II.  In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mussolini]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enigma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War I]] (WWI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War II]] (WWII)&lt;br /&gt;
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;FDR&amp;quot; was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German for &amp;quot;lightning war,&amp;quot; high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joseph Stalin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manhattan Project]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|D-Day&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Patton&lt;br /&gt;
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Big Bang]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niels Bohr]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Albert Einstein]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Easter Rising &lt;br /&gt;
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Irish Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Northern Ireland &lt;br /&gt;
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[jazz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|globalism&lt;br /&gt;
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|free trade&lt;br /&gt;
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GATT&lt;br /&gt;
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|World Trade Organization&lt;br /&gt;
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NAFTA&lt;br /&gt;
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|consumerism&lt;br /&gt;
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cold War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korean War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries&lt;br /&gt;
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Berlin Wall&lt;br /&gt;
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|domino effect&lt;br /&gt;
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too.  This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ho Chi Minh &lt;br /&gt;
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietcong&lt;br /&gt;
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Henry Kissinger&lt;br /&gt;
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pol Pot &lt;br /&gt;
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zionism&lt;br /&gt;
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Balfour Declaration&lt;br /&gt;
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|David Ben-Gurion&lt;br /&gt;
|1948: first prime minister of Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Arab-Israeli wars&lt;br /&gt;
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|Six-Day War&lt;br /&gt;
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anwar Sadat &lt;br /&gt;
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yom Kippur War&lt;br /&gt;
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur.  After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Camp David Accords&lt;br /&gt;
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yasser Arafat&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|intifada&lt;br /&gt;
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;br /&gt;
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Gorbachev&lt;br /&gt;
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Commonwealth of Independent States&lt;br /&gt;
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chechnya&lt;br /&gt;
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|John Paul II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lech Walesa&lt;br /&gt;
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|East Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] &amp;quot;self-determination&amp;quot; principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romania&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nicolae Ceausescu&lt;br /&gt;
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kosovo War&lt;br /&gt;
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chairman Mao Zedong&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the &amp;quot;Cultural Revolution&amp;quot; to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Tiananmen Square&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hong Kong&lt;br /&gt;
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9-11&lt;br /&gt;
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Modern Era &lt;br /&gt;
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[British Royal Air Force]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also nicknamed the &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;, this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher&lt;br /&gt;
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dunkirk]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the &amp;quot;miracle of Dunkirk.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|  A rebel leader who collaborated with Muslims against U.S. and U.S. citizens in Philippine during 1899-1902, and later collaborated with Japanese against U.S. in world war two. They commited massive atrocities and their methods are extremely savage and brutal.    &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Endlosung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called &amp;quot;concentration camps.&amp;quot; The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's &amp;quot;Final Solution.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-    &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Guillotine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franz Kafka]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915). &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[National Security Agency]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manchuria]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Standing army]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Automobile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Henry Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Adolf Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[opium]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Little Boy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot; was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[M1 Garand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cotton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[slavery]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|factors of production&lt;br /&gt;
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corsica&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Guy Fawkes&lt;br /&gt;
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gregor Mendel&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the &amp;quot;Oedipus Complex&amp;quot; which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Columbian Exchange&lt;br /&gt;
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Malthus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communist League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Owen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the &amp;quot;Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Fourier]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Helena]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|encomiendas&lt;br /&gt;
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|repartimientos&lt;br /&gt;
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|locomotive&lt;br /&gt;
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Andreas Vesalius&lt;br /&gt;
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Harvey&lt;br /&gt;
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Francis Bacon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marian Rejewski]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|other free trade agreements in the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|McDonaldization&lt;br /&gt;
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty &lt;br /&gt;
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Orleans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fat Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enola Gay]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot;, the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Heil Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Swastika]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ultra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ngo Dinh Diem&lt;br /&gt;
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnamization&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Four Tigers&lt;br /&gt;
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deng Xiaoping&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jiang Zemin&lt;br /&gt;
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bloody Sunday&lt;br /&gt;
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[President Truman]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiroshima]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Doctor who because of his belief of &amp;quot;survival of the fittest,&amp;quot; performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Leap Forward]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yalta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[European Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of [[Stalingrad]] and [[Kursk]], led to the defeat of Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide to 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014092</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide from 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014092"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T03:56:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Honors terms */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Christian population &lt;br /&gt;
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Reconquista&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Siege of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Forbidden City]]&lt;br /&gt;
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|slave trade&lt;br /&gt;
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Henry VIII&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rene Descartes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Thirty Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Westphalia &lt;br /&gt;
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nation-state]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prince Henry the Navigator&lt;br /&gt;
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bartholomew Diaz&lt;br /&gt;
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christopher Columbus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the &amp;quot;New World&amp;quot; by reaching the Caribbean&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Columbian Exchange]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Tordesillas&lt;br /&gt;
|1494: established an 1100-mile long &amp;quot;Line of Demarcation,&amp;quot; giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Line of Demarcation&lt;br /&gt;
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vasco da Gama &lt;br /&gt;
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Cabot]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jacques Cartier&lt;br /&gt;
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferdinand Magellan&lt;br /&gt;
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Results of Magellan's voyage&lt;br /&gt;
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Francisco Pizzaro&lt;br /&gt;
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|El Greco &lt;br /&gt;
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Diego Velázquez &lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Miguel de Cervantes&lt;br /&gt;
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|divine right of kings&lt;br /&gt;
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William of Orange&lt;br /&gt;
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|mercantilism&lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Queen Elizabeth &lt;br /&gt;
|(1558-1603) was known as the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[James Stuart]]&lt;br /&gt;
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Oliver Cromwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Prynne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jamestown settlement&lt;br /&gt;
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King James Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Glorious Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William and Mary&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ivan IV “the Terrible” &lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Romanov&lt;br /&gt;
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Peter the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Maria Theresa &lt;br /&gt;
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Frederick the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|War of the Austrian Succession &lt;br /&gt;
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French &amp;amp; Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt (&amp;quot;Pittsburgh&amp;quot; is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|American Revolution &lt;br /&gt;
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Washington&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  Leibniz invented the curly &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\int_a^b f(x)dx&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Blackstone&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu &lt;br /&gt;
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Denis Diderot &lt;br /&gt;
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Jacques Rousseau&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XIV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[capitalism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the &amp;quot;Scientific Revolution&amp;quot; with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life (&amp;quot;On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Galileo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book (&amp;quot;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican,&amp;quot; published in 1632)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rasputin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)&lt;br /&gt;
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV &amp;quot;The Terrible.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Fulton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[balance of power]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitution of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Hume]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote &amp;quot;A Treatise on Human Nature&amp;quot; and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Independence &lt;br /&gt;
|(1776) an American statement of &amp;quot;inalienable&amp;quot; (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Edmund Burke&lt;br /&gt;
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase &amp;quot;salutary neglect&amp;quot; to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Federalist Papers &lt;br /&gt;
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Immanuel Kant &lt;br /&gt;
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book &amp;quot;A Critique of Pure Reason&amp;quot; criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|James Clerk Maxwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the &amp;quot;maxwell&amp;quot;, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Johann Sebastian Bach&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the &amp;quot;Passion according to St. Matthew&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis Pasteur&lt;br /&gt;
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Matthew Perry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|steamboat&lt;br /&gt;
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Economies of scale&lt;br /&gt;
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Enclosure movement&lt;br /&gt;
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Adam Smith&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the &amp;quot;invisible hand&amp;quot; of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the &amp;quot;Wealth of Nations&amp;quot; (1776)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Ricardo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Victor Hugo&lt;br /&gt;
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bastille Day]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XVI]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marie Antoinette]]&lt;br /&gt;
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, &amp;quot;Let them eat cake!&amp;quot; upon hearing of the shortage of bread &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reign of Terror]]&lt;br /&gt;
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]&lt;br /&gt;
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression &amp;quot;someone's Waterloo&amp;quot; refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Congress of Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Concert of Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon III]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the &amp;quot;Iron Chancellor,&amp;quot; he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|First French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Second French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the combination of &amp;quot;Great Britain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Northern Ireland,&amp;quot; which is part of the island of Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Luddites]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|France&lt;br /&gt;
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prussia&lt;br /&gt;
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''The Communist Manifesto''&lt;br /&gt;
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sun Yixian&lt;br /&gt;
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Virginia Declaration of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[utilitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall &amp;quot;utility&amp;quot; (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Stuart Mill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Handel&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Haydn&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mozart&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanticism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Neoclassicism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Karl Marx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Friedrich Engels]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|classical economics&lt;br /&gt;
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[realpolitik]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[laissez-faire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, &amp;quot;let to do&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Giuseppe Mazzini&lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Leopold II&lt;br /&gt;
