Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

South Park

2009-08-29T13:11:39Z

ChrisZ: Undo revision 696554 by Clintville (Talk) - POV editing.

[[Image:Southparkseason10opening.png|right|thumb|300px]]
'''''South Park''''' is an Emmy and Peabody award-winning animated cartoon series created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone that is shown on American cable network [[Comedy Central]]. It is controversial due to its use of vulgar and obscene language, biting humor, and questionable depictions of religion and other respected institutions. Shows have touched on [[Catholic|Catholicism]], [[Islam]], [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormonism]], [[Judaism]], [[Scientology]], and made jokes about [[Jesus]], [[Moses]], [[Muhammad]] and other religious leaders. Parker and Stone describe themselves as "equal opportunity offenders" and some episodes have made fun of liberal causes, particularly environmentalism and support for legalized [[abortion]]. Other episodes have ridiculed the anti-immigration movement and other conservative causes. Despite this, the show usually does not outrightly condemn any social group; to date, only [[Atheism|atheists]], [[terrorism|terrorists]] and pedophiles have been given such treatment by the show. While [[Scientology]] itself has been heavily mocked, the creators have expressed sympathy for those who have been drawn into it. Because of this criticism of Scientology, [[Isaac Hayes]], who played the singing, promiscuous cafeteria chef, left the show in 2006.<ref>http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles_of_faith/2008/08/south_park_scie.html</ref> (Hayes died in 2008.)

Of the 1999 ''South Park'' movie, movie reviewer [[Roger Ebert]] said "The film is rated R instead of NC-17 only because it's a cartoon, I suspect; even so, the [[MPAA]] has a lot of 'splaining to do," meaning presumably that Ebert believes it should have been rated NC-17. "Waves of four-letter words roll out over the audience," he says. Parker and Stone have stated that they pressured the MPAA into giving the film an 'R' rating, as it had been given an NC-17 rating three times previously despite minor edits. <ref>http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0001322.cfm</ref>

A frequent criticism of ''South Park'' is that it indulges in shock for shock's sake. Ebert says of the film, "All it lacks is a point to its message. What is it saying? That movies have gone too far, or that protests against movies have gone too far? It is a sign of our times that I cannot tell. Perhaps it's simply anarchistic, and feels that if it throws enough shocking material at the wall, some of it will stick. A lot of the movie offended me." However, he acknowledges, "I laughed. I did not always feel proud of myself while I was laughing, however.... No target is too low, no attitude too mean or hurtful, no image too unthinkable."<ref>http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990630/REVIEWS/906300301/1023</ref>

A month later, Ebert modified his opinion: "I gave 'South Park' a marginal thumbs down (2.5 stars) because of what I called the movie's mean spirit, but I did like its intelligence and energy, and as the smoke clears from the summer of 1999 it's clear to me that this was a movie that took chances and made scathing criticisms of the broken-down [[MPAA rating system]]. I got carried away by my immediate reaction; but at least I was right when I called it 'the most slashing political commentary of the year'."<ref>http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990829/ANSWERMAN/908290306</ref>

''South Park'' has been praised for its often blunt [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] viewpoints on many political, moral, and social issues of the day. For example, in "Chinpokomon" (a satire of the Pokemon craze), the boys learn that blindly following a trend can be dangerous, and that it's best to just be yourself. In "Super Best Friends," we discover that [[Jesus]], [[Muhammad]], [[Buddha]], [[Moses]], [[Joseph Smith]], and [[Krishna]] are all friends, even though countries have gone to war over them.

There is a form of anti-censorship, libertarian-leaning conservatism known as "South Park Republicans" and "South Park Conservatives." The creators are uneasy about stating their political views (even hesitating to declare themselves libertarians) <ref>Charlie Rose interview, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqtLudQtIGs </ref>, though they note that of all the different groups they mock, [[Hollywood values|Hollywood Liberals]] display the most indignance. <ref> Interview on The Hour, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLyVm4Rr2eo </ref> Matt Stone has stated, "I hate conservatives, but I really (expletive) hate liberals." <ref>http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_rp-hate_conservatives.htm</ref>

==Main Characters==

The vast majority of episodes focus on four native South Park boys in the third and later fourth grade, often referred to as just "the boys":

===Stan Marsh===
Stan is voiced by co-creator Trey Parker and is more or less a filter for his personality and experiences. Though possessing a foul mouth and other shortcomings that typify his age, Stan is basically a good kid, with above-average intelligence and a strong sense of morality. He is the best friend of Kyle Broflovski, a good friend of Kenny McCormick, and about the closest thing to a friend that Eric Cartman can ever expect to have. He comes from a typical middle-class household. His father Randy is a geologist and his mother Sharon is a stay-at-home mom. Typical of the adult characters on South Park, both parents are frequently irrational, but they are also shown to genuinely love their son.

===Kyle Broflovski===
What Trey Parker is to Stan, co-creator Matt Stone is to Kyle. Similar to Stan in many ways, Kyle is arguably more intelligent and moral than Stan. His father Gerald is a lawyer, and his mother is a stay-at-home mom prone to moral outrage and stereotypical "Jewish mother" mannerisms. He and his family are [[Jewish]], though religion does not seem to play a major role in Kyle's day-to-day life. Kyle will commonly give the moral of an episode at the end, often with the prelude "you know, I learned something today." In the season 13 episode "Margaritaville" this tendency was brought to messianic proportions, where he is depicted as a "[[prophet]]" of the economy by telling residents that the economy is an abstract concept created by people, not a vengeful entity, and that it requires faith to function. The town council (an impromptu collection of adults led by Randy Marsh, who claims that America has angered the economy) hears of this "young Jew spreading heresy about the economy" and sets up a [[Judas]] figure (obviously, Cartman) to capture him. Kyle evades capture and instead uses a credit card with no spending limit to write off the debts of the other South Park residents.

===Kenny McCormick===
Originally more of a gimmick character, Kenny was killed in every episode of seasons 1-5, and then died "permanently" at the end of 5. This "permanent death" lasted until season 7, at which point he became a regular character who still died occasionally, though as before with no consequence to future episodes. Between season 5 and 7, Kenny's soul was "trapped in Cartman's body" after Eric Cartman confused his ashes with hot chocolate. After drinking these ashes, Cartman began having Kenny's memories and speaking his statements. Kenny is considerably poorer than the other boys, with a run-down house governed by parents who frequently abuse alcohol and engage in domestic violence. Despite this he gets along fine with his better-off friends and does not in general get made fun of for his poverty (except by Eric Cartman). He is "voiced" by Matt Stone, though this is of little consequence as everything he says is mumbled incomprehensibly from an over-sized orange parka. The other characters, however, seem to understand him. For the 1999 movie, Kenny removed his parka, revealing his face and blonde hair color, to say "Goodbye, you guys" (this line was voiced by [[Mike Judge]], creator of [[Beavis & Butt-head]] and [[King of the Hill]]). In one episode written after the movie, Kenny's legible speech and face appeared again, though he was wearing different clothes, and it was not obvious that he was Kenny until he had died.

===Eric Cartman===
Often just called "Cartman," he is arguably the main character of the show. He is obese, bigoted, narcissistic, and generally sociopathic; he was originally conceived as an eight-year-old version of Archie Bunker from [[All in the Family]]. He is very antagonistic towards Kyle, largely because of Kyle's ethnicity. (Cartman is anti-Semitic and admires [[Adolph Hitler]].) Fights between the two, usually stemming from mocking each character's respective obesity and ethnicity, have become a centerpiece of the show. Ironically, however, each has saved the other's life twice. All three of the other boys are open about their dislike for Cartman, but they still usually refer to him as their friend. Cartman has been shown to be extremely intelligent and manipulative, and he has a dark charisma that makes him a natural leader of the boys in times of adventure. Cartman's sociopathy has been traced to his upbringing by a single mother, Lianne. Lianne encourages Eric's obesity, and treats him like a friend instead of a son, thus not disciplining him. Lianne, a "crack whore" in the show, was also the name of Trey's former fiancee who Trey saw cheating with another man.

===Leopold "Butters" Stotch===
Though not originally a main character, Butters has seen considerable airtime since season 5 and is often considered the "breakout character" of the show. He is kind, wholesome, and trusting to a fault - in other words, he is basically the opposite of Cartman, and many episodes have been devoted to the relationship between the two. His parents are [[mentally ill]], with his father showing obsessive-compulsive behavior and mother having issues with anxiety and panic. Butters' mother attempted to kill him in one episode. During season 6 when Kenny was absent, Butters briefly filled in as the fourth boy. This eventually fell through, but he has been shown to have a friendly relationship with the other boys since then.

==References==

<references/>

== External Links ==

* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0121955/ IMDB Website]
[[Category: Television Shows]]
* [http://www.southparkstudios.com South Park Official Website]

Hard-core pornography

2009-08-29T13:10:31Z

ChrisZ: Undo revision 696861 by HSelun (Talk) - copypasta not allowed here

#REDIRECT [[pornography]]

Anti-Christian

2009-08-14T19:14:23Z

ChrisZ: double-redirect fix

#Redirect [[Antichristian activism]]

National Center for Science Education

2009-08-14T19:10:15Z

ChrisZ: Undo revision 692811 by Trustworthiness (Talk) - no reference for the "quote"

The '''National Center for Science Education''' (NCSE) is a not-for-profit organization that advocates teaching the [[theory of evolution]] in [[U.S.]] [[public school]]s, to the exclusion of [[scientific creationism]] and [[intelligent design]], which it erroneously contends is a form of [[creationism]].

The NCSE is responsible for "[[Project Steve]]", a propaganda campaign based on a logically-fallacious ''[[Logical fallacies#Proof by numbers|argument ad populum]]''.

== External links ==
*[http://www.natcenscied.org/ National Center for Science Education]

[[category:Political Organizations]]

Talk:Astrology

2009-08-14T19:08:13Z

ChrisZ: /* Ophiuchus */

I don't think that these "biblical references" to astrology are accurate. The Bible clearly condemns astrology. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 23:27, 7 April 2007 (EDT)

:Where? --[[User:Tetra|Tetra]] 18:12, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

::"Keep on, then, with your magic spells and with your many sorceries, which you have labored at since childhood. Perhaps you will succeed, perhaps you will cause terror. All the counsel you have received has only worn you out! Let your astrologers come forward, those stargazers who make predictions month by month, let them save you from what is coming upon you. Surely they are like stubble; the fire will burn them up. They cannot even save themselves from the power of the flame. Here are no coals to warm anyone; here is no fire to sit by. That is all they can do for you - these you have labored with and trafficked with since childhood. Each of them goes on in his error; there is not one that can save you. (Isaiah 47:12-15) [[User:Fox|Fox]] 18:17, 28 May 2007 (EDT)
::"Therefore hearken not ye to your prophets, nor to your diviners, nor to your dreamers, nor to your enchanters, nor to your sorcerers, which speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon: For they prophesy a lie unto you, to remove you far from your land; and that I should drive you out, and ye should perish. (Jeremiah 27:9-10) [[User:Fox|Fox]] 18:19, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

==Reagan==

President Reagan did more than 'dabble' in astrology, but when I included that, it was deleted because I cited a source other than Reagan's own words. Anyone have any thoughts on the matter? [[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 23:20, 20 December 2007 (EST)

:You know our policy -- no gossip. Someone making claims about a person, without proof, and after a person is no longer able to defend themselves are not a part of what we are about. We're not into the "Mommy Dearest" motif. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 00:48, 21 December 2007 (EST)
::For the record, that quote was made back when Reagan was still president. If the president used stars and numbers to direct the country (and this wasn't mere tabloid lies), that's hardly gossip. But I'll let it drop. [[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 10:40, 21 December 2007 (EST)

==Ophiuchus==
Just a random bit of knowledge: The zodiac, [[Ophiuchus]], is also a "sun sign", but is not considered an astrological sign. By some, Ophiuchus is the sign for the 13th month in the lunar calendar.

I learned most of this back in 7th grade, after seeing Ophiuchus in a game and wondered, "wait! There's 13 lunar months?" --[[User:ChrisZ|ɹǝlƃǝız ɹǝdoʇsıɹɥɔ]] 15:07, 14 August 2009 (EDT)

Talk:Astrology

2009-08-14T19:07:50Z

ChrisZ: /* Ophiuchus */ just random knowledge. May or may not be relevant. *shrugs*

I don't think that these "biblical references" to astrology are accurate. The Bible clearly condemns astrology. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 23:27, 7 April 2007 (EDT)

:Where? --[[User:Tetra|Tetra]] 18:12, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

::"Keep on, then, with your magic spells and with your many sorceries, which you have labored at since childhood. Perhaps you will succeed, perhaps you will cause terror. All the counsel you have received has only worn you out! Let your astrologers come forward, those stargazers who make predictions month by month, let them save you from what is coming upon you. Surely they are like stubble; the fire will burn them up. They cannot even save themselves from the power of the flame. Here are no coals to warm anyone; here is no fire to sit by. That is all they can do for you - these you have labored with and trafficked with since childhood. Each of them goes on in his error; there is not one that can save you. (Isaiah 47:12-15) [[User:Fox|Fox]] 18:17, 28 May 2007 (EDT)
::"Therefore hearken not ye to your prophets, nor to your diviners, nor to your dreamers, nor to your enchanters, nor to your sorcerers, which speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon: For they prophesy a lie unto you, to remove you far from your land; and that I should drive you out, and ye should perish. (Jeremiah 27:9-10) [[User:Fox|Fox]] 18:19, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

==Reagan==

President Reagan did more than 'dabble' in astrology, but when I included that, it was deleted because I cited a source other than Reagan's own words. Anyone have any thoughts on the matter? [[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 23:20, 20 December 2007 (EST)

:You know our policy -- no gossip. Someone making claims about a person, without proof, and after a person is no longer able to defend themselves are not a part of what we are about. We're not into the "Mommy Dearest" motif. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 00:48, 21 December 2007 (EST)
::For the record, that quote was made back when Reagan was still president. If the president used stars and numbers to direct the country (and this wasn't mere tabloid lies), that's hardly gossip. But I'll let it drop. [[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 10:40, 21 December 2007 (EST)

==Ophiuchus==
Just a random bit of knowledge: The zodiac, [[Ophiuchus]], is also a "sun sign", but is not considered an astrological sign. By some, Ophiuchus is the sign for the 13th month in the lunar calendar.

I learned most of this back in 7th grade, after seeing Ophiuchus in a game and wondered, "wait! There's 13 lunar months?" [[User:ChrisZ|ɹǝlƃǝız ɹǝdoʇsıɹɥɔ]] 15:07, 14 August 2009 (EDT)

Disputed Biblical Translations

2009-08-13T19:05:41Z

ChrisZ: /* Holy "Spirit" or Holy "Ghost" */ end quotation mark

The translations of several passages in the [[Bible]] are disputed. This has led to some [[doctrine|doctrinal]] disagreement throughout [[Christian]] history, with scholars and others citing different [[translation]]s of the same passage to support slightly different views. A few critics of [[Christianity]] cite rare uncertainties in translation to challenge the entire religion; this viewpoint ignores the overwhelming agreement in translation and the role of [[faith]], [[prayer]] and divine inspiration in religious discourse.

