Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Michael Murphy

2010-08-06T20:21:07Z

CR: the operation was redwing which was a specific op, and fixed a grammar issue

'''Michael Patrick Murphy''' was a [[United States Navy]] [[SEAL]] posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]], for his actions during Operation Redwing. He was the first person to be awarded the medal for actions in [[Afghanistan]] and the first member of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]].

On June 28, 2005, Murphy led a four-man special reconnaissance team on a mission to locate a top [[Taliban]] leader. Operating in an extremely rugged enemy-controlled area, the team was discovered by Taliban sympathizers, who revealed their position to Taliban [[Terrorism|terrorists]]. As a result, at least 80 enemy fighters besieged the Navy SEAL team. Lieutenant Murphy valiantly led his men in engaging the large enemy force.

The ensuing fierce firefight resulted in numerous enemy casualties, as well as the wounding of all four members of the team. Ignoring his own wounds and demonstrating exceptional composure, Lieutenant Murphy continued to lead and encourage his men. When the primary communicator fell mortally wounded, Murphy repeatedly attempted to call for assistance for his beleaguered teammates. Realizing the impossibility of communicating in the extreme terrain, and in the face of almost certain death, he fought his way into open terrain to gain a better position to transmit a call. This deliberate, heroic act deprived him of cover, exposing him to direct enemy fire. Finally achieving contact with his headquarters, Murphy maintained his exposed position while he provided his location and requested immediate support for his team.

In his final act of bravery, Murphy continued to engage the enemy until he was mortally wounded. Two other members of the team were, Petty Officer 2nd Class Danny Dietz and Petty Officer 2nd Class Matthew Axelson, were also killed in the action; the survivor, Marcus Luttrell, was eventually rescued. All three of Murphy's men were awarded the Navy's second-highest honor, the Navy Cross, for their part in the battle.

Murphy is buried in Calverton National Cemetery, Calverton, [[New York]].
{{DEFAULTSORT:Murphy, Michael}}

[[Category:American war heroes]]
[[Category:Irish-Americans]]
[[Category:Medal of Honor winners]]
[[Category:United States Navy]]

Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks

2010-06-05T02:13:29Z

CR: /* Conspiracy theory section */

== Rewrite ==

I'm going to take a swing at this... bear with me. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 02:30, 24 March 2007 (EDT)
:OK, I added a very terse timeline of events sourced from a combination of CNN's timeline and the FBI press release. I just included the key events of what happened... not the response during the day. Selective inclusion of the response could be perceived as partisan and total inclusion of everything... well... that'd be plagiarism. I also gave the most recent estimates for casualties I could find.

:I ''did not touch'' the "conspiracy theories" or "events following 9/11" as those are both way too political for liberal old me. My personal opinion is that the "events following" section should be a ''little'' bit more fleshed and written in a more encyclopedic tone... the immediate result was the [[War on Terror]] which has its own article. I also think that the "conspiracy theories" section needs a lot less space but possibly a link to another article. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 04:17, 24 March 2007 (EDT)

:Oh... and I have an idea for an additional section which I may tackle unless someone does it first.

*"Planning and Execution"
*"Emergency Response"
*"Subsequent Health Issues"

:Any others? [[User:Myk|Myk]] 04:32, 24 March 2007 (EDT)

:I really wanted to go to bed... we seem to have lost the talk history in the BORF page move vandalism... I could only save the section I was editing and so still had in my browser cache. There wasn't much in here and I think the edits I made are pretty vanilla. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 04:41, 24 March 2007 (EDT)

:OK... I added a section about the economic impact and the consequences on US policy. The economic impact can stand some significant increase from someone who understand the ins and outs better than I do. The consequences on US policy should remain brief as most will lead to their own articles. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 18:41, 24 March 2007 (EDT)

:No one wanted to take a swing at it so I just cut the Conspiracy Theories section down to "Conspiracy Theories exist / are easily disproven" and the Popular Mechanics article. If people want to expound on the conspiracy theories, I would suggest creating a new article for it, and linkt to it from here. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 12:24, 25 March 2007 (EDT)

::I have one suggestion on the conspiracy section: rather than say "easily disproven," maybe "comprehensively disproven" would be a better term. Easily sounds more like opinion, while comprehensively is not only more neutral, but also more powerful. Just a thought.--[[User:Dave3172|Dave3172]] 11:14, 10 April 2007 (EDT)

:::Done and done. Next time, feel free to edit away. Those conpiracy theorists give me the heebie jeebies. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 11:45, 10 April 2007 (EDT)

==Added video link==
The Internet Archive has news broadcasts from the major networks for Sept 11-13, and I added a link in the source section. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 09:21, 17 April 2007 (EDT)

:Smashing!!--~ [[User:TK|Sysop-TK]] [[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]] 09:50, 17 April 2007 (EDT)

:I moved them from the source section to the new "Additional Information" section as those links weren't used to help source the article. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 12:29, 17 April 2007 (EDT)

::It's rather interesting to watch the first clips from each of the networks; just another news day, then they're not sure what's going on with the first tower explosion, then the reactions as the second tower gets hit. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 14:13, 17 April 2007 (EDT)

==Rewrite, et al==
I'm not going to do a re-write of Myk's re-write, but (this is constructive criticism, mind you) I feel it is rather weak. So, my suggestion is to arrange in new subheadings, and fill them with the detail required. The subheadings are in this order:

*Introductory paragraph
*'''Prelude'''
**This subheading describes the events and situations which led to 9/11, up to the arrival at the airport of the terrorists.
*'''The first plane'''
*'''the second plane'''
*'''the third plane'''
*'''the fourth plane'''
::I'm sure these subheadings will be changed in favor of, say "United Flight 73", etc, but you want where the flight originated from, number of passengers onboard, and which target it hit. Special attention should be paid to the flight that hit the wheatfield in Pennsylvania, as there was an attempted take-over by the passengers. The way I presented it here is that it infers to the first target hit, then the second, the third, etc.
*'''The Targets'''
**'''World Trade Center One'''
**'''World Trade Center Two'''
**'''The Pentagon'''
**'''The White House?'''
:This can go into detail on each one, as to when they were hit, number of people killed, in the case of WTC when each tower collapsed. I put a question mark by the White House, as it may have been a target, but the plane involved went down near Shankville, PA.
*'''Immediate reaction'''
:What the country was doing within hours of the attacks: the military on alert; all flights canceled, with those in the air ordered to land; the scrambling of fighters, the evacuation of the White House and Capitol, etc.
**'''President Bush's reaction'''
:Bush was in a school in Florida, engaged in a reading assignment for kids when he was told the news of WTC. Then he was on a flight not to Washington, but to a base in Louisiana.
*'''Identity of the terrorists'''
:Mohammed Atta should be the only one mentioned, plus a brief history of where he was in the Mid East in connection with his training; plus the indentity of Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden.
*'''Afghanistan'''
:Bush ordered Mullah Omar to turn over bin Laden and dismantle his training camps or face armed attack, which of course happened.
*'''Aftermath'''
:This can be further divided in conquest of Afghanistan and the overthrow of the Taliban; alleged connections between Al Qaeda and Iraq; heath issues relative to WTC; the plans for rebuilding the WTC; repairs to the Pentagon; memorials, etc.

What do you think? It leaves no room for the heebie jeebies concerning conspiracy nuts! [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 21:52, 17 April 2007 (EDT)

::Be my guest, Karajou. I never wanted to be the sole author of the piece, just wanted to set up the framework. But saying it's rather weak... not tactful. Or constructive for that matter. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 00:59, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

:::Yes it was meant to be constructive, as well as something that you could take advantage of. I wasn't about to take over the article. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 08:05, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

:::*Yes, Karajou, please emulate Myk's endless and trademarked tact! --~ [[User:TK|Sysop-TK]] [[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]] 08:50, 18 April 2007 (EDT)
::::TK, i find that comment rather weak. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 12:55, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

TK, I am not interested in mindless or trademarked tacts; the only thing I have done was offer a suggestion. To me, this article belongs to Myk, and nobody else. Give him the chance, the means, and the opportunity to make it better. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 13:18, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

:It's a wiki, Karajou, it belongs to everyone. That's how wikis work. [[User:Myk|Myk]] 17:37, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

::*Karajou, I was supporting what you said. It was sarcasm. Myk, you are 100% wrong. Not all Wiki's work the same way, nor are they intended to, according to the options the software gives site owners. Such all-encompassing statements are not only "weak" they are misleading. More precise would have been "That's how I prefer wiki's to work" or "That's how other wiki's work that I have used." --~ [[User:TK|Sysop-TK]] [[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]] 18:06, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

:::TK, please give me an example of a wiki where articles are all proprietary. Why must you argue every little point? [[User:Myk|Myk]] 21:47, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

==Protection==

After a wave of conspiratorial-oriented edits, I have protected this article. If anybody wants to add anything, just reach me on my talk page and I'll put it in. [[User:DanH|DanH]] 14:29, 18 July 2007 (EDT)

== Clinton's policies ==

I don't see anything in this article about how Clinton's failed foreign policies contributed to the attacks. Clinton had SEVERAL chances to take out bin Laden and he didn't. Not responding to the Cole attack and the African embassy bombings just emboldened the terrorists. Can someone add this important information to the article?

