Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Charles Bradlaugh

2015-12-22T20:55:15Z

CBS: removing upload of picture

[[File:Charles Bradlaugh.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Charles Bradlaugh ]]
'''Charles Bradlaugh''' (26 September 1833 – 30 January 1891) was a political activist and a prominent English [[atheist]] of the 19th century.<ref>Discussion on Atheism: Report of a Public Discussion Between the Rev. Brewin Grant, B.A., and C. Bradlaugh, Esq., Held in South Place Chapel, Finsbury, London, on Tuesday Evenings, Commencing June 22, and Ending July 27, 1875, on the Question, "Is Atheism Or is Christianity the True Secular Gospel, as Tending to the Improvement and Happiness of Mankind in this Life by Human Efforts and Material Means.". Brewin Grant Charles Bradlaugh, January 1, 1890, Anti-liberation Society, page 10-12[https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwk3yV5MOaAC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=Charles+Bradlaugh+definition+of+atheism&source=bl&ots=JtjIlK7qaJ&sig=E0HjYgfEyKXdEA4zlLAd9m41cQU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEgQ6AEwB2oVChMIrcijucWLyAIVCXA-Ch00NACw#v=onepage&q=Charles%20Bradlaugh%20definition%20of%20atheism&f=false]</ref><ref>[http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/athart3.htm "Atheism - etymology"]</ref> Bradlaugh founded the National Secular Society in 1866.
==Early Life==
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833–1891), politician and freethinker, was born on 26 September 1833 at home at 31 Bacchus Walk, Hoxton, London, the eldest of seven children born to Charles Bradlaugh, a solicitor's clerk, and his wife, Elizabeth Trimby, a former nursemaid. He was baptized at St Leonard, Shoreditch, on 8 December 1833, and educated at local elementary day schools and St Peter's Sunday school, Hackney Road, where he became a teacher.

==Doubts==
While preparing for confirmation in 1849, Bradlaugh questioned the doctrines of the church. Pressure to conform caused him to leave home and he took lodgings with Elizabeth Sharples Carlile, the widow of Richard Carlile, and her family at the Warner Street temperance hall. He gave his first public lecture—‘The past, present and future of theology’—10 October 1850 at the age of 17. Having failed to earn his living as a coal merchant, in December 1850 he enlisted in the 7th dragoon guards and was posted to Ireland.

==Family==
This had a deep effect on his political views. In 1852 his father died, and the following year a legacy from his great-aunt was used to purchase his discharge; he took a job as errand boy (and was soon promoted to clerk) with Thomas Rogers, a solicitor of 70 Fenchurch Street. On 5 June 1855 he married Susannah (Susan) Lamb Hooper at St Philip's, Stepney. Their first child, Alice Bradlaugh [see under Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh], was born on 30 April 1856 at their home at 4 West Street, Bethnal Green; Hypatia Bonner followed on 31 March 1858, and Charles on 14 September 1859.

In 1870 Susan Bradlaugh and the two girls went to live with her parents in Midhurst, Sussex; young Charles died of kidney failure in July.

==Professional Life==
Bradlaugh lived a double life: professionally, he was a skilled lawyer, though nominally only a solicitor's clerk; privately, he was also a free thought and radical lecturer with a growing national reputation. To protect his employer's name, in 1855 he adopted the pseudonym Iconoclast, with which he kept his identities apart until 1868. From November 1858 he edited a free thought periodical, The Investigator, which failed in August 1859, and he was then invited to co-edit the National Reformer, with which his name was associated as editor (1860–64; 1866–1890) and owner (from 1862) until his death. Bradlaugh also became noted in radical politics: at the Hyde Park Sunday trading riots (July 1855); in support of Felice Orsini, the would-be assassin of Napoleon III (1858); and in campaigns for an extension of the franchise in Britain (from 1859).

Having failed to secure articles from Rogers, in 1858 Bradlaugh was apprenticed clerk to Thomas Harvey, who also refused to article him and eventually went bankrupt. He then moved to Montague Leverson, a radical with equally dubious business dealings, who articled him in June 1862, but the two men parted in 1864. After this, Bradlaugh supplemented his earnings from lecturing and journalism with freelance legal and financial work, notably for the Naples Colour Company (1866–9). He was soon several hundreds of pounds in debt and his wife was becoming an alcoholic in the company of a former army friend, the poet James Thomson.