The most significant differences in translation arise between modern versions and the older [[King James Version]], rather than among different modern versions. One (of many) examples is the modern change in translation of the phrase "eternal damnation" in Mark 3:29 to "eternal sin."<ref>http://www.holybible.com/resources/version_comparison_chart.htm</ref>

[[Islam]] dictates that the [[Koran]] be read only in its original [[Arabic]], thereby avoiding any issues of translation. Translations of the Koran do exist, but they are called "interpretations", and not used for study, worship or devotional purposes.

== The "Past" ==

The "past" does not exist in the [[Gospels]]; the term is not used, not even once, by the [[New American Standard Bible]] or the [[New International Version]] in translating the [[Gospels]]. [[Jesus]] never used the [[Aramaic]] or [[Greek]] equivalent, not even once.

Yet the term the "past" does appear in the more [[liberal]] translations, such as the [[Revised Standard Version]]. For example:

{| class="wikitable"
|Luke 1:3 ([[New American Standard Bible|NASB]])||"it seemed fitting for me as well, having investigated everything carefully from the beginning, to write it out for you in consecutive order, most excellent Theophilus;"<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=past&section=8&language_one=en&version_one=esv&language_two=en&version_two=nas&new=1&oq=past</ref>
|-
|Luke 1:3 ([[Revised Standard Version|RSV]])||"it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent The-oph'ilus,"<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=past&section=8&language_one=en&version_one=rsv&language_two=en&version_two=csb&new=1&oq=past</ref>
|-
|Luke 1:3 ([[Holman Christian Standard Bible]])||"it also seemed good to me, having carefully investigated everything from the very first, to write to you in orderly sequence, most honorable Theophilus,"<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=past&section=8&language_one=en&version_one=rsv&language_two=en&version_two=csb&new=1&oq=past</ref>
|}

== Using "[[liberal]]", but not "[[conservative]]" ==

Some modern [[liberal]] translations introduce the term "liberal" in a favorable sense, but none introduce the term "conservative":

{| class="wikitable"
|Proverbs 19:6 ([[King James Version]])||Many will intreat the favour of the prince: and every man is a friend to him that giveth gifts.<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=liberal&section=0&language_one=en&version_one=asv&language_two=en&version_two=kjv&new=1&oq=traditional</ref>
|-
|Proverbs 19:6 ([[New American Standard Bible]])||Many will entreat the favor of the liberal man; And every man is a friend to him that giveth gifts.<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=liberal&section=0&language_one=en&version_one=asv&language_two=en&version_two=kjv&new=1&oq=traditional</ref>
|-
|Proverbs 11:25 ([[Revised Standard Version]])||A liberal man will be enriched, and one who waters will himself be watered.<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=liberal&section=0&language_one=en&version_one=rsv&language_two=en&version_two=niv&new=1&oq=liberal</ref>
|-
|Proverbs 11:25 ([[New International Version]])||A generous man will prosper; he who refreshes others will himself be refreshed.<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=liberal&section=0&language_one=en&version_one=rsv&language_two=en&version_two=niv&new=1&oq=liberal</ref>
|}

== Vanishing Devil ==

Modern translations have been eliminating references to the [[Devil]]:

{| class="wikitable"
|[[King James Bible|KJB]]||57 references to the Devil<ref>http://biblestudy.crosswalk.com/search/?type=bible&keyword=Devil&translation=kjv</ref>
|-
|[[New American Standard Bible|NASB]]||32 references to the Devil<ref>http://biblestudy.crosswalk.com/search/?type=bible&keyword=Devil&translation=kjv</ref>
|-
|[[New International Version|NIV]]||35 references to the Devil<ref>http://biblestudy.crosswalk.com/search/?type=bible&keyword=Devil&translation=kjv</ref>
|}

== Disappearing Hell ==

Modern translations have been eliminating references to [[Hell]]. For example, the [[King James Bible]] mentions Hell 54 times<ref>http://www.blueletterbible.org/search/translationResults.cfm?Criteria=Hell&t=KJV</ref>, while the [[New International Version]] mentions it only 14 times<ref>http://www.blueletterbible.org/search/translationResults.cfm?Criteria=Hell&t=NIV&sf=5</ref>. The following translations of Matt 11:23 in chronological order illustrate the disappearance:

{| class="wikitable"
|[[King James Bible|KJB]]||And thou, [[Capernaum]], which art exalted unto [[heaven]], shalt be brought down to [[hell]]: for if the mighty works, which have been done in thee, had been done in [[Sodom]], it would have remained until this day.
|-
|[[Revised Standard Version|NRSV]]||And you, Capernaum, will you be exalted to heaven? No, you will be brought down to Hades. For if the deeds of power done in you had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day.
|-
|[[New American Bible|NAB]]||And for your , Capernaum: 'Will you be exalted to heaven" You will go down to the netherworld.' For if the mighty deeds done in your midst had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day.
|-
|[[New International Version|NIV]]||And you, Capernaum, will you be lifted up to the skies? No, you will go down to the depths. If the miracles that were performed in you had been performed in Sodom, it would have remained to this day.
|-
|[[Holman Christian Standard Bible|Holman]]||And you, Capernaum, will you be exalted to heaven? You will go down to Hades. For if the miracles that were done in you had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until today.
|}

== Downplaying the Deity of Jesus ==

Modern versions tend to downplay the deity of Jesus, and use phrases like "Lord Jesus Christ" and "Jesus Christ" less frequently than older translations. Here is a comparison:<ref>These are taken from the keyword search tool on http://www.biblegateway.com/</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|[[King James Version|KJV]]||81 references to "Lord Jesus Christ"
|-
|[[English Standard Version|ESV]]||61 references to "Lord Jesus Christ"
|-
|[[New International Version|NIV]]||60 references to "Lord Jesus Christ"
|-
|[[Holman Christian Standard Bible|Holman]]||61 references to "Lord Jesus Christ"
|}

See also the section on "Jesus as God" below. One commentator argues that modern translations are not downplaying Jesus's deity, but the tables provided in the analysis indicate otherwise.<ref>http://www.contenderministries.org/biblestudy/kjodeityofchrist.php</ref>

== Downplaying the Spirit at Creation ==

The first few sentences of the Bible describe Creation, and liberal translations tend to deny the presence of the Spirit of [[God]]. Here is Genesis 1:1-2 in several different translations:

{| class="wikitable"
|RSV<ref>Revised Standard Version</ref>||In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the Spirit of God was moving over the face of the waters.
|-
|New English Bible||In the beginning of creation, when God made heaven and earth, the earth was without form and void, with darkness over the face of the abyss, and a mighty wind that swept over the surface of the waters.
|}

== Light versus Darkness in John 1:5 ==

The translation of John 1:5 requires addressing whether "darkness", which perhaps encompasses both a lack of [[faith]] and pure evil, fails to understand the "light" (Jesus), or whether it may understand the light but fails to ''overcome'' it. In addition, there is the issue as to whether the darkness ''continues'' to fail to overcome the light. Here are various translations of that single verse:

{| class="wikitable"
|New King James Version||And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it.
|-
|[[New International Version|NIV]]||The light shines in the darkness, but the darkness has not understood it.
|-
|[[Today's New International Version|Today's NIV]]||The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it.
|-
|[[Holman Christian Standard Bible|Holman]]||That light shines in the darkness, yet the darkness did not overcome it.
|}

== Isaiah 7:14 ==

This passage is a prophesy of the birth of [[Jesus]], and the dispute concerns whether to translate the term for the woman as "virgin" or "young woman." The Hebrew term is ambiguous; the Greek term as used in the [[Septuagint]] means "virgin".

{| class="wikitable"
|[[New American Bible|NAB]]||... the virgin shall be with child, and bear a son, and shall name him Immanuel.
|-
|[[Holman Christian Standard Bible|Holman]]||... The virgin will conceive, have a son, and name him Immanuel.
|-
|[[New International Version|NIV]]||... The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel.
|-
|[[Revised Standard Version|NRSV]]||Look, the young woman is with child and shall bear a son, and shall name him Immanuel.
|}

== Psalm 22:16 ==

Psalm 22:16 is sometimes seen to contain a prophesy of the [[Crucifixion]] of [[Jesus Christ]]; the evil and the harm to the hands and feet are translated slightly differently:<ref>http://www.biblestudy101.org/hbgen/transtest2.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|[[King James Bible|KJB]]||For dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked have inclosed me: they pierced my hands and my feet.
|-
|[[New King James Version|NKJV]]||For dogs have surrounded Me; The congregation of the wicked has enclosed Me. They pierced My hands and My feet.
|-
|[[New American Standard Bible|NASB]]||For dogs have surrounded me; A band of evildoers has encompassed me; They pierced my hands and my feet.
|-
|[[Holman Christian Standard Bible|Holman]]||For dogs have surrounded me; a gang of evildoers has closed in on me; they pierced my hands and my feet.
|-
|[[New International Version|NIV]]||Dogs have surrounded me; a band of evil men has encircled me, they have pierced my hands and my feet.
|-
|[[Revised Standard Version|NRSV]]||For dogs are all around me; a company of evildoers encircles me. My hands and feet have shriveled.
|}
Jews consider all these to be mistranslations, and understand the verse thus:
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Jewish Publication Society of America|JPS]]||For dogs have encompassed me; a company of evil-doers have inclosed me; ''like a lion, they are'' at my hands and my feet.
|}

== Romans 3:28 ==

This passage sparked the [[Reformation]]. [[Martin Luther]] added an extra German word for "alone" (alleine or alleyn) after the phrase: "justified by faith": "So halten wir nun dafür, daß der Mensch gerecht werde ohne des Gesetzes Werke, alleyn durch den Glauben." This reflected Luther's view that man is justified (saved) by faith alone, and that salvation comes only from faith. The Roman Catholic Church (and Eastern Orthodox Church) taught that man is justified (saved) by faith and good works.

{| class="wikitable"
|NAB||For we consider that a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law.
|-
|Holman||For we conclude that a man is justified by faith apart from works of law.
|-
|NIV||For we maintain that a man is justified by faith apart from observing the law.
|-
|NRSV||For we hold that a person is justified by faith apart from works prescribed by the law.
|}

== John 19:30 ==

This passage describes the last words of [[Jesus]], and what happened next.

{| class="wikitable"
|NAB||... he said, "It is finished." And bowing his head, he handed over the spirit.
|-
|Holman||... He said, "It is finished!" Then bowing His head, He yielded up His spirit.
|-
|NIV||... Jesus said, "It is finished." With that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit.
|-
|RSV||... he said, "It is accomplished!" Then he bowed his head and gave up his spirit.
|-
|NRSV||... he said, "It is finished." Then he bowed his head and gave up his spirit.
|-
|Msg<ref>The Message</ref>||... Jesus said, "It's done ... complete." Bowing his head, he offered up his spirit.
|}

== Add an hour to your life, or a cubit to your height? ==

One of the most striking differences in translations, even modern conservative translations, concerns Luke 12:25:

{| class="wikitable"
|Holman||Can any of you add a cubit to his height by worrying?
|-
|NIV||Who of you by worrying can add a single hour to his life?
|-
|NKJV||And which of you by worrying can add one cubit to his stature?
|-
|ESV||And which of you by being anxious can add a single hour to his span of life?
|}

The word ''helikian'' was used by the Greeks to mean both lengths of time and bodily stature.

== "Holy Spirit" (Paraclete) ==

[[Jesus]] used the Greek term "paraclete" to refer to what is now commonly called the "Holy Spirit" in English (formerly the "Holy Ghost," see next section below). The Greek term can mean "(1) a legal advocate, or counsel for defense, (2) an intercessor, (3) a helper, generally."<ref>[http://net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=Paraclete "Paraclete".] NETBible.com</ref> What are the differences in translation in its biblical use? One of the five references to this word by John (four in his Gospel, and the fifth in his first letter) is in John 15:26, which quotes Jesus:

{| class="wikitable"
|NAB||When the Advocate comes whom I will send you from the Father, the Spirit of truth that proceeds from the Father, he will testify to me.
|-
|Holman||When the Counselor comes -- whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth who goes out from the Father -- he will testify about me.
|-
|NIV||When the Counselor comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth who goes out from the Father, he will testify about me.
|-
|NRSV||When the Advocate comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth who comes from the Father, he will testify on my behalf.
|}

== Holy "Spirit" or Holy "Ghost" ==

The English language lacks an equivalent for the Greek term "pneuma", which is used 350 times in the New Testament to express the third member of the [[Holy Trinity]].<ref>[http://www.biblestudytools.net/Lexicons/Greek/grk.cgi?number=4151 "Pneuma".] The KJV New Testament Greek Lexicon. Crosswalk.com</ref> This Greek word is typically translated as "to breathe", "to blow," or "of the wind."<ref name="pneo">[http://www.biblestudytools.net/Lexicons/Greek/grk.cgi?number=4154&version=kjv "Pneo".] The KJV New Testament Greek Lexicon. Crosswalk.com</ref> It forms the root for the English term "pneumonia".<ref name="pneo"/>

For hundreds of years the English translation of this term in connection with the third member of the [[Holy Trinity]] has been "Holy Ghost":<ref name="Holy Ghost">[http://www.geocities.com/brandplucked/HolyGhost.html "Some Thoughts on the Use of the Term the Holy Ghost".] Geocities.com</ref>

:Not only does the King James Bible use the term the Holy Ghost, but all earlier English Bibles did as well. The Holy Ghost is found in Wycliffe's translation 1395, Tyndale’s New Testament 1525, Coverdale 1535, Bishops' Bible 1568, the Geneva Bible 1599, Mace N.T. 1729, Wesley's N.T. 1755, Douay-Rheims version, and in more modern times it is also found in Montgomery’s New Testament, the Revised Version, the Catholic Douay version 1950, the KJV 21st Century version and the Third Millennium Bible.

Yet none of the modern English versions of the Bible translates this as "Holy Ghost," and instead they insist on the less forceful and more ambiguous term "Holy Spirit." One commentator observes:<ref name="Holy Ghost"/>

:It is ironic that the NKJV, NIV, NASB, RSV and many other modern versions have tossed out the term Holy Ghost, yet they have introduced the totally false idea of human ghosts.

