Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

.50 AE

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#Redirect[[.50 Action Express]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

.NET runtime environment

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#Redirect[[.Net runtime environment]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

$

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#REDIRECT [[Dollar]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

18 U.S.C. 1464

2012-02-04T22:39:21Z

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'''18 U.S.C. § 1464''' is the law which gives the [[Federal Communications Commission]] the authority to police indecent speech on television and radio:
{{cquote|"Whoever utters any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communication shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both."}}
[[Category:Law]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Weird Al" Yankovic

2012-02-04T22:39:20Z

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'''Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic''' (b. October 23, 1959) is an [[American]] [[comedian]], [[parodist]], [[satirist]], [[musician]], [[writer]], [[actor]], accordionist, and singer-songwriter. He has, for three decades, parodied popular songs by inserting his own (often silly) lyrics, or performing songs in the style of an artist or an entire genre.

Since his first-aired song "My Bologna" in 1976, Yankovic has sold more than 12 million albums, recorded more than 150 parody and original songs, and has performed over a thousand concerts. He has earned three Grammy awards and had nine nominations, four gold records, six platinum records.

Yankovic was born in Downey, California to Nick Louis Yankovic and Mary Elizabeth, and was raised in Lynwood.
[[Category:Comedians]]
[[Category:Male Singers]]
[[Category:Musicians]]
[[Category:Actors]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

.pst

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#REDIRECT [[File format (.pst)]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"pump em up

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#REDIRECT [[Pump 'Em Up]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

2000 BC

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[[Abraham]]

[[Aryans]]

[[Hammurabi]]

[[Hatshepsut]]

[[Hittites]]

[[Hyksos]]

[[Kingdom of Kush]]

[[Moses]]

[[New Kingdom]]

[[Shang dynasty]]

[[Category:Years]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

.NET

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{{Disambiguation}}

You could be looking for:
*[[.Net framework|.NET framework]] - a [[Microsoft]] library of software modules
*[[.Net runtime environment|.NET runtime environment]] - a [[Microsoft]] byte-code interpreter for languages that utilize the [[.Net framework|.NET framework]]

[[Category:Disambiguation Pages]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

10 Commandments

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#Redirect[[Ten Commandments]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Butch" Otter

2012-02-04T22:39:20Z

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#REDIRECT [[Butch Otter]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

18th Amendment

2012-02-04T22:39:19Z

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#redirect [[Eighteenth Amendment]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"lame duck" session

2012-02-04T22:39:19Z

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#REDIRECT [["Lame duck" Session]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

110th Congress

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#REDIRECT [[110th United States Congress]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Must pass" Bill

2012-02-04T22:39:19Z

CarlN: fix typo

A '''"must pass" bill''' is a vitally important measure that [[Congress]] must enact, such as annual money [[bill|bills]] to fund operations of the [[government]]. Because of their must-pass quality, these measures often attract "[[riders]]" (unrelated [[policy]] [[provisos]]).<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Government Word Definitions]]

.<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div><div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

.net runtime environment

2012-02-04T22:39:19Z

CarlN: fix typo

The '''.NET runtime environment''' is a virtual machine for executing Just In Time (JIT) compiled byte-code ([[MSIL]]) for software written in [[.Net framework|.NET]] [[Programming language|programming languages]] such as [[C#]] and [[Visual Basic.net]].

[[category:information technology]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"information theory"

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#REDIRECT [[Information theory]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

1990 NFL Draft

2012-02-04T22:39:19Z

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#REDIRECT [[NFL Draft]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Lame duck" Session

2012-02-04T22:39:19Z

CarlN: fix typo

A '''"lame duck" session"''' is when [[Congress]] (either chamber) reconvenes in an even-numbered year following the [[November]] general [[election|elections]] to consider various items of business. Some [[lawmakers]] who return for this session will not be in the next [[Congress]]. Hence, they are informally called "lame duck" members participating in a "lame duck" session.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Senate Terms]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

1973 Arab-Israeli War

2012-02-04T22:39:18Z

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#redirect [[Yom Kippur War]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"christmas tree" bill

2012-02-04T22:39:18Z

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#REDIRECT [["Christmas tree" bill]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

12 tribes

2012-02-04T22:39:18Z

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#redirect [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Merriam-Webster"

2012-02-04T22:39:18Z

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#REDIRECT [[Merriam-Webster]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

20/20

2012-02-04T22:39:18Z

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'''20/20''' is an weekly format American news show on the [[ABC]] network. While it does look at news in depth, the producers favor a more human interest approach to the stories on the show. Current anchors in 2008 are John Stossel and Elizabeth Vargas.

It is also the medical descriptor attached to normal [[eye|eyesight]]. An abbreviation, its expanded meaning is that an object 20 feet away, in fact appears to be 20 feet away to the patient.

[[Category:Television Shows]]
[[category:medicine]]
[[category:Vision]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

13th Amendment

2012-02-04T22:39:17Z

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#REDIRECT [[Thirteenth Amendment]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Must pass" bill

2012-02-04T22:39:17Z

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#REDIRECT [["Must pass" Bill]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div><div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Tax revolt"

2012-02-04T22:39:16Z

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#redirect[[Tax revolt]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

1983 United States Embassy bombing

2012-02-04T22:39:16Z

CarlN: fix typo

[[Image:Am02.jpg|right|thumb|300px]]
The '''1983 United States Embassy bombing''' (April 18, 1983) was a [[terrorist]] attack on a [[United States]] embassy compound in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]. The attack was propagated by a truck bomb, carrying close to one ton of explosives.<ref>http://www.beirut-memorial.org/history/embassy.html</ref> Sixty-three people, including the [[CIA]]'s Middle East director, were killed, and 120 were injured.

The bombing was provoked by US intervention in the [[1982 Lebanese Civil War]]. In 2003, a U.S. District court judge ruled that the attack was carried out by members of [[Hezbollah]].<ref>[http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/01-2224.pdf Anne Dammarell et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran]</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[category:Cold War]]
[[category:terrorism]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

+/-

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#redirect [[Plus/minus]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

.50 Action Express

2012-02-04T22:39:16Z

CarlN: fix typo

The '''.50 Action Express''' is a large-bore handgun cartridge designed in 1988 by Evan Whildin, primarily for use in [[Magnum Research]]'s [[Desert Eagle]] handgun. It was later used in Magnum Research's [[Big Frame Revolver]], as well as some other weapons by other companies.

Due to the heavy recoil of such a large caliber bullet, smaller cartridges that are still easily lethal are generally preferred for self defense. Use for such a high caliber usually involves metallic silhouette shooting or [[handgun]] [[hunting]]. It is also used for self defense against thick-skinned animals that would not normally be killed by smaller cartridges, like [[bear]]. Hunters or people living in areas with animals like bears would need such a gun.