==Beliefs==
Bradlaugh held a wide range of beliefs which included support for ending the British [[monarchy]] i.e. [[Republicanism]]. He was a likely candidate for the Presidency of Great Britain should the monarchy have ended. His [[Atheism]] is probably what Bradlaugh is best known for. A strong proponent for [[Universal suffrage]] he chose [[Northampton]] as a likely [[constituency]] due to the relatively high number of working class people, mostly [[shoeworkers]] 'cobblers', who owned property which was a pre-requisite for being able to [[vote]]. He promoted education on [[birth control]]. Following his experiences as soldier in [[Ireland]] he became a supporter for [[Home Rule]]. He also supported [[Indian Independence]] becoming known as the '[[Representative]] for India' and had a [https://lahorenama.wordpress.com/2009/12/01/bradlaugh-hall-lahore/ hall named after him in [[Lahore]]].

==Member of Parliament==
In 1880, Bradlaugh was elected as the Liberal MP for [[Northampton]]. His attempt to affirm as an atheist, rather than take a parliamentary Oath of Allegiance which assumed a new MP was a Christian (and a Monarchist), ultimately led to his temporary imprisonment, fines for voting in the Commons illegally, and a number of by-elections at which Bradlaugh regained his seat on each occasion. He was finally allowed to take an oath in 1886. Eventually, a parliamentary bill which he proposed became law in 1888 which allowed members of both Houses of Parliament to affirm, if they so wished, when being sworn in. The new law also resolved the issue for witnesses in civil and criminal court cases.

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*Arnstein, Walter L. (1962) "Gladstone and the Bradlaugh Case," ''Victorian Studies,'' (1962) 5#4 pp 303–330
*Arnstein, Walter L. (1965) ''The Bradlaugh Case: a study in late Victorian opinion and politics.'' Oxford University Press. (2nd ed. with new postscript chapter published as ''The Bradlaugh Case: Atheism, Sex and Politics Among the Late Victorians'', University of Missouri Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8262-0425-2)
* Besant, Annie. ''Autobiographical Sketches'' (1885) in which Bradlaugh plays a major role. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2kqm66Jzm78C&vq=Charles&dq=editions:PvHeIZ_NZRcC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]
* Besant, Annie. ''An Autobiography'' (1893) in which Chap VI is devoted to Charles Bradlaugh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRA3AQAAMAAJ&dq=Annie+Besant=gbs_navlinks_s]
* Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh (1895). ''Charles Bradlaugh: A Record of His Life and Work, Vol 1''. London, T. Fisher Unwin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SlEJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Bonner,+_navlinks_s]
* Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh (1891), ''Catalogue of the Library of the Late Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Mrs. H. Bradlaugh Bonner [https://books.google.com/books?id=CRRxCuBhAlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]
*''Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh (Centenary Volume)'' (1933). London, Watts & Co and Pioneer Press.
*Diamond, M. (2003) ''Victorian Sensation'', London, Anthem Press. ISBN 1-84331-150-X, pp. 101–110.
*Headingly, Adolphe S. (1888). ''The biography of Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Freethought Publishing Company.
*Manvell, Roger (1976). ''Trial of Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Elek/Pemberton.
*Niblett, Bryan (2011). ''Dare to Stand Alone: The Story of Charles Bradlaugh''. Oxford: kramedart press. ISBN 978-0-9564743-0-8
*Robertson, J.M. (1920). ''Charles Bradlaugh''. London, Watts & Co.
*Tribe, David (1971) ''President Charles Bradlaugh MP''. London, Elek. ISBN 0-236-17726-5
{{refend}}

[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:British History]]

Charles Bradlaugh

2015-12-22T20:53:15Z

CBS: tring to add a picture

[[File:Charles Bradlaugh.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Charles Bradlaugh ]]
'''Charles Bradlaugh''' (26 September 1833 – 30 January 1891) was a political activist and a prominent English [[atheist]] of the 19th century.<ref>Discussion on Atheism: Report of a Public Discussion Between the Rev. Brewin Grant, B.A., and C. Bradlaugh, Esq., Held in South Place Chapel, Finsbury, London, on Tuesday Evenings, Commencing June 22, and Ending July 27, 1875, on the Question, "Is Atheism Or is Christianity the True Secular Gospel, as Tending to the Improvement and Happiness of Mankind in this Life by Human Efforts and Material Means.". Brewin Grant Charles Bradlaugh, January 1, 1890, Anti-liberation Society, page 10-12[https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwk3yV5MOaAC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=Charles+Bradlaugh+definition+of+atheism&source=bl&ots=JtjIlK7qaJ&sig=E0HjYgfEyKXdEA4zlLAd9m41cQU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEgQ6AEwB2oVChMIrcijucWLyAIVCXA-Ch00NACw#v=onepage&q=Charles%20Bradlaugh%20definition%20of%20atheism&f=false]</ref><ref>[http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/athart3.htm "Atheism - etymology"]</ref> Bradlaugh founded the National Secular Society in 1866.
==Early Life==
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833–1891), politician and freethinker, was born on 26 September 1833 at home at 31 Bacchus Walk, Hoxton, London, the eldest of seven children born to Charles Bradlaugh, a solicitor's clerk, and his wife, Elizabeth Trimby, a former nursemaid. He was baptized at St Leonard, Shoreditch, on 8 December 1833, and educated at local elementary day schools and St Peter's Sunday school, Hackney Road, where he became a teacher.
[[File:Bradlugh.jpg|thumbnail|jhkjh]]