For example, the New International Version repeatedly refers to a personal, human "ghost" where the King James Bible referred to "spirit":

:Mt 14:26:

::New International Version: When the disciples saw him walking on the lake, they were terrified. "It's a ghost," they said, and cried out in fear.<ref name="Matthew">[http://biblestudy.crosswalk.com/mybst/default.aspx?type=bible&translation=NAS&bookcode=mt&bookname=Matthew&chapterid=14&verseid=26 Matthew 14:26.] My Bible Study Tools. Crosswalk.com</ref>

::King James Bible: And when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they were troubled, saying, It is a spirit; and they cried out for fear.<ref name="Matthew"/>

:Luke 24:39:

::New International Version: "Look at my hands and my feet. It is I myself! Touch me and see; a ghost does not have flesh and bones, as you see I have.<ref name="Luke">[http://biblestudy.crosswalk.com/mybst/default.aspx?type=bible&translation=NIV&bookcode=lu&bookname=Luke&chapterid=24&verseid=39 Luke 24:39.] My Bible Study Tools. Crosswalk.com</ref>

::King James Bible: "Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have."<ref name="Luke"/>

== The Adulteress Story, beginning of John 8 ==

The authenticity of the story of Jesus and an adulteress appears at John 7:53 through John 8:11 is rejected by most modern biblical translations and many if not nearly all modern biblical scholars, and it does not exist in any of the early biblical manuscripts.<ref>''See, e.g.'', [[Essay:Adulteress Story]]</ref> The passage has become a favorite of [[liberals]] to argue against [[capital punishment]]: "Common reasons against capital punishment ... Abolitionists '''often''' quote Jesus' treatment of the adulteress in the Gospel of John as support for their position."<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/executb.htm "Capital punishment - the death penalty; Basic reasons: pro and anti".] ReligiousTolerance.org (emphasis added)</ref>

The passage is used to deny the very existence of Hell, and thus the necessity of being saved.<ref>Here is an example of a false denial of Hell based on the Adulteress Story: "No one is going to burn in hell. ... Here's what we know from Jesus' teachings. He would never condemn anyone. Read the story of the adulteress about to be stoned." - Craig. [http://forum.greaterreality.com/messages/9.html "Re: Heaven and Hell".] Greater Reality Forums. Forum.GreaterReality.com</ref>

The different translations of the Bible comment on this passage as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|NAB||7,53-8,11: The story of the woman caught in adultery is a later insertion here, missing from all early Greek manuscripts. A Western text-type insertion, attested mainly in Old Latin translations, it is found in different places in different manuscripts: here, or after 7, 36, or at the end of this gospel, or after Lk 21, 38, or at the end of that gospel.
|-
|Holman||Other mss [manuscripts] omit bracketed text [John 7:53-8:11].
|-
|NIV||The earliest and most reliable manuscripts and other ancient witnesses do not have John 7:53-8:11.
|-
|NRSV||The most ancient authorities lack 7.53-8.11; other authorities add the passage here or after 7.36 or after 21.25 or after Luke 21.38, with variations of text; some mark the passage as doubtful.
|-
|Amp<ref>Amplified Bible</ref>||John 7:53 to 8:11 is absent from most of the older manuscripts, and those that have it sometimes place it elsewhere. The story may well be authentic. Indeed, Christ's response of compassion and mercy is so much in keeping with His character that we accept it as authentic, and feel that to omit it would be most unfortunate.
|}

== Our Father ==

Different versions have different translations for the leading Christian prayer, the ''Our Father'' (in [[Roman Catholic]] terminology) and ''The Lord's Prayer'' (in [[Protestant]] terminology) (at Mt 6:12-13):

{| class="wikitable"
|NAB||And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not subject us to the final test, but deliver us from the evil one.
|-
|Holman||Forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one.
|-
|AV/KJV<ref>[[King James Bible|Authorised Version (King James Version)]]</ref>||And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen.
|-
|NRSV||And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one.
|}

== Protestant or Catholic ==

There appears to be no meaningful differences between translations of the New Testament between Protestants and Catholics. <ref>Akin, Jimmy. [http://www.jimmyakin.org/greek/page/2/ "The Greek New Testament".] JimmyAkin.org</ref>

One passage however, Luke 1:28 in which Gabriel greets Mary, is translated differently by Catholics and Protestants. The phrase "Hail, full of grace," from which the first line of the Catholic [[Hail Mary]] prayer is derived, is likely to appear in Catholic Bibles; Protestant Bibles, such as the NIV, KJV, and ASV, use the phrase "highly favored" instead of "full of grace."

There are differences with respect to the Old Testament.

== Jesus as God - Romans 9:5 ==

A point of contention is the description of Jesus as God in Romans 9:5. Here are several translations of it:

{| class="wikitable"
|AV/KJV<ref>[[King James Bible|Authorised Version (King James Version)]]</ref>||Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen.
|-
|NIV||Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of Christ, who is God over all, forever praised! Amen.
|-
|NAB||theirs the patriarchs, and from them, according to the flesh, is the Messiah. God who is over all be blessed forever. Amen.
|-
|NRSV||to them belong the patriarchs, and from them, according to the flesh, comes the Messiah, who is over all, God blessed forever. Amen.
|-
|RSV||The patriarchs are theirs, and from them by natural descent came the Messiah. May God, supreme above all, be blessed for ever! Amen.
|}

==Acts 8:37==
{| class="wikitable"
|KJB||And Philip said, if thou believest with all thine heart thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God.[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%208:37&version=9;]
|-
|NIV||........[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%208:37;&version=31;]
|-
|ESV||.........[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%208:37;&version=47;]
|}

===Context===
Right before Philip baptized the Ethiopian eunch, the eunuch asked "See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized?" (KJV Acts 8:36) In other versions, nothing. The chariot stands still, and he is baptized (v. 38)

===Meaning===
This omission shows an emphasis being placed on works rather than faith in Jesus Christ. Baptisim alone will not take you to Heaven.

== Prodigal Son ==

The translation of the immoral conduct of the wayward [[Prodigal Son]], and the effect of that conduct, has been diluted over the years in Luke 15:13 (emphasis added):

{| class="wikitable"
|AV/KJV<ref>[[King James Bible|Authorised Version (King James Version)]]</ref>||... and there '''wasted his substance''' with '''riotous living'''.
|-
|[[NIV]]||... and there '''squandered his wealth''' in '''wild living'''.
|-
|[[NAB]]||... and there he '''squandered his estate''' with '''loose living'''.
|-
|[[NRSV]]||... and there he '''squandered his property''' in '''dissolute living'''.
|-
|[[Holman Christian Standard Bible|Holman]]||... where he '''squandered his estate''' in '''foolish living'''.
|}

== Ending to the [[Gospel of Mark]] ==

The ending to the [[Gospel of Mark]], who was not an eyewitness to [[Jesus]], briefly describes the [[Resurrection]] after Mark 16:8. Some cite an absence of this ending in certain early manuscripts in order to deny its authenticity as part of the Gospel of Mark.

As an ''ending'', however, it is possible that it was not always fully copied, and manuscripts that lack this ending also lack other portions.<ref name="Mark ending">http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_words_are_there_in_the_Gospel_of_Mark</ref> Very early Christians repeatedly cited the full ending as part of the authentic Gospel of Mark, and it is fully corroborated by the other [[Gospels]].<ref name="Mark ending"/>

== Exodus 21:22 ==

Pro-[[abortion]] [[Christians]] cite Exodus 21:22 in an attempt to downplay how wrong abortion is. That passage concerns an ''accidental'' injury to a pregnant woman, and the punishment that should be imposed if there is resultant injury:

{| class="wikitable"
|KJV||If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.
|-
|Holman||When men get in a fight, and hit a pregnant woman so that her children are born [prematurely], but there is no injury, the one who hit her must be fined as the woman's husband demands from him, and he must pay according to judicial assessment.
|-
|NIV||If men who are fighting hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman's husband demands and the court allows.
|-
|NRSV||When people who are fighting injure a pregnant woman so that there is a miscarriage, and yet no further harm follows, the one responsible shall be fined what the woman's husband demands, paying as much as the judges determine.
|}

== Matthew 9:18 ==

There is a difference in translation as to whether a ruler had [[faith]] in the ability of [[Jesus]] to bring his daughter back to life after death, or whether his [[faith]] was in [[Jesus]] to heal his daughter in order to avert death:

{| class="wikitable"
|KJV||While he spake these things unto them, behold, there came a certain ruler, and worshipped him, saying, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live.
|-
|Holman||As He was telling them these things, suddenly one of the leaders came and knelt down before Him, saying, "My daughter is near death, but come and lay Your hand on her, and she will live."
|-
|NIV||While he was saying this, a ruler came and knelt before him and said, "My daughter has just died. But come and put your hand on her, and she will live."
|-
|NRSV||While he was saying these things to them, suddenly a leader of the synagogue came in and knelt before him, saying, "My daughter has just died; but come and lay your hand on her, and she will live."
|}

== Diluting Proverbs 3:5 ==

[[Liberal]] translations of the [[Bible]] dilute the admonition against relying on one's own (faulty) understanding at the expense of [[God]]:

{| class="wikitable"
|KJV||Trust in the LORD with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding.<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=Proverbs+3%3A5+-+6&section=0&language_one=en&version_one=kjv&language_two=en&version_two=csb&new=1&oq=&NavBook=pr&NavGo=3&NavCurrentChapter=3</ref>
|-
|Holman||Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not rely on your own understanding;<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=Proverbs+3%3A5+-+6&section=0&language_one=en&version_one=kjv&language_two=en&version_two=csb&new=1&oq=&NavBook=pr&NavGo=3&NavCurrentChapter=3</ref>
|-
|NIV||Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; <ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=Proverbs+3%3A5+-+6&section=0&language_one=en&version_one=niv&language_two=en&version_two=nrs&new=1&oq=&NavBook=pr&NavGo=3&NavCurrentChapter=3</ref>
|-
|NRSV||
Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not rely on your own insight.<ref>http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/bible.cgi?word=Proverbs+3%3A5+-+6&section=0&language_one=en&version_one=niv&language_two=en&version_two=nrs&new=1&oq=&NavBook=pr&NavGo=3&NavCurrentChapter=3</ref>
|}

== Did Jesus Sing? ==

Most translations of Mark 14:26 refer to Jesus and His Apostles ending the [[Last Supper]] in this manner: "When they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives." (NIV) The term "hymn" is used in nearly every modern translation except two,<ref>The [[New Jerusalem Bible]] and the [[HCSB]] are the only major modern translations that use the term "psalms" rather than "hymn".</ref> which refer to signing "psalms". The footnote in the [[Holman Christian Standard Bible]] is enlightening: "Pss 113-118 were sung during and after the Passover meal."

== See also ==

* [[Bible translations]]
* [[Bible Retranslation Project]]
* [http://www.biblestudytools.net/ParallelBible/ Compare translations]
[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Bible Versions|*]]

== References ==

<references/>

Fractal

2009-08-07T21:08:07Z

ChrisZ: /* External links */ adding the mentioned program sites

[[Image:Fractal.jpg|The delicate tracery of a computer-generated fractal|right|thumb|250px]]
A '''fractal''' is a mathematically generated [[design]] whose details resemble the original fractal, a property known as self-similarity. A fractal is produced with mathematical equations that undergo iteration or are recursive in form. The two leading computer programs for creating fractals are UltraFractal and Apophysis.

[[Image:SsFb.gif|A computer generated image of a [[fern]] frond, an example of fractals in nature.|left|thumb]]
The fractal nature of some plants has convinced many people that God must have designed the natural world (see [[fern]]s). The leaves of a fern are shaped very much like the frond. Evolutionary biologists have yet to propose a satisfactory explanation for the spontaneous appearance of complex patterns in living organisms. They cannot adequately explain the evolutionary advantage of an endlessly repeating [[pattern]] and how it comes about from elementary biological or chemical processes.

*Fractals have been studied by mathematicians for over a century. The name was coined by [[Benoit Mandelbrot]], a mathematician at [[Yale University]]. He calls fractals the "geometry of nature." <ref>http://www.wsu.edu/DrUniverse/fractal.html</ref>

Damien Jones wrote:
*A fractal is a shape that, when you look at a small part of it, has a similar (but not necessarily identical) appearance to the full shape. Take, for example, a rocky mountain. From a distance, you can see how rocky it is; up close, the surface is very similar. Little rocks have a similar bumpy surface to big rocks and to the overall mountain. <ref>http://www.fractalus.com/info/layman.htm</ref>
{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wsu.edu/DrUniverse/fractal.html Ask Dr. Universe] - Washington State University
*[http://www.creativitysoftware.com/fractals-images/pages-hs/fern-fronds.htm Fractal fronds]
*[http://www.fractalus.com/info/layman.htm Fractals, in Layman's Terms]
*[http://www.ultrafractal.com/ UltraFractal]
*[http://www.apophysis.org/ Apophysis]

[[category:mathematics]]

Phony War

2009-08-07T16:54:27Z

ChrisZ: redirection fix

#REDIRECT [[Phoney war]]

Homeland Security

2009-08-07T03:09:48Z

ChrisZ: redirection to: United States Department of Homeland Security

#REDIRECT [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]

Gizzard

2009-08-07T01:30:52Z

ChrisZ: reference tags; bold term

The '''gizzard''' is the mechanical “stomach” of a [[bird]]. It is located just after the true or glandular stomach in the gastrointestinal system. Since [[poultry]] have no teeth and swallow feed whole, this muscular organ, sometimes called “hen’s teeth,” mechanically grinds and mixes the [[bird]]’s feed.<ref>[http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Help/A-Z_Index/index.asp USDA Index]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:United States Government Word Definitions]]

Kirby's Dream Land 2

2009-08-06T22:39:38Z

ChrisZ: removing wiki-links to characters

'''Kirby's Dream Land 2''' ([[ESRB]] rating: K-A) is a [[family-friendly]] [[video game]] created by [[HAL Laboratory]], released in 1995 (in both [[Japan]] and the [[United States]]) for the [[Game Boy]] and is part of the [[Kirby (Video game)|Kirby series]]. It follows the adventures of the main character Kirby who attempts to foil King Dedede's (who is possessed by an evil entity called Dark Matter) plan of conquering Dream Land. In addition to the other games' abilities (run, float, jump, swallowing and copying enemies' powers, etc.), Kirby can get the help of three of his animal friends; Rick (a [[hamster]]), Coo (an [[owl]]) and Kine (a [[fish]]). Kirby's abilities change when aided and depends on who's aiding him, for example, while Kirby has the "stone" ability and is being helped by Rick, the hamster turns into a [[spherical]] stone that Kirby can then ride by rolling.

==See Also==
*[[Kirby (Video game)]]

[[Category:Video Games]]

Kirby (Video game)

2009-08-06T22:38:43Z

ChrisZ:

'''Kirby''' ([[ESRB]] ratings: E) is a [[family-friendly]] platform [[video game|game]] series produced by [[Nintendo]], it features the character Kirby, a pink blob with legs, feet and face who in almost every game of the series has the ability to copy enemies' special abilities by swallowing them; he also has the ability to float. He is the hero of a fantasy world called Pop Star, and his adventures usually consist of spoiling the evil King Dedede's plans.

Most games in the series feature side-scrolling levels reminiscent of [[Super Mario Bros.]]. Throughout the game, the player is required to find and use special abilities in order to solve puzzles and finish the level. Occasionally the player must obtain secret items to achieve a 100% completion rating for the area.

