Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Essay:Liberal Predictions of the Decade

2009-12-29T18:21:01Z

ChrisFV: Created page with 'Are sources for the quotes not necessary because this is an "essay"? ~~~~'

Are sources for the quotes not necessary because this is an "essay"? [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 13:21, 29 December 2009 (EST)

Mosque

2009-12-29T18:17:17Z

ChrisFV: sp

[[File:Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istambul.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul.]]
A '''mosque''' is a [[Muslim]] house of worship, analogous to a Christian [[church]] or Jewish [[temple]], and will be found in any Muslim community around the world.

Almost all mosques include a minaret from which the [[imam]], or priest, issues calls to worship. All mosques have markers inside them indicating the direction to [[Mecca]], as Muslims pray facing Mecca.

== Famous mosques ==
* [[Masjid al-Haram]]: A mosque in Mecca, [[Saudi Arabia]]. It contains the [[Kaaba]] and is the site of the annual [[Hajj]] pilgrimage. It is considered the holiest site in [[Islam]]. <ref name="holysites1">{{cite news|last=Miller |first=Pamela |title=Journey of a lifetime |publisher=Star Tribune |date=[[2006-01-07]] |page=12E}}</ref>
* [[Masjid al-Nabawi]]: A mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia. It is considered the second-holiest site in Islam.<ref name="holysites2">{{cite news|last=Abu-Nasr |first=Donna |title=Many Saudis criticize attack |publisher=Ventura County Star |date=[[2004-12-09]] |page=16}}</ref>
* [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]]: Also known as Temple Mount, it was built on the site of the former [[Temple of Solomon]] in [[Jerusalem]]. Believed by Muslims to be the place where [[Muhammad]] ascended into [[Heaven]], it is the third-holiest site in Islam.<ref name="holysites3">{{cite news|publisher=Associated Press |title=Arafat to be buried in soil from Islam's third holiest site |date=[[2004-11-11]]}}</ref>
* [[Imam Ali Mosque]]: Located in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]. A holy site for the [[Shi'ite]] branch of Islam.
* [[Hagia Sophia]]: A former Christian church during the [[Byzantine Empire]], it was captured and converted into a mosque in 1453 when the [[Ottoman Empire]] was established in [[Istanbul]]. It served as the city's principal mosque for nearly 500 years before being converted to a museum in 1934 under the secular government of President [[Kemal Ataturk]].<ref>http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-sophia</ref>
* [[Lal Masjid]]: Radical mosque in Pakistan that was raided by the Pakistani police in 2007.

 
<center>
[[File:Kaaba.jpg]]

Masjid al-Haram, the holiest site in Islam.

<gallery perrow="6">
File:Friday - Mosque Afghanistan.jpg|Friday Mosque, [[Afghanistan]].
File:Kasbah of Algiers Mosque.jpg|Kasbah of [[Algiers]] Mosque.
File:Abu el-Abbas el-Mursi Mosque in Alexandria.jpg|Abu el-Abbas el-Mursi Mosque, [[Egypt]].
File:Acheen St. Mosque, Malaysa.jpg|Acheen Mosque, [[Malaysia]].
File:Badshahi Mosque, Pakistan.jpg|Badshahi Mosque, [[Pakistan]].
File:Badshahi Mosque.jpg|Badshahi Mosque, Pakistan.
</gallery>

<gallery>
File:Mosque Beirut.jpg|Mosque, Beirut, [[Lebanon]].
File:The Shahjahani Mosque in Thatta.jpg|The Shahjahani Mosque in Thatta, [[Pakistan]].
File:Omayyad Mosque Damascus Syria.jpg|Omayyad Mosque, Damascus, [[Syria]].

</gallery>

 
[[File:Masjid al-Nabawi Medina Saudi.jpg|500px]]

Masjid al-Nabawi, Medina, [[Saudi Arabia]].

</center>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Islam]][[Category:Places of Worship]]

Mosque

2009-12-28T15:11:50Z

ChrisFV: addl info on Hagia Sophia, now a museum

[[File:Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istambul.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istambul.]]
A '''mosque''' is a [[Muslim]] house of worship, analogous to a Christian [[church]] or Jewish [[temple]], and will be found in any Muslim community around the world.

Almost all mosques include a minaret from which the [[imam]], or priest, issues calls to worship. All mosques have markers inside them indicating the direction to [[Mecca]], as Muslims pray facing Mecca.

== Famous mosques ==
* [[Masjid al-Haram]]: A mosque in Mecca, [[Saudi Arabia]]. It contains the [[Kaaba]] and is the site of the annual [[Hajj]] pilgrimage. It is considered the holiest site in [[Islam]]. <ref name="holysites1">{{cite news|last=Miller |first=Pamela |title=Journey of a lifetime |publisher=Star Tribune |date=[[2006-01-07]] |page=12E}}</ref>
* [[Masjid al-Nabawi]]: A mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia. It is considered the second-holiest site in Islam.<ref name="holysites2">{{cite news|last=Abu-Nasr |first=Donna |title=Many Saudis criticize attack |publisher=Ventura County Star |date=[[2004-12-09]] |page=16}}</ref>
* [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]]: Also known as Temple Mount, it was built on the site of the former [[Temple of Solomon]] in [[Jerusalem]]. Believed by Muslims to be the place where [[Muhammad]] ascended into [[Heaven]], it is the third-holiest site in Islam.<ref name="holysites3">{{cite news|publisher=Associated Press |title=Arafat to be buried in soil from Islam's third holiest site |date=[[2004-11-11]]}}</ref>
* [[Imam Ali Mosque]]: Located in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]. A holy site for the [[Shi'ite]] branch of Islam.
* [[Hagia Sophia]]: A former Christian church during the [[Byzantine Empire]], it was captured and converted into a mosque in 1453 when the [[Ottoman Empire]] was established in [[Istanbul]]. It served as the city's principal mosque for nearly 500 years before being converted to a museum in 1934 under the secular government of President [[Kemal Ataturk]].<ref>http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-sophia</ref>
* [[Lal Masjid]]: Radical mosque in Pakistan that was raided by the Pakistani police in 2007.

 
<center>
[[File:Kaaba.jpg]]

Masjid al-Haram, the holiest site in Islam.

<gallery perrow="6">
File:Friday - Mosque Afghanistan.jpg|Friday Mosque, [[Afghanistan]].
File:Kasbah of Algiers Mosque.jpg|Kasbah of [[Algiers]] Mosque.
File:Abu el-Abbas el-Mursi Mosque in Alexandria.jpg|Abu el-Abbas el-Mursi Mosque, [[Egypt]].
File:Acheen St. Mosque, Malaysa.jpg|Acheen Mosque, [[Malaysia]].
File:Badshahi Mosque, Pakistan.jpg|Badshahi Mosque, [[Pakistan]].
File:Badshahi Mosque.jpg|Badshahi Mosque, Pakistan.

</gallery>

</center>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Islam]][[Category:Places of Worship]]

John Wayne Gacy

2009-12-26T23:53:30Z

ChrisFV: del comma

'''John Wayne Gacy''' (March 17, 1942 – May 10, 1994) was a 1970s [[serial killer]].
He was convicted and later executed for the [[rape]] and [[murder]] of 33 boys and young men, 28 of whom he buried in the crawl space under his house, between 1972 and his arrest in December 1978. He evaded detection for quite a long period of time by successfully presenting the outward appearance of an upstanding citizen, often helping out the neighbors, and volunteering his firm's time for neighbourhood projects. He was also the chaplain of the Jaycees. He became notorious as the "Killer [[Clown]]" because of the many block parties he attended, entertaining children while dressed up as a roly-poly "Pogo the Clown". Many parents who used his services have since expressed concern that they had doubts about what he may have been carrying in his clown's pocket. When confronted by the police, he began to confess immediately. There was no question that Gacy would be found guilty and a jury took barely an hour to come to that decision. He was sentenced to death, under new guidelines that would make sure the penalty was not "cruel and unusual" and therefore within constitutional bounds.

Gacy was a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party, eventually becoming a Democrat precinct captain<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5c81hVxiU</ref>. In this capacity, he met and was photographed with Rosalynn Carter, wife of Democrat president [[Jimmy Carter]]. Carter posed for pictures with Gacy and autographed the photo "To John Gacy. Best Wishes. Rosalynn Carter".

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gacy, John Wayne}}
[[Category:Serial Killers]]

Mark Strand

2009-12-26T23:44:26Z

ChrisFV: start

'''Mark Strand''' (born 1934) is a Canadian-born American poet.

Christmas Carol

2009-12-26T23:14:01Z

ChrisFV: /* Examples */

A '''Christmas carol''' is a traditional song which is about with the [[Nativity|birth of Jesus]] or otherwise addresses the religious foundation of [[Christmas]].

==History==

Most of the Christmas carols we know today come from the 18th or 19th centuries, in large part because this was the time when congregations first became involved in the singing of music in churches. Before this, the singing of hymns and religious music was largely or solely the responsibility of a trained choir.

The result of the transition to full-congregation participation was the need for songs with simple melodies which could be sung reasonably well by anybody. While this resulted in a great deal of religious music for all occasions, back then, as now, church attendance was much higher on Christmas day than other days.

==Examples==

*"Hark, the Herald Angels Sing"
*"God Rest Ye, Merry Gentlemen"
*"Come Ye To Bethlehem"
*"Silent Night"
*"What Child is This?"
*"Angels We Have Heard on High"
*"The First Noel"
*"Oh, Come, All Ye Faithful"

Songs like "Jingle Bells" or "White Christmas" are not Christmas carols, as they are secular in topic.{{fact}}

Talk:Christmas Carol

2009-12-26T23:13:26Z

ChrisFV: Created page with 'By whose definition are non-religious Christmas songs excluded from the category "Christmas carols"? ~~~~'

By whose definition are non-religious Christmas songs excluded from the category "Christmas carols"? [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 18:13, 26 December 2009 (EST)

Christmas Carol

2009-12-26T23:09:53Z

ChrisFV:

Talk:Gay disease

2009-12-26T22:54:22Z

ChrisFV:

Where in the reference does it say '''anything''' about people being unsure as to homosexuals standing in terms of the AIDS epidemic? Fantomas 09:43, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

<blockquote>
"Through media attention to AIDS and homosexual groups which have taken a stand both for their rights and against AIDS, homosexual practices and lifestyles have become more accepted. '''Many people, however, remain unsure whether to blame gays for AIDS or to view them as unfortunate victims in a public health nightmare.''' Media coverage has also caused many homosexuals to question their personal and social acceptance, and ultimately grow scared about their future. The author notes the gulf between religious and moral conservatives who condemn gay sex and homosexuality on the one hand, and Bacchanalian proponents who defend their freedom to have consensual sex with anyone and as often as they please."
</blockquote>
You may not agree with it, but it is there.
--[[User:OfficerDibble|OfficerDibble]] 09:59, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

oops, sorry, i read it twice, i thought - i retract my question. and yes, i don't agree with it. Fantomas 10:31, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

== Is this for real? ==
I don't recall HIV/Aids ever being referred to as "Gay disease". It was initially termed GRID, for "Gay-related immune deficiency". [[User:Dadsnagem2|Dadsnagem2]] 13:43, 18 January 2008 (EST)

== proposed merging with [[AIDS]] ==

Should be merged because the article says it's just another word for it. A section in the AIDS article could replace this one.

:No, the concept of a "[[gay disease]]" is more general. It refers to any disease which is spread by homosexual behavior, especially the sexual behavior of homosexual men (i.e., "gays"). I don't know why people who like homosexuality are always stressing that both men and women are homosexual (with the phrase "gays and lesbians"), but I guess they don't want to be ignored.

:Having your own group of diseases is a great way to get attention (and federal research funds), although the cost in suffering and death may be a bit high for folks like me. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 18:43, 15 June 2009 (EDT)

This article is unnecessary. There are no diseases spread by homosexual behavior that are not also spread by heterosexual behavior. [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 17:54, 26 December 2009 (EST)

Paul Cameron

2009-11-30T16:12:46Z

ChrisFV: "Dr." or "Ph.D."; not both

'''Paul Cameron''', Ph.D., is a [[psychologist]] who has presented disturbing information about [[homosexual]] behavior in the United States. Professional associations have responded by making vague, unsupported accusations about his personal character.

==Homosexual behavior==

* "Scientists besides myself have noted the addiction to falsehood and deception that is characteristic of homosexuals."<ref> [http://www.familyresearchinst.org/FRI_APA-rebuttal.html APA Rebuttal by Dr. Paul Cameron]</ref>
* Among those who knew that they had the AIDS virus, "11% have said or implied that they were HIV-negative in order to have sex."

==Unprofessional responses from organizations==

The APA and ASA have issued statements denouncing Cameron for holding positions contrary to theirs. They have not, however, pointed out any specific flaws in his published peer-reviewed scientific papers. So it is patently obvious that they are trying to suppress his findings for political reasons (see [[politicized science]]).

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]

Prime Ministers of Israel

2009-11-30T16:08:02Z

ChrisFV: update

{|class="table"
|Name
[[David Ben-Gurion]] (Mapai) 
[[Moshe Sharett]] (Mapai) 
[[David Ben-Gurion]] (Mapai) 
[[Levi Eshkol]] (Mapai) 
[[Levi Eshkol]] (Alignment) 
[[Yigal Allon]] (Alignment) 
[[Golda Meir]] (Alignment) 
[[Yitzhak Rabin]] (Alignment) 
[[Shimon Peres]] (Alignment) 
[[Menachem Begin]] (Likud) 
[[Yitzhak Shamir]] (Likud) 
[[Shimon Peres]] (Alignment) 
[[Yitzhak Shamir]] (Likud) 
[[Yitzhak Rabin]] (Labour) 
[[Shimon Peres]] (Labour) 
[[Benjamin Netanyahu]] (Likud) 
[[Ehud Barak]] (Labour) 
[[Ariel Sharon]] (Likud) 
[[Ariel Sharon]] (Kadima) 
[[Ehud Olmert]] (Kadima) 
[[Ehud Olmert]] (Kadima) 
[[Benjamin Netanyahu]] (Likud) 
|Term
(1948-1953) 
(1953-1955) 
(1955-1963) 
(1963-1965) 
(1965-1969) 
(1969) 
(1969-1974) 
(1974-1977) 
(1977) 
(1977-1983) 
(1983-1984) 
(1984-1986) 
(1986-1992) 
(1992-1995) 
(1995-1996) 
(1996-1999) 
(1999-2001) 
(2001-2005) 
(2005-2006) 
(2006-2007) 
(2007-2009) 
(2009- ) 
|}

[[Category:Prime Ministers of Israel]]

The Bible versus the Qur'an

2009-11-23T14:51:11Z

ChrisFV: sp

The two most predominant formal religions of the world, using broad criteria, are [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]],<ref>http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.htm</ref><ref>based upon critical doctrinal conformity, these numbers would be much smaller, such as in Christianity: http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/12-faithspirituality/15-christianity-is-no-longer-americans-default-faith</ref> with the [[Bible]] and the [[Qur'an]] being their respective primary authoritative books.

