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.NET

2011-11-10T18:40:55Z

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You could be looking for:
*[[.Net framework|.NET framework]] - a [[Microsoft]] library of software modules
*[[.Net runtime environment|.NET runtime environment]] - a [[Microsoft]] byte-code interpreter for languages that utilize the [[.Net framework|.NET framework]]

[[Category:Disambiguation Pages]]

.50 Action Express

2011-11-10T18:40:52Z

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The '''.50 Action Express''' is a large-bore handgun cartridge designed in 1988 by Evan Whildin, primarily for use in [[Magnum Research]]'s [[Desert Eagle]] handgun. It was later used in Magnum Research's [[Big Frame Revolver]], as well as some other weapons by other companies.

Due to the heavy recoil of such a large caliber bullet, smaller cartridges that are still easily lethal are generally preferred for self defense. Use for such a high caliber usually involves metallic silhouette shooting or [[handgun]] [[hunting]]. It is also used for self defense against thick-skinned animals that would not normally be killed by smaller cartridges, like [[bear]]. Hunters or people living in areas with animals like bears would need such a gun.

[[Category:Guns]]

.50 Action Express

2011-11-10T18:40:48Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

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The '''.50 Action Express''' is a large-bore handgun cartridge designed in 1988 by Evan Whildin, primarily for use in [[Magnum Research]]'s [[Desert Eagle]] handgun. It was later used in Magnum Research's [[Big Frame Revolver]], as well as some other weapons by other companies.

Due to the heavy recoil of such a large caliber bullet, smaller cartridges that are still easily lethal are generally preferred for self defense. Use for such a high caliber usually involves metallic silhouette shooting or [[handgun]] [[hunting]]. It is also used for self defense against thick-skinned animals that would not normally be killed by smaller cartridges, like [[bear]]. Hunters or people living in areas with animals like bears would need such a gun.

[[Category:Guns]]

Plus/minus

2011-11-10T18:40:45Z

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The '''plus/minus (+/-)''' stat is used to determine the goal differential when a certain player is on the ice. If said player's team scores an [[even strength goal|even-strength]] or [[shorthanded goal]] while he is on the ice, he would be a +1. If that same player's team is scored against while he is on the ice, he would be a -1. The plus/minus is never affected when either team scores a [[power play goal]]. So, if a player enters a game with a rating of +3 and is scored against twice, he is then a +1. If he enters with a +3 and his team scores even-strength twice, he is a +5.

The plus/minus stat is usually used to determine the effectiveness of a defender, though the stat is available for most hockey players.

[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:National Hockey League]]

's-Hertogenbosch

2011-11-10T18:40:40Z

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''''s-Hertogenbosch''', familiarly called '''Den Bosch''' (literally, the Duke's Wood; ''Bois-le-Duc'' in French) is the capital of southern Dutch province of [[Noord Brabant]]. Created a city in 1185, it was an important centre in the middle ages and as late as the sixteenth century was the second-largest city in the present Netherlands. It suffered during the Dutch Wars of Independence, and later in the 19th century from blinkered municipal authorities who forbade industrial or educational development in the city. This has, however, led to the preservation of an antique townscape which has made Den Bosch a tourist centre.

The city has a population of 136,000

[[Category:Dutch Cities and Towns]]

Dollar

2011-11-10T18:40:37Z

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A '''dollar''' is a basic unit of currency in several countries, comprising 100 [[cent]]s.

== See also ==
* [[Australian dollar]]
* [[Canadian dollar]]
* [[Dollar (U.S.)]]

==External links==
* [http://www.measuringworth.com/ppowerus/ "Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2008"], translates the value of a dollar in one year to the value today or any year
==See also==

[[Category:Currency]]

Pump 'Em Up

2011-11-10T18:40:33Z

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'''Pump ‘Em Up''' is a fuel conservation organization founded in 2001 by a girl named Savannah Walters. According to the website, she learned that drilling in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] (ANWR) could be rendered unnecessary if Americans kept their tires properly inflated, as this would effectively save millions of gallons of oil by making cars more fuel efficient.

To facilitate this task of properly inflating tires, Pump ‘Em Up passes out tire pressure gauges for free, which are donated to them by [[Sears]], Firestone, Goodyear and the Rubber Manufacturers Association.

==External links==
* http://www.pumpemup.org/

[[Category:Nonprofits]][[Category:Environmental Stewardship]][[Category:Organizations]]

"Lame duck" Session

2011-11-10T18:40:30Z

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A '''"lame duck" session"''' is when [[Congress]] (either chamber) reconvenes in an even-numbered year following the [[November]] general [[election]]s to consider various items of business. Some [[lawmakers]] who return for this session will not be in the next [[Congress]]. Hence, they are informally called "lame duck" members participating in a "lame duck" session.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Senate Terms]]

Information theory

2011-11-10T18:40:27Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

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"'''Information Theory''' states that [[concept]] and [[design]] can only result from a [[mind]]." [http://www.allaboutscience.org/intelligent-design.htm]

See:
* [[machine]]s

See also:
* [[Information entropy]] - based on [[Claude Shannon]]'s ideas

==External links==
*http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Tutorials/Info-Theory/

[[Category:Logic]]

Tax revolt

2011-11-10T18:40:21Z

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A '''tax revolt''' is a popular protest against high or unfair taxes.
==European history==
High taxes and a very unfair and inefficient collection system were one cause of the [[French Revolution]] in 1789.

