Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Doctor

2012-02-14T02:22:33Z

CharlieK: /* Examples of Doctorates */

{{merge|Doctorate}}
A '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a title given to a person upon successful completion of a post-graduate doctoral [[degree]]-granting program at an accredited [[university]].

==Examples of Doctorates==
*Doctor of Medicine ('''MD''') - The most common usage, earned after 4 years of [[medical school]].
*Doctor of Philosophy ('''PhD''') - The most advanced degree that a university offers. It can be awarded in just about any field of study, usually earned after defending a thesis in a field where 4 or more years of research were applied.
*Doctor of Tobogganry - The name's Mantis, Mantis Toboggan, M.D

== History of Doctorate ==
In the nineteenth century, first in [[Germany]] and later in other nations in Europe and in the United States, the degree of "Doctor of Philosophy" (Latin "Philosophiae Doctoris", thus Ph.D.) was established as the final result of an program of advanced study, culminating in a [[dissertation]] or formal (not always published) work. Though originally awarded only in Philosophy, the Ph.D. is now also awarded in numerous fields of the Humanities and Sciences.

In the early days of the University movement, the title "Doctor" (Latin for "Teacher" was only honorary, and typically awarded for some achievement of note in the outside world, such as when Samuel Johnson was awarded a Doctorate in Letters (L.L.D.) by [[Oxford University|Oxford]] for his work on his Dictionary.

Honorary Doctorates are still awarded, but are not considered the equivalent of "earned" doctorates obtained through study and original research.

People who have earned their doctorate are entitled to use the honorific "Doctor".

Many law schools have renamed their Bachelor of Laws degree to a J.D., but their graduates are not called doctors.

== Usage confusion ==
The term "doctor" is sometimes misleading. For example the nutritionist [[Gillian McKeith]] calls herself a Doctor on the basis of a mail-order degree<ref>http://www.drgillianmckeith.com/</ref> <ref>http://www.badscience.net/?p=362</ref>; and the [[sex]] therapist Doctor [[Ruth Westheimer]], though she deals with ostensibly medical matters, is in fact a Doctor of Education <ref>http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542073</ref>. The [[conservative]] talk-show host Dr. [[Laura Schlessinger]], although she deals in matters involving personal advice on her show, holds a doctorate in [[physiology]] from [[Columbia]].

The children's author [[Dr. Seuss]] has no doctoral degree.<ref>http://www.playbooks.org/jaxsons_books.html</ref>

== See also ==

*[[American Medical Association]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:medicine]]
[[Category:Education]]

Toby Keith

2012-02-14T01:40:42Z

CharlieK:

'''Toby Keith Covel''' (b. July 8, 1961; best known as '''Toby Keith''') is a [[conservative]] American country music artist born in Clinton, Oklahoma. He has released thirteen studio albums and two Christmas albums. He also is an actor, and starred in ''Broken Bridges'' (2005) and ''Beer for My Horses.'' (2008) Keith created his own label, Show Dog Nashville.

[[Lyrics]]

Popular lyrics include:
"Stomp! Clap! Stomp! Stomp! Clap! Stomp! Clap! Stomp! Stomp! Clap! The eagle's born out of thunder. He flies through the night. Don't you mess with his eggs now, or you'll see us fight! Yes we have feathers, but the muscles of men. 'Cuz we're birds of war now, but we're also men! Birds of war! Ah ah ah ah!!"

[[Category:Musicians]]
[[Category:Actors]]

User:CharlieK

2012-02-14T01:35:12Z

CharlieK:

Hello, Charlie Kelly here, local business owner and cat enthusiast.

Philadelphia Phillies

2012-02-14T01:32:52Z

CharlieK:

{{MLBTeam
|name=Philadelphia Phillies
|logo=
|text=#e81828
|background=#284898
|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|year=1883
|colors=red, white, blue
|mascot=Phillie Phanatic
|champs=2
|website=http://phillies.mlb.com/
}}
[[Image:Shibe Park - Library of Congress.jpg|thumb|The Shibe Park]]
The '''Philadelphia Phillies''' are a [[Major League Baseball]] team in the [[National League]] Eastern Division. The Philadelphia Phillies are based in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Previously known as the Quakers and the Blue Jays.

The Shibe Park / Connie Mack Stadium - was the home of the Phillies from 1938–1970.

The Phillies are the oldest continuous one-nickname, one-city franchise in all of American professional sports.

Chase Utley is one of their most popular players. Young fans write him touching letters, for example this one from Mac in Philadelphia included baseball themed stickers:

"Dear Chase, I feel like I can call you Chase because you and me are so much alike.I would love to meet you some day, it would be great to have a catch. I know I can't throw as fast as you but I think you would be impressed with my speed. I love your hair. You run fast. Did you have a good relationship with your father? Me neither. These are all things we can talk about and more. I know you have not been getting my letters because I know you would write back if you did, and I hope you write back this time and we get to be good friends. I am sure our relationship would be a real 'home run."