[[Category:Guns]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

1st Minnesota

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#REDIRECT [[First Regiment of Minnesota Volunteer Infantry]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

's-Hertogenbosch

2012-02-04T22:39:15Z

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''''s-Hertogenbosch''', familiarly called '''Den Bosch''' (literally, the Duke's Wood; ''Bois-le-Duc'' in French) is the capital of southern Dutch province of [[Noord Brabant]]. Created a city in 1185, it was an important centre in the middle ages and as late as the sixteenth century was the second-largest city in the present Netherlands. It suffered during the Dutch Wars of Independence, and later in the 19th century from blinkered municipal authorities who forbade industrial or educational development in the city. This has, however, led to the preservation of an antique townscape which has made Den Bosch a tourist centre.

The city has a population of 136,000

[[Category:Dutch Cities and Towns]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

1992 Los Angeles riots

2012-02-04T22:39:15Z

CarlN: fix typo

The '''1992 Los Angeles riots''' took place mainly in south-central [[Los Angeles|LA]] after the acquittal of some of the police officers involved in the [[Rodney King]] incident.

The most famous single incident from the riots was the assault of [[Reginald Denny]], a white construction worker, by black rioters. The beating resulted in permanent injury for Denny.

[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Black History]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Big Bill" Haywood

2012-02-04T22:39:15Z

CarlN: fix typo

'''William Dudley "Big Bill" Haywood''' (1869-1928) was the founder in 1905 of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), nicknamed the "Wobblies".<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/d_h/haywood.htm William "Big Bill" Haywood] (1869-1928), ''The West'' (PBS)</ref>

Before founding the IWW, Haywood, an avowed atheist<ref>J. Anthony Lukas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=d07IME-ezzQC Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998) ISBN 0684846179, p. 236</ref> and Communist,<ref>Jamie H. Cockfield, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LkiUgn3MTmEC Black Lebeda: The Russian Famine Diary of ARA Kazan District Supervisor J. Rives Childs, 1921-1923]'' (Mercer University Press, 2006), ISBN 088146015X, p. 91, fn. 50</ref> was secretary-treasurer of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), to whom he suggested in 1899 that they had a right to steal gold because the nation's wealth belonged to those who produced it.<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_WFM.HTM Western Federation of Miners, Bill Haywood Trial, Famous Trials</ref>

That year, while the Idaho state militia was in the Philippines, the WFM struck, seizing a Northern Pacific train and 400 pounds of dynamite. The mob, estimated at 1,000 men, many armed and masked, shot and killed two men, and blew up two mines,<ref>James H. Peabody, "Gov. Peabody to the Voters," in ''[http://ia311535.us.archive.org/3/items/criminalrecordof00mineiala/criminalrecordof00mineiala.pdf Criminal Record of the Western Federation of Miners]'' (Colorado Springs: Colorado Mine Operators' Association, 1904), p. 3 (PDF p. 9)</ref> causing $250,000 in damages,<ref>Various authors, ''[http://ia311311.us.archive.org/3/items/illustratedhisto00lewi/illustratedhisto00lewi_bw.pdf Illustrated History The State Of Idaho]'' (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1899), pp. 438-439</ref> equivalent to more than $5 million today.<ref>[http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> In the absence of the militia, Governor Frank Steunenberg appealed to President William McKinley for Federal assistance. The U.S. Army sent 400 troops of the 24th Infantry and Fourth Cavalry (mostly African-Americans),<ref>Haywood complained of alleged "outrages that were perpetrated there by the Negro soldiers." J. Anthony Lukas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=d07IME-ezzQC Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998) ISBN 0684846179, p. 699</ref> under Brigadier General H.C. Mirriam,<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E04EFDF1430E132A25757C0A9639C94689ED7CF Wardner Rioters Arrested]," ''The New York Times'', May 4, 1899</ref> who placed Shoshone County under martial law, served warrants on hundreds of rioters, and quelled the violence.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D0DE7DE1430E132A25756C0A9639C94689ED7CF Search for Wardner Rioters]," ''The New York Times'', May 5, 1899</ref>

Steunenberg retired at the end of his term in 1901, but was assassinated in 1905 by a bomb planted at his home. Within hours and confronted with overwhelming evidence, former miner Albert E. Horsley (alias Thomas Hogan and Harry Orchard) confessed to the murder,<ref>Jan Boles, [http://www.collegeofidaho.edu/aboutaci/archives/GLC/default.asp?ID=about Selections from the George L. Crookham, Jr., Papers], The Robert E. Smylie Archives, The College of Idaho</ref> implicating Haywood as a co-conspirator.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F04E0D91E30E233A25754C0A9609C946697D6CF Orchard Tells Story of Bomb]", ''The New York Times'', June 7, 1907</ref> Horsley's partner Steve Adams also confessed<ref>"Idaho's Great Trial About to Begin," ''The New York Times'', April 21, 1907</ref> but later recanted and disappeared.<ref>Hon. Ronald J. Wilper, "Trial Judge Fremont Wood: He Declared the Law as He Found It," [http://isb.idaho.gov/pdf/advocate/adv06dec.pdf ''The Advocate'', December 2006], p. 18</ref> Haywood was indicted and tried in 1907 for conspiracy to commit murder.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B07E4D9133EE033A25750C2A9609C946697D6CF The State's Case Against Haywood]," ''The New York Times'', June 23, 1907</ref> He was represented by perhaps the greatest murder defense lawyer of his time,<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0418.html Clarence Darrow Is Dead in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', March 14, 1938</ref> Clarence Darrow.<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_SUMD.HTM Excerpts from Darrow's Summation in the Haywood Trial], Bill Haywood Trial, Famous Trials</ref> Haywood was acquitted, after the judge instructed the jury, "under the statutes of this state, a person cannot be convicted of a crime upon testimony of an accomplice, unless such accomplice is corroborated by other evidence."<ref>[http://law.jrank.org/pages/2759/William-Big-Bill-Haywood-Trial-1907-Haywood-Goes-Free.html Haywood Goes Free], William "Big Bill" Haywood Trial: 1907, Notable Trials and Court Cases - 1883 to 1917, Law Library - American Law and Legal Information, jrank.org</ref>

Haywood meanwhile had left the WMF to found the IWW.<ref>Harry Orchard, ''[http://ia311533.us.archive.org/2/items/confessionsautob00horsuoft/confessionsautob00horsuoft.pdf The Confessions and Autobiography of Harry Orchard]'' (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1907), p. 192 (PDF p. 224)</ref> [[Image:American-cities-125.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Bombing of the Federal building, Chicago, moments after [[#refNARAcities|95 Wobblies]] were convicted there, 1918. ''Source: National Archives and Records Administration'']]During World War I, the IWW tried to sabotage the U.S. war effort. All leading Wobblies were arrested by the [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson Administration]] under the [[Sedition Act of 1918]] and went to prison. Moments after the sentencing of [[#refNARAcities|95 Wobbies]] (including Haywood) at the Chicago Federal Building in 1918, a bomb ripped through the building, killing four.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9502E2DB1439E13ABC4D53DFBF668383609EDE IWW Bomb Kills Four in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', September 5, 1918; Charles Howard McCormick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vcvhrdr6drgC Hopeless Cases: The Hunt for the Red Scare Terrorist Bombers]'' (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2005) ISBN 0761831320, pp. 31-31</ref> Out on appeal in 1921, Haywood fled to [[Moscow]], where he became a trusted adviser to the [[Bolshevik]] government.<ref>Douglas Linder (2003), [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_BHAY.HTM William D. Haywood], Famous Trials (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law)</ref>

