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Assassination attempts on Trump

2024-07-16T00:00:43Z

Blavek: Reagan

[[File:Fight.PNG|right|300px|thumb|]]
The '''Assassination attempt on President Donald Trump''' occurred in Butler, [[Pennsylvania]] on July 13, 2024, by a shooter named Thomas Matthew Crooks (possibly different from a "Thomas Crooks" who shows up on public disclosures of political donations). [[President Donald J. Trump]] was on stage at [[MAGA]] rally while campaigning for the [[2024 Presidential election]], and only minutes into his speech when the shooting began.

The shooter fired perhaps as many as 8 shots before being killed by authorities. Trump was injured by a bullet penetrating his right ear, but not his skull. An attendee died and two were seriously injured. Trump himself dropped down as he heard many bullets and was wounded by one, and then was quickly shielded by the Secret Service. As Trump stood up, he was then shielded by agents.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/assassination-attempt-trump-pennsylvania-rally-leaves-2-hurt-1-dead-including-shooter Assassination attempt on Trump at Pennsylvania rally leaves 2 hurt, 1 dead including shooter].
Former President Trump was quickly surrounded and escorted off stage by Secret Service personnel.
By Sarah Rumpf-Whitten, Brooke Singman, Lucas Y. Tomlinson. ''Fox News''
Published July 13, 2024 6:23pm EDT Updated July 13, 2024 9:08pm EDT</ref>

Trump strongly called out to all: 'fight' while pumping his fist several times.<ref>[https://www.politico.com/video/2024/07/13/trump-injured-after-shooting-at-pennsylvania-rally-1363421 Bloodied Trump fist pumps after shots fired at rally]
Politico, 07/13/2024 06:55 PM EDT</ref><ref>[https://nypost.com/2024/07/13/us-news/trump-pumps-fist-at-crowd-in-defiant-gesture-seconds-after-assassination-attempt/ Trump pumps fist at crowd in defiant gesture seconds after assassination attempt] NY Post.
By Chris Nesi
Published July 13, 2024, 7:56 p.m. ET</ref> The crowd chanted: 'USA!'

By only an inch in the path of the bullet that pierced his ear did Trump survive, by the grace of God.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/media/split-second-turn-trump-life-expert-god-watching Split-second turn could have saved Trump's life, expert says: 'God must have been watching down on' him]
Experts are questioning security loopholes leading up to and during the incident.
By Taylor Penley ''Fox News'', July 14, 2024 
''Hours after the incident, Cohen told Fox News' Trace Gallagher that, if the former president had not turned his head when the shot was fired, he would not have survived.
"God must have been watching down on the president," he said.''</ref>

Trump's defiant reaction to the shooting became instantly iconic.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/trump-shooting-iconic-moment-photo-pennsylvania-1924879 Trump's Defiant Reaction to Shooting Becomes Instantly Iconic], Jenni Fink, ''Newsweek'', Jul 13, 2024</ref>

Trump's assassination attempt was condemned by current and former political figures, left and right, the world over. The attack marks the first time a sitting or former US president was injured in an unsuccessful assassination attempt since [[Ronald Reagan]] was shot in March 1981, over 43 years prior. After Reagan, Trump is the seventh US president to be subject to a successful or unsuccessful assassination attempt, the others being the failed attempt on [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and the succeeded attempts on [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[William McKinley]] and [[John F. Kennedy]].

==Democrats attempt to remove Secret Service protection==
{{See also|2024 Presidential election interference}}
In April 2024 [[Democrat]]s introduced a bill in [[Congress]] to remove [[Secret Service]] protection from [[President Donald Trump]].<ref>[https://dailycaller.com/2024/07/13/flashback-dems-pushed-bill-to-take-away-trumps-secret-service-detail/ Flashback: Dems Pushed Bill To Take Away Trump’s Secret Service Detail], WALLACE WHITE, ''[[Daily Caller]], July 13, 2024. dailycaller.com</ref> The bill's chief sponsor was Rep. [[Bennie Thompson]] who chaired the [[J6 witch hunt]]. Thompson has been under investigation by the House for destroying the J6 panel's files.

[[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]], whose father [[Robert F. Kennedy, Sr.]] was assassinated in June 1968 while campaigning for president, has been denied Secret Service protection. Ever since Bobby Jr's father was killed, all presidential candidates have been granted Secret Service protection. As late as July 2024 the [[Biden regime]] still refused to allow Secret Service protection for Bobby Jr.<ref>[https://thekennedybeacon.substack.com/p/denying-kennedy-secret-service-protection Denying Kennedy Secret Service Protection Is Political, Corrupt, and Reckless], LOUIS CONTE, JUL 13, 2024. thekennedybeacon.substack.com</ref>

==Incitement leading to crime==

The attempt came after years and moreso in recent weeks, [[the left]] and [[liberal media]] has been vilifying President Trump<ref>[https://mynorthwest.com/3965866/rantz-donald-trump-assassination-attempt-rhetoric-democrats/ Rantz: After failed Donald Trump assassination attempt, will you stop claiming he’s Hitler?], MyNorthwest. Jul 13, 2024, 7:10 PM</ref> as being supposedly a "danger to [[democracy]]."

In August 2023 [[Tucker Carlson]] commented on the all-pervasive Democrat [[hate]] in [[liberal media]]: "Begin with criticism, then you go to protest, then you go to [[Impeachment 1.0|impeachment]], now you go to [[2024 election interference|indictment]], and none of them work. I mean what’s next? You know, graph it out man! We’re speeding toward assassination, obviously. No one will say that, but I don’t know how you can’t reach that conclusion."<ref>[https://thehill.com/homenews/4181123-tucker-carlson-were-speeding-toward-trump-assassination/mlite/ Tucker Carlson: ‘We’re speeding toward’ Trump assassination], BY DOMINICK MASTRANGELO. ''[[The Hill]]'', 08/31/23. thehill.com</ref>

On November 1, 2023 Democrat-supported [[Lincoln Project]]<ref>[https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2020/07/billionaire-democrat-donors-lincoln-project/ Billionaire Democratic donors give big to anti-Trump Lincoln Project], By Karl Evers-Hillstrom, July 15, 2020. opensecrets.org </ref> co-founder and board member Rick Wilson said on [[MSNBC]]: "The donor class can’t just sit back on the sidelines and say oh well, don’t worry, this will all work itself out...They’re still gonna have to go out and put a [[bullet]] in Donald Trump...That’s a fact".<ref>[https://saraacarter.com/msnbc-guest-donor-class-has-to-go-out-and-put-a-bullet-in-donald-trump/ MSNBC guest: donor class ‘has to go out’ and ‘put a bullet in Donald Trump’], By [[Sara Carter]], November 1, 2023. saraacarter.com</ref>

On Dec 19, 2023, [https://zeeshanaleem.com/2015/01/28/notes-on-my-grandfather/ Zeeshan Aleem] wrote on MSNBC a piece titled: "Donald Trump has truly earned comparisons to Adolf Hitler".<ref>[https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/trump-immigrant-comments-hitler-mein-kampf-poisoning-blood-rcna130251 Donald Trump has truly earned comparisons to Adolf Hitler]. Zeeshan Aleem, ''MSNBC'' Dec 19, 2023.</ref>

A hot mic caught Journos joking about Trump being assassinated while attending a [[lawfare]] hearing in [[Washington, D.C.]] in January 2024.<ref>Tommy Christopher, [https://www.mediaite.com/news/hot-mic-catches-journos-laughing-and-joking-about-trump-being-assassinated-at-appeals-court/ Hot Mic Catches Journos Laughing and Joking About Trump Being Assassinated At Appeals Court], Mediate, Jan 9th, 2024. mediaite.com</ref>
[[File:TurnoutPAC tweet hours before assassination attempt.jpeg|thumb|TurnoutPAC tweet hours before assassination attempt]]
To everyone's surprise, Biden refused to step aside after a disastrous debate performance with President Trump on June 27, 2024. Biden was roundly criticized by members of his own party and the [[liberal media]], demanding Biden's resignation.<ref>[https://archive.is/VXMfq#selection-5665.0-5727.12 The Almighty Calls for Biden], The Editorial Board, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', July 7, 2024.</ref> Donors began to bail, and Democrat members of [[Congress]] feared being dragged down with him. Biden dug in, as an anxious party awaited his next move.

On July 2, 2024 [[Nancy Pelosi]] appeared on [[MSNBC]] with [[Andrea Mitchell]]:
{{quotebox-float|'''ANDREA MITCHELL:''' At this point, there's no one who knows the donor community better than you. You are a legendary fundraiser. There's no one who knows the convention rules better than you. I have to ask you, what are you hearing from the large network of people about whether [Biden] is up to it?

'''NANCY PELOSI:''' I hear mixed. Some people are saying because Donald Trump is such an authoritarian and autocrat, we have to win this election. This is not a normal election where you want to win, if you don't, you cooperate and do the best you can for the country and hope to win the next time. This is something that is undermining our democracy. He must be stopped. He cannot be president!<ref>[https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2024/07/02/pelosi_this_is_not_a_normal_election_trump_must_be_stopped.html Pelosi: This Is Not A Normal Election, Trump Must Be Stopped], Posted By Tim Hains, July 2, 2024. realclearpolitics.com</ref>}}
On July 7, 2024 some [[leftist]]s called him a "[[Hitler]]."

5 days before the shooting [[Biden]] told donors in a conference call, "We’re done talking about the debate, it’s time to put Trump in a bullseye."<ref>[https://archive.is/nmJdB Biden told donors on a private call this afternoon: “It’s time to put Trump in the bullseye.”], Kenneth P. Vogel @kenvogel. x.com/kenvogel</ref><ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2024/07/13/report-biden-told-donors-it-was-time-to-put-trump-in-the-bullseye/ Report: Biden told Donors it was ‘Time to Put Trump in the Bullseye’'], ELIZABETH WEIBEL, [[Breitbart]]'', 13 Jul 2024. breitbart.com</ref><ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2024/07/biden-july-8-were-done-talking-about-debate/ Biden on July 8: ‘We’re Done Talking About the Debate, it’s Time to Put Trump in a Bullseye’], By Cassandra MacDonald, ''[[The Gateway Pundit]]'', Jul. 13, 2024. thegatewaypundit.com</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/vswiX81IqhQ "Totally Irresponsible": Megyn Kelly Calls Out Biden Saying "Put Trump in a Bullseye" Days Ago], [[Megyn Kelly]], July 12, 2024. [[YouTube]].</ref><ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/flashback-5-days-ago-biden-said-put-trump-in-a-bullseye/ar-BB1pWbB1 Flashback: 5 Days Ago Biden Said 'Put Trump in a Bullseye'], by Jack Davis, ''The Western Journal, July 13, 2024. msn.com</ref><ref>[https://archive.is/XZ0RE Biden Threat ‘To Put Trump in a Bullseye’ Met With Shrugs, in Contrast With Firestorm Over Palin ‘Crosshairs’], DEAN KARAYANIS, ''New York Sun, July 10, 2024. nysun.com</ref>

==The shooting==
[[File:6693560eb6018-the-assailant-has-been-reportedly-identified-as-20-year-old-thomas-matthew-crooks-of-bethel-park--pe-143733406-16x9.jpeg|thumb|Suspected shooter, Thomas Matthew Crooks]]
The shooter walked from his van carrying an AR-15 and wearing camouflage pants in plain sight of rallygoers. He came to a building, the American Glass Research company, where a ladder had been pre-positioned before time.<ref>[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13635887/trump-shooter-thomas-matthew-crooks-images-roof.html EXCLUSIVEChilling images show just how close Trump shooter Thomas Matthew Crooks got to the former president], By LAURA COLLINS, CHIEF INVESTIGATIVE REPORTER IN BUTLER, PENNSYLVANIA, ''[[Daily Caller]]'', 15 July 2024. dailymail.co.uk</ref> He climbed the ladder in full sight of rally goers carrying his AR-15. Eyewitnesses notified police of his presence.<ref>[https://www.bitchute.com/video/LhaArztkvufk Eyewitness says that he told law officers there was a man on the roof climbing]. [[CBS]].</ref><ref>[https://x.com/SharpFootball/status/1812265909727396107 BBC interview with a guy outside the security perimeter who claims he saw the shooter before he fired]. [[BBC]].</ref>

The line of sight (LOS) distance from the building roof top was approximately 130-yards to the podium where President Trump was speaking. Why the roof top was not secured and protected raises lots of questions as to why, and whether there was proper oversight within the Secret Service. There were no [[drone]]s up to cover the perimeter and to provide surveillance and warning.<ref>[https://armedforces.press/assassination-attempt-after-action-assessment/ Assassination Attempt - After Action Assessment], By James Waurishuk, ''Armed Forces Press'', July 15, 2024. armedforces.press</ref>

The Secret Service sniper team is said to have had him in their sights for up to 3 minutes before taking him out. The rules of engagement (ROE) prohibited the Secret Service from shooting until the gunman shot first.

A local [[law enforcement]] officer climbed to the roof and found the shooter, who pointed the rifle at the officer. The officer retreated down the ladder, and the gunman quickly fired toward Trump.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-assassination-attempt-db24c5bfbbe7d09fa2437c3c836bb434</ref>

The shooter, Thomas Matthew Crooks,<ref>[https://nypost.com/2024/07/13/us-news/thomas-matthew-crooks-idd-as-gunman-who-shot-trump-during-pa-rally/ Thomas Matthew Crooks ID’d as gunman who shot Trump during Pa. rally]. By Joe Marino and Katherine Donlevy. ''[[NY Post]]''. Published July 13, 2024, 11:39 p.m. ET</ref><ref>[https://www.businesstoday.in/world/us/story/donald-trump-assassination-bid-who-is-thomas-matthew-crooks-the-20-year-old-suspected-shooter-437085-2024-07-14 Donald Trump assassination bid: Who is Thomas Matthew Crooks, the 20-year-old suspected shooter? Crooks' shots injured Trump, grazing his ear, and tragically claimed the life of an innocent bystander while critically wounding two others].</ref> was bear-crawling up the roof<ref>[https://www.newsnationnow.com/crime/what-we-know-about-the-suspected-trump-rally-shooter/ What we know about Thomas Matthew Crooks, the suspected Trump rally shooter]. Damita Menezes and Sean Noone, News Nation, 14 July 2024</ref> of an elevated structure a few hundred metres away outside the venue.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/14/politics/trump-rally-shooting-distance/index.html Gunman was a few hundred feet away from Trump, CNN analysis shows] By [[CNN]] Staff, July 14, 2024</ref> Crooks had explosive devices in his car parked near the rally,<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-rally-incident/card/suspected-shooter-had-explosive-devices-in-his-car-sources-say-nqpDI2AqQQNtSvYtEpS9 Suspected Shooter Had Explosive Devices in His Car, Sources Say]. ''WSJ'' Jul 14, 2024</ref> showing he had an elaborated plan.

The shooter got off 5 shots, killing a retired fire chief in the crowd, critically injuring 2 others, and grazing President Trump's right ear before being "neutralized" with 3 shots by Secret Service snipers, in the words of the Secret Service.

[[Rep. Ruben Gallego]], an [[Arizona]] Democrat running for the [[US Senate]] said, “Those responsible for the planning, approving and executing of this clearly insufficient security plan need to testify before Congress and be held accountable."<ref>[https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/14/secret-service-trump-shooting-rally-00168158 ‘Massive security breach’: Secret Service under scrutiny after gunman got clear shot at Trump], By JOSH GERSTEIN and KYLE CHENEY, ''[[Politico]]'', 07/14/2024. politico.com</ref>

Crooks, a 20-year-old male from the Bethel Park, PA, a nursing-home employee,<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/trump-assassination-attempt-thomas-matthew-crooks-shooter-881581c46c07025898027143fc9132e5 What we know about the 20-year-old man who tried to assassinate Donald Trump], ''AP'', July 14, 2024</ref> was socially awkward with no political profile, according to his classmates;<ref name=wsj14jul2024>[https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-rally-incident/card/who-was-thomas-matthew-crooks--lrMt72pIYPaqiqCoDta2 Portrait of Trump Shooting Suspect Emerges], WSJ July 14, 2024</ref> Crooks appeared in a [[Blackrock]] ad in 2023.<ref>[https://youtu.be/r6PWmi4y5pw Trump shooter tied to Blackrock], The Jimmy Dore Show, Jul 14, 2024. [[YouTube]].</ref>

"According to the New York Times, federal campaign-finance records show" a Thomas Crooks (no middle name) "donated $15 to the Progressive Turnout Project, a [[liberal]] voter turnout group, through the Democratic donation platform [[ActBlue]] in January 2021."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/14/us/politics/trump-gunman-thomas-crooks.html Here’s What Is Known About the Suspected Gunman]. By Jack Healy, Mike Baker, Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs and Katie Benner. ''The New York Times'', July 14, 2024. Authorities identified the gunman as a 20-year-old man from Bethel Park, a town about an hour’s drive from the site of the shooting.</ref> Whether or not this this is the same Thomas Crooks remains to be seen. Hours before the incident, the aforementioned [[progressive]] ''TurnoutPAC'' tweeted about Trump supposedly "destroying Democracy." Quote:
{{Cquote|''It's simple people: Donald Trump is a threat to our democracy and another four years of him would be detrimental to our country.''}}
The [[tweet]] was [https://archive.ph/VLCUd still left] even after the assassination.

The [[Biden FBI]], the same agency that framed up the bogus predicate for the [[Mar-a-Lago raid]] and Trump classified documents prosecution, took charge of the alleged "investigation".

==Trump's reaction==
[[File:Trump on Truthsocial right after assassination attempt.jpg|thumb|Trump on Truthsocial right after assassination attempt]]
President Trump's statement -- soon after -- on ''TruthSocial'' was:<ref>Donald J. Trump @realDonaldTrump ([https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112782066045321247]):
<blockquote>
I want to thank The United States Secret Service, and all of Law Enforcement, for their rapid response on the shooting that just took place in Butler, Pennsylvania. Most importantly, I want to extend my condolences to the family of the person at the Rally who was killed, and also to the family of another person that was badly injured. It is incredible that such an act can take place in our Country. Nothing is known at this time about the shooter, who is now dead. I was shot with a bullet that pierced the upper part of my right ear. I knew immediately that something was wrong in that I heard a whizzing sound, shots, and immediately felt the bullet ripping through the skin. Much bleeding took place, so I realized then what was happening. GOD BLESS AMERICA!</blockquote></ref>
<blockquote>I want to thank The United States Secret Service, and all of Law Enforcement, for their rapid response on the shooting that just took place in Butler, Pennsylvania. Most importantly, I want to extend my condolences to the family of the person at the Rally who was killed, and also to the family of another person that was badly injured. It is incredible that such an act can take place in our Country. Nothing is known at this time about the shooter, who is now dead. I was shot with a bullet that pierced the upper part of my right ear. I knew immediately that something was wrong in that I heard a whizzing sound, shots, and immediately felt the bullet ripping through the skin. Much bleeding took place, so I realized then what was happening. GOD BLESS AMERICA!</blockquote>

Later, Trump sent out an email:<ref>[https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/07/14/i-will-never-surrender-trump-says-after-assassination-attemp/ 'I will Never Surrender!' Trump says after assassination attempt]. Israel Hayom, Jul 14, 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/world/donald-trump-assassination-attempt-will-never-surrender-says-ex-president-gets-call-from-biden-8965407.html Donald Trump Assassination Attempt: Will Never Surrender, Says Ex-President, Gets Call from Biden]. News18.com. July 14, 2024.

“THIS IS A MESSAGE FROM DONALD TRUMP," the brief email read. “I WILL NEVER SURRENDER!" The email signed off with his signature and portrait.</ref> 'I will Never Surrender!'

[[File:Donald-trump-shared-two-word-85476717.jpg|thumb|Donald Trump shared two word post: UNITE AMERICA]]

Moments after Biden addressed the nation about the assassination attempt on his Republican rival. “UNITE AMERICA!” Trump, wrote on Truth Social.<ref>https://nypost.com/2024/07/14/us-news/trump-shared-this-two-word-message-moments-after-bidens-remarks-on-assassination-attempt/ Trump shared this two-word message moments after Biden’s remarks on assassination attempt]
By Tamar Lapin, ''NY Post'', July 14, 2024 [https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/donald-trump-shared-two-word-85476717.jpg]</ref>

The following day, Donald Trump vowed to carry on with the GOP convention.<ref name=wsj14jul2024/>

Donald Trump's son [[Eric Trump]] reacted:<ref>[https://twitter.com/EricTrump/status/1812277876642951677]</ref>
"Never surrender!" And:<ref>[https://twitter.com/EricTrump/status/1812277876642951677]</ref>"This is the fighter America needs."

In first interview post incident, "grateful, defiant Trump recounted surviving ‘surreal’ assassination attempt at rally: 'I'm supposed to be dead.'"<ref>[https://nypost.com/2024/07/14/us-news/grateful-defiant-trump-recounts-surreal-assassination-attempt-at-rally-im-supposed-to-be-dead/ Grateful, defiant Trump recounts surviving ‘surreal’ assassination attempt at rally: ‘I’m supposed to be dead’], ''The New York Post'', by Michael Goodwin, July 14, 2024</ref>

==Reactions==
Former US [[Attorney General]] [[Bill Barr]] [[tweet]]ed:<ref>[https://x.com/chicksonright/status/1812288720013570197]</ref>
<blockquote>The Democrats have to stop their grossly irresponsible talk about Trump being an existential threat to democracy - he is not.” </blockquote>

Commentators<ref>''Fox News'' Anchor Trace Gallagher, interviewing Kaylee McGhee White, Aaron Cohen on July 14, 2024. 1:20-1:35 ET [https://archive.org/details/FOXNEWSW_20240714_050000_Life_Liberty__Levin].[https://archive.ph/wip/IfxNE]</ref> brought up Democrats' reaction to [[2020 Marxist insurrection|Antifa 2020 violence]]. As well as violence at the anti-[[Israel]] riots ([[Oct 7 War]]) and most of the charges at [[Columbia University]] rioters [https://nypost.com/2024/06/25/opinion/answer-us-columbia-and-da-bragg-why-drop-rioters-charges/ dropped] by [[Alvin Bragg]], an elected [[Democrat]]; the reaction to the (Genocidal) "[https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/From-the-River-to-the-Sea From the river to the sea]."

''[[The Federalist]]'' asked, ''Do Democrats, Corporate Media Have Blood On Their Hands In Trump Attack?''<ref>[https://thefederalist.com/2024/07/13/do-democrats-corporate-media-have-blood-on-their-hands-in-trump-attack/ Do Democrats, Corporate Media Have Blood On Their Hands In Trump Attack?], BY: M.D. KITTLE, ''[[The Federalist]]'', JULY 13, 2024. thefederalist.com</ref>

[[WSJ]]: 'Biden’s rhetoric grew heated in recent days.'<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-rally-incident/card/biden-s-rhetoric-grew-heated-in-recent-days-6TJnS6JhvZnJ6uYwK6bH Biden’s Rhetoric Grew Heated in Recent Days]
''WSJ'', 14 Jul 2024.</ref>

[[Daily Telegraph]]:<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/07/14/violent-rhetoric-in-poisoned-us-politics-made-attack-inevit/ Violent rhetoric in poisoned US politics made attack inevitable]. ''Daily Telegraph'', July 14, 2024.</ref> "Nazi comparisons, which would be greeted with furious offence if they came the other way, have become commonplace among the Left."

[[Elon Musk]] tweeted, "I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery." Former [[Obama]] ally, [[Wall Street]] billionaire Bill Ackman endorsed Trump following attempted assassination.<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/presidential/3081568/bill-ackman-endorses-trump-following-attempted-assassination/ Bill Ackman endorses Trump following attempted assassination]. By Maria Leaf, ''Washington Examiner'', July 14, 2024</ref>

'No place in our country’: US Jewish leaders slam Trump shooting.
<ref>[https://www.jns.org/no-place-in-our-country-american-jewish-leaders-condemn-trump-assassination-attempt/ 'No place in our country’: US Jewish leaders slam Trump shooting].
David Isaac, July 14, 2024 / ''JNS''. <blockquote>
American Jewish leaders have denounced the attempt on former President Donald Trump’s life at a campaign rally in Pennsylvania on Saturday.</blockquote></ref>

[[Argentine]] conservative President [[Javier Milei]] posted his reaction on X:<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/2024-election/2024/07/13/argentinas-javier-milei-international-left-resort-terrorism-stop-trump/ Argentina’s Javier Milei: ‘International Left … Resort to Terrorism’ to Stop Trump], FRANCES MARTEL, ''[[Breitbart]]'', 13 Jul 2024. breitbart.com</ref>
{{Cquote|The desperation of the international left, that today sees how its nefarious [[ideology]] is expiring and is willing to destabilize democracies and promote [[violence]] to entrench itself in power, is not surprising. With panic upon losing at the ballot, they resort to [[terrorism]] to impose their retrograde and [[authoritarian]] agenda.}}
Milei posted a second message responding to a video of Democrat former Sen. [[Claire McCaskill]] of [[Missouri]] comparing President Trump to [[Adolf Hitler]] in a [[television]] appearance.
{{Cquote|The little [[politically correct]] [[leftist]]s are all cut from the same cloth, it doesn’t matter where in the world you look. When in [[society]] a deviant adjective appears, there they will be to label their opponents with that adjective… we have several of these sinister beings in the country who can count on their [[journalist]] accomplices.