==Doubts==
While preparing for confirmation in 1849, Bradlaugh questioned the doctrines of the church. Pressure to conform caused him to leave home and he took lodgings with Elizabeth Sharples Carlile, the widow of Richard Carlile, and her family at the Warner Street temperance hall. He gave his first public lecture—‘The past, present and future of theology’—10 October 1850 at the age of 17. Having failed to earn his living as a coal merchant, in December 1850 he enlisted in the 7th dragoon guards and was posted to Ireland.

==Family==
This had a deep effect on his political views. In 1852 his father died, and the following year a legacy from his great-aunt was used to purchase his discharge; he took a job as errand boy (and was soon promoted to clerk) with Thomas Rogers, a solicitor of 70 Fenchurch Street. On 5 June 1855 he married Susannah (Susan) Lamb Hooper at St Philip's, Stepney. Their first child, Alice Bradlaugh [see under Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh], was born on 30 April 1856 at their home at 4 West Street, Bethnal Green; Hypatia Bonner followed on 31 March 1858, and Charles on 14 September 1859.

In 1870 Susan Bradlaugh and the two girls went to live with her parents in Midhurst, Sussex; young Charles died of kidney failure in July.

==Professional Life==
Bradlaugh lived a double life: professionally, he was a skilled lawyer, though nominally only a solicitor's clerk; privately, he was also a free thought and radical lecturer with a growing national reputation. To protect his employer's name, in 1855 he adopted the pseudonym Iconoclast, with which he kept his identities apart until 1868. From November 1858 he edited a free thought periodical, The Investigator, which failed in August 1859, and he was then invited to co-edit the National Reformer, with which his name was associated as editor (1860–64; 1866–1890) and owner (from 1862) until his death. Bradlaugh also became noted in radical politics: at the Hyde Park Sunday trading riots (July 1855); in support of Felice Orsini, the would-be assassin of Napoleon III (1858); and in campaigns for an extension of the franchise in Britain (from 1859).

Having failed to secure articles from Rogers, in 1858 Bradlaugh was apprenticed clerk to Thomas Harvey, who also refused to article him and eventually went bankrupt. He then moved to Montague Leverson, a radical with equally dubious business dealings, who articled him in June 1862, but the two men parted in 1864. After this, Bradlaugh supplemented his earnings from lecturing and journalism with freelance legal and financial work, notably for the Naples Colour Company (1866–9). He was soon several hundreds of pounds in debt and his wife was becoming an alcoholic in the company of a former army friend, the poet James Thomson.

==Beliefs==
Bradlaugh held a wide range of beliefs which included support for ending the British [[monarchy]] i.e. [[Republicanism]]. He was a likely candidate for the Presidency of Great Britain should the monarchy have ended. His [[Atheism]] is probably what Bradlaugh is best known for. A strong proponent for [[Universal suffrage]] he chose [[Northampton]] as a likely [[constituency]] due to the relatively high number of working class people, mostly [[shoeworkers]] 'cobblers', who owned property which was a pre-requisite for being able to [[vote]]. He promoted education on [[birth control]]. Following his experiences as soldier in [[Ireland]] he became a supporter for [[Home Rule]]. He also supported [[Indian Independence]] becoming known as the '[[Representative]] for India' and had a [https://lahorenama.wordpress.com/2009/12/01/bradlaugh-hall-lahore/ hall named after him in [[Lahore]]].

==Member of Parliament==
In 1880, Bradlaugh was elected as the Liberal MP for [[Northampton]]. His attempt to affirm as an atheist, rather than take a parliamentary Oath of Allegiance which assumed a new MP was a Christian (and a Monarchist), ultimately led to his temporary imprisonment, fines for voting in the Commons illegally, and a number of by-elections at which Bradlaugh regained his seat on each occasion. He was finally allowed to take an oath in 1886. Eventually, a parliamentary bill which he proposed became law in 1888 which allowed members of both Houses of Parliament to affirm, if they so wished, when being sworn in. The new law also resolved the issue for witnesses in civil and criminal court cases.