==World History==
http://history-world.org/reforms_of_urukagina.htm

Sumerian City Lagash instigated history's first recorded Tax revolt. This came after Lagash's rulers had increased local taxes and restricted personal freedoms. The people of Lagash resented this enough that they overthrew their King. They brought to power a god-fearing ruler named Urukagina, who eliminated excessive taxation and rid the city of usurers, thieves and murderers—the first known reform. Time frame is stated for Urukagina (reigned ca. 2380 BC–2360 BC) However the dating process is in doubt as is all dating systems for ancient world.

==United States history==
In 1765 the colonists protested vigorously against the [[Stamp Act]], a small but illegal tax levied by the British Parliament on legal paperwork. [[Image:Jarvis1978.txt.jpg|thumb|300px]] The colonists said that Parliament had no right to levy taxes, because the colonists were not represented. "[[No taxation without representation]]" became the cry. Americans successfully boycotted merchants and Britain repealed the tax. It was the start of a chain of anti-tax protests leading to the [[American Revolution]]. British anger at the tax revolt that dumped taxed tea into Boston harbor—the "Boston tea Party"--speeded the route to revolution.

During [[Reconstruction]], ex-Whigs and ex-Democrats, calling themselves "Conservatives" protested the high taxes levied by the [[Republican Party]] state governments. By 1877 the Conservatives, calling themselves "[[Redeemers]]" took control of all southern states.

From the 1880s to the 1910s, conservative Democrats, led by [[Grover Cleveland]] and the [[Bourbon Democrats]] protested the high tariffs that speeded up industrialization, claiming it taxed the ordinary citizen too much.
[[Image:TAX1912.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Democrats protesting tariffs, 1912]]

In 1914 the Wisconsin Progressives under [[Robert LaFollette]] were defeated in state elections because the conservative Republicans complained of high taxes.

During the [[Great Depression]], prices, profits and incomes fell, but taxes went up. Local taxpayers in many cities, most notably Chicago, withheld taxes.<ref>See beito (1989)</ref> In 1932 Republican President [[Herbert Hoover]] raised taxes, making the depression worse. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] tried to not raise taxes, but he did add the new Social Security tax in 1937. Other taxes were tried but repealed. Meanwhile most state governments in the 1930s added a new tax—the sales tax on purchases.

In the 1970s a grass roots political movement led by Howard Jarvis protested fast-rising property taxes in California. They passes a statewide initiative in 1978, [[Proposition 13]], still in effect, which capped property taxes.

In 1981 and 1985 President [[Ronald Reagan]] successfully lowered federal taxes. His crusades became a model for the Republican Party for the next quarter-century.

[[Image:Tax1985.jpg|thumb|300px|Reagan rallies his supporters agains the powerful special interests in 1985. Reagan won.]]

==Further reading==
* Beito, David T. ''Taxpayers in Revolt: Tax Resistance During the Great Depression'' (1989) [http://www.amazon.com/Taxpayers-Revolt-Resistance-during-Depression/dp/0807865079/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253445428&sr=8-17 excerpt and text search]
* Burg, David F. ''A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/World-History-Tax-Rebellions-Encyclopedia/dp/0415924987/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253445360&sr=8-10 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107966076 full text online]

==See also==
* [[No taxation without representation]]
====References====
<references/>
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Taxation]]
[[Category:Tax Revolts]]

"Sunday of Orthodoxy"

2011-11-10T18:40:17Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

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The '''Sunday of Orthodoxy''' is the first Sunday of [[Lent]] in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. This day commemorates the end of the [[Iconoclastic controversy]]. The day is commemorated with the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great, which is preceded by the Matins service. A Great Vespers is conducted on Saturday evening.

Orthodox faithful carry icons in a procession, while the clergy offer petitions for the people, civil authorities, and those who have reposed in the faith. It is the norm for persons to carry the Saint for whom they were named.

[[Category:Christianity|S]]

Signing statement

2011-11-10T18:40:12Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

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A '''Signing statement''' is an official statement made by the President as he signs a bill into law that includes instructions to executive officials about how to interpret and put in place the new law. Such statements have been common since 1993.

While generating controversy they are seen by most experts as a legitimate tool of executive power because they are part and parcel of a given law's 'legislative history,' in that they reflect the administration's interpretation of legislation and because theoretically they can serve as executive orders to subordinate officials.

==Bush==
Liberals vehemently opposed the extensive use of signing statements by President [[George W. Bush]] after he used them to assert that he could authorize officials to bypass provisions that he considered unconstitutional in bills banning torture and in the oversight provisions of the USA Patriot Act. Candidate [[Barack Obama]] in 2008 denounced them as an abuse.

==Obama==
To the dismay of his liberal supporters, Obama has thus far issued five signing statements, claiming the authority to bypass dozens of provisions of bills enacted into law since he took office.

For example, Obama issued a statement signing a bill that funded the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank while requiring the administration to pressure the organizations to adopt certain policies. Obama's statement announced that he could disregard the negotiation instructions under his power to conduct foreign relations. In response on July 9, 2009, the House issued a bipartisan rebuke, voting 429 to 2 to ban officials from using federal money to disobey the restrictions.

Other laws Obama has said he need not fully obey include limits on whom he may appoint to a commission, and a restriction on putting American troops under United Nations command.