In 1921, after the [[Bolsheviks]] [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/TOC/KRN.frame.html brutally] [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B05EED8133CE533A25752C1A9659C946095D6CF crushed] a [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23572 wave of strikes], Haywood betrayed the workers, saying, "every genuine labor union in the United States ought to affiliate with the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions with its central bureau [http://www.marxists.org/archive/eastman/1921/bill-haywood.htm at Moscow]." Later renamed the World Federation of Labor Unions, this was the phony "union" created and controlled by the [[Kremlin]] to [http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/093/699.htm suppress workers' rights] in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Israel Getzler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qK3m05CQhT4C Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002) ISBN 0521894425, p. 233</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haywood, William Dudley}}
[[Category:Labor Union Leaders]]
[[Category:Communism]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div><div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Must pass" Bill

2012-02-04T22:39:15Z

CarlN: fix typo

2007 Petitions

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*[[Faith Center Church Evangelistic Ministries v. Glover]] (Establishment Clause)

== Expected Petitions to Watch For ==

*gun control case from the D.C. Circuit

== Issues to Watch For ==

These issues have the greatest potential for establishing new [[conservative]] precedents:

<br>religion
<br>abortion regulations
<br>campaign finance
<br>free speech
<br>standing
<br>affirmative action
<br>business law
<br>regulation
<br>environment
<br>pornography

[[category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

10th Mountain Division

2012-02-04T22:39:14Z

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The '''10th Mountain Division''' is a light infantry division of the [[United States Army]] currently serving under the XVIII Airborne Corps. The unit's specialty involves fighting effectively in harsh conditions. Like the rest of the corps, it is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world. The division is currently based at Fort Drum, New York.

==Overview==
As a specially tailored infantry division, the 10th Mountain Division is rapidly deployable by strategic airlift to conduct a full spectrum of operations from humanitarian relief to combat. Over the last decade, the division has been involved in more deployments than any other division in the Army.

Rapid deployment is the foundation for a ready 10th Mountain Division. Ninety-six hours after notification, the division is expected to deploy by air, sea and land, worldwide. In order to ensure readiness for rapid deployment, the division designates subordinate units that will deploy first. At any given time, one of the division's two infantry brigades is designated as the First Infantry Brigade to Deploy (FIBTD), with one battalion task force within the brigade designated first to deploy. The deployment readiness of the brigade centers on the philosophy that it will deploy with the personnel and equipment on-hand at the time of notification.

The 10th Mountain Division is designated a Force Package 3 unit and is considered a reinforcing combat unit or "follow-on force". The Army distributes its limited resources utilizing a "tiered resource" policy. Tiered resource means providing the highest level of warfighting resources to the "first to fight, first to deploy, and first to be required" units. Per war plans and current strategic lift schedules, the 10th Mountain Division can expect to remain a Force Package 3 unit with its authorized personnel strength between 90 and 95 percent. Units selected for peace operations normally are those not deemed immediately crucial in the event of a major theater war. As such, their resourcing generally is below that of the Army's "first to deploy/fight" units.

The division commander's goal is to keep deployment tempo for units below 120 days per year. The FY98 projected deployment tempo for 1-32 and 1-87 Infantry Battalion's was 116 days. The projected deployment tempo for 2-22 Infantry is estimated at 158 days due to Alpha Company's deployment to Bosnia in support of Operation Joint Guard. Moral and discipline within the division are outstanding. The 10th Mountain Division was one of only a few divisions in the Army to reach its Department of the Army reenlistment objectives for FY97.

In November 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland. Finnish soldiers on skis annihilated two tank divisions, humiliating the Russians. Charles Minot (Minnie) Dole, the president of the National Ski Patrol, saw this as a perfect example of why the U.S. Army needed mountain troops. Dole spent months lobbying the War Department to train troops in mountain and winter warfare. In September 1940, Dole was able to present his case to General George C. Marshall, the Army Chief of Staff, who caused the Army take action on Dole’s proposals to create ski units.

On December 8, 1941, the Army activated its first mountain unit, the 87th Mountain Infantry Battalion (Later became an entire Regiment) at Fort Lewis, Washington. The unit was dubbed "Minnie's Ski Troops" in honor of Dole. The 87th trained on Mount Rainier's 14,408 foot peak. The National Ski Patrol took on the unique role of recruiting for the 87th Infantry Regiment and later the Division. After returning from the Kiska Campaign in the Aleutian Islands near Alaska the 87th formed the core of the new Division.

==World War II==
This unique organization came into being on July 13, 1943, at Camp Hale, Colorado as the 10th Light Division (Alpine). The combat power of the Division was contained in the 85th, 86th, and 87th Infantry Regiments. The Division's year training at the 9,200 foot high Camp Hale honed the skills of its soldiers to fight and survive under the most brutal mountain conditions.

On June 22, 1944, the Division was shipped to Camp Swift, Texas to prepare for the Louisiana maneuvers of 1944, which were later canceled. A period of acclimation to a low altitude and hot climate was necessary to prepare for this training.

On November 6, 1944, the 10th Division was redesignated the 10th Mountain Division. That same month the blue and white "Mountain" tab was authorized.

The division entered combat on January 28, 1945 in the North Apennine Mountains of Italy. The division faced German positions arrayed along the 5 mile long Monte Belvedere-Monte della Torraccia ridge. Other divisions had attempted to assault Mount Belvedere three times, even holding it temporarily, but none had succeeded. To get to Mount Belvedere the division first had to take a ridge line to the west known to the Americans as the Riva Ridge. The Germans on Riva Ridge protected the approaches to Mount Belvedere. The assault on Riva Ridge was the task of the 1st Battalion and F Company, 2d Battalion, 86th Mountain Infantry. After much scouting, it was decided the assault would be at night, a 1,500-vertical-assent. The Germans considered the ridge to be impossible to scale and manned it with only one battalion of mountain troops. The attack by the 86th on February 18, 1945, was a complete success and an unwelcome surprise to the Germans.

Mount Belvedere was assaulted next. Belvedere was heavily manned and protected with minefields. Shortly after the 86th assault on the Riva Ridge, the 85th and 87th Regiments made a bayonet attack without covering artillery fire on Belvedere beginning on February 19th. Again the surprise of the assault was successful and after a hard fight, the peak was captured. Realizing the importance of the peak, the Germans made seven counterattacks over two days. After the first three days of intense combat, the division lost 850 casualties to include 195 dead. The 10th had captured over 1,000 prisoners. The 10th was now in a position to breach the German's Apennine Mountain line, take Highway 65 and open the way to the Po Valley.