:I would recommend researching it and putting in referenced information with your findings. Be factual and don't personally attack Clinton, but let your information do your talking. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 13:20, 21 April 2008 (EDT)

== "I believe in God" graphic ==

I don't understand how this is relevant to 9/11. Please don't call me an athiest, I am a christian. It just seems off topic. [[User:Conservamike|Conservamike]] 18:33, 12 January 2009 (EST)

*God is relevant to everything, and especially the United States, having been founded on Christian faith. Please don't be removing graphics without posting first. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 20:03, 12 January 2009 (EST)

: By irrelevant I certainly do not suggest that god is irrelevant, it's that god is not the topic at hand and it distracts from the point. Should we mention god and the value of prayer in every article with a prominently placed image? [[User:Conservamike|Conservamike]] 20:31, 12 January 2009 (EST)

:: I also feel the need to point out that writing on the American flag in the graphic is against the flag code. "The flag should never have placed upon it, nor on any part of it, nor attached to it any mark, insignia, letter, word, figure, design, picture, or drawing of any nature." (http://www.ushistory.org/BETSY/flagcode.htm, read section 8g). As a proud American conservative I follow the flag code to the letter. [[User:Conservamike|Conservamike]] 20:40, 12 January 2009 (EST)

== Why did god allow 9/11 to happen? ==

As a christian, I've always wondered this. Should this be discussed in the article? [[User:Conservamike|Conservamike]] 20:32, 12 January 2009 (EST)

*As a '''''C'''hristian'', Conservamike, you shouldn't have to ask. As an atheist, one would. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 20:35, 12 January 2009 (EST)

:Why? I really don't understand how that would lead you to imply I'm an athiest. I've been a Christian my whole life. God works in mysterious ways, but this is beyond mysterious. [[User:Conservamike|Conservamike]] 20:42, 12 January 2009 (EST)

::I didn't imply any such thing. I said an atheist would have to ask. Billy Graham's daughter was interviewed on the Early Show and Jane Clayson asked her "How could God let something like this happen?" (regarding the attacks on Sept. 11). Anne Graham gave an extremely profound and insightful response. She said '''"I believe God is deeply saddened by this, just as we are, but for years we've been telling God to get out of our schools, to get out of our government and to get out of our lives. And being the gentleman He is, I believe He has calmly backed out. How can we expect God to give us His blessing and His protection if we demand He leave us alone?"''' --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 20:45, 12 January 2009 (EST)

::: An athiest wouldn't ask, since they reject god entirely. The quote is nice though, maybe there could be a section outlining explanations from prominent Christians? I'd be happy to add it. [[User:Conservamike|Conservamike]] 21:05, 12 January 2009 (EST)

:Mike, there is a strong belief among Christians that there was a divine reason for 9/11. Something like that can either strengthen or shake someone's faith. It is extremely likely that someone reading this would want an answer to why God would allow a bunch of Third World nutjobs to hit America were it hurts. The information should stay. [[User:Geo.plrd|Geoff Plourde]][[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Complain!]] 20:51, 12 January 2009 (EST)

::Yes. So why did God let this happen? If he didn’t, the freedom he has passed to us as human beings would not exist. Before placing the blame of something evil and tragic on God, think about it. Why would a loving God ever want to harm anyone? And never forget, the most asked question in the universe is “Why?” The most unanswered question, unfortunately, is also “Why?” ''In this case, the answer may be our misuse of free will.'' --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 20:52, 12 January 2009 (EST)

:::As a self-professed agnostic, this is one of the ... well, I'm trying my hardest not to be offensive, but I've never understood how a Christian could ask this question. I would imagine that faith in an all-knowing God would comfort one in knowing that there ''is'' a reason for everything, including this terrible tragedy. God did not "let" this happen, this was the free will of man—very evil men—forced upon innocent civilians. [[User:JLauttamus|Jeffrey W. Lauttamus]][[User_talk:JLauttamus|Discussion]] 20:57, 12 January 2009 (EST)

The greatest evil ever, the greatest evil of all time....was when the creatures (mankind) killed the Creator (Jesus). This was the greatest evil ever. Yet, the greatest good that ever took place, mankind freed from the shackles of the devil, could now enter Heaven. Why did God allow his Son to be murdered? To bring about a greater good. Why did God let 9/11 happen? To bring about a greater good. 9/11 was a divine warning- straighten your path America or you will suffer unspeakably. Did we heed the warning? Not only did we not heed the warning, evil has grown substantially since. Only time will show the error of our ways.--Jpatt 21:57, 12 January 2009 (EST)

==Conspiracy theory section==

This garbage needs to be deleted. The article already outlines (logically and efficiently I might add) the well-known truth that 9/11 was the action of Islamic terrorists. Why provide a forum for what are mostly, quite literally, blame-America-first libs? Including links and refs to their insanity doesn't help America, it only creates more people with doubts. [[User:MICasey|MICasey]] 16:22, 12 September 2009 (EDT)

* I think the article here, briefly describing the existence of conspiracy theories and putting the theories in their place, while putting the conspiracy theories in their own article, is just fine. I added a "main article: ..." to the top of the section, to make sure visitors know they are only theories.

* I don't think we shouldn't include 9/11 theories on Conservapedia - we do include the Kennedy assassination, UFOs, secret societies, chemtrails, and many others, and some of these are more "garbage" while others are more likely to be true. (some conspiracy theories have been proven true, most notably ECHELON). -[[User:Danq|danq]] 17:21, 19 September 2009 (EDT)

:Fixed the theory section as the reference [http://www.shns.com/shns/g_index2.cfm?action=detail&pk=CONSPIRACY-08-02-06 used here,] was not accurate and did not have any information about the matter at hand. I also included two citations needed as there was no basis behind these facts.--[[User:CR|CR]] 22:13, 4 June 2010 (EDT)

September 11, 2001 attacks

2010-06-05T02:11:46Z

CR: /* Conspiracy Theories */ see talk

[[Image:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The view of the burning towers of the World Trade Center from Staten Island, New York City, September 11, 2001]]
The '''Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001''' occurred when [[al Qaeda]]-affiliated [[Islam|Islamic extremists]] hijacked four transcontinental airliners and used them to strike targets in the [[United States]], succeeded in destroying the largest portions of what had been ''The World Trade Center'', including the "Twin Towers", in New York City, and a portion of the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.; the fourth aircraft, in which the hijackers are believed to have targeted the White House or the Capital Building, crashed into an empty field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after passengers fought back to re-take control.

The sheer audacity of the attack and the heavy loss of life that resulted from it caused the U.S. Government to declare a [[War on Terror]] with the determination to hunt down terrorists world-wide; within two months of September 11, [[Afghanistan]] was completely occupied by American forces, driving the ruling Islamo-fascist [[Taliban]] from power and causing the head of al Qaeda, who personally approved the attacks, [[Osama bin Laden]], to flee into hiding.

==The Hijacking==
[[Image:9-11.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The impact of United Flight 175 on the south tower of the World Trade Center. The north tower burns after the crash of American Flight 11 some 16 minutes before.]]
All 19 hijackers boarded the planes on the morning of September 11, having carefully chosen flights whose routes would be transcontinental. Two planes flew out of Boston's Logan Airport, one flew from Washington's Dulles International Airport, and the fourth left an airport in Newark, New Jersey.

===New York City===
American Airlines Flight 11 left Logan Airport around 8 AM, carrying 11 crew and 81 passengers; its destination was Los Angeles, California. United Airlines Flight 175 left Logan a few minutes later, carrying 9 crew and 56 passengers, and also on a flight to Los Angeles. Both aircraft were the 767-200, manufactured by the Boeing Company.

At 8:25 AM Boston air traffic controllers heard a strange voice from Flight 11: "We have some planes. Just stay quiet, and you will be OK. We are returning to the airport." The plane then headed south toward New York City; at 8:46 AM the plane crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center between the 93 and 99th floors. Sixteen minutes later, at 9:03 AM, Flight 175 crashed into the south tower - at a greater speed and more oblique angle - between the 77th and 85th floors.

The impact of the crashes took out any hope of getting to victims and survivors on the affected floors and the floors above; many people desperate to get away from the smoke and fire jumped. Both towers were designed to survive the impact of a 1960s-era jet, but the Boeing 767 was larger and carried more fuel; it was determined later that the heat from the burning fuel weakened the central steel structure and supports. At 9:59 am the south tower collasped; the upper floors had lost support in the damaged area and fell - pancake style - to the ground. At 10:29 AM the north tower fell in a similar manner. The death toll was around 2,750, including more than 300 firefighters and 100 police officers and other rescue workers.

The building at 7 World Trade Center, commonly abbreviated as WTC7, also collapsed in the attacks. This collapse is frequently cited in various [[9/11 conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories]].

===Washington, D.C.===
American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757-200, left Dulles at 8:20 AM, carrying 6 crew and 58 passengers on a flight to Los Angeles. Forty minutes later the aircraft had turned back toward Washington; at 9:37 it crashed at high-speed into the west side of the Pentagon, killing a total of 184 people. Despite being built of reinforced concrete, the aircraft was able to penetrate to the third concentric ring of the building.

===Shanksville, Pennsylvania===
[[File:ShanksvilleSept11.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Val McClatchey snapped this photo moments after Flight 93 hit the ground near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.]]
United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing 757-200, left Newark at 8:40 AM, with a destination of San Fransisco. Unlike the other planes which had four hijackers each, Flight 93 had three; it also had passengers who, through onboard phone calls, learned of the previous hijackings and crashes and determined to wrest control of the aircraft back from the terrorists. Turned towards Washington, the plane ended up crashing in a wheat field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:03 AM, the only one of the aircraft which failed to reach its target. Among the recorded conversations between the passengers and phone operators was the phrase "Let's roll" by Todd Beamer, made just before he set down his phone and took action with the other passengers involved; Beamer's last phrase would become a rallying cry in the coming war on terorism.

===Ground Casualties===
The total loss of life is constantly being reevaluated to account for wrongly reported missing persons and, in some cases, occurrences of fraud. Estimates of more than 6,000 deaths were announced following the attacks. The current estimate is 2,996 fatalities as a direct result of the attacks. About 500 foreign nationals from over 90 countries are believed to have died in the attack.<ref> [http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Northeast/10/29/wtc.deaths/ "New York Reduces 9/11 Death Toll by 40"] at CNN.com, Phil Hirschkorn, 10/29/03</ref>

The Department of Defense reported the deaths of 125 people at The Pentagon. The aftermath of the World Trade Center towers collapsing created a good deal of confusion and has been the main source of discrepancies in casualty estimates. As of October 29, 2003, New York City reported 2605 deaths in the attacks, not counting the passengers and crew of the planes. <ref> [http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Northeast/10/29/wtc.deaths/ "New York Reduces 9/11 Death Toll by 40"] at CNN.com, Phil Hirschkorn, 10/29/03</ref>

As a matter of course, the deaths of the 19 [[suicide|hijackers]] are not included in these casualty totals.