==Further reading==

* Cooper, Phillip J. "George W. Bush, Edgar Allan Poe, and the Use and Abuse of Presidential Signing Statements". ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 2005 35(3): 515-532 [http://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/cooper_35_PSQ_515.pdf online]
* Kelley, Christopher S. and Bryan W. Marshall. "The Last Word: Presidential Power and the Role of Signing Statements." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 2008 38(2): 248-267
* Savage, Charles. "Obama’s Embrace of a Bush Tactic Riles Congress," [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/politics/09signing.html?_r=1 ''New York Times,'' Aug. 8, 2009]

* White House Memo, "The Legal Significance of Presidential Signing Statements" (1993) [http://www.usdoj.gov/olc/signing.htm online]

====References====
<references/>
[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Obama Administration]]

Oceanic volcanoes

2011-11-10T18:40:03Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

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In a typical "oceanic" [[environment]], [[volcano]]es are aligned along the [[crest]] of a broad [[ridge]] that marks an active [[fracture]] system in the oceanic [[crust]]. [[Basalt]]ic [[magma]], generated in the upper [[mantle]] beneath the ridge, rise along fractures through the basaltic layer. Because the [[granite|granitic]] crustal layer is absent, the magma are not appreciably modified or changed in [[composition]] and they [[erupt]] on the surface to form basaltic volcanoes.<ref>[http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/volcano_terminology.html Glossary of Volcano and Related Terminology (Tilling, 1985)]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Volcanology]]

"Must pass" Bill

2011-11-10T18:40:00Z

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A '''"must pass" bill''' is a vitally important measure that [[Congress]] must enact, such as annual money [[bill]]s to fund operations of the [[government]]. Because of their must-pass quality, these measures often attract "[[riders]]" (unrelated [[policy]] [[provisos]]).<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Government Word Definitions]]

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"Must pass" Bill

2011-11-10T18:39:57Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

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A '''"must pass" bill''' is a vitally important measure that [[Congress]] must enact, such as annual money [[bill]]s to fund operations of the [[government]]. Because of their must-pass quality, these measures often attract "[[riders]]" (unrelated [[policy]] [[provisos]]).<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Government Word Definitions]]

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Merriam-Webster

2011-11-10T18:39:52Z

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'''Merriam-Webster''' is the leading [[dictionary]] in [[America]], and the descendant of [[Noah Webster]]'s dictionaries.

However, it has many errors and biases:

*The date for [[eminent domain]] is incorrect: 1738.<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eminent%20domain</ref> The term ''dominium eminens'' was used as early as 1625.<ref>[http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-4744152149731401/unrestricted/CONCLS.PDF American Jurispudence, 26, Second Edition, (Rochester, NY: Lawyers Corporation)]</ref>
*[[Capital]] is poorly defined as accumulated goods, or the value of those goods, or net worth. It is more commonly used to mean [[liquid assets]] such as [[cash]], [[stocks]], [[bonds]] that can be easily used to acquire [[goods]] and [[services]].
*Merriam-Webster resists including new [[conservative]] terms, such as [[judicial activism]], which dates back to 1947 and has been repeatedly used by the U.S. Supreme Court since 1967, yet is still not included by Merriam-Webster.<ref>See [[Essay:Best New Conservative Words]].</ref>
*It gives the following liberal example of use of the derogatory term "hell-bent": "hell-bent to cut taxes again."<ref>1994 edition of Merriam-Webster, p. 539 (quoting the ''New Republic'', a liberal publication).</ref>
*Merriam-Webster also omitted the term the "[[invisible hand]]" until the late 1990s, although the term has been in popular use since shortly after its introduction by [[Adam Smith]]. In contrast, new liberal terms are quickly added; for example "green-collar" was added in 2009 only three years after it came into common use.
*It gives the following liberal example of use of the term "force-feed": "force-feed students with the classics."<ref>1994 edition of Merriam-Webster, p. 455.</ref>
*The definition of [[liberalism]] as pertaining to politics that is overtly biased towards [[liberal]] perceptions of their "good deeds" states: ": a political philosophy based on belief in progress, the essential goodness of the human race, and the autonomy of the individual and standing for the protection of political and civil liberties,"<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/liberalism</ref> actually hijacking [[conservative]] values and concealing how liberals demand taxpayer-funded [[abortion]], same-sex marriage, and [[censorship]] of [[classroom prayer]].

Merriam-Webster uses a disproportionate number of examples from [[liberal]] publications, such as the ''[[New York Times]]'', for illustrating how terms are used.

For a criticism of the dictionary treatment of the "Common Era," see [[CE]].

==External links==
*[http://www.m-w.com Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Linguistics]]

"Lame duck" Session

2011-11-10T18:39:48Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

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A '''"lame duck" session"''' is when [[Congress]] (either chamber) reconvenes in an even-numbered year following the [[November]] general [[election]]s to consider various items of business. Some [[lawmakers]] who return for this session will not be in the next [[Congress]]. Hence, they are informally called "lame duck" members participating in a "lame duck" session.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Senate Terms]]

Edmund Wilson

2011-11-10T18:39:40Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

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'''Edmund Wilson''' was an editor at ''The New Republic'' who embraced [[Marxism]] and welcomed the stock market crash of 1929 as a portent of the death of [[capitalism]]. In 1932 he voted for [[Communist Party]] presidential candidate [[William Z. Foster]] and signed a manifesto calling for "a temporary dictatorship of the class-conscious workers."<ref>Alex Ross, “[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/24/030324crat_atlarge Ghost Sonata: Edmund Wilson’s adventure with Communism],” ''The New Yorker'', March 24, 2003</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Journalists]]
[[Category:Communists]]

"City"-class gunboat

2011-11-10T18:39:29Z

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{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:H56663a.jpg|300px]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|"City" class ironclad gunboat
|-
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Career
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|[[Image:34 star jack.png|48px|United States Navy Jack]]
|-
|-
| Class:
| "City" (also referred to as ''Cairo''-class)
|-
| Ordered:
| 1861
|-
| Completed and commissioned:
| ''Carondelet'', ''St. Louis'', ''Cairo'', ''Pittsburgh'', ''Mound City'', ''Cincinnati'', ''Louisville''
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy;"| General characteristics
|-
| Displacement:
| 512 tons
|-
| Length:
| 175 feet
|-
| Beam:
| 51 feet 2 inches
|-
| Draft:
| 6 ft
|-
| Speed:
| 8 knots
|-
| Crew compliment:
| 251 officers and men
|-
| Armament:
| Four 42-pound rifles; three 8" smoothbores; six 32-pound smoothbores
|}
The so-called '''"City"-class gunboat''' was several ironclad warships constructed between August 1861 and January 1862 by private contractor James B. Eads for use on the Mississippi River and its tributaries. The first armored warships to see action during the [[American Civil War]], they would play an integral role in the Western Theater of operations.