On April 14, 1945, the final phase of the war in Italy began. With the 85th and 87th leading, the 10th Mountain Division attacked toward the Po Valley spearheading the Fifth Army drive. The fighting was fierce with the loss of 553 mountain infantryman killed, wounded, or missing in the first day.

On April 14th, Private First Class John D. Magrath, from East Norwalk, Connecticut, assigned to Company G, 2d Battalion 85th Infantry, became the division's only Medal of Honor recipient. His company was pinned down by heavy artillery, mortar and small-arms fire near Castel d’ Aiano, Italy. Shortly after the company had crossed the line of departure, it came under intense enemy fire and the company commander, Captain Halvorson was killed. Volunteering to accompany the acting commander with a small reconnaissance party moving on Hill 909, radioman Magrath set out with the group. After going only a few yards, the party was pinned down. But instead of flopping to the ground as the others had done, Magrath, armed only with his M-1 Garand, charged ahead and disappeared around the corner of a house. Coming face to face with two Germans manning a machine gun, Magrath killed one and forced the other to surrender. Five more of the enemy emerged from their foxholes, firing at Magrath and retreating toward their own lines. Discarding his rifle in favor of the deadlier German MG-34 machine gun, Magrath mowed down the fleeing enemy, killing one and wounding three. He then saw another German position, moved forward, and exchanged fire until he had killed two and wounded three and captured their weapon. The rest of Company G followed his lead with amazed admiration. Later that day, Magrath volunteered to run through heavy shelling to gather a casualty report. As he was crossing an open field, two mortar rounds landed at his feet, killing him instantly. John Magrath, age nineteen, was awarded the Medal of Honor, posthumously. In June 1995, Fort Drum, New York renamed its Soldiers Sports Complex as the John D. Magrath Gymnasium. A plaque and portrait at Magrath Gym honor his memory.

Early on April 20th, the seventh day of the attack, the first units of the 85th Infantry Regiment broke out into Po Valley. Five days of attack had cost 1,283 casualties. With the German's mountain line broken, the next objective was to cross the Po River.

On the morning of April 23rd, the 10th was the first division to reach the Po River. The first battalion of the 87th Mountain Infantry, the original mountain infantry unit, made the crossing under fire in 50 light canvas assault boats.

The final combat for the 10th Division took place in the vicinity of Lake Garda, a canyon lake at the foothills of the Alps. On April 27, 1945, the first troops reached the south end of the lake, cutting off the German Army's main escape route to the Brenner Pass. The drive was delayed by destroyed tunnels and road blocks. Using amphibious DUKWs, these obstacles were bypassed and the towns of Riva and Tarbole at the head of the lake were captured. Organized resistance in Italy ended on May 2, 1945.

The 10th completely destroyed five elite German divisions. In 114 days of combat, the 10th Division suffered casualties of 992 killed in action and 4,154 wounded.

Since the 10th Mountain Division was one of the last to enter combat, it was to be used in the projected invasion of Japan. These plans ended with the surrender of Japan in August 1945. After a brief tour of duty in the Army of Occupation in Italy, the 10th was sent to Camp Carson, Colorado. There on 30 November 1945, the 10th Mountain Division was disbanded.

==Postwar years==
Veterans of the 10th Mountain Division were in a large part responsible for the development of skiing into a big name sport and popular vacation industry after World War II. Ex-soldiers from the 10th laid out ski hills, built ski lodges, designed ski lifts and improved ski equipment. They started ski magazines and opened ski schools. Vail, Aspen, Sugarbush, Crystal Mountain, and Whiteface Mountain are but a few of the ski resorts built by 10th Mountain veterans.

To meet the Army's requirements to train large numbers of replacements the 10th was reactivated as a training division on July 1, 1948, at Fort Riley, Kansas. It didn’t retain its wartime designation as a Mountain Division and as result lost its "Mountain" tab. The Division had the mission of processing and training new soldiers for service with other Army units. The outbreak of the Korean Conflict in June 1950, enlarged this mission. A total of 123,000 men completed basic training with the 10th during the period 1948-1953.

In January 1954, the Department of Army announced that the 10th Division would become a combat infantry division, and be sent to Europe under a new rotation policy. The 10th Training Division was reduced to zero strength in May 1954. The personnel and equipment of the 37th Infantry Division were brought to Fort Riley, and on June 15, 1954, became the new 10th Infantry Division. In what became known as Operation Gyroscope, the 10th replaced the 1st Infantry Division in Germany. The headquarters of the 10th Division was located in Wurzburg, with all units stationed within a 75 miles radius. Stretched in an arc, from Frankfurt to Nurenburg, the 10th occupied a strategic center position in the NATO defense forces. With 9 Infantry Battalions, 4 Artillery Battalions, and one Tank Battalion, the 10th Infantry Division was a powerful military force. The 10th Division was in turn replaced in Germany by the 3rd Infantry Division in 1958. The 10th was then sent to Fort Benning, Georgia and inactivated on June 14, 1958.

==Reactivation==
The Division was officially reactivated on February 13, 1985, at Fort Drum, New York as the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry). The division commander after reactivation was Brigadier General William S. Carpenter. The 10th was the first division of any kind formed by the Army since 1975 and the first based in the Northeast US since World War II. The 10th Mountain Division (LI) was designed to meet a wide range of worldwide infantry-intensive contingency missions. Equipment design was oriented toward reduced size and weight for reasons of both strategic and tactical mobility.

==Desert Shield/Desert Storm==
Although the 10th didn't deploy to Southwest Asia as a unit, about 1,200 10th Mountain Division soldiers did go. The largest unit to deploy was the 548th Supply and Services Battalion with almost 1,000 soldiers, which supported the 24th Mechanized Infantry Division in Iraq. Following a cease-fire in March, the first Division soldiers began redeploying to Fort Drum. The last soldiers were welcomed home in June 1991.

==Hurricane Andrew relief==
Hurricane Andrew struck South Florida on August 24, 1992, killing 13 people, rendering an estimated 250,000 people homeless and causing damages in excess of 20 billion dollars. On September 27, 1992, the 10th Mountain Division assumed responsibility for Hurricane Andrew disaster relief as Task Force Mountain. Division soldiers set up relief camps, distributed food, clothing, medical necessities and building supplies as well as helping to rebuild homes and clear debris. The last of the 6,000 Division soldiers to deployed to Florida returned home in October 1992.

==Somalia==
Operation Restore Hope - December 1992 to May 1993. On December 3, 1993, the Division headquarters was designated as the headquarters for all Army Forces (ARFOR) of the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) for Operation Restore Hope. Major General Steven L. Arnold, the Division Commander, was named Army Forces commander. The Division's mission was to secure major cities and roads to provide safe passage of relief supplies to the starving Somali population. Due to 10th Mountain Division efforts, humanitarian agencies declared an end to the food emergency and factional fighting decreased. A Company, 41st Engineer Battalion built a 160 foot Bailey bridge north of Kismayo. It was the largest Bailey bridge built outside the U.S. since the Vietnam War. Beginning in mid February 1993, the Division began the gradual reduction of forces in Somalia.