===Economic Impact===
The material costs of the attacks are well in excess of one hundred billion US dollars. Factoring in stock market losses, loss of revenue in New York City, loss of jobs, impact on air travel, and heightened security, some estimate the cost approaches two trillion dollars.<ref>[http://www.iags.org/costof911.html The Cost of September 11] Institute for the Analysis of Global Security</ref>

Some estimates of the cost of executing the plan place it in the $400,000-$500,000 range, making it an extremely "profitable" operation for al-Qaeda. <ref>[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Exec.htm The 9/11 Commission Report]</ref>

==The Suspects==
Suspicion fell on Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda organization almost immediately. Known to have harbored hatred for the United States since the basing of U.S. fighters and other military personnel in Saudi Arabia during the first Gulf War, bin Laden has tried "To kill Americans and their allies — civilians and military — is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it," <ref>[http://awildernessvoice.com/Mohammed.html]</ref>, and often succeeding. In four previous attacks, bin Laden's operatives
*killed 6 in a bomb explosion in the first attack on the World Trade Center in 1993;
*killed 19 soldiers in 1996 at a military housing complex in Saudi Arabia;
*killed more than 200 people in the simultaneous bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania;
*killed 17 sailors by putting an explosives-laden boat next to USS ''Cole'' while that destroyer was refueling in Yemen in 2000.

His personal fortune, estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars, has enabled him to finance well-coordinated operations, including the training of the hijackers in close-quarter fighting, commandeering of aircraft, and ironically to bankroll their education in American flight schools.

==Social Impacts==

Following the attacks there was a strong surge of patriotism in virtually all facets of American society. The government, being aware that the most deadly attack ever on American soil could stir up animosity against the ethnic or religious group of the perpetrators, went out of its way along with the media to separate Islam from the actions taken by its more radical adherents, referring to it at multiple times as a "religion of love". While people of Middle Eastern decent and adherents of Islam were concerned at first, the overall effect of hostility towards these groups was barely noticeable. Although there were literally millions of Muslims in America out of a total population of 300 million who could have sought out reprisals, in an entire year less than 500 cases of aggression of verbal hostility were reported.

==Consequences of the Attacks on U.S. Policy==
===Domestic Policy===

The attacks were a direct or indirect cause of massive changes in United States domestic policy. Most notably, the ''Homeland Security Act of 2002'' "established a [[Department of Homeland Security]], as an executive department of the United States" <ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/bill/hsl-bill.pdf H.R. 5005 The Homeland Security Act]</ref>, a cabinet level position. One of the tools implemented by the Department is the [[Homeland Security Advisory System]], a color coded advisory system meant to "establish a comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, State, and local authorities and to the American people." <ref>[http://www.dhs.gov/xinfoshare/laws/ DHS Laws and Regulations] Department of Homeland Security</ref>

Another notable result of the attacks was the ''[[USA PATRIOT Act|USA PATRIOT Act of 2001]]'' ('''U'''niting and '''S'''trengthening '''A'''merica by '''P'''roviding '''A'''ppropriate '''T'''ools '''R'''equired to '''I'''ntercept and '''O'''bstruct '''T'''errorism). The act was written to expand the authority of law enforcement and the justice system in the pursuit of terrorism suspects.<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:H.R.3162.ENR: ''The USA PATRIOT Act''] Library of Congress</ref>

===Foreign Policy===

In response to the attacks, the United States declared a [[War on Terror]], which comprises United States military action in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq]] as well as a significant increase in intelligence gathering and a new outlook on foreign relations.

==Conspiracy Theories==

''Main article: [[9/11 conspiracy theories]]''

[[Image:393px-WTC-remnant highres.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Remains of the South Tower, September 13, 2001.]]
Many conspiracy theories <ref>[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20061002/alterman Lying About 9/11? Easy as [[ABC]]], Eric Alterman, ''The Nation'', September 14, 2006 (October 2, 2006 issue). </ref> have sprouted up from the events of September 11, 2001, including the "Loose Change" movies seen on YouTube. These movies have been comprehensively disproven by independent experts <ref>[http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html "Debunking The 9/11 Myths"] ''Popular Mechanics'', Mar. 2005 Cover Story</ref>. Prominent endorsers of such theories include talk show host [[Rosie O'Donnell]] as well as actor [[Charlie Sheen]]. A third of the American public has bought into the idea of some sort of role by federal officials. {{fact}} This view is much more common among those who get their news solely from the internet and is rare for those who read newspapers or watch the news on regular television. {{fact}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf The 9/11 Commission Report]
*[http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers], [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]].
*[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/index.html September 11: Chronology of Terror] at CNN.com
*[http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/penttbom/penttbomb.htm Federal Bureau of Investigations PENTTBOM Press Release]
*[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/victims/main.html Lists of Victims] at CNN.com

==Additional Information==
*[http://www.archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive The Internet Archive's file of ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, FOX, and BBC broadcasts for Sept 11-13, 2001]
*[http://www.televisionarchive.org/ Television Archive of news broadcasts for 9/11]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Terrorism}}
[[category:United States History]]
[[Category:Riots and terrorist incidents in the United States]]
[[Category:Afghanistan War]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]

Debate: Can you be a true Christian and believe in evolution?

2010-05-29T17:47:18Z

CR: /* YES */

{{debate}}

== NO ==

It is very simple - Jesus was born to rescue us from the [[original sin]]. If there is no [[Adam]] and [[Eve]], there is no original sin. Hence the whole premise for Christianity will break down. So every true Christian should believe in creation account - literally. {{unsigned|Heffalump}}

Reply: So are you saying that all evolutionists deny original sin? Because Darwin didn't deny original sin. -Ethan

I think the nature of sin is one of the big different between creation and evolution.

Evolution doesn't really recognize sin, and see death and suffering as a part of nature and necessary process in evolution, to evolve to new species.

But bible says that death and suffering are because of sin, it is not what God wanted, and nothing nature and necessary about it.

I think Christians who still believe in evolution don't really realize the cruelty of evolution. 90% of a group have to die off in order for the rest of the 10& to "evolve".

God won't use death and suffering in His creation. And I think God is smart enough to make everything perfect in the beginning (just like what the bible says) instead of made a few amoebas and let them "evolve" over time.

For those of you who watched Dr. Kent Hovind's videos, I accept most of his views about this.[[User:Kmcheng|Kmcheng]] 16:54, 25 December 2008 (EST)

== YES ==

Given that God created Adam and Eve, how do you explain the existence of human races?

There are forces that act on all things. These forces also act on living things. The process of reacting to these forces to descendants is called ''evolution''.

Evolution has nothing to do with how life began. There are 6 mechanisms of evolution and we may debate the effectiveness of each one, e.g., natural selection. However, evolution is a fact of reality and is unstoppable so long as life exists. Evolution is not at odds with Christianity and it is too bad many Christians do not understand that. --[[User:Peterporcaro|Peterporcaro]] 15:41, 11 November 2009 (EST)

As humans are capable of believing two or more contradictory things, it entirely possible (and quite common) for someone who is truly a Christian to have a wrong view about parts of the Bible, including the parts that contradict [[evolution]]. So believing in evolution does not mean that you are not truly a Christian, even though you believe something quite anti-biblical. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:59, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

This is very difficult to answer. I agree with Mr. Rayment - probably yes. --[[User:JBuscombe|JBuscombe]] 08:15, 14 March 2008 (EDT)

As said above. --[[User:UaSsAu|UaSsAu]] 08:35, 14 March 2008 (EDT)

:: I don't understand. How can someone believe in two contradictory things? --[[User:Heffalump|Heffalump]] 18:31, 16 March 2008 (EDT) Can you give me an example of some thing you contradictory you believe in? --[[User:Heffalump|Heffalump]] 18:45, 16 March 2008 (EDT)
::: Most people who believe in two contradictory things don't realise that they believe in two contradictory things. They've never really thought through the implications of the things they believe to realise that there is a contradiction. That's not always true, though. Sometimes people do realise that they believe in two contradictory things, but choose to keep believing both of them. This I cannot understand, and I can't recall any examples. More common, however, would be those that have realised that two of the things they believe in are contradictory, but don't yet know how to solve that contradiction. Many people have become Christians but continued to believe in evolution. At first, they don't see the contradiction (believing, for example, that God used evolution to create). Later, many of them realise that there is a contradiction (their compromise doesn't actually work), but don't know how to resolve that. Fortunately, many of them ultimately resolve the contradiction by rejecting evolution, but there's many others who haven't done that last step, or haven't reached that last step ''yet''.
::: But the point is, salvation is not dependent on the believer accepting every last detail of what the Bible says. Those described above who eventually come to reject evolution haven't finally become Christians at the point that they reject evolution; they were already Christians before that.
::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:04, 16 March 2008 (EDT)

That is a great explanation, Philip. That kind of opened my eyes. --[[User:Heffalump|Heffalump]] 14:14, 17 March 2008 (EDT)

:As a theistic evolutionist I think that the story of creation is more of an allegory. As for Adam and Even and Original Sin I haven't really decided whether or not they literally existed and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, or if that is an allegory as well. To be honest, I'm more of a passive evolutionist, fully realizing that I could very well be wrong while being glad that I'll be forgiven if I am. I'm just glad that the creationism v. evolution isn't really central to Christianity. '''[[user:FernoKlump|FernoKlump]]''' 00:09, 25 May 2008 (EDT)
::That's a defeatist attitude (don't take it personally!). Today you are a "passive evolutionists", tomorrow a "passive liberal". When will you be a "passive atheist"? Sorry for kidding, but think about it. If you don't take Creation literally, everything else in the Bible can be an "allegory". There are many allegories, metaphors, parables in the Bible, but the account of Creation is not. Nowhere it mentions that it shouldn't be taken literally. I'm sure Mr.Rayment will explain it better. --[[User:AdamE|AdamE]] 11:18, 29 August 2008 (EDT)
::: On the type of text of the creation account, see [[Creation week]]. If there was no Adam and Eve, there was no original sin. If there is no original sin, then we don't need a Saviour to save us from it. Therefore we don't need Jesus. If there was no first Adam, there is no need of a last Adam. You're right; it's not central at all! [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 11:34, 1 September 2008 (EDT)
As for this argument using the Adam and Eve story, this and the Theory of Evolution are not related. They are not alternatives of each other. The account of creation in the Bible is just that. It refers only to how things were created in the beginning. The Theory of Evolution concerns how life on earth has changed over time. If one is not satisfied with that argument, then perhaps this one: the Bible does not explain the means by which most forms of life were created by God. Is it not possible that God used evolution to further the variance of Earth's life forms? This idea is reminiscent of the ancient ways of explaining the universe: the apple falls from the tree because God wills it so. While this is still true, it has since been discovered that God created gravity, and this law of nature is most directly the cause of the apple's fall. It is most probable that God created evolution in the same way, to govern nature's life forms and the way that they change over time.--[[User:JArneal|JArneal]] 21:55, 9 October 2008 (EDT)