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*Arnstein, Walter L. (1962) "Gladstone and the Bradlaugh Case," ''Victorian Studies,'' (1962) 5#4 pp 303–330
*Arnstein, Walter L. (1965) ''The Bradlaugh Case: a study in late Victorian opinion and politics.'' Oxford University Press. (2nd ed. with new postscript chapter published as ''The Bradlaugh Case: Atheism, Sex and Politics Among the Late Victorians'', University of Missouri Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8262-0425-2)
* Besant, Annie. ''Autobiographical Sketches'' (1885) in which Bradlaugh plays a major role. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2kqm66Jzm78C&vq=Charles&dq=editions:PvHeIZ_NZRcC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]
* Besant, Annie. ''An Autobiography'' (1893) in which Chap VI is devoted to Charles Bradlaugh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRA3AQAAMAAJ&dq=Annie+Besant=gbs_navlinks_s]
* Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh (1895). ''Charles Bradlaugh: A Record of His Life and Work, Vol 1''. London, T. Fisher Unwin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SlEJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Bonner,+_navlinks_s]
* Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh (1891), ''Catalogue of the Library of the Late Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Mrs. H. Bradlaugh Bonner [https://books.google.com/books?id=CRRxCuBhAlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]
*''Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh (Centenary Volume)'' (1933). London, Watts & Co and Pioneer Press.
*Diamond, M. (2003) ''Victorian Sensation'', London, Anthem Press. ISBN 1-84331-150-X, pp. 101–110.
*Headingly, Adolphe S. (1888). ''The biography of Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Freethought Publishing Company.
*Manvell, Roger (1976). ''Trial of Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Elek/Pemberton.
*Niblett, Bryan (2011). ''Dare to Stand Alone: The Story of Charles Bradlaugh''. Oxford: kramedart press. ISBN 978-0-9564743-0-8
*Robertson, J.M. (1920). ''Charles Bradlaugh''. London, Watts & Co.
*Tribe, David (1971) ''President Charles Bradlaugh MP''. London, Elek. ISBN 0-236-17726-5
{{refend}}

[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:British History]]

User:CBS

2015-12-22T20:46:38Z

CBS: Added details

==Charles Bradlaugh Society==

The CBS was created in 2002 to commemorate the achievements of [[Northampton]]'s former Member of [[Parliament]], [[Charles Bradlaugh]].

The website can be [https://charlesbradlaughsociety.wordpress.com/ found here.]

The Twitter account can be [https://twitter.com/CBradlaughSoc found here.]

The CBS has developed the pages here due to [[Examples_of_Bias_in_Wikipedia:_Gender_bias|gender bias on Wikipedia.]]

<sup>Wikipedia's editors repeatedly vandalised the Charles Bradlaugh entry to read he was a supporter of women's suffrage when Bradlaugh was instead a supporter of universal suffrage. The Charles Bradlaugh Society (est 2002) were banned by Wikipedia for re-editing this to be historically accurate, quoting directly from Bradlaugh's work The Real Representation of the People. This quote was deleted by editors as it highlighted Bradlaugh's support for universal suffrage. The last accurate version of Wikipedia entry can be found on the CBS website.</sup>

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Charles Bradlaugh

2015-12-22T20:28:56Z

CBS: added some minor links

Charles Bradlaugh

2015-12-22T20:24:09Z

CBS: Updated page as light in content

[[File:Charles Bradlaugh.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Charles Bradlaugh ]]
'''Charles Bradlaugh''' (26 September 1833 – 30 January 1891) was a political activist and a prominent English [[atheist]] of the 19th century.<ref>Discussion on Atheism: Report of a Public Discussion Between the Rev. Brewin Grant, B.A., and C. Bradlaugh, Esq., Held in South Place Chapel, Finsbury, London, on Tuesday Evenings, Commencing June 22, and Ending July 27, 1875, on the Question, "Is Atheism Or is Christianity the True Secular Gospel, as Tending to the Improvement and Happiness of Mankind in this Life by Human Efforts and Material Means.". Brewin Grant Charles Bradlaugh, January 1, 1890, Anti-liberation Society, page 10-12[https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwk3yV5MOaAC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=Charles+Bradlaugh+definition+of+atheism&source=bl&ots=JtjIlK7qaJ&sig=E0HjYgfEyKXdEA4zlLAd9m41cQU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEgQ6AEwB2oVChMIrcijucWLyAIVCXA-Ch00NACw#v=onepage&q=Charles%20Bradlaugh%20definition%20of%20atheism&f=false]</ref><ref>[http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/athart3.htm "Atheism - etymology"]</ref> Bradlaugh founded the National Secular Society in 1866.
==Early Life==
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833–1891), politician and freethinker, was born on 26 September 1833 at home at 31 Bacchus Walk, Hoxton, London, the eldest of seven children born to Charles Bradlaugh, a solicitor's clerk, and his wife, Elizabeth Trimby, a former nursemaid. He was baptized at St Leonard, Shoreditch, on 8 December 1833, and educated at local elementary day schools and St Peter's Sunday school, Hackney Road, where he became a teacher.