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Darwin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of &amp;quot;natural selection,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;survival of the fittest&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like &amp;quot;Scrooge&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Livingstone]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Dual Alliance &lt;br /&gt;
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|impressionism &lt;br /&gt;
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”.  Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|musical impressionism&lt;br /&gt;
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zulus&lt;br /&gt;
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kaiser Wilhelm II &lt;br /&gt;
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[imperialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Alliance&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Entente&lt;br /&gt;
|(1907) from the French for &amp;quot;good-will&amp;quot;, Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined.  Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Central Powers]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allies]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Axis]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Schlieffen Plan&lt;br /&gt;
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Entrenchment&lt;br /&gt;
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Battle of Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[U-boat]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lusitania]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Better known as the &amp;quot;Red Baron,&amp;quot; this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Versailles &lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk&lt;br /&gt;
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bolsheviks&lt;br /&gt;
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Expressionism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Depression]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Il Duce]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The Leader.&amp;quot; Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nazi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fascism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II.  In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mussolini]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enigma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War I]] (WWI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War II]] (WWII)&lt;br /&gt;
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;FDR&amp;quot; was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German for &amp;quot;lightning war,&amp;quot; high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joseph Stalin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manhattan Project]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|D-Day&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Patton&lt;br /&gt;
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Big Bang]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niels Bohr]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Albert Einstein]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Easter Rising &lt;br /&gt;
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Irish Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Northern Ireland &lt;br /&gt;
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[jazz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|globalism&lt;br /&gt;
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|free trade&lt;br /&gt;
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GATT&lt;br /&gt;
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|World Trade Organization&lt;br /&gt;
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NAFTA&lt;br /&gt;
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|consumerism&lt;br /&gt;
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cold War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korean War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries&lt;br /&gt;
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Berlin Wall&lt;br /&gt;
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|domino effect&lt;br /&gt;
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too.  This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ho Chi Minh &lt;br /&gt;
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietcong&lt;br /&gt;
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Henry Kissinger&lt;br /&gt;
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pol Pot &lt;br /&gt;
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zionism&lt;br /&gt;
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Balfour Declaration&lt;br /&gt;
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|David Ben-Gurion&lt;br /&gt;
|1948: first prime minister of Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Arab-Israeli wars&lt;br /&gt;
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|Six-Day War&lt;br /&gt;
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anwar Sadat &lt;br /&gt;
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yom Kippur War&lt;br /&gt;
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur.  After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Camp David Accords&lt;br /&gt;
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yasser Arafat&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|intifada&lt;br /&gt;
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;br /&gt;
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Gorbachev&lt;br /&gt;
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Commonwealth of Independent States&lt;br /&gt;
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chechnya&lt;br /&gt;
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|John Paul II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lech Walesa&lt;br /&gt;
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|East Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] &amp;quot;self-determination&amp;quot; principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romania&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nicolae Ceausescu&lt;br /&gt;
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kosovo War&lt;br /&gt;
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chairman Mao Zedong&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the &amp;quot;Cultural Revolution&amp;quot; to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Tiananmen Square&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hong Kong&lt;br /&gt;
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9-11&lt;br /&gt;
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Modern Era &lt;br /&gt;
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[British Royal Air Force]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also nicknamed the &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;, this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher&lt;br /&gt;
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dunkirk]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the &amp;quot;miracle of Dunkirk.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|  A rebel leader who collaborated with Muslims against U.S. and U.S. citizens and in Philippine during 1899-1902, and later collaborated with Japanese against U.S. in world war two. They commited massive atrocities and their methods are extremely savage and brutal.    &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Endlosung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called &amp;quot;concentration camps.&amp;quot; The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's &amp;quot;Final Solution.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-    &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Guillotine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franz Kafka]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915). &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[National Security Agency]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manchuria]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Standing army]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Automobile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Henry Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Adolf Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[opium]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Little Boy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot; was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[M1 Garand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cotton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[slavery]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|factors of production&lt;br /&gt;
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corsica&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Guy Fawkes&lt;br /&gt;
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gregor Mendel&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the &amp;quot;Oedipus Complex&amp;quot; which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Columbian Exchange&lt;br /&gt;
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Malthus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communist League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Owen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the &amp;quot;Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Fourier]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Helena]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|encomiendas&lt;br /&gt;
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|repartimientos&lt;br /&gt;
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|locomotive&lt;br /&gt;
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Andreas Vesalius&lt;br /&gt;
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Harvey&lt;br /&gt;
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Francis Bacon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marian Rejewski]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|other free trade agreements in the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|McDonaldization&lt;br /&gt;
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty &lt;br /&gt;
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Orleans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fat Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enola Gay]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot;, the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Heil Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Swastika]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ultra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ngo Dinh Diem&lt;br /&gt;
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnamization&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Four Tigers&lt;br /&gt;
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deng Xiaoping&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jiang Zemin&lt;br /&gt;
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bloody Sunday&lt;br /&gt;
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[President Truman]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiroshima]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Doctor who because of his belief of &amp;quot;survival of the fittest,&amp;quot; performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Leap Forward]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yalta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[European Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of [[Stalingrad]] and [[Kursk]], led to the defeat of Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide to 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014091</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide from 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014091"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T03:55:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Honors terms */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Christian population &lt;br /&gt;
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Reconquista&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Siege of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Forbidden City]]&lt;br /&gt;
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|slave trade&lt;br /&gt;
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Henry VIII&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rene Descartes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Thirty Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Westphalia &lt;br /&gt;
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nation-state]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prince Henry the Navigator&lt;br /&gt;
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bartholomew Diaz&lt;br /&gt;
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christopher Columbus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the &amp;quot;New World&amp;quot; by reaching the Caribbean&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Columbian Exchange]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Tordesillas&lt;br /&gt;
|1494: established an 1100-mile long &amp;quot;Line of Demarcation,&amp;quot; giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Line of Demarcation&lt;br /&gt;
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vasco da Gama &lt;br /&gt;
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Cabot]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jacques Cartier&lt;br /&gt;
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferdinand Magellan&lt;br /&gt;
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Results of Magellan's voyage&lt;br /&gt;
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Francisco Pizzaro&lt;br /&gt;
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|El Greco &lt;br /&gt;
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Diego Velázquez &lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Miguel de Cervantes&lt;br /&gt;
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|divine right of kings&lt;br /&gt;
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William of Orange&lt;br /&gt;
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|mercantilism&lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Queen Elizabeth &lt;br /&gt;
|(1558-1603) was known as the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[James Stuart]]&lt;br /&gt;
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Oliver Cromwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Prynne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jamestown settlement&lt;br /&gt;
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King James Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Glorious Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William and Mary&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ivan IV “the Terrible” &lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Romanov&lt;br /&gt;
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Peter the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Maria Theresa &lt;br /&gt;
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Frederick the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|War of the Austrian Succession &lt;br /&gt;
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French &amp;amp; Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt (&amp;quot;Pittsburgh&amp;quot; is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|American Revolution &lt;br /&gt;
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Washington&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  Leibniz invented the curly &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\int_a^b f(x)dx&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Blackstone&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu &lt;br /&gt;
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Denis Diderot &lt;br /&gt;
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Jacques Rousseau&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XIV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[capitalism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the &amp;quot;Scientific Revolution&amp;quot; with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life (&amp;quot;On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Galileo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book (&amp;quot;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican,&amp;quot; published in 1632)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rasputin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)&lt;br /&gt;
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV &amp;quot;The Terrible.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Fulton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[balance of power]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitution of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Hume]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote &amp;quot;A Treatise on Human Nature&amp;quot; and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Independence &lt;br /&gt;
|(1776) an American statement of &amp;quot;inalienable&amp;quot; (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Edmund Burke&lt;br /&gt;
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase &amp;quot;salutary neglect&amp;quot; to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Federalist Papers &lt;br /&gt;
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Immanuel Kant &lt;br /&gt;
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book &amp;quot;A Critique of Pure Reason&amp;quot; criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|James Clerk Maxwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the &amp;quot;maxwell&amp;quot;, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Johann Sebastian Bach&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the &amp;quot;Passion according to St. Matthew&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis Pasteur&lt;br /&gt;
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Matthew Perry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|steamboat&lt;br /&gt;
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Economies of scale&lt;br /&gt;
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Enclosure movement&lt;br /&gt;
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Adam Smith&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the &amp;quot;invisible hand&amp;quot; of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the &amp;quot;Wealth of Nations&amp;quot; (1776)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Ricardo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Victor Hugo&lt;br /&gt;
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bastille Day]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XVI]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marie Antoinette]]&lt;br /&gt;
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, &amp;quot;Let them eat cake!&amp;quot; upon hearing of the shortage of bread &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reign of Terror]]&lt;br /&gt;
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]&lt;br /&gt;