'''World Series Titles:''' 2 (1980) (2008)

'''National League Pennants:''' 7 (1915, 1950, 1980, 1983, 1993, 2008, 2009.)
==Roster==
<nowiki>*Not on active roster</nowiki><br />
<nowiki>**Not on 40 man roster</nowiki>
===Pitchers===
*55 - Danys Baez
*58 - Antonio Bastardo
*56 - Joe Blanton
*48 - Andrew Carpenter
*52 - Jose Contreras
*37 - Chad Durbin
*53 - Sergio Escalona
*65 - Yohan Flande
*34 - Roy Halladay
*35 - Cole Hamels
*43 - J.A. Happ
*57 - David Herndon
*38 - Kyle Kendrick
*54 - Brad Lidge
*46 - Ryan Madson
*47 - Scott Mathieson
*50 - Jamie Moyer
*64 - Drew Naylor
*66 - J.C. Ramirez
*16 - J.C. Romero
*67 - Jesus Sanchez
*59 - Mike Zagurski

===Catchers===
*24 - Paul Hoover
*51 - Carlos Ruiz
*23 - Brian Schneider

===Infielders===
*62 - Brian Bocock
*4 - Eric Bruntlett
*7 - Juan Castro
*24 - Mike Cervenak
*19 - Greg Dobbs
*3 - Ross Gload
*6 - Ryan Howard
*27 - Placido Polanco
*11 - Jimmy Rollins
*33 - Andy Tracy
*26 - Chase Utley

===Outfielders===
*63 - Quintin Berry
*10 - Ben Francisco
*29 - Raul Ibanez
*40 - John Mayberry Jr.
*8 - Shane Victorino
*28 - Jayson Werth

==Minor League Affiliates==
The minor league affiliates of the Phillies are:
*AAA - Lehigh Valley IronPigs
*AAA - Ottawa Lynx
*AA - Reading Phillies
*A Adv. - Clearwater Threshers
*A - Lakewood BlueClaws
*SS - Williamsport Crosscutters

==See also==
[[Image:Phillies Logo.png|right]]

* [[Colorado Rockies]]
* [[San Francisco Giants]]
* [[Cincinnati Reds]]

== External links ==
*[http://phillies.mlb.com/ Official Team Website]

{{Nb_sl_mlb_national}}

[[Category:Pennsylvania]]

Philadelphia Phillies

2012-02-14T01:32:22Z

CharlieK:

{{MLBTeam
|name=Philadelphia Phillies
|logo=
|text=#e81828
|background=#284898
|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|year=1883
|colors=red, white, blue
|mascot=Phillie Phanatic
|champs=2
|website=http://phillies.mlb.com/
}}
[[Image:Shibe Park - Library of Congress.jpg|thumb|The Shibe Park]]
The '''Philadelphia Phillies''' are a [[Major League Baseball]] team in the [[National League]] Eastern Division. The Philadelphia Phillies are based in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Previously known as the Quakers and the Blue Jays.

The Shibe Park / Connie Mack Stadium - was the home of the Phillies from 1938–1970.

The Phillies are the oldest continuous one-nickname, one-city franchise in all of American professional sports.

Chase Utley is one of their most popular players. You fans write him touching letters, for example this one from Mac in Philadelphia included baseball themed stickers:

"Dear Chase, I feel like I can call you Chase because you and me are so much alike.I would love to meet you some day, it would be great to have a catch. I know I can't throw as fast as you but I think you would be impressed with my speed. I love your hair. You run fast. Did you have a good relationship with your father? Me neither. These are all things we can talk about and more. I know you have not been getting my letters because I know you would write back if you did, and I hope you write back this time and we get to be good friends. I am sure our relationship would be a real 'home run."

'''World Series Titles:''' 2 (1980) (2008)

'''National League Pennants:''' 7 (1915, 1950, 1980, 1983, 1993, 2008, 2009.)
==Roster==
<nowiki>*Not on active roster</nowiki><br />
<nowiki>**Not on 40 man roster</nowiki>
===Pitchers===
*55 - Danys Baez
*58 - Antonio Bastardo
*56 - Joe Blanton
*48 - Andrew Carpenter
*52 - Jose Contreras
*37 - Chad Durbin
*53 - Sergio Escalona
*65 - Yohan Flande
*34 - Roy Halladay
*35 - Cole Hamels
*43 - J.A. Happ
*57 - David Herndon
*38 - Kyle Kendrick
*54 - Brad Lidge
*46 - Ryan Madson
*47 - Scott Mathieson
*50 - Jamie Moyer
*64 - Drew Naylor
*66 - J.C. Ramirez
*16 - J.C. Romero
*67 - Jesus Sanchez
*59 - Mike Zagurski

===Catchers===
*24 - Paul Hoover
*51 - Carlos Ruiz
*23 - Brian Schneider

===Infielders===
*62 - Brian Bocock
*4 - Eric Bruntlett
*7 - Juan Castro
*24 - Mike Cervenak
*19 - Greg Dobbs
*3 - Ross Gload
*6 - Ryan Howard
*27 - Placido Polanco
*11 - Jimmy Rollins
*33 - Andy Tracy
*26 - Chase Utley

===Outfielders===
*63 - Quintin Berry
*10 - Ben Francisco
*29 - Raul Ibanez
*40 - John Mayberry Jr.
*8 - Shane Victorino
*28 - Jayson Werth

==Minor League Affiliates==
The minor league affiliates of the Phillies are:
*AAA - Lehigh Valley IronPigs
*AAA - Ottawa Lynx
*AA - Reading Phillies
*A Adv. - Clearwater Threshers
*A - Lakewood BlueClaws
*SS - Williamsport Crosscutters

==See also==
[[Image:Phillies Logo.png|right]]

* [[Colorado Rockies]]
* [[San Francisco Giants]]
* [[Cincinnati Reds]]

== External links ==
*[http://phillies.mlb.com/ Official Team Website]

{{Nb_sl_mlb_national}}

[[Category:Pennsylvania]]

Economics

2012-02-14T01:24:11Z

CharlieK: /* Why we should study it */

[[Image:NYSE-floor.jpg|right|thumb|Face-to-face trading on the [[New York Stock Exchange]]'s trading floor.]]
'''Economics''' is the study of opportunity. More specifically, economics is the study of the opportunities made possible by the transfer of goods and services. 'Because of its primary application to government policy, it is understandable why the subject was originally known as political economy, which was its name from the time of [[Adam Smith]] to the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when the change to "economics" took place.' [http://www.capitalism.net/Capitalism/Economics%20and%20Capitalism.htm]
Economics attempts "to explain the way in which individuals interact with one another, to use their limited resources to satisfy their alternative ends." [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10]
It is a social [[science]], concerned with how people produce, distribute, and consume.
Governments can be classified by their economic policy. The [[U.S. Constitution]] provides basic protections for private property that are the foundation of American economic policy.