==Description==
As the Civil War began it was realized early-on that control of the Mississippi was vital to winning the war. The chief vessel on the river was the paddle-wheel steamer, which was a large passenger-and freight carrying craft designed with a low-water displacement, ideal for the shallow depths of the river. Eads, a retired engineer who made his fortune salvaging sunken ships, took on the task of building a fleet of seven ships based on a design by Samuel M. Pook. The low, wide casemated design of the vessels led to the derisive name of "Pook's Turtles." All were completed within a span of six months at an average cost of $101,800 each.

Originally intended to be named for Union military leaders, Eads was overruled in that respect by the commander of the Western Flotilla, Rear Admiral Andrew H. Foote, who named them after cities and towns along the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Thus, although each vessel was unique in its own regard, they became collectively known as the "City"-class.

All ships of the "City"-class were paddle-wheel steamers (the exception was ''Mound City'', which had a screw propeller); their construction on the ways began as typical riverboats. From the waterline up they were covered with a box-shaped casemate enclosing up to twelve Dahlgren smoothbore guns arranged in broadside fashion, with three poking out of the bow. Above the casemate stood the conning tower in front, a smaller, rounded casemate at the rear to protect the paddle wheels, and in the center were twin stacks, which had painted bands near the top in a color particular to the vessel, so as to be readily identifiable in battle.

==Gunboats==
====USS ''Carondelet''====
[[Image:H49991.jpg|right|200px|thumb|USS ''Carondelet'']]
''Carondelet'', an ironclad river gunboat, was built in 1861 by James B. Eads and Company, St. Louis, Mo., under contract to the War Department; commissioned 15 January at Cairo, Illinois, naval Captain H. Walke in command, and reported to Western Gunboat Flotilla (Army), commanded by naval Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote.

Between January and October 1862 ''Carondelet'' operated almost constantly on river patrol and in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson in February; the passing of Island No. 10 and the attack on and spiking of the shore batteries below New Madrid, Missouri in April; the lengthy series of operations against Plum Point Bend, Fort Pillow, and Memphis from April through June, and the engagement with CSS ''Arkansas'' on 15 July, during which ''Carondelet'' was heavily damaged and suffered 35 casualties.

Transferred to Navy Department control with the other ships of her flotilla on 1 October 1862, ''Carondelet'' continued the rapid pace of her operations, taking part in the unsuccessful Steele's Bayou Expedition in March 1863. One of those to pass the Vicksburg and Warrenton batteries in April 1863, ''Carondelet'' took part on 29 Aprilin the five and one-half hour engagement with the batteries at Grand Gulf. She remained on duty off Vicksburg, hurling fire at the city in its long siege from May to July. Without her and her sisters and other naval forces, the great operations on the rivers would not have been possible and northern victory might not have been won. From 7 March to 15 May 1864, she sailed with the Red River Expedition, and during operations in support of Army movements ashore, took part in the Bell's Mill engagement of December 1864. For the remainder of the war, ''Carondelet'' patrolled in the Cumberland River. She was decommissioned at Mound City, Illinois, 20 June 1865, and sold there 29 November 1865.

====USS ''St. Louis'' / ''Baron De Kalb''====
''St. Louis'', a stern wheel casemate gunboat was built by Eads in Carondelet, Missouri for the War Department, and launched on 12 October 1861 and joined the Western Gunboat Fleet.

During 1862 ''St. Louis'', under the command of Lieutenant L. Paulding, was attached to Rear Admiral Foote's squadron and participated in the capture of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River (6 February 1862). She served as flagship for the squadron when it assisted the Union Army at the capture of Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (14–16 February 1862). Between April and June 1862, she operated against Fort Pillow, Tennessee. ''St. Louis'' was renamed ''Baron De Kalb'' 8 September 1862, and in October 1862 she was transferred to the Navy Department. During 21–28 December she took part in the Yazoo Expediton and participated in the action at Drumgould's Bluff (28 December).

During 1863 ''Baron De Kalb'' took part in the capture of Arkansas Post (10–11 January); expedition up the White River (12–14 January); Yazoo Pass Expedition (20 February-5 April); action at Fort Pemberton (11–13 March); action at Haines' Bluff (29 April-2 May, 18 May); action at Yazoo City, Mississippi. (20–23 May); and the Yazoo River Expedition (24–31 May). On 13 July 1963 ''Baron De Kalb'' was sunk by a torpedo in the Yazoo River, one mile below Yazoo City.

====USS ''Cairo''====
''Cairo'', an ironclad river gunboat, was built in 1861 by Eads and Company, Mound City, Illinois, under an Army contract; and commissioned as an Army ship 25 January 1862, naval Lieutenant James M. Prichett in command.

''Cairo'' served with the Army's Western Gunboat Fleet, commanded by Flag Officer Foote on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and their tributaries until transferred to the Navy 1 October 1862 with the other river gunboats. Active in the occupation of Clarksville, Tennessee, 17 February 1862, and of Nashville, 25 February, ''Cairo'' stood down the river 12 April escorting mortar boats to begin the lengthy operations against Fort Pillow. An engagement with Confederate gunboats at Plum Point Bend on 11 May marked a series of blockading and bombardment activities which culminated in the abandonment of the Fort by its defenders on 4 June.