Easy, look for the politicians that do this and the journalists who play their game. There you will find the true enemies of [[Liberty|LIBERTY]]. The cultural battle never stops. Long live liberty, damn it!}}

'God bless Trump’: Israeli politicos react to assassination attempt. Israelis from across the political spectrum on Sunday conveyed overwhelming support for Donald Trump following the attempt on his life at a campaign rally in Pennsylvania. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the assassination attempt on the former president and presumptive Republican nominee for the White House “is not only a heinous crime, it is also an attempt to assassinate American democracy.”<ref>[https://www.jns.org/god-bless-trump-israeli-politicos-offer-support-after-attempt-on-life/ 'God bless Trump’: Israeli politicos react to assassination attempt].
Charles Bybelezer, July 14, 2024. ''JNS''. <blockquote>
Violence can never ever be part of politics," tweeted Foreign Minister Israel Katz.
Israelis from across the political spectrum on Sunday conveyed overwhelming support for Donald Trump following the attempt on his life at a campaign rally in Pennsylvania.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the assassination attempt on the former president and presumptive Republican nominee for the White House “is not only a heinous crime, it is also an attempt to assassinate American democracy.”</blockquote></ref>

[[Russia]] called on the United States to "take stock" of its "policies of incitement to hatred," funding [[Ukrainian Nazi]]s.

==See also==
*[[Robert Fico]]
*[[Ronald Reagan]]
*[[Theodore Roosevelt|Teddy "Bullmoose" Roosevelt]]
*[[John F Kennedy]]
*[[Abraham Lincoln]]
*[[Trump Derangement Syndrome]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:United States Presidential Election, 2024]]
[[Category:Donald Trump]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:2020s]]

Assassination attempts on Trump

2024-07-14T11:54:43Z

Blavek: weee

The '''Assassination attempt on President Donald Trump''' occurred in Butler, [[Pennsylvania]] on July 13, 2024. [[President Donald J. Trump]] was on stage, near the beginning of his speech, at [[MAGA]] rally while campaigning for the [[2024 Presidential election]].

[[File:Trump defiant at assassination attempt.jpeg|thumb|Trump defiant at assassination attempt]]
Within minutes into Trump's speech, a shooter attempted to assassinate [[Donald Trump]]. Multiple shots were fired. Trump was injured, bullets grazing his ear, an attendee died and two were seriously injured. Shooter was eliminated. Trump was quickly shielded by Secret Service. As he stood up while shielded by agents.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/assassination-attempt-trump-pennsylvania-rally-leaves-2-hurt-1-dead-including-shooter Assassination attempt on Trump at Pennsylvania rally leaves 2 hurt, 1 dead including shooter].
Former President Trump was quickly surrounded and escorted off stage by Secret Service personnel.
By Sarah Rumpf-Whitten, Brooke Singman, Lucas Y. Tomlinson. ''Fox News''
Published July 13, 2024 6:23pm EDT Updated July 13, 2024 9:08pm EDT</ref> Trump defiantly called out to all: 'fight' while putting out his fist - a couple of times.<ref>[https://www.politico.com/video/2024/07/13/trump-injured-after-shooting-at-pennsylvania-rally-1363421 Bloodied Trump fist pumps after shots fired at rally]
Politico, 07/13/2024 06:55 PM EDT</ref><ref>[https://nypost.com/2024/07/13/us-news/trump-pumps-fist-at-crowd-in-defiant-gesture-seconds-after-assassination-attempt/ Trump pumps fist at crowd in defiant gesture seconds after assassination attempt] NY Post.
By Chris Nesi
Published July 13, 2024, 7:56 p.m. ET</ref> Crowd reacting: 'USA!'

[[File:Trump defiant at assassination attempt - 2.jpeg|thumb|Trump defiant at assassination attempt - fists to cheer up / lift up the crowd]]

The iconic image of remarkable Trump pumping fist: 'Fight! Fight! Fight!' engraved in US history.

Trump was close to being killed - by an inch. Survived by the grace of God.

Trump's assassination attempt was condemned by current and former political figures, left and right, the world over. The attack marks the first time a sitting or former US president was injured in an unsuccessful assassination attempt since [[Ronald Regan]] was shot in March 1981, over 43 years prior. After Reagan, Trump is the seventh US president to be subject to a successful or unsuccessful assassination attempt, the others being the failed attempt on [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and the succeeded attempts on [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[William McKinley]] and [[John F. Kennedy]].

==Democrats attempt to remove Secret Service protection==
{{See also|2024 Presidential election interference}}
In April 2024 [[Democrat]]s introduced a bill in [[Congress]] to remove [[Secret Service]] protection from [[President Donald Trump]].<ref>[https://dailycaller.com/2024/07/13/flashback-dems-pushed-bill-to-take-away-trumps-secret-service-detail/ Flashback: Dems Pushed Bill To Take Away Trump’s Secret Service Detail], WALLACE WHITE, ''[[Daily Caller]], July 13, 2024. dailycaller.com</ref> The bill's chief sponsor was Rep. [[Bennie Thompson]] who chaired the [[J6 witch hunt]]. Thompson has been under investigation by the House for destroying the J6 panel's files.

==Incitement leading to crime==

It came after years and moreso in recent weeks, [[the left]] and [[liberal media]] has been vilifying president Trump<ref>[https://mynorthwest.com/3965866/rantz-donald-trump-assassination-attempt-rhetoric-democrats/ Rantz: After failed Donald Trump assassination attempt, will you stop claiming he’s Hitler?], MyNorthwest. Jul 13, 2024, 7:10 PM</ref> as being supposedly a "danger to [[democracy]]." In A hot mic caught Journos joking about Trump being assassinated while attending a [[lawfare]] hearing in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>Tommy Christopher, [https://www.mediaite.com/news/hot-mic-catches-journos-laughing-and-joking-about-trump-being-assassinated-at-appeals-court/ Hot Mic Catches Journos Laughing and Joking About Trump Being Assassinated At Appeals Court], Mediate, Jan 9th, 2024. mediaite.com</ref> On July 7, 2024 some [[leftist]]s called him a "[[Hitler]]." After [[Democrat]] nominee [[Joe Biden]]'s disastrous debate performance and calls from his own party and the [[liberal media]] to resign,<ref>[https://archive.is/VXMfq#selection-5665.0-5727.12 The Almighty Calls for Biden], The Editorial Board, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', July 7, 2024.</ref> five days before an assassination attempt, Kenneth P. Vogel of ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Biden told donors, "We’re done talking about the debate, it’s time to put Trump in a bullseye."<ref>[https://archive.is/nmJdB Biden told donors on a private call this afternoon: “It’s time to put Trump in the bullseye.”], Kenneth P. Vogel @kenvogel. x.com/kenvogel</ref><ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2024/07/13/report-biden-told-donors-it-was-time-to-put-trump-in-the-bullseye/ Report: Biden told Donors it was ‘Time to Put Trump in the Bullseye’'], ELIZABETH WEIBEL, [[Breitbart]]'', 13 Jul 2024. breitbart.com</ref><ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2024/07/biden-july-8-were-done-talking-about-debate/ Biden on July 8: ‘We’re Done Talking About the Debate, it’s Time to Put Trump in a Bullseye’], By Cassandra MacDonald, ''[[The Gateway Pundit]]'', Jul. 13, 2024. thegatewaypundit.com</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/vswiX81IqhQ "Totally Irresponsible": Megyn Kelly Calls Out Biden Saying "Put Trump in a Bullseye" Days Ago], [[Megyn Kelly]], July 12, 2024. [[YouTube]].</ref><ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/flashback-5-days-ago-biden-said-put-trump-in-a-bullseye/ar-BB1pWbB1 Flashback: 5 Days Ago Biden Said 'Put Trump in a Bullseye'], by Jack Davis, ''The Western Journal, July 13, 2024. msn.com</ref><ref>[https://archive.is/XZ0RE Biden Threat ‘To Put Trump in a Bullseye’ Met With Shrugs, in Contrast With Firestorm Over Palin ‘Crosshairs’], DEAN KARAYANIS, ''New York Sun, July 10, 2024. nysun.com</ref>

Former US [[Attorney General]] [[Bill Barr]] [[tweet]]ed:<ref>[https://x.com/chicksonright/status/1812288720013570197]</ref>
<blockquote>The Democrats have to stop their grossly irresponsible talk about Trump being an existential threat to democracy - he is not.” </blockquote>
[[File:6693560eb6018-the-assailant-has-been-reportedly-identified-as-20-year-old-thomas-matthew-crooks-of-bethel-park--pe-143733406-16x9.jpeg|thumb|Suspected shooter, Thomas Matthew Crooks]]
Commentators<ref>''Fox News'' Anchor Trace Gallagher, interviewing Kaylee McGhee White, Aaron Cohen on July 14, 2024. 1:20-1:35 ET</ref> brought up Democrats' reaction to [[2020 Marxist insurrection|Antifa 2020 violence]]. As well as violence at the anti-[[Israel]] riots ([[Oct 7 War]]) and most of the charges at [[Columbia University]] rioters [https://nypost.com/2024/06/25/opinion/answer-us-columbia-and-da-bragg-why-drop-rioters-charges/ dropped] by [[Alvin Bragg]], an elected [[Democrat]]; the reaction to the (Genocidal) "[https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/From-the-River-to-the-Sea From the river to the sea]."

''[[The Federalist]]'' asked, ''Do Democrats, Corporate Media Have Blood On Their Hands In Trump Attack?''<ref>[https://thefederalist.com/2024/07/13/do-democrats-corporate-media-have-blood-on-their-hands-in-trump-attack/ Do Democrats, Corporate Media Have Blood On Their Hands In Trump Attack?], BY: M.D. KITTLE, ''[[The Federalist]]'', JULY 13, 2024. thefederalist.com</ref>

==The shooter==

The shooter, Thomas Matthew Crooks,<ref>[https://nypost.com/2024/07/13/us-news/thomas-matthew-crooks-idd-as-gunman-who-shot-trump-during-pa-rally/ Thomas Matthew Crooks ID’d as gunman who shot Trump during Pa. rally].
By Joe Marino and Katherine Donlevy. ''[[NY Post]]''. Published July 13, 2024, 11:39 p.m. ET</ref><ref>[https://www.businesstoday.in/world/us/story/donald-trump-assassination-bid-who-is-thomas-matthew-crooks-the-20-year-old-suspected-shooter-437085-2024-07-14 Donald Trump assassination bid: Who is Thomas Matthew Crooks, the 20-year-old suspected shooter? Crooks' shots injured Trump, grazing his ear, and tragically claimed the life of an innocent bystander while critically wounding two others].</ref> a 20-year-old male from the Bethel Park, PA, was bear-crawling up the roof<ref>[https://www.newsnationnow.com/crime/what-we-know-about-the-suspected-trump-rally-shooter/ What we know about Thomas Matthew Crooks, the suspected Trump rally shooter]. Damita Menezes and Sean Noone, News Nation, 14 July 2024</ref> of an elevated structure a few hundred metres away outside the venue.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/14/politics/trump-rally-shooting-distance/index.html Gunman was a few hundred feet away from Trump, CNN analysis shows] By CNN Staff, July 14, 2024</ref> A spectator was murdered in the shooting, and two others critically injured.

==Trump's reaction==
[[File:Trump on Truthsocial right after assassination attempt.jpg|thumb|Trump on Truthsocial right after assassination attempt]]
Trump's statement -- soon after -- on ''TruthSocial'' was:<ref>Donald J. Trump @realDonaldTrump ([https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112782066045321247]):
<blockquote>
I want to thank The United States Secret Service, and all of Law Enforcement, for their rapid response on the shooting that just took place in Butler, Pennsylvania. Most importantly, I want to extend my condolences to the family of the person at the Rally who was killed, and also to the family of another person that was badly injured. It is incredible that such an act can take place in our Country. Nothing is known at this time about the shooter, who is now dead. I was shot with a bullet that pierced the upper part of my right ear. I knew immediately that something was wrong in that I heard a whizzing sound, shots, and immediately felt the bullet ripping through the skin. Much bleeding took place, so I realized then what was happening. GOD BLESS AMERICA!</blockquote></ref>
<blockquote>I want to thank The United States Secret Service, and all of Law Enforcement, for their rapid response on the shooting that just took place in Butler, Pennsylvania. Most importantly, I want to extend my condolences to the family of the person at the Rally who was killed, and also to the family of another person that was badly injured. It is incredible that such an act can take place in our Country. Nothing is known at this time about the shooter, who is now dead. I was shot with a bullet that pierced the upper part of my right ear. I knew immediately that something was wrong in that I heard a whizzing sound, shots, and immediately felt the bullet ripping through the skin. Much bleeding took place, so I realized then what was happening. GOD BLESS AMERICA!</blockquote>

Later, Trump sent out an email:<ref>[https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/07/14/i-will-never-surrender-trump-says-after-assassination-attemp/ 'I will Never Surrender!' Trump says after assassination attempt]. Israel Hayom, Jul 14, 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/world/donald-trump-assassination-attempt-will-never-surrender-says-ex-president-gets-call-from-biden-8965407.html Donald Trump Assassination Attempt: Will Never Surrender, Says Ex-President, Gets Call from Biden]. News18.com. July 14, 2024.

“THIS IS A MESSAGE FROM DONALD TRUMP," the brief email read. “I WILL NEVER SURRENDER!" The email signed off with his signature and portrait.</ref> 'I will Never Surrender!'

==Eric Trump==
Donald Trump's son Eric reacted:<ref>[https://twitter.com/EricTrump/status/1812277876642951677]</ref>
"Never surrender!"

And:<ref>[https://twitter.com/EricTrump/status/1812277876642951677]</ref>

"This is the fighter America needs."

==See also==
*[[Robert Fico]]
*[[Ronald Reagan]]
*[[Theodore Roosevelt|Teddy "Bullmoose" Roosevelt]]
*[[John F Kennedy]]
*[[Abraham Lincoln]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:United States Presidential Election, 2024]]
[[Category:Donald Trump]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:2020s]]

Theory of relativity

2023-08-18T22:11:26Z

Blavek: /* The Ehrenfest Paradox */ a bout

In physics, the '''theory of relativity''' is a scientific theory describing the effects due to the invariance of the speed of light. In particular, the meaning of space and time are altered by the motion of the observer. Relativity proposes time dilation and length contraction for observers moving relative to one another at very high ("relativistic") speeds.

'''Relativity''' refers to two closely-related mathematical theories in [[physics]]:
[[Image:600px-Albert Einstein Head.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|
*"I do not share the crusading spirit of the professional [[Atheism|atheist]] whose fervor is mostly due to a painful act of liberation from the fetters of religious indoctrination received in youth. I prefer an attitude of humility corresponding to the weakness of our intellectual understanding of nature and of our own being." - [[Albert Einstein]]<ref name="Isaacson390">Isaacson, Walter (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cdxWNE7NY6QC&pg=PT390 ''Einstein: His Life and Universe''] (New York: Simon and Schuster), p. 390. Retrieved from GoogleBooks archive on February 19, 2015.</ref>]]
*'''[[Special theory of relativity|Special relativity]]''' (SR) is a theory to describe the laws of motion for non-accelerating bodies traveling at a significant fraction of the [[speed of light]]. As speeds approach zero, Special Relativity tends towards equivalence with [[Newton's Laws of Motion]]. Special Relativity was put forward by [[Albert Einstein]]; its mathematical framework was independently developed and formalized by [[Hendrik Lorentz]], [[Henri Poincaré]], and [[Hermann Minkowski]].<ref>"German mathematician who developed the geometrical theory of numbers and who made numerous contributions to number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity." [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052860/Hermann-Minkowski Hermann Minkowski -- ''Britannica Online Encyclopedia'' website]</ref><ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Minkowski.html Hermann Minkowski, Biography]</ref>

*'''[[General theory of relativity|General Relativity]]''' (GR) is a theory to explain the laws of motion as viewed from accelerating reference frames and includes a geometric explanation for gravity. This theory was originally developed by Einstein, with help from [[David Hilbert]] in its final mathematical formulation, as a generalization of the postulates of Special Relativity to account for non-inertial, accelerating observers, particularly those in a gravitational field.<ref>"[T]he German mathematician David Hilbert submitted an article containing the correct field equations for general relativity five days before Einstein."[http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/relativity/history-1.html Nobel Prize historical account]</ref> A dramatic but later discredited<ref>Stephen Hawking, ''Brief History of Time'' ("Their measurement had been sheer luck, or a case of knowing the result they wanted to get."). Hawking was being kind. In fact, Eddington excluded data that did not fit his preconceived view. Further discrediting of Eddington's study was published by Earman, J., Glymour, C., ''Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci.'' 11, 49-85 (1980), and Collins, H. M., Pinch, T., The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science. Cambridge University Press (1993) (as cited in [http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070907/full/news070903-20.html#B2])</ref> claim by Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] of experimental proof of General Relativity in 1919 popularized the theory.

These theories have augmented earlier approaches, such as [[Galilean Relativity]].

The theory of relativity is defended with religious-like zeal, such that no college faculty tenure, Ph.D degree, or [[Nobel Prize]] is ever awarded to anyone who dares criticize the theory, as the example of denying a Nobel Prize to the most accomplished physicist of the 20th century, [[Robert Dicke]], illustrates. Other critics of the theory are [[Nikola Tesla]], who called it a "...magnificent mathematical garb which fascinates, dazzles and makes people blind to the underlying errors. The theory is like a beggar clothed in purple whom ignorant people take for a king ... its exponents are brilliant men but they are metaphysicists, not scientists..."<ref>[http://www.plasmacosmology.net/tesla.html ''New York Times'', July 11, 1935, p23, c8]</ref> and Louis Essen [1908-1997], the man credited with determining the speed of light. He wrote fiery papers and many feature articles of the subject in science journals with popular audiences against it such as "Relativity and Time Signals"<ref>http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Relativity%20Theory/Download/3297</ref> and "Relativity - Joke or Swindle?".<ref>http://www.ekkehard-friebe.de/Essen-L.htm</ref> Perhaps the most famous website opposing relativity is this one, with its [[Counterexamples to Relativity]] page. The cornerstone item in that page involves the experimental measurements of the advance of the perihelion of Mercury that show a shift greater than predicted by Relativity, well beyond the margin of error.

There are some issues of continuity and limits arising in the mathematical analysis of the theory of relativity. See [[Counterexamples to Relativity]] for discussion of this point.

The theory of relativity consist of complex mathematical equations relying on several hypotheses. For example, at Hofstra University general relativity is taught as part of an upperclass math course on differential geometry, based on three stated assumptions.<ref>http://people.hofstra.edu/Stefan_Waner/diff_geom/tc.html</ref> Special relativity assumes that all observers in inertial frames of reference will measure the same value for the speed of light, '''c''' and that all inertial frames of reference are equivalent. These hypotheses that can never be fully tested. Relativity rejects Newton's [[action at a distance]], which is basic to Newtonian gravity and also found to be a consequence of [[quantum mechanics]]. The mathematics of relativity assume no exceptions, yet in the time period immediately following the origin of the universe the relativity equations could not possibly have been valid, since quantum effects would not be negligible (in the same way non-relativistic quantum mechanics is not valid when dealing with particles traveling near the speed of light).

The "continuous" nature of space and time postulated by relativity is in conflict with the "discrete" nature in [[quantum mechanics]],<ref>For example, Relativity claims that space and time are smooth and continuous, while [[quantum mechanics]] suggests otherwise. [https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/Cool-Astronomy/2010/1025/Is-the-universe-a-big-hologram-This-device-could-find-out.] Relativity also denies [[action-at-a-distance]], while quantum mechanics suggests otherwise. Relativity denies any role for chance, while quantum mechanics is heavily dependent on it.</ref> and although theories like [[string theory]] and [[quantum field theory]] have attempted to unify relativity and quantum mechanics, neither has been entirely successful or proven.

Unlike [[Classical mechanics|Newtonian physics]], in which space and time intervals are each invariant as seen by all observers, in SR the only invariant quantity is a quadratic combination of space and time intervals (''x''2 - ''c''2 ''t''2). The instantaneous transmission of Newtonian gravitational effects also contradicts relativity.

In quantum mechanics, the [[uncertainty principle]] suggests that virtual particles can sometimes travel faster than the speed of light which would violate causality, but "[t]he only known way to resolve this tension involves introducing the idea of antiparticles."<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/wilczek-lecture.pdf (p. 102)</ref> Consequently, in 1928 [[Paul Dirac]] derived the Dirac equation, one of the first quantum mechanical equations compatible with special relativity, by which Dirac predicted the existence of antimatter. Four years later, antimatter (the positron) was discovered by Carl Anderson, as successfully predicted by relativistic quantum mechanics. [[Quantum field theory]], a generalization of quantum mechanics, is fully compatible with special relativity but not with general relativity, and still lacks a vital piece: evidence of the [[graviton]].

== Special Relativity ==
Lorentz and Poincaré developed Special Relativity as way of understanding how Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism could be valid in different frames of reference. Einstein famously published an explanation of Poincaré's theory<ref>http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"</ref> in terms of two assumptions (postulates):

#''The laws of physics are identical in all inertial reference frames.''
#''The [[speed of light]] is the same for all (inertial) observers, regardless of their velocities relative to each other.''

As an example of the first of these, if one performs an experiment—say, with a pendulum or some similar apparatus—in a railroad car traveling uniformly at 50 miles per hour, one would find the results of the experiment (positions, speeds, etc.) to be consistent with the laws of physics in the railroad car. An outside stationary observer, looking through the window, would also find the results consistent with the laws of physics in his stationary reference frame. He would simply have to subtract 50 miles per hour from the velocities of the objects in order to get values that agree with the values obtained by the observer on the train. But the two observations would each be consistent with the laws of physics. This is all straightforward and obvious to modern people, and has been since the time of Galileo. This principle is now called "Galilean relativity". Another way of stating this is:
*''There is no "preferred" frame of reference.''
Neither observer can claim that his frame of reference is "right". Of course, the observer on the train would think that the Earth is moving at 50 miles per hour under the wheels.

The second postulate is what makes relativity what it is. Using the above principle, if someone in the railroad car shines a beam of light forward, he would observe it moving at a speed of 670,000,000 miles per hour. One would expect, according to the first postulate, that an observer standing on the ground would measure its speed as 670,000,050 miles per hour. But the second postulate says that the stationary observer measures the same speed, 670,000,000 miles per hour. While this seems paradoxical, many experiments, such as the [[Michelson-Morley experiment]] show that it is nevertheless true. Special Relativity explains the apparent inconsistency between these postulates.

Why was this not observed until around 1900? Because the speed of light is so great that the discrepancy is very hard to measure. For example, in the railroad experiment described above, the discrepancy between the two speeds is 7.5 parts per million.

There are many far-reaching consequences of this, and many experimental verifications, some of which are listed below. Two of the more interesting consequences are that:
#No material object of nonzero mass can travel at or greater than the speed of light. (Objects of zero mass, such as photons, travel at exactly the speed of light.)
#Information can not travel faster than the speed of light.<ref>This assumption is commonly restated in this manner. For example, a discussion of hypothetical [[tachyons]] talks "about using tachyons to transmit information faster than the speed of light, '''in violation of Special Relativity'''."[http://www.math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/tachyons.html]</ref> This is sometimes stated as:
#There is no "action at a distance," because that would make observations dependent on the frame of reference. See [[Action at a distance]] for a discussion of this point.

When the assumptions are stated clearly as above, the weaknesses in the theory are more apparent. There “is” action at a distance in [[quantum entanglement]] and apparently also in gravity, as no gravitons can be found. However, no information has yet been transmitted via quantum entanglement, so while non-locality violates the spirit of relativity it is consistent with it if relativity is limited to the transmission of information. [[Quantum field theory]], an attempt to partially reconcile [[quantum mechanics]] with relativity, is incomplete at best. As to the second assumption, it is contrary to the [[arrow of time]], which illustrates the lack of symmetry in time. Logical defects include the incoherence of relativistic mass (see discussion below) and the lack of relativistic constraints near the beginning the universe (see above).