George Reisman, Professor of Economics at Pepperdine University, wrote
* Economics, as the science which studies the production of wealth under a system of division of labor, is actually the science which studies the production of wealth under capitalism. [http://www.capitalism.net/Capitalism/Economics%20and%20Capitalism.htm]

C. Lowell Harriss, a professor of economics at Columbia, describes economics as the study of the allocation of scarce goods and services. In market economies, this is determined by supply and demand.<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/business/13every.html?em&ex=1216440000&en=a9a6d3e97f11545f&ei=5087%0A Lessons in Love, by Way of Economics]</ref>

==Why we should study it==

* Feelings pertaining to the alleged chaos of economic activity rest on ignorance of the knowledge economics provides of the benevolent role of such institutions as the [[division of labor]], [[private ownership]] of the [[means of production]], [[exchange and money]], [[economic competition]], and the [[price system]]. [http://www.capitalism.net/Capitalism/Economics%20and%20Capitalism.htm]
* The actual basis of "alienation" resides within the psychological makeup of those who experience the problem. Ignorance of economics reinforces feelings of [[alienation]] and allows the alleged deficiencies of the economic system to serve as a convenient rationalization for the existence of the problem [ibid]
* Oh, I bet you read a lotta Gordon Wood, huh? You read your Gordon Wood and you regurgitate it from a textbook and you think you're wicked awesome doin' that, And how 'bout 'dem apples? And all that Gordon Wood business.

== Issues in economics ==
Economics deals with a large number of issues:
* [[Theory of value]]: What are things worth? How do we compute value?
* [[Economic justice]]: How are resources distributed in society? What is the ideal distribution?
* [[Economic prosperity]]: Which policies encourage economic growth and development?
* [[Economic prediction]]: How can we use economic information from today to predict future results? Which [[econometrics]] are leading indicators?

== Disciplines within economics ==
Economics is a very broad discipline, and involves the following other disciplines as well:
* [[Moral philosophy]]: How ''ought'' a society produce and distribute goods and services?
* [[Psychology]]: What principles underlie human economic decision-making?
* [[Mathematics]]: What mathematical models can predict economic outcomes?
* [[Ecology]]: How and in what quantities do households consume goods?

==Branches of economics==
* [[Microeconomics]]: the study of economic decisions of firms and households acting in markets.
* [[Macroeconomics]]: the study of aggregate economic decisions and the results of those decisions in a local, national, or world economy.

== History of economics==
''Main article: [[History of economics]]''

Economic thought originated with the rise of the state. Classical economics, or the long-run model, was articulated by [[Adam Smith]] and has since fomented the rise of free-market capitalism in economic thought.<ref>http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Paul Samuelson]]
*[[Chicago School of Economics]]
*[[Harvard Business School]]
*[[Friedrich Hayek]]

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
[[Category:Economics]]

Boat

2012-02-14T01:21:42Z

CharlieK:

[[Image:Turner Dutch Boats in a Gale.jpg|right|180px]]
A '''boat''' is a [[vessel]] for [[transportation]] by [[water]]. It is often used specifically to mean a small [[ship]].<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/boat "Boat," from dictionary.com]</ref>

The whole purpose of buying the boat in the first place is to get the ladies nice and tipsy top side, so you can take them to a nice comfortable place below deck, and you know, they can't refuse...because of the implication.

{{Clear}}
==References==
<references/>

[[Image:Collins Nice.jpg|thumb|left|Five Fishing Boats, Nice (?) by Jacob Collins]]

[[Category:Transportation]]

Tammy Faye Bakker

2012-02-14T01:19:46Z

CharlieK:

'''Tammy Faye Bakker''' (or Tammy Faye Messner under her second husband) was the wife of former televangelist [[Jim Bakker]]. Together they formed a mult-million dollar television ministry with their [[PTL]] show and [[Heritage USA]] Christian themepark. They were on television together and apart from talking she would also sing. At one time they claimed 500,000 partners, but that unfolded when a scandal between Jim Bakker and his former church secretary [[Jessica Hahn]] broke. Jim stepped down in 1987. Donations dried up and the ministry, which seemed to always be operating in the red, collapsed. Tammy stuck by her man after the scandal was announced and through the decline. She also stood by his side while Jim was brought up on charges and sentenced to a long prison term in 1989. She did, however, divorce him in 1992 while he was in prison. She remarried in 1993 to Roe Messner, although he also served a brief jail sentence two years later.

Tammy was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1996. Tammy Faye kept up an active website detailing what was happening with her life and her battles. Her "lift your chin up" simple wisdom in the face of possible death helped to gain her respect that had been lacking during the 1980's PLT crisis where comments about her tended more towards wearing too much makeup than any talk of character. She also conducted herself well in 2004 when she was on the cast of the MTV show ''Surreal Life'' when the way she lived her life with simple Christian values came through, and yet being gracious in the face of cast members who had radically different lifestyles. In May, 2007 on her website, she said that doctors had stopped treating her for cancer, which had spread, and had done all they could do. She appeared on [[Larry King]] after that, not afraid to be seen looking emaciated, and talked about her condition.