Two days later, 6 June 1862, ''Cairo'' joined in the triumph of seven Union ships and a tug over eight Confederate gunboats off Memphis, an action in which five of the opposing gunboats were sunk or run ashore, two seriously damaged, and only one managed to escape. That night Union forces occupied the city. ''Cairo'' returned to patrol on the Mississippi until 21 November when she joined the Yazoo Expedition. On 12 December 1862, while clearing mines from the river preparatory to the attack on Haines Bluff, Mississippi, ''Cairo'' struck an electrically-operated torpedo and sank, the first vessel in history to be sunk by that method. Her wreck was recovered in 1965, but was badly damaged during the salvage efforts. It has subsequently been partially restored and is on exhibit at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

====USS ''Pittsburgh''====
The first ''Pittsburgh'' (often spelled ''Pittsburg''), a sidewheel, ironclad gunboat, was built under War Department contract by James B. Eads, St. Louis, Mo. in 1861; and commissioned in January 1862, Lt. Egbert Thompson in command.

Joining Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote’s Western Gunboat Flotilla in river patrol duty, ''Pittsburgh'' attacked Fort Donelson 14 February 1862, and was damaged by counter-fire. The support from the gunboats contributed greatly to the capture of the strategic fort two days later.

Repaired, she attacked Island No. 10 on 3 April, then ran its batteries by dark 7 April being lashed by a heavy thunderstorm as well as the island’s 73 guns. This daring feat made it possible for her and ''Carondelet'' to demolish batteries below New Madrid that same day, clearing the way for the Army to cross the Mississippi.

''Pittsburgh'' gave continued service in the lengthy series of operations which wrested control of the lower Mississippi from the Confederacy. Her flotilla, previously under Army control, came under naval command 1 October 1862. Highlights of her service were the operations against Plum Point Bend, Fort Pillow and Memphis in April, May and June 1862; the Steele’s Bayou Expedition of March 1863; and the passing of the Vicksburg batteries 16 April 1863. She led the attack on the batteries at Grand Gulf 29 April, and was heavily damaged during the five-and-a-half hour engagement which secured Union control of an important stretch of the river, making it possible for Grant to cross the river and attack Vicksburg from the rear. The strong Confederate river fortress surrendered 4 July allowing President Abraham Lincoln at last to report, “The Father of Waters flows unvexed to the sea.”

Patrol and bombardment missions on the Mississippi were interrupted the following year when ''Pittsburgh'' joined in the Red River Expedition from March to May 1864. At the close of the war, she decommissioned at Mound City, and was sold there 29 November 1865.

====USS ''Mound City''====
[[Image:H72806.jpg|right|200px|thumb|USS ''Mound City'']]
Ironclad screw steamer ''Mound City'', built at St. Louis, Mo., 7 August 1861 by James B. Eads, joined the War Department’s flotilla on the western rivers in 1862, Commander A. H. Kilty in command.

Departing Cairo in March, ''Mound City'' operated off Island No. 10, the key to the Mississippi, and New Madrid. Pope’s army took New Madrid on the 13th, thus removing the strong Confederate network of communications and eliminating a major obstacle to Union control of the upper Mississippi. After the surrender of Island No. 10 on 7 April, ''Mound City'' seized Confederate ship ''Red Rover'', damaged by mortar fire. Sent to Cairo, ''Red Rover'' was subsequently converted to the Navy’s first hospital ship.

Union capture of Fort Pillow 1 April did not entirely eliminate the Confederate resistance; eight Confederate gunboats made a spirited attack on Union gun‑boats and mortars at Plum Point Bend 10 May. Colonel Lovell rammed Mound City, forcing her ashore to avoid sinking. Meanwhile, Union ships bombarded Fort Pillow daily, reducing Confederate will to fight. Speeding to aid rammed and sinking ''Cincinnati'' off Ship Island, ''Mound City'' was rammed by ''General Van Dorn'', completely wrenching off ''Mound City’s'' bow. Her bow replaced at Mound City, the steamer ran up White River in June, engaging Confederate batteries at St. Charles, Arkansas; the complete Union victory at St. Charles gave the Union control of White River, but was costly to ''Mound City'' as one shot completely disabled her. In danger of sinking, she was towed from beneath the batteries by ''Conestoga''.

The Union forces met strong southern opposition throughout the summer and abandoned Vicksburg 6 August when ''Mound City'' formed part of the White River expedition, escorting transport ''White Cloud''. Union forces regrouped at Helena, from which ''Mound City'' departed 16 August with 6 other Union ships and two regiments 2d Brigade, 3d Division, Army of the Southwest on the Yazoo River expedition. The Army‑Navy expedition captured steamer ''Fairplay'' 20 miles above Vicksburg, where the ships were unable to proceed due to shallow water.

Meanwhile, McClernand was formulating his plans for the assault on Vicksburg. From October 1862 through March 1863, ''Mound City'' was with ''Pittsburgh'', ''Carondelet'', and ''Louisville'' as part of the Grand Gulf venture. Passing the upper batteries of Grand Gulf 12 October, the ships completely silenced the lower fort. ''Mound City'', ''Carondelet'', ''Signal'', and ''Marmora'' steamed to the mouth of Yazoo River 25 November to prevent southern blockade of it, remaining here on guard duty through March.