Special Relativity (SR) was initially developed by [[Henri Poincaré]] and [[Hendrik Lorentz]], working on problems in electrodynamics and the [[Michelson-Morley experiment]], which had not found any sign of Earth's orbital motion through the [[aether (science)|luminiferous aether]], which was believed to be the substance which carried electromagnetic waves. Special relativity alters [[Isaac Newton]]'s laws of motion by assuming that the speed of light will be the same for all observers, despite their relative velocities and the source of the light. (Therefore, if A sends a beam of light to B, and both measure the speed, it will be the same for both, no matter what the relative velocity of A and B. In Newtonian/Galilean mechanics, If A sends a physical object at a particular velocity towards B, and nothing slows it, the velocity of the object relative to B depends on the velocities of the object and of B relative to A.)

At low speeds (relative to light-speed), the Lorentz-Poincaré relativity equations are equivalent to Newton's equations. The media-promoted equation ''[[E=mc²]]'', implausibly suggests a relationship between typically unrelated concepts of energy, the rest mass of a body and the speed of light.

Under relativity, particles at low mass and low speed can be accurately approximated by [[classical mechanics]] (such as [[Isaac Newton]]'s laws of motion). At the two extremes, modeling the behavior of electrons requires that relativistic effects be taken into account (the chemically significant phenomenon of electron spin arises from relativity), and the course of light passing through a region containing many massive bodies such as galaxies will be distorted ([[classical mechanics]], in which light travels in straight lines, does not predict this). These are both experimentally confirmed (electron spin was known before relativity arose, and telescopic observations confirm that galactic clusters distort the paths of the light passing through them).

Many scientists have indicated problems with the postulates of special relativity. Paul Davies, formerly of Macquarie University and now at the University of Arizona believes that the speed of light has changed over time. Since the speed of light is a constant speed 'c' this indicates problems with the theory [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2181455.stm light speed]. Other engineers and scientists have written about problems in the basic set of special relativity equations. Based on the ideas of not Einstein but of the scientist Fitzgerald as well as others, a length contraction effect was predicted as an explanation of the failure of the Michelson-Morley experiment to detect Earth's orbital motion. This idea was taken up by Hendrik Lorentz and shown by others to be a useful mechanism by which theory could be derived from experimental results. In fact, the Michelson-Morley experiment is often cited in textbooks as the derivation of relativity, though there are many other experiments that do this; see below.

In 2005, Michael Strauss, a computer engineer, claimed to have shown clear contradictions in Special Relativity, invalidating much of it.
In 2004 he wrote the book ''Requiem for Relativity (The Collapse of Special Relativity)'', ASIN 0976312506. An archived ad for the book may be found at [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303075834/http://www.relativitycollapse.com/]. The original web site for it is no longer active.

== General Relativity ==

::::''See the [[General theory of relativity]] page for more in-depth coverage of this topic.''

General Relativity is a theory of gravity that is compatible with Special Relativity. Einstein explains a thought experiment involving two elevators. The first elevator is stationary on the Earth, while the other is being pulled through space at a constant acceleration of g. Einstein realized that any physical experiment carried out in the elevators would give the same result. This realization is known as the equivalence principle and it states that accelerating frames of reference and gravitational fields are indistinguishable. General Relativity is the theory of gravity that incorporates Special Relativity and the equivalence principle.

General Relativity is a mathematical extension of Special Relativity. GR views space-time as a 4-dimensional [[manifold]], which looks locally like [[Minkowski space]], and which acquires [[curvature]] due to the presence of massive bodies. Thus, near massive bodies, the geometry of space-time differs to a large degree from that of other parts of the universe. Just as in classical physics, objects travel along [[geodesic]]s in the absence of external forces. Importantly though, near a massive body, geodesics are no longer straight lines. It is this phenomenon of objects traveling along geodesics in a curved spacetime that accounts for gravity.

The "anomalous precession" of Mercury's [[perihelion]] (slow shift of the orbit's major axis) is explained by the Theory of General Relativity, but not by Newtonian mechanics. Some precession (5600 arcseconds per century) is caused by purely classical phenomena, mostly the gravitational attraction of other planets. But a small amount (43 arcseconds per century) of the observed precession, goes beyond that which classical Newtonian mechanics can explain. General relativity explains it accurately.
There was another explanation based on Newtonian gravity, involving a slight alteration to the precise inverse-square relation of Newtonian gravity to distance, but it was quickly discarded when it gave very bad results for the Moon's orbit. The relativistic explanation of the anomalous precession is disputed on the [[Counterexamples to Relativity]] page of Conservapedia.

British Historian Paul Johnson declared the turning point in 20th century to have been when fellow Briton Sir [[Arthur Eddington]], an esteemed English astronomer, ventured out on a boat off Africa in 1919 with a local Army unit to observe the bending of starlight around the sun during a total eclipse. Upon his return to England declared that his observations proven the theory of relativity. In fact recent analysis of Eddington's work revealed that he was biased in selecting his data, and that overall his data were inconclusive about the theory of relativity. The prediction was later confirmed by more rigorous experiments, such as those performed by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<ref>[http://www.spaceimages.com/gravlen.html Hubble Gravitational Lens Photo]</ref><ref>[[Gravitational lensing]]</ref><ref>[http://www.iam.ubc.ca/~newbury/lenses/glgallery.html]</ref> [[Hendrik Lorentz]] had this to say on the discrepancies between the empirical eclipse data and Einstein's predictions.

::''It indeed seems that the discrepancies may be ascribed to faults in observations, which supposition is supported by the fact that the observations at Prince's Island, which, it is true, did not turn out quite as well as those mentioned above, gave the result, of 1.64, somewhat lower than Einstein's figure.''<ref>Lorentz, H.A. [http://ia331314.us.archive.org/2/items/theeinsteintheor11335gut/11335-h/11335-h.htm The Einstein Theory of Relativity]</ref>

The bending of light by gravity is predicted both by Newtonian physics and relativity. Experimental observation agrees with the latter amount (1.75 arcseconds for the Sun), rather approximately for Eddington's measurements, and very accurately for more modern measurements.

Special relativity is the limiting case of general relativity where all gravitational fields are weak. Alternatively, special relativity is the limiting case of general relativity when all reference frames are inertial (non-accelerating and without gravity).

==Lack of evidence for Relativity==
The Theory of relativity assumes that time is symmetric just as space is, but the biggest early promoter of relativity, Arthur Eddington, coined the term "[[arrow of time]]" admitting how time is ''not'' symmetric but is directional. The passage of time is tied to an increase in disorder, or [[entropy]]. The Theory of relativity cannot explain this, and implicitly denies it, specifically allowing for theoretical time travel (e.g., [[wormholes]]) and different rates of passage of time based on velocity and acceleration.

The [[Global Positioning System]] ([[GPS]]) requires exquisitely accurate timekeeping in the satellite clocks—down to the nanosecond. This precision is so great that the effects of both special relativity and general relativity play an important role. Without making corrections to the timing signals from the satellite clocks, the results of GPS measurements would be so far off that the system would be useless. The required amount of correction is well known, and the system makes those corrections. Those corrections are consistent with special relativity and general relativity, and it is generally accepted that this is no coincidence—relativistic effects are the reason why the corrections are necessary. But one doesn't need to believe that relativity is the reason the corrections are needed; one only needs to make the corrections in order to get the system to work.

Tom Van Flandern, an astronomer hired to work on GPS in the late 1990s, concluded that "[t]he GPS programmers don't need relativity." He was quoted as saying that the GPS programmers "have basically blown off Einstein."<ref>http://archive.salon.com/people/feature/2000/07/06/einstein/index.html See also [http://www.metaresearch.org/solar%20system/gps/absolute-gps-1meter-3.ASP], where Van Flandern discusses how relativistic corrections might improve GPS accuracy.</ref> Asynchronization can be easily addressed through communications between the satellites and ground stations, so it is unclear why any theory would be needed for GPS. While Van Flandern believed that relativity is unnecessary for GPS, he also asserted that observations of GPS satellites supported both general and special relativity, writing that "we can assert with confidence that the predictions of relativity are confirmed to high accuracy over time periods of many days," with unrelated factors interfering with longer-term observations.<ref>http://www.metaresearch.org/cosmology/gps-relativity.asp</ref>

Some internet articles claim that GPS timing differences ''confirm'' the Theory of Relativity or its Lorentzian counterpart (which uses a preferred frame of reference). GPS clocks run slower in the weaker gravitation field of the satellites than on ground stations on Earth, with the effects predicted by general relativity far outweighing the effects predicted by special relativity. However, the articles claiming that the slower GPS satellite clocks confirm relativity do not address the effect, if any, of the weaker gravitational force under Newton's theory on the GPS satellite clocks, likely because in Newtonian Mechanics every clock in the universe keeps time at the same rate regardless of velocity, acceleration, or the presence or absence of force.

Currently, GPS satellites are synchronized to Coordinated Universal Time by radio signals from the ground; therefore, they cannot currently be used to test general relativity.<ref>[http://www.phys.lsu.edu/mog/mog9/node9.html "General Relativity in the Global Positioning System."] Neil Ashby, U. of Colorado</ref>

The effects of relativity have been observed with the frequency shift of the signal being sent back to [[Earth]] several times as various spacecraft have dipped into the gravity wells around massive objects such as the [[sun]] (see image at right)<ref>[http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-releases-03/20031002-pr-a.cfm Saturn-Bound Spacecraft Tests Einstein's Theory]</ref> or Saturn.<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517102.600-science-encounter-with-saturn-confirms-relativity-theory.html Encounter with Saturn confirms relativity theory]</ref> The [[Gravity Probe B]] satellite was put in orbit about the Earth to examine the effects of frame dragging and geodetic warping of space. One report<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gpb/index.html NASA Gravity Probe B mission page]</ref> was that it showed "unprecedented precision", and one<ref>[http://einstein.stanford.edu/ Gravity Probe B project page]</ref> showed a 95% confidence that the measured effect was consistent with General Relativity. Note, however, that one interpretation of Newtonian mechanics also predicts deflection of light by gravity. This is the "light is particles" interpretation, and gives a deflection of 0.875 arcseconds, whereas the "light is waves" interpretation predicts a deflection of zero. The experimentally measured deflection is 1.75 arcseconds, and is the value given by General Relativity (though Einstein's initial calculation was 0.875.).<ref>http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-03/6-03.htm</ref>

None of the NASA spacecraft incorporates predictions of relativity into their own timing mechanisms, as Newtonian mechanics is adequate even for probes sent deep into space so long as they do not undergo accelerations near the speed of light or enter any massive gravity wells.<ref>There is no reported reliance on relativity by any space probe.</ref>

A decade of observation of the [[pulsar]] pair [[PSR 1913 16|PSR B1913+16]] detected a decline in its orbital period, which was attributed to a loss in energy by the system. It is impossible to measure the masses of the pulsars, their accelerations relative to the observers, or other fundamental parameters. Professors Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse, who discovered the binary pulsar, found that physical values could be assigned to the pulsars to make the observed decline in orbital period consistent with the Theory of General Relativity, and for this they were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physics, which is the only award ever given by the Nobel committee for the Theory of Relativity.<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/press.html</ref> In 2004, Professor Taylor utilized a correction to the derivative of the orbital period to fit subsequent data better to the theory. At most, assumptions can be made and altered to fit the data to the theory, rather than the data confirming the theory.

The [[perihelion]] of Mercury's [[orbit]] [[precession|precesses]] at a measurable rate, but even after accounting for gravitational perturbations caused all other planets in the [[solar system]], Newton's theory (assuming a precise inverse-square relationship for distance) predicts a rate of precession that differs from the measured rate by approximately 43 [[arcsecond]]s per century. While general relativity was developed on purely theoretical grounds, it was soon discovered that it explained these precession observations.<ref>http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node98.html#SECTION032121000000000000000</ref><ref>http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/lectures/node117.html</ref> Newton's theory can also explain the Mercury precession by making tiny adjustments to parameters in the gravitational equation, but doing so would give the same precession for all orbiting bodies everywhere, a phenomenon which is not observed.

General relativity predicts twice as much bending in light as it passes near massive objects than Newton's theory might predict.<ref>http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-03/6-03.htm</ref> This phenomenon is known as [[gravitational lensing]]. A large number of instances of gravitational lensing have been observed, and it is now a standard astronomical tool.<ref>http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/grav_lens.html</ref><ref>http://astro.berkeley.edu/~jcohn/lens.html</ref><ref>http://www.iam.ubc.ca/~newbury/lenses/glgallery.html</ref> Note, however, that the extent of bending of light predicted by Newton's theory is open to debate, and depends on assumptions about the nature of light for gravitational purposes.<ref>http://cosmictimes.gsfc.nasa.gov/1919/guide/gravity_bends_starlight.html</ref>

In 1972, scientists flew extremely accurate clocks ("atomic clocks") around the world in both directions on commercial airlines, and claimed to observe relativistic time dilation; the eastbound clock gained 273 ns and the westbound clock lost 59 ns, matching the predictions of general relativity to within experimental accuracy.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/hafele-keating-experiment Hafele-Keating Experiment]</ref> However, the inventor of the atomic clock, Louis Essen, declared that the experiment was inaccurate.<ref>Louis Essen, Electron. Wireless World 94 (1988) 238.</ref> Dr A. G. Kelly examined the raw data from the experiment and declared it inconclusive.<ref>A. G. Kelly,Reliability of Relativistic Effect Tests on Airborne Clocks, Monograph No.3 Feb.1996, The Institution of Engineers of Ireland, ISBN 1-898012-22-9</ref> The Nobel Committee chose not to honor this experiment for the significance that was claimed.

==Experimental and Observational Evidence Confirming Relativity==

The different effects predicted by special relativity, compared to classical formulations, are extremely tiny. Most relativistic effects are negligible at the speeds of ordinary phenomena observed by humans. The effects only become significant when the speeds involved are a significant fraction of the speed of light, which is <math>3 \times 10^8</math> meters per second—such speeds are called ''relativistic''. (However, it's worth noting that ordinary magnetism can be considered an effect of relativity, dictated by the need for electrostatic theory to be correct under relativity. The speed of light in fact appears in the formulas ([[Maxwell's Equations]]) governing electricity and magnetism, though these equations were developed long before relativity was proposed.)

Because the effects of relativity are so tiny, scientists have been devising sophisticated and sensitive tests ever since the theory was formulated in 1905.

It is important to be aware that it is fairly rare for an experiment to '''prove''' a theory. In general, experiments can only '''refute''' a theory. They can also '''be consistent with''' a theory. When enough experiments, especially experiments that investigate a wide variety of phenomena, are shown to be consistent with a theory, it lends credence to that theory. When no other plausible theory can explain those observations, we can say that they '''validate''' the theory. The Mercury observations are just one phenomenon. By themselves they couldn't validate or prove GR. And there was at one time another competing theory—the Newcomb-Hall exponent-fudging theory. That one didn't hold up for things other than Mercury. No other theory has come up explaining the phenomenon; SR and GR have withstood the test of time. That goes a long way toward validating them. There are many other observations and experiments, covering a wide variety of phenomena, described below—bending of light, gravitational time dilation, gravitational waves, geodetic precession, Shapiro effect, etc. It is these widely disparate observations, ''and the lack of any alternative theories explaining any of them'', that lead people to say that SR and GR are "experimentally validated".

There's also the matter of simply "accepting" something, when a phenomenon is consistent with a theory that is already known to be valid. The recoil from a gun is an example of this. Everyone knows that there is a backward recoil when a gun is fired. This is explained to people when they are first being taught how to use a gun, and they get used to it with practice. The reason for the recoil is that it is an obvious consequence of Newtons' laws of motion. But people don't specifically think about Newton's laws, or consider this to be a "proof", when they are firing a gun. They just accept that the recoil is a known consequence of those laws. Newton's laws of motion have been validated through thousands of experiments much more focused than the firing of a gun.

The [[Cockcroft and Walton Experiment|Cockcroft/Walton experiment]] is an example of this kind of acceptance. The results are consistent (to within 5% when analyzed carefully) with Special Relativity, and many people consider it to be a validation of SR. But there were too many other things going on, such as the use of the newly-invented particle accelerator, to make it a definitive test. One would have to think very carefully about what assumptions have to be made about what is happening in the experiment if one wanted to use it to assert anything about [[E=mc²]]. However, famous as the experiment was at the time, it is no longer suggested as a validation of this formula. Special Relativity had already been validated through more focused and definitive tests. There are no known alternative theories, published in the scientific literature or listed in [[Counterexamples to Relativity]], explaining the loss of mass. See [[Cockcroft and Walton Experiment]].

The anomalous behavior of the timing signals from [[GPS]] satellites is another example. The phenomenon is well known—the system compensates for this; otherwise it wouldn't work—and the phenomenon is known to be a consequence of both special and general relativity. But the GPS system should not be considered and experiment to test relativity. No sensible person would build the GPS system as a test of relativity, if only because it exhibits two phenomena (time dilation of special relativity, 7 milliseconds per day, and time compression of general relativity, 45 milliseconds per day) that work against each other. No one would design an experiment that tests two phenomena working against each other.

The bending of light in a gravitational field is another example. (In fact, it was the first, and, for a while, most famous piece of evidence in favor of GR, even though it was sloppily done.) Newtonian physics also might predict the bending of light depending on whether one posits the "wave" formulation (deflection is zero) or the "particle" formulation (deflection is 0.875 arc seconds). But the actual deflection is 1.75 arc seconds, and GR predicts this value. The are no known versions of Newtonian gravity that get this larger value.

While the experimental tests for General Relativity are rather esoteric, those for Special Relativity are fairly straightforward. So much so that the Michelson-Morley experiment could be said to have single-handedly established the case for SR—the logical syllogism leading from Michelson-Morley to SR and the Lorentz transform was fairly clear once people saw it.

When analyzing an experiment to see whether it validates a theory, one must be careful not to assume the theory in one's reasoning. For establishing Special Relativity with the Michelson-Morley experiment, the assumptions are:

#Newtonian and Galilean mechanics.
#Galilean relativity, that is, the notion that there is no absolute frame of reference.
#The universality of the speed of light.
#And, of course, proper calibration of the equipment.
#:The third one was the observation that Michelson and Morley made.
#:
#:
#:For the derivation of E=mc², these assumptions are added:
#:
#Conservation of energy.
#Conservation of momentum.
#:All of the assumptions listed above constitute SR.
#:
#:It would be nearly inconceivable to derive GR without SR. Gravitational time dilation, for example, requires a lot of information coming from SR.
#:So, for the experiments listed below for GR, the assumptions are the 6 above plus:
#The Equivalence Principle.
#:So the experiments below for GR are really just establishing that the Equivalence Principle is valid, and that GR follows logically from that.

The most famous experiment, and the one that is commonly cited in textbooks as the experiment that established the case for relativity,<ref>Though relativity did not actually originate from this experiment</ref> was the [[Michelson-Morley experiment]]. This showed that all observers will obtain the same measured value for the speed of light (3x108 meters per second) no matter what their state of motion. This is the first of the two fundamental principles:
#''The [[speed of light]] is constant for all observers, regardless of their velocities relative to each other.''
#''The laws of physics are identical in all reference frames.''
(The second is just a restatement of Galilean relativity, that is, the "common sense" that had been accepted for centuries.)
A naive "common sense" interpretation of Galilean relativity would require that measurements of the speed of light (or anything else) by different observers would get results that differ by the observers' relative speeds, and hence that principle #1 can't be true. Special relativity fixes this apparent paradox.

All of special relativity derives for these two principles, plus assumptions of exact conservation of momentum and energy in all cases.

There are hundreds of experiments or observations that, to varying extents, "prove", "validate", or "are consistent with" special and general relativity. A good survey may be found at [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html this site]. Some experiments can be as simple as a spinning [[Alnico]] magnet<ref>http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1213.pdf</ref><ref>modern magnets are even more powerful and can show the effect more easily.</ref> and a voltmeter, that can be performed on a tabletop in a science classroom. Just a few of the more important ones will be described here.

===The [[Michelson-Morley experiment]]===
This is the most famous experiment, and is often taken as the experiment establishing the correctness of special relativity. It is described elsewhere.

===Mass Change Associated With Energy Change===
This is the famous formula "E=mc²". At the end of Einstein's original 1905 paper on the subject,<ref>http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/ "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend its Energy Content?"</ref> he speculates on the possibility that the equation <math>E = m c^2</math>, which would normally be very hard to verify, could be verified with the extremely high energies of the newly discovered phenomenon of radioactivity.<ref>This equation is not related to [[quantum mechanics]].</ref> In the 1910s, with the invention of the mass spectrometer, it became possible to measure masses of nuclei accurately. This led to the clearing up of the mystery of atomic masses not being exact integers,and strongly suggested the existence of a "mass defect" (or "packing fraction") consistent with the mass-energy equivalence. In the 1930s, experiments with known nuclear reactions showed a very accurate correlation between the masses of the nuclei involved and the energy released. See [[Quantitative Analysis of Alpha Decay]].

===Time Dilation===
Another prediction of special relativity was time dilation in rapidly moving objects. This effect was most famously verified in the anomalously slow decay of relativistic cosmic muons.<ref>Some have suggested that other explanations are possible for this effect. We are trying to track this down.</ref> Time dilation has since been verified many times, and is routinely taken into account in all high-energy nuclear physics experiments, as in Hadron collision experiments.<ref>Experiments specifically designed to check dilation are rarely conducted any more.</ref>

===The [[Cockcroft and Walton Experiment]]===
This one is quite famous, because it was one of the earliest observations of phenomena involving mass change. But, as noted above, it can't really be taken as a "proof" of relativity.

===Bending of Light in a Gravitational Field===
Unlike special relativity, predictions of general relativity turn out to be obscure and difficult to test. The two most famous predictions in the early days were the bending of light in a gravitational field and the precession of the perihelia of orbiting planets. Several other phenomena have arisen more recently.

The first of these was famously tested during a total eclipse in 1919. That test was somewhat muddled by an incorrect initial calculation, by several people including Einstein himself, of what the effect would be, and some "cherry picking" of the data to be used.<ref>''Einstein's Luck'', John Waller, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860719-9</ref> The observed result was about 1.5 arc seconds. The data selection could be considered "manipulation" or "fudging", by a person (Arthur Eddington) who had a personal stake in the outcome. His analysis techniques would not pass muster today. The announcement of this test, flawed though it was, made Einstein world-famous.<ref>[http://einstein.stanford.edu/Library/images/lightsAllAskewBig.jpg The New York Times, Nov. 10, 1919]</ref><ref>[https://www.worldbooklearning.com/how-did-an-eclipse-help-make-albert-einstein-famous/ How did an eclipse help make Albert Einstein famous]</ref><ref>[https://blog.supplysideliberal.com/post/44934715350/how-albert-einstein-became-a-celebrity How Albert Einstein became a celebrity]</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencealert.com/general-relativity-experiment-confirms-accuracy-for-galaxies "The public's mind was blown by the results, effectively turning Albert Einstein into a household name and cementing the concept of general relativity into physics books."]</ref>

It should be noted that pre-relativistic (Newtonian) physics may also predict a bending, depending on whether one uses the 17th century "corpuscular" formulation or the 19th century "wave" formulation. The former would give a value of 0.875 arc seconds, while the latter would give a value of zero.

Relying on the usual assumptions—Newtonian mechanics, Galilean relativity, conservation of energy and momentum, the universality of the speed of light (that is, special relativity), the Equivalence Principle, and the geodesic equation in empty space (that is, general relativity), and the proper calibration of the instruments, observations of later eclipses, and the observations of quasar 3C273, confirm predictions of the theory, which is that the bending is 1.75 arc seconds.

No Nobel Prize was awarded for this. A few years later Einstein won the Nobel Prize for the (unrelated) [[Photoelectric effect]].

===Precession of the orbit of Mercury===
The second "classical" test of general relativity was the advance of the perihelion of the orbit of Mercury. There are many complex effects contributing to this, including gravitational perturbations from other planets and the effect of the oblateness of the Sun. These are hard to calculate accurately, but, by 1860 it was known quite accurately that there was an "anomalous" precession, that is, a precession beyond all other known effects, of 43 arc seconds per century. This is a very tiny effect, but astronomical measurements were sufficiently accurate by that time to show it clearly. This was based on observations going all the way back to about 1700.<ref>http://www.math.toronto.edu/~colliand/426_03/Papers03/C_Pollock.pdf</ref> It was calculated with great accuracy, and reported in 1859, by Urbain Leverrier. This was long before relativity was formulated.
::One might wonder how astronomical observations accurate enough to measure such a tiny effect could have been made with the technology of that era. A clever trick was used: Solar transits of Mercury were observed and timed. Some of these transits were timed with an accuracy of about 15 seconds.