Sure, why not? Ironheart777 11:59 (PST) 25 november

: I missed answering this earlier, so I will now, even though JArneal is no longer with us (on Conservapedia, that is).
: The evolutionary and biblical stories ''are'' alternatives, because they are incompatible. No, it is ''not'' possible that God used evolution, given that evolution requires billions of years, whilst the Bible ''[[creation week|clearly and unambiguously]]'' records that creation took six ordinary days, among other differences.
: The Bible ''does'' record how most forms of life were created: to reproduce "''after their kind''", i.e. not by becoming another kind, as evolution claims.
: Other differences are the order of creation (the Bible has birds before reptiles, for example), and that there was no death before mankind.
: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 05:36, 17 March 2009 (EDT)

I am a Roman Catholic. In 1996, Pope John Paul II accepted evolution of our physical bodies by means of natural selection, as long as our souls were created by God, we can accept both Genesis and evolution. --[[LincolnShuddered|LincolnShuddered]]

:I don't think the Pope said that, and you don't provide a quote.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:45, 29 May 2010 (EDT)

I hope I am not coming late to the party (although I clearly am looking at the edit dates :P) but I would like to share a belief of mine on evolution. I think that originally God created Adam and Eve and all that good stuff in Genesis, however evolution was also by God's design as well. Perhaps He wanted us to enjoy the majesty of him creating such a diverse history and how if life existed on Earth before Adam and Eve, that would be what it looks like. It would give us something to admire Him and His creation. However I believe that the concept of evolution was contorted by Satan in such a way that people began to use it as a substitute to Adam and Eve's story. Not sure if that made any sense, but, yeah.--[[User:CR|CR]] 00:20, 29 May 2010 (EDT)

:I appreciate your sharing this, but honestly it doesn't make any sense to me. What's your view of the [[Flood]]? Original sin? The reason for Christ's Passion? Everything unravels once a student falls for the [[liberal]] of [[evolution]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:45, 29 May 2010 (EDT)

::I believe in all the things you mentioned, I'm not accepting evolution as the way the Earth or humans were made, just something added by God afterwards.--[[User:CR|CR]] 13:47, 29 May 2010 (EDT)

Debate: Can you be a true Christian and believe in evolution?

2010-05-29T04:20:09Z

CR: /* YES */

{{debate}}

== NO ==

It is very simple - Jesus was born to rescue us from the [[original sin]]. If there is no [[Adam]] and [[Eve]], there is no original sin. Hence the whole premise for Christianity will break down. So every true Christian should believe in creation account - literally. {{unsigned|Heffalump}}

Reply: So are you saying that all evolutionists deny original sin? Because Darwin didn't deny original sin. -Ethan

I think the nature of sin is one of the big different between creation and evolution.

Evolution doesn't really recognize sin, and see death and suffering as a part of nature and necessary process in evolution, to evolve to new species.

But bible says that death and suffering are because of sin, it is not what God wanted, and nothing nature and necessary about it.

I think Christians who still believe in evolution don't really realize the cruelty of evolution. 90% of a group have to die off in order for the rest of the 10& to "evolve".

God won't use death and suffering in His creation. And I think God is smart enough to make everything perfect in the beginning (just like what the bible says) instead of made a few amoebas and let them "evolve" over time.

For those of you who watched Dr. Kent Hovind's videos, I accept most of his views about this.[[User:Kmcheng|Kmcheng]] 16:54, 25 December 2008 (EST)

== YES ==

Given that God created Adam and Eve, how do you explain the existence of human races?

There are forces that act on all things. These forces also act on living things. The process of reacting to these forces to descendants is called ''evolution''.

Evolution has nothing to do with how life began. There are 6 mechanisms of evolution and we may debate the effectiveness of each one, e.g., natural selection. However, evolution is a fact of reality and is unstoppable so long as life exists. Evolution is not at odds with Christianity and it is too bad many Christians do not understand that. --[[User:Peterporcaro|Peterporcaro]] 15:41, 11 November 2009 (EST)

As humans are capable of believing two or more contradictory things, it entirely possible (and quite common) for someone who is truly a Christian to have a wrong view about parts of the Bible, including the parts that contradict [[evolution]]. So believing in evolution does not mean that you are not truly a Christian, even though you believe something quite anti-biblical. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:59, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

This is very difficult to answer. I agree with Mr. Rayment - probably yes. --[[User:JBuscombe|JBuscombe]] 08:15, 14 March 2008 (EDT)

As said above. --[[User:UaSsAu|UaSsAu]] 08:35, 14 March 2008 (EDT)

:: I don't understand. How can someone believe in two contradictory things? --[[User:Heffalump|Heffalump]] 18:31, 16 March 2008 (EDT) Can you give me an example of some thing you contradictory you believe in? --[[User:Heffalump|Heffalump]] 18:45, 16 March 2008 (EDT)
::: Most people who believe in two contradictory things don't realise that they believe in two contradictory things. They've never really thought through the implications of the things they believe to realise that there is a contradiction. That's not always true, though. Sometimes people do realise that they believe in two contradictory things, but choose to keep believing both of them. This I cannot understand, and I can't recall any examples. More common, however, would be those that have realised that two of the things they believe in are contradictory, but don't yet know how to solve that contradiction. Many people have become Christians but continued to believe in evolution. At first, they don't see the contradiction (believing, for example, that God used evolution to create). Later, many of them realise that there is a contradiction (their compromise doesn't actually work), but don't know how to resolve that. Fortunately, many of them ultimately resolve the contradiction by rejecting evolution, but there's many others who haven't done that last step, or haven't reached that last step ''yet''.
::: But the point is, salvation is not dependent on the believer accepting every last detail of what the Bible says. Those described above who eventually come to reject evolution haven't finally become Christians at the point that they reject evolution; they were already Christians before that.
::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:04, 16 March 2008 (EDT)

That is a great explanation, Philip. That kind of opened my eyes. --[[User:Heffalump|Heffalump]] 14:14, 17 March 2008 (EDT)

:As a theistic evolutionist I think that the story of creation is more of an allegory. As for Adam and Even and Original Sin I haven't really decided whether or not they literally existed and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, or if that is an allegory as well. To be honest, I'm more of a passive evolutionist, fully realizing that I could very well be wrong while being glad that I'll be forgiven if I am. I'm just glad that the creationism v. evolution isn't really central to Christianity. '''[[user:FernoKlump|FernoKlump]]''' 00:09, 25 May 2008 (EDT)
::That's a defeatist attitude (don't take it personally!). Today you are a "passive evolutionists", tomorrow a "passive liberal". When will you be a "passive atheist"? Sorry for kidding, but think about it. If you don't take Creation literally, everything else in the Bible can be an "allegory". There are many allegories, metaphors, parables in the Bible, but the account of Creation is not. Nowhere it mentions that it shouldn't be taken literally. I'm sure Mr.Rayment will explain it better. --[[User:AdamE|AdamE]] 11:18, 29 August 2008 (EDT)
::: On the type of text of the creation account, see [[Creation week]]. If there was no Adam and Eve, there was no original sin. If there is no original sin, then we don't need a Saviour to save us from it. Therefore we don't need Jesus. If there was no first Adam, there is no need of a last Adam. You're right; it's not central at all! [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 11:34, 1 September 2008 (EDT)
As for this argument using the Adam and Eve story, this and the Theory of Evolution are not related. They are not alternatives of each other. The account of creation in the Bible is just that. It refers only to how things were created in the beginning. The Theory of Evolution concerns how life on earth has changed over time. If one is not satisfied with that argument, then perhaps this one: the Bible does not explain the means by which most forms of life were created by God. Is it not possible that God used evolution to further the variance of Earth's life forms? This idea is reminiscent of the ancient ways of explaining the universe: the apple falls from the tree because God wills it so. While this is still true, it has since been discovered that God created gravity, and this law of nature is most directly the cause of the apple's fall. It is most probable that God created evolution in the same way, to govern nature's life forms and the way that they change over time.--[[User:JArneal|JArneal]] 21:55, 9 October 2008 (EDT)

Sure, why not? Ironheart777 11:59 (PST) 25 november

: I missed answering this earlier, so I will now, even though JArneal is no longer with us (on Conservapedia, that is).
: The evolutionary and biblical stories ''are'' alternatives, because they are incompatible. No, it is ''not'' possible that God used evolution, given that evolution requires billions of years, whilst the Bible ''[[creation week|clearly and unambiguously]]'' records that creation took six ordinary days, among other differences.
: The Bible ''does'' record how most forms of life were created: to reproduce "''after their kind''", i.e. not by becoming another kind, as evolution claims.
: Other differences are the order of creation (the Bible has birds before reptiles, for example), and that there was no death before mankind.
: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 05:36, 17 March 2009 (EDT)

I am a Roman Catholic. In 1996, Pope John Paul II accepted evolution of our physical bodies by means of natural selection, as long as our souls were created by God, we can accept both Genesis and evolution. --[[LincolnShuddered|LincolnShuddered]]

I hope I am not coming late to the party (although I clearly am looking at the edit dates :P) but I would like to share a belief of mine on evolution. I think that originally God created Adam and Eve and all that good stuff in Genesis, however evolution was also by God's design as well. Perhaps He wanted us to enjoy the majesty of him creating such a diverse history and how if life existed on Earth before Adam and Eve, that would be what it looks like. It would give us something to admire Him and His creation. However I believe that the concept of evolution was contorted by Satan in such a way that people began to use it as a substitute to Adam and Eve's story. Not sure if that made any sense, but, yeah.--[[User:CR|CR]] 00:20, 29 May 2010 (EDT)

24 (TV series)

2010-05-29T04:04:18Z

CR:

[[Image:24 Season 5.jpg|right|thumb|290px|The main cast of ''24's'' fifth season.]]
'''''24''''' was a popular award-winning [[Fox]] network television series starring Kiefer Sutherland as a federal agent at the [[Los Angeles]] branch of the fictional CTU (Counter Terrorism Unit). The show is somewhat known for its controversial depiction of torture and for its unique "real-time" concept.