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression &amp;quot;someone's Waterloo&amp;quot; refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Congress of Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Concert of Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon III]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the &amp;quot;Iron Chancellor,&amp;quot; he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|First French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Second French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the combination of &amp;quot;Great Britain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Northern Ireland,&amp;quot; which is part of the island of Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Luddites]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|France&lt;br /&gt;
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prussia&lt;br /&gt;
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''The Communist Manifesto''&lt;br /&gt;
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sun Yixian&lt;br /&gt;
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Virginia Declaration of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[utilitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall &amp;quot;utility&amp;quot; (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Stuart Mill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Handel&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Haydn&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mozart&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanticism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Neoclassicism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Karl Marx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Friedrich Engels]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|classical economics&lt;br /&gt;
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[realpolitik]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[laissez-faire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, &amp;quot;let to do&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Giuseppe Mazzini&lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Leopold II&lt;br /&gt;
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Darwin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of &amp;quot;natural selection,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;survival of the fittest&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like &amp;quot;Scrooge&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Livingstone]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Dual Alliance &lt;br /&gt;
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|impressionism &lt;br /&gt;
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”.  Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|musical impressionism&lt;br /&gt;
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zulus&lt;br /&gt;
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kaiser Wilhelm II &lt;br /&gt;
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[imperialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Alliance&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Entente&lt;br /&gt;
|(1907) from the French for &amp;quot;good-will&amp;quot;, Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined.  Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Central Powers]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allies]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Axis]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Schlieffen Plan&lt;br /&gt;
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Entrenchment&lt;br /&gt;
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Battle of Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[U-boat]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lusitania]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Better known as the &amp;quot;Red Baron,&amp;quot; this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Versailles &lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk&lt;br /&gt;
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bolsheviks&lt;br /&gt;
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Expressionism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Depression]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Il Duce]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The Leader.&amp;quot; Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nazi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fascism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II.  In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mussolini]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enigma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War I]] (WWI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War II]] (WWII)&lt;br /&gt;
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;FDR&amp;quot; was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German for &amp;quot;lightning war,&amp;quot; high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joseph Stalin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manhattan Project]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|D-Day&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Patton&lt;br /&gt;
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Big Bang]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niels Bohr]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Albert Einstein]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Easter Rising &lt;br /&gt;
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Irish Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Northern Ireland &lt;br /&gt;
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[jazz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|globalism&lt;br /&gt;
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|free trade&lt;br /&gt;
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GATT&lt;br /&gt;
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|World Trade Organization&lt;br /&gt;
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NAFTA&lt;br /&gt;
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|consumerism&lt;br /&gt;
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cold War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korean War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries&lt;br /&gt;
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Berlin Wall&lt;br /&gt;
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|domino effect&lt;br /&gt;
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too.  This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ho Chi Minh &lt;br /&gt;
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietcong&lt;br /&gt;
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Henry Kissinger&lt;br /&gt;
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pol Pot &lt;br /&gt;
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zionism&lt;br /&gt;
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Balfour Declaration&lt;br /&gt;
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|David Ben-Gurion&lt;br /&gt;
|1948: first prime minister of Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Arab-Israeli wars&lt;br /&gt;
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|Six-Day War&lt;br /&gt;
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anwar Sadat &lt;br /&gt;
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yom Kippur War&lt;br /&gt;
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur.  After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Camp David Accords&lt;br /&gt;
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yasser Arafat&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|intifada&lt;br /&gt;
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;br /&gt;
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Gorbachev&lt;br /&gt;
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Commonwealth of Independent States&lt;br /&gt;
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chechnya&lt;br /&gt;
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|John Paul II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lech Walesa&lt;br /&gt;
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|East Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] &amp;quot;self-determination&amp;quot; principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romania&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nicolae Ceausescu&lt;br /&gt;
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kosovo War&lt;br /&gt;
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chairman Mao Zedong&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the &amp;quot;Cultural Revolution&amp;quot; to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Tiananmen Square&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hong Kong&lt;br /&gt;
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9-11&lt;br /&gt;
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Modern Era &lt;br /&gt;
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[British Royal Air Force]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also nicknamed the &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;, this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher&lt;br /&gt;
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dunkirk]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the &amp;quot;miracle of Dunkirk.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|  A rebel leader who collaborated with Muslims against U.S., U.S. citizens and in Philippine during 1899-1902, and later collaborated with Japanese against U.S. in world war two. They commited massive atrocities and their methods are extremely savage and brutal.    &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Endlosung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called &amp;quot;concentration camps.&amp;quot; The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's &amp;quot;Final Solution.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-    &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Guillotine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franz Kafka]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915). &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[National Security Agency]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manchuria]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Standing army]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Automobile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Henry Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Adolf Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[opium]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Little Boy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot; was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[M1 Garand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cotton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[slavery]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|factors of production&lt;br /&gt;
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corsica&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Guy Fawkes&lt;br /&gt;
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gregor Mendel&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the &amp;quot;Oedipus Complex&amp;quot; which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Columbian Exchange&lt;br /&gt;
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Malthus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communist League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Owen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the &amp;quot;Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Fourier]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Helena]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|encomiendas&lt;br /&gt;
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|repartimientos&lt;br /&gt;
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|locomotive&lt;br /&gt;
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Andreas Vesalius&lt;br /&gt;
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Harvey&lt;br /&gt;
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Francis Bacon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marian Rejewski]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|other free trade agreements in the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|McDonaldization&lt;br /&gt;
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty &lt;br /&gt;
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Orleans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fat Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enola Gay]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot;, the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Heil Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Swastika]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ultra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ngo Dinh Diem&lt;br /&gt;
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnamization&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Four Tigers&lt;br /&gt;
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deng Xiaoping&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jiang Zemin&lt;br /&gt;
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bloody Sunday&lt;br /&gt;
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[President Truman]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiroshima]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Doctor who because of his belief of &amp;quot;survival of the fittest,&amp;quot; performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Leap Forward]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yalta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[European Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of [[Stalingrad]] and [[Kursk]], led to the defeat of Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide to 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014082</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide from 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014082"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T03:23:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Honors terms */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Christian population &lt;br /&gt;
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Reconquista&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Siege of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Forbidden City]]&lt;br /&gt;
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|slave trade&lt;br /&gt;
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Henry VIII&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rene Descartes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Thirty Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Westphalia &lt;br /&gt;
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nation-state]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prince Henry the Navigator&lt;br /&gt;
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bartholomew Diaz&lt;br /&gt;
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christopher Columbus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the &amp;quot;New World&amp;quot; by reaching the Caribbean&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Columbian Exchange]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Tordesillas&lt;br /&gt;
|1494: established an 1100-mile long &amp;quot;Line of Demarcation,&amp;quot; giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Line of Demarcation&lt;br /&gt;
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vasco da Gama &lt;br /&gt;
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Cabot]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jacques Cartier&lt;br /&gt;
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferdinand Magellan&lt;br /&gt;
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Results of Magellan's voyage&lt;br /&gt;
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Francisco Pizzaro&lt;br /&gt;
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|El Greco &lt;br /&gt;
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Diego Velázquez &lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Miguel de Cervantes&lt;br /&gt;
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|divine right of kings&lt;br /&gt;
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William of Orange&lt;br /&gt;
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|mercantilism&lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Queen Elizabeth &lt;br /&gt;
|(1558-1603) was known as the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[James Stuart]]&lt;br /&gt;
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Oliver Cromwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Prynne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jamestown settlement&lt;br /&gt;
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King James Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Glorious Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William and Mary&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ivan IV “the Terrible” &lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Romanov&lt;br /&gt;
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Peter the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Maria Theresa &lt;br /&gt;
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Frederick the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|War of the Austrian Succession &lt;br /&gt;
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French &amp;amp; Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt (&amp;quot;Pittsburgh&amp;quot; is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|American Revolution &lt;br /&gt;
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Washington&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  Leibniz invented the curly &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\int_a^b f(x)dx&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Blackstone&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu &lt;br /&gt;
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Denis Diderot &lt;br /&gt;
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Jacques Rousseau&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XIV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[capitalism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the &amp;quot;Scientific Revolution&amp;quot; with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life (&amp;quot;On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Galileo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book (&amp;quot;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican,&amp;quot; published in 1632)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rasputin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)&lt;br /&gt;
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV &amp;quot;The Terrible.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Fulton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[balance of power]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitution of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Hume]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote &amp;quot;A Treatise on Human Nature&amp;quot; and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Independence &lt;br /&gt;
|(1776) an American statement of &amp;quot;inalienable&amp;quot; (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Edmund Burke&lt;br /&gt;