:This created quite a problem—physicists by then were accustomed to having their theories check out very accurately. One proposal that was made, by Simon Newcomb and Asaph Hall, was that the exponent of the radius in the gravitational formula wasn't exactly 2. He showed that, by choosing an exponent of <math>2+\delta</math>, the precession, as a fraction of a full orbit per planet's year, is <math>\delta/2</math>. By setting <math>\delta</math> to .000000157, that is, an exponent of 2.000000157, Newcomb was able to get a precession of .000000078 revolutions per Mercury year, or 43 arcseconds per Earth year. Whatever value is chosen for <math>\delta\,</math>, it gives the same precession, per revolution, for all orbiting bodies, but gravitational effects from other planets diminish that effect the further the planet is from the sun.

:The approximation given at the end of Einstein's 1916 paper <ref>http://hermes.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Einstein_GRelativity_1916.pdf "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity"</ref> is <math>24 \pi^3\frac{a^2}{T^2c^2 (1-e^2)}</math> revolutions per planet's "year", where a is the semi-major axis, T is the length of the planet's year, and e is the eccentricity. A much simpler, but less accurate, approximation, designed to show how the precession relates to the planet's speed, is <math>3{}v^2/c^2</math> revolutions per planet's "year", where <math>v</math> is the planet's average orbital speed. These are just approximations. Getting an accurate value requires integrating the geodesic equation of the Schwartzschild metric, where Ricci's tensor is zero.

:While Newcomb's theory, and general relativity, don't lead to closed-form solutions, both theories can be solved numerically to as much precision as one desires.

:The following table shows some approximate parameters for the planets. Note that Mercury has the smallest orbit, and the fastest speed. Precession of planets other than Mercury is extremely hard to measure, but measurements of the actual anomalous precessions are in good agreement.<ref>http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-02/6-02.htm</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Planet
!Period, seconds x 106
!Semimajor axis, meters x 109
!Speed, meters/second x 103
!Gravitational force, Newtons per kilogram
!Anomalous precession, arcseconds per (Earth) century, pure Newtonian mechanics
!Anomalous precession, Newtonian with exponent of 2.000000157
!Anomalous precession, general relativity
!Measured anomalous precession (estimated uncertainty)<ref>http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-02/6-02.htm</ref>
|-
|Mercury
|7.57
|58.9
|48
|.039
|0
|43
|43
|43.5(5)
|-
|Venus
|19.6
|108
|35
|.011
|0
|16.6
|9
|8(5)
|-
|Earth
|31.6
|150
|30
|.006
|0
|10.3
|4
|5(1)
|-
|Mars
|59.3
|227.9
|24
|.0025
|0
|5.5
|1.4
|
|-
|Jupiter
|374
|778.4
|13
|.0002
|0
|0.87
|0.07
|
|-
|Saturn
|929
|1426
|9.7
|.00006
|0
|0.35
|0.014
|
|-
|Uranus
|2651
|2870
|6.8
|.000016
|0
|0.12
|0.002
|
|-
|Neptune
|5200
|4498
|5.5
|.000007
|0
|0.063
|0.0008
|
|}

:Considering only the ''anomalous'' precession, that is, the precession that remains after all known other factors (other planets and asteroids, solar oblateness) have been accounted for, and using very accurate calculations rather than the approximations given above, general relativity predicts 42.98 ±0.04 arcseconds per century. Some observed values, as of 2008, are:
::: 43.11 ± 0.21 (Shapiro et al., 1976)
::: 42.92 ± 0.20 (Anderson et al., 1987)
::: 42.94 ± 0.20 (Anderson et al., 1991)
::: 43.13 ± 0.14 (Anderson et al., 1992)
::: (Source: [https://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/9804/9804258v1.pdf Pijpers 2008])
:These error bars, and that of the general relativity prediction, all overlap.

Choosing a phenomenon to measure, and setting up an experiment to measure it, often benefits from a great deal of planning. For example, the Lee-Yang-Wu experiment that disproved parity in the weak force, took months to plan, and only about 15 minutes to conduct. Measurements of orbital precession due to general relativity are also aided by careful choice of the exact phenomena to measure.

The scientific community didn't have a lot of choice in how to measure the mechanical effects of general relativity in 1915. The only manifestation that was known at the time was the precession of planetary orbits. The orbit of Mercury was used because it has the highest precession of all the planets in the solar system. This is because it moves faster than any other planet. Though it is still nowhere near to being "relativistic", so the effect was extremely small.

#The first question that is of interest is whether precession occurs, and how much. The precession of Mercury had been known, with considerable accuracy due to observations of transits of the Sun, for about 50 years. The precession does occur, and in very good agreement with theory. The data on this are discussed just above in this article.
#We now have access to much better examples of orbits affected by general relativity, showing the effect much more strongly than could have been done in 1915. This is because orbiting bodies emit [[gravitational waves]], which remove energy from the system and make the orbit decay. This effect is utterly impossible to observe in the case of Mercury's orbit, but it became possible with the discovery of pulsars in 1967. Binary pulsars are sufficiently massive, and orbit sufficiently closely, that their decay can be observed. This was observed for binary pulsar [[PSR B1913+16]], and Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize for this. The gravitational waves themselves were still far to weak to be observed directly.
#By 2015, the LISA detector was able to observe gravitational waves directly, from decaying and colliding black holes and neutron stars.
#In addition to the more recent discoveries involving much stronger "signals" than the observations of Mercury, those signals were much less contaminated by extraneous phenomena, or "noise". The calculated relativistic precession of Mercury is 43 arcseconds per (Earth) century, in the context of 5600 arcseconds per century of total precession. The latter effects are mostly due to the gravitational forces from other planets, 0.03 arcseconds from solar oblatenes, and 0.002 arcseconds from Lense-Thirring precession.

The orbits of stars near the black holes in galactic centers, while not showing decay or radiation, present a much stronger signal than Mercury. While the precession can't be quantified, it is still a very clear effect.

People have argued at great length (often here at Conservapedia) over the total precession discrepancy (about 1 arcsecond per century according to an article cited at Wikipedia) and relativity's role in it, but in fact there are other phenomena that are vastly better suited to testing Einsteinian gravity.

===The Shapiro Effect===
[[Image:Cassini-science-289.jpg|right|thumb|The Shapiro effect: A spacecraft signal dipping into a gravity well around the [[Sun]] is delayed slightly.]]

Another is the ''Shapiro effect'', involving time delay in radio signals passing through the gravity well of the Sun or a planet. Various spacecraft (such as Cassini) have confirmed this.<ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6956/full/nature01997.html</ref>

===Gravitational Time Dilation===
Gravitational time dilation is an effect separate from the time dilation of special relativity. It was tested by the Pound-Rebka experiment in 1959. No Nobel Prize was awarded for this. Professor Pound had previously shared in the 1952 Nobel for his contributions to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging.

===Gravitational Waves===
Later in the 20th century, even more subtle phenomena were tested. One was the phenomenon of ''gravitational radiation'', or "gravitational waves". These waves are incredibly difficult to observe, and had never been observed until 2015. But extremely dense binary pulsars radiate gravitational waves with sufficient energy loss that, even though we can't detect the waves from Earth, we can see the effect of the energy loss from the radiation. The extreme precision of the timing of pulses from pulsars makes it possible to observe their energy loss with great accuracy. Observations by Hulse and Taylor of the pulsar pair known as B1913+16, found the energy loss to be consistent with the predicted radiation. This required choosing orbital parameters to be consistent with observation, in the same way that Kepler chose orbital parameters to fit observed planetary motion to his theory. The rotating pulsars have since moved such that Earth is now out of the beams. The assumptions required for this, in addition to those listed above, were that pulsars behave consistently. The 1993 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded for this.

In late 2015 (and announced in 2016), the LIGO instruments directly detected gravitational waves allegedly from colliding [[black hole]]s. See [[Gravitational waves]]. Unlike the waves from orbiting pulsars, that could only be detected by the loss of rotation energy, the waves from colliding black holes were strong enough to be detected directly. The assumptions required for this, in addition to those listed above, were that the objects emitting the radiation (generally believed to be black holes, of course) satisfy the Schwartzschild solution to relativistic mechanics. The 2017 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded for this.

Since that very early announcement, further observations of gravitational waves have continued to come in.<ref>https://ligo.org</ref> In August 2019 the first detection of the gravitational waves from the merger of a [[black hole]] and a neutron star occurred.<ref>https://ligo.org/news/index.php#O3updateAug19</ref> This was event S190814bv, 870 million light years away, and hence actually occurred 870 million years ago.<ref>https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/296902-scientists-detect-first-ever-collision-between-black-hole-and-neutron-star</ref>

In 2018 an observation of the 3-body system PSR J0337+1715, consisting of 2 white dwarfs and a pulsar, was consistent with (and hence tended to confirm) general relativity under conditions of extremely high gravity, to enormous precision. The assumptions made were the same as those listed above. One of the researchers stated "If there is a difference [between observation and the prediction of the Equivalence Principle], it is no more than three parts in a million."<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/einstein-s-theory-relativity-passes-its-toughest-test-yet-ncna889021</ref>

In 2018, observations of a star orbiting the supermassive black hole "Sagittarius A*" at the center of our galaxy, showed that the light was stretched from the black hole's gravity just as relativity predicted. The star orbits Sagittarius A* at speeds of up to 16 million miles per hour. This was the first observation of such intense gravity.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/einstein-s-theory-relativity-aces-its-first-black-hole-test-ncna896641</ref>

===Local Position Invariance===
The ''equivalence principle'', which is the underpinning of gravity under general relativity, states that there is absolutely no perceived effect of gravity on an object in free fall, that is, in a gravitational field. This has been tested many times, and is the basis of all space-time calculations in relativity. But in March 2019, it was reported to have been successfully tested in a gravitational field very much stronger than ever before. The phenomenon is called ''local position invariance'', or LPI. It was measured on the light emitted from a star called "S0-2", closely orbiting the "Sagittarius A*" black hole at the center of the galaxy. The gravitational field that S0-2 is subject to is vastly more powerful than any other gravitational field that has been measured.<ref>https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.101102</ref>

===Further Measurements near Sagittarius A*===
In July 2019, another star, S0-102, was characterized accurately by Andrea Ghez and her team.<ref>https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2019/07/24/science.aav8137</ref> It is even closer to the Sagittarius A* black hole than S0-2. Together, the two stars made it possible to map the gravity well in 3 dimensions, providing an even more accurate test of General Relativity. "Making a measurement of such fundamental importance has required years of patient observing, enabled by state-of-the-art technology. Through their rigorous efforts, Ghez and her collaborators have produced a high-significance validation of Einstein's idea about strong gravity." The statistical significance of these measurements is 5-sigma (5σ). That means that the probability that this result came about by sheer chance is 1 in 3.5 million. It is the commonly accepted criterion for definitive validations.

===Geodetic Precession===
''Geodetic precession'' (also known as "de Sitter precession"), and ''frame dragging'' (also known as the "Lense-Thirring effect") were tested by the "Gravity Probe B" satellite early in the 21st century.<ref>http://prl.aps.org/accepted/L/ea070Y8dQ491d22a28828c95f660a57ac82e7d8c0</ref><ref>http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/306430</ref><ref>http://www.nap.edu/html/gpb/summary.html</ref><ref>http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/73870/title/Gravity_Probe_B_finally_pays_off_</ref><ref>https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gpb/</ref><ref>http://einstein.stanford.edu/</ref><ref>http://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/space-flight/the-gravity-probe-b-bailout</ref><ref>http://www.engadget.com/2011/05/06/nasa-concludes-gravity-probe-b-space-time-experiment-proves-e/</ref> The precision required to observe this was phenomenal. The results were announced on May 4, 2011.

{{clear}}

==Predicted consequences of the Theories==
===Time dilation===

[[Image:Light cone.png|right|thumb|Light-cone diagram]]
One important consequence of relativity is that an observer in one reference frame will not in general observe a clock in another frame to be "ticking" at the same rate as one in the observer's own frame.

In [[special relativity]], where acceleration and gravitational effects are ignored, this can be derived using basic geometry. The result is that clocks in all other [[inertial frames of reference]] other than the one you are in appear to tick slower. This can be summarised by the well known phrase "moving clocks run slow".

However, with [[general relativity]], there are similar effects such as gravitational time dilation where a clockthat is higher in a gravitational field runs faster. Often the effects of relativity are negligible. However the high precision required for the [[GPS|GPS system]] needs relativistic corrections. The rest of this section will concern only [[special relativity]].

The length of an event <math>t</math>, as seen by a (relative) stationary observer observing an event is given by:

<math> t = \frac{t_{0}} {\sqrt{1 - \frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}}}</math>

Where
:<math>t_0</math> is the "proper time" or the length of the event in the observed frame of reference.
:<math>u</math> is the relative velocity between the [[inertial frame of reference|reference frames]].
:<math>c</math> is the speed of light (3x108 m s-1).

Evidence for time dilation was discovered by studying muon decay. [[Muons]] are [[subatomic particles]] with a short [[halflife]] of 1.53 microseconds. When produced by interactions of [[cosmic rays]] in the upper atmosphere, they have a speed around 0.994c. By putting muon detectors at the top (D1) and bottom (D2) of a mountain with a separation of 1900 m, scientists could measure accurately the proportion of muons reaching the second detector in comparison to the first. The proportion found was different to the proportion that was calculated without taking into account relativistic effects.

Using the equation for [[exponential decay]], they could use this proportion to calculate the time taken for the muons to decay, relative to the muon. Then, using the time dilation equation they could then work out the dilated time. The dilated time showed a good correlation with the time it took the [[muons]] to reach the second sensor, thereby supporting the existence of time dilation.

The time taken for a muon to travel from D1 to D2 as measured by a stationary observer is:

<math> t = \frac{s}{v} = \frac{1900}{0.994\times(3\times10^{8})} = 6.37\mu\textrm{s} </math>

The fraction of muons arriving at D2 in comparison to D1 was 0.732. (Given by <math> \frac{N}{N_0} = 0.732 </math>)

Since (from the equation for exponential decay) <math> \frac{N}{N_{0}} = e^{-\lambda t_{0}} </math> then

<math> t_{0} = \frac {ln(0.732)}{ln (0.2)} \times 1.53\times 10^{-6} = 0.689\mu\textrm{s}</math>

This gives the time for the proportion of decay to occur for an observer who is stationary, relative to the muon.

Putting this into the time dilation equation gives:

<math> t = \frac{t_{0}}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}}} = \frac{0.689 \times{10^{-6}}}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{0.994^{2}}{1^{2}}}} = 6.3\times 10^{-6}\textrm{s}</math>

This is in good agreement with the value calculated above, thereby providing evidence to support time dilation.

Since either [[inertial frame of reference|reference frame]] is equally valid, from the [[muon]]'s point of view it sees the [[earth]] approach it at nearly the [[speed of light]]. Hence time passes faster for the muon (slower for an observer on the ground). This appears to be a contradiction. However, the [[muon]] sees the height of the mountain contracted and so travels a shorter distance in its own frame. See length contraction below.

====Time Dilation and Creation Science====

{{main|Starlight problem#Humphreys.27_model}}

Creation scientists such as physicists Dr. [[Russell Humphreys]] and Dr. [[John Hartnett]] have used relativistic time dilation to explain how the earth can be only 6,000 years old even though cosmological data (background radiation, supernovae, etc.) set a much older age for the universe.

====Derivation of Time Dilation====

Time dilation is most easily derived using the [[Lorentz transformation]]s, though geometrical solution is also straight forward. Using the transformation relating [[time]] between two [[Inertial frame of reference|frames of reference]], <math>t</math> and <math>t'</math>. We can find the time difference between two events that occur at the '''same''' location in space. The events shall be called event one and event 2. This results in the equations:

<math>t'_1 = \gamma \left(t_1 - \frac{ux}{c^2} \right) </math> 
<math>t'_2 = \gamma \left(t_2 - \frac{ux}{c^2} \right) </math>

where
:<math>\gamma</math> is the [[Lorentz factor]]
:<math>u</math> is the relative [[speed]] between [[Inertial frame of reference|reference frames]]
:<math>c</math> is the [[speed of light]]

Subtracting the top equation from the bottom produces the time between the events as measured in each reference frame, so:

<math>t'_2 - t'_1 = \gamma (t_2 - t_1)</math>

This the equation for time dilation and is the same equation as earlier.

===Length contraction===
When two inertial reference frames move past each other in a straight line with constant relative velocity, an observer in one reference frame would observe a metre rule in the other frame to be shorter along the direction parallel to the relative motion.

The length, <math>l</math>, of an object as seen by a (relative) stationary observer is given by:

<math> l = l_{0} \sqrt{1- \frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}} = \frac{l_0}{\gamma}</math>

Where
:<math>l_0</math> is the "proper length" or the length of the object in its own [[inertial frame of reference|frame of reference]].
:<math>u</math> is the relative velocity between the reference frames.
:<math>c</math> is the speed of light <math>3 \times 10^8 </math> m s-1
:<math>\gamma</math> is the [[Lorentz factor]]

====Derivation====

Length contraction may be derived using the [[Lorentz transformation]]s as with time dilation. This time we use the equation for <math>x</math>. In this case, the time in the undashed frame must be the '''same'''. Following the same procedure as above we find that:

<math>x'_2 -x'_1 = \frac{x_2 - x_1}{\gamma}</math>

This is the same as above with <math>x_2 - x_1</math> and <math>x'_2 - x'_1</math> being the lengths in the undashed and dashed frames respectively. Again, geometrical arguments may be used to achieve the same result.

===Apparent mass increase===

For decades the theory of relativity taught that as a body moves with increasing velocity its [[mass]] also increases.<ref>For example, this was taught as recently as in the 1991 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref>

Under this view, the mass, <math>m</math>, of an object as detected by a (relative) stationary observer is given by:

:<math> m = \frac{m_{0}} {\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}</math>

Where
:<math>m_0</math> is the "rest mass" or the mass of the object measured by an observer in the same reference frame as the object.
:<math>v</math> is the relative velocity of the object.
:<math>c</math> is the speed of light (3x108 ms-1).

Since speed is relative, it follows that two observers in different inertial reference frames may disagree on the mass and kinetic energy of a body. Since all inertial reference frames are treated on an equal footing, it follows that mass and energy are interchangeable.

In recent years most physicists have shifted away from Einstein's original reliance on relativistic mass and his suggestion that mass increases{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}. Instead, most physicists today teach that

:<math>F=\frac{d}{d\tau} p</math>

where
:<math>p</math> is the momentum defined by <math>\gamma m v</math>
:<math>\gamma</math> is the standard Lorentz factor
:<math>\tau</math> is the proper time

Force F defined this way is a [[vector]] and thus can handle the directional aspect of the relativistic effects better than the concept of relativistic mass can.
The abandonment by physicists of the concept of relativistic mass, however, has the consequence of undermining the traditional claim under relativity that

:<math>m - m_0 = \frac{E}{c^2}</math>

also popularly known as

:<math>E = m c^2</math>

Now a concept of the 4-momentum <math>p</math> of a particle is taught, such that the square of the magnitude of <math>p</math> satisfies:

<math>||p||^2 = -p_x^2-p_y^2-p_z^2+E^2 = m_0^2c^4</math>

in any inertial reference frame. The magnitude of the 4-momentum, in any inertial frame, equals the rest mass <math>m_0</math> of the particle (in units where <math>c=1</math>).

== Relativity in everyday life ==

Due to the small speeds and gravitational fields in normal life, relativistic phenomena such as time dilation and length contraction are rarely observed. However some things in everyday life can be explained using relativity:

*GPS, the satellites experience time dilation due to the difference in speed and the strength of gravitational field between the satellite and the ground. This is corrected by daily synchronisation between the ground and the atomic clocks in the satellites.
*While most elemental metals such as [[silver]], [[zinc]] and [[mercury]] have a silver/grey appearance, some metals like [[gold]] and [[copper]] do not. This difference can be explained using relativistic quantum mechanics.<ref>http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/golden_glow/</ref>

== Paradoxes ==

The predictions of the theory of relativity throw up a number of apparent paradoxes and anomalies relating to the effects of time dilatation and length contraction. Whilst these paradoxes are consistent with the theory, they are contrary to everyday human experience and therefore can seem like impossibilities.

=== The Twin Paradox ===

The twin paradox is usually stated as a thought experiment involving two twins, one of whom is sent on a long journey in a spacecraft travelling at close to the speed of light, whilst the other remains on Earth. Time dilatation means that the travelling twin, on his return to Earth, is younger that the twin who has remained at home. However, because neither twin is in a special position - each being in an inertial frame of reference - the reverse must also be true, and so the twin remaining on Earth must be younger. Hence each twin is younger than the other - a paradox.

The problem can be resolved in two ways. One is to examine the effects of General Relativity: to come back to Earth, the travelling twin must undergo acceleration in order to reverse his course, causing temporal effects which make him permanently the younger. Alternatively, it can be explained entirely using Special Relativity and noting that the twins are not in symmetrical situations: the one on earth has remained in a single inertial frame of reference, whilst the travelling twin has travelled in two.<ref>http://mentock.home.mindspring.com/twins.htm</ref> Note that the length of the trip cannot be increased as to make the acceleration negligible.

=== The Ehrenfest Paradox ===

The Ehrenfest Paradox considers a rigid wheel or disc rotating about its axis at high speed (somewhat like a bicycle wheel spinning freely on its axle). The rim of the wheel travels at close to the speed of light and therefore undergoes length contraction, whereas the radius (the spokes, for the bicycle wheel) does not. Hence the circumference is no longer equal to 2<big><math>\pi</math></big>r, which is paradoxical.

The apparent paradox was finally resolved in 1975 by the Norwegian scientist Øyvind Grøn.<ref>http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=224955</ref>

==Speed "paradox"==

This is not a paradox. It arises from failure to know or understand the "speed addition" formula. The formula tells how fast each observer measures the speed of the other observer when they are both traveling toward each other, as seen by some outside observer, at speeds <math>u</math> and <math>v</math>. Under classical mechanics, the result is just <math>u+v</math>. But the formula under special relativity is

<math>\frac{u + v}{1 + \frac{uv}{c^2}}</math>

This formula is a consequence of the Lorentz transform. It is a well known part of the basic undergraduate physics curriculum.

So, if two spacecraft are approaching each other, each traveling at what an outside observer would measure as half the speed of light, a person ignorant of how relativity works might think they each see the other coming toward them at the speed of light. But the formula shows that they actually see each other moving at <math>\frac{4}{5}</math> of the speed of light.

If <math>u</math> and <math>v</math> are both less than the speed of light, one can show that the result of the addition formula will be also.

== Variable Speed of Light ==

The Theory of Relativity implies that physical constants like c, the speed of light in a vacuum, have remained constant. But at least one study suggests that physical constants, and possibly even the speed of light, have changed as the universe has aged.<ref>James Glanz and Dennis Overbye, "Cosmic Laws Like Speed of Light Might Be Changing, a Study Finds," August 15, 2001.[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/15/science/15PHYS.html?ex=1185076800&en=d6467b6e3e346796&ei=5070]</ref>

"For the first time, scientists have experimentally demonstrated that sound pulses can travel at velocities faster than the speed of light, c. William Robertson's team from Middle Tennessee State University also showed that the group velocity of sound waves can become infinite, and even negative. ... Although such results may at first appear to violate special relativity (Einstein's law that no material object can exceed the speed of light), the actual significance of these experiments is a little different. These types of superluminal phenomena, Robertson et al. explain, violate neither causality nor special relativity, nor do they enable information to travel faster than c. In fact, theoretical work had predicted that the superluminal speed of the group velocity of sound waves should exist. 'The key to understanding this seeming paradox is that no wave energy exceeded the speed of light,' said Robertson."<ref>http://www.physorg.com/news88249076.html</ref>

"A team of researchers from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) has successfully demonstrated, for the first time, that it is possible to control the speed of light – both slowing it down and speeding it up – in an optical fiber, using off-the-shelf instrumentation in normal environmental conditions. Their results, to be published in the August 22 issue of Applied Physics Letters, could have implications that range from optical [[computing]] to the fiber-optic telecommunications industry."<ref>http://www.scienceblog.com/light.html</ref> Both slowing down and speeding up of light within a substance other than a vacuum is made possible, because the light travels through the material, and that material affects the speed of light, i.e. a photon hits an electron, which then exits and emits a slightly lower energy photon out in the direction that the original photon was traveling, thus maintaining conservation of momentum. No matter how transparent an object may appear, it radically impacts the speed of the light traveling through it, as demonstrated by the refractive production of a rainbow by a crystal, which Newton himself discovered.