==Doubts==
While preparing for confirmation in 1849, Bradlaugh questioned the doctrines of the church. Pressure to conform caused him to leave home and he took lodgings with Elizabeth Sharples Carlile, the widow of Richard Carlile, and her family at the Warner Street temperance hall. He gave his first public lecture—‘The past, present and future of theology’—10 October 1850 at the age of 17. Having failed to earn his living as a coal merchant, in December 1850 he enlisted in the 7th dragoon guards and was posted to Ireland.

==Family==
This had a deep effect on his political views. In 1852 his father died, and the following year a legacy from his great-aunt was used to purchase his discharge; he took a job as errand boy (and was soon promoted to clerk) with Thomas Rogers, a solicitor of 70 Fenchurch Street. On 5 June 1855 he married Susannah (Susan) Lamb Hooper at St Philip's, Stepney. Their first child, Alice Bradlaugh [see under Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh], was born on 30 April 1856 at their home at 4 West Street, Bethnal Green; Hypatia Bonner followed on 31 March 1858, and Charles on 14 September 1859.

In 1870 Susan Bradlaugh and the two girls went to live with her parents in Midhurst, Sussex; young Charles died of kidney failure in July.

==Professional Life==
Bradlaugh lived a double life: professionally, he was a skilled lawyer, though nominally only a solicitor's clerk; privately, he was also a free thought and radical lecturer with a growing national reputation. To protect his employer's name, in 1855 he adopted the pseudonym Iconoclast, with which he kept his identities apart until 1868. From November 1858 he edited a free thought periodical, The Investigator, which failed in August 1859, and he was then invited to co-edit the National Reformer, with which his name was associated as editor (1860–64; 1866–1890) and owner (from 1862) until his death. Bradlaugh also became noted in radical politics: at the Hyde Park Sunday trading riots (July 1855); in support of Felice Orsini, the would-be assassin of Napoleon III (1858); and in campaigns for an extension of the franchise in Britain (from 1859).

Having failed to secure articles from Rogers, in 1858 Bradlaugh was apprenticed clerk to Thomas Harvey, who also refused to article him and eventually went bankrupt. He then moved to Montague Leverson, a radical with equally dubious business dealings, who articled him in June 1862, but the two men parted in 1864. After this, Bradlaugh supplemented his earnings from lecturing and journalism with freelance legal and financial work, notably for the Naples Colour Company (1866–9). He was soon several hundreds of pounds in debt and his wife was becoming an alcoholic in the company of a former army friend, the poet James Thomson.

==Beliefs==
Bradlaugh held a wide range of beliefs which included support for ending the British monarchy i.e. [[Republicanism]]. He was a likely candidate for the Presidency of Great Britain should the monarchy have ended. His [[Atheism]] is probably what Bradlaugh is best known for. A strong proponent for [[Universal suffrage]] he chose [[Northampton]] due to the relatively high number of working class people, mostly [[shoeworkers]] 'cobblers', who owned property which was a pre-requisite for being able to vote. He promoted education on [[birth control]]. Following his experiences as soldier in Ireland he became a supporter for [[Home Rule]]. He also supported [[Indian Independence]] becoming known as the 'Representative for India' and having a [https://lahorenama.wordpress.com/2009/12/01/bradlaugh-hall-lahore/ hall named after him in Lahore].

==Member of Parliament==
In 1880, Bradlaugh was elected as the Liberal MP for [[Northampton]]. His attempt to affirm as an atheist, rather than take a parliamentary Oath of Allegiance which assumed a new MP was a Christian (and a Monarchist), ultimately led to his temporary imprisonment, fines for voting in the Commons illegally, and a number of by-elections at which Bradlaugh regained his seat on each occasion. He was finally allowed to take an oath in 1886. Eventually, a parliamentary bill which he proposed became law in 1888 which allowed members of both Houses of Parliament to affirm, if they so wished, when being sworn in. The new law also resolved the issue for witnesses in civil and criminal court cases.