While [[Muhammad]] is evidenced as believing that the Bible was inspired and given by [[God]], and the relatively brief Qur'an depends upon the Bible in its allusions to it, abundant critical differences exist between the two books, perhaps due to Muhammad's alleged illiteracy and dependence upon similarly biblically illiterate and confused sources.

The Islamic solution to this has typically been to assert the Bible was altered after Muhammad's time. However the wealth of manuscripts, including those who antedate the giving of the Qur'an, disallow that attempt.

==Distinctions between the Bible and the Qur'an==

At less than 80,000 words, (figures vary: 77,701 in Arabic by one source,<ref>http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Uk/uk.religion.islam/2005-09/msg01868.html</ref> 77,439 by ‘Ata bin Yasar<ref>http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/Menj/bravo_r4bc.htm</ref>) the Qur'an is much smaller than the Bible, (602,585 words in the Old Testament; 180,552 in the New = 783,037,<ref> http://muthbible.org/resources/bible/biblestatistics.php</ref> with the total words in just the verses in the [[KJV]] being counted at 788,258.<ref>http://www.biblebelievers.com/believers-org/kjv-stats.htm</ref>) The Qur'an is also far more restrictive in in its scope of communication,<ref>[http://www.bible.ca/islam/library/Gilchrist/Vol1/4a.html The Qu'ran: ''The Scripture of Islam; A. THE COMPOSITION AND CHARACTER OF THE QUR'AN'']</ref><ref>http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/Menj/bravo_r4bc.htm</ref> lacking the manner of extensive historical narratives of the Bible, and the context it provides for its commands, as well as genealogical records which helps provide historical chronology. In addition, absent from the Quran are extended doctrinal discourses on salvation, such as are especially seen in the New Testament. This results in difficultly formulating broad [[systematic theology]] out of the Qur'an by itself, and its allusions to Biblical characters and events evidences that it requires knowledge of the Bible, which as the prior revelation, it must agree with.

==Muhammad's referencing and contradictions of the Bible==

Early Islam<ref>http://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-bible-not-corrupted-early-muslims.htm</ref> and Muhammad himself is seen to uphold the Scriptures<ref>http://isaalmasih.net/bible-isa/kitab-true.html</ref> that existed then as divinely inspired, both the Torah, (Sura 2:87) and the Psalms, (4:163) and the Gospels, (Suras 3:3; 5:46) such as in stating,

<blockquote>If thou wert in doubt as to what We have revealed unto thee, then ask those who have been reading the Book from before thee: the Truth hath indeed come to thee from thy Lord: so be in no wise of those in doubt. 10:94 (Y. Ali)</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Say: "O People of the Book! ye have no ground to stand upon unless ye stand fast by the Law, the Gospel, and all the revelation that has come to you from your Lord, (Sura 5:68; Y. Ali) and
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
And dispute ye not with the People of the Book, except with means better (than mere disputation), unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong (and injury): but say, "We believe in the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down to you; Our Allah and your Allah is one; and it is to Him we bow (in Islam). (Sura 29:46; Y. Ali)
</blockquote>

Sura 6:34 also states that "there is none that can alter the words (and decrees) of Allah."

However, the Qur'an critically contradicts the Bible,<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Contra/ answering-islam.org; ''Contradictions in the Qur'an; Verses contradicting the earlier revelations'']</ref> especially as concerns the person and work of [[Jesus Christ]], as it flatly denies His death and resurrection, as well as His divine nature, both of which which are held by Christians to be abundantly testified to.<ref>[http://peacebyjesus.witnesstoday.org/JESUS.Vs.Muhammad.html#2 ''MUHAMMAD VERSUS JESUS CHRIST; Death and Resurrection proclaimed'']</ref><ref> [http://peacebyjesus.witnesstoday.org/DEITYofCHRIST.html ''The DEITY of CHRIST'']</ref>

==Charges of textual corruption==

Islamic apologists recognize these contradictions, and therefore charge that the Bible was tampered with, though the amount of alterations required to explain the Quranic deviations from Biblical text would require a significant amount of changes to the Old Testament and virtually a complete rewriting of the New.

Christian apologists respond to these charges by evidencing that an abundance of manuscripts which predate the Quran yet exist,<ref>http://www.spotlights.org/Bible22.htm</ref> such as the Codex Sinaiticus (c. 350 AD), with Aland numbering a total of 230 extant New Testament manuscript portions which pre-date 600 AD (192 Greek New Testament manuscripts, 5 Greek lectionaries containing scripture, and 33 translations of the Greek New Testament).<ref>Kurt and Barbara Aland, 1987:82-83</ref><ref>http://debate.org.uk/topics/history/bib-qur/bibmanu.htm</ref> The doctrinal conflation of these with later manuscripts manifest that no such manner of alterations or rewriting took place.<ref>http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/bibleorigin.html</ref><ref>http://www.carm.org/questions/about-bible/manuscript-evidence-superior-new-testament-reliability</ref>

In addition, it is postulated that if Muhammed could not read, as Islam states, then he would have relied upon the word of others (travelers, etc.) who were overall likely to be significantly Biblically illiterate.<ref>http://www.letusreason.org/Islam5.htm</ref> This would explain how Muhammed could reprove such things as the Christian Trinity consisting of God, Jesus and Mary,<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Why-not/13trinity.html Jochen Katz, ''My Questions to Muslims''; Answering Islam]</ref> (Sura 5:116-117) in addition to speaking numerous contradictions of the Bible.

In response, Muslim apologists seek to make a case against a reliable Bible based upon the lack of a universal canon among all Christian churches, or early incomplete manuscripts, or additions to them (''the Epistle of Barnabas'', and portions of ''The Shepherd of Hermas'' to Codex Sinaiticus), as well a relatively small degree of actual (beyond spelling, etc.) textual disagreement<ref>http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/Saifullah/bravo_dave.htm</ref> among some of the thousands of existing manuscripts. However, none of these aspects provides a solution to the Islamic problem, as none of the manuscripts substantiate the Qur'anic deviations, nor does the small percentage (contrary to typical Muslim exaggeration) of actual variants among manuscripts support the manner of massive changes which the Islamic solution requires. Moreover, the Qur'an, for which there is no manuscripts evidence for over 100 years after it was said to be given,<ref>http://debate.org.uk/topics/history/bib-qur/qurmanu.htm</ref> evidences its own problematic texts,<ref>http://www.carm.org/religious-movements/islam/contradictions-quran</ref> even though it is a far smaller (in size and scope) book, and one that was written after durable writing materials came into use, and then underwent a purification process in which variant manuscripts were burned.<ref>[http://www.beholdthebeast.com/textual_history_of_the_koran.htm TEXTUAL HISTORY OF THE KORAN]</ref> One researcher concludes,

:Manuscript, as well as documentary and archaeological evidence indicates that much of what the Qur'an maintains does not coincide with the historical data at our disposal which comes from that period. <ref>http://debate.org.uk/topics/history/bib-qur/conclu.htm</ref>

Thus it is seen that the manner of corruption of biblical text which Islam charges is that of the Qur'an, not the Bible which authority it is much based upon.

While Muslims also typically claim that the text of the Qur'an is identical to that received by Muhammad, Christian researchers contend that there is overwhelming evidence that it is not. <ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Text/ Textual answering-islam.org; ''Variants of the Qur'an'']</ref>

==Gospel of Barnabas==
As no extant Biblical manuscript, from before the time of Muhammed or after him, agrees with the Quranic contradictions, many Muslim apologists look to the [[Gospel of Barnabas]] for support. However, this radically different account is judged by both Christian and secular academics (and even some Muslims such as Abbas el-Akkad) to be a late work and pseudepigraphical. With its obvious anachronisms and historical errors (like sailing to Nazareth) and utter lack of early manuscript evidence and irreconcilable differences between it and any ancient manuscripts, it is manifest to be a fourteenth century attempt to read later Islamic doctrine into the Bible, which clearly refutes it.<ref>http://www.muslimhope.com/ForgeryOfTheGospelOfBarnabas.htm</ref><ref>http://answering-islam.org/Barnabas/saleeb.html</ref> <ref>http://www.answering-islam.org/Green/barnabas.htm</ref> <ref>http://www.ichthus.info/CaseForChrist/Archeology/intro.html</ref>

==Principal areas of disagreement==
The primary issues in which the Qur'an radically fails to conflate with the Bible are in regard to the person and work of Christ, as well as the nature of the people of God, and the means by which their mission is carried out.<ref>[http://peacebyjesus.witnesstoday.org/JESUS.Vs.Muhammad.html MUHAMMAD VERSUS JESUS CHRIST]</ref><ref>http://www.answering-islam.org/Nehls/Ask/disagree.html</ref>

While the Bible systematically reveals the [[Messiah]] as being the Divine Son of God, the Qur'an flatly denies this, but relegates Christ to being a most perfect messenger of God. While the Bible predicts and clearly records and abundantly references the death and resurrection of Christ, <ref>Isa. 53:10-12; Dan. 9:24; Dan. 9:26; Mat. 12:40; 16:21; 20:28; 27:2-10,40,63; Mar. 15:1,16-20; 17:23; Luk. 22:26-27; 23:1-5; 24:7,26-27; Jn. 2:19; 3:14; 8:28-38; Act. 3:13-16; 1Co. 15:3-7; 2Co. 5:21; Gal. 3:13; Phi. 2:5-8; 1Ti. 3:4-6; 2:14; Heb. 5:8; 1Pt. 1:19; 2:24; 3:18,22</ref> that He sacrificially shed His blood and died on the cross, in order to make the perfect atonement for man's forgiveness, and rose to life and later ascended to the right hand of the Father, the Qur'an dismisses this, and offers a brief explanation that a substitute took His place.(Sura 4:157) As the entire message of the New Testament centers around Jesus Christ being the unique son of God - a title which itself conveyed Deity at that time (Jn. 5:18; 19:7) - who died and rose again and now reigns as the present savior and future judge of mankind, then the Bible and the Qur'an are most irreconcilable on these points.

In addition, in the New Testament the nature of the people of God is essentially that of a spiritual entity, into which "body" all believers are baptized upon believing, (1 Cor. 12:13) and are translated into the spiritual kingdom of Christ. As such, the means of warfare for the New Testament church was "not carnal", that is, by the sword of men, but spiritual: "By pureness, by knowledge, by longsuffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned, By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left." (2 Cor 6:6-7) In contrast, Islam works out of the model of a seventh century physical theocracy, which thus uses physical means of oppression toward those without as well as within, in order to defeat its enemies and enlarge its borders. Due to both the nature of the Qur'an, and Muhammad's example, and evidence from the ''Hadityh'', many believe that “radical” Islam is more historically authentic and representative of the modern Islamic world than the “moderate” variety.<ref> http://www.muslimhope.com/WarInIslam.htm.</ref>

Muslims respond to such by repeating atheism's allegations of irreconcilable contradictions within the Bible,<ref>http://debate.org.uk/topics/apolog/contrads.htm</ref> which Christians respond to by providing clarifications and explanations, while also documenting various other contradictions between the Bible and the Qur'an, as well as within the later, and between the latter and other authorities.<ref>http://answering-islam.org/God/character.html</ref><ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Quran/Contra Contradictions in the Qur'an]</ref>

==Co-existence==
While there exists within [[liberal Christianity]] those who seek to harmonize the two religions,<ref>,http://geoconger.wordpress.com/2007/06/07/us-priest-says-islam-christianity-united-cen-60807-p1/</ref> as well as a form of liberal [[Islam]] which seeks to minimize differences, such results in a denial of truth, as well as freedom of religion in the long term. Patrick Sookhdeo, the director of the Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity, warned that the Western Church’s growing tendency to blur theological differences and not uphold the absolute truth is contributing to the threat of radical Islam to the Western World. Sookhdeo, a former Muslim and adviser to British, American and NATO military officials on jihadist ideology, and director of the Barnabas Fund which works with the persecuted church, stated,

:When faced with the uniqueness of Christ we become inclusive. He loves everybody so we talk about love, and hell and damnation goes out the window, said Sookhdeo. It becomes too embarrassing. So our church has conformed itself according to society.

:If the U.S. church goes the way of Europe and embraces liberalism in its theology then it will embrace liberalism in its life,... And if it embraces liberalism in its life then the church will die, and not only will the church die, but society around it will also die.<ref>[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/sookhdeo.liberal.christianity.intensifying.threat.from.radical.islam/16767.htm christiantoday.com] Saturday, February 9, 2008</ref>

The past institutionalization of the church and Islamization of most of Asia Minor, where the seven churches of Revelation were located, are seen by some as examples of dangers now being faced.

==See also==
*[[Islam]]
*[[Bible]]
*[[Qu'ran]]
*[[Jihad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.answering-islam.org Answering-Islam.org]
*[http://debate.org.uk/topics/history/home.htm Debate.org.UK, Topics]
*[http://muslim-canada.org/ch2hamid.html#official The Preservation of the Original Teachings of Islam.]

Sonic Youth

2009-11-23T03:54:47Z

ChrisFV:

'''Sonic Youth''' is a seminal American alternative rock group. Formed in New York City in 1981 within the No Wave art and music scene, they have outlasted many of their contemporaries. Their distinctive sound relies heavily on the use of alternate guitar tunings as well as using objects such as drumsticks and screwdrivers to strike the stings and placing such objects into the strings against the fretboard.

== Current Members: ==
*Kim Gordon - bass guitar, guitar, vocals; founding member
*Thurston Moore - guitars, vocals; founding member
*Lee Ranaldo - guitars, vocals, organ; founding member
*Steve Shelley - drums; joined 1985

== Albums: ==
* ''Sonic Youth'' (EP) (1982)
* ''Confusion Is Sex'' (1983)
* ''Sonic Death: Early Sonic 1981-1983'' (1984)
* ''Bad Moon Rising'' (1985)
* ''EVOL'' (1986)
* ''Sister'' (1987)
* ''Daydream Nation'' (1988)
* ''Goo'' (1990)
* ''Dirty'' (1992)
* ''Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star'' (1994)
* ''Washing Machine'' (1995)
* ''A Thousand Leaves'' (1998)
* ''NYC Ghosts & Flowers'' (2000)
* ''Murray Street'' (2002)
* ''Sonic Nurse'' (2004)
* ''Rather Ripped'' (2006)
* ''The Eternal'' (2009)

[[Category:Bands]]

Gay disease

2009-11-23T03:44:32Z

ChrisFV:

'''"Gay disease"''' is any disease which is spread by [[homosexual behavior]], especially the sexual behavior of homosexual men (i.e., "[[gays]]").
The gay disease of the late 1970s and early 1980s was an [[epidemic]] which afflicted [[homosexual]] men.
Later it was called [[AIDS]] and attributed to [[HIV]]. It was discovered (and given its original name) by a doctor who himself was homosexual, so any notion of the name being intended to demean or stigmatize (rather than to help) is ill-formed.