The series also contains various games in genres other than platformer.

==List of Games==

===[[NES]]===
*''[[Kirby's Adventure]]''

===[[Game Boy]]===
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land]]''
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land 2]]''
*''[[Kirby's Pinball Land]]'' (Pinball)
*''[[Kirby's Block Ball]]'' ([[Breakout]] clone)
*''[[Kirby's Star Stacker]]'' (Falling-block game)
*''[[Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble]]'' ([[Game Boy Color]] only)

===[[Super NES]]===
*''[[Kirby Super Star]]''
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land 3]]''
*''[[Kirby's Dream Course]]'' (Golf)
*''[[Kirby's Avalanche]]''
*''[[Kirby no Kirakira Kizzu]]'' ([[Japan]] only; remake of Kirby's Star Stacker)

===[[Nintendo 64]]===
*''[[Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards]]''

===[[Game Boy Advance]]===
*''[[Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land]]''
*''[[Kirby & the Amazing Mirror]]''

===[[GameCube]]===
*''[[Kirby Air Ride]]'' (Racing)

===[[Nintendo DS]]===
*''[[Kirby: Squeak Squad]]''
*''[[Kirby: Canvas Curse]]'' (Original non-traditional platformer)

[[Category:Video Games]]

Kirby (Video game)

2009-08-06T22:38:30Z

ChrisZ: removed wiki-links to characters; they were already described in the article

'''Kirby''' ([[ESRB]] ratings: E) is a [[family-friendly]] platform [[video game|game]] series produced by [[Nintendo]], it features the character [Kirby, a pink blob with legs, feet and face who in almost every game of the series has the ability to copy enemies' special abilities by swallowing them; he also has the ability to float. He is the hero of a fantasy world called Pop Star, and his adventures usually consist of spoiling the evil King Dedede's plans.

Most games in the series feature side-scrolling levels reminiscent of [[Super Mario Bros.]]. Throughout the game, the player is required to find and use special abilities in order to solve puzzles and finish the level. Occasionally the player must obtain secret items to achieve a 100% completion rating for the area.

The series also contains various games in genres other than platformer.

==List of Games==

===[[NES]]===
*''[[Kirby's Adventure]]''

===[[Game Boy]]===
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land]]''
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land 2]]''
*''[[Kirby's Pinball Land]]'' (Pinball)
*''[[Kirby's Block Ball]]'' ([[Breakout]] clone)
*''[[Kirby's Star Stacker]]'' (Falling-block game)
*''[[Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble]]'' ([[Game Boy Color]] only)

===[[Super NES]]===
*''[[Kirby Super Star]]''
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land 3]]''
*''[[Kirby's Dream Course]]'' (Golf)
*''[[Kirby's Avalanche]]''
*''[[Kirby no Kirakira Kizzu]]'' ([[Japan]] only; remake of Kirby's Star Stacker)

===[[Nintendo 64]]===
*''[[Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards]]''

===[[Game Boy Advance]]===
*''[[Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land]]''
*''[[Kirby & the Amazing Mirror]]''

===[[GameCube]]===
*''[[Kirby Air Ride]]'' (Racing)

===[[Nintendo DS]]===
*''[[Kirby: Squeak Squad]]''
*''[[Kirby: Canvas Curse]]'' (Original non-traditional platformer)

[[Category:Video Games]]

Super Smash Bros. Brawl

2009-08-06T22:37:42Z

ChrisZ: /* Characters */ removed wiki-links to characters (we don't want an article on each character)

''' Super Smash Brothers Brawl ''' ([[ESRB]] rating: T) is a fighting style [[video game]] released by [[Nintendo]] on the [[Wii]]. It is the third title in the Super Smash Brothers series, the other two being Super Smash Brothers Melee (Gamecube) and Super Smash Brothers (N64).

== Characters ==

The game includes a number of various characters that the player will control throughout the game . The game starts with some characters, and the others are unlocked as the player plays through the game. These characters are unique in the way that they have difference appearances and fighting styles. Most of these characters come from popular Nintendo franchises.

The characters are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Franchise
|-
| [[Bowser]]
| [[Super Mario Bros.]]
|-
| Captain Falcon
| [[F-Zero]]
|-
| Diddy Kong
| [[Donkey Kong]]
|-
| Donkey Kong
| [[Donkey Kong]]
|-
| Falco
| [[Star Fox]]
|-
| Fox
| [[Star Fox]]
|-
| Ganondorf
| [[The Legend of Zelda]]
|-
| [[Ice Climbers]]
| [[Ice Climber]]
|-
| Ike
| [[Fire Emblem]]
|-
| Jigglypuff
| [[Pokémon]]
|-
| King Dedede
| [[Kirby (Video game)|Kirby]]
|-
| Kirby
| [[Kirby (Video game)|Kirby]]
|-
| [[Link (video game character)|Link]]
| [[The Legend of Zelda]]
|-
| Lucario
| [[Pokémon]]
|-
| Lucas
| [[Earthbound]]
|-
| [[Luigi]]
| [[Super Mario Bros.]]
|-
| [[Mario]]
| [[Super Mario Bros.]]
|-
| Marth
| [[Fire Emblem]]
|-
| Meta Knight
| [[Kirby (Video game)|Kirby]]
|-
| Mr. Game & Watch
| [[Game & Watch]]
|-
| Ness
| [[Earthbound]]
|-
| Olimar
| [[Pikmin]]
|-
| Peach
| [[Super Mario Bros.]]
|-
| Pikachu
| [[Pokémon]]
|-
| Pit
| [[Kid Icarus]]
|-
| Pokemon Trainer
| [[Pokémon]]
|-
| R.O.B.
| [[R.O.B.]]
|-
|[[Samus]]
|[[Metroid]]
|-
| [[Sheik]]
| [[The Legend of Zelda]]
|-
| [[Snake (Video game character)]]
| [[Metal Gear Solid]]
|-
| [[Sonic]]
| [[Sonic the Hedgehog]]
|-
| Toon Link
| [[The Legend of Zelda]]
|-
| Wario
| [[Wario]]
|-
| Wolf
| [[Star Fox]]
|-
| Yoshi
| [[Yoshi]]
|-
| [[Zelda]]
| [[The Legend of Zelda]]
|-
| [[Samus|Zero Suit Samus]]
| [[Metroid]]
|-
|}

== On-line capabilities ==

Super Smash Brothers Brawl includes online options. Players may go online and play matches against others on the [[Internet]].

[[Category:Video Games]]

Talk:Assassin's Creed

2009-08-06T19:44:45Z

ChrisZ: /* Muslim */ just wonderful...

==Muslim==

No where in the game does it refer to Altair as a Muslim. It is implied that he is an atheist (or at least non religious) when talking to King Richard after he kills Robert de Sable. Richard says something such as "you may not believe in him [God], but he believes in you". {{unsigned|Clintville}}
:It "implies". You can't assume that he doesn't believe in God just from what someone says. He could be agnostic.
:And, as for the reference you added in an earlier edit... that was a webforum, which is not considered an encyclopedic reference in most cases. That webforum also directly quotes Wikipedia. We do not accept Wikipedia as a reference here because it is heavily biased towards Liberalism and Atheism. --[[User:ChrisZ|ɹǝlƃǝız ɹǝdoʇsıɹɥɔ]] 14:26, 6 August 2009 (EDT)

::Yes, he could be agnostic, I was not claiming he was an atheist, simply that the game never says he is a Muslim, and that is the closest it comes to talking about his religion. I think evidence from the game should be shown to back up the claim that he was a Muslim, not the other way around. {{unsigned|Clintville}}
:::Desmond Miles's ancestor, Altair, is an hashshashin. Hashshashin is a branch of Shiite Muslim. I believe that suffices as proof that Altair is indeed Muslim (not Orthodox). And congratulations! Because of you, all hopes of making any changes to the article have been locked. Thanks. --[[User:ChrisZ|ɹǝlƃǝız ɹǝdoʇsıɹɥɔ]] 15:42, 6 August 2009 (EDT)

Talk:Assassin's Creed

2009-08-06T19:42:15Z

ChrisZ: /* Muslim */ reply

==Muslim==

No where in the game does it refer to Altair as a Muslim. It is implied that he is an atheist (or at least non religious) when talking to King Richard after he kills Robert de Sable. Richard says something such as "you may not believe in him [God], but he believes in you". {{unsigned|Clintville}}
:It "implies". You can't assume that he doesn't believe in God just from what someone says. He could be agnostic.
:And, as for the reference you added in an earlier edit... that was a webforum, which is not considered an encyclopedic reference in most cases. That webforum also directly quotes Wikipedia. We do not accept Wikipedia as a reference here because it is heavily biased towards Liberalism and Atheism. --[[User:ChrisZ|ɹǝlƃǝız ɹǝdoʇsıɹɥɔ]] 14:26, 6 August 2009 (EDT)

::Yes, he could be agnostic, I was not claiming he was an atheist, simply that the game never says he is a Muslim, and that is the closest it comes to talking about his religion. I think evidence from the game should be shown to back up the claim that he was a Muslim, not the other way around.
:::Desmond Miles's ancestor, Altair, is an hashshashin. Hashshashin is a branch of Shiite Muslim. I believe that suffices as proof that Altair is indeed Muslim (not Orthodox). --[[User:ChrisZ|ɹǝlƃǝız ɹǝdoʇsıɹɥɔ]] 15:42, 6 August 2009 (EDT)

Talk:Assassin's Creed

2009-08-06T18:29:16Z

ChrisZ: /* Muslim */ just noticed your reference link also contains WP

Talk:Assassin's Creed

2009-08-06T18:26:18Z

ChrisZ: reply to Clintville

Velociraptor

2009-08-06T04:42:50Z

ChrisZ: revert to AddisonDM version.

[[File:Velociraptor.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Mounted velociraptor fossil]]
'''Velociraptor''' ("fast hunter") is the name for a small, fast-running, carnivorous [[dinosaur]].
Velociraptor was small for a dromaeosaurid, with adults measuring up to 1.8 meters (5.9 ft) long, 0.62 meters (2 ft) high at the hip, and weighing 20 kilograms (45 lb)<ref>Norell, M.A. & Makovicky, P.J. 1999. Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates 3282</ref>
The velociraptor is now extinct.

According to [[young earth creationism|young-Earth creationists]], the velociraptor was created on the sixth creation day (approximately 6000 B.C.)<ref>http://www.clarifyingchristianity.com/gen_1-2.shtml</ref><ref>http://www.albatrus.org/english/theology/creation/biblical_age_earth.htm</ref> and became extinct sometime in the last 4,350 years since the [[great flood|Flood]].

[[Evolutionists]] believe that the velociraptor existed between 99 and 65 million years ago, in the late [[Cretaceous]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074983/Velociraptor Velociraptor] in Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>

The first Velociraptor [[fossil]] was found in [[Mongolia]] in the 1920s by an American Museum of Natural History expedition, and a number of fossils have been found since then in Mongolia and northern [[China]]. The most well-known find, discovered in 1971, includes a complete Velociraptor skeleton wrapped around that of a Protoceratops, an early ceratopsian and ancestor of [[Triceratops]]. The two were apparently in mid-fight when they were buried.<ref>''The Complete Book of Dinosaurs'', by Dougal Dixon, Hermes House, 2006</ref>

== Stephen Spielberg's ''Jurassic Park'' ==
The Velociraptor played a prominent part in Stephen Spielberg's motion picture ''[[Jurassic Park]]'' in which it was misrepresented as a much larger creature. It was in fact merely the size of a turkey.<ref>http://www.answers.com/topic/velociraptor</ref> The version of the Velociraptor in ''Jurassic Park'' more closely resembled a [[Deinonychus]], a close relative of Velociraptor.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Dinosaurs]]

Velociraptor

2009-08-06T04:42:21Z

ChrisZ: Undo revision 689533 by GabrielC (Talk)

[[File:Velociraptor.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Mounted velociraptor fossil]]
'''Velociraptor''' ("fast hunter") is the name for a small, fast-running, carnivorous [[dinosaur]].
Velociraptor was small for a dromaeosaurid, with adults measuring up to 1.8 meters (5.9 ft) long, 0.62 meters (2 ft) high at the hip, and weighing 20 kilograms (45 lb)<ref>Norell, M.A. & Makovicky, P.J. 1999. Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates 3282</ref>
The velociraptor is now extinct.

According to [[Young-Earth Creationism|young-Earth creationists]], the velociraptor was created on the sixth creation day (approximately 6000 B.C.)<ref>http://www.clarifyingchristianity.com/gen_1-2.shtml</ref><ref>http://www.albatrus.org/english/theology/creation/biblical_age_earth.htm</ref> and became extinct sometime in the last 4,350 years since the [[great flood|Flood]].

[[Evolutionists]] believe that the velociraptor existed between 80 and 70 million years ago, in the late [[Cretaceous]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074983/Velociraptor Velociraptor] in Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>

The first Velociraptor [[fossil]] was found in [[Mongolia]] in the 1920s by an American Museum of Natural History expedition, and a number of fossils have been found since then in Mongolia and northern [[China]]. The most well-known find, discovered in 1971, includes a complete Velociraptor skeleton wrapped around that of a Protoceratops, an early ceratopsian and ancestor of [[Triceratops]]. The two were apparently in mid-fight when they were buried.<ref>''The Complete Book of Dinosaurs'', by Dougal Dixon, Hermes House, 2006</ref>

== Stephen Spielberg's ''Jurassic Park'' ==
The Velociraptor played a prominent part in Stephen Spielberg's motion picture ''[[Jurassic Park]]'' in which it was misrepresented as a much larger creature. It was in fact merely the size of a turkey.<ref>http://www.answers.com/topic/velociraptor</ref> The version of the Velociraptor in ''Jurassic Park'' more closely resembled a [[Deinonychus]], a close relative of Velociraptor.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Dinosaurs]]

Lesbianism and obesity

2009-08-05T21:03:03Z

ChrisZ: undo edits by Triddle

In regards to '''lesbianism and obesity''', in April of 2007, the'' [[American Journal of Public Health]]'' analyzed data from 2002 National Survey of Family Growth and the data suggested that [[United States|American]] lesbian women were 2.69 times more likely to be overweight and 2.47 times more likely to be obese than all other female sexual orientation groups.
<ref name="ajph">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17463369&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Overweight and Obesity in Sexual-Minority Women: Evidence From Population-Based Data, Ulrike Boehmer, Deborah J. Bowen, Greta R. Bauer, American Journal of Public Health, 2007 Jun;97(6):1134-40. E pub 2007 Apr 26.]</ref> The abstract for this study indicated that "lesbians are at greater risk for morbidity and mortality linked to overweight and obesity." <ref name="ajph" />
==See Also==
*[[Lesbianism]]
*[[Homosexuality]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category: Health]]
[[Category:Women]]

Books of the Old Testament

2009-08-05T04:40:18Z

ChrisZ: pre tags added for better layout

The exact books included in the [[Old Testament]] vary from Christian tradition to Christian tradition. While all major Christian traditions recognize the books of the Hebrew [[Tanakh]], some also recognize certain other books. For instance, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church recognizes 1 [[Enoch]] as a canonical book, whereas other Christian denominations do not.