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase &amp;quot;salutary neglect&amp;quot; to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Federalist Papers &lt;br /&gt;
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Immanuel Kant &lt;br /&gt;
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book &amp;quot;A Critique of Pure Reason&amp;quot; criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|James Clerk Maxwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the &amp;quot;maxwell&amp;quot;, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Johann Sebastian Bach&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the &amp;quot;Passion according to St. Matthew&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis Pasteur&lt;br /&gt;
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Matthew Perry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|steamboat&lt;br /&gt;
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Economies of scale&lt;br /&gt;
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Enclosure movement&lt;br /&gt;
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Adam Smith&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the &amp;quot;invisible hand&amp;quot; of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the &amp;quot;Wealth of Nations&amp;quot; (1776)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Ricardo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Victor Hugo&lt;br /&gt;
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bastille Day]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XVI]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marie Antoinette]]&lt;br /&gt;
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, &amp;quot;Let them eat cake!&amp;quot; upon hearing of the shortage of bread &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reign of Terror]]&lt;br /&gt;
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]&lt;br /&gt;
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression &amp;quot;someone's Waterloo&amp;quot; refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Congress of Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Concert of Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon III]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the &amp;quot;Iron Chancellor,&amp;quot; he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|First French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Second French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the combination of &amp;quot;Great Britain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Northern Ireland,&amp;quot; which is part of the island of Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Luddites]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|France&lt;br /&gt;
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prussia&lt;br /&gt;
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''The Communist Manifesto''&lt;br /&gt;
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sun Yixian&lt;br /&gt;
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Virginia Declaration of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[utilitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall &amp;quot;utility&amp;quot; (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Stuart Mill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Handel&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Haydn&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mozart&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanticism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Neoclassicism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Karl Marx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Friedrich Engels]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|classical economics&lt;br /&gt;
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[realpolitik]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[laissez-faire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, &amp;quot;let to do&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Giuseppe Mazzini&lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Leopold II&lt;br /&gt;
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Darwin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of &amp;quot;natural selection,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;survival of the fittest&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like &amp;quot;Scrooge&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Livingstone]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Dual Alliance &lt;br /&gt;
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|impressionism &lt;br /&gt;
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”.  Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|musical impressionism&lt;br /&gt;
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zulus&lt;br /&gt;
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kaiser Wilhelm II &lt;br /&gt;
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[imperialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Alliance&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Entente&lt;br /&gt;
|(1907) from the French for &amp;quot;good-will&amp;quot;, Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined.  Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Central Powers]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allies]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Axis]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Schlieffen Plan&lt;br /&gt;
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Entrenchment&lt;br /&gt;
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Battle of Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[U-boat]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lusitania]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Better known as the &amp;quot;Red Baron,&amp;quot; this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Versailles &lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk&lt;br /&gt;
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bolsheviks&lt;br /&gt;
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Expressionism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Depression]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Il Duce]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The Leader.&amp;quot; Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nazi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fascism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II.  In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mussolini]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enigma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War I]] (WWI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War II]] (WWII)&lt;br /&gt;
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;FDR&amp;quot; was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German for &amp;quot;lightning war,&amp;quot; high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joseph Stalin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manhattan Project]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|D-Day&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Patton&lt;br /&gt;
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Big Bang]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niels Bohr]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Albert Einstein]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Easter Rising &lt;br /&gt;
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Irish Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Northern Ireland &lt;br /&gt;
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[jazz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|globalism&lt;br /&gt;
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|free trade&lt;br /&gt;
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GATT&lt;br /&gt;
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|World Trade Organization&lt;br /&gt;
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NAFTA&lt;br /&gt;
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|consumerism&lt;br /&gt;
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cold War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korean War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries&lt;br /&gt;
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Berlin Wall&lt;br /&gt;
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|domino effect&lt;br /&gt;
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too.  This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ho Chi Minh &lt;br /&gt;
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietcong&lt;br /&gt;
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Henry Kissinger&lt;br /&gt;
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pol Pot &lt;br /&gt;
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zionism&lt;br /&gt;
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Balfour Declaration&lt;br /&gt;
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|David Ben-Gurion&lt;br /&gt;
|1948: first prime minister of Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Arab-Israeli wars&lt;br /&gt;
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|Six-Day War&lt;br /&gt;
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anwar Sadat &lt;br /&gt;
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yom Kippur War&lt;br /&gt;
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur.  After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Camp David Accords&lt;br /&gt;
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yasser Arafat&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|intifada&lt;br /&gt;
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;br /&gt;
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Gorbachev&lt;br /&gt;
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Commonwealth of Independent States&lt;br /&gt;
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chechnya&lt;br /&gt;
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|John Paul II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lech Walesa&lt;br /&gt;
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|East Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] &amp;quot;self-determination&amp;quot; principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romania&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nicolae Ceausescu&lt;br /&gt;
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kosovo War&lt;br /&gt;
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chairman Mao Zedong&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the &amp;quot;Cultural Revolution&amp;quot; to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Tiananmen Square&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hong Kong&lt;br /&gt;
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9-11&lt;br /&gt;
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Modern Era &lt;br /&gt;
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[British Royal Air Force]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also nicknamed the &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;, this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher&lt;br /&gt;
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dunkirk]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the &amp;quot;miracle of Dunkirk.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|  A rebel leader who collaborated with Muslims against U.S. and U.S. citizens in Philippine during 1899-1902, and later collaborated with Japanese against U.S. in world war two.    &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Endlosung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called &amp;quot;concentration camps.&amp;quot; The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's &amp;quot;Final Solution.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-    &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Guillotine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franz Kafka]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915). &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[National Security Agency]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manchuria]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Standing army]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Automobile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Henry Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Adolf Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[opium]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Little Boy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot; was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[M1 Garand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cotton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[slavery]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|factors of production&lt;br /&gt;
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corsica&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Guy Fawkes&lt;br /&gt;
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gregor Mendel&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the &amp;quot;Oedipus Complex&amp;quot; which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Columbian Exchange&lt;br /&gt;
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Malthus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communist League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Owen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the &amp;quot;Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Fourier]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Helena]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|encomiendas&lt;br /&gt;
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|repartimientos&lt;br /&gt;
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|locomotive&lt;br /&gt;
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Andreas Vesalius&lt;br /&gt;
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Harvey&lt;br /&gt;
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Francis Bacon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marian Rejewski]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|other free trade agreements in the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|McDonaldization&lt;br /&gt;
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty &lt;br /&gt;
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Orleans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fat Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enola Gay]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot;, the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Heil Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Swastika]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ultra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ngo Dinh Diem&lt;br /&gt;
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnamization&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Four Tigers&lt;br /&gt;
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deng Xiaoping&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jiang Zemin&lt;br /&gt;
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bloody Sunday&lt;br /&gt;
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[President Truman]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiroshima]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Doctor who because of his belief of &amp;quot;survival of the fittest,&amp;quot; performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Leap Forward]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yalta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[European Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of [[Stalingrad]] and [[Kursk]], led to the defeat of Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide to 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014080</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide from 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014080"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T03:21:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Honors terms */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Christian population &lt;br /&gt;
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Reconquista&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Siege of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Forbidden City]]&lt;br /&gt;
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|slave trade&lt;br /&gt;
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Henry VIII&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rene Descartes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Thirty Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Westphalia &lt;br /&gt;
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nation-state]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prince Henry the Navigator&lt;br /&gt;
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bartholomew Diaz&lt;br /&gt;
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christopher Columbus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the &amp;quot;New World&amp;quot; by reaching the Caribbean&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Columbian Exchange]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Tordesillas&lt;br /&gt;
|1494: established an 1100-mile long &amp;quot;Line of Demarcation,&amp;quot; giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Line of Demarcation&lt;br /&gt;
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vasco da Gama &lt;br /&gt;
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Cabot]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jacques Cartier&lt;br /&gt;
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferdinand Magellan&lt;br /&gt;
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Results of Magellan's voyage&lt;br /&gt;
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Francisco Pizzaro&lt;br /&gt;
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|El Greco &lt;br /&gt;
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Diego Velázquez &lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Miguel de Cervantes&lt;br /&gt;
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|divine right of kings&lt;br /&gt;
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William of Orange&lt;br /&gt;
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|mercantilism&lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Queen Elizabeth &lt;br /&gt;
|(1558-1603) was known as the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[James Stuart]]&lt;br /&gt;
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Oliver Cromwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Prynne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jamestown settlement&lt;br /&gt;
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King James Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Glorious Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William and Mary&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ivan IV “the Terrible” &lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Romanov&lt;br /&gt;
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Peter the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Maria Theresa &lt;br /&gt;