Other "gay diseases" are known to medical science, and it is good health practice for all people to be aware of them:
*"Common sexual practices among gay men lead to numerous STDs and physical injuries, some of which are virtually unknown in the heterosexual population. Lesbians are also at higher risk for STDs. In addition to diseases that may be transmitted during lesbian sex, a study at an Australian STD clinic found that lesbians were three to four times more likely than heterosexual women to have sex with men who were high-risk for [[HIV]]." <ref name=risk> [http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/homosexuality/ho0075.html The Health Risks of Gay Sex] </ref>

==Diseases affecting male homosexuals==

The list of diseases found with extraordinary frequency among male homosexual practitioners as a result of anal intercourse is alarming:

*[[Anal Cancer]]
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*Cryptosporidium
*Giardia lamblia
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
*[[Human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV)
*Human [[papilloma]] virus
*Isospora belli
*Microsporidia
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*Viral [[hepatitis]] types B & C
*[[Syphilis]]

Sexual transmission of some of these diseases is so rare in the exclusively heterosexual population as to be virtually unknown.<ref name=risk />

==Sexual politics==
The term "gay disease" was applied without prejudice<ref>When the AIDS epidemic began officially in June 1981, it was widely considered exclusively a "gay disease." [http://www.rense.com/general73/homphn.htm] </ref> The term was in fact coined by a physician who was himself homosexual.{{fact}}
It was only later that the term fell into disfavor.{{fact}} Organizations promoting homosexuality wanted to get the public to believe that AIDS was not just a threat to promiscuous homosexual men. [http://www.thebody.com/content/art32330.html]
They used slogans such as "not a gay disease" to spread this idea.

*Extremely sexually active men who had sex with large numbers of other men unknowingly helped spread HIV in the early stages of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. ... Many people, however, remain unsure whether to blame gays for AIDS or to view them as unfortunate victims in a public health nightmare. <ref>Homosexuals and AIDS: a new approach to the illness. 1993. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8301093&dopt=Abstract]</ref>
[[category:diseases]]

* The explosive spread of AIDS occurred when the known evidence about HIV transmission among Gay men was suppressed by the media. The medical science establishment did not speak up. HIV is most easily transmitted through anal intercourse, because the anus bleeds far more easily than the vagina. So one Gay man simply passes blood products straight on to the next. Sexually transmitted plagues have been studied scientifically ever since syphilis arose several centuries ago. We know how to limit their spread, but many Gay men have died as a result of political suppression of scientific medicine. The spread of AIDS was partly a self-inflicted wound. [http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/11/global_warming_as_pathological.html]

==See also==
*[[Homosexuality and disease]]

== References ==

<references/>

{{template:homosexualityb}}
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Diseases]]
[[Category:Social Problems]]

Sonic Youth

2009-11-23T03:43:13Z

ChrisFV:

'''Sonic Youth''' is a seminal American alternative rock group. Formed in New York City in 1981 within the No Wave art and music scene, they have outlasted many of their contemporaries. Their distinctive sound relies heavily on the use of alternate guitar tunings as well as using objects such as drumsticks and screwdrivers to strike the stings and placing such objects into the strings against the fretboard.

=== Current Members: ===
[[Kim Gordon]] - bass guitar, guitar, vocals; founding member
[[Thurston Moore]] - guitars, vocals; founding member
[[Lee Ranaldo]] - guitars, vocals, organ; founding member
[[Steve Shelley]] - drums; joined 1985

=== Albums: ===
* ''Sonic Youth'' (EP) (1982)
* ''Confusion Is Sex'' (1983)
* ''Sonic Death: Early Sonic 1981-1983'' (1984)
* ''Bad Moon Rising'' (1985)
* ''EVOL'' (1986)
* ''Sister'' (1987)
* ''Daydream Nation'' (1988)
* ''Goo'' (1990)
* ''Dirty'' (1992)
* ''Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star'' (1994)
* ''Washing Machine'' (1995)
* ''A Thousand Leaves'' (1998)
* ''NYC Ghosts & Flowers'' (2000)
* ''Murray Street'' (2002)
* ''Sonic Nurse'' (2004)
* ''Rather Ripped'' (2006)
* ''The Eternal'' (2009)

[[Category:Bands]]

Joni Mitchell

2009-11-23T03:39:19Z

ChrisFV: the greatest woman songwriter in history - discography

'''Joni Mitchell''' (born Roberta Joan Anderson, 7 November 1943, Fort McLeod, [[Alberta]], [[Canada]]) is a [[folk]], [[pop music|pop]] and [[jazz]] [[songwriter]] and [[singer]] known for "Big Yellow Taxi", "Both Sides, Now", "Chelsea Morning", "The Circle Game", "Woodstock" and other [[song]]s.

== Discography ==
*''Song to a Seagull'', 1968
*''Clouds'', 1969
*''Ladies of the Canyon'', 1970
*''Blue'', 1971
*''For the Roses'', 1972
*''Court and Spark'', 1974
*''The Hissing of Summer Lawns'', 1975
*''Hejira'', 1976
*''Don Juan's Reckless Daughter'', 1977
*''Mingus'', 1979
*''Wild Things Run Fast'', 1982
*''Dog Eat Dog'', 1985
*''Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm'', 1988
*''Night Ride Home'', 1991
*''Turbulent Indigo'', 1994
*''Taming the Tiger'', 1998
*''Both Sides Now'', 2000
*''Travelogue'', 2002
*''Shine'', 2007

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitchell, Joni}}
[[Category:Women Singers]]
[[Category:Songwriters]]

Paul Krugman

2009-11-23T03:19:29Z

ChrisFV:

'''Paul Krugman''' (born February 28, 1953) is the 2008 Nobel [[Economics|Economic]] Prize winner (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences). He is an American [[professor]] at [[Princeton University]] and a [[liberal]] Op-Ed columnist for ''[[The New York Times]]''.

Krugman is the author of several books; the best known is ''The Conscience of a Liberal'' (October 2007).

"I think we've learned this when we see Joe Stiglitz writing," Krugman said, referring to the winner of the economics Nobel in 2001. "I haven't noticed him getting an easy time. People just say, 'Sure, he's a great Nobel laureate and he's very smart, but he still doesn't know what he's talking about in this situation.' I'm sure I'll get the same thing." <ref>http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/13/america/13nobel.php</ref>
}}

== See also ==

''NPR’s Siegel Helps Krugman Lie Human Events''

''Siegel’s interview of Paul Krugman was "a liberal love fest of junk economics and revisionist political history. As Daniel Patrick Moynihan said, 'You are entitled to your opinion, but you’re not entitled to your own facts.'"'' [[Main Page/Previous Conservapedia Breaking News/Archives/October 2007]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=22787 NPR’s Siegel Helps Krugman Lie]
*[http://www.nationalreview.com/nrof_luskin/kts200406080847.asp Ocialist-say Economics]

== References ==
<References/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krugman, Paul}}

[[Category:Economists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Economics]]

Going Rogue: An American Life

2009-11-23T00:10:10Z

ChrisFV:

'''Going Rogue: An American Life''' is a 2009 autobiography of [[Sarah Palin]], former governor of [[Alaska]] and 2008 Republican vice-presidential candidate.

==Summary==

''Going Rogue'' is an autobiography of Sarah Palin's early life, and a memoir of her experiences in the [[2008 Presidential Campaign]].<ref>Palin, Sarah. ''Going Rogue: An American Life''. HarperCollins, 2009.</ref>

==Reception==

After the publisher pushed the release date to Nov. 17, the book achieved best-seller status.<ref>http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jlxDCO3o2Lipkwnit2WjvF0TCa5gD9B1VRQ00</ref> Once it became available for pre-order in late September, the book spent three days on Amazon.com's Top 100 list<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/vcCandidateFeed7/idUSTRE5905X220091001</ref> before becoming the #1 best-selling title across all categories on September 30, 2009.<ref>http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/10/02/palins_book_gets_a_cover_to_ju.html?wprss=44</ref> The book also became the Barnes & Noble #1 best seller based on pre-orders.<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/09/30/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry5354122.shtml</ref> This is considered to be "absolutely unprecedented performance for a non-fiction book so far in advance of its release date."<ref>http://www.northstarnational.com/2009/09/30/tough-sell-palin-biggest-seller-ever-explain/</ref> Palin has appeared on a number of television shows to promote the book, including [[Oprah Winfrey]]'s.

Liberals have condemned the book out of a fear of Sarah Palin<ref>http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2009/11/sarah-palin-going-rogue-democratic-national-committee-.html</ref>, who is respected by many conservatives and may be a presidential contender in 2012.

==References==

{{reflist|1}}

Van Jones

2009-11-22T23:34:29Z

ChrisFV:

[[File:VanJones.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Self-proclaimed [[communist]] and [[Obama administration]] "Green Czar" Van Jones]]
'''Van Jones''' is a self-proclaimed [[radical]] [[communist]] activist who served as the [[Obama administration]]'s "Green Czar".<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=94771 Will a 'red' help blacks go green?, White House appoints 'radical communist' who sees environment as racial issue], ''[[WorldNetDaily.com]]'', April 12, 2009.</ref> He announced his resignation at midnight, September 6, 2009 after a series of controversies over past inflammatory statements. <ref>http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5itKcwMMlf6EtyLvYW9VjF2xcVK7gD9AHJII00</ref>

Jones previously served on the board of an environmental activist group at which a founder of the [[Weather Underground]] [[terrorist]] organization is a top director.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=106653 ''Obama's 'green jobs czar' worked with terror founder]Van Jones served on board of activist group where ex-Weatherman serves as top director'', By Aaron Klein, [[WorldNetDaily]], August 13, 2009.</ref>

==STORM==
Jones was a founder and leader<ref>[http://machete408.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/revolutionaries-in-high-places-van-jones/ Revolutionaries in High Places- Van Jones], by adamfreedom March 23, 2009.</ref> of the communist revolutionary organization [[Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement]] (STORM). The organization had its roots in a group protesting the first Gulf War. The leftist blog Machete 48 identifies STORM's influences as "third-worldist [[Marxism]] (and an often vulgar [[Mao]]ism)."<ref>
[http://newzeal.blogspot.com/2009/04/obama-file-72-obama-appoints-former.html Obama File 72 Obama Appoints "Former" Communist To White House "Green Job"], Trevor Louden, April 06, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:9UyDTPx6dGEJ:machete408.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/revolutionaries-in-high-places-van-jones/+van+jones+demos&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=nz Machete 48]</ref> In the early 2000s, Jones and STORM were active in the anti-[[Iraq War]] demonstrations organized by [[International ANSWER]], a [[left wing]] [[anti-Semitic]]<ref>[http://www.adl.org/Israel/answer.asp ANSWER, Antiwar Rallies and Support for Terror Organizations], ''Anti-Defamation League'', August 22, 2006</ref> front group for the [[Marxist-Leninist]] [[Workers World Party]] (WWP).

On the night after the [[September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] STORM held a vigil in [[Oakland]], [[California]], "mourning the victims of U.S. imperialism around the world." In a document entitled, ''Reclaiming Revolution: history, summation & lessons from the work of Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement (STORM)'', Jones is quotesd as saying,

:"Anti-Arab hostility is already reaching a fever pitch as pundits and common people alike rush to judgment that an Arab group is responsible for this tragedy," said Van Jones, founder and national executive director of the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. "We fear that an atmosphere is being created that will result in official and street violence against Arab men, women and children."

"Reclaiming Revolution" also blamed the U.S. for 9/11. A passage on page 45 (27 of the PDF file) reads:

:"That night, STORM and the other movement leaders expressed sadness and anger at the deaths of innocent working class people. We were angry, first and foremost, with the U.S. government, whose worldwide aggression had engendered such hate across the globe that working class people were not safe at home. We honored those who had lost their lives in the attack -- and those who would surely lose their lives in subsequent U.S. attacks overseas. <ref>[http://spectator.org/blog/2009/08/29/van-jones-and-his-stormtrooper Van Jones and His STORMtroopers Denounced America the Night After 9/11], By Matthew Vadum, AmSpecBlog, 8.29.09.</ref>

==Community organizing during a riot==

Van Jones first moved to San Francisco in the spring of 1992, while studying law at [[Yale]], when the [[leftist]] [[Lawyers Committee for Human Rights]] hired several organizers to be on hand for the trial of policemen charged with beating [[Rodney King]]. Not guilty verdicts in the officer's case resulted in [[riot]]s which left 55 dead.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/19/national/19king.html ''12 Years After the Riots, Rodney King Gets Along''], J. Emilio Flores, ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 2004.</ref> Although Jones had been working for the [[communist front]] organization STORM for one year, Jones and the truthout.org web site put forward a cover story that made it appear Jones experienced a jailhouse conversion to communism. Like another [[Obama]] associate, [[Bernardine Dohrn]], Jones is a lawyer, avowed communist, associated with communist front organizations, and arrested in the aftermath of a deadly riot. The truthout.org site gives this biographical information on Jones:
{{Cquote|I met all these young radical people of color - I mean really radical, communists and [[anarchist]]s. And it was, like, 'This is what I need to be a part of.'...I spent the next ten years of my life working with a lot of those people I met in jail, trying to be a [[revolution]]ary.... I was a rowdy nationalist on April 28th, and then the verdicts came down on April 29th. By August, I was a communist.<ref>Eliza Strickland, [http://www.truthout.org/article/eliza-strickland-the-new-face-environmentalism ''The New Face of Environmentalism''], November 2005.</ref>}}

==9/11 Truthers==
[[File:Thebobbsietwins.JPG|thumb|400px|right|Van Jones with [[Barack Obama]] ]]
Van Jones signed a petition sponsored by the conspiratorial 9/11 Truthers.org in 2004 alleging President [[George W. Bush]] and high-level government officials may have been behind 9/11. <ref>http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20041026093059633</ref><ref>http://www.washingtontimes.com/weblogs/back-story/2009/sep/03/green-jobs-czar-signed-truther-statement-in-2004/?feat=home_blogs</ref> As his career prospects improved however, he later claimed he did not carefully review the language in the petition before agreeing to sign his name. <ref>http://twitter.com/jaketapper/statuses/3748611519</ref>

==Eco-apartheid==

{{Cquote|I'm willing to forgo the cheap satisfaction of the radical pose for the deep satisfaction of radical ends....Our question is: Will the green wave lift all boats? That's the moral challenge to the people who are the architects of this new, ecologically sound economy. Will we have eco-equity, or will we have eco-apartheid? Right now we have eco-apartheid.}}

==Furthert reading==
*[http://www.capitalresearch.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/stormsummation.pdf ''Reclaiming Revolution: history, summation & lessons from the work of Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement (STORM)''], Spring 2004.
==See also==
*[[Ward Churchill]]
*[[Communist Party of the United States]]
*[[Prairie Fire Organizing Committee]]
*[[National Lawyers Guild]]
*[[Chip_Berlet#Eco-racism|Eco-racism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Van}}

==External link==
*[http://www.therightperspective.org/2009/09/02/obama-green-czar-blames-white-polluters/ Obama “Green Czar” Van Jones blames “White Polluters” for steering poison into minority communities]

[[Category:Communists]]
[[Category:Obama Administration Czars]]
[[Category:Obama Administration]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Maoists]]

Patrick J. Kennedy

2009-11-21T16:55:28Z

ChrisFV: tweak

[[Image:Congressman_Patrick_J._Kennedy.jpg‎|right]]
'''Patrick Joseph Kennedy II''', (born July 14, 1967 in Brighton, [[Massachusetts]]) - is the son of [[Edward Kennedy|Senator Edward Kennedy]] and Joan Bennett. He serves as United States Representative from [[Rhode Island]], representing the 1st Congressional District. Patrick J. Kennedy became the youngest member of his family to hold elected office in 1988, when he won election to the Rhode Island State Assembly at 21. Kennedy won his seat in the [[United States House of Representatives]] in November 1994, and continues to hold this office. Kennedy currently serves on the House Appropriations Committee's Subcommittees on Labor/HHS and on Commerce, Justice and State. <ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000113]Directory of the United States Congress</ref> His politics are decidedly [[liberal|radical liberal]] like his father.