This apparent change in speed can be explained, however, by noting that the constant c refers to the speed of light in a vacuum, i.e., when it is unimpeded. The speed of light when traveling through physical media is, in fact, variable.

"A pair of German physicists claim to have broken the speed of light - an achievement that would undermine our entire understanding of space and time. ... Dr Nimtz told New Scientist magazine: 'For the time being, this is the only violation of special relativity that I know of.'"<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2007/08/16/scispeed116.xml</ref>

==Pending research==

Today some physicists are working on hypothesizing how general relativity might have related to the other three forces of nature during the first fraction of a second of the [[Big Bang]]. Two of the more commonly studied attempts are [[string theory]] and [[loop quantum gravity]], but they have failed to produce any evidence that science mandates a science must have, and both typically take large amounts of work to even conform to what scientists believe. Critics increasingly point out that string theory and loop quantum gravity are largely untestable and unfalsifiable, and thus potentially unscientific under the principles of science advanced by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>See, for example, ''Not Even Wrong'', by Peter Woit</ref>

Relativity continues to be tested and some physics professors remain skeptical of the theory, such as University of Maryland physics professor Carroll Alley, who served as the principle physicist on the Apollo lunar project.<ref>https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/21jul_llr.htm</ref>

===Government Support for Relativistic research===
The Federal Government has funded the building of two gravity wave detectors: The first to test the principle, and the second (upgrade) to actually perform measurements. As a result of this work, on February 11, 2016, the LIGO team reported successful detection of gravitational waves caused by the merging of two black holes.<ref>https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20160211</ref>

{{Relativity}}

==See also==
*[[Attempts to prove E=mc²]]
*[[Counterexamples to Relativity]]
*[[Essay:Rebuttal to Counterexamples to Relativity]]
*[[Logical Flaws in E=mc²]]
*[[Essay:Rebuttal to Logical Flaws in E=mc²]]
*[[Quantitative Analysis of Alpha Decay]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity?]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Science]]

==External links ==
*[http://ia331314.us.archive.org/2/items/theeinsteintheor11335gut/11335-h/11335-h.htm The Einstein Theory of Relativity, by H.A. Lorentz.]
*[http://www.relativitycalculator.com Relativity Science Calculator - Learn Special Relativity Mathematics ] The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.
*[http://www.relativitycalculator.com/history_of_time_clocks.shtml Relativity Science Calculator - Philosophic Question: are clocks and time separable?]
*[http://www.relativityscience.com/twin_clock_paradox.shtml Relativity Science Calculator - Twin Clock Paradox]

Corn Belt

2023-04-02T18:27:47Z

Blavek: missing an 'a'

[[File:Corn Belt 2018.png|right|500px]]
The '''Corn Belt''' is part of the [[Midwest]] that produces most of the [[corn]] in the [[United States]].<ref>[https://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Crops_County/cr-pr.php USDA map of corn production by county]</ref> Corn is a miraculous food which [[American Indians]] felt came from [[God]]; a corn diet is excellent for losing weight, improving the type of carbohydrates, and reducing harmful pesticides. The Corn Belt consists of the following, ranked by their corn production:<ref>https://www.cropprophet.com/us-corn-production-by-state/</ref>
*Iowa
*[[Illinois]] (has the top 5 counties in the Nation for corn production: McLean County at 71M bushels, and then Iroquois, Livingston, LaSalle, and Champaign counties<ref>https://www.illinois.gov/news/press-release.26208.html#:~:text=Illinois%20had%20the%20top%20five,million%20bushels%20of%20corn%20produced.</ref>)
*eastern Nebraska (its college football team's mascot is the Cornhuskers)
*southern Minnesota
*western Indiana
*eastern Kansas
*South Dakota
*Ohio
*Missouri
*Wisconsin
While the United States continues to be the largest producer of corn in the world, [[China]] increasingly competes by ramping up its corn production. China imports corn from the [[United States]] and [[Ukraine]], and due to the [[Russia-Ukraine war]] China increased its imports of corn from the U.S.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[category:farming]]

Alex Jones

2022-03-14T17:17:03Z

Blavek: /* Political views */ remaining word from previous edit

{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Alex Jones
|image=437px-Alex Jones portrait.jpg
|occupation=Journalist, radio host and commentator
|birth_date=February 11, 1974
|birth_place=[[Dallas, Texas]]
|spouse=Kelly Jones (From 2007-2015)
Erika Wulff Jones (since 2017)
}}

'''Alexander Emerick “Alex” Jones''' (born February 11, 1974, age {{age|1974|2|11}}) is an American [[paleoconservative]]/[[libertarian]] [[radio]] host, documentary filmmaker, video [[blogger]] and [[podcast]]er. His show, ''[[The Alex Jones Show]]'', is a part of his larger projects, [[Infowars]] and Prison Planet, which usually deal with governmental [[Nanny state]] failures, the existence of a coming [[police state]], [[constitutional]]ism and [[government]] [[conspiracy|conspiracies]]. He is outspokenly [[pro-life]] and has gone to many anti-[[Planned Parenthood]] protests.

He has also appeared several times as a guest on ''[[Coast to Coast AM]]''.

On August 6, 2018, Jones was "unpersoned" when the [[monopoly]] controlled tech companies [[collusion|colluded]] to delete all of his content and ban him from their platforms. Commentator [[Mark Dice]] referred to it as "the digital equivalent of book burning." The move was widely interpreted by [[First Amendment]] activists as a threat by [[liberal censor]]s against the free exchange of ideas among conservatives.

In October 2021 Jones accurately predicted that [[globalist]]s would foment an international crisis for [[war]] in February 2022.<ref>https://mobile.twitter.com/ItsHere48153235/status/1496681530005110785</ref>

==Political views==
Jones is a strong advocate of the [[Second Amendment]] and vigorously opposes all forms of [[gun control]]. He was a a supporter of [[Ron Paul]]'s presidential campaign and has also been an avid supporter of President [[Donald Trump]], despite criticizing his decision to launch missiles at a Syrian government airfield. He has also said he does not believe in [[evolution]], rather, that humans are an "engineered" species<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ximSArmlx7c</ref>.

[[Megyn Kelly]] attempted to deface Jones in a heavily edited interview with her [[NBC]] show ''Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly'', but this backfired, putting Kelly's career in jeopardy as a result. According to Jones, Kelly lied to Alex about what the interview would be about; figuring that Kelly and NBC would turn the interview into a selectively-edited hit piece, Jones made sure to record the entire interview himself so he would have proof of Kelly's and NBC's duplicity<ref>https://www.redstate.com/joesquire/2017/06/20/megyn-kelly-learns-cant-convert-fringe-internet-celebrities-ratings/</ref><ref>https://www.infowars.com/media-celebrates-megyn-kellys-dishonest-hit-piece-on-alex-jones/</ref>.

==Contoversies==
[[File:Loose Change Alex Jones.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Jones was the Executive Producer of the infamous 9/11 truther documentary, [[Loose change]].]]

Jones is widely known as a [[conspiracy theorist]]. For example, he claimed the [[Sandy Hook massacre]] was a hoax, he called it synthetic, completely fake with actors, and manufactured, during a 2014 broadcast.<ref>https://www.inquisitr.com/5030612/alex-jones-said-hes-victim-of-sandy-hook-parents/</ref> Jones also produced two videos claiming the shooting was a "[[false flag]]" and a "fraud" and hosted articles about it on Infowars. This resulted in Jones' banning from [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]]. Families of the victims have been allegedly subjected to online abuse and death threats from followers of Jones, claiming the families were actors in a government false flag operation.<ref>https://www.inquisitr.com/5030612/alex-jones-said-hes-victim-of-sandy-hook-parents/</ref> In response, the town committee stated that they were considering a written appeal to [[President Trump]], asking him to speak out against the conspiracy theorists<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39194035#AlexJones Sandy Hook to Trump: 'Help us stop conspiracy theorists']. ''BBC News''. Retrieved June 14, 2017</ref>. Because of the alleged threats and harassment, the families of the massacre filed suit against Jones in 2018. On November 15, 2021, a Connecticut Judge ruled that Jones was guilty by default after he refused to hand over evidence ordered by the courts. <ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlieporterfield/2021/11/15/conspiracy-theorist-alex-jones-loses-last-defamation-lawsuit-from-sandy-hook-parents/?sh=509f55031494</ref><ref>https://www.npr.org/2021/11/15/1055864452/alex-jones-found-liable-for-defamation-in-sandy-hook-hoax-case</ref> Jones later retracted his claims when questioned by one family's lawyer, stating that he did believe it happened, while still maintaining his questioning of the official narrative.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuqjmP959vo</ref>

He is a [[9/11]] [[truther]], believing that 9/11 was pulled off by traitors of the U.S. Government ([[New World Order]] members) and various other [[politician]]s, as well as high-ranking [[military]] officials from several other countries. Jones believes that there was something more than the planes crashing into the buildings that led to the Twin Towers eventually being destroyed. He also believes that [[Osama bin Laden]] was killed ten years before his official death in 2011<ref>http://www.economicvoice.com/alex-jones-claims-bin-laden-mission-is-a-fake/50019671/#axzz1LOEJW1a7</ref>.

He has made many documentary films shedding light on the government's corrupt and [[Satanic]] behavior, as well as their attempts to infringe on [[civil rights]].

Jones has declared himself a supporter of [[Israel]], but he has also previously made statements some deemed [[Antisemitic]]. During the 2017 [[Antifa]]/[[alt-right]] riots in Charlottesville, he claimed there were Jews posing as [[Ku Klux Klan]] followers in the rally: "I mean, quite frankly, I've been to these events, a lot of the KKK guys with their hats off look like they’re from the cast of ''[[Seinfeld]]''." In the same year, he also accused "the Jewish mafia" of supporting efforts to "derail the Trump presidency"<ref>https://www.jpost.com/International/The-anti-Jewish-pro-Israel-conspiracy-theorist-who-was-banned-by-Facebook-564247</ref>.

In late June, 2017, Jones had a guest, Robert David Steele, who advanced a conspiracy theory that many would consider quite unorthodox. He claimed that [[NASA]] was sending children to Mars to be used as slaves,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9cgm1B7Rew&feature=youtu.be</ref> stating,
<blockquote>[Pedophilia] also includes murdering [children] so that they can have their bone marrow harvested, as well as body parts. ... We actually believe there is a colony on Mars, that is populated by children who were kidnapped and sent into space ... to be slaves on the Mars colony.</blockquote>
Jones neither agreed nor disagreed with his claims, but he pointed out the quantity of mechanical wreckage on Mars, said to have come from deactivated space probes. He then said,
<blockquote>Well, I don't know about Mars bases, but I know that [NASA have] created massive, thousands of different types of chimeras, that are alien life forms on this Earth.</blockquote>
In response, NASA issued a statement saying that "There are no humans on Mars".<ref>http://www.avclub.com/article/response-infowars-rumor-nasa-denies-it-has-child-s-257581</ref>

In advance of the [[2020 Marxist uprising]] Jones predicted on July 4, 2018 that [[Democrats]] would start a Second Civil War.<ref>https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/alex-jones-heralds-a-second-civil-war-and-twitter-quickly-responds-1.6243984</ref>

==Malkin DNC Incident==

On August 26, 2008, at the DNC Convention in Denver, Jones and dozens of his followers surrounded [[Michelle Malkin]] and aggressively mobbed her. Video showed Alex pushing people close to Malkin<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQMgllS413Q Alex Jones Leads Mob Against Michelle Malkin]</ref>. As she attempted to get to a position of safety, Jones was overheard shouting "Get Michelle Malkin!" "Don't let her leave!" "Where is that monster!?!" and accusing her of being a part of the [[New World Order]]. She was repeatedly chased by the mob, and Jim Hoft of Gateway Pundit noted that death threats were issued at her during the course of these events<ref>[http://screwloosechange.blogspot.com/2008/08/alex-jones-harasses-michelle-malkin.html Alex Jones Harasses Michelle Malkin]</ref><ref>[https://pjmedia.com/blog/pjm-political-82708-the-revolution-will-be-televised-on-pjtv/ PJM Political 8/27/08: Michelle Malkin & Co. Survive Denver--Plus A PJTV Preview!]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[InfoWars]]
*[[Julian Assange]]
*[[Edward Snowden]]
*[[Paul Joseph Watson]]
*[[Mark Dice]]
*[[Bohemian Grove]]
*[[Project MKUltra]]
*[[Globalism]]
*[[Philadelphia Experiment]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.infowars.com/ Infowars.com]
*[http://www.prisonplanet.com/ PrisonPlanet.com]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxt_bEDdTTc 45 Failed Alex Jones Predictions - AlexJonesClips on YouTube]

{{Alex Jones Documentaries}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Alex}}
[[Category:Broadcasters]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Survivalists]]
[[Category:Talk Show Hosts]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Paleoconservatives]]
[[Category:Conspiracy Theorists]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]
[[Category:Texas]]
[[Category:Victims of Cancel Culture]]
[[Category:Pro First Amendment]]
[[Category:Pro Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Evangelicals]]
[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Libertarian Media]]

Union Jack

2022-01-16T21:04:31Z

Blavek: typing errors

[[File:Union jack.jpg|300px|right|thumbnail|Flag of the United Kingdom from 1801 to present]]

The '''Union Jack''' is the popular name for the national flag of the [[United Kingdom]]. It is a composite flag composed of the flags of the patron saints of three of the four countries that comprise the United Kingdom. The cross of St Andrew represents [[Scotland]], St George represents [[England]] and the cross of St Patrick represents [[Northern Ireland]]. The only country which is part of the United Kingdom which does not have its flag included in the Union Jack is [[Wales]] which was historically incorporated into the kingdom of England.

Strictly speaking, when it is not being flown from the Jack staff of a ship it is not a ''jack'' and it is correctly called a '''Union Flag'''. However, the long standing popular preference of calling it it jack (in association with Britain's strong maritime history) would make such a distinction the reserve of only the most pedantic of flag enthusiasts.

Its correct proportions of height to width is 1:2, except when used by the British Army when it is 3:5.

It's asymmetric design means that is is sometimes accidentally flown upside down when the flag is not correctly attached with the wide white stripe above the St Patrick's cross.

==History==

[[Image:BritishFlag1606.png|right|300px|thumbnail|The first Union Flag 1603-1801]]

The first Union Flag followed the union of the Scottish and English crowns in 1603 when James VI of Scotland became [[James I of England]]. It featured the crosses of St George and St Andrew.

The addition of the St Patrick cross was made following the political union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.

==Other Uses==

The flag features in the '''canton''' (the top left hand corner of a flag) in the following:

* The White Ensign used by the British Royal Navy (the white ensign is the flag of St George with the Union Jack in the canton)
* The Red Ensign used by British merchant ships.
* The Blue Ensign of Royal Navy reserve ships.
* Flags of some countries who, as former British possessions are now members of the Commonwealth Nations - including [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Bermuda]].
* The state flag of [[Hawaii]] - the only territory that was never a British possession to use it.
* Some Canadian Provincial Flags. In the case of [[British Columbia]] the Union Jack is featured in the upper half rather than the canton.
* The original continental flag of the United States featured a pre-1801 union flag with thirteen red and white stripes.

==Influences in other designs==

A Russian naval jack was created in the Tsarist era and revived after the fall of communism. It features the cross of St Andrew (patron saint of Russia) over the cross of St George (patron saint of Moscow). In each case, the cross and background colours are the reverse of those found the British Union Jack.

[[Category:Flags of the United Kingdom]]

J6 Capitol protests

2021-12-29T23:05:47Z

Blavek: small corrections

[[File:Sullivan infiltrates MAGA.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Anifa/BLM terrorist and CNN/NBC contractor
[[John Sullivan]] disguised in MAGA gear.<ref>https://www.bitchute.com/video/CfIfOA1xzg6J/</ref>]]
[[File:Lois-mcnicoll-doors-held-.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Capitol Police (red arrow) hold the door open for a 69 year old peaceful protester. Six months later the Biden Junta arrested the woman in a nationwide dragnet for alleged "white supremacists".<ref>https://redstate.com/shipwreckedcrew/2021/06/28/the-emerging-reality-is-the-biden-justice-department-will-charge-everyone-it-can-identify-for-capitol-protests-n403137</ref>]]
The '''2021 Capitol protests''' consisted of a diverse group of Americans of different races, backgrounds, and cultures protesting the [[electoral college]] certification of the [[fraud]]ulent [[2020 presidential election]] on January 6, 2021. An [[FBI]] coordinated [[false flag]] operation began vandalizing the Capitol premises during the peaceful protests.<ref>https://www.air.tv/watch?v=7GHdqvu5QxibmQgmf_QFgQ&share=true</ref> Three unarmed peaceful protesters were killed by [[Capitol Police]].<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/12/already-know-capitol-police-killed-2-female-trump-supporters-jan-6-now-video-shows-third-dead-trump-supporter-killed-police-fired-crowd-video/</ref> No police officers were ever charged with homicide.

A small group of [[provocateur]]s led by [[Ray Epps]] breached a police line outside the building. Unruly provocateurs proceeded to smash windows and enter the building. [[National Guard]] reinforcements had been refused by [[Speaker Nancy Pelosi]] days earlier<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/breaking/ex-capitol-police-chief-says-pelosi-mcconnells-sergeants-at-arms-refused-security-measures-while-new-timeline-proves-trump-incitement-claims-bogus/</ref> which [[President Trump]] had approved in preparation for the events.<ref>https://djhjmedia.com/rich/trump-offered-10000-national-guard-troops-to-protect-capitol-multiple-times-before-jan-6-and-his-offer-was-rebuked-every-time/</ref> [[United States Capitol Police]] then invited a crowd into the building<ref>https://amgreatness.com/2021/05/16/video-shows-u-s-capitol-police-gave-protesters-ok-to-enter/</ref> while simultaneously halting the proceedings and evacuating members of [[Congress]].

Despite the [[MSM]] blaming the breaking and entering on [[President Trump]], falsely accusing him of "inciting" the situation, strong evidence has suggested the storming to have been the result of infiltration and [[entrapment]] by the [[FBI]], along with [[Antifa]] and paid protesters.<ref>Geller, Pamela (January 6, 2021). [https://gellerreport.com/2021/01/photos-reports-show-antifa-infiltrators-stormed-the-capitol-building.html/ Photos, Reports Show ANTIFA Infiltrators Stormed the Capitol Building]. ''Geller Report''. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20210107105207/https://twitter.com/ariellanewland/status/1347133853169803265]</ref><ref>Hoft, Jim (January 9, 2021). [https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/far-left-activist-john-sullivan-utah-arrested-storming-us-capitol-released-without-charges-organized-antifa-event-area-time-stop-steal-rally/ Far Left Activist John Sullivan from Utah Who Was Arrested for Storming the US Capitol Is Released without Charges — Organized Antifa Event in Area at Same Time as “Stop the Steal” Rally!]. ''Gateway Pundit''. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</ref> More than 400 peaceful protesters were held in barbaric and tortuous conditions without bail and access to legal counsel for at least a year.. No one was ever charged with insurrection.

[[CNN]] and [[NBC]] paid [[BLM]]/[[Antifa]] terrorist [[John Sullivan]] $70,000 for his services inside the [[U.S. Capitol]] on January 6, 2021.<ref>https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.227101/gov.uscourts.dcd.227101.14.0.pdf</ref> Ray Epps, a key instigator and provocateur caught on film, and video, was never arrested or charged.<ref>https://100percentfedup.com/has-america-been-scammed-who-is-ray-epps-whats-his-connection-to-oath-keepers-and-why-did-he-try-so-hard-to-convince-trump-supporters-to-go-inside-the-capitol-on-jan-6th-video/</ref> His Wanted by the FBI photo was removed from the FBI website.

==Security refused==
In an interview with United States Capitol Police police chief Steve Sund, ''[[Washington Post]]'' reported the chief “believes his efforts to secure the premises were undermined by a lack of concern from House and Senate security officials who answer directly to Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] and Senate leader [[Mitch McConnell]].” ''WaPo'' reported, “Two days before Congress was set to formalize President-elect [[Joe Biden]]’s victory, [[U.S. Capitol Police]] Chief Steven Sund was growing increasingly worried about the size of the pro-Trump crowds expected to stream into Washington in protest. To be on the safe side, Sund asked House and Senate security officials for permission to request that the D.C. National Guard be placed on standby in case he needed quick backup. But, Sund said Sunday, they turned him down.” D.C. Mayor [[Muriel Bowser]]'s chief of staff admitted, “this guy is on the phone, I mean, crying out for help. It’s burned in my memories.”<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/breaking/ex-capitol-police-chief-says-pelosi-mcconnells-sergeants-at-arms-refused-security-measures-while-new-timeline-proves-trump-incitement-claims-bogus/</ref>

In Congressional testimony about the incident, Sund said that a pre-January 6, 2021 intelligence assessment noted that Antifa would partake in the January 6 event in Washington.<ref>https://www.rules.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Testimony_Sund.pdf</ref> When asked what the response should be if the officers encountered armed protesters, a USCP captain told officers to ‘take appropriate police action,’ which according to rank and file officers is the catchall for ‘Do whatever you think is right’ or ‘We don’t know what to do.’<ref>https://www.rollcall.com/2021/05/10/failure-to-communicate-the-capitol-police-leadership-gap-on-jan-6/</ref>

==Provocateurs==
[[File:2021 capitol riot analysis.png|right|350px|thumb|Climate activist and [[shaman]] Jake Angeli posing for cameras.<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/exclusive/capitol-antagonist-climate-change/</ref>]]
United States Capitol Police chief Steve Sund swore under oath to the Congressional investigating committee that the Capitol was not evacuated because of an unruly crowd, but rather because pipe bombs were found at the [[Republican National Committee]] headquarters nearby.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/07/lie-congress-evacuated-jan-6-due-pipe-bomb-threat-not-trump-supporters-walking-halls/</ref>

===Antifa / BLM===
[[Antifa]]/[[BLM]] terrorist [[John Sullivan]] organized a BLM rally at 11 AM in Washington D.C. and tweeted about the existence of BLM buses<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/not-making-headlines-utah-activist-john-sullivan-organized-antifa-protest-near-us-capitol-stormed-tweeted-blm-buses-dc-6th/ “Utah Activist John Sullivan Organized Antifa Protest Near US Capitol Before It Was Stormed — Tweeted About BLM Buses in DC on the 6th]</ref> Sullivan was arrested for his actions in the Capitol that day, then released without charges once his [[Leftist]] political preferences were discovered.<ref>https://dbdailyupdate.com/2021/01/15/more-proof-of-blm-antifa-capitol-riot-involvement-emerges/</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/Millie__Weaver/status/1347722833024200707</ref>

During the January 6, 2021 Joint Session of Congress certification process, as protesters rallied in support of [[President Trump]] outside the capitol, chartered vans of [[Antifa]] were escorted by state police in black, unmarked SUVs into the midst of the crowd.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20210106191352/https://twitter.com/RockNPolitics/status/1346897013607174148]</ref><ref>https://archive.is/IiHln</ref><ref>https://youtu.be/L0xyqVMUh_E</ref> Capitol Police then removed barriers and waved the crowd onto the Capitol steps.<ref>https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2021-01-07/capitol-police-chief-to-resign-next-week-reports</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/cevansavenger/status/1346920924310867968</ref> Antifa rioters proceeded to wreak havoc<ref>https://twitter.com/TaylerUSA/status/1347209509383655424</ref> breaking windows on the [[U.S. Capitol]] building and storming the premises.<ref>https://twitter.com/emmbeliever/status/1347032914182217728</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/stillgray/status/1346908554804953088</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/TheRightMelissa/status/1347040212602466304</ref><ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/new-video-antifa-hands-weapons-bag-storming-us-capitol/</ref> Police stood aside and allowed the Capitol breach while Patriot protesters begged the police to stop it and call for back up.<ref>https://rumble.com/embed/vaeanf/?pub=4#?secret=TXE0IsgkRL</ref> Patriots attempted to stop the provocatuers.<ref>https://rumble.com/embed/v9x318/?pub=4#?secret=F2UL3OgbUj</ref><ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/not-making-headlines-trump-supporters-pulled-protesters-away-capitol-building-started-damaging-people/</ref> Capitol Police opened the doors and stood aside while inviting people inside.<ref>https://rumble.com/embed/va3r55/?pub=4#?secret=bmU4MeRG1P</ref><ref>https://rumble.com/embed/va3r55/?pub=4#?secret=bmU4MeRG1P</ref><ref>https://www.deepcapture.com/wp-content/uploads/image-37.png</ref>

Facial recognition [[technology]] identified Antifa members,<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jan/6/xrvision-firm-claims-antifa-infiltrated-protesters/</ref> who had used disguises to infiltrate a pro-Trump protest group,<ref>https://vidmax.com/video/200954-big-tech-keeps-blocking-this-video-showing-trump-supporters-throwing-antifa-out-of-the-capitol-building</ref> as storming the building.<ref>https://gellerreport.com/2021/01/photos-reports-show-antifa-infiltrators-stormed-the-capitol-building.html/</ref> Twitter, in a flimsy attempt to cover for the Antifa punks, falsely claimed that a side-by-side photo comparison of one of the infiltrators (showing him at the Capitol in one photo, and at a BLM rally in June 2019 in the other photo, both of which show him with the same visually distinct tattoos) was "manipulated media" but gave no reason for their false claim.<ref>[https://twitter.com/KelemenCari/status/1346929418455842816 Cari Kelemen: "AZ BLM rally in June, DC Capital in January] at Twitter</ref>

In one instance, Antifa Black Bloc broke a window in front of the Capitol Police. The Capitol Police released the offender and abandoned the open window.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/06/27/new-jan-6-video-shows-police-walk-away-after-black-clad-men-smash-windows-fbi-uninterested-1094598/</ref><ref>http://bobpowell.blogspot.com/</ref>

The proceedings inside the House and Senate chambers were halted and Babbitt, who entered the building with the crowd, allegedly was shot outside the Speakers Gallery.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20210107070504/https://twitter.com/dancohen3000/status/1347076676342185984]</ref><ref>https://youtu.be/3Kn4JVIKB1Q</ref>

In an interview given the next day, John Sullivan responded to questioning:<ref>https://youtu.be/N1OiSVca6kY</ref>
{{quotebox-float|'''Interviewer:''' I'm of the opinion that what we saw yesterday was very much by design; that we did have [[agent provocateur]]s, and I'm of the opinion that you're one of them.
'''Sullivan:''' Interesting. Really interesting on that. Why do you think I'm one of them?