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Frederick the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|War of the Austrian Succession &lt;br /&gt;
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French &amp;amp; Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt (&amp;quot;Pittsburgh&amp;quot; is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|American Revolution &lt;br /&gt;
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Washington&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  Leibniz invented the curly &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\int_a^b f(x)dx&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Blackstone&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu &lt;br /&gt;
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Denis Diderot &lt;br /&gt;
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Jacques Rousseau&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XIV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[capitalism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the &amp;quot;Scientific Revolution&amp;quot; with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life (&amp;quot;On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Galileo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book (&amp;quot;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican,&amp;quot; published in 1632)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rasputin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)&lt;br /&gt;
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV &amp;quot;The Terrible.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Fulton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[balance of power]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitution of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Hume]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote &amp;quot;A Treatise on Human Nature&amp;quot; and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Independence &lt;br /&gt;
|(1776) an American statement of &amp;quot;inalienable&amp;quot; (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Edmund Burke&lt;br /&gt;
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase &amp;quot;salutary neglect&amp;quot; to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Federalist Papers &lt;br /&gt;
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Immanuel Kant &lt;br /&gt;
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book &amp;quot;A Critique of Pure Reason&amp;quot; criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|James Clerk Maxwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the &amp;quot;maxwell&amp;quot;, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Johann Sebastian Bach&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the &amp;quot;Passion according to St. Matthew&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis Pasteur&lt;br /&gt;
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Matthew Perry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|steamboat&lt;br /&gt;
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Economies of scale&lt;br /&gt;
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Enclosure movement&lt;br /&gt;
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Adam Smith&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the &amp;quot;invisible hand&amp;quot; of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the &amp;quot;Wealth of Nations&amp;quot; (1776)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Ricardo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Victor Hugo&lt;br /&gt;
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bastille Day]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XVI]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marie Antoinette]]&lt;br /&gt;
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, &amp;quot;Let them eat cake!&amp;quot; upon hearing of the shortage of bread &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reign of Terror]]&lt;br /&gt;
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]&lt;br /&gt;
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression &amp;quot;someone's Waterloo&amp;quot; refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Congress of Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Concert of Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon III]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the &amp;quot;Iron Chancellor,&amp;quot; he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|First French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Second French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the combination of &amp;quot;Great Britain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Northern Ireland,&amp;quot; which is part of the island of Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Luddites]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|France&lt;br /&gt;
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prussia&lt;br /&gt;
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''The Communist Manifesto''&lt;br /&gt;
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sun Yixian&lt;br /&gt;
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Virginia Declaration of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[utilitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall &amp;quot;utility&amp;quot; (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Stuart Mill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Handel&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Haydn&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mozart&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanticism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Neoclassicism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Karl Marx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Friedrich Engels]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|classical economics&lt;br /&gt;
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[realpolitik]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[laissez-faire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, &amp;quot;let to do&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Giuseppe Mazzini&lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Leopold II&lt;br /&gt;
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Darwin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of &amp;quot;natural selection,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;survival of the fittest&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like &amp;quot;Scrooge&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Livingstone]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Dual Alliance &lt;br /&gt;
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|impressionism &lt;br /&gt;
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”.  Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|musical impressionism&lt;br /&gt;
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zulus&lt;br /&gt;
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kaiser Wilhelm II &lt;br /&gt;
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[imperialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Alliance&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Entente&lt;br /&gt;
|(1907) from the French for &amp;quot;good-will&amp;quot;, Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined.  Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Central Powers]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allies]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Axis]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Schlieffen Plan&lt;br /&gt;
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Entrenchment&lt;br /&gt;
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Battle of Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[U-boat]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lusitania]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Better known as the &amp;quot;Red Baron,&amp;quot; this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Versailles &lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk&lt;br /&gt;
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bolsheviks&lt;br /&gt;
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Expressionism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Depression]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Il Duce]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The Leader.&amp;quot; Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nazi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fascism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II.  In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mussolini]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enigma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War I]] (WWI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War II]] (WWII)&lt;br /&gt;
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;FDR&amp;quot; was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German for &amp;quot;lightning war,&amp;quot; high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joseph Stalin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manhattan Project]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|D-Day&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Patton&lt;br /&gt;
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Big Bang]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niels Bohr]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Albert Einstein]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Easter Rising &lt;br /&gt;
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Irish Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Northern Ireland &lt;br /&gt;
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[jazz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|globalism&lt;br /&gt;
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|free trade&lt;br /&gt;
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GATT&lt;br /&gt;
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|World Trade Organization&lt;br /&gt;
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NAFTA&lt;br /&gt;
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|consumerism&lt;br /&gt;
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cold War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korean War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries&lt;br /&gt;
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Berlin Wall&lt;br /&gt;
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|domino effect&lt;br /&gt;
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too.  This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ho Chi Minh &lt;br /&gt;
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietcong&lt;br /&gt;
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Henry Kissinger&lt;br /&gt;
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pol Pot &lt;br /&gt;
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zionism&lt;br /&gt;
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Balfour Declaration&lt;br /&gt;
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|David Ben-Gurion&lt;br /&gt;
|1948: first prime minister of Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Arab-Israeli wars&lt;br /&gt;
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|Six-Day War&lt;br /&gt;
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anwar Sadat &lt;br /&gt;
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yom Kippur War&lt;br /&gt;
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur.  After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Camp David Accords&lt;br /&gt;
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yasser Arafat&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|intifada&lt;br /&gt;
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;br /&gt;
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Gorbachev&lt;br /&gt;
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Commonwealth of Independent States&lt;br /&gt;
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chechnya&lt;br /&gt;
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|John Paul II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lech Walesa&lt;br /&gt;
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|East Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] &amp;quot;self-determination&amp;quot; principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romania&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nicolae Ceausescu&lt;br /&gt;
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kosovo War&lt;br /&gt;
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chairman Mao Zedong&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the &amp;quot;Cultural Revolution&amp;quot; to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Tiananmen Square&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hong Kong&lt;br /&gt;
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9-11&lt;br /&gt;
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Modern Era &lt;br /&gt;
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[British Royal Air Force]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also nicknamed the &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;, this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher&lt;br /&gt;
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dunkirk]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the &amp;quot;miracle of Dunkirk.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|  A rebel leader who collaborated with Muslims against U.S. and U.S. citizens in Philippine during 1899-1902 and collaborated with Japanese against U.S. in world war two.    &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Endlosung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called &amp;quot;concentration camps.&amp;quot; The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's &amp;quot;Final Solution.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-    &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Guillotine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franz Kafka]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915). &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[National Security Agency]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manchuria]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Standing army]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Automobile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Henry Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Adolf Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[opium]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Little Boy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot; was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[M1 Garand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cotton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[slavery]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|factors of production&lt;br /&gt;
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corsica&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Guy Fawkes&lt;br /&gt;
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gregor Mendel&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the &amp;quot;Oedipus Complex&amp;quot; which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Columbian Exchange&lt;br /&gt;
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Malthus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communist League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Owen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the &amp;quot;Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Fourier]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Helena]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|encomiendas&lt;br /&gt;
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|repartimientos&lt;br /&gt;
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|locomotive&lt;br /&gt;
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Andreas Vesalius&lt;br /&gt;
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Harvey&lt;br /&gt;
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Francis Bacon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marian Rejewski]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|other free trade agreements in the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|McDonaldization&lt;br /&gt;
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty &lt;br /&gt;
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Orleans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fat Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enola Gay]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot;, the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Heil Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Swastika]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ultra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ngo Dinh Diem&lt;br /&gt;
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnamization&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Four Tigers&lt;br /&gt;
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deng Xiaoping&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jiang Zemin&lt;br /&gt;
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bloody Sunday&lt;br /&gt;
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[President Truman]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiroshima]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Doctor who because of his belief of &amp;quot;survival of the fittest,&amp;quot; performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Leap Forward]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yalta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[European Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of [[Stalingrad]] and [[Kursk]], led to the defeat of Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide to 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014076</id>
		<title>World History Study Guide from 1648</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=World_History_Study_Guide_from_1648&amp;diff=1014076"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T03:02:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Honors terms */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Christian population &lt;br /&gt;
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Reconquista&lt;br /&gt;
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Siege of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna&lt;br /&gt;
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Forbidden City]]&lt;br /&gt;
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|slave trade&lt;br /&gt;
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Henry VIII&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rene Descartes]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Thirty Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Westphalia &lt;br /&gt;
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nation-state]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Age of Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[caravel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prince Henry the Navigator&lt;br /&gt;