Patrick Kennedy graduated Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.; received his B.S., Providence College, Providence, R.I., 1991

He is the nephew of President [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] and [[Robert Francis Kennedy]], cousin of Joseph Patrick Kennedy II, Grandson of Ambassador [[Joseph Kennedy]] and great-grandson of John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, a legendary Boston political boss.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Patrick J.}}
[[Category: United States Representatives]]
{{Liberalism}}

Van Jones

2009-11-20T19:34:55Z

ChrisFV: czar in quotes

[[File:VanJones.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Self-proclaimed [[communist]] and [[Obama administration]] "Green Czar" Van Jones]]
'''Van Jones''' is a self-proclaimed [[radical]] [[communist]] activist who served as the [[Obama administration]]'s Green Czar.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=94771 Will a 'red' help blacks go green?, White House appoints 'radical communist' who sees environment as racial issue], ''[[WorldNetDaily.com]]'', April 12, 2009.</ref> He announced his resignation at midnight, September 6, 2009 after a series of controversies over past inflammatory statements. <ref>http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5itKcwMMlf6EtyLvYW9VjF2xcVK7gD9AHJII00</ref>

Jones previously served on the board of an environmental activist group at which a founder of the [[Weather Underground]] [[terrorist]] organization is a top director.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=106653 ''Obama's 'green jobs czar' worked with terror founder]Van Jones served on board of activist group where ex-Weatherman serves as top director'', By Aaron Klein, [[WorldNetDaily]], August 13, 2009.</ref>

==STORM==
Jones was a founder and leader<ref>[http://machete408.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/revolutionaries-in-high-places-van-jones/ Revolutionaries in High Places- Van Jones], by adamfreedom March 23, 2009.</ref> of the communist revolutionary organization [[Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement]] (STORM). The organization had its roots in a group protesting the first Gulf War. The leftist blog Machete 48 identifies STORM's influences as "third-worldist [[Marxism]] (and an often vulgar [[Mao]]ism)."<ref>
[http://newzeal.blogspot.com/2009/04/obama-file-72-obama-appoints-former.html Obama File 72 Obama Appoints "Former" Communist To White House "Green Job"], Trevor Louden, April 06, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:9UyDTPx6dGEJ:machete408.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/revolutionaries-in-high-places-van-jones/+van+jones+demos&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=nz Machete 48]</ref> In the early 2000s, Jones and STORM were active in the anti-[[Iraq War]] demonstrations organized by [[International ANSWER]], a [[left wing]] [[anti-Semitic]]<ref>[http://www.adl.org/Israel/answer.asp ANSWER, Antiwar Rallies and Support for Terror Organizations], ''Anti-Defamation League'', August 22, 2006</ref> front group for the [[Marxist-Leninist]] [[Workers World Party]] (WWP).

On the night after the [[September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] STORM held a vigil in [[Oakland]], [[California]], "mourning the victims of U.S. imperialism around the world." In a document entitled, ''Reclaiming Revolution: history, summation & lessons from the work of Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement (STORM)'', Jones is quotesd as saying,

:"Anti-Arab hostility is already reaching a fever pitch as pundits and common people alike rush to judgment that an Arab group is responsible for this tragedy," said Van Jones, founder and national executive director of the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. "We fear that an atmosphere is being created that will result in official and street violence against Arab men, women and children."

"Reclaiming Revolution" also blamed the U.S. for 9/11. A passage on page 45 (27 of the PDF file) reads:

:"That night, STORM and the other movement leaders expressed sadness and anger at the deaths of innocent working class people. We were angry, first and foremost, with the U.S. government, whose worldwide aggression had engendered such hate across the globe that working class people were not safe at home. We honored those who had lost their lives in the attack -- and those who would surely lose their lives in subsequent U.S. attacks overseas. <ref>[http://spectator.org/blog/2009/08/29/van-jones-and-his-stormtrooper Van Jones and His STORMtroopers Denounced America the Night After 9/11], By Matthew Vadum, AmSpecBlog, 8.29.09.</ref>

==Community organizing during a riot==

Van Jones first moved to San Francisco in the spring of 1992, while studying law at [[Yale]], when the [[leftist]] [[Lawyers Committee for Human Rights]] hired several organizers to be on hand for the trial of policemen charged with beating [[Rodney King]]. Not guilty verdicts in the officer's case resulted in [[riot]]s which left 55 dead.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/19/national/19king.html ''12 Years After the Riots, Rodney King Gets Along''], J. Emilio Flores, ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 2004.</ref> Although Jones had been working for the [[communist front]] organization STORM for one year, Jones and the truthout.org web site put forward a cover story that made it appear Jones experienced a jailhouse conversion to communism. Like another [[Obama]] associate, [[Bernardine Dohrn]], Jones is a lawyer, avowed communist, associated with communist front organizations, and arrested in the aftermath of a deadly riot. The truthout.org site gives this biographical information on Jones:
{{Cquote|I met all these young radical people of color - I mean really radical, communists and [[anarchist]]s. And it was, like, 'This is what I need to be a part of.'...I spent the next ten years of my life working with a lot of those people I met in jail, trying to be a [[revolution]]ary.... I was a rowdy nationalist on April 28th, and then the verdicts came down on April 29th. By August, I was a communist.<ref>Eliza Strickland, [http://www.truthout.org/article/eliza-strickland-the-new-face-environmentalism ''The New Face of Environmentalism''], November 2005.</ref>}}

==9/11 Truthers==
[[File:Thebobbsietwins.JPG|thumb|400px|right|Van Jones with [[Barack Obama]] ]]
Van Jones signed a petition sponsored by the conspiratorial 9/11 Truthers.org in 2004 alleging President [[George W. Bush]] and high-level government officials may have been behind 9/11. <ref>http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20041026093059633</ref><ref>http://www.washingtontimes.com/weblogs/back-story/2009/sep/03/green-jobs-czar-signed-truther-statement-in-2004/?feat=home_blogs</ref> As his career prospects improved however, he later claimed he did not carefully review the language in the petition before agreeing to sign his name. <ref>http://twitter.com/jaketapper/statuses/3748611519</ref>

==Eco-apartheid==

{{Cquote|I'm willing to forgo the cheap satisfaction of the radical pose for the deep satisfaction of radical ends....Our question is: Will the green wave lift all boats? That's the moral challenge to the people who are the architects of this new, ecologically sound economy. Will we have eco-equity, or will we have eco-apartheid? Right now we have eco-apartheid.}}

==Furthert reading==
*[http://www.capitalresearch.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/stormsummation.pdf ''Reclaiming Revolution: history, summation & lessons from the work of Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement (STORM)''], Spring 2004.
==See also==
*[[Ward Churchill]]
*[[Communist Party of the United States]]
*[[Prairie Fire Organizing Committee]]
*[[National Lawyers Guild]]
*[[Chip_Berlet#Eco-racism|Eco-racism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Van}}

==External link==
*[http://www.therightperspective.org/2009/09/02/obama-green-czar-blames-white-polluters/ Obama “Green Czar” Van Jones blames “White Polluters” for steering poison into minority communities]

[[Category:Communists]]
[[Category:Obama Administration Czars]]
[[Category:Obama Administration]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Maoists]]

Tandoori

2009-11-20T19:06:53Z

ChrisFV: de-red

Tandoori is a [[clay]] oven of Indian origin used in making naans, rotis and kebabs.

[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Art]]

Talk:Tsar

2009-11-20T18:59:45Z

ChrisFV: /* Locked */

This article should be renamed "Tsar", considering that is the ''much'' more correct transliteration of the Russian word «царь». - [[User:Thjazi|Thjazi]] 22:41, 1 April 2007 (EDT)
:I think the article name should be czar because that is used more often in the U.S. than tsar.--'''Adrian[[User talk:AdrianP|P]]''' 02:30, 26 May 2007 (EDT)

== Locked ==

Hold up for a bit while we sort out what to do, Jack. We already have separate articles on the Obama Czars, and were planning on consolidating them, and this space was being used as a redirect page, and really shouldn't have been used for this name. News at eleven! --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 09:44, 20 August 2009 (EDT)

:It's not clear that it will, but if this page continues to exist, it should note that "czar" is not and never has been the official title of anyone in the executive branch of the U.S. government. The term is basically media shorthand used--since at least the Nixon Administration--to designate executive-brach officials with authority or expertise in some aspect of policy but no Cabinet post. This means that there is no way to state authoritatively that the Obama Administration has ''x'' number of czars. [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 13:59, 20 November 2009 (EST)

They

2009-11-20T18:27:53Z

ChrisFV: add some

'''They''' is a pronoun that is most commonly used as the plural of "he" and/or "she".

Throughout history the word has been used to refer to the plural form of he/she, but also in a singular form when gender is either unknown or unspecified. This has become more pronounced in recent times, with the feminist movement desiring the use of the singular "they" in place of "he" or "she" when gender is unspecified, with the aim of ending perceived bias. [[Conservatives]] view this as a [[politically correct]] alternative pushed by [[liberals]], which is often redundant as "he" has traditionally been used to refer to both men and women.

Prescriptive grammarians also usually object to the singular "they", saying that it detracts from grammatical regularity and clarity. However, this opinion ignores the fact that, in the second person, the plural "you" replaced the singular "thou" centuries ago with no real ill effects.

[[category:grammar]]

Euthanasia

2009-11-20T15:14:09Z

ChrisFV: add ref

'''Euthanasia''' (from the [[Greek]] for good death) is the act of terminating the life of a disabled or terminally ill person or animal, for instance in order to end unbearable suffering. Under Anglo-American law, involuntary euthanasia of humans is illegal--although there are a few exception now in the [[United States]] (see below). Most religious leaders see all forms of human euthanasia as murder.{{fact}}

Most [[libertarians]] and many [[liberals]] support legalization in some circumstances of ''voluntary euthanasia'', i.e. the termination of a dying patient's life upon his/her own explicit request. Voluntary euthanasia has been legalized in the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]], where large majorities of the population support the right of terminally ill patients to die at a moment of their own choosing, and in [[Switzerland]] and the US state of [[Oregon]], where the people explicitly endorsed legalization in plebiscites. Legalized euthanasia has limitations on when it may be used, such as the approval of a number of physicians when a terminally ill patient suffers from excruciating pain. Opponents of euthanasia maintain that this rarely constitutes an obstacle, as in practice all it requires is a few physicians to authorize it, and that legalization thus violates the sanctity of human life. They also fear legalization could be a slippery slope, leading to the planned and involuntary termination of all life that is deemed "unworthy", as in the [[Nazis]]' program to kill the mentally and physically handicapped. Supporters of legalized voluntary euthanasia, on the other hand, feel that a complete ban would unnecessarily prolong the suffering of some terminally ill patients and thus contravene the [[Gospel]]'s teaching of compassion. They are convinced that the rule of law in democratic societies prevents excesses such as the euthanasia program of [[Nazi]] [[Germany]].

The widely reported withdrawal of a feeding tube from the disabled and comatose [[Terri Schiavo]], with a court order prohibiting anyone from bringing her water, is an example of ''involuntary euthanasia''. The [[Texas]] Futile Care Law, which allows a medical provider to override a family's wishes and withhold lifesaving care, is another example of the legalization, in precisely circumscribed circumstances, of involuntary euthanasia.<ref>[http://tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us/statutes/docs/HS/content/htm/hs.002.00.000166.00.htm Texas Statute ''Advance Directives Act'']</ref>

Of recent concern are erroneous<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/opinion/15blumenauer.html Earl Blumenauer, "My Near Death Panel Experience,"] ''New York Times'' Nov. 14, 2009</ref> reports (July 2009) that Section 1233 E & F (pp. 426-433), of the proposed House Government Health Plan establishes mandatory end-of-life counseling for senior citizens over age 65, every five years, or sooner if beneficiary becomes ill. This would provide Medicare patients with counseling on "the use of artificially administered nutrition and hydration" and other end of life treatments.<ref>[http://www.jeffhead.com/DemHealthCare.htm#provisions HOUSE DEMOCRAT (OBAMA) HEALTH CARE PLAN]</ref><ref>[http://www.lifenews.com/bio2896.html LifeNews.com, ''Lawmakers Confirm House Health Care Bill Promotes Euthanasia Among Elderly''], July 24, 2009</ref>

==Studies==

Those who warn that the liberalization of laws against euthanasia will lead to involuntary killing cite studies such as the 1991 Remmelink Report, which was the first official Dutch government examination of the practice of euthanasia in the Netherlands. This report was based on medical practice throughout 1990, and was later repeated, with its findings being reported in 1996.<ref>Van der Maas PJ et al. Euthanasia and Other Decisions Concerning the End of Life. Elsevier Science Publications, Amsterdam. 1992</ref><ref>Van der Maas PJ, van ver Wal G, Haverkate I, de Graaf CML, Kester J et al. Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide and other Medical Practices Involving the End of Life in the Netherlands. 1990-1995. NEnglJMed 1996; 335: 1699-1705</ref> The report found that of the 130,000 deaths in the Netherlands each year, in over 1,000 cases physicians admitted they actively caused or hastened death without any request from the patient. While "active termination of life upon the patient's request" made up only 1.8% of cases of euthanasia in the year of the study, when instances of causing death without request are added, or intentionally reducing the lives of both conscious and unconscious patients, then the actual relative frequency of euthanasia may have constituted up to 20% of all deaths in the year of the study.