The Protestant Old Testament takes a very conservative approach; in most respects, it is identical to the Tanakh, recognizing no Deuterocanonical works. Thus, there are 39 books in the Protestant Old Testament. These are, in order:

*[[Genesis]]
*[[Exodus]]
*[[Leviticus]]
*[[Numbers]]
*[[Deuteronomy]]
*[[Joshua]]
*[[Judges]]
*[[Ruth]]
*[[1 Samuel]]
*[[2 Samuel]]
*[[1 Kings]]
*[[2 Kings]]
*[[1 Chronicles]]
*[[2 Chronicles]]
*[[Ezra]]
*[[Nehemiah]]
*[[Esther]]
*[[Job]]
*[[Psalms]]
*[[Proverbs]]
*[[Ecclesiastes]]
*[[Song of Solomon]]
*[[Isaiah]]
*[[Jeremiah]]
*[[Lamentations]]
*[[Ezekiel]]
*[[Daniel]]
*[[Hosea]]
*[[Joel]]
*[[Amos]]
*[[Obadiah]]
*[[Jonah]]
*[[Micah]]
*[[Nahum]]
*[[Habakkuk]]
*[[Zephaniah]]
*[[Haggai]]
*[[Zechariah]]
*[[Malachi]]

==Memorizing the Books of the Old Testament==

Committing all 39 books to memory can be daunting; the following poem may prove a useful mnemonic.

<pre>
That great Jehovah speaks to us,
In Genesis and Exodus,
Leviticus and Numbers see,
Followed by Deuteronomy,
Joshua and Judges sway the land,
Ruth gleans sheaves with trembling hand,
Samuel and two Kings appear,
Whose Chronicles we wondering hear,
Ezra and Nehemiah now,
Esther, the beauteous mourner show,
Job speaks in sighs, David in Psalms,
The Proverbs teach to scatter alms,
Ecclesiastes then comes on,
And the sweet Song of Solomon,
Isaiah, Jeremiah then,
With Lamentations takes his pen,
Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea's lyres,
Swell Joel, Amos, and Obadiah's,
Next Jonah, Micah, Nahum come,
And lofty Habbakuk finds room,
While Zephaniah Haggai calls,
Rapt Zechariah builds his walls,
And Malachi, with garments rent,
Concludeth the Old Testament.
</pre>

User talk:PhyllisS

2009-08-04T04:34:05Z

ChrisZ: /* Conjugate base / acid */ reply; it's been a while since I did anything chem related

I moved [[enjambment]] down to a subpage of [[talk:enjambment]]. Can you clarify the example? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 16:14, 6 May 2009 (EDT)

* Thanks, but you have to stop. I've found serious errors in 2 out of 2 articles you started, which I checked. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 16:28, 6 May 2009 (EDT)

== Hurray for Princeton ==

Princeton certainly made the right choice. If you're planning on a physics major look up Liz Jensen. She was an undergrad physics major (at Smith) and is now a grad student at Princeton in aerospace engineering.[[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 19:04, 9 May 2009 (EDT)

Hey Phyllis! So this is you?? And congrats on Princeton! [[User:AddisonDM|AddisonDM]] 19:31, 9 May 2009 (EDT)

== Promotion ==
Great job our newest administrator! --[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 22:40, 28 July 2009 (EDT)

:Aww, thanks so much! I am very excited. :-) [[User:PhyllisS|PhyllisS]] 22:45, 28 July 2009 (EDT)

::Thank the Lord, I have spell checker built into Firefox! Congrats :D --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 23:27, 28 July 2009 (EDT)

==Sharp spell checker==

Yes, thank God for FF, and PhyllisS who picked out Mosiac from Mosaic (as in law)![[User:Daniel1212|Daniel1212]] 16:58, 31 July 2009 (EDT)

== Conjugate base / acid ==

Can you explain why you completely changed both [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Conjugate_base&diff=688285&oldid=605400 Conjugate base] and [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Conjugate_acid&diff=next&oldid=406072 Conjugate acid]? I was able to understand them almost completely, but now, I can't understand a lick.

I can see that you want to provide a sort of "mastery" knowledge to each article, but "HX" terms really throw me off--as it would to any person new to the topics. Maybe you combine the content of the previous article with your knowledge instead of transforming it into something new.

Just a suggestion from a non-physics major. Thank you. --[[User:ChrisZ|ɹǝlƃǝız ɹǝdoʇsıɹɥɔ]] 21:54, 2 August 2009 (EDT)

Sorry about that; I'll continue to work on them today to make them more clear. I thought the original definition was a little misleading. Firstly, the original didn't make clear that conjugate acid/bases occur in pairs, i.e. it sounded like NH_4+ is a conjugate acid in of itself, when really it is a conjugate acid OF NH_3. Secondly, the article was wrong - it referred to NH_4+ as a conjugate base, when it is obviously a conjugate acid.

Thanks so much for the feedback! I'll work on it right now. [[User:PhyllisS|PhyllisS]] 10:31, 3 August 2009 (EDT)
:Ahh. I did not notice that error. It has been a while since I was forced to do chem. Thanks, PhyllisS. --[[User:ChrisZ|ɹǝlƃǝız ɹǝdoʇsıɹɥɔ]] 00:34, 4 August 2009 (EDT)

Dubliners

2009-08-04T01:07:19Z

ChrisZ: forgot to add reference section

'''Dubliners''' is a short story collection by [[James Joyce]] first published in 1914.<ref>http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2814</ref>

==Themes and Style==

Most of the stories are written in limited third-person perspective, with a focus on a particular character. This character is developed, and then there is what Joyce called an "epiphany," a moment of clarity. This epiphany may be a moment of clarity for the character, or for the reader. The character continues, but now with a changed perspective on life.

The book is arranged so that the first stories feature younger character, so that the collection as a whole discusses the various epiphanies that are involved in growing up and growing old.

The collection was written in the early 20th century, a time when Irish nationalist feelings were very strong. As a result, many of the stories deal heavily with the tensions between Ireland and England.<ref>http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/dubliners</ref>

==The Dead==

''The Dead'' is the final story in '''Dubliners''' and by far the longest. It has been published on its own as a novella and is the capstone of Dubliners.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Novels]]

Dubliners

2009-08-04T01:06:36Z

ChrisZ: category: "Novels"

Barry Farber

2009-08-04T01:05:31Z

ChrisZ: category: "Quotes"; added reference tags

"What do you expect from a country where [[hard-core pornography]] is the new freedom of expression and [[love of country]] is the new [[obscenity]]?" <ref>http://www.herblondon.org/1677/americas-secular-challenge</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Quotes]]

Motive (magazine)

2009-08-04T01:04:00Z

ChrisZ: ital term; sp: "renowned"; added "references" section

'''''Motive''''' was a journal renowned for its artistic layouts and daring article selection. It was published by the United Methodist Church. There were 32 volumes published spanning 1941 to 1972. Its target audience were university students.
It received more or less favorable attention from [[Time magazine]] <ref name=T1966> [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836518,00.html "Jester for Wesleycms"], [[Time Magazine]], Friday, Oct. 21, 1966 </ref> and other secular media publications such as the [[New York Times]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Magazines]]

Aeschylus

2009-08-04T01:02:35Z

ChrisZ: sp: "renowned"; category: "Playwrights", "Ancient Greece"

'''Aeschylus''' (c. 525 BC – 456 BC) was a renowned [[ancient Greek]] [[poet]], [[dramatist]], and [[tragedian]]. His surviving works include ''[[The Persians]]'', about the [[Persian Wars]], and ''[[The Oresteia]]'', a trilogy recounting the death of [[Agamemnon]] and his son [[Orestes]]' revenge

== See also ==
* [[Sophocles]]
* [[Euripides]]

[[Category:Ancient Greece]][[Category:Playwrights]]

Essay:Surprising Dates of Origin for Terms

2009-08-04T00:55:39Z

ChrisZ: Category: "Essays"

One can learn history simply by skimming a dictionary that has the origination of terms. But there are many surprises. Add to our growing list:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!New Term
!Origin date
!Comments
|-
|Biblical
|1780-1790
|It's hard to imagine such a late date of origin. Perhaps the word became necessary as an increasing number of people turned away from the authority of the Bible?
|-
|continental drift
|1926
|that's surprisingly recent for such a simple concept; wonder what held it up?
|-
|bill of rights
|1798
|Wow: that's many years ''after'' it was added to the Constitution!
|-
|corvette
|1636
|Perhaps you thought a car company in Detroit invented this name for a sports car? Not by a long shot: it was a type of warship ranked just below a frigate
|-
|dead hand
|1300s
|an oppressive, unjustified influence of the past; this problem is not new, and led to the [[Rule Against Perpetuities]] in property law
|-
|dinosaur
|1841
|surprisingly late date of origin, the term means "terrifying lizard," which raises the question of why its real name of lizard is not used today
|-
|diploma
|1702
|The term "diploma" seems to be an invention of atheistic sentiments in the Enlightenment, and unrelated to scholarly achievement or even the development of the universities hundreds of years earlier
|-
|fission
|1617
|Looks like nuclear fission is not a new idea after all!
|-
|flagpole
|1884
|What did flags hang on for centuries before that? Flag''staffs''.
|-
|hello
|1889
|What was the prior greeting? Is this surprisingly late date of origin due to the invention of the telephone?
|-
|landlord
|before 1100s
|Think landlord problems are new? This is one of the very oldest words in the English language. That revelation then opens one's eyes to what the word really is: Lord of the land, in the feudal system.
|-
|pole vault
|1890
|Apparently this was not a recognized athletic field event much before the revival of the Olympics in 1896.
|-
|separation of church and state
|1802
|More than ten years ''after'' the adoption of the [[First Amendment]], the least Christian of the early presidents ([[Thomas Jefferson]]) used the phrase for the first time in an appeasing letter to Baptists. (It's also important to note that he used the term to assure them that their religious rights took precedence over the government--not the other way around.) The Supreme Court did not endorse this phrase until the liberal Justice [[Hugo Black]] used the term in 1947 (''[[Everson v. Board of Education]]''). (The Court also quoted from the Jefferson without endorsing the phrase in the 1879 polygamy case of ''[[Reynolds v. United States]]'').
|-
|theism
|1678
|Nearly a hundred years after "[[atheism]]" (1587). Perhaps such an obvious position that no word was required until atheism became more widespread?
|-
|worldwide
|1632
|Did people really think in terms of the entire world nearly 400 years ago? Apparently so.
|}

== See also ==

*[[Essay:Best New Conservative Words]]

[[Category:Essays]]

Liberal gossip

2009-08-04T00:54:31Z

ChrisZ: category: "Liberalism"

'''Liberal gossip''' is the trait whereby liberals care more about gossipy facts than about genuine issues.

==Examples of Liberal Gossip==
*[[Wikipedia]], which obsesses with guilt by association, to the point of being called the "National Enquirer of the internet".<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1924058/posts</ref>
*Liberals' reaction to Alaskan governor [[Sarah Palin]]'s selection as [[John McCain]]'s running mate, obsessing over trivial details of her family rather than her strong conservative policy message.
*Spreading false and destructive rumours about prominent [[conservative]] figures, such as [[Rush Limbaugh]], [[John Schlafly]] and [[Sean Hannity]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Liberalism]]

Sears Tower

2009-08-04T00:53:41Z

ChrisZ: category: "Landmarks"

[[Image:Sears Tower.jpg|right]]
The '''Sears Tower''', recently renamed as the "Willis Tower," is a privately built spectacular skyscraper in [[Chicago]] which stands at 108 stories. It was completed in 1973 and eclipsed the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York]] as the tallest building in the [[United States]], a title it holds to this day.

It is a marvel of engineering, sustaining the high winds in Chicago so well that the maximum wind draft at the top of the building is merely one foot. Its successful design consists of:<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/sears_tower.html</ref>

:revolutionary bundled-tube structural design. ... The Sears Tower is actually a bundle of nine tubes, and is considered one of the most efficient structures designed to withstand wind. This is a great design for a skyscraper in Chicago, the "Windy City," where the average wind speed is 16 miles per hour. As the building climbs upward, the tubes begin to drop off, reducing the wind forces on the building. The Tower's heavy weight -- more than 440 million pounds -- is also supported by 114 piles sunk deep into the earth so that they stand firmly on hard, solid bedrock.

From the Visitor Skydeck at the top, one can see four states on a clear day:
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Landmarks]]

Rett syndrome

2009-08-03T18:24:15Z

ChrisZ: proper category: "Syndromes"

'''Rett syndrome''' is a female childhood neurodevelopmental disorder consisting of a loss of purposeful use of the hands, distinctive hand movements, slowed brain and head growth, gait abnormalities, seizures, and mental retardation. It is unusual in that the child first displays normal early development. This condition almost never affects boys.

Dr. Andreas Rett, an Austrian physician, first identified this condition in 1966 by publishing an article in a journal.

The first symptom after normal development is usually [[hypotonia]], which is loss of muscle tone. Loss in manual dexterity and speech can then follow, as well as problems crawling or walking and diminished eye contact. Sudden onset of symptoms, including compulsive hand movements, can occur.

Rett syndrome generally begins between the ages of 6 and 18 months.

== Genetic vulnerability ==

Rett syndrome has been associated with [[mutations]] in the [[MECP2]] (meck-pea-two) gene, which is found on the X chromosome. Girls have another X chromosome that enables them to survive this defect; boys do not, instead having a Y chromosome, which probably explains why so few boys survive with this defect in the X chromosome.

About 75% of girls having Rett syndrome also have this MECP2 genetic mutation, and the genetic test is highly useful to confirm or suggest a clinical diagnosis. Improvements in genetic testing may increase the observed correlation between the mutation and the syndrome.

== Occurrence ==

One in every 10,000 to 15,000 females suffers from Rett syndrome. But the disorder occurs spontaneously in most affected individuals rather than being inherited; the risk of a family having a first child with Rett syndrome then giving birth to a second child with the same problem is less than 1 percent.

== Sources ==

*[http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/rett/detail_rett.htm NIH information]

[[Category:syndromes]]
[[Category:autism]]

Brown vs. Board of Education

2009-08-03T18:22:52Z

ChrisZ: merge proposal: we already have Brown v. Board of Education

{{merge|Brown v. Board of Education}}

'''Brown vs. Board of Education''' was the landmark 1954 decision that overturned the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson decision that allowed de jure (legal) segregation.

The U. S. Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] unanimously voted to end segregation with ''Brown''. The decision made illegal the dual system of white and black schools in the South and border states. Border states integrated quickly, but Virginia and the Deep South resisted. At one point President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sent in the U.S. Army to enforce integration in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Apart from schools, segregation continued in the Southern United States until the Civil Rights movement achieved the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

==The Decision==
Warren acceded to the position of [[Chief Justice]] while ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' was being reargued at the behest of Associate Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], who ordered re-argument as a stalling tactic, to allow the Court to gather a unanimous consensus around a ''Brown'' opinion that would outlaw [[segregation]]. Chief Justice [[Vinson]] was one such stumbling block.