'''Interviewer:''' Because of who your father is, your father's a [[psyop]]s man.

'''Sullivan:''' So you've met my dad. Okay, so...

'''Interviewer:''' Kind of further elaborates my point

'''Sullivan:''' It was explained to you because...I knew we were going to storm the Capitol... I'm on chats. I'm on underground chats like...
I have my researchers. I have my researchers....That is not me. But I have people, right? And I'm not saying some [expletitve] cop type [expletive]. I'm saying my people in my organization, Insurgence USA, is civil rights group, that is [[Black Lives Matter]], or if you want to label Antifa because [[Trump]] wants to label Antifa, but I label myself as Insurgence USA, but for people's context, right? Um, yeah. They, they are in chats. They can, they can easily get me information on what's going on. And the same with everybody else. But it's a [[collective]] of people. You can disassociate yourself. I have John Sullivan. I have Jaden X. That separates. I have Insurgence USA civil rights organization. So it separates my, I separate my identity based on the specific role that I'm playing, right?

'''Interviewer:''' Is there really a separation?

'''Sullivan:'' There is a separation. There is a separation for sure, because I can't, I can't be in a crowd full of Trump supporters and say '[expletive] the police', or say the things that I would during my regular [[activism]].}}

===FBI / DHS===

The federal government had undercover agents or confidential informants embedded in several groups. A study by ''Revolver News'' of unindicted co-conspirators listed throughout the various charging documents found the unindicted co-conspirators appear to be much more aggressive and egregious participants in the so-called “conspiracy”.<ref>https://www.revolver.news/2021/06/federal-foreknowledge-jan-6-unindicted-co-conspirators-raise-disturbing-questions/</ref> Most of these unindicted co-conspirators are associated with the three alleged "militia groups" targeted by the federal government, [[Oath Keepers]], the [[Proud Boys]], and the Three Percenters.
[[File:JTTF.PNG|right|300px|thumb|Home video surveillance of the Joint Terrorism Task Force attempted recruitment of an American citizen on December 9, 2020 based upon a [[Facebook]] posting.<ref>https://freedomjournalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/FBI-DHS-Attempted-to-Recruit-MILITARY-to-Infiltrate-RIOTERS-Before-Jan.-6-678x381.jpg</ref>]]
Thomas Caldwell is a 65-year-old from Virginia and an alleged member of the Oath Keepers, which the DOJ refers to as a “paramilitary” or “militia” group. A careful read of the indictment against Caldwell reveals that a certain “Person Two” was a key co-conspirator alongside Caldwell in nearly every dimension relevant to the charges in question. Person Two planned logistics with Caldwell days in advance of 1/6, stayed in the same hotel room for days together, and when Caldwell allegedly “stormed the barricades” into restricted areas outside the U.S. Capitol, Person Two is alleged to have “stormed the barricades” right beside him. In arguing defendant Caldwell should be denied bail, the DOJ cites Caldwell’s “leadership role in planning the events of January 6” as including “finding lodging” for Person Three. They even explicitly refer to Person Three as “a third co-conspirator.” “Person Three” reserved and paid for various Oath Keeper hotel rooms. Indeed, the curious lack of indictments filed against the entire gamut of Persons referenced as playing leadership roles within the Oath Keepers on 1/6 raises red flags. This includes: Person 2, Person 3, Person 10, Person 14, Person 15, Person 16, Person 19 and Person 20, along with many co-conspirators listed only as “an individual.”

Among such individuals is the alleged administrator of the “Stop the Steal J6” Zello channel.<ref>The Zello channel in question was populated by patriot/militia personalities who were variously monitoring and participating in 1/6 activities in real-time. Zello is an app that allows for walkie-talkie functionality on a cell phone. Because phones signals were “jammed” by law enforcement in the Capitol area, Zello’s walkie-talkie function was useful (and pre-planned) to stay in communication.</ref> The DOJ point-blank says this Zello channel administrator “directed the group” as it was carrying out the alleged Capitol attack. If the group is carrying out a conspiracy as the defendants are charged with, this Zello channel administrator is directing the conspiracy in real-time. Yet the Zello administrator was not charged.

It appears that the individual who set up the Proud Boys’ communications infrastructure is being protected by the DOJ. The DOJ refers to this person only as “UCC-1” (UCC meaning an explicitly spelled out “unindicted co-conspirator”). UCC-1, as well as two additional unindicted co-conspirators referred to only as “Person-One” and “Person-Two” in the Proud Boys indictment, were all in Proud Boys “upper tier leadership,” and appear to have been the most prolific planners and incendiary advocates of “insurrection” in the run-up to and on the day of 1/6. The DOJ cites statements made almost exclusively by unindicted co-conspirators as statements that “revealed a plan to storm the Capitol and to let the crowd loose.”

In December 2020 a former Green Beret and Republican congressional candidate was contacted by the [[Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) and FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF). The Green Beret released video surveillance of the FBI contacting him at his home and an audio recording made at a local restaurant of his actual meeting with the FBI. Federal agents attempted to recruit him to spy on patriots and everyday Americans. The lead was provided directly to the FBI by Facebaook.<ref>https://freedomjournalist.com/fbi-dhs-attempted-to-recruit-military-to-infiltrate-rioters-before-jan-6/</ref>

===Secret Service===
[[Roger Stone]] has testified,
{{quotebox-float|"shortly after the President’s speech, there was a call from the [[Secret Service]], offering to escort me to the head of the march and up to the Capitol which I declined. By the way two pastors, two reverend protestant ministers, and a police officer overheard all of that. Those are called witnesses."<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/06/jan-6-secret-service-offered-escort-roger-stone-front-capitol-march-capitol-stone-smartly-declined/</ref>}}
===Ray Epps===
[[File:Epps 2.PNG|right|300px|thumb|Ray Epps, FBI ''agent provocateur''<ref>https://rumble.com/vql5tg-ray-epps-keep-the-focus.html</ref>]]
Ray Epps can be seen on video standing front and center giving out directions at the breach location. The breach team then proceeded to haul the metal police barricades off to the side, tear down “Restricted Area” signage, and systematically remove protective fencing from the Capitol lawn. Ordinarily, with no barriers in place, this entire area is open to the public. This occurred at an area known as the Peace Monument. It was the very first walkway entrance into the Capitol grounds that every Trump supporter would arrive at first as they walked from the Trump rally one mile away to the Capitol. The Pennsylvania Ave and the Constitution Ave exits from the Trump speech intersect at the Peace Monument. If any of the eight other walkway entrances into the Capitol grounds had been toppled, tens of thousands of marchers would have been met by police and metal barricades, instead of an open gate.

The Ray Epps breach team thus set up a booby trap by pushing back the police, then hauling away the “restricted area” signage, the chain fencing, and the metal barricades—all while tens of thousands were still at the Trump rally. Without police present or “do not enter” signs prominently visible, people leaving Trump’s speech and arriving at the Capitol entrance would have no idea it was illegal to walk through the gate, or onto the lawn, or up to the Capitol steps. This entire area is ordinarily open to the public. Instead, they heard friendly music and saw the main walkway to the Capitol grounds wide open. These unwitting Trump supporters had no idea they had just crossed an invisible tripwire that would later subject them to federal prosecution for trespassing.

Epps stepped straight up to the police officers who had just showered the crowd in pepper spray. Epps appeared to negotiate with the officers and struck a deal, whereby Trump supporters could come back up to the front step if they simply remained there peacefully. Epps then turned back to the crowd and told them “Guys: Listen Up. Up to the steps and stay there. We’re gonna stay there for a while.”<ref>https://rumble.com/vqledj-ray-epps-striking-a-deal-with-police.html</ref>

===Scaffold Commander===
[[File:Scaffold Commander 1.jpeg||right|300px|thumb|Scaffold Commander with bullhorn]]
Scaffold Commander gets his name from being the ostensible “commander” of the prominent “media tower” that overlooked the Capitol’s back terrace on January 6. The scaffold was erected in November 2020 so that media crews could film the January 2021 inauguration ceremony. From high atop the tower between 1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m, ScaffoldCommander issued the iconic bellows and non-stop commands that are loud and clear on almost every video clip from January 6 filmed in that time interval. For nearly 90 minutes straight, he bombards the otherwise leaderless crowd below him with endless variations on a single instruction: “Don’t just stand there. Keep moving forward!”<ref>https://rumble.com/vpwd2v-nwscaffoldcommander-on-bullhorn-move-forward.html</ref> Once the crowd had continuously “moved forward” for over an hour, and the very first handful of rioters entered the building, ScaffoldCommander suddenly threw the switch: “Okay we’re in! We’re in! Come on! We gotta fill up the Capitol! Come on! Come now! We need help We gotta fill up the Capitol! They got in.”<ref>https://rumble.com/vpwybu-nwscaffoldcommander-we-gotta-fill-up-the-capitol.html</ref>

ScaffoldCommander should have been one of the top criminal suspects on the entire FBI Capitol Most Wanted List, however he isn’t even on the list, and no charges have been filed, and the FBI to date has still never acknowledged his existence. Rallygoers could hear his constant commands with total clarity all the way back at the entrance to the Capitol lawn. For new entrants arriving at the Capitol grounds, ScaffoldCommander’s voice would be the first and loudest voice they heard.<ref>https://rumble.com/vqffvb-nwscaffoldcommander-influence-on-new-entrants-to-capitol-lawn.html</ref> One attendee described this unnatural pressure in a vividly detailed Twitter thread a few days after January 6. She fingered ScaffoldCommander as “the ringleader” of the operation.<ref>https://twitter.com/Twinity5/status/1349188166025097220</ref> Ray Epps stationed himself immediately below ScaffoldCommander at the media tower for the whole 90 minutes it took to move the crowd forward, then into the building.
{{Anchor|J6 dissidents}}

==Dissident arrests==
[[File:Anna-Morgan-Lloyd.jpeg|right|300px|thumb|Capitol tourists convicted of trespass.]]
Peaceful protesters incarcerated were subjected to unconstitutional civil liberties violations, including unjustified solitary confinement, deprived of private conversations with their attorneys, lack of needed medical care, and terrible sanitary conditions in the [[DC Gulag]].<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/department-of-justice-treats-jan-6-detainees-with-double-standard-conservative-legal-activists_3891357.html</ref> In addition to violent beatings,<ref>https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/dc-corrections-officer-savagely-beat-capitol-riot-suspect-attorney-says-ryan-samsel/65-ee38f382-4686-4dd6-9486-5db67c5bc794</ref> dissidents were subjected to re-education and de-programming.<ref>https://www.zerohedge.com/political/deprogramming-begins-public-defender-representing-january-6th-defendants-re-educates-them</ref> Of the 574 people arrested, 65% of them were married, 14% of them have military service, 4% of them are members of law enforcement, and over 55% of them have college education—86% of whom are male, and 14% female—whose ages range from 18 to 75—and came from nearly every State in America. Among the arrested and incarcerated were:

*An [[Indiana]] grandmother of five and lifelong registered [[Democrat]] convicted of one [[misdemeanor]] count of "demonstrating in a capitol building.”<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/06/grandmother-5-indiana-first-insurrectionist-sentenced-jan-6-protests-walking-inside-us-capitol/</ref><ref>https://redstate.com/shipwreckedcrew/2021/06/26/about-the-indiana-grandmother-forced-to-confess-to-her-wrong-think-at-sentencing-for-her-january-6-actions-n402711</ref>
*A 54-year-old [[Florida]] man charged with document tampering after he deleted his [[Facebook]] account two days after the protest, among other charges.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/06/first-oath-keeper-plead-guilty-jan-6-charges-including-document-tampering-deleting-facebook-account-2-days-capitol-riot/</ref>
*A 73 year old [[Purple Heart]] [[Vietnam War]] Veteran and pastor for entering the building to use the bathroom.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/06/breaking-exclusive-73-year-old-pastor-purple-heart-veteran-arrested-capitol-son-also-arrested-front-3-year-old-daughter-videos/y</ref>
*A 69 year old [[Los Angeles]] woman was arrested for trespass after the Capitol Police held the door open for her.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/06/fbi-arrests-69-year-old-la-woman-entering-us-capitol-without-lawful-authority-post-photo-case-packet-capitol-police-holding-door/</ref>
*A [[Texas]] family of 5 was arrested for Capitol tourism. During the arrest, the junta FBI did not arrest a minor child, leaving the child abandoned at home alone.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/07/feds-arrest-5-members-texas-family-walking-capitol-jan-6-leaving-behind-one-minor-child-alone-parentless/</ref>
*A [[QAnon]] follower who thought he was at the [[White House]] spent six months in jail. The judge remarked that the defendant could not have planned or coordinated an insurrection when he appeared to have “no basic understanding of where he even was that day.”<ref>https://lawandcrime.com/u-s-capitol-siege/judge-lets-qanon-adherent-who-apparently-mistook-u-s-capitol-for-the-white-house-out-of-jail-before-trial/</ref>
[[File:Capitol-lego-1.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Damning evidence: a fully unassembled Capitol Lego set seized at the suspect's home.]]
*According to court papers, one suspect had in his possession "a fully constructed U.S. Capitol Lego set."<ref>https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.232477/gov.uscourts.dcd.232477.80.0_1.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.foxnews.com/media/pete-hegseth-shames-doj-media-for-misinformation-on-lego-capitol-outrage-dont-expect-many-corrections</ref>
*A 50 year old chiropractor from [[Florida]] was threatened with 20 years to life for touring the Capitol for 9 minutes.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/07/jan-6-protester-faces-20-year-prison-standing-capitol-10-minutes-wife-launches-givesendgo/</ref>
*A [[Black]] actor in Hollywood's home was stormed by an FBI SWAT team for daring to leave the [[Democrat plantation]].<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/06/fbi-sends-swat-team-20-agents-home-hollywood-actor-left-democrat-plantation-entered-us-capitol-jan-6/</ref>
*A [[journalist]] was arrested in [[Hawaii]] for misdemeanor trespass and threatened with 20 years for reporting facts.<ref>https://youtu.be/5a5kdeK-af0</ref>
*Prisoners were forcibly injected in medical experiments.<ref>https://amgreatness.com/2021/08/09/newly-released-jan-6-detainee-says-d-c-jail-did-not-allow-him-to-shave-or-get-a-haircut-unless-he-got-vaccinated/</ref>
*Prisoners were forced to drink out of toilets.
*Prisoners were denied contact with counsel.
*Those who attended the rally, even those who did not enter the Capitol, have been branded as domestic terrorists, fired from their jobs, and threatened by social media mobs. The toll of this has already led Christopher Stanton Georgia, a married father of two, to commit suicide after his arrest for unauthorized entry on federal property. Stanton made a mistake but was not accused of looting or violence<ref>https://14oqrc3mu9t3duv5t3o92h75-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/LAA_UNHCR_A.pdf</ref>
*Ned Lang, father of prisoner Jacob Lang, attended both. Lang told attendees that, following the a June 2021 rally in support of the detainees, the “whole Patriot wing” of the prison that included his son, Jacob, were locked down in a place called “the hole” for 8 straight days. This unjust punitive measure was imposed without reason and apparently is more brutal than the standard solitary confinement to which they had been subjected. Being imprisoned in “the hole” means twenty-four hours of confinement, no human contact, no showers, no shaving, no hygiene of any kind. Lang also said a “sergeant” opened Jacob’s cell door and maced him without cause. They also took his clothes and all his legal papers for his defense.
*According to an anonymous letter received by [[LAA]] from inside the Washington, D.C. prison, the prisoners are subjected to solitary confinement regularly for days, weeks and in some cases months at a time.36 They live under constant threats of violence and actual violence perpetrated by spiteful guards who, under cover of night, turn off their body cameras and commit acts of violence against the prisoners. They also have been threatened with undefined retribution if they file reports of their abuse. Prisoner Richard Barnett reported they threatened to attack his wife if he spoke of his abuse. In fact, retaliation was promised if any lawsuits were filed against the prison or its guards for the inhumane treatments they are routinely inflicting. Barnett’s attorney, Joseph McBride, spoke about the conditions and mistreatment facing the prisoners of January 6th to ''[[Newsmax]]’s'' Greg Kelly:
{{quotebox-float|'''Joseph McBride:''' What I can say about the Jan. 6 protesters who remain incarcerated or detained at this point, is that their constitutional rights and human rights are being violated by the Department of Justice and the Federal Government at this very moment. The law is clear that no type of punishment is appropriate for a detainee. Despite that numerous detainees are being held in solitary confinement for long periods of time. They’re being denied medical care. They’re taking beatings. They’re being denied sleep. They’re being psychologically, emotionally, and physically tortured on a regular basis, 
'''Greg Kelly:''' Hold on a second. Who’s beating them up? 
'''Joseph McBride:''' I am alleging that the guards are beating them up. The staff are beating prisoners on a regular basis and have been doing so for a long time. This is no exaggeration. 
'''Greg Kelly:''' Was your client Richard Barnett beaten up by staff? 
'''Joseph McBride:''' He absolutely was. He was beaten. He was dragged. He was hog-tied. One time his pants dropped below his ankles exposing his private parts while he was taking a beating in front of a female officer. And he had to beg and plead to pull his pants up.”}}
*Prisoners are also subjected to medical abuse and neglect. At the Florida rally held by Look Ahead America on July 17, 2021, Trish Worrell said her husband, prisoner Christopher Worrell, has Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (cancer) and he has been refused any medical treatment for his condition in the six months he has been held. His condition is worsening. His confinement, let alone his lack of treatment, are unwarranted. Worrell never entered the Capitol building on January 6th. Guy Wesley Reffit, while in custody, required hospitalization for three days in an intensive care unit because jail personnel did not provide him his prescribed medicine.
*An [[Oklahoma]] man pled guilty to taking a [[beer]] out of Nancy Pelosi's refrigerator in her office and was sentence to 6 months in prison.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/09/oklahoma-man-pleads-guilty-misdemeanor-nancy-pelosis-beer-january-6-will-serve-6-months-federal-prison-crime/</ref>
*John Anderson of St. Augustine, Florida, who ws the subject of a ''Revolver News'' article entitled, ''Unindicted Co-Conspirators in 1/6 Cases Raise Disturbing Questions of Federal Foreknowledge'',<ref>https://www.revolver.news/2021/06/federal-foreknowledge-jan-6-unindicted-co-conspirators-raise-disturbing-questions/</ref> which brought to light FBI infiltration and coordination in Capitol Hill violence, died awaiting trial.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_breakingnews/florida-man-dies-while-awaiting-trial-on-charges-related-to-jan-6-us-capitol-breach_4018571.html</ref>
*A former Green Beet and Congressional candidate was arrested for trespass in October 2021, ten months after the protests.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_morningbrief/former-green-beret-and-congressional-candidate-arrested-in-connection-to-jan-6-breach_4029646.html</ref>
*One 25 year veteran Capitol Police officer was indicted for obstruction of justice after telling people to get off [[Facebook]] days after the protests.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/us-capitol-police-officer-indicted-obstruction-charges-involving-investigation-jan-6</ref>
*[[Climate change]] [[activist]] and shaman Jason Angeli Chansley was sentenced to four years.<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/exclusive/capitol-antagonist-climate-change/</ref>
*The racist Biden DOJ arrested an African American actor, James Beeks, star of [[Broadway]]'s ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]', for attending the protests.<ref>https://www.mixedarticle.com/james-beeks-broadway-actor-wikipedia-age-girlfriend-net-worth/</ref>

===8th Amendment violations===
:{{See also|Eighth Amendment}}
A 61-year-old protester claimed that he was denied medical treatment when he was having a [[heart attack]] in jail. The protester complained of being ‘tortured’ at the District of Columbia jail, citing incidents where he was slammed head first into the concrete floor and kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.<ref>https://therightscoop.com/capitol-rioter-who-put-his-feet-up-on-pelosis-desk-claims-inhumane-conditions-and-torture-while-held-in-dc-jail/</ref>

One dissident had his hands zip-tied first and was beaten by a D.C. jail officer. The victim was hospitalized with a shattered orbital floor, a broken eye socket, broken jaw, and broken nose. He may have a permanent loss of vision in his right eye.<ref>https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/dc-corrections-officer-savagely-beat-capitol-riot-suspect-attorney-says-ryan-samsel/65-ee38f382-4686-4dd6-9486-5db67c5bc794</ref>

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov informed the world that Russia is monitoring the illegal detention and [[human rights]] violations committed against nearly 450 dissidents who were arrested by the junta after they were invited into the [[United States Capitol building]] by [[U.S. Capitol Police]] on January 6, 2021.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/05/russian-fm-lavrov-speaks-unconstitutional-persecution-jan-6-protesters-held-isolation-us-govt-something-timid-gop-leaders-refuse/</ref><ref>https://tass.com/politics/1296151</ref> Widespread human rights violations against the peaceful protesters by the junta have been reported,<ref>https://www.cnsnews.com/commentary/michelle-malkin/michelle-malkin-shut-down-jan-6-gulag</ref> including vicious and savage beatings by guards on protesters arrested for trespass and held in solitary confinement.<ref>https://lawandcrime.com/u-s-capitol-siege/proud-boy-ethan-nordean-says-he-should-stay-out-of-jail-because-guards-are-beating-capitol-siege-defendants/</ref> Sens. [[Elizabeth Warren]], [[Dick Durbin]]<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/sen-warren-speaks-out-on-treatment-of-jan-6-capitol-breach-detainees-in-isolation_3790149.html</ref>, [[Bob Casey]] and the [[ACLU]] spoke out about the junta's cruel and unusual treatment of the dissidents.<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/aclu-capitol-rioters-in-solitary-confinement</ref>

On October 12, 2021 a federal judge found the director of the D.C. Department of Corrections and the warden of the city jail in [[contempt of court]] and called on the Justice Department to investigate whether the facility was violating the [[civil rights]] of dozens of January 6 detainees.<ref>https://justthenews.com/government/courts-law/judge-calls-justice-department-civil-rights-probe-over-jan-6-defendants</ref> On October 18, U.S. Marshalls inspected the jail in compliance the judge's order.<ref>https://townhall.com/tipsheet/mattvespa/2021/10/20/us-marshals-were-looking-to-see-if-the-january-6-defendants-are-being-deliberat-n2597629</ref>

==Casualties==

At least two unarmed white women were killed by police at the U.S. Capitol false flag insurrection.