==Operation Continue Hope==
On 4 May, the UN assumed the task of securing the flow of relief supplies in Somalia. All remaining Division units in Somalia came under the control of a new headquarters, United Nations Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM II).

On 3 October, Special Operations Task Force Ranger (TFR) conducted a daylight raid on an enemy stronghold, deep in militia-held Mogadishu. The Rangers had successfully captured some of warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid's key aides but went to the aid of an aircraft shot down by enemy fire. They were quickly surrounded by Somali gunmen. The 2-14th Infantry Battalion quick reaction force (QRF) was dispatched to secure the ground evacuation route. As darkness fell, the 2-14th Infantry was reinforced with coalition armor and for three hours they fought a moving gun battle from the gates of the Port to the Olympic Hotel and the Ranger perimeter. The 2-14th was successful in linking up with the Rangers and began withdrawal under fire along a route secured by Pakistani forces. As dawn broke over the city the exhausted soldiers marched, rode, and stumbled into the protective Pakistani enclave at city stadium. For 2-14th soldiers, the ordeal had lasted over twelve hours. The 2-14th had a total of twenty-nine soldiers wounded and one killed. Task Force Ranger suffered nineteen killed, fifty-seven wounded, and one missing (captured, later returned alive). Estimates of Somali militia losses were three hundred killed and over seven hundred wounded. With six and a half hours of continuous fighting, this was the longest sustained firefight by regular US forces since the Vietnam War.

The last divisional combat unit stationed in Somalia, 2d Battalion, 22d Infantry returned home March 12, 1994. In all, some 7,300 soldiers from the 10th served in Somalia.

==Haiti==
The Division formed the nucleus of the Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) and Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190) in Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy. The MNF-Haiti was the US led coalition force in Haiti which included soldiers from 20 nations. More than 8,600 of the almost 21,000 troops in Haiti wore the 10th Mountain Division patch.

At 0930 hours, on 19 September 1994, the Division's 1st Brigade conducted the Army’s first air assault from an aircraft carrier. This force consisted of 54 helicopters and almost 2,000 soldiers. They occupied the Port-au-Prince International Airport. This was the largest Army air operation conducted from a carrier since the Doolittle Raid in World War II, where Army Air Force bombers were launched off of a carrier to attack Tokyo.

The Division's mission was to create a secure and stable environment under which the legitimate government of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide could be reestablished and democratic elections held. The final step in preparing for Aristide’s return from exile occurred early on October 13th, when General Cedras, his family and members his de-facto government left the country for Panama. When President Aristide returned to the Port-au-Prince International Airport on October 15, 1994, his security was provide courtesy of the 10th Mountain Division.

The 10th Mountain Division handed over control of the MNF-Haiti to the 25th Infantry Division on January 15, 1995. The Division redeployed the last of more than 8,600 Division soldiers who served in Haiti by January 31, 1995.

==Bosnia==
The 642d Engineer Company deployed for Bosnia on March 18, 1997 for a 6 month tour constructing and maintaining roads and base camps. Two companies of the 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry deployed for Bosnia a day later. B Company's mission is to defend a critical bridge site, C Company's mission is to act as the theater reserve.

In the fall of 1998, the division received notice that it would be serving as senior headquarters of Task Force Eagle, providing a peacekeeping force to support the ongoing operation within the Multi-National Division-North area of responsibility in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Preparations began immediately for Stabilization Force 6. While division staff began planning, soldiers began training. The division split into two operations: Task Force Drum-for those remaining in the North Country-and Task Force Eagle, set to deploy to Bosnia. Warfighting skills remained the focus of the division's training.

In preparation for the Bosnia assignment, four major events were staged in 1999, including an SFOR6 conference in Tuzla, Bosnia; a deployment exercise at Fort Drum as a rehearsal; a conference at Fort Drum and Fort Hood, and an inter-theater rehearsal by some staff members, with other units in Bosnia.

Selected division units began deploying in late summer, to link up with their commander, Maj. Gen. James L. Campbell, who had preceded his soldiers to Bosnia. Approximately 3,000 division soldiers deployed. Meanwhile at Fort Drum, every effort was made to ensure the safety and care of soldiers and families remaining at home.

After successfully performing their mission in Bosnia, the division units conducted a Transfer of Authority, relinquishing their assignments to soldiers of the 49th Armored Division, Texas National Guard. By early summer 2000, all 10th Mountain Division soldiers had returned safely to Fort Drum.

After adding humanitarian, training and operational deployments together, the 10th Mountain Division had earned the distinction of being the most deployed Army division during the 1990s, a period which had seen the greatest number of missions for United States military forces-reserve and active-since the end of World War II.

==Operation Enduring Freedom==
Soldiers from the division secured key forward operating bases in both nations, screened over 3,500 detainees at Sherberghan Prison in Northern Afghanistan, and engaged in combat during operations Anaconda and Mountain Lion. During Operation Anaconda, Coalition Joint Task Force Mountain, commanded by Maj. Gen. F. L. Hagenbeck, killed several hundred Al-Qaeda terrorists and destroyed an important enemy base of operations in the Shah-I-Khat Valley 100 miles southeast of Kabul. Subsequent operations destroyed 4.5 million pounds of ammunition and killed or captured several hundred more terrorists.

Elements from across the 10th Mountain Division were scheduled to return duties to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in May 2003. The rotation of soldiers has began in June and was to continue throughout the summer months.

Elements of division headquarters replaced selected staff members and assume command-and-control duties with coalition forces of Coalition Joint Task Force 180.

The 1st Brigade Combat Team joined other coalition forces conducting combat operations to eliminate remaining terrorists elements in the region. The soldiers also provided security and assist with humanitarian relief effort to the people of Afghanistan. The 2nd BCT provided forces to train the Afghan National Army. Other units from the division provided administrative and logistical support to deployed forces.

==Operation Iraqi Freedom==
During 2003, 10th Mountain Division Soldiers continued to add to the division's history by selflessly going where the nation called on them to serve. As the year closed, more than 6,000 division Soldiers had deployed around the world to fight the war on terrorism.

Members of 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment had several combat engagements in Northern Iraq during formal combat operations while providing convoy security operations. Soldiers of 2nd Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment, members of the 20th Air Support Operations Squadron and the 10th Target Acquisition Detachment also served in Iraq during formal combat operations.

In March 2003, the 642nd Engineer Company and 725th Ordnance Company deployed to the U.S. Central Command region. Elements of 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, 2-15th FAR, 548th Corps Support Battalion and 110th Military Intelligence Battalion, as well as 57th Transportation Company, 514th Maintenance Company and 725th Explosive Ordnance Company also received orders to deploy to the CENTCOM region.

Already deployed were elements of 2-14 Infantry, 511th Military Police Company, 59th Chemical Company, Long Range Surveillance Detachment, 95th Firefighting Detachment and 520th Engineer Detachment. Soldiers of 4-31 Infantry also began deploying elements to Djibouti in April to continue fighting the global war on terrorism.