The show first began to air on FOX on November 6th, 2001, The final scene of the tv series was a clock, however instead of counting to the next hour it counted down to zero, a first and last for the series. A movie is now currently in production because of the show ending, Kiefer Sutherland is expected to star, there have been hints that the movie would be filmed in [[Britain]].<ref>http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/03/26/24-to-end-this-season-film-version-in-the-works/</ref>

The series follows the adventures of Jack Bauer, an American counter-terrorism agent. Each episode of the series takes place over the course of an hour, with each season covering a 24-hour period of time. Bauer often finds himself embroiled in conflicts with terrorists, mercenaries, corrupt burreaucrats, and businessmen. He readily employs controversial techniques to accomplish his goals, including (but not limited to) torture and murder. Despite this, Bauer is shown to be a loving father, considerate husband, and good friend, giving the series a strong sense of right and wrong amidst a sea of moral gray.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.fox.com/24/ Fox's ''24'' official site]
*[http://www.tv.com/show/3866/summary.html 24] on TV.com
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0285331/ 24] at the Internet Movie Database

[[category:Television Shows]]

Michael Murphy

2010-05-09T04:14:26Z

CR: as recalled by Marcus Luttrell in Lone Survivor

'''Michael Patrick Murphy''' was a [[United States Navy]] [[SEAL]] posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]], for his actions during [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]. He was the first person to be awarded the medal for actions in [[Afghanistan]] and the first member of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]].

On June 28, 2005, Murphy led a four-man special reconnaissance team on a mission to locate a top [[Taliban]] leader. Operating in an extremely rugged enemy-controlled area, the team was discovered by Taliban sympathizers, who revealed their position to Taliban [[Terrorism|terrorists]]. As a result, between at least 80 enemy fighters besieged the Navy SEAL team. Lieutenant Murphy valiantly led his men in engaging the large enemy force.

The ensuing fierce firefight resulted in numerous enemy casualties, as well as the wounding of all four members of the team. Ignoring his own wounds and demonstrating exceptional composure, Lieutenant Murphy continued to lead and encourage his men. When the primary communicator fell mortally wounded, Murphy repeatedly attempted to call for assistance for his beleaguered teammates. Realizing the impossibility of communicating in the extreme terrain, and in the face of almost certain death, he fought his way into open terrain to gain a better position to transmit a call. This deliberate, heroic act deprived him of cover, exposing him to direct enemy fire. Finally achieving contact with his headquarters, Murphy maintained his exposed position while he provided his location and requested immediate support for his team.

In his final act of bravery, Murphy continued to engage the enemy until he was mortally wounded. Two other members of the team were, Petty Officer 2nd Class Danny Dietz and Petty Officer 2nd Class Matthew Axelson, were also killed in the action; the survivor, Marcus Luttrell, was eventually rescued. All three of Murphy's men were awarded the Navy's second-highest honor, the Navy Cross, for their part in the battle.

Murphy is buried in Calverton National Cemetery, Calverton, [[New York]].
{{DEFAULTSORT:Murphy, Michael}}

[[Category:American war heroes]]
[[Category:Irish-Americans]]
[[Category:Medal of Honor winners]]
[[Category:United States Navy]]

World Trade Center

2010-05-09T04:06:12Z

CR:

'''The World Trade Center''' included two 110-story towers at the southern tip of [[Manhattan]] constructed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the government of [[New York]], at the insistence of [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson]] and David Rockefeller. They were unique in their government ownership for the purpose of leasing to private companies engaging in world trade. Yet few of the tenants were actually trade organizations, and instead the offices were filled mostly with investment banks and large law firms.

[[Image:1993attack.jpg|right|thumb|Damage Done By 1993 Truck Bombing]]
The WTC was a government project that was supposed to cost $350 million, but by its completion more than a decade later actually cost at least double that. It lost money through the 1970s and probably never recouped the value of its investment and expenses. It never became fully occupied until the
dot-com boom of the 1990s, and it was the internet industry, not world trade, that filled it. Promoted to the public as government-promoted export-import, only 5 percent of the WTC leases were held by trade service and export-import tenants.

By comparison, the privately developed Sears Tower was built around the same time at a cost of only about $150 million -- only one-fifth the cost of the WTC -- and took only three years to complete compared to the ten years for the WTC.

The WTC became a symbol of American capitalism and economic dominance, and a vulnerable target for [[Islamic]] [[terrorists]]. In 1993, Muslim terrorists detonated a massive truck bomb in an underground parking lot with the goal of knocking the towers over and killing its capacity of 25,000 workers. This attempt failed, killing only a few, but caused smoke and evacuation of the building.

On the morning of September 11, 2001 (9-11), fundamentalist [[Muslim]] terrorists hijacked airplanes from [[Boston]] and flew one airplane into each tower, killing instantly all aboard the airplanes and on the floors of the impact. The attacks occurred on or before about 9 am, the beginning of the workday for many Manhattan workers, and the towers were therefore not filled to capacity. Many evacuated, but the towers collapsed from the ensuing fire before all could leave. 2,749 died from this attack, including hundreds of firefighters who rushed into the buildings in the hope of rescuing trapped workers.
[[Image:WorldTradeCenter.jpg|left|thumb|World Trade Center, destroyed on [[9/11]].]]

A memorial in honor of the brave lives lost that day a memorial is currently being constructed at Ground Zero and was expected to be finished in time for September 11th, 2011 (the ten-year anniversary of the attacks) however has since been pushed back to an undetermined date.

[[category:terrorism]]
[[category:buildings]]
[[Category:Landmarks]]
[[Category:New York City]]

24 (TV series)

2010-05-03T03:32:28Z

CR: added info about the final season and movie

[[Image:24 Season 5.jpg|right|thumb|290px|The main cast of ''24's'' fifth season.]]
'''''24''''' is a popular award-winning [[Fox]] network television series starring Kiefer Sutherland as a federal agent at the [[Los Angeles]] branch of the fictional CTU (Counter Terrorism Unit). The show is somewhat known for its controversial depiction of torture and for its unique "real-time" concept.

The show first began to air on FOX on November 6th, 2001, Fox confirmed in March that the current season (season 8) will be the last season of 24. The end of the season should lead into the movie currently being produced.<ref>http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/03/26/24-to-end-this-season-film-version-in-the-works/</ref>

The series follows the adventures of Jack Bauer, an American counter-terrorism agent. Each episode of the series takes place over the course of an hour, with each season covering a 24-hour period of time. Bauer often finds himself embroiled in conflicts with terrorists, mercenaries, corrupt burreaucrats, and businessmen. He readily employs controversial techniques to accomplish his goals, including (but not limited to) torture and murder. Despite this, Bauer is shown to be a loving father, considerate husband, and good friend, giving the series a strong sense of right and wrong amidst a sea of moral gray.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.fox.com/24/ Fox's ''24'' official site]
*[http://www.tv.com/show/3866/summary.html 24] on TV.com
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0285331/ 24] at the Internet Movie Database

[[category:Television Shows]]

World War I

2010-05-03T03:17:44Z

CR: /* A Spark Leads to a Fire */ added 'Black Hand'

'''World War I''', also known as the '''First World War''' and '''The Great War''', was waged primarily in [[Europe]] from 1914 to 1918, but spilled over into Africa, the Middle East, and the Atlantic Ocean.

On one side of the war were the [[Central Powers]]: [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The major [[Allies]] consisted of the [[Britain|British]] and [[France|French Empires]], the Tsarist [[Russian Empire]](until 1917), [[Italy]], [[Japan]], and after 1917 the [[United States]].

World War I saw the first use of [[poison gas]], large [[artillery]], armored [[tank|tanks]], and [[airplane]]s. It was a "total war" because the governments involved took control over the economy and factories, giving first priority to the goods needed for war. Wage and price controls were imposed, there was rationing of goods for civilians, and free speech was limited. The governments put out [[propaganda]] to maximize support for the war and dislike of the enemy. Many of the techniques of population manipulation and central government control which we see today were first pioneered by European powers during World War I.

Historian Jacques Barzun observed how Darwinism caused the horrendous brutality of the wars leading up to this one: "Since in every European country between 1870 and 1914 there was a war party demanding armaments, an individualist party demanding ruthless competition, an imperialist party demanding a free hand over backward peoples, a socialist party demanding the conquest of power and a racialist party demanding internal purges against aliens — all of them, when appeals to greed and glory failed, invoked Spencer and Darwin, which was to say science incarnate."<ref>http://www.creators.com/conservative/pat-buchanan/making-a-monkey-out-of-darwin.html</ref>

=== A Spark Leads to a Fire ===
----
''Main article: [[Causes of World War I]]''

On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist group of assassins known as The Black Hand, killed the [[Austrian]] [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] and his wife Sophie in [[Sarajevo]]. This action led to Austria-Hungary giving an ultimatum <ref>http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/mmontgomery/world_history/world_war1/ultimatum.htm</ref> to Serbia. Serbia agreed to comply with all of the demands, except the ones which violated their sovereignty, and, due to a number of military alliances throughout Europe, a full scale war was soon in progress. Serbia requested support from its ally, [[Russia]], which mobilized its military forces. This mobilization led to [[Germany]] invading both Russia and [[France]] (which had an existing alliance with Russia), which was a part of Germany's [[Schlieffen Plan]] of war on two fronts. En route to France, German forces passed through neutral [[Belgium]]. The violation of this [[neutrality]] led [[Britain]] to declare war on Germany. [[Italy]] had an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, but refused to join the war.