===Ashli Babbitt===
Among the deaths reported out of the incident include [[Ashli Babbitt]], a veteran [[United States Air Force]] intelligence officer from [[California]] allegedly shot and killed by Capitol Police.<ref>Two references:
*Italiano, Laura (January 6, 2021). [https://nypost.com/2021/01/06/video-shows-moment-ashli-babbit-was-fatally-shot-in-capitol/ Video shows the moment Ashli Babbitt was fatally shot in Capitol]. ''New York Post''. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
*Kates, Graham (January 7, 2021). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ashli-babbitt-killed-us-capitol-riots-trump-supporter/ Ashli Babbitt identified as woman killed by police during U.S. Capitol riots]. ''CBS News''. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</ref> Babbitt served four tours in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq]]. In July 2021 Capitol Police Lt. [[Michael Byrd]] was identified as the gunman who used excessive force against unarmed white woman.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/07/identity-ashli-babbitt-killer-confirmed-careless-capitol-police-lieutenant-protected-democrats-pelosi-deep-state-fbi/</ref> A veteran Capitol Police officer said his colleague was not following department firearms training, which requires officers to keep their weapons pointed in a safe direction while making sure of what’s in front of and beyond a target, and to keep the finger off the trigger until ready to fire. “His trigger finger shouldn’t be inside the trigger guard and the gun shouldn’t be pointed at other officers. He’s even pointing it in the direction of a member of Congress,” the fellow officer said, referring to Rep. [[Markwayne Mullin]]. A lawyer for the Babbitt family said, “I can’t tell you how many officers have contacted me to say that what that guy did doesn’t pass muster. No one has come forward to say this was justified homicide, not even the Justice Department. The way he did it — hiding in a room and then popping out and firing — is a problem. If his objective was to stop her, he didn’t need to shoot."<ref>[https://www.realclearinvestigations.com/articles/2021/08/05/lawyer_capitol_cop_who_shot_ashli_babbitt_ambushed_her_on_jan_6_without_warning_788569.html Lawyer: Capitol Cop Who Shot Ashli Babbitt 'Ambushed' Her on Jan. 6 Without Warning], By Paul Sperry, RealClearInvestigations, August 05, 2021.</ref>

The whereabouts of Babbitt's remains engendered some speculation<ref>https://meaww.com/ashli-babbitt-body-veteran-burial-military-honors-debate-capitol-riots-death-shooting-investigation</ref> All that is known is that the D.C. Medical Examiner requested [[cremation]] two days after her alleged death.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/08/04/judicial-watch-obtains-docs-of-dc-examiners-request-to-cremate-ashli-babbitt-2-days-after-getting-custody-of-body-1112965/</ref>

Byrd, who once left his loaded gun in a Capitol bathroom unattended while a group of school kids were touring the Capitol, was hailed as a hero by leftist media.<ref>https://www.waynedupree.com/2021/08/greg-kelly-capitol-photo-ashli-babbitt/</ref>

===Rosanne Boyland===
[[File:Philip Anderson.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Phillip Anderson (left) was with Rosanne Boyland when she was trampled to death after Capitol Police pepper spread peaceful protesters. "She was holding my hand when she died."<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/07/philip-anderson-capitol-police-killed-rosanne-boyland-know-holding-hand-died-audio/</ref>]]
[[Rosanne Boyland]] was a peaceful protester who was reportedly beaten to death<ref>https://rumble.com/vjzqy8-audio-of-philip-anderson-on-jan.-6-protest-and-police-killing.html</ref> by DC Metro Police officer Lila Morris at the [[J6 protests]]. Morris was seen on video beating Boyland with devastating force as Boyland lay unconscious on the [[U.S. Capitol]] steps. [[Fake news]] media reports attributed her death to a drug overdose.<ref>https://archive.is/wip/NB3c0</ref> Philip Anderson, a victim of [[Antifa]] violence in [[San_Francisco#Progressivism_in_the_21st_century|San Francisco in the fall of 2020]]<ref>https://www.bitchute.com/video/_HZTqNqlW-I/</ref><ref>https://archive.is/ZB1Y3M</ref>, held Boyland's hand at the time of her death.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/07/philip-anderson-capitol-police-killed-rosanne-boyland-know-holding-hand-died-audio/</ref> A second eyewitness came forward and made an audio recorded statement to [[Jim Hoft]] of the Gatewaypundit.<ref>https://rumble.com/vkjbho-second-witness-capitol-police-killed-rosanne-boyland-on-jan.-6-as-i-tried-t.html</ref>

Ten months after the killing, the family was denied Roseanne Boyland's full autopsy report by the DC Medical Examiner’s office and the Biden [[Department of Justice]]. The Government of the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department also denied the family of Rosanne Boyland the video footage they posess showing her death after her father filed a [[Freedom of Information Act]] (FOIA) request to obtain it.

Rep. [[Louie Gohmert]] (R-TX) grilled chief procurator [[Merrick Garland]] under oath about Boyland’s death and the video showing Boyland being beaten and possibly killed by a DC Police Officer on the Capitol steps. Gohmert asked Garland if a determination was ever made to the DC Metro Police Officer who struck Rosanne Boyland repeatedly in the head with a rod before she died. According to ''[[The Gatewaypundit]]'' Garland proceeded to lie to the nation in front of the [[House Judiciary Committee]]. The Boyland family has since contacted the Department Justice and were told there was no such investigation.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/11/must-read-exclusive-family-rosanne-boyland-killed-january-6th-denied-full-autopsy-report-speak-first-time-plead-government-investigation-please-help-gri/</ref>

===Fake news===
:{{See also|Impeachment 2.0}}

''[[The New York Times]]'' initially reported that U.S. Capitol Police Officer Brian Sicknick was “bludgeoned by a fire extinguisher.” The Democrat House Impeachment Trial Memorandum named President Trump liable for “insurrectionists” that “killed a Capitol police officer by striking him in the head with a fire extinguisher.” [[CNN]] later reported that there was no fire extinguisher at all. The pathologist who performed the autopsy claimed Sicknick did not die from blunt trauma force. Sicknick in fact texted his brother the evening after the riot to tell him he was fine and “in good shape.”<ref>https://www.propublica.org/article/officer-brian-sicknick-capitol</ref>

The next day the Sicknick family began getting phone calls from reporters that Sicknick had been declared dead. However, as it turned out, Sicknick was not dead yet.<ref>https://archive.fo/yaDbS</ref> One hour later, as Sicknick’s family rushed to the hospital to see what they believed was Officer Sicknick fighting for his life, the US Capitol Police issued a further statement that Sicknick now was dead. Sicknick's brother had been told Brian collapsed inside the Capitol building, then was rushed to the hospital.<ref>https://archive.fo/BfdiT</ref> But the US Capitol Police’s statement told a different story: Brian had returned to his office at the police division first.

Sometime apparently between Sicknick being fine, healthy, and back in his office on Wednesday night, and dead or effectively dead on early Thursday evening, Sicknick apparently suffered a stroke. Sicknick’s body then was cremated.<ref>https://www.revolver.news/2021/02/maga-blood-libel-why-are-they-hiding-the-medical-report/</ref>

==Prosecution==
The [[Biden junta]] resumed the weaponization of the [[Justice Department]] against political opponents that was begun by the [[Obama administration]]. Chief prosecutor [[Merrick Garland]] took over where [[Loretta Lynch]], [[Sally Yates]], [[Eric Holder]] and [[Rod Rosenstein]] left off. The ''[[Washington Examiner]]'' reported,
{{quotebox-float| U.S. District Court Judge Amit Mehta said during a court hearing conducted by phone and Zoom he was “surprised” to see Michael Sherwin, the former acting U.S. attorney for the [[District of Columbia]], and other officials discussing the pending investigation into the insurrection in interviews with the ''[[New York Times]]'' and [[CBS]]’s ''60 Minutes''.

“I was surprised — and I’m being restrained in my use of terminology — surprised, to say the least, to see Mr. Sherwin sitting for an interview about a pending case in an ongoing criminal investigation. Whether his interview violated Justice Department policy is really not for me to say, but it is something I hope the Department of Justice is looking into,” the judge said. “As for the ''New York Times'' story, I found it troubling that sources within the Department of Justice were detailing the possibility of additional charges in a pending criminal case in an ongoing criminal investigation. I have little doubt that anonymously divulging internal department deliberations is contrary to department policy.”

[…] “No matter how much press attention this matter gets, let me be clear that these defendants are entitled to a fair trial, not one that is conducted in the [[media]],” Mehta said. “They are also entitled to defend against charges that are actually brought against them, not speculation about what might or might not be coming. … The fact is, these types of statements in the media have the potential of affecting the [[jury]] pool and the rights of these defendants, and the government, quite frankly, in my view, should know better.”<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/judge-surprised-ex-top-prosecutors-speculation-media-capitol-riot-sedition-charges</ref>}}
[[File:Flash bang January 6.PNG|right|350px|thumb|Flash bang fired by Capitol Police into a crowd of peaceful protesters with women, children, and the elderly at the bottom of the Capitol steps.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/05/horror-exclusive-video-capitol-police-fired-exploding-flash-grenade-crowd-jan-6-explosion-fired-crowd-men-women-children/</ref>]]
==Current Action==
In response to the injustices faced by non-violent American patriots, citizens have been organizing to hold our DOJ and FBI accountable. Rallies organized by [[Look Ahead America]] have been ongoing since June 19th, 2021, and occur outside the DC correctional Facility. The simple message of the protests is to end the political persecution of fellow citizens separated from their families for months. Prisoners also face solitary confinement, denial of medical care, denial of access to faith and worship services, and financial ruin due to court costs and legal fees. Approximately fifty American political prisoners remain imprisoned at the DC correctional facility, so rallies continue to end the injustice.<ref>https://lookaheadamerica.org/rally/</ref> Satellite rallies are conducted in nine other states with the same goal and vision.<ref>https://lookaheadamerica.org/satellite/</ref> Arizona Representative [[Paul Gosar]] addressed the June 19th, 2021 Rally Against Political Persecution at the Department of Justice showing support for civil rights of prisoners.<ref>https://lookaheadamerica.org/laa-announces-rep-paul-gosar-to-address-rallyagainstpoliticalpersecution/</ref>

==QAnon conspiracy theory==
Of the more than 400 peaceful protesters arrested in the Capitol protests, 20 persons, or approximately 0.00000604229607251% of the U.S. population, were said to be QAnon followers by the [[FBI]].<ref>https://www.vice.com/en/article/88n8yk/the-fbis-new-qanon-report-is-scary-as-hell?utm_source=vicenewstwitter</ref>

The most frightening moment connected with January 6 protests occurred when the FBI seized a replica model of the U.S. Capitol in a box of Legos. Elements within the FBI had illegally leaked to the media that the Lego structure had been a fully constructed diagram of the Capitol building. In an unprecedented move, the FBI actually corrected its illegal fake news leak later, and in record time, too.<ref>https://nypost.com/2021/07/12/capitol-lego-set-seized-from-rioter-in-box-unassembled/</ref>

==Congressional Black Caucus==
{|class="infobox" style="float:right; font-size:85%; width:1ex; line-height:17px; margin: 0px 0px 5px 50px" cellpadding="1"
|[[File:Beatty arrested for storming the Capitol.PNG|318px]]
|[[File:Sheila Jackson Lee.PNG|268px]]
|[[File:Hank Johnson arrested at 2021 Capitol insurrection.PNG|168px]]
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr/>(left) [[Congressional Black Caucus]] vice chair [[Joyce Beatty]], (center) [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] (right) [[Hank Johnson]]
|}
:{{See also|Two-tier justice system}}
In 2021, [[Congressional Black Caucus]] vice-chair [[Joyce Beatty]] was arrested for storming the [[U.S. Capitol]] with [[Linda Sarsour]] and a mob of insurrectionists.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/07/16/dem-congresswoman-chair-of-black-caucus-arrested-for-storming-senate-building-leading-insurgents-1104360/</ref> Sarsour declared [[jihad]] against the United States government in 2017, In 2017 [[Linda Sarsour]] declared jihad against the United States government.<ref>https://www.jpost.com/American-Politics/Linda-Sarsour-calls-for-jihad-against-American-government-499039</ref> and had been arrested for leading mobs of insurrectionists into the offices of the [[Speaker of the House]]<ref>https://www.theunitedwest.org/2018/03/08/linda-sarsour-arrested-at-the-us-capitol</ref> and at the [[Kavanaugh hearings insurrection]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Sabrina|last=Siddiqui|title=[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/04/brett-kavanaugh-protests-disrupt-senate-supreme-court-hearing Brett Kavanaugh: protests disrupt Senate supreme court hearing]|date=September 5, 2018|work=The Guardian}}</ref> A week later, Georgia Rep.[[Hank Johnson]] led the mob in a takeover of the Senate Hart Office building.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/07/23/another-democrat-lawmaker-arrested-on-capitol-hill-for-leading-march-into-building-so-insurrection-1107462/</ref> Beatty, Sarsour, and Johnson were all released the same day. None were subjected to the same inhumane treatment the January 6 peaceful protesters were subjected to.

==Pelosi Panel==
:{{See also|Pelosi Panel}}
House crypt keeper [[Nancy Pelosi]] appointed a non-bipartisan [[Uniparty]] commission with the stated purpose to allegedly investigate the January 6 peaceful protests at the U.S. Capitol after the [[United States Senate]] rejected the idea.<ref>https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-senate-votes-block-panel-probe-capitol-riot</ref> Even Joe Biden rejected the idea.<ref>https://www.axios.com/biden-jan-6-commission-67eb120f-5c0b-48e6-be77-08158ef94441.html</ref> Pelosi formed her own panel anyway and hand-selected participants, booting off Republican members while pretending the panel was bipartisan.<ref>https://news.yahoo.com/pelosi-rejects-jordan-and-banks-for-jan-6-committee-as-house-gop-says-it-will-launch-its-own-investigation-194806464.html</ref> Pelosi did not want to answer questions about her own involvement in rejecting National Guard security in the days before the fiasco.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/capitol-police-reject-federal-help-9c39a4ddef0ab60a48828a07e4d03380</ref>

In the days leading up to the formation of the committee, a [[Rasmussen Poll]] found that 66% of registered voters would rather see the 2020 Black Lives Matter and Antifa riots investigated. 67% of whites, 64% of [[Black]] voters, 66% of [[Hispanic]]s and 62% of other minorities thought Congress should be investigating the 2020 leftwing riots that enveloped American cities. 60% of Democrats, 63% of voters not affiliated with either major party, and 75% of Republicans said Congress should investigate the 2020 riots. No majority existed for the Pelosi panel.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/07/poll-majority-voters-want-antifa-blm-investigated-january-6th/</ref>

A Massachusetts teacher who was forced to resign after photos of him at the Capitol on January 6 later won a seat on the district’s school board.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/11/ma-teacher-forced-resign-attending-jan-6-protest-wins-school-board-seat/</ref>

==See also==
*[[Save America March 2021]]
*[[Whitmer kidnapping plot]]
*[[Reichstag fire]]
*[[Ruby Ridge]]
*[[Guantanamo Bay]]
*[[Left-wing violence under the Biden junta (2021)]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://amgreatness.com/author/julie-kelly/ The American Greatness articles]
*[https://www.bitchute.com/video/ekQGipzU7E49/ Everything Wrong With the Capitol Shooting In 21 Minutes Or Less], Wooz News, February 6, 2021. bitchute
*[https://greenwald.substack.com/p/questions-about-the-fbis-role-in Questions About the FBI's Role in 1/6 Are Mocked Because the FBI Shapes Liberal Corporate Media], [[Glenn Greenwald]], June 18, 2021
*[https://americangulag.org/ American Gulag]
{{Deep State}}
[[Category:Biden Putsch]]
[[Category:Biden Junta]]
[[Category:Police State]]

User:Blavek

2021-09-26T21:14:59Z

Blavek: Stop stalking me!

{{greeting
|username=DavidB4
|sig=--[[User:DavidB4|DavidB4]] ([[User talk:DavidB4|TALK]]) 21:16, September 25, 2021 (EDT)
}}

What a coincidence… [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Blavek Not every ban on Wikipedia] makes you a credible user on Conservapedia, Mr. “Awbrey”. We’ll have an eye on you. [[User:Conservapedia Guard|Conservapedia Guard]] ([[User talk:Conservapedia Guard|talk]]) 17:38, September 25, 2021 (EDT)

:Belated welcome, Blavek! Being blocked on Wikipedia is not a crime. So please just stick to Conservapedia's rules, and there shouldn't be any problems. Thanks! --[[User:DavidB4|DavidB4]] ([[User talk:DavidB4|TALK]]) 21:16, September 25, 2021 (EDT)

::Thanks for the welcome. I hope I will be forgiven for not checking if my name had already been used on [[wikipedia]] by some sock puppeteer 14 years ago before subscribing to this site.
:: If I understand Conservapedia's rules correctly the following actions are not allowed and can result in your account being blocked by an admin:
:: * Creating a page about your "fake history" website pretending it is real
:: * Making a link to that page from your website pretending it's an independent confirmation of your claims
:: * Instead of replying to the message, undermining the credibility of the messenger who tried to report this to the admins
:: * Removing the <nowiki>{{delete}}</nowiki> template from your page without admin intervention
:: * Creating a sock puppet account pretending to be an admin to further stalk the user who reported your page
:: I may be wrong. As soon as you show some evidence about the time period 1980-2020, I will publicly retract everything I said about "hoax", "fake history", "sock puppet", and any other word that may have offended you. [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 17:14, September 26, 2021 (EDT)

Gretchen Whitmer kidnap plot

2021-09-20T14:44:57Z

Blavek: typing errors

[[File:Whitmer at the coup.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Whitmer doing a selfie at the [[Biden Putsch]].]]
The '''Gretchen Whitmer kidnap plot''' was an [[FBI]] sting operation coordinated as an [[October Surprise]] to affect the outcome of the 2020 general elections in the [[United States]]. The intent was to generate fear about alleged "rightwing" movements in the United States and smear [[conservative]] voters and candidates as "anti-government extremists." The plot was conceived, coordinated, led by, and executed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

In 2020 a group of undercover FBI informants and agent [[provocateur]]s convinced an anti-Trump, anti-[[police]] [[anarchist]] group to reconnoiter [[Michigan]] governor [[Gretchen Whitmer]]'s vacation home.<ref>https://www.lawenforcementtoday.com/new-evidence-released-in-whitmer-kidnapping-plot/</ref> Whitmer had recieved much criticism as a [[leftist tyrant]] for her [[totalitarian]] [[covid lockdown]] orders. The anarchists then were arrested in what was alleged to be a kidnapping plot of Whitmer.<ref>https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/10/08/deep-dive-into-the-details-of-a-scheme-to-kidnap-gov-whitmer-hold-her-hostage/</ref> Whitmer used the FBI operation to bash President Trump as the head of a "vast right-wing conspiracy".<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/10/13/whitmer-kidnapping-plot-may-have-been-an-fbi-entrapment-of-a-bunch-of-crackpots/</ref><ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/10/update-ring-leader-plot-kidnap-wretched-governor-whitmer-alleged-fbi-informant-pushed-entire-plan/</ref><ref>https://thespectator.info/2020/10/18/suspects-say-ring-leader-in-plot-to-kidnap-wretched-governor-whitmer-was-an-alleged-fbi-informant-who-pushed-the-entire-plan/</ref><ref>https://www.sgtreport.com/2020/10/fbi-informant-was-one-of-the-most-active-leaders-pushing-crackpot-whitmer-kidnapping-plot-defense/</ref> The alleged plot also included an alleged plan to storm the Michigan state capitol. Terrorism charges were later dropped against individuals charged.<ref>https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/03/29/gretchen-whitmer-plot-threat-paul-bellar-joseph-morrison-pete-musico/7044920002/</ref>

A look at the annotated indictment reveals that at every level of the plot, FBI operatives played the most important leadership roles:<ref>https://www.revolver.news/2021/06/federal-foreknowledge-jan-6-unindicted-co-conspirators-raise-disturbing-questions/</ref>

*The plot’s “explosives expert,” who the plotters were accused of planning to buy bombs from, turned out to be an FBI agent.

*The head of transportation for the militia outfit turned out to be an undercover FBI agent.

*The head of security for the militia outfit turned out to be an undercover FBI informant.

*At least two undercover FBI informants were active participants in the initial June 6, 2020 meeting in which the plot to storm Capitol buildings was allegedly hatched — meaning at least three FBI informants infiltrated before the conspiracy even started.

In one of the plot’s climactic scenes, in the main van driving up to look at Governor Whitmer’s vacation home, three out of the five people in the van — 60 percent of the plot’s senior leaders — were federal agents and informants. FBI infiltrators comprised, at the very least, 26 percent of the plotters. According to court papers, 12 FBI informants participated in making the arrests of 6 suspects in another [[October Surprise]] just prior to the 2020 general election.<ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2021/07/13/12-fbi-operatives-involved-in-gretchen-whitmer-kidnapping-plot-that-ended-with-six-arrests/</ref> The head of the FBI field office in Detroit, Steven D’Antuono, who oversaw the infiltration operation into the Michigan plot was quickly and quietly promoted to lead the [[Washington, D.C.]] field office.<ref>https://www.deadlinedetroit.com/articles/26405/detroit_s_top_fbi_agent_promoted_to_head_of_d_c_field_office</ref>

In a follow-up story, the FBI Special Agent in charge of the operation was charged with assault with intent to do great bodily harm, less than [[murder]] following a domestic incident with his wife.<ref> https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/07/19/fbi-agent-whitmer-kidnap-case-arrested-following-domestic-incident-richard-trask/8013618002/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Biden Putsch]][[Category:Police State]]

Gretchen Whitmer

2021-09-20T14:14:51Z

Blavek: /* FBI sting operation */ typing errors

{{Officeholder
|name=Gretchen Whitmer
|image=Senator Gretchen Whitmer 2011.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=Marc Mallory
|religion=[[Christian]] ([[Christian in name only|in name only]])
|offices=
{{Officeholder/governor
|state=Michigan
|lieutenant=[[Garlin Gilchrist]]
|terms=January 1, 2019 – present
|preceded=[[Rick Snyder]]
|succeeded=
}}
{{Officeholder/misc
|office=[[Michigan]] Senate, 23rd District
|terms=March 21, 2006 – January 1, 2015
|preceded=Virgil Bernero
|succeeded=Curtis Hertel Jr.
}}
{{Officeholder/misc
|office=[[Michigan]] House of Representatives, 70th District
|terms=January 1, 2001 – December 31, 2002
|preceded=Laura Baird
|succeeded=Judy Emmons
}}
{{Officeholder/misc
|office=[[Michigan]] House of Representatives, 69th District
|terms=January 1, 2003 – November 15, 2006
|preceded=???
|succeeded=Mark Meadows
}}
}}

'''Gretchen Esther “Half-wit” ([[Gretchen Whitmer#Disdain from Michiganders|see below]]) Whitmer''' (born August 23, 1971, age {{age|1971|8|23}}) is the current Governor of [[Michigan]] and [[DNC]] Vice chair.<ref>https://www.mlive.com/politics/2021/01/biden-picks-whitmer-for-dnc-vice-chair.html</ref> She was given the position of vice chair after speaking expletives while addressing the 2020 Democratic National Convention.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/whitmer-mouths-expletive-in-hot-mic-moment-before-dnc-convention-speech/ar-BB185aUd</ref> Previously Whitmer served in the Michigan Senate, and in the Michigan House of Representatives before that.