==Modular division==
The 10th Mountain Division officially transformed into the modular format the Army is evolving into during a ceremony at Sexton Field on 13 September 2004. As part of the ceremony, seven units were inactivated and 13 units were activated.

The seven units inactivated were as follows: Division Support Command; 3rd Battalion, 62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment; 110th Military Intelligence Battalion; 10th Signal Battalion; 41st Engineer Battalion; 10th Forward Support Battalion and 710th Main Support Battalion.

The 13 units activated are as follows: 3rd Brigade Combat Team (Unit of Action); 10th Mountain Division Support Brigade; Unit of Employment, Special Troops Battalion; 1st Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment; 10th Brigade Support Battalion; 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion; 2nd Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment; 2nd Brigade Special Troops Battalion; 3rd Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment; 4th Battalion, 25th Field Artillery; 710th Brigade Support Battalion; 3rd Brigade Special Troops Battalion and the Support Brigade Special Troops Battalion.

As the division transformed at Sexton Field, Soldiers of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team (Unit of Action) and 3rd Squadron, 17th Calvary Regiment were involved in combat operations in Iraq.

==External links==
* [http://www.drum.army.mil Fort Drum and the 10th Mountain Division Home Page] - official site.

[[Category:United States Army]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

2001 NFL Draft

2012-02-04T22:39:13Z

CarlN: fix typo

The '''2001 National Football League Draft''' was held in [[New York City]] on April 21-22, 2001.

== Draft Rounds ==
=== First Round ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pick
! Team
! Player
! Pos
! College
! Notes
|-
|1
|[[Atlanta Falcons]]
|[[Michael Vick]]
|QB
|[[Virginia Tech]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Arizona Cardinals]]
|[[Leonard Davis]]
|OT
|[[University of Texas]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Cleveland Browns]]
|[[Gerard Warren]]
|DT
|[[University of Florida]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Cincinnati Bengals]]
|[[Justin Smith]]
|DE
|[[University of Missouri]]
|
|-
|5
|[[San Diego Chargers]]
|[[LaDainian Tomlinson]]
|RB
|[[Texas Christian]]
|
|-
|6
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[Richard Seymour]]
|DT
|[[University of Georgia]]
|
|-
|7
|[[San Francisco 49ers]]
|[[Andre Carter ]]
|DE
|[[University of California ]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Chicago Bears]]
|[[David Terrell]]
|WR
|[[University of Michigan]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Seattle Seahawks]]
|[[Koren Robinson]]
|WR
|[[North Carolina State]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Green Bay Packers]]
|[[Jamal Reynolds]]
|DE
|[[Florida State]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Carolina Panthers]]
|[[Dan Morgan]]
|OLB
|[[University of Miami]]
|
|-
|12
|[[St. Louis Rams]]
|[[Damione Lewis]]
|DT
|[[University of Miami]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Jacksonville Jaguars]]
|[[Marcus Stroud]]
|DT
|[[University of Georgia]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]
|[[Kenyatta Walker]]
|OL
|[[University of Florida]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Washington Redskins]]
|[[Rod Gardner]]
|WR
|[[Clemson University]]
|
|-
|16
|[[New York Jets]]
|[[Santana Moss]]
|WR
|[[University of Miami]]
|
|-
|17
|[[Seattle Seahawks]]
|[[Steve Hutchinson ]]
|G
|[[University of Michigan]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Detroit Lions]]
|[[Jeff Backus]]
|T
|[[University of Michigan]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Pittsburgh Steelers]]
|[[Casey Hampton]]
|NT
|[[University of Texas]]
|
|-
|20
|[[St. Louis Rams]]
|[[Adam Archuleta ]]
|SS
|[[University of Arizona State]]
|
|-
|21
|[[Buffalo Bills]]
|[[Nate Clements]]
|CB
|[[Ohio State University]]
|
|-
|22
|[[New York Giants]]
|[[Will Allen]]
|CB
|[[University of Syracuse]]
|
|-
|23
|[[New Orleans Saints]]
|[[Deuce McAllister ]]
|RB
|[[University of Mississippi]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Denver Broncos]]
|[[Willie Middlebrooks]]
|CB
|[[University of Minnesota]]
|
|-
|25
|[[Philadelphia Eagles]]
|[[Freddie Mitchell ]]
|WR
|[[UCLA]]
|-
|26
|[[Miami Dolphins]]
|[[Jamar Fletcher]]
|DB
|[[University of Wisconsin]]
|
|-
|27
|[[Minnesota Vikings]]
|[[Michael Bennett]]
|RB
|[[University of Wisconsin]]
|
|-
|28
|[[Oakland Raiders]]
|[[Derrick Gibson]]
|DB
|[[Florida State University]]
|
|-
|29
|[[St. Louis Rams]]
|[[Ryan Pickett ]]
|DT
|[[Ohio State University]]
|
|-
|30
|[[Indianapolis Colts]]
|[[Reggie Wayne]]
|WR
|[[University of Miami]]
|
|-
|31
|[[Baltimore Ravens]]
|[[Todd Heap ]]
|TE
|[[University of Arizona State]]
|
|-

{|

==External Links==
*[http://www.nfl.com/draft/history/fulldraft?season=2001 NFL.com - Draft History: Full Draft]
*[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/2001/draft/ Sports Illustrated - 2001 NFL Draft]
*[http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/6736248 Fox Sports - Revisiting the 2001 NFL Draft]
{{NFLDraft}}
[[Category:National Football League]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

1922 Midterm Elections

2012-02-04T22:39:12Z

CarlN: fix typo

In the '''midterm elections of 1922''', the [[Democratic Party]] gained 77 seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and five seats in the [[U.S. Senate]] from the [[Republican Party]]. Following [[Warren Harding]]'s landslide victory in 1920, Republicans received an overwhelming 302-131 seat majority. The post-war recession of 1920 and 1921 had failed to fully recover. Democrats also benefited from prompt district remapping, and did particularly well in urban areas and northern cities. Republicans were hurt after a division between [[conservative]]s and [[Theodore Roosevelt]]-era [[progressive]]s.

Republicans retained a narrow 18-seat majority in the House and a 10-seat majority in the Senate. This changed following [[Calvin Coolidge]]'s landslide presidential victory in 1924, where Republicans cemented their majorities in both houses of [[Congress]].