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*Arnstein, Walter L. (1962) "Gladstone and the Bradlaugh Case," ''Victorian Studies,'' (1962) 5#4 pp 303–330
*Arnstein, Walter L. (1965) ''The Bradlaugh Case: a study in late Victorian opinion and politics.'' Oxford University Press. (2nd ed. with new postscript chapter published as ''The Bradlaugh Case: Atheism, Sex and Politics Among the Late Victorians'', University of Missouri Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8262-0425-2)
* Besant, Annie. ''Autobiographical Sketches'' (1885) in which Bradlaugh plays a major role. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2kqm66Jzm78C&vq=Charles&dq=editions:PvHeIZ_NZRcC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]
* Besant, Annie. ''An Autobiography'' (1893) in which Chap VI is devoted to Charles Bradlaugh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRA3AQAAMAAJ&dq=Annie+Besant=gbs_navlinks_s]
* Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh (1895). ''Charles Bradlaugh: A Record of His Life and Work, Vol 1''. London, T. Fisher Unwin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SlEJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Bonner,+_navlinks_s]
* Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh (1891), ''Catalogue of the Library of the Late Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Mrs. H. Bradlaugh Bonner [https://books.google.com/books?id=CRRxCuBhAlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]
*''Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh (Centenary Volume)'' (1933). London, Watts & Co and Pioneer Press.
*Diamond, M. (2003) ''Victorian Sensation'', London, Anthem Press. ISBN 1-84331-150-X, pp. 101–110.
*Headingly, Adolphe S. (1888). ''The biography of Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Freethought Publishing Company.
*Manvell, Roger (1976). ''Trial of Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh.'' London: Elek/Pemberton.
*Niblett, Bryan (2011). ''Dare to Stand Alone: The Story of Charles Bradlaugh''. Oxford: kramedart press. ISBN 978-0-9564743-0-8
*Robertson, J.M. (1920). ''Charles Bradlaugh''. London, Watts & Co.
*Tribe, David (1971) ''President Charles Bradlaugh MP''. London, Elek. ISBN 0-236-17726-5
{{refend}}

[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:British History]]

Examples of Bias in Wikipedia: Gender bias

2015-12-22T19:21:43Z

CBS: Added example of Gender Bias by Wikipedia resulting in historically inaccurate information being recorded for a global historical figure

This article lists examples of [[Bias in Wikipedia]], related to [[gender bias]]. It includes both discrimination in the internal management of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (WMF) and in the content of the encyclopedia:
==Gender gap crusade==
# WMF President Sue Gardner noted that there is a "gender gap" at Wikipedia and the WMF Board adopted a goal of increasing the percentage of volunteer editors who are female. In practice, the male volunteer editors have been abused and mistreated so that their reduction has caused an increase in the percentage. WMF has issued a "[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gender_Gap_Manifesto Gender Gap Manifesto]" which includes as one of its goals, "Help men understand the obstacles women face and help them become better feminists."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_Gap_Manifesto&oldid=2470786|title=Gender Gap Manifesto|accessdate=July 7, 2012}}</ref>
#In response to surveys showing that only 10%-13% of Wikipedia editors are women, the Wikimedia Foundation established a "Gender Gap email list" to discuss how to encourage more women to participate as editors. It was proposed that the email list be split into two section, one for women and transgendered and another for their male allies.<ref>http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/gendergap/2011-March/000770.html</ref> When the Deputy Director of the Wikimedia Foundation questioned the wisdom of the proposal,<ref>http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/gendergap/2011-March/000817.html</ref> he was denounced as "sexist."
#WMF's efforts at [[affirmative action]] have been frustrated because most user names are not gender-specific and some editors online personalities do not correspond to their real-life genders. Apparently, some Wikipedia editors regard that project as a large role-playing game where accusing an opponent in a debate of "sexism" is a legitimate tactic (even if the parties are not truthful about their online gender claims.)
#Wikipedia editor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SarahStierch Sarah Stierch] was the volunteer moderator of the Gender Gap email list where she departed from discussing Wikipedia to freely share her negative experiences with men in her life. In fall 2011, she was hired by the WMF as a Community Fellow to work on creating a "Teahouse" for newer Wikipedia editors. The report on the Teahouse Pilot Project<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research:Teahouse/Pilot_Report&oldid=3832292|title=Teahouse: Pilot Report|date=June 14, 2012}}</ref> explained, "If you click through to the Teahouse, it’s clearly aiming to broaden female participation - just look at the pastel background and references to tea." Stierch tried to use Twitter to recruit more female editors into Teahouse and the English Wikipedia. The report concluded, "Because so much time and energy needed to be spend during the pilot on setting up and maintaining the space, we weren't able to focus as much as we'd have liked on gender-targeted strategies for recruiting female guests and hosts. There are clearly more experiments that need to be run in order to better integrate the space with other gender gap efforts and WikiWomen's calls to actions." Stierch was dismissed by the WMF in January 2014 for moonlighting as a paid Wikipedia editor.