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bartholomew Diaz&lt;br /&gt;
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Christopher Columbus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the &amp;quot;New World&amp;quot; by reaching the Caribbean&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Columbian Exchange]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Tordesillas&lt;br /&gt;
|1494: established an 1100-mile long &amp;quot;Line of Demarcation,&amp;quot; giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Line of Demarcation&lt;br /&gt;
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vasco da Gama &lt;br /&gt;
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Cabot]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jacques Cartier&lt;br /&gt;
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferdinand Magellan&lt;br /&gt;
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Results of Magellan's voyage&lt;br /&gt;
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hernando Cortes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Francisco Pizzaro&lt;br /&gt;
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|El Greco &lt;br /&gt;
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Diego Velázquez &lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Miguel de Cervantes&lt;br /&gt;
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|divine right of kings&lt;br /&gt;
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William of Orange&lt;br /&gt;
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|mercantilism&lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Queen Elizabeth &lt;br /&gt;
|(1558-1603) was known as the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[James Stuart]]&lt;br /&gt;
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Oliver Cromwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[William Prynne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jamestown settlement&lt;br /&gt;
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King James Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Glorious Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William and Mary&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ivan IV “the Terrible” &lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Romanov&lt;br /&gt;
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Peter the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Maria Theresa &lt;br /&gt;
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Frederick the Great&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|War of the Austrian Succession &lt;br /&gt;
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Seven Years’ War&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French &amp;amp; Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt (&amp;quot;Pittsburgh&amp;quot; is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|American Revolution &lt;br /&gt;
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Washington&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Isaac Newton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire.  Leibniz invented the curly &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\int_a^b f(x)dx&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Enlightenment]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Blackstone&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu &lt;br /&gt;
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Denis Diderot &lt;br /&gt;
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jean Jacques Rousseau&lt;br /&gt;
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Locke]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Voltaire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[monarch]] &lt;br /&gt;
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XIV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[capitalism]] &lt;br /&gt;
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the &amp;quot;Scientific Revolution&amp;quot; with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life (&amp;quot;On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Galileo]] &lt;br /&gt;
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book (&amp;quot;Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican,&amp;quot; published in 1632)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rasputin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)&lt;br /&gt;
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV &amp;quot;The Terrible.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Fulton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[balance of power]]&lt;br /&gt;
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Constitution of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Hume]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote &amp;quot;A Treatise on Human Nature&amp;quot; and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Independence &lt;br /&gt;
|(1776) an American statement of &amp;quot;inalienable&amp;quot; (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their &amp;quot;social contract&amp;quot; with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Edmund Burke&lt;br /&gt;
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase &amp;quot;salutary neglect&amp;quot; to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Federalist Papers &lt;br /&gt;
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Immanuel Kant &lt;br /&gt;
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book &amp;quot;A Critique of Pure Reason&amp;quot; criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|James Clerk Maxwell&lt;br /&gt;
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the &amp;quot;maxwell&amp;quot;, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Johann Sebastian Bach&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the &amp;quot;Passion according to St. Matthew&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis Pasteur&lt;br /&gt;
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Matthew Perry]]&lt;br /&gt;
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|steamboat&lt;br /&gt;
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Economies of scale&lt;br /&gt;
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Enclosure movement&lt;br /&gt;
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Adam Smith&lt;br /&gt;
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the &amp;quot;invisible hand&amp;quot; of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the &amp;quot;Wealth of Nations&amp;quot; (1776)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Ricardo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Victor Hugo&lt;br /&gt;
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Bastille Day]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louis XVI]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marie Antoinette]]&lt;br /&gt;
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, &amp;quot;Let them eat cake!&amp;quot; upon hearing of the shortage of bread &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Reign of Terror]]&lt;br /&gt;
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]&lt;br /&gt;
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression &amp;quot;someone's Waterloo&amp;quot; refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Congress of Vienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Concert of Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Napoleon III]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the &amp;quot;Iron Chancellor,&amp;quot; he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|First French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Second French Empire&lt;br /&gt;
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the combination of &amp;quot;Great Britain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Northern Ireland,&amp;quot; which is part of the island of Ireland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Luddites]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|France&lt;br /&gt;
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Prussia&lt;br /&gt;
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|''The Communist Manifesto''&lt;br /&gt;
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sun Yixian&lt;br /&gt;
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Virginia Declaration of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[utilitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall &amp;quot;utility&amp;quot; (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[John Stuart Mill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Handel&lt;br /&gt;
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Haydn&lt;br /&gt;
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mozart&lt;br /&gt;
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romanticism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Neoclassicism&lt;br /&gt;
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Karl Marx]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Friedrich Engels]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|classical economics&lt;br /&gt;
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[realpolitik]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[laissez-faire]]&lt;br /&gt;
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, &amp;quot;let to do&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Giuseppe Mazzini&lt;br /&gt;
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|King Leopold II&lt;br /&gt;
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Darwin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of &amp;quot;natural selection,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;survival of the fittest&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Dickens]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like &amp;quot;Scrooge&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[David Livingstone]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Dual Alliance &lt;br /&gt;
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|impressionism &lt;br /&gt;
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”.  Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|musical impressionism&lt;br /&gt;
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zulus&lt;br /&gt;
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kaiser Wilhelm II &lt;br /&gt;
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[imperialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Alliance&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Triple Entente&lt;br /&gt;
|(1907) from the French for &amp;quot;good-will&amp;quot;, Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined.  Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Central Powers]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Allies]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Axis]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Schlieffen Plan&lt;br /&gt;
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Entrenchment&lt;br /&gt;
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[First Battle of Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[U-boat]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Lusitania]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Better known as the &amp;quot;Red Baron,&amp;quot; this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Treaty of Versailles &lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk&lt;br /&gt;
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin&lt;br /&gt;
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bolsheviks&lt;br /&gt;
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Expressionism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Depression]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Il Duce]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;The Leader.&amp;quot; Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nazi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fascism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II.  In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Mussolini]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s&lt;br /&gt;
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enigma]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War I]] (WWI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World War II]] (WWII)&lt;br /&gt;
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;FDR&amp;quot; was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German for &amp;quot;lightning war,&amp;quot; high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[The Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Joseph Stalin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manhattan Project]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|D-Day&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|George Patton&lt;br /&gt;
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Big Bang]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Niels Bohr]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Albert Einstein]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Easter Rising &lt;br /&gt;
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Irish Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Northern Ireland &lt;br /&gt;
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[jazz]]&lt;br /&gt;
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|globalism&lt;br /&gt;
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|free trade&lt;br /&gt;
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GATT&lt;br /&gt;
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|World Trade Organization&lt;br /&gt;
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NAFTA&lt;br /&gt;
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|consumerism&lt;br /&gt;
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cold War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korean War]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries&lt;br /&gt;
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Berlin Wall&lt;br /&gt;
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|domino effect&lt;br /&gt;
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too.  This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ho Chi Minh &lt;br /&gt;
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietcong&lt;br /&gt;
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution&lt;br /&gt;
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnam War&lt;br /&gt;
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Henry Kissinger&lt;br /&gt;
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Pol Pot &lt;br /&gt;
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Zionism&lt;br /&gt;
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Balfour Declaration&lt;br /&gt;
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|David Ben-Gurion&lt;br /&gt;
|1948: first prime minister of Israel&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Arab-Israeli wars&lt;br /&gt;
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|Six-Day War&lt;br /&gt;
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Anwar Sadat &lt;br /&gt;
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yom Kippur War&lt;br /&gt;
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur.  After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Camp David Accords&lt;br /&gt;
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yasser Arafat&lt;br /&gt;
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|intifada&lt;br /&gt;
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Declaration of Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;br /&gt;
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Mikhail Gorbachev&lt;br /&gt;
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Boris Yeltsin&lt;br /&gt;
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Commonwealth of Independent States&lt;br /&gt;
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chechnya&lt;br /&gt;
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|John Paul II&lt;br /&gt;
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Lech Walesa&lt;br /&gt;
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hungary&lt;br /&gt;
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|East Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] &amp;quot;self-determination&amp;quot; principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Romania&lt;br /&gt;
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Nicolae Ceausescu&lt;br /&gt;
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt;
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Kosovo War&lt;br /&gt;
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Chairman Mao Zedong&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the &amp;quot;Cultural Revolution&amp;quot; to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Tiananmen Square&lt;br /&gt;
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hong Kong&lt;br /&gt;
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|9-11&lt;br /&gt;
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Modern Era &lt;br /&gt;
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Honors terms==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Term&lt;br /&gt;
!Definition&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[British Royal Air Force]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Also nicknamed the &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;, this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The &amp;quot;RAF&amp;quot;'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher&lt;br /&gt;
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dunkirk]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the &amp;quot;miracle of Dunkirk.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Collaborated with Muslims and leaded a rebellion against the U.S. and U.S. citizens in Philippine.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Endlosung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called &amp;quot;concentration camps.&amp;quot; The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's &amp;quot;Final Solution.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-    &lt;br /&gt;
|[[Guillotine]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Franz Kafka]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915). &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[National Security Agency]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Manchuria]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Standing army]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Automobile]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Henry Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Adolf Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[opium]]&lt;br /&gt;
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Little Boy]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot; was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[M1 Garand]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Cotton]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[slavery]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|factors of production&lt;br /&gt;
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corsica&lt;br /&gt;
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Guy Fawkes&lt;br /&gt;