The report revealed,

*2,300 instances of euthanasia on request;

*14% of these victims were fully competent.

*72% had never given any indication that they would want their lives terminated.

*400 of assisted suicide; 1,000 instances of life-ending actions without patient request or consent (an average of 3 per day);

*8,750 patients in whom life-sustaining treatment was withdrawn or withheld without request, 'partly with the purpose' (4,750) or 'with the explicit purpose' (4,000) of shortening life;

*8,100 cases of morphine overdose 'partly with the purpose' (6,750) or 'with the explicit purpose' (1,350) of shortening life;

*5,800 cases of withdrawing or withholding treatment on explicit request 'partly with the purpose' (4,292) or 'with the explicit purpose' (1,508) of shortening life (6).

*This indicates that there were up to 23,359 instances of doctors deciding, by commission or or omission, to hasten death.<ref>[http://www.hospicecare.com/Ethics/pollard2.htm Non-Voluntary Euthanasia] Brian Pollard, MB BS, FANZCA, Grad Cert Bioeth, Sydney, Australia</ref>

The State Commission on Euthanasia in 1987 had recommended that Non-Voluntary Euthanasia should not be an offense. In 1991 a Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) committee condoned the killing of patients in persistent coma.<ref>Keown J. The Law and Practice of Euthanasia in the Netherlands. Law Q Rev 1992; 108: 51-78</ref>

An additional study by sociologists in South Australia, reported in 1994, found that 19% of doctors surveyed had deliberately ended someone's life, with their the answers revealing that in 49% of those occasions they had done so without the patient's request.<ref>Meier DE, Emmons CA, Wallenstein S, Quill T, Morrison RS, Cassel CK. A National Survey of Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the United States. NEnglJMed 1998; 338: 1193-1201. </ref>

Also, in Belgium a survey of deaths registered during the first four months of 1998 found that over 10% of deaths were due to euthanasia, including the use of drugs given by doctors to hasten death, "without the explicit request of the patient".<ref>BBC News. 11/24/2000, ''Doctors `help kill one in 10 Belgians''</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[category:law]]

Abacus

2009-11-20T03:46:26Z

ChrisFV:

The '''abacus''' (pl. ''abacuses'' or ''abaci'') was a digital calculation tool that was used to perform [[mathematical]] calculation especially for [[accounting|accountancy]] in [[medieval]] times. It works by having numbers represented by beads sliding on a rod. With it, the user can [[add]], [[subtract]], [[multiply]], [[divide]], and extract [[square root]]s. Today even though it is obsolete it is still widely used in [[Asia]], particularly in the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]].

[[Category: Mathematics]]
[[Category: Technology]]

Gore Vidal

2009-11-20T03:44:30Z

ChrisFV: add to existing categories

'''Gore Vidal''', born 1925, is an [[American]] writer notorious for his promotion of [[homosexuality]] and transexualism in two of his novels.

Because of his matter-of-fact treatment of homosexual relations in such books as ''The City and The Pillar'', Vidal is often seen as an early and unrelenting champion of sexual liberation. ''Sexually Speaking: Collected Sex Writings'', a representative sampling of his views, contains literary and cultural essays that document his long campaign to mock and subvert conventional American attitudes toward sex.

The main character of ''City'' rapes and murders a man who resists his sexual advances. The hero of ''Myra Breckinridge'' also rapes a man.

Vidal is also known for his series of novels concerning American history—
*''Washington, D.C.'' (1967)
*''Burr'' (1973)
*''1876'' (1976)
*''Lincoln'' (1984)
*''Empire'' (1987)
*''Hollywood'' (1990)
*''The Golden Age'' (2000)

— and for his political essays, many of which were collected in two volumes:

*''United States: Essays 1952-1992'' (1993)
*''The Last Empire: Essays 1992-2000'' (2001).

In 2009, Vidal received the National Book Foundation's award for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.{<ref>http://www.nationalbook.org/amerletters_2009_vidal.html</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidal, Gore}}
[[Category:Novelists]]
[[Category:Essayists]]

Talk:James David Manning

2009-11-20T03:26:14Z

ChrisFV:

Shouldn't this page just be ''James David Manning''? Or is this how he is referred to at all times? I ask because I do not know. [[User:WesleyS|WesleyS]][[User Talk:WesleyS|Hello!]] 22:22, 13 January 2009 (EST)
:He is certainly not a state or federal judge, so I don't know why this "The Honorable" has any business doing in the title --[[User:FrankincenseMonster|FrankincenseMonster]] 00:39, 30 January 2009 (EST)
::Agreed, I suggest we drop it. [[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 21:54, 19 November 2009 (EST)

== "the Long Legged Mac Daddy 'Barack Obama'" ==

WHAT?! In what conceivable way is this appropriate to an educational encyclopedia? [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 22:07, 19 November 2009 (EST)
:I thought it was strange, too, but Manning does refer to him as "Mac Daddy". The article was changed to reflect it. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 22:18, 19 November 2009 (EST)
::Only "Barack Obama" is in quotation marks, and there is no source. What I'm saying is that this phrase is presented as part of the article not as a comment from Manning.[[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 22:19, 19 November 2009 (EST)
:::I added three sources, including a video of Manning actually saying it. There's more out there if needed. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 22:23, 19 November 2009 (EST)
The reference note for Manning's allegation that he expects to be arrested goes nowhere. [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 22:26, 19 November 2009 (EST)

Talk:James David Manning

2009-11-20T03:22:36Z

ChrisFV:

Talk:James David Manning

2009-11-20T03:19:52Z

ChrisFV:

Shouldn't this page just be ''James David Manning''? Or is this how he is referred to at all times? I ask because I do not know. [[User:WesleyS|WesleyS]][[User Talk:WesleyS|Hello!]] 22:22, 13 January 2009 (EST)
:He is certainly not a state or federal judge, so I don't know why this "The Honorable" has any business doing in the title --[[User:FrankincenseMonster|FrankincenseMonster]] 00:39, 30 January 2009 (EST)
::Agreed, I suggest we drop it. [[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 21:54, 19 November 2009 (EST)

== "the Long Legged Mac Daddy 'Barack Obama'" ==

WHAT?! In what conceivable way is this appropriate to an educational encyclopedia? [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 22:07, 19 November 2009 (EST)
:I thought it was strange, too, but Manning does refer to him as "Mac Daddy". The article was changed to reflect it. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 22:18, 19 November 2009 (EST)
::Only "Barack Obama" is in quotation marks, and there is no source. [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 22:19, 19 November 2009 (EST)

Talk:James David Manning

2009-11-20T03:07:57Z

ChrisFV: /* "the Long Legged Mac Daddy 'Barack Obama'" */ new section

Talk:The Honorable James David Manning

2009-11-20T03:06:15Z

ChrisFV: /* "the Long Legged Mac Daddy 'Barack Obama'" */ new section

#REDIRECT [[Talk:James David Manning]]

== "the Long Legged Mac Daddy 'Barack Obama'" ==

WHAT?! In what conceivable way is this appropriate to an educational encyclopedia? [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 22:06, 19 November 2009 (EST)

Natural-born citizen

2009-11-19T22:21:37Z

ChrisFV: a bit more about Arthur; plus Ireland was part of the UK at that time

Natural-born citizenship is one of the requirements for someone to serve as [[President of the United States of America|President of the United States]]. The requirement is found in Article II section I of the [[United States Constitution:Article II|Constitution]]: "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President...."

Because the Constitution fails to define the term "natural born Citizen", establishment of its precise meaning would fall to Congress or the courts. The only US law that has ever employed the exact term "natural born citizen" is the Naturalization Act of 1790:<ref>http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=227</ref>

{{quotebox|And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: ''Provided,'' That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States: ''Provided also,'' That no person heretofore proscribed by any state, shall be admitted a citizen as aforesaid, except by an act of the legislature of the state in which such person was proscribed.}}

This law was passed by the First Congress, which counted among its members nearly half of the signers of the Constitution (and was signed into law by a president who was also a signer of the Constitution), so it may give some insight into the intention behind this provision. However, the 1790 act was repealed in 1795, and no subsequent law or court decision has clearly defined “natural born Citizen”.

Therefore, there is still discussion over exactly who meets the definition of a natural-born citizen. It is clear that someone who was not a citizen from birth, but acquired citizenship through naturalization, is not one. One view is that all others, meaning anyone who is a citizen from the moment of birth, are natural-born citizens. There are arguments that a third category exists, of those who are citizens from birth by law or status, but are not intended to be considered as natural born. The most common reasons given are that the birth did not take place within the US, or that one of the birth parents was not a US citizen. Precedents indicate that neither of these conditions will prevent someone from attaining the Presidency.

Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] was born outside of the US, in the Panama Canal Zone, a territory within Panama administered by the United States,<ref>http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/panama-canal-zone.jsp</ref> as a citizen at birth because his parents were US citizens. The Senate passed a nonbinding resolution declaring that he was indeed a natural born citizen.<ref> [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.110SRes511 S.Res.511]: ''A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural born citizen''; sponsors: Sen. [[Claire McCaskill]], Sen. [[Barack Obama]] ''et al.'' </ref>

Two presidents were born having a father who was not a citizen.
* [[Chester A. Arthur|Chester Arthur]] was born in the US (though rumored to have been born in Canada), but his father was at that time a citizen of the [[UK]].
* [[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]], whose father was a subject of the United Kingdom (that is the British colony of Kenya). However Obama qualifies as a natural born citizen because he was born in Hawaii. As for those who suspect he was born outside the US, he nevertheless meets the criteria, "And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States." That is, his mother was a U.S. citizen and his father did live in Hawaii.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Political Terms]]

Natural-born citizen

2009-11-19T22:14:06Z

ChrisFV: the Senate resolution had no real legal effect

Natural-born citizenship is one of the requirements for someone to serve as [[President of the United States of America|President of the United States]]. The requirement is found in Article II section I of the [[United States Constitution:Article II|Constitution]]: "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President...."

Because the Constitution fails to define the term "natural born Citizen", establishment of its precise meaning would fall to Congress or the courts. The only US law that has ever employed the exact term "natural born citizen" is the Naturalization Act of 1790:<ref>http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=227</ref>

{{quotebox|And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: ''Provided,'' That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States: ''Provided also,'' That no person heretofore proscribed by any state, shall be admitted a citizen as aforesaid, except by an act of the legislature of the state in which such person was proscribed.}}

This law was passed by the First Congress, which counted among its members nearly half of the signers of the Constitution (and was signed into law by a president who was also a signer of the Constitution), so it may give some insight into the intention behind this provision. However, the 1790 act was repealed in 1795, and no subsequent law or court decision has clearly defined “natural born Citizen”.

Therefore, there is still discussion over exactly who meets the definition of a natural-born citizen. It is clear that someone who was not a citizen from birth, but acquired citizenship through naturalization, is not one. One view is that all others, meaning anyone who is a citizen from the moment of birth, are natural-born citizens. There are arguments that a third category exists, of those who are citizens from birth by law or status, but are not intended to be considered as natural born. The most common reasons given are that the birth did not take place within the US, or that one of the birth parents was not a US citizen. Precedents indicate that neither of these conditions will prevent someone from attaining the Presidency.

Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] was born outside of the US, in the Panama Canal Zone, a territory within Panama administered by the United States,<ref>http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/panama-canal-zone.jsp</ref> as a citizen at birth because his parents were US citizens. The senate passed a nonbinding resolution declaring that he was indeed a natural born citizen.<ref> [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.110SRes511 S.Res.511]: ''A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural born citizen''; sponsors: Sen. [[Claire McCaskill]], Sen. [[Barack Obama]] ''et al.'' </ref>

Two presidents were born having a father who was not a citizen.
* [[Chester A. Arthur|Chester Arthur]], born in the U.S. whose father was at that time a citizen of Ireland
* [[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]], whose father was a subject of the United Kingdom (that is the British colony of Kenya). However Obama qualifies as a natural born citizen because he was born in Hawaii. As for those who suspect he was born outside the US, he nevertheless meets the criteria, "And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States." That is, his mother was a U.S. citizen and his father did live in Hawaii.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Political Terms]]

Natural-born citizen

2009-11-19T22:13:15Z

ChrisFV: canal zone was not actually part of US

Natural-born citizenship is one of the requirements for someone to serve as [[President of the United States of America|President of the United States]]. The requirement is found in Article II section I of the [[United States Constitution:Article II|Constitution]]: "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President...."

Because the Constitution fails to define the term "natural born Citizen", establishment of its precise meaning would fall to Congress or the courts. The only US law that has ever employed the exact term "natural born citizen" is the Naturalization Act of 1790:<ref>http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=227</ref>

{{quotebox|And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: ''Provided,'' That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States: ''Provided also,'' That no person heretofore proscribed by any state, shall be admitted a citizen as aforesaid, except by an act of the legislature of the state in which such person was proscribed.}}

This law was passed by the First Congress, which counted among its members nearly half of the signers of the Constitution (and was signed into law by a president who was also a signer of the Constitution), so it may give some insight into the intention behind this provision. However, the 1790 act was repealed in 1795, and no subsequent law or court decision has clearly defined “natural born Citizen”.

Therefore, there is still discussion over exactly who meets the definition of a natural-born citizen. It is clear that someone who was not a citizen from birth, but acquired citizenship through naturalization, is not one. One view is that all others, meaning anyone who is a citizen from the moment of birth, are natural-born citizens. There are arguments that a third category exists, of those who are citizens from birth by law or status, but are not intended to be considered as natural born. The most common reasons given are that the birth did not take place within the US, or that one of the birth parents was not a US citizen. Precedents indicate that neither of these conditions will prevent someone from attaining the Presidency.

Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] was born outside of the US, in the Panama Canal Zone, a territory within Panama administered by the United States,<ref>http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/panama-canal-zone.jsp</ref> as a citizen at birth because his parents were US citizens. The senate passed a resolution declaring that he was indeed a natural born citizen. <ref> [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.110SRes511 S.Res.511]: ''A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural born citizen''; sponsors: Sen. [[Claire McCaskill]], Sen. [[Barack Obama]] ''et al.'' </ref>

Two presidents were born having a father who was not a citizen.
* [[Chester A. Arthur|Chester Arthur]], born in the U.S. whose father was at that time a citizen of Ireland
* [[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]], whose father was a subject of the United Kingdom (that is the British colony of Kenya). However Obama qualifies as a natural born citizen because he was born in Hawaii. As for those who suspect he was born outside the US, he nevertheless meets the criteria, "And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States." That is, his mother was a U.S. citizen and his father did live in Hawaii.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Political Terms]]

Karma

2009-11-19T22:01:54Z

ChrisFV: remove senseless redirects and revert to JM's version

In [[Hinduism]], the sum of all one has done; determines individual's status in this and the next life.

== See also ==

*[[Upanishads]]
*[[Vedas]]

[[Category:Hinduism]]

Shudra

2009-11-19T21:56:38Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Caste}}

'''Shudra''' is the second lowest caste in [[Hinduism]], composed of serfs.

[[Category:Hinduism]]

Brahmin

2009-11-19T21:56:05Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Caste}}

The '''Brahmin''', the highest cast in [[Hinduism]], is made up of priest and scholars.

[[Category:Hinduism]]

Kshatriya

2009-11-19T21:55:28Z

ChrisFV: rmv cat

{{merge|Caste}}

The second highest caste in [[Hinduism]], composed of rulers.

[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]

Kshatriya

2009-11-19T21:54:48Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Caste}}

The second highest caste in [[Hinduism]], composed of rulers.

[[Category:Articles needing major improvement|Religion]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]

Vaishya

2009-11-19T21:53:52Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Caste}}
The third highest caste in [[Hinduism]], composed of peasants and common people.

[[category:Hinduism]]

Sisyphus

2009-11-19T19:57:29Z

ChrisFV: Camus

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Sisyphus''' was a cunning and [[deceit]]ful man who was known for his trickery. He is best known for his punishment of being forced to roll a boulder up a hill for all of eternity. Perhaps his greatest trick was tricking [[Thanatos]], the personification of Death, to demonstrate a set of shackles on himself. Thanatos remained shackled under the care of Sisyphus for a period of time, during which no mortal could die. [[Ares]], the god of war, became upset that his battles would not result in death, and finally rescued Thanatos.

Before Sisyphus died, he asked his wife not to perform the sacrifice usually performed in such a situation. Once sent to the underworld, he then complained that his wife was neglecting this duty, and asked for permission to return to ask his wife to perform this duty. He received this permission, but once he came back, he would not return. [[Hermes]], the messenger of the gods, brought Sisyphus back. As a punishment for his trickery, Sisyphus was sent to [[Tartarus]], the worst part of Hades, and condemned to roll a boulder up a hill for all of eternity. The boulder would always roll back down the hill once Sisyphus brought it to the top.

The myth of Sisyphus is used as a metaphor for repetitive and useless activities. Conversely, [[Albert Camus]] argued that because "struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a man's heart" we "must imagine Sisyphus happy".<ref>http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/00/pwillen1/lit/msysip.htm</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[category:Greek Mythology]]

Euthanasia

2009-11-19T19:11:49Z

ChrisFV:

'''Euthanasia''' (from the [[Greek]] for good death) is the act of terminating the life of a disabled or terminally ill person or animal, for instance in order to end unbearable suffering. Under Anglo-American law, involuntary euthanasia of humans is illegal--although there are a few exception now in the [[United States]] (see below). Most religious leaders see all forms of human euthanasia as murder.{{fact}}

Most [[libertarians]] and many [[liberals]] support legalization in some circumstances of ''voluntary euthanasia'', i.e. the termination of a dying patient's life upon his/her own explicit request. Voluntary euthanasia has been legalized in the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]], where large majorities of the population support the right of terminally ill patients to die at a moment of their own choosing, and in [[Switzerland]] and the US state of [[Oregon]], where the people explicitly endorsed legalization in plebiscites. Legalized euthanasia has limitations on when it may be used, such as the approval of a number of physicians when a terminally ill patient suffers from excruciating pain. Opponents of euthanasia maintain that this rarely constitutes an obstacle, as in practice all it requires is a few physicians to authorize it, and that legalization thus violates the sanctity of human life. They also fear legalization could be a slippery slope, leading to the planned and involuntary termination of all life that is deemed "unworthy", as in the [[Nazis]]' program to kill the mentally and physically handicapped. Supporters of legalized voluntary euthanasia, on the other hand, feel that a complete ban would unnecessarily prolong the suffering of some terminally ill patients and thus contravene the [[Gospel]]'s teaching of compassion. They are convinced that the rule of law in democratic societies prevents excesses such as the euthanasia program of [[Nazi]] [[Germany]].

The widely reported withdrawal of a feeding tube from the disabled and comatose [[Terri Schiavo]], with a court order prohibiting anyone from bringing her water, is an example of ''involuntary euthanasia''. The [[Texas]] Futile Care Law, which allows a medical provider to override a family's wishes and withhold lifesaving care, is another example of the legalization, in precisely circumscribed circumstances, of involuntary euthanasia.<ref>[http://tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us/statutes/docs/HS/content/htm/hs.002.00.000166.00.htm Texas Statute ''Advance Directives Act'']</ref>

Of recent concern are erroneous reports (July 2009) that Section 1233 E & F (pp. 426-433), of the proposed House Government Health Plan establishes mandatory end-of-life counseling for senior citizens over age 65, every five years, or sooner if beneficiary becomes ill. This would provide Medicare patients with counseling on "the use of artificially administered nutrition and hydration" and other end of life treatments.<ref>[http://www.jeffhead.com/DemHealthCare.htm#provisions HOUSE DEMOCRAT (OBAMA) HEALTH CARE PLAN]</ref><ref>[http://www.lifenews.com/bio2896.html LifeNews.com, ''Lawmakers Confirm House Health Care Bill Promotes Euthanasia Among Elderly''], July 24, 2009</ref>

==Studies==

Those who warn that the liberalization of laws against euthanasia will lead to involuntary killing cite studies such as the 1991 Remmelink Report, which was the first official Dutch government examination of the practice of euthanasia in the Netherlands. This report was based on medical practice throughout 1990, and was later repeated, with its findings being reported in 1996.<ref>Van der Maas PJ et al. Euthanasia and Other Decisions Concerning the End of Life. Elsevier Science Publications, Amsterdam. 1992</ref><ref>Van der Maas PJ, van ver Wal G, Haverkate I, de Graaf CML, Kester J et al. Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide and other Medical Practices Involving the End of Life in the Netherlands. 1990-1995. NEnglJMed 1996; 335: 1699-1705</ref> The report found that of the 130,000 deaths in the Netherlands each year, in over 1,000 cases physicians admitted they actively caused or hastened death without any request from the patient. While "active termination of life upon the patient's request" made up only 1.8% of cases of euthanasia in the year of the study, when instances of causing death without request are added, or intentionally reducing the lives of both conscious and unconscious patients, then the actual relative frequency of euthanasia may have constituted up to 20% of all deaths in the year of the study.

The report revealed,

*2,300 instances of euthanasia on request;

*14% of these victims were fully competent.

*72% had never given any indication that they would want their lives terminated.

*400 of assisted suicide; 1,000 instances of life-ending actions without patient request or consent (an average of 3 per day);

*8,750 patients in whom life-sustaining treatment was withdrawn or withheld without request, 'partly with the purpose' (4,750) or 'with the explicit purpose' (4,000) of shortening life;

*8,100 cases of morphine overdose 'partly with the purpose' (6,750) or 'with the explicit purpose' (1,350) of shortening life;

*5,800 cases of withdrawing or withholding treatment on explicit request 'partly with the purpose' (4,292) or 'with the explicit purpose' (1,508) of shortening life (6).

*This indicates that there were up to 23,359 instances of doctors deciding, by commission or or omission, to hasten death.<ref>[http://www.hospicecare.com/Ethics/pollard2.htm Non-Voluntary Euthanasia] Brian Pollard, MB BS, FANZCA, Grad Cert Bioeth, Sydney, Australia</ref>

The State Commission on Euthanasia in 1987 had recommended that Non-Voluntary Euthanasia should not be an offense. In 1991 a Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) committee condoned the killing of patients in persistent coma.<ref>Keown J. The Law and Practice of Euthanasia in the Netherlands. Law Q Rev 1992; 108: 51-78</ref>

An additional study by sociologists in South Australia, reported in 1994, found that 19% of doctors surveyed had deliberately ended someone's life, with their the answers revealing that in 49% of those occasions they had done so without the patient's request.<ref>Meier DE, Emmons CA, Wallenstein S, Quill T, Morrison RS, Cassel CK. A National Survey of Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the United States. NEnglJMed 1998; 338: 1193-1201. </ref>

Also, in Belgium a survey of deaths registered during the first four months of 1998 found that over 10% of deaths were due to euthanasia, including the use of drugs given by doctors to hasten death, "without the explicit request of the patient".<ref>BBC News. 11/24/2000, ''Doctors `help kill one in 10 Belgians''</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[category:law]]

Talk:Euthanasia

2009-11-19T19:10:19Z

ChrisFV: /* "the euthanasia program of Nazi Germany" */ new section

Euthanasia is opposed by religious leaders because it involves people acting directly to terminate a life before its natural end, despite the suffering that a terminally ill person may be undergoing. It is held that this privilege belongs to God, whose will should prevail in the matter of suffering and death. And yet we prosecute for cruelty people who do not terminate the life of an animal who is in terminal suffering. Do we assume that God has no will concerning the suffering or life span of animals? It just strikes me as an anomaly.--[[User:Britinme|Britinme]] 09:39, 6 July 2007 (EDT)

:There's a difference between [[human beings and animals]]. Humans have responsibility and free will. Suffering, and our response to it, are moral/ethical issues.

:Animals have only instinct. They have no responsibility as such, although dogs can be trained to help watch sheep. The dog has no choice whatsoever about whether or not to became a watchdog; the human being is his master.

:Each human being is his own master.

:It's not a matter of caring less: it's complicated. C.S. Lewis wrote a whole book about this; see ''[[The Problem of Pain]]''. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 12:57, 18 September 2007 (EDT)

"They are convinced that the rule of law in democratic societies prevents excesses such as the euthanasia program of Nazi Germany." [[Godwin's Law]] has been invoked, I see. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 14:01, 23 January 2008 (EST)

Is there not a need here for a distinction between direct action taken to end a person's life (active euthanasia) and refusal or withholding of medical care that results in death (passive euthanasia)? [[User:Dadsnagem2|Dadsnagem2]] 15:53, 25 March 2008 (EDT)

== Regarding the word choice in this article ==

I think the use of any adjective regarding the morality of Euthanasia displays an unbelievable bias.
If an action is truly "sinful" or "just" the facts alone should be enough to convince someone of it.
Facts, not bias should be the only thing present in this article. - Nomanuno 12:08 CST 7/30/08

== Hypocrasy ==

Many Religious leaders vehemently oppose Euphanasia, on the grounds that it interferes with the will of God. However, most patients considering Euphanasia would already be dead if it were not for the intervention of modern medical care upon the natural ailement they had suffered. Surely this is hypocrasy to say that it is wrong to save a persons life from the will of God, and then also claim it's wrong to end the same persons life? [[User:Entheogenicorder|Entheogenicorder]] 15:31, 28 August 2008 (BST)

== "the euthanasia program of Nazi Germany" ==

To what does this phrase refer? If the genocide committed by the Nazis, then this is an ''egregious'' misuse of the word "euthanasia". [[User:ChrisFV|ChrisFV]] 14:10, 19 November 2009 (EST)

Armenia

2009-11-19T18:24:26Z

ChrisFV: update

{{Country
|name =''Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Hanrapetowt’yown''
|map =Armenia rel 2002.jpg
|flag =Flag of Armenia.jpg
|arms =Arms of Armenia.png
|capital =Yerevan
|capital-raw =
|government =Republic
|government-raw =
|language =Armenian
|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =Serzh Sargsyan
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Tigran Sargsyan
|pm-raw =
|area =11,506 sq mi
|pop =3,215,800 (2005)
|pop-basis =
|gdp =
|gdp-year =$14.17 billion (2005)
|gdp-pc =$4,270 (2005)
|currency =Dram
|idd =
|tld =
}}
'''Armenia''' is a small rugged, mountainous landlocked nation in [[Asia]] which gained its independence with the breakup of the former [[Soviet Union]] in 1989. Present-day Armenia comprises Eastern Armenia, only half the historic homeland. The Armenians in Western Armenia, with its iconic Mount Ararat, were driven out and mostly killed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1915 in a genocide that to this day chills relations between Armenia and Turkey. In addition many Armenians live in other countries, in the "Armenian Diaspora."
==Cities==
[[Yerevan]] (pop. 1,100,000 in 2006), founded in the eighth century BC, is the capital and has always been the chief city. Gyumri, or Kumayri (called Leninakan from 1924 to 1992), with a population of 120,000 in 1989, was the second largest city until it was devastated by an earthquake in December 1988; it has now recovered with a population of 148,000. Vanadzor (formerly Kirovakan) is third with a population of 106,000.

==People==
Birth rates are low, at 11.7 births per 1000 population and a total fertility rate (births per childbearing woman) of only 1.33
===Diaspora===
The Armenian diaspora over many centuries has created Armenian settlements in many parts of Russia, Poland and the Balkans, as well as in the cities of the former [[Ottoman Empire]] and in the United States.
===Religion===
After decades of eclipse, religion has become an increasingly important part of life, and many religious groups have emerged.

Except perhaps for the Soviet era (1920-1989), religion was central to Armenian identity. Since the rise of Islam in 700 AD, Armenia has seen itself as the Christian outpost in the sea of Islam. The traditions of Eastern Christianity, as opposed to those of both Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Christianity, have been preserved in virtual isolation and account for the survival of the Armenian people between their loss of independence in 1375 and the emergence of Armenian nationalism in the 19th century. Christianity has caused the Armenians to look toward Europe for cultural inspiration, especially--since the 18th century--to Italy, then France, then Russia (an indirect route for Western ideas), and finally to the United States.

In Armenia itself 98% of the population is ethnic Armenian. The link between Armenian ethnicity and the Armenian Orthodox Church is strong. An estimated 90% of citizens nominally belong to the Armenian Church, one of six ancient autocephalous Eastern churches with its spiritual center (Mother See) located at the Etchmiadzin cathedral and monastery near the capital of Yerevan.

