Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Public-key encryption

2009-04-01T21:12:35Z

BrainGruel: undo edit by User:Markr. That "example" confuses me

'''Public-key encryption''' is a kind of [[encryption]] in which both the message and the key are public. This differs from the traditional (so-called "private-key") encryption, in which the key is kept secret from the intended recipient. Public-key encryption is a form of ''[[symmetry|asymmetric]] encryption'', meaning that it is much easier to encrypt a message than to decrypt it, at least without knowing the encryption key; this is the reason that the key has to be made public.

Well-known public-key encryption algorithms include '''Diffie-Hellman''',
'''El-Gamal''', and '''RSA'''. These algorithms all work on the same basic
model, which is that of a [[cyclic group]] ''G'' distributing over an operation ''o'' which may or may not be [[commutative]]. In Diffie-Hellman and El-Gamal, the basic operation is the [[discrete logarithm]]; in RSA it is [[factoring]].

==Diffie-Hellman encryption==
Diffie-Hellman encryption, also known as "Diffie-Hellman key exchange", relies on the fundamental [[hardness|difficulty]] of [[computing]] the discrete logarithm ''ga'' of a number ''x'' in the [[Group (mathematics)|group]] ''G''. It was invented by [[Whitfield Diffie]] and [[Lillian Hellman]] in 1976. The protocol proceeds in three steps:

# Alice and Bob secretly decide on a large prime number ''p'' and a group ''G'' in which to work, with [[generator]] ''g''.
# Alice chooses a secret integer ''a'', for example 6. She sends ''ag'' mod ''p'' to Bob.
# Bob chooses a different integer ''b'', for example 7, and sends ''bg'' mod ''p'' to Alice.
# Alice computes ''(ag)b'', while Bob computes ''(bg)a''. Whoever finishes first sends their result to the other person.

At this point both parties (Alice and Bob) have the same (secret) information, and can use the shared secret as a key for sending [[encryption|encrypted]] messages back and forth by the usual methods.

==El-Gamal encryption==
El-Gamal encryption was invented by the [[Egyptian]] mathematician [[Taher El-Gamal]] in 1984, shortly after the assassination of [[Anwar Sadat]]. Like the Diffie-Hellman protocol, El-Gamal encryption relies on the discrete logarithm function, which can be used to unobtrusively compute the inverse of the [[exponentiation]] operation within a cyclic group.

Unlike classical encryption schemes such as ''ENIGMA'' (see [[Encryption]]), El-Gamal's cryptosystem actually expands the plaintext by a factor of 2, in order to make the message harder to [[decrypt]]. (Because information density is exponential, with ''two'' times as many bits in the ciphertext an attacker would have to work 22 = ''four'' times as hard to decode the message, assuming he did not already possess the key.) However, the usual implementation simply sets these extra bits to zero by default, rendering the security gain infinitesimal at best.

The El-Gamal encryption algorithm was added to the [[C programming language]] in 1999, as the math function <tt>lgammal()</tt> [sic]. (Only implementations conforming to TR1 provide this function.)

==RSA encryption==
"RSA" stands for "[[Ron Rivest|Rivest]]–[[Shamir]]–[[Adelson]]",<ref>[http://www.all-acronyms.com/?t=rsa&d=rivest%2Dshamir%2Dadelson ''AllAcronyms.com'']</ref><ref>[http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/courses/mct/Handouts/notes-6.pdf Course notes] from G6016 "Networks", at the [[University of Sussex]]</ref> the three [[MIT]] researchers who discovered the RSA algorithm in 1977, seven years before Taher El-Gamal developed his competing system.

RSA, unlike the previous two systems, is based on the fundamental difficulty of [[factoring]] large [[prime]]s. For example, although it is easy to factor 6=2×3, it is exponentially more difficult to factor 6000000=2000×3000. (Of course, the digital computers that implement RSA encryption use numbers that are bigger still; a "strong" key used by an organization such as the [[NSA]] might have 6000000=2000×3000 ''digits!'')

The RSA algorithm was put to the test in 1991, when RSA Laboratories released the "RSA Factoring Challenge". The challenge consisted of a list of progressively larger numbers, which, when fully decrypted, read "The magic words are [[squeamish ossifrage]]."<ref>[http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/1393.html "The Magic Words Are Squeamish Ossifrage"], by Atkins, Graff, Lenstra, and Leyl</ref> Although the challenge was withdrawn in 2007, the RSA algorithm is still widely considered acceptable for business purposes.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cryptography]]

Common Latin

2009-04-01T21:08:44Z

BrainGruel: moved page from Vulgar Latin

'''Common Latin''', also known as '''Vulgar Latin''', is a collection of [[dialect]]s spoken throughout the [[Roman Empire]]. These dialects were spoken by the common people and [[soldier]]s, hence "common". ("Vulgar" in this context is a [[synonym]] for "common".) The upper-class [[Latin]] spoken by the [[church]] and the [[government]] was a different [[dialect]], but it was mutually intelligible to speakers of Common Latin. Common Latin changed over time due to outside influences such as proto-[[German]], and eventually developed into the [[Romance languages]], which include [[French]] and [[Spanish]].