==Biased content==
# Wikipedia user MZMcBride ran a search to analyse all the biographies of living people that [[Jimmy Wales]] has edited. Wales has made 469 edits to biographies of living persons. Nearly 33% of those were applied to female biography subjects. Because only 19% of Wikipedia’s biographies are about women, Jimmy Wales is 72% more likely than “random” to address the biographies of women than those of men. His edits focus upon younger women.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.examiner.com/article/jimmy-wales-shows-favoritism-on-wikipedia|title=Jimmy Wales shows favoritism on Wikipedia|work=examiner.com|first=Greg|last=Kohs|date=March 4, 2011|accessdate=March 15, 2014}}</ref>
# Wikipedia created a POV-pushing fork article attacking Republican Congressman [[Todd Akin]], called "Todd Akin rape and pregnancy controversy"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todd_Akin_%27legitimate_rape%27_and_pregnancy_comment_controversy&oldid=509892381</ref> which was nominated for deletion. Sue Gardner, Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation, weighed in to advocate keeping the article when most editors thought it was sufficiently covered in Todd Akin's biography.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Todd_Akin_rape_and_pregnancy_controversy&diff=508894934&oldid=508887733</ref> This in turn, prompted a thread entitled "Is Sue Gardner an Idiot?" on wikipediareview.com.<ref>http://wikipediareview.com/index.php?showtopic=39036</ref> After 130,738 bytes of debate, the deletion proposal was rejected as "no consensus," allowing the attack article to be kept.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Todd_Akin_rape_and_pregnancy_controversy&oldid=509649032</ref>
# Wikipedia awarded "good article" status<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles</ref> to a biased description of [[liberal]] Balboa High School, saying it has "a progressively nurturing environment" undergoing "a steady renaissance marked by academic innovation."<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa_High_School_(San_Francisco)</ref> Nowhere in Wikipedia's 4,468-word description does it admit that half the 9th graders lacked proficiency on a statewide English test.<ref>Jill Tucker, "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/08/16/MNGE2KJB5K1.DTL Student Successes Defy Urban Trends]" San Francisco Chronicle (Aug. 16, 2006).</ref> Instead, Wikipedia editors apparently like how this public school converted its metal shop into a sex-based "health" clinic.
#Wikipedia is sexist? Definitions of [[antonym]]s don't match up:
## '''Matriarchy''' is a term, which is applied to gynocentric form of society, in which the leading role is with the female and especially with the mothers of a community.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy</ref>
## '''Patriarchy''' describes a social structure where the actions and ideas of men and boys are dominant over those of women and girls.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy</ref>
#The Carrie Prejean article on Wikipedia is carefully crafted however, major points tend to end with a liberals last word. 'Photograph controversy' last line quotes "go beyond what the Miss California pageant says are appropriate, and do not benefit Prejean's status." The section 'Crown retention', last line says- "she no longer believes in the organization," referring to a pageant official. The page is locked from mentioning other contestants who also had photos questionable under pageant rules. The last line of 'Miss USA 2009 controversy', plug the candidate for governor of Ca. and same-sex advocate SF mayor Gavin Newsom beliefs, supports Prejean. Wikipedia's non family-friendly presentation is complete with text of Hilton's foul-mouthed tirade.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrie_Prejean&diff= http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrie_Prejean&diff=] Wikipedia- Carrie Prejean</ref>
#Radical feminists have taken control of Wikipedia's coverage of [[netball]] to promote the idea there is a bias against sports that are played primarily by women (such as netball) in the Olympics<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball_and_the_Olympic_Movement Wikipedia article on Netball and the Olympic Movement]</ref> and that netball helps obscure nations like the Cook Islands to "raise the profile of the country internationally."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_in_the_Cook_Islands Wikipedia article on netball in the Cook Islands]</ref> At one time, they tried to create the impression that Netball is played "at the Olympics" and created an article "Netball at the Olympics"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=move&user=&page=Netball+at+the+Olympics&year=&month=-1&tagfilter=|title=Move Log:Netball at the Olympics|date=27 March 2011}}</ref> with a pictogram to mimic the other Olympic sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_and_the_Olympic_Movement&oldid=420767140|date=March 26, 2011|title=Netball at the Olympics|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|first=Laura|last=Hale|accessdate=2011-06-28}}</ref> When other editors have tried to curb such excesses<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Netball_at_the_Olympics/GA1|title=Good Article Review of Netball at the Olympics|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=2011-06-28|date=March 26, 2011}}</ref> they were proposed to be topic blocked. The radical feminists are trying to create the myth that Netball is an "Olympic sport" (which Wikipedia defines as being played in the Olympics) and they revert any effort to correct their false claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball&diff=499427816&oldid=499426481|title=Netball|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_and_the_Olympic_Movement&diff=prev&oldid=499513580|title=Netball and the Olympic Movement|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball&diff=535727625&oldid=535707765|title=Netball|date=January 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_in_the_Cook_Islands&diff=535719635&oldid=535700863|title=Netball in the Cook Islands|date=January 30, 2013}}</ref> The radical feminists