Warren convened a meeting of the justices, and presented to them the simple argument that the only reason to sustain segregation was an honest belief in the inferiority of [[African American]]s. Warren further submitted that the Court must overrule ''Plessy'' to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty, and it must do so unanimously to avoid massive Southern resistance. He began to build a unanimous opinion. Although most justices were immediately convinced, Warren spent some time after this famous speech convincing everyone to sign onto the opinion. Justices Robert Jackson and Stanley Reed finally decided to drop their dissent to what was by then an opinion backed by all the others. The final decision was unanimous.

Liberals consider Warren's final opinion a political masterwork, not just for his political gamesmanship, but for his general writing, making use of dubious social science research to draw legal conclusions, and laying the groundwork for busing.

The very first case put Warren's leadership skills to an extraordinary test. The Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP (a small, primarily white legal group separate from the much better known [[NAACP]]) had been waging a systematic legal fight against the "separate but equal" doctrine enunciated in [[Plessy v. Ferguson]] (1896) and finally had challenged Plessy in a series of five related cases, which had been argued before the Court in the spring of 1953. However the justices had been unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks.<ref> See [http://americanhistory.si.edu/Brown/history/index.html Smithsonian, “Separate is Not Equal: Brown v. Board of Education’’]</ref>

While all but one justice personally rejected segregation, the self-restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end. The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead. Warren, who held only a recess appointment, held his tongue until the Senate, dominated by southerners, confirmed his appointment.

Warren told his colleagues after oral argument that he believed segregation violated the Constitution and that only if one considered African Americans inferior to whites could the practice be upheld. But he did not push for a vote. Instead, he talked with the justices and encouraged them to talk with each other as he sought a common ground on which all could stand. Finally he had eight votes, and the last holdout, Stanley Reed of Kentucky, agreed to join the rest. Warren drafted the basic opinion in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court.<ref> For text see [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=347&invol=483 BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)]</ref>

==Desegregation==
The unanimity Warren achieved helped speed the drive to desegregate public schools, which mostly came about under President [[Richard M. Nixon]]. Throughout his years as Chief, Warren succeeded in keeping all decisions concerning segregation unanimous. Brown applied to schools, but soon the Court enlarged the concept to other state actions, striking down racial classification in many areas. Congress ratified the process in the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]]. Warren did compromise by agreeing to Frankfurter's demand that the Court go slowly in implementing desegregation; Warren used Frankfurter's suggestion that a 1955 decision (Brown II) include the phrase "all deliberate speed."<ref> Robert L. Carter, "The Warren Court and Desegregation," ''Michigan Law Review,'' Vol. 67, No. 2 (Dec., 1968), pp. 237-248 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1287417 in JSTOR]</ref>

The Brown decision of 1954 marked, in dramatic fashion, the radical shift in the Court's--and the nation's--priorities from issues of property rights to civil liberties. Under Warren the courts became an active partner in governing the nation, although still not coequal. Warren never saw the courts as a backward-looking branch of government.

The Brown decision was a powerful moral statement clad in a weak constitutional analysis; Warren was never a legal scholar on a par with Frankfurter or a great advocate of particular doctrines, as was Black. Instead, he believed that in all branches of government common sense, decency, and elemental justice were decisive, not stare decisis, tradition or the text of the Constitution. He wanted results. He never felt that doctrine alone should be allowed to deprive people of justice. He felt racial segregation was simply wrong, and Brown, whatever its doctrinal defects, remains a landmark decision primarily because of Warren's majestic interpretation of the equal protection clause to mean that children should not be shunted to a separate world reserved for minorities.

==Further reading==
* Patterson, James T. '' Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/111458889?title=Brown%20v.%20Board%20of%20Education%3a%20A%20Civil%20Rights%20Milestone%20and%20Its%20Troubled%20Legacy online edition]
* Powe, Lucas A.. ''The Warren Court and American Politics'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-American-Politics/dp/0674006836/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948973&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

[[Category:Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:Black History]]
[[Category:1950s]]
[[Category:Civil Rights]]

Franklin D. Roosevelt

2009-08-03T18:19:42Z

ChrisZ: proper category: "Presidents of the United States"

{{President
|image=509px-FDR in 1933.jpg
|seq=32
|term_start=March 4, 1933
|term_end=April 12, 1945
|party=Democratic
|vp= John N. Garner
|vp_dates=1933-1941
|2vp=Henry A. Wallace
|2vp_dates=1941-1945
|3vp=Harry Truman
|3vp_dates=1945
|4vp=
|4vp_dates=
|previous=Herbert Hoover
|next=Harry Truman
|seq2=
|term2_start=
|term2_end=
|party2=
|vp2=
|vp2dates=
|2vp2=
|2vp2dates=
|3vp2=
|3vp2dates=
|4vp2=
|4vp2dates=
|previous2=
|next2=
|birth_date=January 30, 1882
|birth_place=Hyde Park, New York
|death_date=April 12, 1945
|death_place=Warm Springs, Georgia
|spouse=[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]
|spouse2=
|religion=[[Episcopalian]]
}}
'''Franklin Delano Roosevelt''' was the 32nd [[President of the United States of America]] from 1933-45. He presided over the majority of the [[Great Depression]], which did not end until the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]<ref>[http://www.fasttrackteaching.com/Unemployment_300g15.gif Unemployment Graph during the Great Depression]</ref>, and led the United States in [[World War II]] against the [[Axis Powers]]; he built the '''[[New Deal Coalition]]''' of voters and interest groups which dominated American politics into the 1960s, and is still fondly remembered by liberals. His [[New Deal]] was a very large, complex interlocking set of programs designed to produce '''relief''' (especially government jobs for the unemployed)<ref>[http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/commentary/130/entry/ Works Progress Administration (WPA): One Failure to End the Great Depression]</ref>, '''recovery''' (of the economy), and '''reform''' (by which he meant regulation of Wall Street, banks and transportation), as well as reelection (in 1936, 1940 and 1944) and realignment of the political system. Conservatives strongly opposed many, but not all, of the New Deal programs. Conservatives abolished most of the relief programs when unemployment practically ended during World War II. Most of the regulations on business were ended about 1975-85, except for the regulation of Wall Street by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], which still exists. The major surviving program is [[Social Security]], which Congress passed in 1935.

Conservatives at the time denounced his bids for presidential power, including building a national political machine through the [[WPA]] (it lasted from 1935 to 1943), attempting to take control of the Supreme Court by adding new liberal judges (an attempt which failed, 1937), and trying to purge the Democratic party of conservative congressman (an attempt which failed in 1938). The failures of those attempts can be attributed to the [[Conservative Coalition]].

After 1938 FDR turned his attention to [[World War II]]. He was a strong supporter of [[China|Nationalist China]] under General [[Chiang Kai-shek]] against Japan; most conservatives agreed on that point. FDR also was a strong supporter of military aid to Britain. Conservatives split on that, with the "isolationists" opposed, and "interventionists" like [[Henry Stimson]] in favor. Once Pearl Harbor brought the U.S. into the war, conservatives strongly supported the war effort and generally approved FDR's military leadership, although they were highly critical of his close cooperation with [[Stalin]] and the Soviet Union.

He was the first and only President to be elected four times, breaking the traditional two-term-limit precedent established by [[George Washington]].<ref> Tradition was restored by the 22ndAmendment in 1947.</ref>

Roosevelt's health failed rapidly in 1944-45, even as he ran for reelection. He died On April 12, 1945. Despite polio which crippled him starting in the early 1920s, he exuded a sense of confidence and hope for the future that made for a charismatic personality.

Conservative scholars have argued that some relief efforts actually helped to prolong the [[Great Depression]]. However, World War II brought a return to prosperity for every sector of the economy. The amount spent on the New Deal before the war was less than the $21 billion borrowed by the government over two years during World War I.<ref>David M. Kennedy, ''Freedom From Fear,'' page 178</ref>

==Eleanor Roosevelt==
see [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]

Eleanor Roosevelt, a fifth cousin, became engaged to FDR in 1903; they were married on March 17, 1905 in New York; her uncle President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] gave the bride away.

Six children followed in rapid succession, with all but one surviving infancy: Anna Eleanor, James, Franklin (died 1909), Elliott, a second Franklin Delano, and John Aspinwall.

FDR was elected as a Democrat to the New York State Senate in 1910, but the family remained in New York City. In 1913 the family moved to Washington where Franklin was the powerful and popular Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War I.

Very shy at first, Eleanor kept a low profile during World War I. She became more accustomed to the limelight when Franklin was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1920, and when he was elected governor of New York in 1928 and 1930. After he contracted polio she became much more active, serving as his spokesperson at many meetings around the state and advocated for womens issues inside the Democratic party.

The Roosevelt marriage collapsed in 1918 when Eleanor discovered Franklin had a lover.<ref> Lucy Mercer (later Lucy Rutherfurd) was only the first of several known FDR lovers; Lucy was with FDR when he died. Joseph Persico, ''Franklin and Lucy: President Roosevelt, Mrs. Rutherfurd, and the Other Remarkable Women in His Life'' (2008) </ref> Divorce was politically impossible, love was absent. The solution was independence. Since the public knew nothing about the affairs (and historians did not learn until after Eleanor's death), the couple kept up appearances. Eleanor increasingly built her own career, all the while supporting the more liberal and leftist personalities and ideas that were in the air.

==1920s==
In 1920 Roosevelt was the Democratic nominee for Vice President. He lost in the Harding landslide, but the fact that he won the nomination demonstrates that Democrats looked upon him as their new hero. In 1921 FDR became ill with [[poliomyelitis]], Eleanor became his helpmate through his serious health problems. The polio left FDR without the use of his legs, confined to a wheelchair for the most part. However, he did not allow this disability to end his political career; indeed it made him psychologically stronger and more determined to bring hope to people faced with poor odds in life.

In 1928 Franklin Roosevelt was elected governor of [[New York]], despite a narrow victory in the state by Republican presidential candidate [[Herbert Hoover]]. FDR was reelected governor in a landslide in 1930. As governor of the leading financial state he did nothing to prevent the Wall Street Crash of 1929 or solve the emerging financial depression, but he did begin a relief program that followed the Hoover Administration guidelines.

== Election of 1932 ==
With the economy continuing a downward spiral despite Hoover's efforts, a Democratic victory seemed certain. Roosevelt needed two-thirds of the delegates too get the nomination. He easily beat out [[Al Smith]], his former close ally. FDR won the nomination with the aid of powerful publisher [[William Randolph Hearst]] (still a liberal at the time), and the Texas delegation led by House Speaker [[John Nance Garner]]. Garner was given the vice presidency. Smith in 1932, Hearst in 1934, and Garner in 1937 all broke with FDR, becoming bitter enemies.

The election was a rout, with Democrats winning sweeping majorities in Congress and control of state governments in all parts of the country. Hoover tried to coordinate national policy with FDR during the long interregnum between the November election and the March 4 inauguration, but Roosevelt refused to cooperate.

== First Term ==
[[File:Newdealstamp.png|thumb|280px|1998 US stamp celebrates alphabet agencies of New Deal]]

===New Deal===
:''For Main Article see '''[[New Deal]].'''''

FDR is most famous for his [[New Deal]], a set of programs designed to produce recovery from the Depression, reform so it would never happen again, and relief for the tens of millions suffering severe hardships.

FDR's favorite program--and the nation's favorite as well, was the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]], begun in springc 1933. The CCC sent several hundred thousand young men at a time--2.5 million in all by 1943 --to newly formed work camps for 6-month stints. There were no uniforms or military drills. Of all the New Deal innovations, perhaps the most generally applauded was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). It was strongly approved at the time by conservatives and liberals alike, including most religious and business leaders as a way to save the boys who were perpectually unemployed and drifting into gangs. The CCC was ended in 1943 when the need had vanished.

In 1934-35 the '''Second new Deal''' showed Roosevelt moving left. Key innovations included the Wagner Act (1935) that created the National Labor Relations Board and allowed [[Labor unions]] to rapidly expand. The [[WPA]] was a federalized releif progarm, in which 2+ million unemployed workers were hired by the federal government to work on projects sponsored by local government. Most important of all was the Social Security program, passed over intense Republican opposition.

==Second Term==
Roosevelt successfully built up the "[[New Deal Coalition]]", a powerful coalition of voters and interest groups that supported liberalism. Key components included big city machines and labor unions. Key voter groups included traditional Democrats, white Southerners, Catholics, Jews, and liberals, as well as many blacks. This united voter base allowed Democrats to be elected to Congress and the presidency for much of the next 30 years.

After a sweeping landslide reelection in 1936--losing only Maine and Vermont--Roosevelt stunned the nation, and his party, by calling for legislation to enlarge the Supreme Court by five new members. A firestorm of opposition erupted, led by his own vice president [[John Nance Garner]]. Roosevelt was defeated by an alliance of Republicans and conservative Democrats, who formed a [[Conservative Coalition]] that managed to block nearly all liberal legislation. (Only a minimum wage law got through.) Angry with the conservative wing of his own party, Roosevelt tried to destroy it. In 1938, he actively campaigned against five incumbent conservative Democratic senators; all five senators won re-election.

Under FDR, the Democratic Party became identified closely with modern liberalism, which included the promotion of social welfare, unions and regulation of the economy. Civil rights were not on the party agenda at this time.

The Second Term was a failure, for FDR had overreached and his efforts to fight the conservatives in the business community, the GOP and his own party (in the South) produced a backlash against excessive presidential control. With war braking out in Europe in 1939, it was time to turn to foreign affairs.

== Third Term ==
Early in 1939 FDR made up his mind to seek a third election in the [[United States presidential election, 1940|presidential election of 1940]]. FDR realized the political difficulties involved in a third nomination so he wanted to make it appear as a "draft Roosevelt" movement. He kept other candidates dangling in hope, including Democratic National Committee Chairman [[James Farley]], whom FDR rejected because he was [[Roman Catholic]], and Secretary of State Cordell Hull.

Administrative Assistants to Roosevelt included [[James Forrestal]], [[Lauchlin Currie]] and [[David K. Niles]]. Their function was to get information and to condense and summarize it for Roosevelt's use. FDR soon moved Forrestal to the Navy department, where he took over the responsibilities of the incompetent secretary.

Public opinion on entering the war became polarized in very complicated ways. Conservatives divided into pro-war ("interventionist") and anti-war ("isolationist") blocs, as did liberals. Republicans split and Democrats split. FDR was the leader of the interventionist liberal Democrats, but he was opposed by old allies like [[John L. Lewis]] and [[Joe Kennedy]], and supported by old foes like [[Henry Stimson]].