'''68th Congress'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! House
! Senate
|-
| R 223
| R 53
|-
| D 207
| D 42
|}

[[category:Politics]]
[[category:Republican Party]]
[[category:Democratic Party]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

"Must pass" bill

2012-02-04T22:39:12Z

CarlN: fix typo

#REDIRECT [["Must pass" Bill]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

2008 Democratic National Convention

2012-02-04T22:39:11Z

CarlN: fix typo

#REDIRECT [[United_States_Presidential_Election,_2008_-_Conventions#Democratic_National_Convention]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

104th United States Congress

2012-02-04T22:39:09Z

CarlN: fix typo

The '''104th United States Congress''' was the sessions of Congress that occurred from January 3, 1995 to January 3, 1997. Due to the [[Contract with America]] and dissatisfaction with Democratic policies, the elections of 1994 finally saw an increase in the [[Republican]] majority of [[Congress]]. House speaker [[Newt Gingrich]] declared Congress "under new management" during this Congress. This Congress was able to pass much excellent conservative pro-American legislation despite [[liberal]] and impeached president [[Bill Clinton]] being in office. Coincidentally, the ushering in of a Republican dominated Congress exactly coincided with the success of the US economy, a strong economy that lasted until the [[Democrats]] surprisingly won power back in 2006. Not surprisingly, the economy then dropped sharply, as did Congressional opinion polls.

The 104th Congress was the most productive in nearly 50 years. President [[Bill Clinton]], fearing defeat in 1996, signed many good bills into law. The accomplishments of the 104th Congress included:

*[[DOMA]]
*Welfare reform
*Prisoner litigation reform
*the [[Solomon Amendment]]

(add to list)

[[Category:United States Congress]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>

1821 Treaty of Chicago

2012-02-04T22:39:09Z

CarlN: fix typo

The '''1821 Treaty of Chicago''' was a treaty signed by Michigan territorial governor [[Lewis Cass]] and and Solomon Sibley for the United States and representatives of the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi on August 29, 1821. It gave the United States all land in Michigan Territory aouth of the Grand River.
==Text of the 1821 Treaty of Chicago==
ARTICLE I. The Ottawa, Chippewa, and Pottawatamie, Nations of Indians cede to the United States all the Land comprehended within the following boundaries: Beginning at a point on the south bank of the river St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, near the Parc aux Vaches, due north from Rum's Village, and running thence south to a line drawn due east from the southern extreme of Lake Michigan, thence with the said line east to the Tract ceded by the Pottawatamies to the United States by the Treaty of Fort Meigs in 1817, if the said line should strike the said Tract, but if the said line should pass north of the said Tract, then such line shall be continued until it strikes the western boundary of the Tract ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Detroit in 1807, and from the termination of the said line, following the boundaries of former cessions, to the main branch of the Grand River of Lake Michigan, should any of the said lines cross the said River, but if none of the said lines should cross the said River, then to a point due east of the source of the said main branch of the said river, and from such point due west to the source of the said principal branch, and from the crossing of the said River, or from the source thereof, as the case may be, down the said River, on the north bank thereof, to the mouth; thence following the shore of Lake Michigan to the south bank of the said river St. Joseph, at the mouth thereof, and thence with the said south bank to the place of beginning.

ART. 2. From the cession aforesaid, there shall be reserved, for the use of the Indians, the following Tracts:

One tract at Mang-ach-qua Village, on the river Peble, of six miles square.
One tract at Mick-ke-saw-be, of six miles square.
One tract at the village of Na-to-wa-se-pe, of four miles square.
One tract at the village of Prairie Ronde, of three miles square.
One tract at the village of Match-e-be narh-she-wish, at the head of the Kekalamazoo river.

ART. 3. There shall be granted by the United States to each of the following persons, being all Indians by descent, and to their heirs, the following Tracts of Land:

To John Burnet, two sections of land.

To James Burnet, Abraham Burnet, Rebecca Burnet, and Nancy Burnet, each one section of land; which said John, James, Abraham, Rebecca, and Nancy, are children of Kaw-kee-me, sister of Top-ni-be, principal chief of the Potowatamie nation.

The land granted to the persons immediately preceding, shall begin on the north bank of the river St. Joseph, about two miles from the mouth, and shall extend up and back from the said river for quantity.

To John B. La Lime, son of Noke-no-qua, one-half of a section of land, adjoining the tract before granted, and on the upper side thereof.

To Jean B. Chandonai, son of Chip-pe-wa-qua, two sections of land, on the river St. Joseph, above and adjoining the tract granted to J. B. La Lime.

To Joseph Dazé, son of Chip-pe-wa-qua, one section of land above and adjoining the tract granted to Jean B. Chandonai.

To Monguago, one-half of a section of land, at Mish-she-wa-ko-kink.

To Pierre Moran, or Peeresh, a Potawatamie Chief, one section of land, and to his children two sections of land, at the mouth of the Elkheart river.

To Pierre Le Clerc, son of Moi-qua, one section of land on the Elkheart river, above and adjoining the tract granted to Moran and his children.

The section of land granted by the Treaty of St. Mary's, in 1818, to Peeresh or Perig, shall be granted to Jean B. Cicot, son of Pe-say-quot, sister of the said Peeresh, it having been so intended at the execution of the said Treaty.

To O-she-ak-ke-be or Benac, one-half of a section of land on the north side of the Elk-heart river, where the road from Chicago to Fort Wayne first crosses the said river.

To Me-naw-che, a Potawatamie woman, one-half of a section of land on the eastern bank of the St. Joseph, where the road from Detroit to Chicago first crosses the said river.

To Theresa Chandler or To-e-ak-qui, a Potawatamie woman, and to her daughter Betsey Fisher, one section of land on the south side of the Grand River, opposite to the Spruce Swamp.

To Charles Beaubien and Medart Beaubien, sons of Man-na-ben-a-qua, each one-half of a section of land near the village of Ke-wi-go-shkeem, on the Washtenaw river.

To Antoine Roland, son of I-gat-pat-a-wat-a-mie-qua, one-half of a section of land adjoining and below the tract granted to Pierre Moran.

To William Knaggs or Was-es-kuk-son, son of Ches-qua, one-half of a section of land adjoining and below the tract granted to Antoine Roland.

To Madeline Bertrand, wife of Joseph Bertrand, a Potawatamie woman, one section of land at the Parc aux Vaches, on the north side of the river St. Joseph.

To Joseph Bertrand, junior, Benjamin Bertrand, Laurent Bertrand, Theresa Bertrand, and Amable Bertrand, children of the said Madeline Bertrand, each one half of a section of land at the portage of the Kankakee river.

To John Riley, son of Me-naw-cum-a-go-quoi, one section of land, at the mouth of the river Au Foin, on the Grand River, and extending up the said River.

To Peter Riley, the son of Me-naw-cum-e-go-quoi, one section of land, at the mouth of the river Au Foin, on the Grand River, and extending down the said River.

To Jean B. Le Clerc, son of Moi-qua, one half of a section of land, above and adjoining the tract granted to Pierre Le Clerc.

To Joseph La Framboise, son of Shaw-we-no-qua, one section of land upon the south side of the river St. Joseph, and adjoining on the upper side the land ceded to the United States, which said section is also ceded to the United States.

The Tracts of Land herein stipulated to be granted, shall never be leased or conveyed by the grantees or their heirs to any persons whatever, without the permission of the President of the United States. And such tracts shall be located after the said cession is surveyed, and in conformity with such surveys as near as may be, and in such manner as the President may direct.