''Mound City'' formed part of the Yazoo Pass Expedition via Steele’s Bayou 14 March as Union ships attempted to strike the rear defenses of Vicksburg. Returning to more direct action against Vicksburg, ''Mound City’s'' bold passage of the batteries 14 April dampened the enthusiasm of Confederate sympathizers along the shore, contributing to early Union seizure of Grand Gulf and the eventual fall of Vicksburg. On the 27th, ''Mound City'' joined 7 other Union gunboats in attacks on Grand Gulf.

After attacking Warrenton, Mississippi, 10 May and destroying a battery, she guarded the river from Grand Gulf depot to Hard Times. She returned to Vicksburg 18 June for a 3‑day expedition to Cole’s Creek, destroying six or seven small boats. After shelling the batteries at Vicksburg 3 July, she steamed to Lake Providence, Ga., 7 August when she fired on and dispersed Confederate cavalry, thereafter guarding this part of the river.

Off Davis plantation in January 1864, she endeavored to raise ''Indianola'', sunk in Red River in 1862. Seizing tug ''Rawlins'' off Natchez 2 March, ''Mound City'' joined 17 other ships and Sherman’s troops in the Red River Expedition 16 March through 22 May in an effort to enter Texas via Alexandria, Louisiana, to counter the threat from Maximilian. Shallow water proved an obstacle as ''Mound City'' and ''Carondelet'' grounded near the wing dams across Red River 10 May. Hauled across the upper falls above the obstructions by throngs of straining soldiers, the ships were able to get free. ''Mound City'' spent the remainder of the year guarding ''Indianola''.

She joined the expedition to Black River in May 1865, turning back from Baldwin’s Perry on learning of an imminent attack. After the end of the conflict, she returned to Mound City for dismantling but was sold there at public auction to Frank Bennet 9 November 1865.

====USS ''Cincinnati''====
The first ''Cincinnati'', a stern-wheel casemate gunboat, was built in 1861 under a War Department contract by James Eads, St. Louis, Mo., and commissioned at Mound City, 16 January 1862, naval Lieutenant G. M. Bache in command.

Assigned to duty with the Army in the Western Gunboat Flotilla under naval Flag Officer Foote, ''Cincinnati'' participated in the attack and capture of Fort Henry (6 February 1862); the operations against Island No. 10 (12 March-7 April 1862); the engagement with the Confederate gunboat fleet at Plum Point Bend and the bombardment of Fort Pillow (10 May 1862). This important series of operations was aimed at splitting the Confederacy. During the last engagement ''Cincinnati'', the lead vessel, was repeatedly struck by enemy rams and sunk.

Raised and returned to service, ''Cincinnati'' was transferred to the Navy Department 1 October 1862 with other vessels of the Western Gunboat Flotilla. She participated in the Army-Navy operation against Port of Arkansas and installations on the White River in January 1863, then was ordered to the Yazoo River where she took part in Steele's Bayou Expedition (14–27 March 1863). Joining the attack on the Vicksburg batteries (27 May 1863), ''Cincinnati'' came under heavy fire and was sunk for the second time, suffering 40 casualties.

Raised again in August 1863 ''Cincinnati'' returned to patrol duty on the Mississippi River and its tributaries until February 1865 when she was transferred to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. She patrolled off Mobile Bay and in the Mississippi Sounds until placed out of commission 4 August 1865 at Algiers, La. She was sold at New Orleans 28 March 1866.

====USS ''Louisville''====
''Louisville'' was built at St. Louis, Mo., by J. B. Eads in 1861, under contract with the War Department; was accepted 15 January 1862; and commissioned 16 January 1862, Comdr. Benjamin H. Dove in command.

Part of the War Department’s flotilla on the western rivers, ''Louisville'' assisted the Army in the capture of Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River 14 to 16 February 1862. From 1 to 5 March, she aided in the occupation of Columbus, Ky., the “Gibraltar of the West.” Departing Cairo, Ill., 14 March, she served in the capture of Island No. 10 and New Madrid, Mo., through 7 April, and helped to prevent southern ships from ascending the river.

In May, ''Louisville'' was ordered to Fort Pillow and participated in the Battle of Memphis on 6 June. Commanded by Rear Adm. Charles H. Davis, her squadron captured and sank the Confederate Mississippi flotilla. On 15 June, she attacked the upper batteries at Vicksburg, before shifting efforts to the White River, departing Helena, Ark., 5 August. Escorting Benton and Bragg to the mouth of the river, she met little resistance. On 1 October, she was transferred to the Navy.

After escorting transport ''Meteor'', disembarking troops at Bledsoe’s and Hamblen’s landings 21 October, ''Louisville'' returned to Helena to join the gunboat fleet, Mississippi Squadron.

She joined ''Baron De Kalb'', ''Cincinnati'', ''Lexington'', ''Signal'', ''New Era'', ''Romeo'', ''Rattler'', and ''Glide'' later in the month on an expedition up the White River in support of General Sherman’s army. ''Louisville'' captured the steamer ''Evansville'' near Island No. 36 on 1 November.

''Louisville'' aided in the capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, 4 to 11 January 1863, and formed part of the expedition through Steele’s Bayou, 14 to 28 January. She was ordered to the Yazoo River the 31st and moved to stop Confederates felling trees across the bayou on 21 March. She then turned her attention to the batteries on the river, running past those at Vicksburg on 16 April, and engaging the lower ones on the 29th. She joined ''Pittsburgh'', ''Mound City'', and ''Carondolet'' on that date, silencing the guns of the fort on Grand Gulf and helping to establish the siege which forced Vicksburg’s surrender 4 July 1863.