In general the dispute was entirely focused on Europe. Virtually every group was hostile to Japan and supported a strong pro-[[Nationalist China]] policy, which FDR pushed vigorously. Tokyo was threatened: end its invasion of China or FDR would--and did at urging of [[KGB]] agent [[Harry Dexter White]] working as an Undersecretary of the Treasury--cut off Japan's oil supplies. Japan responded to an ultimatum--written by Harry White--with a decision for war. Once Pearl Harbor was attacked (Dec. 7, 1941), all the prior divisions vanished overnight, and all groups supported the war effort. Later stories to the effect that FDR knew about the Pearl Harbor attack in advance were all false fabrications.

see [[American Homefront, World War II]]

=== Commander in Chief ===
====Stalin====
[[Image:Josephstalin.jpg‎|thumb|325px|right|Roosevelt in 1941 formed an alliance of convenience with Stalin to defeat Hitler.]]

In August 1939 Stalin made an alliance with Hitler under which both jointly waged aggressive war against Poland; the two divided Poland and eastern Europe between them, as Germany turned toward France and Britain. With Roosevelt strongly supporting France and Britain, the American Communist Party began attacking Roosevelt in the wildest terms and did so for the next twenty-two months. In the 1940 election, pro-Moscow elements in the CIO forced [[John L. Lewis]] to turn against Roosevelt and support the liberal Republican [[Wendell Willkie]]. Roosevelt meanwhile moved right, and brought into top jobs the GOP vice presidential nominee from 1936, Frank Knox (a conservative who became Secretary of the Navy) and conservative Republican lawyer [[Henry Stimson]], who took over the War Department. Rejecting advice from the far left, 90% of CIO members voted for Roosevelt, who was easily elected to a third term.

Roosevelt was determined to help Britain and at one point after Pearl Harbor [[Winston Churchill]] even moved into the White House to coordinate war strategy. Isolations, led by the [[America First]] Committee and Senator [[Burton K. Wheeler]] tried to block the moves toward war.

Roosevelt in February 1940 sharply attacked the Soviet Union:
{{Cquote|In the early days of Communism, I recognized that many leaders in Russia were bringing education and better health and, above all, better opportunity to millions ... I disliked the regimentation ...I abhorred the indiscriminate killings of thousands of innocent victims ....
I heartily deprecated the banishment of religion - though I knew that some day Russia would return to religion for the simple reason that four or five thousand years of recorded history have proven that mankind has always believed in God in spite of many abortive attempts to exile God.

The Soviet Union, as everybody who has the courage to face the fact knows, is run by a dictatorship as absolute as any other dictatorship in the world. It has allied itself with another dictatorship [Germany], and it has invaded a neighbor [Finland] so infinitesimally small that it could do no conceivable possible harm to the Soviet Union, a neighbor which seeks only to live at peace as a democracy, and a liberal, forward-looking democracy at that.<ref>Quoted in Robert E. Sherwood, ''Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History'', (1948), [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Roosevelt_and_Hopkins-An_Intimate_History-Robert_E_Sherwood-1948-1034pgs-GOV-POL.sml.pdf&id=252&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 p. 138] pdf.</ref>}}
===Germany invades Russia===
In June 1941 Germany invaded Russia, and Communists immediately switched from anti-FDR isolationism to support for FDR and demands the US enter the war. The conservative isolationists were convinced that FDR was conniving to somehow trick the American people and enter the war. Public opinion steadily moved to support FDR's aggressive policies against Japana and germany.
[[File:Warplan.jpg|thumb|400px|Wheeler leaks top secret US war plan three days before Pearl Harbor]]

In early December 1941 a military officer gave Senator Burton Wheeler, an isolationist liberal Democrat, a copy of the top secret American war plan for fighting Germany. Wheeler gave it to the ''Chicago Tribune'', which published the secrets in a desperate effort to weaken the American military so much that Roosevelt would avoid war. Pearl Harbor came a few days later and Wheeler and the isolationists went quiet.

The policy makers in Washington--including those at the newly constructed Pentagon--wanted to focus on defeating the main enemy, Germany. Public opinion (and the Navy) insisted on defeating Japan first. Given the military situation, there was little in 1942-43 the U.S. could do to defeat Germany except send military supplies to Britain and Russia, which was done. The war in 1942-43 of necessity focused on Japan, and it was a very hard-fought war fought primarily with naval aviation. The great American victory at the [[Battle of Midway]] ended the Japanese blitzkrieg and evened out the forces. Japan was unprepared for a long war, and already by early 1942 the U.S. had far more warships and warplanes under construction than Japan did. Before the material edge became decisive, American forces defeated the Japanese at the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]. By 1943 the "island hopping" campaign under Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]] in the central Pacific, and under General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in the Southwest Pacific was inexorably pushing American forces toward the Japanese home islands, with the goal of invading them and capturing Tokyo.

American and British troops invaded North Africa in 1942, and Sicily and Italy in 1943. In retrospective these were not major strategic goals, but they did provide the Army with the combat experience needed to prepare for the real invasion of France in June 1944. By then the German Luftwaffe had been destroyed by the U.S. Air Force, and the vast advantage in war material made the German military position hopeless. With the huge Russian armies pressing in from the east, and the smaller but more powerful Allied armies coming in from the west, the Nazi war machine was crushed in 1944-45.

FDR worked very closely with his military advisors, and followed their strategic advice. His main role was fostering diplomatic relations with Britain, Russia and China, helping themn with [[Lend Lease]] supplies of food and munitions.

Roosevelt had his closest contest in 1944, with a subdued contest that was decided by turnout of FDR allies in the cities and labor unions, and increasingy among soldiers.

== Fourth Term ==
:''See also '''[[Yalta conference]]'''''

At the [[Yalta conference]] in February 1945, victory was in sight in Europe. A [[reparations]] commission was set up to help repay Russia from German assets. The key arrangements allowed Sovciet control of Eastern Europe. Roosevelt, in failing health, seemed to think that he and Stalin would personally iron out any difficulties after the war ended. FDR did get Stalin to promise to enter the war against Japan 90 days after Germany surrendered. Stalin did so.

In February 1944 Congress rejected Roosevelt's demand for a $10,500,000,000 tax increase and cut it to $2,300,000,000. Roosevelt vetoed it saying this was a "bill not for relief of the needy but of the greedy." Senator [[Alben Barkley]], Democratic leader, rose on the floor of the Senate to say the veto was "a calculated and deliberate assault upon the legislative integrity of every member of Congress." The entire Senate united in a roar of applause. Barkley declared that after seven years of carrying the [[New Deal]] banner for Roosevelt, he would resign his post as Democratic majority leader and he called on every member of the Congress to preserve its self respect and override the veto. The Senate overrode it 72 to 14 and the House 299 to 95.

== Reflections on Christianity ==

FDR said this about the Bible in an address on October 6, 1935:

:"We cannot read the history of our rise and development as a nation, without reckoning with the place the [[Bible]] has occupied in shaping the advances of the Republic."

:"Where we have been the truest and most consistent in obeying its precepts, we have attained the greatest measure of contentment and prosperity."<ref>Quoted in DeMar, ''The Untold Story'', p. 60 and Gabrial Sivan, ''The Bible and Civilization'' (New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., 1973), p. 178.</ref>

FDR became famous for delivering "fireside chats" over the new medium of [[radio]], and on March 9, 1937 he declared:

:"I hope that you have re-read the [[United States Constitution| Constitution]] of the United States in these past few weeks. Like the Bible, it ought to be read again and again."

While running for his third time in a Brooklyn speech, Roosevelt said,

:"I am certain that the rank and file of patriotic Republicans do not realize the nature of this threat. They should remember, and we must remember, what the collaborative understanding between Communism and Nazism has done to the processes of democracy abroad...

:"Those forces hate democracy and Christianity as two phases of the same civilization. They oppose democracy because it is Christian. They oppose Christianity because it preaches democracy. Their objective is to prevent democracy from becoming strong. <ref>''Roosevelt and Hopkins'', Sherwood, 1948, pgs. 193-194 (pgs. 211 - 212 pdf).</ref>

As [[World War II]] broke out in Europe, FDR warned:

:"Those forces hate [[Democracy]] and [[Christianity]] as two phases of the same civilization."

The following year, on May 27, 1941, FDR stated in one of his radio addresses:

:The Nazis are as ruthless as the Communists in the denial of God.

"In his second inaugural address, FDR pledged to do his utmost by 'seeking Divine guidance.' He took that mission further on January 25, 1941, when he wrote a personal prologue to a special edition of the [[New Testament]], which was distributed to millions of U.S. soldiers. 'As Commander-in-Chief,' Roosevelt wrote, 'I take pleasure in commending the reading of the Bible to all who serve in the armed forces of the United States.' He believed that all American soldiers should have the opportunity to read the words of [[Christ]] in preparing for battle. Once, when joining those soldiers aboard a warship with Winston Churchill, FDR asked the crew and prime minister to join him in singing the hymn 'Onward Christian Soldiers.' In his final inaugural address, FDR affirmed, "So we pray to Him for the vision to see our way clearly ... to achievement of His will.' "<ref>God and George W. Bush (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 176</ref>

When American soldiers were landing on the beaches of Normandy, Roosevelt led the nation in prayer during a radio broadcast. <ref>Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, [http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odddayp.html Franklin Roosevelt's D-Day Prayer], June 6, 1944.</ref>

==Legacy==
[[Image:Dcrosmor.jpg|right|thumb|330px|Statue of the president at [[The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]] in Washington D.C.]]

Roosevelt is an admired but still hotly debated president. Many credit Roosevelt with helping the United States survive the Great Depression and with providing solid leadership during World War II. Others, especially conservatives, assert that he uselessly expanded the welfare state, abused executive powers, and badly botched diplomacy before and during World War II.

Roosevelt's image appears on the dime.

==See also==
*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]

==Further reading==
see also [[New Deal Bibliography]] for a much more detailed guide

*Alter, Jonathan. ''The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope'' (2006), popular [http://www.amazon.com/Defining-Moment-FDRs-Hundred-Triumph/dp/B000Q6GY1W/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881373&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Beschloss, Michael R. ''The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945'' (2002). [http://www.amazon.com/Conquerors-Roosevelt-Destruction-Hitlers-1941-1945/dp/0743244540/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881516&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Black, Conrad. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom'' (2003). popular [http://www.amazon.com/Franklin-Delano-Roosevelt-Champion-Freedom/dp/1586482823/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881865&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search], by a conservative writer
*Brands, H.W. ''Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2008)
* Burns, James MacGregor. vol 1: ''Roosevelt" The Lion and the Fox'' (1956); [http://www.amazon.com/Roosevelt-1882-1940-James-MacGregor-Burns/dp/0156027623/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881949&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search vol 1]; vol. 2: ''Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom 1940-1945'' (1970), [http://www.amazon.com/Roosevelt-1940-1945-James-MacGregor-Burns/dp/0156027577/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881949&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search vol 2]; major interpretive scholarly biography, emphasis on politics; vol 2 is on war years and is [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]
* Dallek, Robert. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945'' (2nd ed. 1995) scholarly survey of foreign policy [http://www.amazon.com/Franklin-Roosevelt-American-Foreign-1932-1945/dp/0195097327/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881549&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Freidel, Frank. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny'' (1990), One-volume scholarly biography; covers entire life [http://www.amazon.com/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-Rendezvous-Destiny/dp/094570738X/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193881894&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search 2006 reprint edition]
* Goodwin, Doris Kearns. ''No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II'' (1995), joint biography by scholar [http://www.amazon.com/No-Ordinary-Time-Franklin-Roosevelt/dp/B000B86FI2/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193883493&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times.'' (1985). encyclopedia by scholars
* Hamby, Alonzo L. ''For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s'' (2004) major interpetation by leading conservative historian [http://www.amazon.com/Survival-Democracy-Franklin-Roosevelt-Crisis/dp/0684843404/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240397848&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Jenkins, Roy. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2003) short popular bio from British perspective
* Kennedy, David M. ''Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945.'' (1999), wide-ranging survey of national affairs by scholar [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=52284041 online edition]
* Larrabee, Eric. '' Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War''. History of how FDR handled the war [http://www.amazon.com/Commander-Chief-Roosevelt-Lieutenants-Bluejacket/dp/1591144558/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193883793&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Leuchtenberg, William E. Franklin D. ''Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940.'' (1963). Remains the standard scholarly interpretive history of era. [http://www.amazon.com/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-New-Deal/dp/0061330256/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193883672&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Moley, Raymond. ''After Seven Years'' (1939), very important conservative memoir by ex-Brain Truster [http://www.questia.com/library/book/after-seven-years-by-raymond-moley.jsp online edition]
* Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., ''The Age of Roosevelt'', 3 vols, (1957-1960), the classic narrative history. Strongly supports FDR.
*Smith, Jean Edward. ''FDR'' (2007) 885pp; good recent biography[http://www.amazon.com/FDR-Jean-Edward-Smith/dp/1400061210/ref=pd_ts_b_3?ie=UTF8&s=books excerpt and text search]

====notes====
<references/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ FDR cartoon archive], an especially useful source for understanding public opinion
*[http://www.nps.gov/hofr/ Hyde Park NY Home of FDR]
*[http://www.nps.gov/roca/ Campobello Island Summer Home of FDR]
*[http://www.fdr-littlewhitehouse.org/ Warm Springs GA FDR Retreat]
*[http://www.nps.gov/frde/ FDR Memorial Washington DC]
* [http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/ The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]
** [http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/audio.html Audio Archive]
** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data.php Academic Data Related to the Roosevelt Administration]

===Speeches and quotations: audio and transcripts===
* [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt famous quotes]
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu The American Presidency Project] at [[University of California at Santa Barbara]]
** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php Public Papers of the Presidents: Franklin D. Roosevelt]
** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php State of the Union Addresses]
*** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14683 1934], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14890 1935], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15095 1936], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15336 1937], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15517 1938], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15684 1939], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15856 1940], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16092 1941], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16253 1942], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16386 1943], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16518 1944]
** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php State of the Union Written Messages]
*** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16595 1945]
** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/inaugurals.php Inaugural Addresses]
*** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14473 1933], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15349 1937], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16022 1941], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16607 1945]
** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/fireside.php Fireside Chats]
** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/elections.php Presidential Elections]
*** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1932 1932], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1936 1936], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1940 1940], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1944 1944]
** [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/medialist.php?presid=32 32 Audio/Video Clips of FDR]
* [http://www.whitehousetapes.org/pages/tapes_fdr.htm Roosevelt's Secret White House Recordings] via [[University of Virginia]]
* [http://www.evtv1.com/index.asp-itemnum-220 FDR - Day of Infamy video clip] (2 min.)
* [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=RooseveltFD Audio clips of speeches]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/froos1.htm First Inaugural Address], via [[Yale University]]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/froos2.htm Second Inaugural Address], via [[Yale University]]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/froos3.htm Third Inaugural Address], via [[Yale University]]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/froos4.htm Fourth Inaugural Address], via [[Yale University]]
* [http://www.hpol.org/fdr/chat/ Court "Packing" Speech March 9, 1937]
* [http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/us/fdr1940.html University of Virginia graduating class speech ("Stab in the Back" speech) June 10, 1940]

===Other===
* [http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/fdroosevelt Short essays by scholars]
* [http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/index.html An archive of political cartoons from the FDR years; highly revealing and out of copyright]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-767&pid=s-53 Warm Springs and FDR's Polio Treatment]
* [http://www.davidpietrusza.com/FDR-links.html Franklin D. Roosevelt Links]

[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Great Depression]]
[[Category:Progressive Era]]
[[Category:World War I]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Broke with FDR]]

Noble savage

2009-08-03T18:18:10Z

ChrisZ: reference tags added

The myth of the '''noble savage''' dates from the 1700s. The idea was that primitive natives, unspoiled by the vices of (typically European) settlers, were "better" than [[civilized men]].
"Pity for the vanishing Indian, together with a sense of remorse, led to a revival of the 18th-century concept of the noble savage. America's native inhabitants were romanticized in historiography, art, and literature, notably by James Fenimore Cooper in his Leatherstocking Tales and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his long poem, The Song of Hiawatha." <ref>http://hnn.us/articles/7302.html</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Myths]]

Ginnungagap

2009-08-03T18:17:01Z

ChrisZ: proper category: "Norse Mythology"

In Norse [[mythology]], '''Ginnungagap''' was the empty [[void]] that existed before the world came into being<ref>[http://www.pantheon.org/articles/g/ginnungagap.html Encyclopedia Mythica]</ref>. In the story, [[creation]] happened when fire and ice came into contact in Ginnungagap. The [[Greek]] equivalent of Ginnungagap is [[Chaos]].