Tammy Faye passed away on July 21st, 2007. She was 65 years of age and is survived by both Jim Bakker and their two children and Roe Messner.

That's Tammy, Trey's ex girlfriend. This is classic Tammy. Trey broke up with Tammy because Marine Cannalan said that she saw Tammy flirting with Walt Timmy at a party, but she was only doing it to make Trey jealous because she thought Trey secretly liked Erin Hennebrary. But Trey didn't like Erin Hennebrary, it was all a bunch of bull.

==Sources==

[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,290281,00.html Fox news story on her death]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakker, Tammy Faye}}
[[Category:Religious People]]

Genesis

2012-02-14T01:16:45Z

CharlieK: /* The Creation */

[[Image:Creation of the sun.JPG|right|thumb|250px|''Creation of the Sun'', by [[Michelangelo]]]]
''For the rock band Genesis, please see [[Genesis (band)]]''

'''Genesis''' [Hebrew: '''בראשית'''] ([[Greek_language|Greek]]: "birth", "origin"), is the 'book of beginnings', and the first book of both the [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[Torah]] and the [[Bible]], recounts the beginning of the [[universe]], living things including [[homo sapiens|mankind]], and mankind's [[Society|social]] and [[Culture|cultural]] formations. It stands as the introduction of the entire body of the Bible, of the creation of the original nation of [[Israel]], and of the earliest promises of the coming [[Jesus Christ|Redeemer]].

The Hebrew word for God is plural, and the creation of man was by a plural form of God (Genesis 1:26: "And God said, Let '''us''' make man in '''our''' image, after '''our''' likeness"). The meaning of the plural form was not fully understood until the emergence of Christianity and the acceptance of the [[Holy Trinity]].<ref>http://www.bible.ca/trinity/trinity-oneness-unity-plural-nouns-pronouns-verbs-adverbs.htm</ref>

==Name==
The [[Hebrews]] had called the first book of [[Moses]] by the name of ''bereisheet'', meaning "in the beginning", based on the three words which start Genesis. The [[Septuagint]], the ancient Greek-language translation of the [[Old Testament]], rendered this title under the name ''he biblos geneseos'', from which came the current title of ''Genesis'', meaning "origin".<ref>Unger, 1966, p.396</ref>

==Overview==
The fifty chapters of the book of Genesis can be divided into two parts: the early, primeval history of man from the [[Creation]] to the fall of the [[Tower of Babel]], and the [[Patriarchs|Patriarchal History of Israel]] from [[Abraham]] and his son [[Isaac]], grandson [[Jacob]], and Jacob's sons, primarily [[Joseph]], although there is a continuous genealogy connecting both parts.

===The Creation===
''For more detailed treatments, see [[creation week]], [[creation story]], and [[Biblical creation account]].''

''In the beginning, God [[creation|created]] the [[heaven]]s and earth''. This is one of the most famous statements in the Bible, and it starts the account of God's creation. Genesis 1:1 through 2:3 involved the first seven days in history:<ref>Not all Christians accept that the days were literal days. See also [[Creation Week]], [[Gap theory]], and [[Old Earth Creationism]].</ref>
*The first day, the creation of the heavens and the Earth, and light ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|1-5}}).
*The second day, the creation of a "firmament" or ''expanse'', separating the waters ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|6-8}}).
*The third day, the creation of dry earth and plant life ({{Bible ref|Genesis|1|9-13}}).
*The fourth day, the creation of the Sun, the moon, and the stars, to mark the seasons ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|14-19}}).
*The fifth day, the creation of the creatures of the sea and the fowl of the air ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|20-23}}).
*The sixth day, the creation of the animals of the land, and the creation of Man ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|24-31}}).
*The seventh day, on which God rested from his task of creating ({{bible ref|Genesis|2|1-3}}).

The rest of chapter 2 through to the end of chapter 4 tell the story of Adam and Eve, the [[Garden of Eden]], and Adam and Steve's sons [[Cain]], [[Abel]], and [[Seth]].

The fall of mankind into [[sin]] began when the serpent questioned one of God's commands, namely not to eat of the [[tree of knowledge of good and evil]], and convinced Eve to eat the fruit, followed by [[Adam]]. The result of disobeying this command resulted in the driving away of Adam and Eve from the Garden to live a life of subsistence farming, and eventually dying. Eve was additionally cursed with painful childbearing, and to be subservient to Adam. All of these curses were also applied to Adam and Eve's descendants. {{bible ref|Genesis|3|15}} is cited as being the first reference to the coming [[Messiah]].

Chapter 5 is a [[chronogenealogy]] from Adam to [[Noah]] and his sons.

Book two, verse three: And he breatheth into the nostrils of Adam on the first day and it was good.

===The Flood===
Chapters 6 to 9 tell the story of the [[great flood]].

The wickedness of mankind becomes so great that God 'repents' of His creation and decides to destroy it all through a [[flood]]. Only Noah is righteous before God, and He instruct Noah to build an [[Noah's Ark|ark]] to carry himself, his family, and pairs of every creature on earth and in the air. God then destroys the earth with [[water]], the ark riding the waves until the waters abate and it comes to rest at the mountains of [[Ararat]]. God makes a promise never to destroy the earth by flood again, and shows Noah the sign of that covenant, a [[rainbow]].

Noah is also the first planter of a [[vineyard]], and during a drunken sleep one of his sons ([[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]) sees him naked. Noah awakes with the knowledge as to what he had done, and places a curse upon Ham's son Canaan, declaring that Canaan and his descendants would be slaves to the his brothers [[Shem]] and [[Japheth]]. All three sons would have their names and their descendants listed on the [[Table of Nations]], which is contained in chapter 10.