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Gregor Mendel&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the &amp;quot;Oedipus Complex&amp;quot; which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Columbian Exchange&lt;br /&gt;
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Thomas Malthus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.   &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Communist League]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Robert Owen]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the &amp;quot;Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Charles Fourier]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[St. Helena]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|encomiendas&lt;br /&gt;
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|repartimientos&lt;br /&gt;
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|locomotive&lt;br /&gt;
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Andreas Vesalius&lt;br /&gt;
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|William Harvey&lt;br /&gt;
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Francis Bacon]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Marian Rejewski]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|other free trade agreements in the Americas&lt;br /&gt;
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)&lt;br /&gt;
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|McDonaldization&lt;br /&gt;
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]&lt;br /&gt;
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty &lt;br /&gt;
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[New Orleans]]&lt;br /&gt;
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Fat Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Enola Gay]]&lt;br /&gt;
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped &amp;quot;Little Boy&amp;quot;, the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br /&gt;
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Heil Hitler]]&lt;br /&gt;
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Swastika]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Ultra]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Ngo Dinh Diem&lt;br /&gt;
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Vietnamization&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|The Four Tigers&lt;br /&gt;
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century) &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Deng Xiaoping&lt;br /&gt;
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Jiang Zemin&lt;br /&gt;
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Bloody Sunday&lt;br /&gt;
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[President Truman]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Hiroshima]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Doctor who because of his belief of &amp;quot;survival of the fittest,&amp;quot; performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Great Leap Forward]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Erwin Rommel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Yalta]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[European Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of [[Stalingrad]] and [[Kursk]], led to the defeat of Hitler.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World History Study Guide to 1648]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:World History lectures]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Liberal_Denials_about_History&amp;diff=1014063</id>
		<title>Essay:Liberal Denials about History</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Liberal_Denials_about_History&amp;diff=1014063"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T02:36:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Specific truths that history books deny or distort */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Here are [[liberal]] denials about history, with the result that virtually no textbooks teach them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General denials ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following truths about history are typically denied by liberal history textbooks:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#That &amp;quot;Yankee ingenuity&amp;quot; (American inventions) far surpassed the rest of the world, and brought great wealth to it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That military battles are an essential part of history, and of preserving freedom.&lt;br /&gt;
#That there were valid reasons for past opposition to immigration which had nothing to do with racism; immigration did not enable the North to beat the South.&lt;br /&gt;
#That unions caused great harm, including senseless violence and lost jobs.&lt;br /&gt;
#That hard work was the key to the success of many Americans.&lt;br /&gt;
#That most great Americans, from Abraham Lincoln to Thomas Edison, were homeschooled.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[faith]] grew while he was President.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Benjamin Franklin]] abandoned the [[Deism]] of his youth later in his life.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s religious beliefs were not representative of the other [[Founding Fathers]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Rhode Island]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], and their view of a &amp;quot;separation of church and state,&amp;quot; had no role in the formation of the [[Constitution]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That there were [[conservative]] Presidents before [[Ronald Reagan]], such as [[George Washington]], [[James Monroe]] and [[Grover Cleveland]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That &amp;quot;anti-imperialism&amp;quot; movements against the United States were really communist or Muslim movements against Christianity, as in denying the Islamic basis for the Philippine insurgency around 1900.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the colony and state of &amp;quot;Virginia&amp;quot; was named after the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; Elizabeth.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the colony and state of Maryland was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[FDR]] did not end the [[Great Depression]], and may have prolonged it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[LBJ]]'s [[Great Society]] did little to alleviate poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s foreign policy was key to ending the Cold War.&lt;br /&gt;
#That NO &amp;quot;[[triangular trade]]&amp;quot; existed in the 17th and 18th centuries with the New World&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;In fact, no specific &amp;quot;triangular&amp;quot; trade route has ever been identified and it is unlikely that there was significant sale of goods to Africa at that time.  The term was invented by an historian more than 100 years later.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#That the [[Catholic Church]] has a history of promoting science, not suppressing it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That European Colonialism actually greatly helped people all over the world. Including brought Western technologies to uncivilized areas, spreading of the democratic ideas and saving of millions of people’s life by Western medical technologies. &lt;br /&gt;
#That the Crusades are holy and noble movements to protect Christian pilgrims and taking back Christian holy lands which invaded and occupied by Muslims previously. Although some of them joined by selfish motivations. &lt;br /&gt;
#That as an Intelligence agency, CIA was crucial for the Free world to defeat communism and their agents made huge sacrifices to defend our freedom.&lt;br /&gt;
#That it is Muslims whom always seek to conquer Christians and the West, Christians and Westerns are the victims, not Muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General bias ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks mislead students into thinking that contributions to history were somehow based more on status than by effort or Providence.  This bias is a form of [[Essay:Status Worship|status worship]].&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks emphasize material things (like race, gender, wealth, scarcity) at the expense of the more important role played by ideas and &amp;quot;the power of the pen.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks overemphasize the significance of popularity (e.g [[JFK]]).&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks mislead students into thinking that presidential elections (which are usually just determined by the economic cycle) are more significant than warranted.&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks ignore or deceive students about the fact that most great contributions to western society have been made by conservative Christians.&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks portray all presidents have being comparable in effectiveness and accomplishment, when in fact some were successful and some were failures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific truths that history books deny or distort==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Rhode Island]] was the only state to separate church and state, and as a result it became the biggest importer of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;The largest slave trading ports in America were located in Rhode Island and soon rivaled those of Liverpool. The wealth and economy of New England was based solely on slave trading and exporting rum; and the southern most colonies were NOT part of that odious slave trade.&amp;quot;[http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/realslavetraders.htm]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Thomas Jefferson]] was not as successful or important as liberals claim;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, Jefferson was given a wealthy estate but died in substantial debt.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He failed personally and as president, especially in his second term.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Chivalry]] was customary throughout most of American history.&lt;br /&gt;
#The greatest corruption in government during the Grant Administration was by the Democratic-controlled &amp;quot;[[Tammany Hall]].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#The misnamed &amp;quot;[[Gilded Age]]&amp;quot; generated tremendous prosperity for the world, thanks to an absence of stifling regulation.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Public school]] education in its current form in the U.S.A. is less than 100 years old.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Atheist]] materialism lay behind the genocidal crimes of the [[Nazi]]s&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Martin Luther King]] was a Republican who preached Conservative values.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Lenin]] was a ruthless and violent dictator who oppressed the people of the [[Soviet Union]] as thoroughly as [[Stalin]].&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Nazism]], with its insistence on the collective, was a [[left-wing]] doctrine.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the Democratic Party supported slavery, while the Republican party opposed it. It should be remembered that the platforms of the parties have flip-flopped at the time. At the time, the Democratic Party was the conservative party.&lt;br /&gt;
#The history of the &amp;quot;[[State of Franklin]].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#The reason that the first Crusade was a succeed is because it is God's plan.&lt;br /&gt;
(add more)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:United States History Essays]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014060</id>
		<title>User talk:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1014060"/>
		<updated>2012-10-23T02:34:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* question. */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Welcome|--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 10:39, 10 March 2012 (EST)}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== question. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
is English your first language? [[User:Cmurphynz|Cmurphynz]] 09:58, 22 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
No, actually Dutch is . But I lived at U.S. for a while.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1013911</id>
		<title>User talk:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1013911"/>
		<updated>2012-10-22T14:36:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* question. */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Welcome|--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 10:39, 10 March 2012 (EST)}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== question. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
is English your first language? [[User:Cmurphynz|Cmurphynz]] 09:58, 22 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
No, actually Dutch is . But I live at U.S. for a while.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1013909</id>
		<title>User talk:Conservativedreams</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Conservativedreams&amp;diff=1013909"/>
		<updated>2012-10-22T14:26:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* question. */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Welcome|--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 10:39, 10 March 2012 (EST)}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== question. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
is English your first language? [[User:Cmurphynz|Cmurphynz]] 09:58, 22 October 2012 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
No, actually Dutch is . But I live at SC.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Liberal_Denials_about_History&amp;diff=1013900</id>
		<title>Essay:Liberal Denials about History</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Liberal_Denials_about_History&amp;diff=1013900"/>
		<updated>2012-10-22T13:51:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* General denials */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Here are [[liberal]] denials about history, with the result that virtually no textbooks teach them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General denials ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following truths about history are typically denied by liberal history textbooks:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#That &amp;quot;Yankee ingenuity&amp;quot; (American inventions) far surpassed the rest of the world, and brought great wealth to it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That military battles are an essential part of history, and of preserving freedom.&lt;br /&gt;
#That there were valid reasons for past opposition to immigration which had nothing to do with racism; immigration did not enable the North to beat the South.&lt;br /&gt;
#That unions caused great harm, including senseless violence and lost jobs.&lt;br /&gt;
#That hard work was the key to the success of many Americans.&lt;br /&gt;
#That most great Americans, from Abraham Lincoln to Thomas Edison, were homeschooled.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[faith]] grew while he was President.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Benjamin Franklin]] abandoned the [[Deism]] of his youth later in his life.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s religious beliefs were not representative of the other [[Founding Fathers]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Rhode Island]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], and their view of a &amp;quot;separation of church and state,&amp;quot; had no role in the formation of the [[Constitution]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That there were [[conservative]] Presidents before [[Ronald Reagan]], such as [[George Washington]], [[James Monroe]] and [[Grover Cleveland]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That &amp;quot;anti-imperialism&amp;quot; movements against the United States were really communist or Muslim movements against Christianity, as in denying the Islamic basis for the Philippine insurgency around 1900.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the colony and state of &amp;quot;Virginia&amp;quot; was named after the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; Elizabeth.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the colony and state of Maryland was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[FDR]] did not end the [[Great Depression]], and may have prolonged it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[LBJ]]'s [[Great Society]] did little to alleviate poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s foreign policy was key to ending the Cold War.&lt;br /&gt;
#That NO &amp;quot;[[triangular trade]]&amp;quot; existed in the 17th and 18th centuries with the New World&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;In fact, no specific &amp;quot;triangular&amp;quot; trade route has ever been identified and it is unlikely that there was significant sale of goods to Africa at that time.  The term was invented by an historian more than 100 years later.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#That the [[Catholic Church]] has a history of promoting science, not suppressing it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That European Colonialism actually greatly helped people all over the world. Including brought Western technologies to uncivilized areas, spreading of the democratic ideas and saving of millions of people’s life by Western medical technologies. &lt;br /&gt;
#That the Crusades are holy and noble movements to protect Christian pilgrims and taking back Christian holy lands which invaded and occupied by Muslims previously. Although some of them joined by selfish motivations. &lt;br /&gt;
#That as an Intelligence agency, CIA was crucial for the Free world to defeat communism and their agents made huge sacrifices to defend our freedom.&lt;br /&gt;
#That it is Muslims whom always seek to conquer Christians and the West, Christians and Westerns are the victims, not Muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General bias ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks mislead students into thinking that contributions to history were somehow based more on status than by effort or Providence.  This bias is a form of [[Essay:Status Worship|status worship]].&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks emphasize material things (like race, gender, wealth, scarcity) at the expense of the more important role played by ideas and &amp;quot;the power of the pen.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks overemphasize the significance of popularity (e.g [[JFK]]).&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks mislead students into thinking that presidential elections (which are usually just determined by the economic cycle) are more significant than warranted.&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks ignore or deceive students about the fact that most great contributions to western society have been made by conservative Christians.&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks portray all presidents have being comparable in effectiveness and accomplishment, when in fact some were successful and some were failures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific truths that history books deny or distort==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Rhode Island]] was the only state to separate church and state, and as a result it became the biggest importer of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;The largest slave trading ports in America were located in Rhode Island and soon rivaled those of Liverpool. The wealth and economy of New England was based solely on slave trading and exporting rum; and the southern most colonies were NOT part of that odious slave trade.&amp;quot;[http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/realslavetraders.htm]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Thomas Jefferson]] was not as successful or important as liberals claim;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, Jefferson was given a wealthy estate but died in substantial debt.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He failed personally and as president, especially in his second term.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Chivalry]] was customary throughout most of American history.&lt;br /&gt;