Alternative theories cite the building of the Berlin-Baghdad railway and the problems it would have created for England. <ref>http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA138432</ref>

=== Great Battles of World War I ===
----
World War I consisted mostly of [[trench warfare]]. This method of waging war was very slow and messy. Soldiers might wait in their trenches for weeks, only to advance a few feet and wait in a new trench. Unfortunately, this became a necessity, as air forces were in their infancy, and the first combat tank only saw action by August of 1916. There were several important battles which were fought before America joined the war.

'''[[First Battle of the Marne]]'''

By the 5th of September, 1914, the German invasion of France was going so successfully, that French and British forces were in a general retreat towards Paris, with the German army hot on their heels. Just prior to the battle, the two main German forces, the 1st and 2nd German armies, had split up to attack the French 5th and 6th armies, respectively. The regiments of the British Expeditionary Force were pushed in between the two German armies, acting as a wedge, allowing the Germans to be outflanked. Following that, the French 5th army launched a surprise attack, eventually forcing the German army to retreat, stopping after having marched 40 miles. A number of unofficial cease fires took place, allowing both sides to dig their own trenches, setting the tone for the rest of the war. The Western allies took 234,000 casualties, while the Germans took just over 220,000. France still refers to this battle as "The miracle of the Marne" to this day.

'''Gallipoli Campaign'''

In 1915, [[Winston Churchill]], then First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed a daring plan to attack the [[Dardanelles]], a narrow section of ocean south of what is now [[Turkey]], in order to open a supply route to Russia. Unfortunately, he made his plans based of bad intelligence.
A preliminary attack was launched in February of 1915, bombarding artillery of the Ottoman Empire. However, in March, a fleet of British and French warships attempted to navigate the Dardanelles and ran into mines at its narrowest point (which is only a mile wide).
The British and Churchill, not wanting to admit defeat, diverted British, Australian, New Zealander and French troops from training in [[Egypt]] to their campaign in Turkey. Putting together an amphibious Allied force, a plan was put together to land on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli on April 25. Although the Allies greatly outnumbered the Turks, poor counter-intelligence efforts by the Allies allowed the Ottoman Empire to resupply and reinforce the Gallipoli peninsula. Additionally, the Allies did not understand the terrain adequately and suffered from limited knowledge of their enemy. The Turkish soldiers were also very tenacious and very able fighters.
However, the bloody-mindedness of the British commanders led to nine months wasted on the peninsula, with 44,000 deaths among over 100,000 casualties before their successful withdrawal, which was completed by January 9th, 1916.

'''[[Battle of Verdun]]'''

In 1916, the Battle of Verdun between the French and Germans may have been the most demanding battle in world history. The struggle started when the Germans attacked [[Verdun]], France, a city surrounded by a ring of underground forts. At least 220,000 soldiers died, and at least 480,000 were wounded in this 10-month struggle that accomplished nothing. At the end the front lines were in nearly the same locations as at the beginning.

''' Brusilov Offensive '''

The Brusilov Offensive began on 4 June 1916 in spectacular fashion, demolishing the Austrian Fourth and Seventh Armies. The Austrians lost a staggering 1.5 million men (including 400,000 taken prisoner) and ceded some 25,000 square kilometres of ground. <ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/brusilov.htm</ref>

With the launch of the Brusilov Offensive any hopes the Austrians harboured of bringing about victory in the east were extinguished. Austrian attacks in Italy ceased; and Romania finally entered the war with the Allies.

'''[[Battle of the Somme]]'''

Also in 1916, and also in France, the British and French armies met at the Somme River and began a massive attack on the Germans in order to distract them from [[Verdun]]. This became the Battle of the Somme, and the fighting was even heard across the British channel in England. First the Allies shelled the Germans to weaken them, and then 100,000 British soldiers charged the enemy. But the shelling did not have its intended effect, as the Germans were dug in too deeply to be affected by it. On July 1, 1916, the Germans killed 20,000 of the British soldiers and wounded over 40,000, making it the single worst day in British military history. This battle, which did not succeed in moving trench lines, eventually involved over 2 million men along a 30-mile front. The British and French lost nearly 750,000 men.

'''[[Third Battle of Ypres]]'''

For 18 months the British hid 19 huge land mines underneath the German lines southeast of Ypres, Belgium, a location that had already seen battles in 1914 and 1915. The British then detonated those massive mines, and charged the German positions in July 1917. At first the strategy worked, as the Germans were confused and disorganized. But the British did not pursue the Germans as quickly as they should have. Rain began to drench the area in one of the wettest fall seasons there in years. Soon the British forces were stuck in a mountain of mud, and this Allied plan was yet another failure.

=== The United States Joins the War ===
----
For the first three years of World War I, the [[United States]] attempted to stay out of the war, but try to act as a mediator. Mediation failed. When the Germans used a [[U-boat]] to sink the British ocean liner ''[[Lusitania]]'' in 1915, killing over one thousand civlians including some prominent Americans, the Americans were outraged. Badly hurt by the British naval blockade of Germany, which cut off food supplies, the germans wanted to retailiate. In early 1917 they decided they could defeat Britain and France by cutting off all supplies. They could only do this by sinking merchant ships without warning, which violated international law and theur repeated promises to the U.S. Berlin knew it meant war with the U.S. but moved anyway. At the same time Berlin invited Mexico to form a military allaince and fight the U.S. Publication of the [[Zimmerman Telegram]] was a ''casus bellum" (cause of war). The Mexicans wisely ignored the proposal but American pubic opinion was outraged.

German U-boats now began sinking American ships on sight. On April 2, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] spoke in favor of declaring war on Germany in an address to the joint houses of Congress. Congress then formally declared war on April 6, 1917, with opposition votes coming mostly from areas with large German ethnic populations.<ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usofficialawardeclaration.htm</ref>

The Army was expanded by a factor of 100 to 4 million soldiers (all men), and a major expeditionary force was sent to Europe called the [[American Expeditionary Forces]], under command of General [[John J. Pershing]]. Officially the U.S. did not join the Allies and there was no treaty or formal agreement with Britain or France, so Perhaps was practically independent. He was also largely independent of Washington, and allowed to make his own strategic and command decisions.

=== Russia ===
In 1917 Russia suffered two successive internal Revolutions which would later caused it to withdraw from the side of the Allies and leave the war altogether. The [[February Revolution]] overthrew the centuries-old monarchy of the Tsar; the [[October Revolution]] installed the [[communist]] [[Bolshevik Party]] under [[V.I. Lenin]]. The lack of success against the German and Austrian Empires, and the hyperinflation caused by unsustainable military spending by the Russian government led to much internal discontent and economic chaos.

Losses and hardship of the war had weakened Russian [[Czar Nicholas II]]. He abdicated the throne in March 1917 in favor of a provisional government headed by [[Alexander Kerensky]]. Hopes for a democratic revolution still existed at this time. But in October 1917, [[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]], and the [[Communist Party]], which was never strong enough to challenge the Czar, overthrew the fledgling provisional government. The Communists later executed every member of the Czar's family including the children.

Lenin became the founder of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] state. He was both a writer and a revolutionary, a rare combination. He was the brother of the "bomb thrower" [[Alexander Ulyanov]] who was hanged for his involvement in terrorist activity and an assassination attempt on Czar Alexander III in 1887. An atheist, he became a [[Marxism|Marxist]] in 1889. He obtained a law degree shortly afterwards, and by 1895 was a subversive who was arrested and sent to the Tsarist gulag along the Lena River in frigid [[Siberia]] where he adopted the name Lenin after the place of his internment. Once he served his time he left for [[Zurich]], where he developed his ideas further and became a leader of the [[Bolsheviks]]. He was returned to Russia by the Germans in the wake of chaos during the [[Kerensky]] regime with the hope to led the Bolsheviks to power and negotiate a peace settlement with the Germans. After the [[Treaty of Versailles]] failed to recognize the settlement between Germany and the Soviet Union in the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], he then ruled the Soviet Union and imposed a system of [[Marxism-Leninism]] (communism) that remained in force there until [[Stalin]]'s rise to power.

=== The Western Front ===
----
The exit of Russia allowed Germany to shift a majority of their troops from the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|eastern front]] to the [[Western Front (World War I)|western front]]. This gave them a final chance to try and break the Allies before the Americans arrived. Known as [[Operation Michael]], the German offensive began in March of 1918.

The Germans launched five major campaigns in a four month period in 1918 on the [[Western Front]]. The Germans had technology and lots of energy. They had elite storm-troopers with [[automatic rifle]]s, light [[machine gun]]s, [[flame-thrower]]s and [[artillery]] fire. They used poisonous [[mustard gas]] lavishly. They easily defeated the vastly outnumbered British Fifth Army. The Germans were advancing and taking property.

But a combination of fresh American troops arriving on the scene, and a failure in German supply lines was soon to halt the Micheaal offensive. In the [[Second Battle of the Marne]] in July 1918, the Allies started winning. Nine American divisions fought in this battle about 75 miles northeast of [[Paris]]. The Germans started this battle on another one of their offensives, but the Americans valiantly turned the tables and enabled the Allies to win it. Casualties were enormous for everyone, including the Americans. Former President [[Teddy Roosevelt]]’s son Quentin was killed in this battle.

American Capt. [[Jesse Woolridge]], 38th Inf., 3rd Division described the battle as follows: “It’s [[God]]’s truth that one Company of American soldiers beat and routed a full regiment of picked shock troops of the German Army ... At ten o’clock ... the Germans were carrying back wounded and dead [from] the river bank and we in our exhaustion let them do it - they carried back all but six hundred which we counted later and fifty-two machine guns... We had started with 251 men and 5 lieutenants...I had left 51 men and 2 second lieutenants."

=== The War Ends ===
In January 1918, Wilson proclained the [[Fourteen Points]], which an idealistic vision of world peace that strengthened the peace movement inside germany and Austria and promised ana alternative to the increasingly despised monarchies.