===Abraham===
Chapters 11 to 23 and the start of chapter 25 tells the story of Abram

Abram leaves the city of [[Ur]] with his wife, Sarai, on a journey towards [[Canaan]], where God has shown him what He was going to do: ''I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and him who curses you I will curse; and by you all the families of the earth shall bless themselves.''

Sarai, being unable to have children, tells Abram to take [[Hagar]], his [[Egypt]]ian maid, as his [[wife]]. Hagar becomes pregnant with [[Ishmael]], and God makes a promise that the child will be "a wild ass of a man, his hand against every man and every man's hand against him," with descendants beyond number.

God also makes a covenant with Abram: Abram will have many descendants as well as possession of the land of Canaan. Abram's name is changed to "[[Abraham]]”, and Sarai becomes "[[Sarah]]." A sign of the new covenant is the [[circumcision]] of all males. Abraham is also told that Sarah will bear a son who will be named [[Isaac]], and it is through Isaac and his descendants that the covenant will be established; although Ishmael is to be a great nation, he is left out of God’s covenant.

Two [[angel]]s appeared to Abraham and told him that Sarah, barren for years, will bear a son. They also tell him that the wickedness of the cities of [[Sodom]] and [[Gomorrah]] is very great, and God will shortly punish them.
Abraham asks if the cities can be spared if so much as ten righteous men are found inside.

The two angels are received by Abraham's nephew [[Lot]], much to the consternation of the townspeople who surround the house and demand sexual acts with the strangers.
The townspeople are blinded, and the angels warn Lot and his family to flee immediately for the mountains and never look back. Both Sodom and Gomorrah are consumed by [[fire]] and [[brimstone]].
Lot’s wife turns back to look and is turned to a pillar of salt.

Sarah gives birth to Isaac, and at her insistence demands that Hagar and Ishmael are driven into the wilderness. While Ishmael is near dying, an angel speaks to Hagar and promises that God will not forget them, and will make the descendants of Ishmael a great nation.

God puts Abraham to the test by demanding the sacrifice of Isaac. Abraham sets out to obey God by carrying out is request.
But just as he is about to thrust the knife into Isaac, God restrains him, and promises descendants beyond numbering. Abraham dies later, "full of years", and is laid to rest in the Tomb of Machpelah in [[Hebron]], which he had purchased shortly before as a place of rest for Sarah.

===Isaac and Jacob===
Isaac had prayed to God that He would give his wife [[Rebekah]] a child, even though Rebekah was unable to get [[pregnancy|pregnant]]. God grants Isaac's request, and Rebekah gives birth to the twins [[Esau]] and [[Jacob]]
However, prior to the birth God predicted division between the two, with the elder serving the younger. Esau, the elder, despised his own birthright and sold it to Jacob for a bowl of red porridge, allowing Jacob to enter his father’s tent and deceitfully take the blessing intended for Esau. He flees to [[Haran]], the home of his uncle [[Laban]]. Along the way he has a dream of a ladder to Heaven, where God tells him of prosperity for himself and his descendants. Jacob names the spot [[Bethel]] in commemoration.

Jacob had two wives, [[Leah]] and [[Rachel]], and two [[concubine]]s, [[Zilpah]] (Leah's handmaid), and [[Bilhah]] (Rachel's handmaid). Together they bore Jacob twelve sons:
*From Leah: [[Reuben]], [[Simeon]], [[Levi]], [[Judah]], [[Issachar]], [[Zebulun]].
*From Rachel: [[Joseph]], [[Benjamin]].
*From Zilpah: [[Gad]], [[Asher]].
*From Bilhah: [[Dan]], [[Naphtali]].

===Joseph===
Joseph was Jacob's favorite son and was given a special colorful [[coat]], which provoked jealousy in his brothers, who were also angered by Joseph's dreams indicating his brothers would bow down before him.
So his brothers took the opportunity one day to sell him into [[slavery]] and claim to a distraught Jacob that Joseph was killed by a wild animal.

His ability to explain [[dream]]s while a slave in Egypt came to the attention of [[Pharaoh]], who was troubled by a dream of seven skinny [[cattle|cows]] and withered stalks of [[corn]] which ate seven fat cows and healthy stalks of corn. Joseph interpreted the dream as that of Egypt going through seven years of plentiful [[harvest]]s, followed by seven years of severe [[famine]], and followed it up by recommending that Pharaoh appoint a wise man over Egypt to ensure enough is collected and stored during the plentiful years to act as a hedge against the years of famine. Pharaoh responds by appointing Joseph himself to this position.
During the famine "all the earth came to Egypt to Joseph to buy grain, because the famine was severe over all the earth."

Jacob, not knowing Joseph was still alive, sent his sons to buy [[grain]] in Egypt. The brothers appeared before Joseph, but did not recognize him.
Joseph however, recognized them, and after a series of tests which convinced Joseph their characters had changed, revealed himself to them, convinces them that what happened in the past was God’s plan, and told them to bring Jacob and their families to live in Egypt.

Genesis ends with the blessing of Jacob’s children, his death, and the death of Joseph, who exhorts his brothers to carry his bones to the [[Promised Land]] when they eventually reach there.