From 12 March to 22 May 1864, ''Louisville'' joined in the expedition up the Red River, La. On 2 June she engaged Confederate batteries 7 miles below Columbia, Ark., silencing the guns. She landed Union troops at Sunnyside 6 June and anchored off Shipwith’s Landing the 20th, to learn that Confederates were traveling upriver with a heavy force, and had crossed Cypress Creek and Bartholomew’s Bayou 20 June with cavalry, infantry, and artillery. On learning that Parson’s brigade was 10 miles back of Gaines’ Landing, providing reinforcements, ''Louisville'' departed immediately for that point, and helped break up the Confederate attack.

''Louisville'' continued service on the Mississippi until decommissioning 21 July 1865. She was sold at public auction at Mound City 29 November 1865.

''This article incorporates text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, a work in the public domain''

[[Category:United States Navy]][[Category:American Civil War]]

Butch Otter

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CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

{{Speedy}}

{{Officeholder
|name=Butch Otter
|image=C.L. Butch Otter.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Gay Simplot (div.)<br/>Lori Easley
|religion=Roman Catholic
|offices=
{{Officeholder/governor
|state=Idaho
|terms=January 1, 2007 – Present
|preceded=[[James Risch]]
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Idaho
|district=1st
|terms=January 3, 2001 – January 1, 2007
|preceded=Helen Chenoweth-Hage
|former=n
|succeeded=Bill Sali
}}
}}
'''Clement Leroy "Butch" Otter''' (born May 3, 1942 in Caldwell, Idaho) is the current [[Governor]] of [[Idaho]] and a member of the [[Republican Party]]. Previously he served as a U.S. Representative from Idaho's first congressional district from 2001 through 2007 and [[Lieutenant Governor]] from 1987 through 2001. He is a graduate from St. Teresa’s Academy and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from the College of Idaho in 1967 and later was awarded honorary doctorates from the University of the Philippines and the College of Idaho in Caldwell. Otter would go on to serve in the Idaho Army National Guard.

Butch Otter spent the next 30 years working in the private sector at Simplot International, a major food production business. He would rise to become Director of the Food Products Division, President of Simplot Livestock, and President of Simplot International. He retired after getting elected Lieutenant Governor and would go on to serve in that office longer than anyone in Idaho history, serving under two Republican governors and one [[Democrat]]. He was elected to the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] in 2000 and easily reelected in 2002 and 2004. Otter's record was more [[libertarian]] than [[conservative]]. He voted against the [[Patriot Act]] and against terrorist surveillance, while was solidly conservative on [[economics]].<ref>http://www.ontheissues.org/House/Butch_Otter.htm</ref> Butch Otter is [[pro-life]], earning a 100% rating from the [[National Right to Life Committee]].<ref>http://www.votesmart.org/issue_rating_category.php?can_id=1679</ref> Additionally he received an '''A''' from the [[National Rifle Association]].

In 2006 Otter was elected Governor of Idaho with 53% of the vote.

==External links==
*[http://gov.idaho.gov/ Official Governor of Idaho Site]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Otter,Butch}}
== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Idaho Governors]]
[[Category:Republican Governors]]

"Big Bill" Haywood

2011-11-10T18:39:13Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

{{Speedy}}

'''William Dudley "Big Bill" Haywood''' (1869–1928) was the founder in 1905 of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), nicknamed the "Wobblies".<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/d_h/haywood.htm William "Big Bill" Haywood] (1869-1928), ''The West'' (PBS)</ref>

Before founding the IWW, Haywood, an avowed atheist<ref>J. Anthony Lukas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=d07IME-ezzQC Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998) ISBN 0684846179, p. 236</ref> and Communist,<ref>Jamie H. Cockfield, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LkiUgn3MTmEC Black Lebeda: The Russian Famine Diary of ARA Kazan District Supervisor J. Rives Childs, 1921-1923]'' (Mercer University Press, 2006), ISBN 088146015X, p. 91, fn. 50</ref> was secretary-treasurer of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), to whom he suggested in 1899 that they had a right to steal gold because the nation's wealth belonged to those who produced it.<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_WFM.HTM Western Federation of Miners, Bill Haywood Trial, Famous Trials]</ref>

That year, while the Idaho state militia was in the Philippines, the WFM struck, seizing a Northern Pacific train and 400 pounds of dynamite. The mob, estimated at 1,000 men, many armed and masked, shot and killed two men, and blew up two mines,<ref>James H. Peabody, "Gov. Peabody to the Voters," in ''[http://ia311535.us.archive.org/3/items/criminalrecordof00mineiala/criminalrecordof00mineiala.pdf Criminal Record of the Western Federation of Miners]'' (Colorado Springs: Colorado Mine Operators' Association, 1904), p. 3 (PDF p. 9)</ref> causing $250,000 in damages,<ref>Various authors, ''[http://ia311311.us.archive.org/3/items/illustratedhisto00lewi/illustratedhisto00lewi_bw.pdf Illustrated History The State Of Idaho]'' (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1899), pp. 438-439</ref> equivalent to more than $5 million today.<ref>[http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> In the absence of the militia, Governor Frank Steunenberg appealed to President William McKinley for Federal assistance. The U.S. Army sent 400 troops of the 24th Infantry and Fourth Cavalry (mostly African-Americans),<ref>Haywood complained of alleged "outrages that were perpetrated there by the Negro soldiers." J. Anthony Lukas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=d07IME-ezzQC Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998) ISBN 0684846179, p. 699</ref> under Brigadier General H.C. Mirriam,<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E04EFDF1430E132A25757C0A9639C94689ED7CF Wardner Rioters Arrested]," ''The New York Times'', May 4, 1899</ref> who placed Shoshone County under martial law, served warrants on hundreds of rioters, and quelled the violence.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D0DE7DE1430E132A25756C0A9639C94689ED7CF Search for Wardner Rioters]," ''The New York Times'', May 5, 1899</ref>