As the Americans and the Allies advanced toward Germany, the [[Ottoman Turks]] and [[Bulgarian]]s surrendered. There was a [[revolution]] in Austria-Hungary that overthrew its government, and Germany would not recognize that new government. [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] abdicated his throne in Germany on November 1918, and the Germans formed a new republic. Members of the German republic signed an [[Armistice]] (agreement to stop fighting), which was tantamount to surrender. The Armistice took effect at 11:00 AM on November 11, 1918. The "war to end all wars", was over.

=== Aftermath ===
----
Austria-Hungary was dismantled, mostly along ethnic lines. The Ottoman Empire was also dismantled. For the first time in over 1000 years [[Palestine]] was not under Muslim control, as Britain assumed control of the area as a colony. Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]] accepting full responsibility for the war and had to pay for the entire cost of the war. This led Germany into economic collapse and sowed the seeds for anyone who could get them out of this collapse and restore their pride to be view as almost a savior. Italy felt they were shortchanged in their portion of the spoils and led to a bitterness that would cause them to side with Germany in the years ahead. The initial causes of the war, alliances and imperialism, were not dealt with. Only 20 years after the Treaty of Versailles, [[World War II]] would start.
====Cultural effects====
On the cultural level, World War I represented the end of the Enlightenment movement in Europe, opening the doorway for cultural movements such as avante-garde, absurdism, and other artistic forms questioning moral absolutes. These movements justified their relativistic stance by pointing out the horrors of war, which caused them to question the concepts of human goodness within the world. The currents set in motion by this continue to the present day.

== Chronology of World War I ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1914''' ==
|-
| June 28 || In [[Sarajevo]], [[Serbia]], [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]] Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] is murdered, and somebody is responsible.
|-
| July 28 || War is declared on [[Serbia]] by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| August 1 || War is declared on [[Russia]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| August 3 || War on [[France]] is declared by [[Germany]]; [[Italy]] remains neutral
|-
| August 4 || [[Belgium]] is invaded by [[Germany]]; War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Britain]]
|-
| August 5-6 || War is declared on [[Russia]] by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]; War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Serbia]]
|-
| August 12 || [[Serbia]] is invaded by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| August 17 || [[East Prussia]] is invaded by [[Russia]]
|-
| August 23 || War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Japan]]
|-
| August 26-29 || [[Russia]] is defeated by [[Germany]] at [[Tannenburg]], [[East Prussia]]
|-
| September 6-10 || Battle of the [[Marne]], [[France]]- [[Germany]] is defeated by [[France]]
|-
| October 19-November 22 || First Battle of [[Ypres]], [[Belgium]]; [[Germany]] is stopped by [[Britain]]
|-
| October 29 || Attacking the [[Russian Black Sea Fleet]], [[Turkey]] enters the war.
|-
| November 5 || War is declared on [[Turkey]] by [[Britain]] and [[France]]
|-
| November 11-25 || [[Russia]] is defeated by [[Germany]] in [[Lodz]], [[Poland]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-

== '''1915''' ==
|-
| February 23 || Off coast of [[Britain]], first [[German]] [[submarine]] attacks occur
|-
| April 22-May 25 || [[Britain]] holds [[Germany]] at [[Second Battle of Ypres]]; [[poison]] [[gas]] is first used by [[Germany|Germans]]
|-
| April 25 || [[Allies]] land at Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey
|-
| May 7 || [[''Lusitania'']] is sunk by [[German]] [[U-boat]]
|-
| May 23 || The [[Allies]] are joined by [[Italy]]
|-
| August 5 || [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] is captured by [[Germany|Germans]]
|-
| August 6 || [[British]] land at [[Suvla Bay]], [[Gallipoli Peninsula]]
|-
| August 20 || War is declared on [[Turkey]] by [[Italy]]
|-
| September 25 || Western Front ([[Artois]], [[Champagne]], and [[Loos]] in France) is attacked by [[Allies]]
|-
| December 8 || [[Evacuation]] of [[Gallipoli]] is begun by [[Allies]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-

== '''1916''' ==
|-
| February 21 || In [[France]], the Battle of [[Verdun]] begins by [[Germany]] attacking [[France]]
|-
| March 9 || War is declared on [[Portugal]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| May 31 || [[North Sea]], [[Battle of Jutland]]
|-
| June 4 || [[Russia]], The Brusilov Offensive begins
|-
| July 1 || Battle of [[Somme]], [[France]] begins
|-
| August 28 || War is declared on [[Romania]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| September 2-3 || [[Britain]] shoots down first [[Zeppelin]] [[German]] [[airships]]
|-
| September 15 || [[Tanks]] used for the first time in war by [[Britain]]
|-
| November 18 || Battle of [[Somme]] ends- [[Britain]] and [[France]] hold the [[Somme River]]
|-
| December 18 || [[France]] defeats [[Germany]], Battle of [[Verdun]] ends
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-

== '''1917''' ==
|-
| January || [[Palestine]] is entered by [[Britain]]
|-
| February || [[Germany]] declares unrestricted [[U-boat]] warfare and sinks five [[American]] ships
|-
| March 12 || [[Russian Revolution]] begins
|-
| April 6 || War is declared on [[Germany]] by the [[United States]]
|-
| April 9 || Battle of [[Arras]], [[France]]
|-
| April 10 || [[Vimy Ridge]], [[France]] is captured by [[Canadians]]
|-
| April 16-May 9 || [[French]] attack on Second Battle of [[Aisne River]], [[France]]
|-
| May 25 || In [[Britain]], daylight [[bombing]] raids begin
|-
| June 7 || [[Messines Ridge]], [[Belgium]] is attacked by [[British]]
|-
| July 31-November 6 || [[British]] against [[Germans]]- third Battle of [[Ypres]]
|-
| November 6-7 || [[Passchendaele]] is captured by [[Canadians]], ending Battle of [[Ypres]]; [[Bolshevik revolution]] begins in [[Russia]]
|-
| November 20 || [[British]] use large number of [[tanks]] to win Battle of [[Cambrai]]
|-
| December 9 || [[Jerusalem]] in [[Middle East]] is captured by [[British]]; [[Romania]] and [[Central Powers]] make [[Armistice]] (a cease-fire before signing a peace treaty)
|-
| December 15 || [[Armistice]] between [[Russia]] and [[Central Powers]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-

== '''1918''' ==
|-
| January 18 || [[Fourteen-point Peace Plan]] is proposed by [[Woodrow Wilson|President Woodrow Wilson]]
|-
| April 9 || [[Germans]] begin attack in northern [[France]]
|-
| May 27-30 || [[Allies|Allied]] line on the [[Marne River]] is broken by [[Germans]]
|-
| August 8 || [[Germans]] are routed by [[Allies]] at Battle of [[Amiens]]
|-
| September 26 || Final [[Allies|Allied]] attack begins
|-
| October 1 || [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] is captured by [[British]]
|-
| October 30 || [[Italy]] defeats [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]] at Battle of [[Vittorio Veneto]]; [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Turkey]]
|-
| November 3 || [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| November 9 || Revolution in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]; throne is given up by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]], [[Germany]] becomes a republic
|-
| November 11 || [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Germany]]; War on [[Western Front]] ends
|}

==Further reading ==
===Short popular histories===
* ''American Heritage History of WWI''. (1964). heavily illustrated
* Barnett, Correlli. ''The Great War,'' (2003), 224pp, illustrated
* Carver, Michael, Field Marshal Sir. ''War Lords''. (1976) Includes brief bios of Hamilton, Foch, Haig, von Falkenhayn
* Cawood, Ian, and David Mckinnon-Bell. ''The First World War.'' (2001), 174pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109316843 online edition]
* Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. ''A History of the Great War, 1914-1918'' (1934), general military history
* Esposito, Vincent J. ''The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900-1918'' (1997) despite the title covers entire war; [http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great%20war%20index.htm online maps from this atlas]
* Evans, David. ''Teach yourself— the First World War''. (2004)
* Falls, Cyril. ''The Great War'' (1960), general military history
* Gilbert, Martin. ''Atlas of World War I'' (1995), very clear schematic maps
* Gilbert, Martin. ''The Routledge Atlas of the First World War: The Complete History'' (2002)
* Henig, Ruth ''The Origins of the First World War'' (2002) 76pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103326769 online edition]
* Hurley, Alfred F. ''Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power'' (1975)
* Jeffers, H. Paul. ''Ace of Aces: The Life of Captain Eddie Rickenbacker'' (2003). 352 pgs.
* Keegan, John. ''An Illustrated History of the First World War'' (1999). by a leading British scholar [http://www.amazon.com/Illustrated-History-First-World-War/dp/B0001FZGNU/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528338&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Livesey, Anthony, and H. P. Willmott. ''The Historical Atlas of World War I'' (1994)
* Lyons, Michael J. ''World War I: A Short History'' (2nd Edition), 1999.
* Neiberg, Michael S. ''Fighting the Great War: A Global History.'' (2005). 416 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Fighting-Great-War-Global-History/dp/0674022513/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201531862&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. ''The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War'' (1995)
* Robbins, Keith. ''The First World War'' (1993), very short overview [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14754381 online edition]
* Stevenson, David L. ''1914 - 1918: The History of the First World War'', 2004
* Stone, Norman. ''World War One: A Short History'' (2008), 208pp
* Stokesbury, James L. '' A Short History of World War I'' (1981) [http://www.amazon.com/Short-History-World-War-I/dp/0688001297/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205527619&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]
* Strachan, Hew, ed. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Illustrated-History-First-World/dp/0192893254/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528053&sr=1-12 excerpt and text search]
* Strachan, Hew. ''The First World War'' (2004): a 385pp version of his multivolume history [http://www.amazon.com/First-World-War-Hew-Strachan/dp/B000F4LMQC/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528053&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Taylor, A. J. P. ''The First World War: An Illustrated History'', (1963) [http://www.amazon.com/First-World-War-J-P-Taylor/dp/0399502602/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205537432&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Toland, John. ''No Man's Land. 1918 - The Last Year of the Great War'' (1980)
* Tuchman, Barbara. ''The Guns of August'', best-seller and Pulitzer Prize book tells of the opening diplomatic and military manoeuvres in August 1914 [http://www.amazon.com/Guns-August-Barbara-W-Tuchman/dp/0345476093/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205537159&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Tucker, Spencer. ''The Great War 1914-18'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Great-War-1914-18-Spencer-Tucker/dp/0253211719/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528478&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
* Willmott, H. P. ''World War I'' (2007) 296pp
* Winter, J. M. ''The Experience of World War I'' (2nd ed 2005), topical essays; well illustrated; strongest on behind-the-lines