==Authorship==
Biblical tradition within and without the [[Old Testament]], [[Jesus]] in the [[New Testament]], as well as extra-Biblical writers such as [[Josephus]], [[Origen]], the early church fathers and many others, have claimed [[Moses]] as the author of Genesis, written during the time of the [[Hebrew]] wanderings in the Wilderness, between 1440-1400 B.C. Certainly, Moses was well able to have written Genesis in Hebrew, [[Akkadian]], or Egyptian. He was well educated and trained in the Egyptian court. [[Archaeology]] demonstrates that such a man would have the education necessary to accomplish this during that time in history. <ref>Unger, pp. 35-35</ref>

The higher critical view is that Moses did not write Genesis. Some biblical scholars identified five separate authors of the five 'books of Moses'<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_tora.htm Who Wrote The Pentateuch, The Five Books of Moses?]</ref><ref>[http://lectionary.org/EXEG-English/OT/EOT01-Gen/Authorship-Genesis%20&%20Pentateuch.html Introduction to Genesis & the Pentateuch]</ref>. This idea is called the ''Documentary Hypothesis''. Although unidentified, each of these authors has been given the name of a letter:
* J who calls God ''YHWH'' (the ''Jehovist'' account), and who possibly wrote in the south of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], written c. 850 B.C.
* E who uses ''Elohim'' ('the gods', 'the spirits') as God's name, and possibly wrote in [[Ephraim]], written c. 750 B.C.
* D who wrote the book of [[Deuteronomy]], about 650 B.C.
* P who wrote an alternate history in what was called the ''Priestly Code'', about 550 B.C.
* R who joined the writings of J, E, D and P to form a single work.
**(Though recent Scholarship has moved toward a four source hypothesis, with the Priestly writer functioning as final contributor and editor.)
Under this hypothesis, looking at the Creation story
* Genesis 1:1 through 2:3 were written by P.
* Genesis 2:4 was written by R
* Genesis 2:5 through 4:26 were written by J.
This idea has gained in popularity among critics since it was first proposed in the late 19th century. However, it is inevitably a product of modern rationalistic research and the application of literary criteria. Opponents of this research point to the fact that it is difficult to reconcile with the historical, miraculous, and prophetic elements which they claim to be basic to the first five books of the Bible.<ref>Unger, p. 397; Young, pp. 183-276</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Sistine Chapel]]
*[[Dead Sea Scrolls]]
*[[Midrash]] for the treatment in Jewish literature of the offering by Abraham of his son Isaac.
*[[Genesis (Translated)]]

{{Old Testament Books}}

==References==

<references/>

==Sources==
*Holy Bible, King James Version (''Thompson Chain Reference''), B.B. Kirkbride Bible Co. Indianapolis, IN 1982.
*Unger, Merril F. ''Unger's Bible Dictionary'', Moody Press, Chicago, IL 1966.
*Unger, Merril F. ''Unger's Bible Handbook'', Moody Press, Chicago, IL 1967.
*Young, Edward J. ''Introduction to the Old Testament'', W.B. Eardmans Pub. Co. Grand Rapids, MI 1949.

==Links==
*[http://www.creationapologetics.org/table.html Table of Nations chart]
*[http://www.creationapologetics.org/creation.html Creation timeline]

[[Category:Old Testament Books| 1]]
[[Category:Book of Genesis| ]]
[[Category:Featured articles]]

Genesis

2012-02-14T01:15:56Z

CharlieK: /* The Creation */

[[Image:Creation of the sun.JPG|right|thumb|250px|''Creation of the Sun'', by [[Michelangelo]]]]
''For the rock band Genesis, please see [[Genesis (band)]]''

'''Genesis''' [Hebrew: '''בראשית'''] ([[Greek_language|Greek]]: "birth", "origin"), is the 'book of beginnings', and the first book of both the [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[Torah]] and the [[Bible]], recounts the beginning of the [[universe]], living things including [[homo sapiens|mankind]], and mankind's [[Society|social]] and [[Culture|cultural]] formations. It stands as the introduction of the entire body of the Bible, of the creation of the original nation of [[Israel]], and of the earliest promises of the coming [[Jesus Christ|Redeemer]].

The Hebrew word for God is plural, and the creation of man was by a plural form of God (Genesis 1:26: "And God said, Let '''us''' make man in '''our''' image, after '''our''' likeness"). The meaning of the plural form was not fully understood until the emergence of Christianity and the acceptance of the [[Holy Trinity]].<ref>http://www.bible.ca/trinity/trinity-oneness-unity-plural-nouns-pronouns-verbs-adverbs.htm</ref>

==Name==
The [[Hebrews]] had called the first book of [[Moses]] by the name of ''bereisheet'', meaning "in the beginning", based on the three words which start Genesis. The [[Septuagint]], the ancient Greek-language translation of the [[Old Testament]], rendered this title under the name ''he biblos geneseos'', from which came the current title of ''Genesis'', meaning "origin".<ref>Unger, 1966, p.396</ref>

==Overview==
The fifty chapters of the book of Genesis can be divided into two parts: the early, primeval history of man from the [[Creation]] to the fall of the [[Tower of Babel]], and the [[Patriarchs|Patriarchal History of Israel]] from [[Abraham]] and his son [[Isaac]], grandson [[Jacob]], and Jacob's sons, primarily [[Joseph]], although there is a continuous genealogy connecting both parts.

===The Creation===
''For more detailed treatments, see [[creation week]], [[creation story]], and [[Biblical creation account]].''

''In the beginning, God [[creation|created]] the [[heaven]]s and earth''. This is one of the most famous statements in the Bible, and it starts the account of God's creation. Genesis 1:1 through 2:3 involved the first seven days in history:<ref>Not all Christians accept that the days were literal days. See also [[Creation Week]], [[Gap theory]], and [[Old Earth Creationism]].</ref>
*The first day, the creation of the heavens and the Earth, and light ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|1-5}}).
*The second day, the creation of a "firmament" or ''expanse'', separating the waters ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|6-8}}).
*The third day, the creation of dry earth and plant life ({{Bible ref|Genesis|1|9-13}}).
*The fourth day, the creation of the Sun, the moon, and the stars, to mark the seasons ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|14-19}}).
*The fifth day, the creation of the creatures of the sea and the fowl of the air ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|20-23}}).
*The sixth day, the creation of the animals of the land, and the creation of Man ({{bible ref|Genesis|1|24-31}}).
*The seventh day, on which God rested from his task of creating ({{bible ref|Genesis|2|1-3}}).