There are small communities of other religious groups, which constitute less than 5% of the population and include Roman Catholics, Armenian Uniate (Mekhitarist) Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Armenian Evangelical Christians, Molokans, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Baptists, various groups of charismatic Christians, Jehovah's Witnesses, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Yezidis (non-Muslim Kurds who practice Yezidism), Jews, Sunni Muslim Kurds, Shi'ite Muslims, Baha'is, and others.

Yezidis are concentrated primarily in agricultural areas around Mount Aragats, northwest of Yerevan. Armenian Catholics live mainly in the north, while most Jews, Mormons, Baha'is, and Orthodox Christians reside in Yerevan, along with a small community of mostly Shi'ite Muslims, including Iranians, and temporary residents from the Middle East.

Although the law prohibits foreign funding of foreign-based denominations, the Government did not enforce the ban. Indeed, the Government generally does not enforce existing legal restrictions on religious freedom.

==History==

Armenia was traditionally a border state that was kept independent by the [[Roman Empire]] against frequent [[Parthian]] and later [[Persian]] invasions. It served as a buffer state between the empires. Armenia was the first nation to convert to Christianity, in 301 before Christianity was even legal in Rome. Armenia then flourished and its capital Ani was called the "city of a thousand and one churches."

Armenia was converted to Christianity by Saint Gregory the Illuminator, traditionally in 314 AD. Armenia thus became the first nation to embrace Christianity as its state religion. Always an autonomous church, the Armenian Apostolic Church was in communion with the rest of the Christian Church until 555 AD. After that it was communion only with the Monophysite churches, such as the Coptic Church of Egypt, the Ethiopic Church, and the Syrian Jacobite Church.

The Armenian Apostolic Church is headed by the catholicos of all Armenians, whose see has been at the monastery of Echmiadzin, near Yerevan, since 1441. Under his primacy the church is divided into four autonomous jurisdictions: the catholicosate of Echmiadzin; the catholicosate of Cilicia, at Sis (now Kozan, Turkey) from 1293 to 1930 and at Antelias, Lebanon, since 1930; the patriarchate of Jerusalem, created in 1311; and the patriarchate of Constantinople (Istanbul), created in the 16th century.

By 1200 AD some Armenians came to accept the authority of the Roman Catholic pope. In 1742 they formed the Armenian Catholic Church, with a patriarch residing at Beirut, Lebanon. Armenian Protestantism began with the arrival of American Congregationalist missionaries from Boston in 1830.

==Ottoman control of Western Armenia==
Following victory over [[Persia]] at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, the [[Ottoman Empire]] extended its rule over western Armenia. In 1555 Armenia was divided between the Shahs of Persia and the Sultans of Turkey.

In traditional Ottoman society the Armenians were defined, as were other Christians and the Jews, as a "dhimmi millet", a non-Muslim religious community of the empire. Their actual treatment by the state varied to some extent with the military fortunes of the empire, the religious passions of its elites, and the encroachment upon their land by Muslim refugees from the Balkans and the Caucasus as well as by Kurdish pastoralists. Normally dhimmis were free to practice their religion, but they were distinctively inferior to Muslims in status. In the nineteenth century the Armenians challenged the traditional hierarchy of Ottoman society as they became better educated, wealthier, and more urban. In response—despite attempts at reforms—the empire became more repressive toward Armenians, who more than any other Christian minority bore the brunt of persecution

===Conflict with Ottoman Empire===
Conflict between Turks and Armenians resulted from dissimilar cultural elements and social organization. By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman authorities justified their attacks on Armenians by accusing them of being "revolutionaries, terrorists, and troublemakers acting on behalf of Russia or other foreign powers." Even with the demise of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, the conflict between Turks and Armenians remained unresolved, resulting in contemporary Armenian terrorist attacks on Turkish targets.

The Armenians expected outside assistance in their efforts to break away from Ottoman rule and were led to carry out a number of rash terror actions, including bombing and assassinations. The Russians therefore discouraged the Armenian liberation movement from establishing an independent Armenia on the southern borders of Russia. But the Russian government also took active steps to prevent the massacres of Armenians by Sultan Abdul Hamid.

When Sultan Abdul Hamid II came to power in 1876, he steered a course of political and social repression and technological modernization. But the Empire was the "sick man of Europe" and nationalist revolts among Christian minorities led to the loss of Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Romania and large parts of Bulgaria, which comprised 40% of the territory. Some 400,000 Muslim refugees were expelled; the Empire became more Muslim and hatred of Christians intensified. The old program of using Christian minorities to speed the modernization process had failed. The Empire was bankrupt and the Christians wanted autonomy, not participation.

In August and September 1894, a series of massacres occurred in the vicinity of Sassun as a result of an uprising that was put down with ferocity by Kurdish irregular cavalry (Hamidieh regiments). The massacres soon spread, and in October and November 1895 there were pogroms at Trabzon, Erzurum, Bitlis, Kurun, Maras, and elsewhere. The essential cause of the massacres lay in the failure of the European powers to secure the reforms envisaged by the Treaty of Berlin for the Asian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. In August 1896 after an attack on the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople a massacre of Armenians occurred in the Ottoman capital; 4,000 to 6,000 Armenians were killed. By the end of 1896 over 80,000 Armenians lad dead in the eastern provinces.
===Genocide===
see [[Armenian genocide]]

With the advent of [[World War I]] the situation became much worse. As Christians in an Empire of Muslims that was now at war with Christian nations, especially Russia, the Armenians were viewed by the Ottoman government as a threat and potential subversive allies of the Russians. The Ottomans first disarmed the Armenian population, and then sought to destroy them starting in 1915. A massive [[genocide]] occurred, consisting of the deaths of 600,000 or more Armenian men, women and children. Most died by starvation in the desert. Turkey has never admitted the deaths were a premeditated genocide, and the topic is generally not discussed in Turkey.
==Russian control of Eastern Armenia==
The Armenians, divided under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and Persia and ravaged by the fighting between them, turned for military assistance and political protection in the 18th and 19th centuries to [[History of Russia|Russia]]. The Russian advance along the Caspian and the expansion into Georgia encouraged requests for help. When a 70,000 strong Persian army entered Transcaucasia in 1804, the Russian general Tsitsianov began his advance on Erevan. Many Armenians joined the Russians captured in 1808. In 1810 the Turks and Persians invaded the area, but the Russian commander M. I. Kutuzov routed the Ottoman army on the Danube. Turkey recognized Russian rule in Transcaucasia in the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812. Resounding defeats imposed on the Persians forced the shah to agree in 1813 to the incorporation of a large part of Transcaucasia into the Russian Empire. Russian victories over renewed war with Persia led to the unification of Transcaucasia with Russia, 1829.

After 1828 many Armenians remained in Persia but 45,000 were allowed to migrate to Eastern Armenia on condition they leave behind their houses, property and wares. Following the 1828-29 Russo-Turkish War, about 100,000 Armenians migrated from Turkey to Transcaucasia.

Under Russia, the number of Armenians in the area now represented by present-day Armenia increased from 46,000 in 1827 to 511,000 in 1897. Thus by joining Russia, Eastern Armenia became the home of the national survival of the Armenian people. Despite tsarist restrictions and oppression, the Armenians developed a cultural renaissance and a national awareness which surpassed that of their co-nationals in the Ottoman and Persian empires. During the 19th century the Eastern Armenians (those in Russia) strove for regional autonomy and for the repartition of Transcaucasia into distinct ethnic provinces as well as for personal and collective security. They did not seek national independence but identified with oppositional Russia in an attempt to effect internal reforms.

Being part of Russia opened up new market opportunities and allowed the emergence of capitalism, which brought about socioeconomic changes in almost all the regions of Eastern Armenia, including Zangezur and Kazakh. By the end of the 19th century both Zangezur and Kazakh had become major grain producers, and while Zangezur was also engaged in sericulture, an important occupation in Kazakh was hog raising. The rising class of Armenian businessmen and bankers were centered not so much in Yerevan but in Baku and Tiflis (Tbilisi, Georgia), and sent younger sons to set up business connections in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Russians occupied the six Armenian vilayets, and Armenian nationalism was stimulated. In 1880, a revolutionary organization known as the Defenders of the Fatherland was organized in Erzurum. A few years later, in 1885, the Armenakan society was organized, and in 1887 the Hunchagian Party appeared. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktzutun) was formed in 1890. The Dashnaks were socialists who sought to overthrow the Tsarist system and create an independent state. They also wanted to acquire the Armenian areas in the Ottoman Empire by force.
===Independence===
Amidst the chaos of Russia in 1918, period the Armenian National Council, with German help, declared the establishment of the Republic of Armenia (May 1918) on the territory of Russian Armenia. While most Armenians desired a democracy in their first chance at independence in 1918-20, for practical reasons they settled for a benevolent dictatorship instead. The government sought a mandate status with Armenia under the control of the United States, but the U.S. Senate rejected the idea, and Armenia was taken over by Soviet Russia in December 1920. Several hundred thousand Armenian refugees at the end of the war were scattered, and most emigrated to California.

[[File:Armenia2.jpg|thumb|550px|Ethnicity in Armenia and Caucasus]]
The most serious problem between the short-lived Transcaucasian republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan was over the control of a mountainous region called Nagorno-Karabakh, located inside Azerbaijan but with a 75% Armenian population. Britain, which occupied Transcaucasia after World War I, decided in favor of Azerbaijan in the summer of 1919. The settlement remained in force after the Red army took over both republics in 1920, but the Soviets were never able to resolve the dispute, which exploded into war as soon as both nations became independent. <ref> Artin H. Arslanian, "Britain and the Question of Mountainous Karabagh," ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 1980 16(1): 92-104. </ref>

Armenia regained its independence with the breakup of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1989. Communism was overthrown but there were tensions with neighboring [[Georgia]] and a war broke out with the Muslim nation of [[Azerbaijan]]. The '''[[Nagorno-Karabakh War]]''' was fought over the [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]. It is a small region inside Azerbaijan, but the population was three-fourths Armenian and they refused to be ruled by Azerbaijan. The war lasted from February 1988 to May 1994, with the heaviest fighting occurring in the spring of 1992. Some 17,000 people were killed in the conflict. The region, now 95% Armenian, is controlled by Armenia and has a population of 140,000.<ref> see [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/nagorno-karabakh.htm Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict], and [http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_280.shtml Air War over Nagorniy-Kharabakh, 1988-1994]</ref>

Relations with Turkey (a [[NATO]] member) remain tense, primarily because Armenia demands, and Turkey refuses, to admit that Turkey was guilty of genocide in 1915. (Turkey says it was not genocide and that the Ottoman Empire was in charge.) As a candidate, President Obama said he would acknowledge the gencide. However, he visited Turkey in 2009 without using the word, which would offend Turkey, an important American ally. The White House released a statement on Armenian Remembrance Day in April that paid tribute to those who died but did not explicitly use the word "genocide".

==Culture==
===Cultural trends in Western Armenia (Ottoman)===
Armenian names followed traditional formulas. During the 5th-15th centuries the clergy, being traditionalists, used names of two components: Christian and birthplace (George Garnetsi, meaning George of Garni). The nobility could have names of several components: individual's, father's, family's, birthplace, title, and profession. The humbler classes used three-component names: individual's, father's, and family's, like those in Armenia today. The usual surname ending -ian was replaced by -ov or -ev in Russia, by -oghlou or -chi in Western Armenia, and by -ovitch in Poland. Other suffixes denoting surname were -iants, -ents, -onts, and -ounts.

Lives of saints and martyrologies were prevalent Armenian literary genres. Initially martyrology had three components: conflict between the Christian and his heathen torturer; interrogation between judge and defendant; and martyrdom. As political conditions changed, historical truth replaced idealization, superhuman saints became humanized, and visions and miracles gave way to stories of hardships suffered by ordinary individuals as under the Turks.

Of the many 17th-century Armenian poets, the best known was Nerses Mokats'i (d. 1625), who studied at the Amrdolu monastery in Bitlis and the Mets Anapat in Siunik'; later he founded a monastic order on the island of Lim in Lake Van. Many works focused on the exile forced on many Armenians and the destruction wrought in Armenia by foreign forces, comparing this with the fate of Jerusalem. The destruction of the Armenian city of T'okhat' in 1602 by the Jalalis was lamented by Step'anos and Hakob T'okhat'ts'i. Simeon Lehats'i (1584-1637) criticized the educational level of the clergy in his historical poem Vipasanut'iun Nikolakan [Nikolian epic]. Many works eulogized cities and monasteries. Others were historical, such as the ''History of the Ottoman Kings'' and odes to John III Sobieski and [[Louis XIV]] by Eremia Ch'elepi K'eomiurchyan (1637-95).

The religious meditational poem Matyan Oghbergut'yan [Book of lamentations] by the medieval Armenian cleric Grigor Narekats'i (951-1003) was published widely in the 18th century and inspired contemporary poets such as Petros Nakhijevants'i (d. 1784) and Movses Jughayets'i.

The writer, poet, and critic from western Armenia Artashes Harut'iunyan (1874-1915) belonged to the "provincial" school, which took its inspiration directly from the people. In his view the Armenian writing of Constantinople was derivative, being inspired by French romanticism. He corresponded with French and Belgian writers, translated works by Maxim Gorky and Leo Tolstoy, and wrote articles for the French press. His novels portray Armenian village life, one of the best being ''Zghjume'' [The regret]. Together with other Armenian intellectuals, he was arrested in April 1915 and murdered.

===Cultural trends in Eastern Armenia (Russia)===
The making of a modern Armenian nation was an intellectual event that took place largely outside the Armenian heartland in the Armenian communities of Western Turkey, Russia, India, and Europe. It was here that the first generation of patriotic intellectuals emerged. By the 18th century the Armenian language had fragmented into numerous mutually incomprehensible dialects, while any knowledge of Armenian history had been effectively wiped out except among a small group of monks, who copied and recopied the ancient texts. The first modern generation of Armenian patriots undertook a revival of Armenian letters and spread the new nationalism to the next generation of patriotic intellectuals from Western Anatolia and the Armenian colonies of the Russian Empire.<ref> Ronald Grigor Suny, "The Formation of the Armenian Patriotic Intelligentsia in Russia: The First Generations." ''Armenian Review'' 1983 36(3): 18-34. </ref>

The new literature of the Eastern Armenians which emerged in the mid-19th century resulted in a shift from the antiquated church language, which had dominated the literature of both east and west, to the currently used vernacular. The eastern center of its development was finally Yerevan, whose dialect became the adopted literary language of the east. The literature ranged from a romantic to a realist approach.

Despite his short and difficult life, Armenian poet Petros Durian (1851-72) left a rich literary legacy: plays, poetry, and journalistic articles. His historical plays are the first examples of the romantic drama in Armenian literature, and express a deeply democratic mood of the writer; his journalistic writings show that Durian was concerned about contemporary social issues. But his poetry was his greatest contribution, rejecting classicism and descriptiveness, and full of deep feelings. Durian's lyrical hero, with few exceptions, is the poet himself, but his poems express mankind's thoughts and aspirations, and possess great social meaning.