Steunenberg retired at the end of his term in 1901, but was assassinated in 1905 by a bomb planted at his home. Within hours and confronted with overwhelming evidence, former miner Albert E. Horsley (alias Thomas Hogan and Harry Orchard) confessed to the murder,<ref>Jan Boles, [http://www.collegeofidaho.edu/aboutaci/archives/GLC/default.asp?ID=about Selections from the George L. Crookham, Jr., Papers], The Robert E. Smylie Archives, The College of Idaho</ref> implicating Haywood as a co-conspirator.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F04E0D91E30E233A25754C0A9609C946697D6CF Orchard Tells Story of Bomb]", ''The New York Times'', June 7, 1907</ref> Horsley's partner Steve Adams also confessed<ref>"Idaho's Great Trial About to Begin," ''The New York Times'', April 21, 1907</ref> but later recanted and disappeared.<ref>Hon. Ronald J. Wilper, "Trial Judge Fremont Wood: He Declared the Law as He Found It," [http://isb.idaho.gov/pdf/advocate/adv06dec.pdf ''The Advocate'', December 2006], p. 18</ref> Haywood was indicted and tried in 1907 for conspiracy to commit murder.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B07E4D9133EE033A25750C2A9609C946697D6CF The State's Case Against Haywood]," ''The New York Times'', June 23, 1907</ref> He was represented by perhaps the greatest murder defense lawyer of his time,<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0418.html Clarence Darrow Is Dead in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', March 14, 1938</ref> Clarence Darrow.<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_SUMD.HTM Excerpts from Darrow's Summation in the Haywood Trial], Bill Haywood Trial, Famous Trials</ref> Haywood was acquitted, after the judge instructed the jury, "under the statutes of this state, a person cannot be convicted of a crime upon testimony of an accomplice, unless such accomplice is corroborated by other evidence."<ref>[http://law.jrank.org/pages/2759/William-Big-Bill-Haywood-Trial-1907-Haywood-Goes-Free.html Haywood Goes Free], William "Big Bill" Haywood Trial: 1907, Notable Trials and Court Cases - 1883 to 1917, Law Library - American Law and Legal Information, jrank.org</ref>

Haywood meanwhile had left the WMF to found the IWW.<ref>Harry Orchard, ''[http://ia311533.us.archive.org/2/items/confessionsautob00horsuoft/confessionsautob00horsuoft.pdf The Confessions and Autobiography of Harry Orchard]'' (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1907), p. 192 (PDF p. 224)</ref> [[Image:American-cities-125.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Bombing of the Federal building, Chicago, moments after [[#refNARAcities|95 Wobblies]] were convicted there, 1918. ''Source: National Archives and Records Administration'']]During World War I, the IWW tried to sabotage the U.S. war effort. All leading Wobblies were arrested by the [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson Administration]] under the [[Sedition Act of 1918]] and went to prison. Moments after the sentencing of [[#refNARAcities|95 Wobbies]] (including Haywood) at the Chicago Federal Building in 1918, a bomb ripped through the building, killing four.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9502E2DB1439E13ABC4D53DFBF668383609EDE IWW Bomb Kills Four in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', September 5, 1918; Charles Howard McCormick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vcvhrdr6drgC Hopeless Cases: The Hunt for the Red Scare Terrorist Bombers]'' (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2005) ISBN 0761831320, pp. 31-31</ref> Out on appeal in 1921, Haywood fled to [[Moscow]], where he became a trusted adviser to the [[Bolshevik]] government.<ref>Douglas Linder (2003), [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_BHAY.HTM William D. Haywood], Famous Trials (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law)</ref>

In 1921, after the [[Bolsheviks]] [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/TOC/KRN.frame.html brutally] [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B05EED8133CE533A25752C1A9659C946095D6CF crushed] a [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23572 wave of strikes], Haywood betrayed the workers, saying, "every genuine labor union in the United States ought to affiliate with the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions with its central bureau [http://www.marxists.org/archive/eastman/1921/bill-haywood.htm at Moscow]." Later renamed the World Federation of Labor Unions, this was the phony "union" created and controlled by the [[Kremlin]] to [http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/093/699.htm suppress workers' rights] in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Israel Getzler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qK3m05CQhT4C Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002) ISBN 0521894425, p. 233</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Labor Union Leaders]]
[[Category:Communism]]

Exclamation mark

2011-11-10T18:39:04Z

CalebC: Citing pages per Conservapedia:Commandments

{{Speedy}}

An '''exclamation mark''' or '''exclamation point''' ('''!''') is used at the end of a [[sentence]] to express surprise, [[disgusting|disgust]], admiration, etc., or to add emphasis to a command. In formal writing, however, it is rarely used.

In [[C]] and similar computer programming languages, it is used to represent "logical not" and in a pair with an equals sign (=) to represent ''is not equal to'', e.g. {{tt|1=if (a != b)}} means ''if a is not equal to b''.<ref>[http://cermics.enpc.fr/~ts/C/CONCEPT/expressions.html C Operators/Expressions].</ref>

In mathematics, the exclamation mark is typically used to represent the [[factorial]] of a whole number, n, as n!. For example, 5! can be read as "5 factorial", which means "5 times 4 times 3 times 2 times 1.

==Additional Reading==

* Truss, Lynne. ''Eats, Shoots and Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation''. 2003, Gotham Books.

==External links==
*[http://www.nationalpunctuationday.com/exclamationpoint.html National Punctuation Day - The Exclamation Point],nationalpunctuationday.com

== Reference ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Punctuation]]
[[Category:Programming Languages]]