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Norse Mythology]]

Milton Hershey

2009-08-03T18:14:33Z

ChrisZ: removed "see also" section (no content); added sort; proper category: "Biographies"

'''Milton Snavely Hershey''' (1857-1945) was an [[United States|American]] candy manufacturer, the founder of the [[Hershey Company]], Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company(previously known as "Hershey Estates"), the company town of Hershey, Pennsylvania, and the Hershey Industrial School (renamed in 1951 as the Milton Hershey School). He was a noted philanthropist, entrepreneur, and believed in hard work, education, and helping one's fellow man.

Milton was born in Derry Township, Pennsylvania on September 13, 1857 to Henry and Fannie Hershey, at the Hershey Homestead which his grandfather had built of quarried limestone. The family were Mennonite.

His father, Henry Hershey, moved the family often which resulted in Milton attending several one room schools, but never finishing above the fifth grade. Milton was apprenticed to a small newspaper, but did not like it. He was fired after dropping a tray of [[type]].<ref> [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/milton-hershey/ Milton Hershey Biography | Encyclopedia of World Biography Biography]</ref> His parents then apprenticed him to a candymaker in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

After learning candymaking skills, Milton began his own businesses in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New York City, Chicago, Illinois, and failed each time. Finally, Milton returned to Lancaster broke and exhausted. There he eventually found funds and began to make caramels and succeeded. He started to make chocolate as well, and in 1900 Milton sold the caramel business for US$1 million. He then chose to return to Derry Township to construct a chocolate factory and a town. In 1898, Milton married Catherine ("Kitty") Sweeney of New York City.

In 1909, Mr. Hershey and his wife founded the Hershey Industrial School for orphan boys. After Kitty died, in 1916 Mr. Hershey quietly created a trust for the School and donated US$60 million to fund the School in perpetuity.

Mr. Hershey traveled extensively for new ideas and business opportunities. He traveled to [[Cuba]] in 1916 and purchased large sugar plantations, building a town there called Central Hershey, Cuba.<ref>[http://www.hersheys.com/discover/history/goes_cuba.asp Hershey Goes to Cuba]</ref> He built sugar mills, the Hershey Cuban Railroad, a school, golf course, and other amenities. He also built an orphanage there, the Cuban Orphan School. Mr. Hershey was appreciated by the Cubans for his generosity and care for the people. In 1933, Cuban President Machado at the Presidential Palace in Havana awarded him with the greateest honor that Cuba could bestow, the Grand Cross of the National Order of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes.

During the Great Depression, Mr. Hershey decided to create jobs as well as monumental buildings. Hiring 600 men, he built the Hershey Community Building (including the magnificent Hershey Community Theatre), Hershey Sports Arena, Hershey Stadium, Hotel Hershey, Hershey Industrial School's Junior-Senior High School, and a new office for his chocolate factory.

Mr. Hershey continued to monitor his company, town, and schools until his death at age 88 in 1945. His legacy continues through the town, the companies, and the Milton Hershey School where over 1700 children receive a home environment, education, healthcare, and other needs at no cost.

==Notes==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT: Hershey, Milton}}
[[Category:Biographies]]
[[Category:Great Americans]]

Plywood

2009-08-03T18:11:57Z

ChrisZ: proper category: "Materials"

'''Plywood''' was invented by Immanuel Nobel, a [[Sweden|Swedish]] industrialist and father of [[Alfred Nobel]] the inventor of [[dynamite]] and founder of the [[Nobel Prize]]s.

[[Category:Materials]]

Poker

2009-08-03T18:09:52Z

ChrisZ: italics the secondary meaning

'''Poker''' is a popular [[gambling]] [[card game]] played worldwide and often seen being played in saloons in [[American]] Western [[movies]]. It can be played in many different forms, and has skyrocketed in popularity in recent years with the advent of [[Texas]] Hold'em Poker events being shown on television.

Unlike other card games, the interaction does not involve playing cards in response to the opponents. Instead players make bets in turn, based on the strength of the cards in their hand and private guesses about their opponents hands. Winning is based on a ranking of different five-card sequences, but a cunning player may be able to win by [[bluff]]ing, even with a weak hand of cards.

There are numerous versions of pokers. In some, players have a concealed hand of five cards, while in others some cards are visible on the table and players make up hands of five based on these and other cards in their hand. Although poker can be played for poker chips alone, it is more often played for money, either in [[casinos]] or privately among friends with smaller money stakes.

A ''poker'' is also the name given to a [[metal]] stick, often ornate, that was used to rearrange (literally poke) coals or wood when fires still burned solid fuels. Since the widespread usage of [[gas]] and [[electric fires]], they are now seen as being more decorative than functional.

[[category:games]]
[[category:gambling]]
[[category:tools]]

Card Game

2009-08-03T18:09:14Z

ChrisZ: bolding term; spaces for readability while editing; wiki-links

A '''card game''' is any game played with a pack of playing cards. Most card games such as [[solitaire]] and [[poker]]<ref>http://boardgames.about.com/od/poker/Poker.htm</ref> use a standard pack of playing cards, while some such as UNO and [[Magic the Gathering]] use a game specific pack.

== Standard Pack ==
A standard pack of playing cards consists of 52 cards as well as two jokers. The 52 cards are split into 4 groups (called suits), hearts, clubs, spades and diamonds. In suit has 13 cards, nine that are numbered sequestration between 2 and 10 as well as four picture cards, called the jack, queen king and ace.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Games]]

Crazy eights

2009-08-03T18:07:48Z

ChrisZ: wiki-link

'''Crazy eights''' is a [[Card Game|card game]] in which the goal is for a player to be the first to get rid of all of their cards. It is similar to the game UNO. Players discard cards in turn, one at a time, and a card may be discarded if it is the same suit or rank as the previous card discarded. A player may play an eight at any time, and then declares the suit of the next card to be played (unless the next player has an eight). If a player cannot play a card on their turn, then they are to draw a card until they can play. Some players play so that a player only draws one card.

[[Category:Games]]

Cribbage

2009-08-03T18:06:18Z

ChrisZ: proper category: "Games"

'''Cribbage''' is a [[card game]] developed from the now extinct [[Tudor]] game of Noddy by the [[English]] poet Sir John Suckling in the seventeenth century.<ref>http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Cribbage.htm</ref> The aim is to collect 61 or 121 points before the opposing players (the game is traditionally played by two, but may be played with more), by scoring points for multiples of the same card and suit, cards totalling fifteen and runs of cards, during both the 'play', in which players attempt to avoid raising the total score of played cards above 31, and the 'show', in which both hands are scored combined with a start card. Also, one player scores for a 'crib' composed of two discarded cards from each player. A unique feature of cribbage is the traditional scoring board often used to keep score on. Pegs are moved along this board to mark the current score of a player. In fact, the phrase 'level pegging' developed from the game.<ref>http://www.mastersgames.com/rules/cribbage-rules.htm</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Games]]

Cribbage

2009-08-03T18:03:19Z

ChrisZ: bolding term

Yuri Gagarin

2009-08-03T18:00:25Z

ChrisZ: removed a category: "Russian History" -- was the only article

[[Image:YuriGagarin.jpg|right|thumb|Yuri Gagarin]]
'''Yuri Gagarin''' (1934-1968) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]]. In 1961 he became the first human being to orbit the [[Earth]] on board of the [[Vostok 1]].<ref>[http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level1/gagarin.html NASA bio]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Space Race]]
[[Category:Cosmonauts]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gagarin, Yuri}}

JCDecaux

2009-08-03T17:59:05Z

ChrisZ: proper category: "Companies"

'''JCDecaux''' is a major advertising company based in Neuilly-sur-Seine, [[France]], named after its founder, Jean-Claude Decaux. The company operates in over 50 countries.

[[Category:Companies]]

Mystery:Did Eternity Originate With Christianity?

2009-08-03T05:05:36Z

ChrisZ: /* Fundamental Point of Christianity */ added external link to the mentioned verse/translation

The term "eternity" rarely occurs in the [[Old Testament]], and when it does occur it does not have the modern sense.

The Greek words for eternity, "aion" and "aionios", lack the full Christian meaning also.<ref>http://www.savior-of-all.com/aionian.html</ref>

[[Jesus]] and his disciples mention "eternity" nearly 70 times in the [[New Testament]]. Was this a new concept that originated with Christianity?

== Fundamental Point of Christianity ==

In Acts 13:46-48, both Paul and Barnabas discussed how acceptance of eternal life divided believers from non-believers:<ref>[[NIV]] translation.[http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Act&c=13&v=46&t=NIV#46]</ref>

:Then Paul and Barnabas answered them boldly: "We had to speak the word of God to you first. Since you reject it and do not consider yourselves worthy of eternal life, we now turn to the Gentiles.

:For this is what the Lord has commanded us: "'I have made you a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth.'"

:When the Gentiles heard this, they were glad and honored the word of the Lord; and all who were appointed for eternal life believed.

:The word of the Lord spread through the whole region.

== Aristotle ==

[[Aristotle]] is credited with the narrow claim that matter and motion are eternal, but that does not represent the full concept of eternity in Christianity, as in one's "eternal life."

==Further reading==
* David W. Sielaff in ''Associates for Scriptural Knowledge '' (Jan 2005) [http://www.askelm.com/newsletter/l200501.htm online edition]
== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Mystery]]

Mystery:Did Eternity Originate With Christianity?

2009-08-03T02:12:48Z

ChrisZ: proper category: "Mystery"

The term "eternity" rarely occurs in the [[Old Testament]], and when it does occur it does not have the modern sense.

The Greek words for eternity, "aion" and "aionios", lack the full Christian meaning also.<ref>http://www.savior-of-all.com/aionian.html</ref>

[[Jesus]] and his disciples mention "eternity" nearly 70 times in the [[New Testament]]. Was this a new concept that originated with Christianity?

== Fundamental Point of Christianity ==

In Acts 13:46-48, both Paul and Barnabas discussed how acceptance of eternal life divided believers from non-believers:<ref>[[NIV]] translation.</ref>

:Then Paul and Barnabas answered them boldly: "We had to speak the word of God to you first. Since you reject it and do not consider yourselves worthy of eternal life, we now turn to the Gentiles.

:For this is what the Lord has commanded us: "'I have made you a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth.'"

:When the Gentiles heard this, they were glad and honored the word of the Lord; and all who were appointed for eternal life believed.

:The word of the Lord spread through the whole region.

== Aristotle ==

[[Aristotle]] is credited with the narrow claim that matter and motion are eternal, but that does not represent the full concept of eternity in Christianity, as in one's "eternal life."

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Mystery]]

Mystery:Why is Phonics Taught in the UK but not the US?

2009-08-03T02:12:12Z

ChrisZ: removed the doubling of categories

Same language, same heritage: the [[U.K.]] and the [[U.S.]] would presumably settle on the same optimal way to teach children how to read [[English]]. While the [[U.K.]] has chosen [[phonics]] for its obvious benefits, the [[U.S.]] [[public schools]] typically do not use real [[phonics]]. Why?

One reason may be the different political incentives in the two countries. The teachers' union is overwhelmingly [[Democratic]].

That is not true, or not as true, in the [[U.K.]] The [[Labour Party]] is not struggling and does not fear losing power, and does not have as tight a grip over education as the [[Democratic Party]] holds in the [[U.S.]] Also, the [[Labour Party]] is not as dependent on [[illiteracy]] to win elections in the [[U.K.]]

The National Right to Read Foundation identified the following factors:<ref>[http://www.nrrf.org/essay_Illiteracy.html#whydofaultymethods ''Illiteracy: An Incurable Disease or Education Malpractice?''] NRRF. 13 May 2008</ref>

*Forces of tradition.
*Interlocking relationships between basal reader publishers and reading experts.
*Refusal of reading experts to accept outside criticism.
*Reading experts' lack of knowledge about phonics teaching, negative biases toward phonic instruction, and fear that phonics advocacy equals political [[conservatism]].
*Negative attitudes toward phonics by teachers' organizations.
*Unsubstantiated information in educational publications.
*Expectancy that research will not affect teaching practices.
*Refusal to admit that there is a literacy crisis.
*Lack of legal redress for malpractice in reading instruction.
*Establishment of public schools and teacher education as a monopoly.
*Most teachers use methods of teaching reading that their professors teach them, or they follow the teachers' guide for the textbook series used in their school system, neither of which present logical and systematic instruction in phonics.

In an Education Week article, [12 June 1985], Rudolf Flesch concluded: "Decades of painstaking research have shown that neither our schools nor our teachers are to blame [for the illiteracy problem in America]. Rather, the fault lies with a method of teaching reading that was first proposed for general use in 1927 and has since been adopted in most of our schools. It is called the 'whole-word' [look and say] method because it relies on memorizing the shapes and meanings of whole words. It was introduced with the best intentions: the idea was to make learning to read more fun for our children. Today, it is almost universally used in this country." The results are evident in an illiteracy rate that is the highest in our history. We should not place the blame on our teachers but rather, we need a major overhaul of our teacher training institutions. We will not halt the continued spread of illiteracy in America without this critical reform."<ref>''Illiteracy: An Incurable Disease or Education Malpractice?'' op cit.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[category:education]]
[[category:Mystery]]

User talk:PhyllisS

2009-08-03T01:54:23Z

ChrisZ: new section: "Conjugate base / acid"