Alexander Yeritsian (1841-1902) was a major Armenian public and literary figure who wrote on historical, archaeological, ethnic, and socioeconomic matters from a national-conservative viewpoint. Yeritsian was well read in European economics, and his views, as expressed in the economic weekly ''Vacharakan'', which started publication in Tiflis in 1866, cover commerce, speculative finance, silver and gold currency, paper money, rise and fall in the value of money, free trade, competition, supply and demand, industry and savings, and other aspects of the world economy of his day.

The Armenian journalist Grigor Artsruni (1845-92) published the first European-style Armenian magazine, ''Mshak'' in Tbilisi. As editor and proprietor from 1872 to 1892, he published views on a wide range of contemporary national and international issues: the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, the rise of the Eastern Question, and the Congress of Berlin in 1878, especially as they affected the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The newspaper has played an important role in Armenian social and intellectual life, consistently promoting solidarity among Armenians, Russians, and the people of the Caucasus, and promoting economic and cultural ties. During the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78, convinced that the liberation of the Armenian people was possible only with Russia's help, Mshak supported the western Armenians' liberation movement. Encouraging the development of Armenian literature, the newspaper championed critical realism. It broadened the world view of the Armenian press by covering all major events and cultural phenomena. Many Armenian intellectuals contributed to ''Mshak''; the most prominent was the novelist Raffi (pseud. for Hakob Melik` Hakobyan, 1835-88). .

A. Araskhanian (1857-1912), editor of the Armenian monthly ''Moorch'' published in Tiflis, 1889-1907, resolved to foster literary cultural progress through the press. Philologists, literary critics, and intellectuals wrote on the history and theory of literature for Moorch and encouraged young writers and initiators of the literature of village life. Moorch enhanced understanding between writers in Eastern Armenia (in Russia) and Western Armenia (in the Ottoman Empire), emphasized the interaction between life and literature, and consistently observed progressive principles in literary criticism.
====Painting====
Gevorg Bashinjaghian (1857-1925) was a leading Armenian landscape painter. Educated at the Petersburg Academy of Art, Bashinjaghian was acquainted with European, Russian, Oriental, and classical Greek and Roman art. His 1883 exhibition in Tiflis of 16 landscapes of Armenia and the Caucasus established Armenian realistic landscape painting as a distinct genre of art. In Italy in 1884, he admired Renaissance art, and in Paris, 1899-1901, he participated in exhibitions with contemporary European artists. He painted several views of Ararat, Lake Sevan, and other Armenian landscapes combining peacefulness, simplicity, and majesty.

Hakob Kochoyan (1883-1959), was a prominent Armenian painter, professor, and lecturer in the Yerevan Institute of Fine Arts, famed as an innovator in his style of drawing. Receiving his artistic education and living in Europe before settling in Yerevan in 1922, he expressed the artistic traditions of East and West. His work represents a rich variety of style, theme, genre, and technique in oil, watercolor, gouache, engravings, pencil drawings, and sketches on canvas, stamps, crystal, and china. His paintings and illustrations in books and periodicals deal with Armenian history, natural scenery, folklore, and contemporary life. They express the nation's vitality and durability. His paintings have been exhibited internationally.

====Music and song====
Valuable poetry and songs were written by Bishop Petros Berdoumian Nakhichevantsi, (d. 1784) erudite theologian and poet. He represents the revival and renovation of 18th-century national religious songs, which were meant to combat the weakening in traditional Armenian piety and morals due to the plans of the sultans to assimilate subject nations. Nakhichevantsi witnessed the siege of Nakhichevan in 1740 by the tyrant Tahmaz, and his Elegy expressed the nation's sufferings and the misery of the church. His message to the people is to struggle against tyranny and live a meaningful life.

Armenian folk songs emerged when minstrels transmitted mythological and epic songs orally from generation to generation. Later folk songs reflected every aspect of life: love, religion, humor, patriotism, aspiration for freedom, emigrants' nostalgia, wedding songs, lullabies, dances, and festivities. In 1891 Komitas (1869-1935) started collecting and setting them to music, a program that folklorists have continued. After World War I, floklorists traveled across Europe to systematically collect, set to music, and save thousands of folk songs from permanent loss.

Spiridon Melikian (1880-1933) a student of Komitas, composer, conductor and lecturer, devoted his life to Armenian music. While studying music in Berlin (1905-08) he had his copy of Komitas's collection of Armenian folk songs, which he published in 1931. His expeditions into Armenian villages yielded more than 1,000 folk songs which he set to music. In Tiflis (1909-21) and Erevan Conservatory (1923-33) he conducted choirs, taught theory, trained musicians, and prepared textbooks for music teachers. Apart from his compositions, he published ''Analysis of Komitas's Work,'' ''Scales of Armenian Folk-songs,'' and ''Outline of Armenian Music''. Two volumes of his folk songs were published posthumously (1949, 1952).

The classical musician Genari Korganov (1858-90) was known as a pianist, composer, and critic. He was the music critic for the Tiflis (Tbilisi) ''Kavkaz'' (''Caucasus'') newspaper, his principal interest being operatic and symphonic works, and gave a number of recitals from 1884 to his sudden death in 1890. The Russian composer Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov (1859-1935) dedicated his Armenian Rhapsody to him.

A leading musician of the 20th century was Armen Tigranian (1879-1950) of Yerevan. In 1912 he composed his opera "Anush", based on Hovhannes Toumanian's dramatic ballad reflecting Armenian village life. Reedited in its final form in 1939, Anush has been popular with Armenians everywhere. Tigranian's second opera, "Davit-Bek" (started during World War II and finished in 1949) was inspired by an 18th-century national freedom fighter. Tigranian's music is melodious, lyric, and closely linked with traditional Armenian secular and church songs, truly the music of the people, composed with inspiration, talent, and technical skill.

The most important Armenian composer was [[Aram Khachaturian]] (1903-78). Born in Tiflis, he moved to Moscow in 1924 and built his careeer there. he was an enthusiastic Communist until his music was condemned by the Party in 1948.<ref> Victor Yuzefovich, ''Aram Ilych Khachaturyan,'' (1985) 283 pp.</ref>

In the Armenian diaspora, important cultural leaders have included writers Michael Arlen (1895-1956) in Britain, Arthur Adamov (1911-70) and Henri Troyat in France, and William Saroyan (1908-1981) in California. The prolific composer [[Alan Hovhannes]] (1908-2000), based in Boston and New York, drew upon Armenian church music to produce major classical compositions.

===Historiography===
Stepan Malkhassiants (1857-1947) was a philologist, lexicographer, prolific author on Armenology, and founding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences. His philological works and translations from ancient to modern Armenian made national classics accessible to the masses. His ''Armenian Explanatory Dictionary,'' explaining all words of ancient, middle, and modern Armenian in all dialects as well as loan words, is a model work of its kind.

Garo Sassouni (1889-1977), intellectual, author, journalist, educator, and public figure, was born in western Armenia. He received a law degree from the University of Constantinople. He became a member of the parliament of the Independent Republic of Armenia and a provincial governor. After the fall of the republic he went abroad and became a leader of the Armenian Revolutionary Committee. He wrote a large number of Armenian-language historical and cultural studies.

The historian Ashot Hovhannisyan (1887-1972) studied in Germany where he received his doctorate in 1913. In 1920 he was a member of the Soviet Russian delegation sent to negotiate with the government of Armenia. Subsequently he held a number of educational and political posts. Arrested in 1937, he resumed his historical studies in 1954 and was appointed director of the Historical Section of the Armenian Academy of Sciences in 1961. During this period he published several important works, the principal one being his ''Drvagner Hay Azatagrakan Mtk'i Patmut'yan'' [Episodes in the history of the concept of Armenian liberation].

Under the totalitarian Soviet regime, historiographical policy was laid down by the Party authorities and imposed through the Academy of Sciences. As a consequence, 19th-20th-century Armenian history could not be analyzed critically. The events of 1917-21 had to be discussed purely from a class point of view, suppressing national aspects. In medieval studies, Armenian history of the 12th and 13th centuries could not be based on primary evidence; the religious T'ondrakian movement had to be presented purely as a social phenomenon. Nevertheless, many good studies were published, especially on the ancient and medieval periods. There were also some positive aspects of Soviet policy, such as the establishment of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia in 1943.

==Further reading==
[[File:Armenia1.jpg|thumb|350px]]
===Guide books===
* ''Armenia with Nagorno Karabagh'' (2nd ed. 2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Armenia-Nagorno-Karabagh-2nd-Travel/dp/1841621633/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242980296&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* ''Armenia & Karabagh'' (The Stone Garden Guide) by Matthew Karanian and Robert Kurkjian (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Armenia-Karabagh-Stone-Garden-Guide/dp/096721209X/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242980296&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* ''Georgia Armenia & Azerbaijan'' by John Noble (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Georgia-Armenia-Azerbaijan-Multi-Country/dp/1741044774/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242980296&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

===Surveys===
* Adalian, Rouben P. ''Historical Dictionary of Armenia'' (2002).
* Chahin, M. ''The Kingdom of Armenia: A History‎'' (2001) 350pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC&pg=PP1&dq=intitle:armenia+intitle:history&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
* Herzig, Edmund, and Marina Kurkchiyan. ''The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity'' (2005) [http://www.questia.com/read/110137949 online edition]
* Hovannisian, Richard G. ed. ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Vol. 2: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.'' 1997. 493 pp.
* Oshagan, Vahe, ed. ''Armenia.'' (Review of National Literatures) (1984). 264 pp.
* Panossian, Razmik. ''The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars.'' 2006. 442 pp.
* Payaslian, Simon. ''The History of Armenia‎'' (2007) 304pp
* Somakian, Manoug Joseph. ''Empires in Conflict: Armenia and the Great Powers, 1895-1920.'' 1995. 276 pp.
* Suny, Ronald Grigor. ''Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History.'' (1993). 289 pp.
* Thierry, Jean Michael and Donabédian, Patrick. ''Armenian Art'' (1989). 624 pp.
* Walker, Christopher J. ''Armenia: The Survival of a Nation.'' (1990). 476 pp.

===Specialty studies===
* Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian, Patrick; and Mutafian, Claude. ''The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh.'' (1994). 198 pp.
* Hovannisian, Richard G. ''Armenia on the road to independance 1918'' (1967)
* Hovannisian, Richard G. ''The republic of Armenia. Vol. 1, The first year, 1918-1919'' (1971); ''Vol. 2, From Versailles to London, 1919-1920'' (1982); ''Vol. 3, From London to Sèvres, February-August 1920'' (1997); ''Vol. 4, Between crescent and sickle: partition and Sovietization'' (1997)
* Mitra, Saumya, et al. '' The Caucasian tiger: sustaining economic growth in Armenia‎'' (2007) 610pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=fWAwYSslb7UC full text online free from World Bank]
* Villa, Susie Hoogasian and Matossian, Mary Kilbourne. ''Armenian Village Life Before 1914.'' (1982). 197 pp.
===Genocide===
* Bloxham, Donald. ''The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians'' (2005), scholarly history of the wartime massacres; 344 pages [http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=&mkt=en-us&scope=books&FORM=LIVSOP#q=bryce%20toynbee&filter=all&start=1&t=H6WeD-pdFZ8QQ5kq6p5CJw&sq=bryce%20toynbee excerpt and text search]
* Bloxham, Donald. "Rethinking the Armenian Genocide." ''History Today'' 2005 55(6): 28-30. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Dadrian, Vahakn N. ''The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78126590 online edition]
* Papazian, Bertha S. ''The Tragedy of Armenia: A Brief Study and Interpretation'' (1919) [http://books.google.com/books?id=TJgLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=intitle:armenia+date:1910-2007&num=100&as_brr=1#PPA160,M1 full text online]

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Asian Countries]]
[[Category:Former Soviet Countries]]
[[Category:Landlocked Countries]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:World War I]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Armenia]]

Undone

2009-11-19T18:17:56Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Mercyme}}
'''Undone''' is the third studio album released by [[Mercyme]].

== '''Songs''' ==
# ''Where You Lead Me''
# ''Everything Impossible''
# ''Here With Me''
# ''In the Blink of an Eye''
# ''Unaware''
# ''Homesick''
# ''When You Spoke My Name''
# ''A Million Miles Away''
# ''Caught Up In the Middle''
# ''Never Alone''
# ''Undone''
# ''Shine On''
# ''Keep Singing''

[[Category:Albums]]

The Christmas Sessions

2009-11-19T18:17:07Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Mercyme}}
'''The Christmas Sessions''' is the first and only Christmas themed album released by [[Mercyme]].

== '''Songs''' ==
# ''It Came Upon a Midnight Clear''
# ''Gloria''
# ''God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen''
# ''Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree''
# ''Winter Wonderland/White Christmas''
# ''Christmas Time Is Here''
# ''Silent Night''
# ''Away''
# ''Little Drummer Boy''
# ''I Heard The Bells On Christmas Day''
# ''O Holy Night''
# ''Joseph's Lullaby''

[[Category:Albums]]

Spoken For

2009-11-19T18:16:07Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Mercyme}}
'''Spoken For''' is the second studio album released by [[Mercyme]].

== '''Songs''' ==
# ''The Change Inside of Me''
# ''All the Above''
# ''Spoken For''
# ''There's a Reason''
# ''Come One, Come All''
# ''Crazy''
# ''Word of God Speak''
# ''Your Glory Goes On''
# ''Love of God''
# ''Go''
# ''All Because of This''

[[Category:Albums]]

Skillet(album)

2009-11-19T18:15:14Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Skillet}}
'''Skillet''' is the first studio album released by [[Skillet]].

== '''Songs''' ==
# ''I Can''
# ''Gasoline''
# ''Saturn''
# ''My Beautiful Robe''
# ''Promise Blender''
# ''Paint''
# ''Safe With You''
# ''You Thought''
# ''Boundaries''
# ''Splinter''

[[Category:Albums]]

Invincible (album)

2009-11-19T18:12:05Z

ChrisFV: merge?

{{merge|Skillet}}
'''Invincible''' is the third studio album released by [[Skillet]].

== '''Songs''' ==
# ''Best Kept Secret''
# ''You Take My Rights Away''
# ''Invincible''
# ''Rest''
# ''Come On To The Future''
# ''You're Powerful''
# ''I Trust You''
# ''Each Other''
# ''The Fire Breathes''
# ''Say It Loud''
# ''The One''
# ''You're In My Brain''

[[Category:Albums]]