ART. 4. In consideration of the cession aforesaid, the United States engage to pay to the Ottawa nation, one thousand dollars in specie annually forever, and also to appropriate annually, for the term of ten years, the sum of fifteen hundred dollars, to be expended as the President may direct, in the support of a Blacksmith, of a Teacher, and of a person to instruct the Ottawas in agriculture and in the purchase of cattle and farming utensils. And the United States also engage to pay to the Potawatamie nation five thousand dollars in specie, annually, for the term of twenty years, and also to appropriate annually, for the term of fifteen years, the sum of one thousand dollars, to be expended as the President may direct, in the support of a Blacksmith and a Teacher. And one mile square shall be selected, under the direction of the President, on the north side of the Grand River, and one mile square on the south side of the St. Joseph, and within the Indian lands not ceded, upon which the blacksmiths and teachers employed for the said tribes, respectively, shall reside.

ART. 5. The stipulation contained in the treaty of Greenville, relative to the right of the Indians to hunt upon the land ceded while it continues the property of the United States, shall apply to this treaty.

ART. 6. The United States shall have the privilege of making and using a road through the Indian country, from Detroit and Fort Wayne, respectively, to Chicago.

ART. 7. This Treaty shall take effect and be obligatory on the contracting parties, so soon as the same shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof.

In testimony whereof, the said Lewis Cass and Solomon Sibley, commissioners as aforesaid, and the chiefs and warriors of the said Ottawa, Chippewa, and Pattiwatima nations, have hereunto set their hands, at Chicago aforesaid, this 29th day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one.

Lewis Cass,
Solomon Sibley.

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10 Years

2012-02-04T22:39:08Z

CarlN: fix typo

'''10 Years''' is a hard [[rock music|rock]] band. They're known for singles such as "Wasteland" and "Prey" and the album ''The Autumn Effect''. Their song "Wasteland" was their first song to chart a #1 single on the Billboard Modern Rock Charts. "Wasteland" also made #2 on the Mainstream Rock Charts and #94 on the Billboard Hot 100.

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1986 Midterm Elections

2012-02-04T22:39:06Z

CarlN: fix typo

In the '''midterm elections of 1986''', the [[Democratic Party]] gained five seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], and more significantly took back control of the [[U.S. Senate]] by gaining eight seats. Despite Democratic congressional victories, Republicans gained eight governorships, including [[Florida]] and [[Texas]].

In the House, voters generally accepted the status quo, with just five Republicans and one Democrat defeated for reelection. A probable reason for Democratic gains in the Senate was that the Republican Senators who were elected in 1980, riding on Reagan's coattails, were up for reelection for the first time. In fact, six out of the seven Republican incumbents defeated were first-term Senators.

The south seemed to be trending Republican following [[President Reagan]]'s landslide reelection in 1984, however Democrats made strong gains, winning every southern Senate seat that was up for election that year. Future Republican [[Speaker of the House]] [[Dennis Hastert]] was election to Congress in [[Illinois]]. Future Republican presidential nominee [[John McCain]] was elected to the Senate in [[Arizona]] to replace the retiring [[Barry Goldwater]], future Senate Majority Leaders [[Tom Daschle]] was elected to replace [[George McGovern]] in [[South Dakota]] and [[Harry Reid]] was elected in [[Nevada]].

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[[category:Republican Party]]
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1978 Midterm Elections

2012-02-04T22:39:05Z

CarlN: fix typo

In the '''midterm elections of 1978''', the [[Republican Party]] gained 15 seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and three seats in the [[U.S. Senate]] from the [[Democratic Party]]. Democrats retained a clear majority in both chambers.

The country was going through a [[recession]], high energy prices and [[inflation]], which hurt President [[Jimmy Carter]]'s standing in the polls. Although Republican gains were modest by historical standards, the election was significant and indicated the nation was heading towads a more [[conservative]] direction. Five prominent liberal Democratic Senators were defeated for reelection, and ten new Senators and 77 House freshman from across party lines were considered more conservative than their predecessors. Republicans also gained six governorships, including [[Texas]] and [[Pennsylvania]]. Twelve out of sixteen state ballot initiatives to limit taxing and spending passed.

Future Republican [[Speaker of the House]] [[Newt Gingrich]] was elected to Congress in [[Georgia]] and future Democratic President [[Bill Clinton]] was elected Governor of [[Arkansas]]. Future Republican President [[George W. Bush]] ran for Congress in Texas, but was defeated by a narrow margin.

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2008 Republican New Hampshire Debate

2012-02-04T22:39:03Z

CarlN: fix typo

The '''2008 Republican New Hampshire Debate''' occurred on June 15 and was hosted by [[Fox News]] and moderated by [[Britt Hume]]. The following members attended:
[[Image:NH-Iowa.JPG|thumb|300px]]
* Senator [[Sam Brownback]] of [[Kansas]]
* Former Mayor [[Rudy Guiliani]] of [[New York City]]
* Former Governor [[Mike Huckabee]] of [[Arkansas]]
* Representative [[Duncan Hunter]] of [[California]]
* Senator [[John McCain]] of [[Arizona]]
* Representative [[Ron Paul]] of [[Texas]]
* Former Governor [[Mitt Romney]] of [[Massachusetts]]
* Representative [[Tom Tancredo]] of [[Colorado]]

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.net framework

2012-02-04T22:39:03Z

CarlN: fix typo

The '''.NET Framework''' is a library of [[software]] modules for writing software that run on [[Microsoft]]'s [[.Net runtime environment|.NET runtime environment]].
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1990 Midterm Elections

2012-02-04T22:39:02Z

CarlN: fix typo

In the '''midterm elections of 1990''', the [[Democratic Party]] gained 7-seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and one-seat in the [[U.S. Senate]] from the [[Republican Party]], slightly increasing their already sizable majority.

The campaign was dominated by crisis' in [[Kuwait]], a looming economic recession, and President [[George H.W. Bush]]'s declining approval ratings. The results indicated an anti-incumbent mood, with six Democrats and nine Republicans in the House defeated for reelection. Minority Whip [[Newt Gingrich]] was just barley reelected with 50% of the vote in his [[Georgia]] district. Notable freshman included future [[Speaker of the House]] [[John Boehner]] of [[Ohio]], Independent [[Bernie Sanders]] of [[Vermont]], and [[Gary Franks]] of [[Connecticut]], the first black Republican elected to the U.S. House since 1932.

Political science professor [[Paul Wellstone]] pulled a major upset by defeating well funded Republican Senator [[Rudy Boschwitz]] in [[Minnesota]]. Conservative Senator [[Jesse Helms]] of [[North Carolina]] was narrowly reelected with 52% of the vote, after airing a controversial advertisement on racial quotas that featured a white man's hands ripping a rejection letter from a company. In [[New Jersey]], Democratic Senator [[Bill Bradley]] faced a surprisingly close race against Republican [[Christine Todd Whitman]], which helped propel her to being elected governor in 1993.

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1960s

2012-02-04T22:39:01Z

CarlN: fix typo

#REDIRECT [[The Sixties]]<div style="position:fixed;left:0px;top:0px;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999;"></div>