#The greatest corruption in government during the Grant Administration was by the Democratic-controlled &amp;quot;[[Tammany Hall]].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#The misnamed &amp;quot;[[Gilded Age]]&amp;quot; generated tremendous prosperity for the world, thanks to an absence of stifling regulation.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Public school]] education in its current form in the U.S.A. is less than 100 years old.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Atheist]] materialism lay behind the genocidal crimes of the [[Nazi]]s&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Martin Luther King]] was a Republican who preached Conservative values.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Lenin]] was a ruthless and violent dictator who oppressed the people of the [[Soviet Union]] as thoroughly as [[Stalin]].&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Nazism]], with its insistence on the collective, was a [[left-wing]] doctrine.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the Democratic Party supported slavery, while the Republican party opposed it. It should be remembered that the platforms of the parties have flip-flopped at the time. At the time, the Democratic Party was the conservative party.&lt;br /&gt;
#The history of the &amp;quot;[[State of Franklin]].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#The reason the first Crusade was a succeed is because it is God's plan.&lt;br /&gt;
(add more)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:United States History Essays]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Liberal_Denials_about_History&amp;diff=1013897</id>
		<title>Essay:Liberal Denials about History</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Liberal_Denials_about_History&amp;diff=1013897"/>
		<updated>2012-10-22T13:34:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* General denials */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Here are [[liberal]] denials about history, with the result that virtually no textbooks teach them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General denials ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following truths about history are typically denied by liberal history textbooks:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#That &amp;quot;Yankee ingenuity&amp;quot; (American inventions) far surpassed the rest of the world, and brought great wealth to it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That military battles are an essential part of history, and of preserving freedom.&lt;br /&gt;
#That there were valid reasons for past opposition to immigration which had nothing to do with racism; immigration did not enable the North to beat the South.&lt;br /&gt;
#That unions caused great harm, including senseless violence and lost jobs.&lt;br /&gt;
#That hard work was the key to the success of many Americans.&lt;br /&gt;
#That most great Americans, from Abraham Lincoln to Thomas Edison, were homeschooled.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[faith]] grew while he was President.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Benjamin Franklin]] abandoned the [[Deism]] of his youth later in his life.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s religious beliefs were not representative of the other [[Founding Fathers]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Rhode Island]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], and their view of a &amp;quot;separation of church and state,&amp;quot; had no role in the formation of the [[Constitution]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That there were [[conservative]] Presidents before [[Ronald Reagan]], such as [[George Washington]], [[James Monroe]] and [[Grover Cleveland]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That &amp;quot;anti-imperialism&amp;quot; movements against the United States were really communist or Muslim movements against Christianity, as in denying the Islamic basis for the Philippine insurgency around 1900.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the colony and state of &amp;quot;Virginia&amp;quot; was named after the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; Elizabeth.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the colony and state of Maryland was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[FDR]] did not end the [[Great Depression]], and may have prolonged it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[LBJ]]'s [[Great Society]] did little to alleviate poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s foreign policy was key to ending the Cold War.&lt;br /&gt;
#That NO &amp;quot;[[triangular trade]]&amp;quot; existed in the 17th and 18th centuries with the New World&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;In fact, no specific &amp;quot;triangular&amp;quot; trade route has ever been identified and it is unlikely that there was significant sale of goods to Africa at that time.  The term was invented by an historian more than 100 years later.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#That the [[Catholic Church]] has a history of promoting science, not suppressing it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That European Colonialism actually greatly helped people all over the world. Including brought Western technologies to uncivilized areas, spreading of the democratic ideas and saving of millions of people’s life by Western medical technologies. &lt;br /&gt;
#That the Crusades are holy and noble movements to protect Christian pilgrims and taking back Christian holy lands which invaded and occupied by Muslims previously. Although some of them joined by selfish motivates. &lt;br /&gt;
#That as an Intelligence agency, CIA was crucial for the Free world to defeat communism and their agents made huge sacrifices to defend our freedom.&lt;br /&gt;
#That it is Muslims whom always seek to conquer Christians and the West, Christians and Westerns are the victims, not Muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General bias ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks mislead students into thinking that contributions to history were somehow based more on status than by effort or Providence.  This bias is a form of [[Essay:Status Worship|status worship]].&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks emphasize material things (like race, gender, wealth, scarcity) at the expense of the more important role played by ideas and &amp;quot;the power of the pen.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks overemphasize the significance of popularity (e.g [[JFK]]).&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks mislead students into thinking that presidential elections (which are usually just determined by the economic cycle) are more significant than warranted.&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks ignore or deceive students about the fact that most great contributions to western society have been made by conservative Christians.&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks portray all presidents have being comparable in effectiveness and accomplishment, when in fact some were successful and some were failures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific truths that history books deny or distort==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Rhode Island]] was the only state to separate church and state, and as a result it became the biggest importer of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;The largest slave trading ports in America were located in Rhode Island and soon rivaled those of Liverpool. The wealth and economy of New England was based solely on slave trading and exporting rum; and the southern most colonies were NOT part of that odious slave trade.&amp;quot;[http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/realslavetraders.htm]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Thomas Jefferson]] was not as successful or important as liberals claim;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, Jefferson was given a wealthy estate but died in substantial debt.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He failed personally and as president, especially in his second term.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Chivalry]] was customary throughout most of American history.&lt;br /&gt;
#The greatest corruption in government during the Grant Administration was by the Democratic-controlled &amp;quot;[[Tammany Hall]].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#The misnamed &amp;quot;[[Gilded Age]]&amp;quot; generated tremendous prosperity for the world, thanks to an absence of stifling regulation.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Public school]] education in its current form in the U.S.A. is less than 100 years old.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Atheist]] materialism lay behind the genocidal crimes of the [[Nazi]]s&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Martin Luther King]] was a Republican who preached Conservative values.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Lenin]] was a ruthless and violent dictator who oppressed the people of the [[Soviet Union]] as thoroughly as [[Stalin]].&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Nazism]], with its insistence on the collective, was a [[left-wing]] doctrine.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the Democratic Party supported slavery, while the Republican party opposed it. It should be remembered that the platforms of the parties have flip-flopped at the time. At the time, the Democratic Party was the conservative party.&lt;br /&gt;
#The history of the &amp;quot;[[State of Franklin]].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#The reason the first Crusade was a succeed is because it is God's plan.&lt;br /&gt;
(add more)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:United States History Essays]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Liberal_Denials_about_History&amp;diff=1013893</id>
		<title>Essay:Liberal Denials about History</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Liberal_Denials_about_History&amp;diff=1013893"/>
		<updated>2012-10-22T13:17:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Conservativedreams: /* Specific truths that history books deny or distort */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Here are [[liberal]] denials about history, with the result that virtually no textbooks teach them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General denials ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following truths about history are typically denied by liberal history textbooks:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#That &amp;quot;Yankee ingenuity&amp;quot; (American inventions) far surpassed the rest of the world, and brought great wealth to it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That military battles are an essential part of history, and of preserving freedom.&lt;br /&gt;
#That there were valid reasons for past opposition to immigration which had nothing to do with racism; immigration did not enable the North to beat the South.&lt;br /&gt;
#That unions caused great harm, including senseless violence and lost jobs.&lt;br /&gt;
#That hard work was the key to the success of many Americans.&lt;br /&gt;
#That most great Americans, from Abraham Lincoln to Thomas Edison, were homeschooled.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[faith]] grew while he was President.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Benjamin Franklin]] abandoned the [[Deism]] of his youth later in his life.&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s religious beliefs were not representative of the other [[Founding Fathers]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That [[Rhode Island]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], and their view of a &amp;quot;separation of church and state,&amp;quot; had no role in the formation of the [[Constitution]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That there were [[conservative]] Presidents before [[Ronald Reagan]], such as [[George Washington]], [[James Monroe]] and [[Grover Cleveland]].&lt;br /&gt;
#That &amp;quot;anti-imperialism&amp;quot; movements against the United States were really communist or Muslim movements against Christianity, as in denying the Islamic basis for the Philippine insurgency around 1900.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the colony and state of &amp;quot;Virginia&amp;quot; was named after the &amp;quot;Virgin Queen&amp;quot; Elizabeth.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the colony and state of Maryland was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[FDR]] did not end the [[Great Depression]], and may have prolonged it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[LBJ]]'s [[Great Society]] did little to alleviate poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
#That President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s foreign policy was key to ending the Cold War.&lt;br /&gt;
#That NO &amp;quot;[[triangular trade]]&amp;quot; existed in the 17th and 18th centuries with the New World&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;In fact, no specific &amp;quot;triangular&amp;quot; trade route has ever been identified and it is unlikely that there was significant sale of goods to Africa at that time.  The term was invented by an historian more than 100 years later.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#That the [[Catholic Church]] has a history of promoting science, not suppressing it.&lt;br /&gt;
#That European Colonialism actually greatly helped people all over the world. Including brought Western technologies to uncivilized areas, spreading of the democratic ideas and saving of millions of people’s life by Western medical technologies. &lt;br /&gt;
#That the Crusades are holy and noble movements to protect Christian pilgrims and taking back Christian holy lands which invaded and occupied by Muslims previously. Although some of them joined by selfish motivates. &lt;br /&gt;
#That as an Intelligence agency, CIA was crucial for the Free world to defeat communism and their agents made huge sacrifices to defend our freedom.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General bias ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks mislead students into thinking that contributions to history were somehow based more on status than by effort or Providence.  This bias is a form of [[Essay:Status Worship|status worship]].&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks emphasize material things (like race, gender, wealth, scarcity) at the expense of the more important role played by ideas and &amp;quot;the power of the pen.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks overemphasize the significance of popularity (e.g [[JFK]]).&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks mislead students into thinking that presidential elections (which are usually just determined by the economic cycle) are more significant than warranted.&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks ignore or deceive students about the fact that most great contributions to western society have been made by conservative Christians.&lt;br /&gt;
#Standard textbooks portray all presidents have being comparable in effectiveness and accomplishment, when in fact some were successful and some were failures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific truths that history books deny or distort==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Rhode Island]] was the only state to separate church and state, and as a result it became the biggest importer of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;The largest slave trading ports in America were located in Rhode Island and soon rivaled those of Liverpool. The wealth and economy of New England was based solely on slave trading and exporting rum; and the southern most colonies were NOT part of that odious slave trade.&amp;quot;[http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/realslavetraders.htm]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Thomas Jefferson]] was not as successful or important as liberals claim;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, Jefferson was given a wealthy estate but died in substantial debt.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He failed personally and as president, especially in his second term.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Chivalry]] was customary throughout most of American history.&lt;br /&gt;
#The greatest corruption in government during the Grant Administration was by the Democratic-controlled &amp;quot;[[Tammany Hall]].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#The misnamed &amp;quot;[[Gilded Age]]&amp;quot; generated tremendous prosperity for the world, thanks to an absence of stifling regulation.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Public school]] education in its current form in the U.S.A. is less than 100 years old.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Atheist]] materialism lay behind the genocidal crimes of the [[Nazi]]s&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Martin Luther King]] was a Republican who preached Conservative values.&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Lenin]] was a ruthless and violent dictator who oppressed the people of the [[Soviet Union]] as thoroughly as [[Stalin]].&lt;br /&gt;
#[[Nazism]], with its insistence on the collective, was a [[left-wing]] doctrine.&lt;br /&gt;
#That the Democratic Party supported slavery, while the Republican party opposed it. It should be remembered that the platforms of the parties have flip-flopped at the time. At the time, the Democratic Party was the conservative party.&lt;br /&gt;
#The history of the &amp;quot;[[State of Franklin]].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
#The reason the first Crusade was a succeed is because it is God's plan.&lt;br /&gt;
(add more)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:United States History Essays]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Conservativedreams</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>