ignored the consensus of Wikiproject Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Olympics/Archive_12#Olympic_recognised_sports|title=Olympic recognized sports|date=April 26, 2011}}</ref> They removed documented claims that the earliest that netball could be considered for inclusion would be 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball&diff=502350819&oldid=502347852|title=Netball|date=July 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Netball_Associations&diff=502678336&oldid=502667883|title=International Federation of Netball Associations|date=July 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_and_the_Olympic_Movement&diff=526980607&oldid=526980531|title=Netball and the Olympic Movement|date=December 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_and_the_Olympic_Movement&diff=535746107&oldid=535699132|title=Netball and the Olympic Movement|date=January 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_and_the_Olympic_Movement&diff=559118828&oldid=559116700|title=Netball and the Olympic Movement|date=June 9, 2013}}</ref>
#The same radical feminists who wrote "Netball and the Olympic Movement" have virtually the same biased material in the article [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_sport_at_the_Olympics Women's sports at the Olympics].
#Again, out of defensiveness over the relative obscurity of netball, the radical feminists go out of their way to phrase articles in terms of the undocumented "popularity" of netball rather than the extent of participation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_in_Singapore&diff=502678304&oldid=502669653|title=Netball in Singapore|date=July 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball_in_the_Cook_Islands&diff=505043753&oldid=505042779|title=Netball in the Cook Islands|author=Hawkeye7|date=July 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netball&diff=526978735&oldid=526975602|title=Netball|author=Stuartyeates|date=December 8, 2012}}</ref>
#The Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Women_Canada Minister responsible for the Status of Women (Canada)] is extremely superficial and makes only a quick mention of the slander lawsuit that the government agency lost in 2003 against the creator of the "BC Fathers" website that provides information for fathers in custody disputes.<ref>[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/Jdb-txt/SC/08/02/2008BCSC0249.htm ''Wiebe v. Bouchard''] Supreme Court of British Columbia, 2008 BCSC 249 (March 11, 2008) Retreived June 29, 2012.</ref>
#The Wikipedia article "Status of Women" redirects to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Women Women's history]. That article is filled with biased, unreferenced statements like, "Women are usually excluded [from history] and, when mentioned, are usually portrayed in sex-stereotypical roles, such as wives, mothers, daughters and mistresses."
#Wikipedia has a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Feminism Feminism Portal] which is much more extensive than its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Men%27s_rights Men's Rights Portal] which purports to cover the corresponding movement to end discrimination against men. Similarly, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculism Maculism] article is only 18,086 bytes long while the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminism&oldid=501002100 Feminism] article is 97,301 bytes long and has five photographs.
#Wikipedia glowing biography of [[Helen Gurley Brown]] has been the subject of an edit war which has deleted references to critics of Brown's feminist views.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Gurley_Brown&diff=526984890&oldid=526177954 (Dec. 8, 2012).</ref>
#Outspoken feminist Carol Moore, who was active in Wikipedia's Gender Gap Task Force, was banned from editing Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Interactions_at_GGTF#Carolmooredc_banned|title=Carolmooredc Banned|date=December 1, 2014|accessdate=December 15, 2014}}</ref> Prior to that, Wikipedia created an attack biography about her.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Carol_Moore_%282nd_nomination%29</ref> It was deleted after a debate.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/User:Sitush/Carol_Moore</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html|title=Encyclopedia Frown|first= David |last=Auerbach|date=Dec. 11 2014|work=Slate|accessdate=Dec 15, 2014}}</ref>
#A Women's Studies class at Mount Royal University tried to create a Wikipedia article about a feminist blogger, but was met with resistance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metronews.ca/news/calgary/1247529/mount-royal-university-womens-studies-class-aims-to-take-back-piece-of-wikipedia/|title=Mount Royal University women’s studies class aims to take back piece of Wikipedia|first= Jeremy |last=Nolais|date=December 23, 2014|accessdate=December 25, 2014|work=Calgary Metro News}}</ref>
#Wikipedia's article "Gamergate controversy" is a prolonged edit war between feminists and computer game fans, which became the subject of a Wikipedia Arbitration Committee case. The Committee banned long-time editor Ryulong.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/GamerGate|title=GamerGate|accessdate=February 8, 2015}}</ref>
# Wikipedia's editors repeatedly vandalised the [[Charles Bradlaugh]] entry to read he was a supporter of [[women's suffrage]] when Bradlaugh was instead a supporter of [[universal suffrage]]. The [https://charlesbradlaughsociety.wordpress.com/ Charles Bradlaugh Society] (est 2002) were banned by Wikipedia for re-editing this to be historically accurate, quoting directly from Bradlaugh's work [https://archive.org/stream/realrepresentati29brad#page/n0/mode/2up The Real Representation of the People]. This quote was deleted by editors as it highlighted Bradlaugh's support for [[universal suffrage]]. The last accurate version of Wikipedia entry can be [https://charlesbradlaughsociety.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/last-accurate-charles-bradlaugh-wikipedia-entry-21-december-2015.pdf found here].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bias in wikipedia}}
[[Category: Wikipedia]]