The rest of chapter 2 through to the end of chapter 4 tell the story of Adam and Eve, the [[Garden of Eden]], and Adam and Steve's sons [[Cain]], [[Abel]], and [[Seth]].

The fall of mankind into [[sin]] began when the serpent questioned one of God's commands, namely not to eat of the [[tree of knowledge of good and evil]], and convinced Eve to eat the fruit, followed by [[Adam]]. The result of disobeying this command resulted in the driving away of Adam and Eve from the Garden to live a life of subsistence farming, and eventually dying. Eve was additionally cursed with painful childbearing, and to be subservient to Adam. All of these curses were also applied to Adam and Eve's descendants. {{bible ref|Genesis|3|15}} is cited as being the first reference to the coming [[Messiah]]. Book two, verse three: And he breatheth into the nostrils of Adam on the first day and it was good.

Chapter 5 is a [[chronogenealogy]] from Adam to [[Noah]] and his sons.

===The Flood===
Chapters 6 to 9 tell the story of the [[great flood]].

The wickedness of mankind becomes so great that God 'repents' of His creation and decides to destroy it all through a [[flood]]. Only Noah is righteous before God, and He instruct Noah to build an [[Noah's Ark|ark]] to carry himself, his family, and pairs of every creature on earth and in the air. God then destroys the earth with [[water]], the ark riding the waves until the waters abate and it comes to rest at the mountains of [[Ararat]]. God makes a promise never to destroy the earth by flood again, and shows Noah the sign of that covenant, a [[rainbow]].

Noah is also the first planter of a [[vineyard]], and during a drunken sleep one of his sons ([[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]) sees him naked. Noah awakes with the knowledge as to what he had done, and places a curse upon Ham's son Canaan, declaring that Canaan and his descendants would be slaves to the his brothers [[Shem]] and [[Japheth]]. All three sons would have their names and their descendants listed on the [[Table of Nations]], which is contained in chapter 10.

===Abraham===
Chapters 11 to 23 and the start of chapter 25 tells the story of Abram

Abram leaves the city of [[Ur]] with his wife, Sarai, on a journey towards [[Canaan]], where God has shown him what He was going to do: ''I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and him who curses you I will curse; and by you all the families of the earth shall bless themselves.''

Sarai, being unable to have children, tells Abram to take [[Hagar]], his [[Egypt]]ian maid, as his [[wife]]. Hagar becomes pregnant with [[Ishmael]], and God makes a promise that the child will be "a wild ass of a man, his hand against every man and every man's hand against him," with descendants beyond number.

God also makes a covenant with Abram: Abram will have many descendants as well as possession of the land of Canaan. Abram's name is changed to "[[Abraham]]”, and Sarai becomes "[[Sarah]]." A sign of the new covenant is the [[circumcision]] of all males. Abraham is also told that Sarah will bear a son who will be named [[Isaac]], and it is through Isaac and his descendants that the covenant will be established; although Ishmael is to be a great nation, he is left out of God’s covenant.

Two [[angel]]s appeared to Abraham and told him that Sarah, barren for years, will bear a son. They also tell him that the wickedness of the cities of [[Sodom]] and [[Gomorrah]] is very great, and God will shortly punish them.
Abraham asks if the cities can be spared if so much as ten righteous men are found inside.

The two angels are received by Abraham's nephew [[Lot]], much to the consternation of the townspeople who surround the house and demand sexual acts with the strangers.
The townspeople are blinded, and the angels warn Lot and his family to flee immediately for the mountains and never look back. Both Sodom and Gomorrah are consumed by [[fire]] and [[brimstone]].
Lot’s wife turns back to look and is turned to a pillar of salt.

Sarah gives birth to Isaac, and at her insistence demands that Hagar and Ishmael are driven into the wilderness. While Ishmael is near dying, an angel speaks to Hagar and promises that God will not forget them, and will make the descendants of Ishmael a great nation.

God puts Abraham to the test by demanding the sacrifice of Isaac. Abraham sets out to obey God by carrying out is request.
But just as he is about to thrust the knife into Isaac, God restrains him, and promises descendants beyond numbering. Abraham dies later, "full of years", and is laid to rest in the Tomb of Machpelah in [[Hebron]], which he had purchased shortly before as a place of rest for Sarah.

===Isaac and Jacob===
Isaac had prayed to God that He would give his wife [[Rebekah]] a child, even though Rebekah was unable to get [[pregnancy|pregnant]]. God grants Isaac's request, and Rebekah gives birth to the twins [[Esau]] and [[Jacob]]
However, prior to the birth God predicted division between the two, with the elder serving the younger. Esau, the elder, despised his own birthright and sold it to Jacob for a bowl of red porridge, allowing Jacob to enter his father’s tent and deceitfully take the blessing intended for Esau. He flees to [[Haran]], the home of his uncle [[Laban]]. Along the way he has a dream of a ladder to Heaven, where God tells him of prosperity for himself and his descendants. Jacob names the spot [[Bethel]] in commemoration.