[[Category:Latin]]

Vulgar Latin

2009-04-01T21:08:33Z

BrainGruel: redirect. Since "vulgar" means "common", let's just say so!

#REDIRECT [[Common Latin]]

Vulgar Latin

2009-04-01T21:06:53Z

BrainGruel:

Talk:Jordan

2009-04-01T21:01:55Z

BrainGruel: /* Arabic writing */ new section

The page for the [[2004 NFL draft]] is more detailed than the one for the entire country of Jordan. (Jacobin)

Sad, isn't it? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 21:08, 15 April 2007 (EDT)

== rewrite ==
i will help rewrite the page about jordan, i will be deleting many things and adding them back and many more thins, this is not vandilism! {{unsigned|Topsecrete}}

== the page was copied from wikipedia ==

i was writing the page and then i saw an entire page created. it was a copy of wikipedia. {{unsigned|Topsecrete}}
:Nope. If you look at the bottom of the page, the source is clearly there in the tag, which is the U.S. State Department. Since nothing is copyrighted from a U.S. government source, we are authorized to use it and build on it. Wikipedia took it from there as well. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 05:13, 2 January 2008 (EST)

:I met [[Falak Jamaani]], the first woman ever elected to the Parliament (last month, in Washington, D.C.). --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 20:41, 1 January 2008 (EST)
:: Yes? [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 04:59, 2 January 2008 (EST)

some editing is needed and pictures are needed as well, i ask any administrator to help me upload some photo graphs. thank you {{unsigned|Topsecrete}}

==History section==
The following layout pattern is recommended for all country articles:
*Geography (includes flora and fauna)
*People
*Government (includes political conditions, foreign relations, human rights)
*Defense
*Economy
*History
[[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 05:13, 2 January 2008 (EST)
:The above idea is meant to expand the article where needed with ease, in case you're wondering. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 15:19, 2 January 2008 (EST)

== Arabic writing ==

The top of the [[Jordan]] article has a lot of Arabic-looking writing... are you sure it doesn't say anything bad? I think it's kind of risky to put that kind of writing in an article without actually knowing "first-hand" what it says. Maybe it would be safer to stick to [[English]].

I can help translate [[Spanish]] if you need, but I don't speak Arabic! -[[User:BrainGruel|BrainGruel]] 17:01, 1 April 2009 (EDT)

Infanticide

2009-04-01T20:53:21Z

BrainGruel:

'''Infanticide''' is the practice of [[murder]]ing one's own [[child]]. It occurs in cultures in which male children are strongly favored over female for social or economic reasons, particularly when the number children per family is restricted by either limited resources or artificial [[population control]] such as that enforced in [[China]].

Infanticide ''per se'' is very uncommon in the Western world, because the prevalence of the [[abortion industry]] and legalized [[abortion]] makes it easy for females to abort their babies when they would normally turn to infanticide. Even in China, infanticide is becoming less common in recent times because improving access to [[ultrasound]] scanning and [[abortion]] facilities allows for more sex-selective abortions.

== See Also ==
*[[Abortion]]

[[Category:Culture]]

Choice

2009-04-01T20:47:02Z

BrainGruel: grammar and wikifying

'''Choice''' is the act of deciding what to do. It is also known as [[free will]]. [[Freedom]] is generally considered either the right or the ability to make [[decision]]s without [[coercion]].

Choice is the basis of [[law]]. Choice is a fundamentally [[human]] activity, since law applying to animals does not apply to the choices made by animals. Instead, laws such as animal control and [[animal abuse]] laws apply to the choices of humans in regards to animals.

==Liberalism and choice==

===Abortion===

Choice has been used by proponents of [[abortion]], who call themselves "[[pro-choice]]". They claim that [[pregnancy|a woman carrying an unborn child]] has the right to abort an unborn child. Opponents of abortion claim point out that someone does not have the "choice" whether someone else, such as an unborn child, should live or die. In the words of a popular bumper sticker, "It's a child, not a choice."

===Homosexuality===

In contrast, liberals argue that the decision to engage in [[homosexual activity]] is not at all a matter of choice, and that the lack of choice in this matter absolves them of all [[sin]].

==See also==
*[[Axiom of Choice]]

[[Category:Philosophy]]

Queen Mab

2009-04-01T20:38:01Z

BrainGruel: wikifying

'''Queen Mab''' (perhaps derived from the Welsh mab, "a baby") was [[queen]] of the [[fairies]], according to 15th-century English and Welsh folklore. That honor later went to [[Titania]]. Mab does not appear in person in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]],'' but she is described as the "fairies' midwife"--that is, she is used by the fairies as [[midwife]] to deliver man's brain of dreams. Rich descriptions of Mab are given by Shakespeare (''Romeo and Juliet'', i. 4), by [[Ben Jonson]], by [[Herrick]], and by [[Drayton]] in ''[[Nymphidia]]''.

[[Category:Fairy tales]]