===Advanded books===
* Bakeless, John Edwin. ''The Economic Causes of Modern War: A Study of the Period: 1878-1918'' (1919) [http://books.google.com/books?id=5wgAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=intitle:war+date:1919-1921&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=LZcIMpEGmzqwkIldzuhfH5Muveg#PPR3,M1 online edition]
* Fay, Sidney. ''The Origins of the World War'' (1930); classic scholarly study; argues every nation shared guilt for starting the war [http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/fay/origin_index.html online edition]
* Ferguson, Niall ''The Pity of War'' (1999), 563pp; much on death and casualties [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100769957 online edition]
* Gray, Edwyn A. ''The U-Boat War, 1914-1918'' (1994)
* Halpern, Paul G. ''A Naval History of World War I''(1995)
* Herwig, Holger H. ''The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918'' (1996)
* [http://www.stratnet.ucalgary.ca/publications/pdf/herwig_operation-michael_nov2001.pdf Herwig, Holger H. ''Operation Michael: The “Last Card”'' 2001], German spring offensive in 1918
* Haber, L. F. ''The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War'' (1986); the standard history
* Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. ''Researching World War I: A Handbook'' (2003), 475pp; highly detailed historiography, stressing military themes; annotates over 1000 books; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107066504 online edition]
* Horne, Alistair. ''The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916'' (2nd ed 1994), very well written narrative
* Joll, James. ''The Origins of the First World War''. (3rd ed 2006).
* Kennett, Lee. ''First Air War, 1914-1918'' (1999). 288 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/First-Air-War-1914-1918/dp/0684871203/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528300&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Miller, Steven E. (ed.) ''Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War: an International Security Reader'', (1985)
* Passingham, Ian. ''All the Kaiser's Men: The Life & Death of the German Army on the Western Front 1914-1918,'' (2nd ed 2006) 288pp
* Sheldon, Jack. ''German Army on the Somme, 1914-1916,'' (2005) 352pp
* Showalter, Dennis. ''Tannenberg: Clash of Empires,'' 1991
* Stevenson, David. ''The First World War and International Politics'' (2005)
* Stone, Norman. ''The Eastern Front, 1914–1917.'' 1975.
* Strachan, Hew. ''The First World War: Volume I: To Arms'' (2004): the major scholarly synthesis. Thorough coverage of 1914 in 1248 pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199261911/ref=sib_dp_bod_ex/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&p=S00M#reader-link excerpt online]
* Tooley, Hunt. ''The Western Front: Battle Ground and Home Front in the First World War.'' (2003), 305pp, social history, does not emphasize battles
* Travers, Tim. ''How the War Was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front, 1917-1918,''. London:Routledge (1992) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103449849 online edition]
* Tuchman, Barbara W. ''The Zimmermann Telegram'' (1966)
* Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (5 vol 2005); the most detailed reference source; articles by specialists cover all aspects of the war
* Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'' (1999)
* Tucker, Spencer C. ''Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact.'' ABC-CLIO, 2004. 379 pp.
===USA and Canada===
* Bassett, John Spencer. ''Our War with Germany: A History'' (1919) [http://books.google.com/books?id=76UTAAAAIAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=intitle:war+date:1919-1921&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=4Vx3GGygya6F24ozaNJyLzMI694#PPP10,M1 online edition]
* Chambers, John W., II. ''To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America'' (1987)
* Coffman, Edward M. ''The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I'' (1998) [http://books.google.com/books?id=px_1JGtbeIAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=COFFMAN+The+War+to+End+All+Wars:&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=0RdYSJKmKJyMjAG04JWFDA&sig=s-w6Np6drA_a-MzUxR0UnsQcORc excerpt and text search]
* Kennedy, David M. ''Over Here: The First World War and American Society'' (1979) [http://www.amazon.com/Over-Here-First-American-Society/dp/0195173996 excerpt and text search]
* May, Ernest R. ''The World War and American isolation, 1914-1917'' (1959[http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.00283 online at ACLS e-books]
* Morton, Desmond, and Jack Granatstein. ''Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 1914-1919'' (1989)
* Scott, Emmett Jay. ''Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War'' (1919) 511 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=obUHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10&dq=intitle:world+intitle:war+date:1919-2007&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24640205 online edition]
* Venzon, Anne ed. ''The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'' (1995)
* Wilson, Dale E. ''Treat'Em Rough!: The Birth of American Armor, 1917-20'' (1989)
* Zieger, Robert H. ''America's Great War: World War I and the American Experience.'' 2000. 272 pp.

===Online secondary and primary sources===
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/military.html#J. ''Web Sources for Military History'' by Richard Jensen]
* [http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/ WWI Document Archive], valuable collection
* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww1.htm diplomatic primary documents, from Mt. Holyoke College]

====notes====
<references/>

[[Category:Wars]]
[[Category:World War I| ]]

== External links ==
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/military.html#J. Guide to web resources by RJJensen]
* [http://www.firstworldwar.com/index.htm Excellent British site]
* [http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/ The Great War, from PBS]
* [http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/index.html interviews with historians]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04/shogw10.txt ''A Short History of the Great War,'' by A.F. Pollard (1920), British perspective]
* [http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page Primary documents], very thorough collection from all countries
** [http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/WWI_Biographical_Dictionary short biographies]
** [http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/imarchive.html Photographs]
** [http://www.vlib.us/medical/ medical history]
* [http://www.worldwar1.com/maproom.htm maps]
* [http://www.worldwar1.com/reflib.htm Trenches on the Web]
===Origins and political impact===
* [http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/WarFacts/wfactsTC.htm ''Handbook of War Facts and Peace Problems'' (1919) sophisticated American pamphlet; anti-German; good summary of effects of war on each country involved]
* [http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/fay/origin_index.html Sidney Fay, ''The Origins of the World War'' (1930) classic scholarly study; argues many nations shared guilt for starting the war]
* [http://www.onpower.org/history_wwi.html/ World War I]
* [http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1345 "American Foreign Policy: The Turning Point, 1898–1919," by Ralph Raico]
* [http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=1499 "Government and the Economy: The World Wars," by Robert Higgs]
* [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard91.html "War Collectivism in World War I," by Murray N. Rothbard]
* [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=40&articleID=506 "The Great War Retold," by Ralph Raico]

Liberal deception

2010-05-03T03:09:11Z

CR: double redirect

#REDIRECT [[Deceit]]

Lost (TV series)

2010-05-02T01:31:42Z

CR:

'''''Lost''''' is a popular television series made by the [[ABC|American Broadcasting Company]].

The series follows the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815, which crashes on an unidentified island in the Pacific Ocean. The group of strangers must learn to cooperate in order to survive the island's challenges, which are vastly more complicated than initially thought. Despite the standard "desert island" scenario, the plot involves much more than mere survival against the elements, with the castaways encountering several mysteries and ever-deepening conspiracies to deal with, as well as bizarre occurences and mysterious phenomena meeting them at every turn.

In the first three seasons, each episode typically centered around one character, with events on the island mixed with flashbacks to important parts of that person's life before the crash. Later in the series, however, this formula was altered several times, in ways that were appropriate to the radically-changing nature of the plot.

''Lost'' began its first season on September 22, 2004, and is scheduled to end with the last episode of its sixth season on May 23rd, 2010. The announcement for the show's end date, including the number of remaining episodes and layout of the remaining seasons, was made in May 2007, close to the end of the show's third season. The show's creators had been urging the network to agree to this relatively rare arrangement for some time, and explaining this move, executive producer Damon Lindelof remarked that "We always envisioned 'Lost' as a show with a beginning, middle and end. By officially announcing exactly when that ending will be, the audience will now have the security of knowing that the story will play out as we've intended."<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20070510030616/http://www.abcmedianet.com/assets/pr%5chtml/050707_01.html</ref>

The show's popularity is such that the sixth season premiere, which aired February 2, 2010, forced the [[Obama]] administration to move up the annual [[State of the Union]] address to avoid scheduling conflicts.<ref>http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/01/fans-rejoice-lost-defeated-the-state-of-the-union-today.html</ref>

''Lost'' makes unusual demands on its audience's ability to keep track of a long-term, detailed plot, and perhaps as a result of this has gradually lost viewership, from 15.5 million in the first season to an average of 11 million in its fifth season.<ref>
*http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=062105_06
*http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=032409_05</ref> However, it has received excellent reviews since it began, and still at its lowest point has enjoyed an audience of over eight million viewers.<ref>http://darkufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/episode-510-hes-our-you-last-night.html</ref> Additionally, the show's complexity is clearly the draw for this loyal fanbase, and has inspired numerous websites, such as "Lostpedia" and "DarkUFO," which keep detailed analyses of each aspect of the plot and characters. Also noteworthy is that much in the way of Christian imagery and themes permeate the show's narrative. For example, one important character's name is "Christian Shepherd," and several characters exemplify the conflict between [[science]] and [[faith]]. Overall, the theme of [[good and evil|good vs. evil]] is predominant, with other Christian themes such as [[redemption]] and [[judgment]] playing major roles. One of the show's executive producers, Carlton Cuse, has often stated publically that he's a Catholic whose faith informs his writing.<ref>
*A radio interview with Monsignor Jim Lisante http://www.podcastdirectory.com/podcasts/14182, See Podcast 035
*see also blog discussion and transcript at http://tonyrossi.blogspot.com/2008/01/lost-and-found.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==
*[http://imdb.com/title/tt0411008/ The Internet Movie Database's ''Lost'' entry]
*[http://lostpedia.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page "Lostpedia," a complete wiki devoted to the show]

[[category:broadcasting]]
[[category:television Shows]]