Jacob had two wives, [[Leah]] and [[Rachel]], and two [[concubine]]s, [[Zilpah]] (Leah's handmaid), and [[Bilhah]] (Rachel's handmaid). Together they bore Jacob twelve sons:
*From Leah: [[Reuben]], [[Simeon]], [[Levi]], [[Judah]], [[Issachar]], [[Zebulun]].
*From Rachel: [[Joseph]], [[Benjamin]].
*From Zilpah: [[Gad]], [[Asher]].
*From Bilhah: [[Dan]], [[Naphtali]].

===Joseph===
Joseph was Jacob's favorite son and was given a special colorful [[coat]], which provoked jealousy in his brothers, who were also angered by Joseph's dreams indicating his brothers would bow down before him.
So his brothers took the opportunity one day to sell him into [[slavery]] and claim to a distraught Jacob that Joseph was killed by a wild animal.

His ability to explain [[dream]]s while a slave in Egypt came to the attention of [[Pharaoh]], who was troubled by a dream of seven skinny [[cattle|cows]] and withered stalks of [[corn]] which ate seven fat cows and healthy stalks of corn. Joseph interpreted the dream as that of Egypt going through seven years of plentiful [[harvest]]s, followed by seven years of severe [[famine]], and followed it up by recommending that Pharaoh appoint a wise man over Egypt to ensure enough is collected and stored during the plentiful years to act as a hedge against the years of famine. Pharaoh responds by appointing Joseph himself to this position.
During the famine "all the earth came to Egypt to Joseph to buy grain, because the famine was severe over all the earth."

Jacob, not knowing Joseph was still alive, sent his sons to buy [[grain]] in Egypt. The brothers appeared before Joseph, but did not recognize him.
Joseph however, recognized them, and after a series of tests which convinced Joseph their characters had changed, revealed himself to them, convinces them that what happened in the past was God’s plan, and told them to bring Jacob and their families to live in Egypt.

Genesis ends with the blessing of Jacob’s children, his death, and the death of Joseph, who exhorts his brothers to carry his bones to the [[Promised Land]] when they eventually reach there.

==Authorship==
Biblical tradition within and without the [[Old Testament]], [[Jesus]] in the [[New Testament]], as well as extra-Biblical writers such as [[Josephus]], [[Origen]], the early church fathers and many others, have claimed [[Moses]] as the author of Genesis, written during the time of the [[Hebrew]] wanderings in the Wilderness, between 1440-1400 B.C. Certainly, Moses was well able to have written Genesis in Hebrew, [[Akkadian]], or Egyptian. He was well educated and trained in the Egyptian court. [[Archaeology]] demonstrates that such a man would have the education necessary to accomplish this during that time in history. <ref>Unger, pp. 35-35</ref>

The higher critical view is that Moses did not write Genesis. Some biblical scholars identified five separate authors of the five 'books of Moses'<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_tora.htm Who Wrote The Pentateuch, The Five Books of Moses?]</ref><ref>[http://lectionary.org/EXEG-English/OT/EOT01-Gen/Authorship-Genesis%20&%20Pentateuch.html Introduction to Genesis & the Pentateuch]</ref>. This idea is called the ''Documentary Hypothesis''. Although unidentified, each of these authors has been given the name of a letter:
* J who calls God ''YHWH'' (the ''Jehovist'' account), and who possibly wrote in the south of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], written c. 850 B.C.
* E who uses ''Elohim'' ('the gods', 'the spirits') as God's name, and possibly wrote in [[Ephraim]], written c. 750 B.C.
* D who wrote the book of [[Deuteronomy]], about 650 B.C.
* P who wrote an alternate history in what was called the ''Priestly Code'', about 550 B.C.
* R who joined the writings of J, E, D and P to form a single work.
**(Though recent Scholarship has moved toward a four source hypothesis, with the Priestly writer functioning as final contributor and editor.)
Under this hypothesis, looking at the Creation story
* Genesis 1:1 through 2:3 were written by P.
* Genesis 2:4 was written by R
* Genesis 2:5 through 4:26 were written by J.
This idea has gained in popularity among critics since it was first proposed in the late 19th century. However, it is inevitably a product of modern rationalistic research and the application of literary criteria. Opponents of this research point to the fact that it is difficult to reconcile with the historical, miraculous, and prophetic elements which they claim to be basic to the first five books of the Bible.<ref>Unger, p. 397; Young, pp. 183-276</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Sistine Chapel]]
*[[Dead Sea Scrolls]]
*[[Midrash]] for the treatment in Jewish literature of the offering by Abraham of his son Isaac.
*[[Genesis (Translated)]]

{{Old Testament Books}}

==References==

<references/>

==Sources==
*Holy Bible, King James Version (''Thompson Chain Reference''), B.B. Kirkbride Bible Co. Indianapolis, IN 1982.
*Unger, Merril F. ''Unger's Bible Dictionary'', Moody Press, Chicago, IL 1966.
*Unger, Merril F. ''Unger's Bible Handbook'', Moody Press, Chicago, IL 1967.
*Young, Edward J. ''Introduction to the Old Testament'', W.B. Eardmans Pub. Co. Grand Rapids, MI 1949.

==Links==
*[http://www.creationapologetics.org/table.html Table of Nations chart]
*[http://www.creationapologetics.org/creation.html Creation timeline]

[[Category:Old Testament Books| 1]]
[[Category:Book of Genesis| ]]
[[Category:Featured articles]]

User:CharlieK

2012-02-14T01:08:10Z

CharlieK: Created page with "I think it's high time we take back the word "gay" from the agenda. Here's a confession: I'm in love with a man. What? I'm in love with a man... a man named God. Does that make ..."

I think it's high time we take back the word "gay" from the agenda.

Here's a confession: I'm in love with a man. What? I'm in love with a man... a man named God. Does that make me gay? Am I gay for God? You betcha.

Give it up liberals!