In October 2020 the Michigan Supreme Court denied Whitmer's request to extend her [[totalitarian]] grip on the state through [[Coronavirus]] [[lockdown]] orders.<ref>https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/michigan-supreme-court-denies-gov-whitmer-request-extension-pandemic-executive-powers</ref>

Whitmer has publicly urged [[violence]] and the assassination and removal of [[President Donald J. Trump]].<ref name="msn.com">https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/critics-say-whitmers-8645-sticker-was-call-to-kill-trump/ar-BB1aaOMm</ref>

==Michigan Senate==
While a member of the [[Michigan]] Senate, Whitmer was at a militant rally in December 2012 protesting then-governor [[Rick Snyder]]'s enactment of a statewide [[right to work]] law.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bw8yJ4GgmCE State Senator Gretchen Whitmer at the Right To Work Protest at the Capitol in Lansing]</ref> Less than two weeks later, profane and violent [[Liberal bigotry|liberal bigots]] assaulted peaceful protestors who supported right to work initiatives.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6w_ze-2r9c4 UNEDITED UNION ASSAULT FOOTAGE!] '''(Warning: Video is NOT for kids, as it contains recorded footage of repetitive expletive usage, assault, and mob violence)'''</ref>

==Governor of Michigan==
Whitmer sent [[racial]]ly-motivated disparaging text messages to female [[African American]] state representative [[Karen Whitsett]] when the latter's conduct fell outside the acceptable norms and boundaries of the [[Democrat plantation]].<ref>https://twitter.com/LizRNC/status/1253843859412602881</ref>

Gov. Whitmer asserted on May 25, 2020, that [[Donald Trump]]'s tweets has caused her to have “the worst night's sleep” in ten weeks.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMIvhsFXZi0 Axios on HBO: Governor Gretchen Whitmer (Promo) | HBO]</ref>

===2018 Michigan gubernatorial election===
:{{See also|2018 Midterm elections}}
Whitmer ran for governor in 2018 and easily won the gubernatorial election over [[Bill Schuette]] by almost 10% of the vote,<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.politico.com/election-results/2018/michigan/governor/ Michigan Governor Election Results 2018]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/michigan-governor Michigan Governor Election Results]</ref> with the results largely attributed to a blue wave, Schuette being a weaker candidate, and [[Democrats]] blaming [[Rick Snyder]] and the [[Republicans]] over the [[Flint water crisis]].<ref>[https://www.politifact.com/article/2016/feb/15/whos-blame-flint-water-crisis/ Who's to blame for the Flint water crisis? - PolitiFact]</ref>

===Tenure===
Despite fake news "fact-checking",<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/jul/24/great-lakes-news/whitmer-did-not-defund-police-corrections/ Michigan Gov. Whitmer didn’t defund police and corrections]
*[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/07/24/fact-check-whitmer-did-not-defund-police-and-corrections/5503198002/ Fact-check: Michigan’s Gov. Whitmer didn’t defund police and corrections]</ref> Whitmer voiced support for [[defunding the police]]<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/06/09/michigan-gov-whitmer-supports-spirit-of-defunding-police-open-to-ending-qualified-immunity/ Michigan Gov. Whitmer supports ‘spirit’ of ‘defunding police,’ open to ending qualified immunity]
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/michigans-whitmer-says-she-supports-spirit-of-defund-the-police-calls Michigan's Whitmer says she supports 'spirit' of 'defund the police' calls]
*[https://www.dailywire.com/news/mi-gov-whitmers-comments-on-defund-the-police-gets-backlash-from-gop-clarification-from-her-office MI Gov. Whitmer’s Comments On ‘Defund The Police’ Gets Backlash From GOP, ‘Clarification’ From Her Office]</ref> and cut over $100 million from the statewide police budget, replacing the money with federal dollars at an insufficient amount.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/07/22/gretchen-whitmer-defunds-police-cuts-115-million-from-state-cops-replaces-portion-with-fed/ Gretchen Whitmer Defunds Police: Cuts $115 Million from State Cops, Replaces Portion with Fed Cash]</ref>

====Incompetent handling of coronavirus outbreak====
[[File:Gretchen-whitmer-social-distancing.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Gretchen Whitmer (4th from left) partying at a bar with predominantly white Democrat [[bureaucrat]]s, in violation of Whitmer's own mask and social distancing orders which destroyed many Michiganders lives and businesses.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9611143/Michigan-governor-apologizes-social-distancing-blunder.html</ref>]]
:{{See also|CCP virus in the United States}}
After it came to be known that [[hydroxychloroquine]] was an effective treatment for the [[CCP virus]], Whitmer banned doctors from prescribing it.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.redstate.com/elizabeth-vaughn/2020/03/27/michigan-gov.-warns-doctors-pharmacists-who-prescribe-or-dispense-hydroxychloroquine-of-professional-consequences MI Gov. Places Restrictions on Hydroxychloroquine; Constituent Who Credits the Drug for Saving His Life Wants to Talk]
*[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/mar/29/gretchen-whitmer-michigan-governor-hydroxychloroqu/ Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer hit for hydroxychloroquine crackdown as debate escalates]
*[https://townhall.com/tipsheet/bronsonstocking/2020/03/29/michigan-governor-under-fire-for-cracking-down-on-potential-lifesaving-drug-amid-the-coronavirus-n2565934 Michigan Governor Cracks Down on Possible Life Saving Drug Amid Coronavirus Pandemic]</ref> Only a few days later, Whitmer immediately reversed the crackdown and requested that the [[Trump administration]] supply the very drug she had just previously banned constituents from obtaining.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-health-watch/facing-shortages-michigan-asks-feds-experimental-coronavirus-drugs Facing shortages, Michigan asks feds for experimental coronavirus drugs]
*[https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2020/03/31/gov-whitmer-reverses-course-on-coronavirus-drugs-is-now-asking-feds-for-hydroxychloroquine-and-chloroquine Gov. Whitmer reverses course on coronavirus drugs, is now asking feds for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine]
*[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/04/01/gov-gretchen-whitmer-asks-trump-administration-for-chloroquine-after-reversing-ban/ Gov. Gretchen Whitmer Asks Trump Administration for Chloroquine After Reversing Crackdown]</ref>

Former U.S. representative [[Kerry Bentivolio]] reported to National File in late March 2020 that Whitmer and her office had rejected his offer of accepting several thousand facemasks to distribute throughout [[Michigan]].<ref>[https://nationalfile.com/exclusive-former-congressman-gretchen-whitmer-rejected-my-offer-of-facemasks/ EXCLUSIVE — Former Congressman: Gretchen Whitmer REJECTED My Offer of Facemasks]</ref>

{{Anchor|Unconstitutionally legislating double standards}}
Whitmer declared what items are and are not "essential", dictating to grocery stores what they can and cannot sell. In a move reminiscent of the [[Stalin]]esque [[Holodomor]], Whitmer would not allow the purchase of seeds during the spring planting season for backyard fruit and vegetables gardens. Self-sufficiency and growing fruits and vegetables at home while on lockdown would maintain social distancing by avoiding grocery stores during the pandemic. Lottery tickets and revenue to the state from gambling however, is still permitted. In addition, Whitmer allows [[abortion]] "services" to maintain because they are supposedly "life-sustaining" (blatantly ignoring the fact that abortion is murder)<ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/apr/17/gretchen-whitmer-michigan-governor-declares-aborti/ Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer declares abortion a 'life-sustaining' service]</ref> yet car seats were not "essential".

After Whitmer issued new oppressive regulations barring private gatherings "of any size", a Facebook page called "Michiganders Against Excessive Quarantine" grew to 344,000 followers.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/groups/4035375409821058/</ref>

Whitmer banned motor boats and jet skies, but not canoes and sailboats,<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/04/crackpot-michigan-governor-whitmer-bans-motor-boats-jet-skis-not-canoes-sailboats-just/</ref> proving her assumption of dictatorial powers to pursue the [[Green New Deal]] anti-[[fossil fuel]] agenda rather than to limit social distancing to protect public health. Whitmer's actions revealed the anti-democratic and totalitarian nature of Leftism and the Democrat Party. Michiganders are banned from traveling "between residences" if they own a cottage or a summer home, but the ban only applies to Michigan residents, so an out-of-stater with a cottage in the Upper Peninsula could presumably still visit. The ban also still allows travel between states, so if a Michigander has a cottage in Wisconsin or Ohio, he can travel without fear of being arrested or fined by state police.<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/04/13/the-coronavirus-is-exposing-little-tyrants-all-over-the-country/</ref> University of Michigan Law school students filed a lawsuit against Whitmer on behalf of a Michigan timeshare owner over the governor's stay-home order for civil rights violations.<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/04/28/michigan-law-school-students-launch-lawsuit-against-whitmer-over-tyrannical-lockdown/</ref>

Whitmer told ''[[Politico]]'' that [[2020 presidential election]] candidate [[Joe Biden]], sidelined with mental competency concerns and [[sexual assault]] allegations, is helping her with her communication strategy<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qR3eYQ78QY</ref> and that she and Biden are cut from similar cloth.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-27/whitmer-says-she-and-biden-cut-from-similar-cloth-amid-vp-buzz</ref> Biden has admitted to counseling Whitmer as she navigated through unconstitutional territories.<ref>https://nypost.com/2020/04/28/joe-biden-counseling-michigan-gov-whitmer-amid-coronavirus/</ref> [[Attorney General]] [[William Barr]] issued a statement:
{{quotebox|I am directing each of our United States Attorneys to be on the lookout for state and local directives that could be violating the [[constitutional rights]] and [[civil liberties]] of individual citizens.... the Constitution is not suspended..."<ref>https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1271456/download</ref>}}

On May 22, 2020, Whitmer arbitrarily extended the statewide stay-at-home order from May 28 to June 12.<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.indystar.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/05/22/stay-at-home-order-extended-gretchen-whitmer/5245517002/ Gov. Gretchen Whitmer extends Michigan stay home order to June 12]
*[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/we-must-continue-democratic-gov-gretchen-whitmer-extends-michigan-quarantine-through-june-12 'We must continue': Democratic Gov. Gretchen Whitmer extends Michigan quarantine through June 12]</ref>

On June 18, 2020, one day before the statewide emergency order was set to expire, Whitmer extended it until July 16.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/06/18/gov-gretchen-whitmer-extends-michigan-state-of-emergency-until-july-16/ Gov. Gretchen Whitmer extends Michigan state of emergency until July 16]
*[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/06/18/whitmer-extends-michigan-state-emergency-through-july-16/3215662001/ Whitmer extends Michigan's state of emergency through July 16]
*[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/06/18/whitmer-extends-michigan-state-of-emergency-july-16/3214892001/ Gov. Gretchen Whitmer extends Michigan's state of emergency until July 16]</ref> On July 15, she extended the order once again, setting the state of emergency to continue until early-to-mid August.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/lifestyle-buzz/gov-whitmer-extends-michigan-coronavirus-state-of-emergency-through-aug-11/ar-BB16Jzyd Gov. Whitmer extends Michigan coronavirus state of emergency through Aug. 11]
*[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/politics/gretchen-whitmer-extends-michigan-emergency-declaration-until-aug-12 Gretchen Whitmer extends Michigan emergency declaration until Aug. 12]
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/michigan-governor-emergency-declaration-august-coronavirus Michigan governor extends emergency declaration through mid-August amid surge in coronavirus cases]</ref> Unsurprisingly, she again extended the order on August 7, 2020, to September 4,<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/michigan-gov-whitmer-extends-state-of-emergency-declaration-for-covid-19-to-sept-4 Michigan Gov. Whitmer extends state of emergency declaration for COVID-19 to Sept. 4]
*[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/whitmer-extends-state-of-emergency-in-michigan-through-september-4/ar-BB17HC3Z Whitmer Extends State Of Emergency In Michigan Through September 4]
*[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/08/07/whitmer-extend-michigan-covid-19-emergency-through-sept-4/3320748001/ Whitmer extends Michigan's COVID-19 emergency through Sept. 4]
*[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/michigan/articles/2020-08-07/whitmer-extends-coronavirus-emergency-through-sept-4 Whitmer Extends Coronavirus Emergency Through Sept. 4]</ref> and yet again exactly on September 4 to last until October 1.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2020/09/04/gov-whitmer-extends-state-of-emergency-to-continue-fighting-spread-of-covid-19 Gov. Whitmer extends state of emergency to continue fighting spread of COVID-19]
*[https://www.fox47news.com/news/local-news/governor-whitmer-extends-executive-order-until-october Governor Whitmer extends executive order until October]
*[https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/whitmer-extends-coronavirus-state-of-emergency-until-oct-1/ar-BB18GDtL Whitmer extends coronavirus state of emergency until Oct. 1]
*[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/08/07/whitmer-extend-michigan-covid-19-emergency-through-sept-4/3320748001/ Whitmer extends Michigan's COVID-19 emergency through Sept. 4]</ref>

On July 10, Gov. Whitmer signed an executive order mandating people in Michigan to wear masks in any indoor public spaces and outdoor public areas;<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.wxyz.com/news/coronavirus/whitmer-signs-order-requiring-people-to-wear-masks-in-all-indoor-spaces-crowded-outdoor-spaces Whitmer signs order requiring people to wear masks in all indoor spaces, crowded outdoor spaces]
*[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/07/10/coronavirus-michigan-masks-mandate-covid-whitmer/5412150002/ Whitmer toughens Michigan requirement to wear masks with new executive order: What it says]
*[https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2020/07/whitmer-orders-mask-use-in-michigan-violators-could-be-fined-up-to-500.html Whitmer orders mask use in Michigan, violators could be fined up to $500]</ref> violators are expected to be fined up to $500, and private businesses are unconstitutionally required to refuse entry to anyone not wearing masks under the threat of having their licenses withheld.

Whitmer announced on September 9, 2020, that statewide lockdown orders will remain until a [[coronavirus vaccine]] is produced and available.<ref>[https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2020/09/michigan-will-not-soften-coronavirus-response-until-there-is-a-vaccine-gov-whitmer-says.html Michigan will not soften coronavirus response until there is a vaccine, Gov Whitmer says]</ref>

On September 9, 2020, Whitmer signed an executive order mandating face masks to be worn for players at organized sports events<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/09/michigan-governor-crazed-tyrant-gretchen-whitmer-orders-high-school-football-soccer-v-ball-players-wear-masks-even-competition/ Michigan Governor and Crazed Tyrant Gretchen Whitmer Orders High School Football, Soccer and V-Ball Players to Wear Masks, Even During Competition]
*[https://www.freep.com/story/sports/high-school/2020/09/09/gov-whitmer-executive-order-face-covering-football-sports/5765358002/ Gov. Whitmer signs executive order mandating face covering for organized sports]
*[https://www.mlive.com/highschoolsports/2020/09/gov-whitmer-football-players-other-athletes-must-mask-up-even-while-competing.html Gov. Whitmer: Football players, other athletes must mask up, even while competing]
*[https://www.cnsnews.com/blog/craig-bannister/mich-gov-whitmer-student-amateur-athletes-must-wear-masks-while-playing-sports Mich. Gov. Whitmer: Student, Amateur Athletes Must Wear Masks While Playing Sports – But, Pro Sports Exempt]</ref> ''despite the danger in breathing through face masks while heavily exercising''.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/wearing-face-mask-could-make-exercise-dangerous/ar-BB15HWIK Wearing Face Mask Could Make Exercise Dangerous]</ref>

Whitmer said in a press conference on September 10, 2020, that the [[COVID-19]] emergency order could last for additional months.<ref>[https://www.wilx.com/2020/09/10/gov-whitmer-says-state-of-emergency-could-last-for-months/ Gov. Whitmer says state of emergency could last for "months”]</ref>

In what seemed to be a victory for [[conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] in early October 2020, the [[Michigan]] Supreme Court struck down Whitmer's coronavirus emergency orders, ruling them to be excessive and in violation of the state's constitution.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/519464-michigan-supreme-court-strikes-down-governors-continued-state-of Michigan Supreme Court strikes down governor's continued state of emergency]
*[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/10/michigan-supreme-court-rules-democrat-governor-gretchen-whitmer-exceeded-powers-coronavirus-pandemic/ Michigan Supreme Court Rules Democrat Governor Gretchen Whitmer Exceeded Powers During Coronavirus Pandemic]
*[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/michigan-supreme-court-strikes-down-gretchen-whitmers-coronavirus-orders Michigan Supreme Court strikes down Gretchen Whitmer's coronavirus orders]
*[https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/10/03/michigan-supreme-court-ruling-against-gov-whitmers-virus-order-what-happens-next/ Michigan Supreme Court ruling against Gov. Whitmer’s virus order: What happens next?]
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/michigan-supreme-court-whitmer-coronavirus-ruling Michigan Supreme Court strikes down Whitmer's coronavirus emergency orders]
*[https://nypost.com/2020/10/03/gretchen-whitmer-denied-emergency-coronavirus-powers-by-michigan-court/ Michigan Supreme Court denies Gov. Whitmer’s emergency coronavirus powers]
*[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/oct/2/gretchen-whitmer-exceeded-powers-during-coronaviru/ Gretchen Whitmer exceeded powers during pandemic, Michigan Supreme Court rules]</ref> Furious,<ref>[https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2020/10/whitmer-vehemently-disagrees-with-supreme-court-ruling-says-emergency-orders-remain-in-place-for-21-days.html Whitmer ‘vehemently disagrees’ with Supreme Court ruling, says emergency orders remain in place for 21 days]</ref> the stubborn governor, in defiance of the court, declared that the order would still last for an additional twenty-one days and vowed to use other means to retain her totalitarianism.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/10/02/michigan-supreme-court-strikes-down-gretchen-whitmers-emergency-powers/5863340002/ High court strikes down Whitmer's emergency powers; gov vows to use other means]
*[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/10/02/u-p-falls-back-phase-4-covid-19-reopening/3595115001/ Whitmer's order to put U.P. in Phase 4 in question after court ruling]
*[https://townhall.com/tipsheet/bethbaumann/2020/10/03/michigan-supreme-court-delivers-a-blow-to-gov-whitmers-lockdown-orders-n2577421 How Whitmer Plans to Circumvent MI Supreme Court's Lockdown Orders]</ref> She later issued another totalitarian stay-at-home order in mid-November.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/11/15/michigan-gov-gretchen-whitmer-orders-another-coronavirus-lockdown/ Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer Orders Another Coronavirus Lockdown]
*[https://www.dailywire.com/news/gov-gretchen-whitmer-locks-down-michigan-again Gov. Gretchen Whitmer Locks Down Michigan Again]
*[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/nov/16/gretchen-whitmer-michigan-governor-asserts-authori/ Gretchen Whitmer asserts authority to issue second stay-at-home order]
*[https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/526179-michigan-gov-whitmer-says-she-has-authority-to-issue-second-stay-at-home Michigan Gov. Whitmer says she has authority to issue second stay-at-home order]</ref>

====Cronyism at the expense of public health====
[[File:All Business is Essential.PNG|right|300px|thumb|"All Business is Essential" billboards appeared to protest Whitmer's assault on the Constitution and human rights.]]
Whitmer awarded a contract for contact tracing in Michigan to Every Action VAN, an arm of the Democratic data behemoth NGP VAN. The liberal firm works with all of the major Democratic campaign committees and hundreds of [[labor union]]s across the country. The move has sparked concern that Whitmer was using the CCP pandemic to strengthen the Democratic Party's data operation, potentially at the expense of public health.

NGP VAN is run by Stuart Trevelyan, who worked in the Clinton White House and who is reportedly helping presumptive Democrat nominee [[Joe Biden]]’s campaign.

Whitmer’s own 2019 campaign paid NGP VAN nearly $5,000 in 2019, according to state campaign finance records. Every Action’s other clients include the radical anti-Israel group Jewish Voice for Peace, [[Planned Parenthood]], and the left-wing National Women’s Law Center.

Whitmer also gave a contract to Great Lakes Community Engagement, which is run by Democrat consultant Michael Kolehouse. Kolehouse owns a firm that works to help elect [[far-left]] Democrats. Kolehouse said in a Facebook post:: “I hope [Trump] gets Coronavirus ASAP. Can someone do the country a favor and cough on that man.”<ref>https://freebeacon.com/coronavirus/michigan-governor-whitmer-awards-coronavirus-contract-to-dem-consulting-firm/</ref>

====Nursing home deaths====
In May 2020, Whitmer directed a dangerous policy in ordering seniors, or anyone else, who test positive for [[COVID-19]] to be transported to nursing homes that house healthy seniors,<ref>[https://townhall.com/tipsheet/cortneyobrien/2020/05/12/michigan-dem-lawmaker-sounds-off-on-whitmers-nursing-home-order-n2568678 Michigan Dem Lawmaker Sounds Off on Whitmer's Nursing Home Order]</ref> a measure criticized by even a [[Democrat]] state representative. A few days later, [[Republican]] state senator Peter J. Lucido sought an investigation into the matter.<ref>[https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/05/18/michigan-sen-peter-j-lucido-seeks-investigation-into-placing-covid-19-patients-at-nursing-homes/ Michigan Sen. Peter Lucido seeks investigation into placing COVID-19 patients at nursing homes]</ref> Whitmer's misguided directive came under heavy criticism<ref name="Whitmer Explaining">[https://100percentfedup.com/mi-gov-whitmer-has-some-explaining-to-do-20-yr-old-black-man-with-mental-issues-who-brutally-beat-77-yr-old-veteran-in-nursing-home-was-moved-to-nursing-facility-after-covid-diagnosis/ MI Gov Whitmer Has Some Explaining To Do: 20-Yr-Old Black Man With “Mental Issues” Who Brutally Beat 77-Yr-Old Veteran In Nursing Home, Was Moved To Nursing Facility After COVID Diagnosis]</ref> when in May 2020, a 75-year-old nursing home resident, an Army veteran who had been illegally seized from his apartment by Whitmer goons and sent to the residence without his relatives being notified, was brutally beaten in a racist attack<ref name="Whitmer Explaining"/> by 20-year-old Jaydon Hayden, a COVID-19 patient with mental health issues who had been sent to the same nursing home and has since been arrested and charged for the crime.<ref name="Grethcen factor">[https://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2020/05/turning_nursing_homes_into_extermination_sites_the_gretchen_factor.html Turning nursing homes into extermination sites: the Gretchen factor] at the American Thinker</ref>

It was reported on June 15, 2020, that one-third of all [[coronavirus]]-related deaths in Michigan were in nursing homes.<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/michigan/articles/2020-06-15/mich-requires-testing-finds-nearly-2k-nursing-home-deaths Nursing Homes, Tied to One-Third of Deaths, Ordered to Test]
*[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/06/15/nursing-home-residents-deaths-covid-19-michigan/3175103001/ Nursing home residents account for 34% of Michigan's COVID-19-related deaths]</ref> Despite this, Whitmer's administration irresponsibly refused to consider transporting COVID-19 positive patients to vacant centers rather than nursing homes.<ref>[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/06/20/michigan-declined-nursing-homes-idea-put-covid-19-patients-vacant-facilities/3223213001/ Michigan declined nursing home leader's idea to put COVID-19 patients in vacant centers]</ref> When later questioned on the matter, Whitmer refused to specify details about the dangerous policy.<ref>[https://townhall.com/tipsheet/reaganmccarthy/2020/06/22/whitmerscalise-n2571102 Gov. Whitmer Declines to Answer Rep. Scalise's Questions on Devastating Nursing Home Policy]</ref>

The Macomb county prosecutor advised survivors who lost loved ones to COVID as residents or staff inside nursing homes should collect the vital information about the circumstances of their death and take that to local police and make a complaint as a wrongful death. [[Criminal]] charges could be filed against the Democrat fascist governor over putting COVID patients inside nursing homes used as hubs during the pandemic.<ref>https://www.wxyz.com/news/coronavirus/macomb-county-prosecutor-says-criminal-charges-possible-against-governor-whitmer-over-nursing-home-deaths</ref>

====Disdain from Michiganders====
Known as "Half-wit Whitmer" after a tweet by [[Donald Trump]] calling out the governor over her incompetence,<ref>https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1243726993537073152</ref> a petition to recall the election of Whitmer and oust her from office had garnered over 326,000 signatures as of April 24, 2020.<ref>[https://100percentfedup.com/petition-to-recall-michigans-radical-governor-gets-over-327k-signatureswhitmers-legal-counsel-delays-petition-hearing-due-to-notification-error/ Petition To Recall Michigan’s Radical Governor Gets Over 327K Signatures…Whitmer’s Legal Counsel Delays Petition Hearing Due To “Notification Error”]</ref> Michigan's Board of State Canvassers rejected it and a recall petition targeting Whitmer's attorney-general Dana Nessel in May 2020, justifying the rejection by claiming that the petitions contained "false statements", "inaccurate statements" and "spelling errors" without elaborating what those "errors" and "false/inaccurate statements" were.<ref>[https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2020/05/michigan-panel-rejects-petitions-to-recall-gov-gretchen-whitmer-attorney-general-dana-nessel.html Michigan panel rejects petitions to recall Gov. Gretchen Whitmer, Attorney General Dana Nessel]</ref>

After many Michiganders expressed their strong disdain for the governor over her mishandling of the pandemic and her [[despot]]ic behavior, a protest known as [[Operation Gridlock]] organized by the [[Michigan Conservative Coalition]] emerged on March 15, 2020, in [[Lansing]] to protest Whitmer's [[totalitarian]] policies, with thousands driving to the city to put a gridlock on the traffic and oppose the restrictive orders that have been enacted statewide.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2020/04/15/operation_gridlock_protest_against_michigans_stay_home_order_blocks_traffic_in_lansing.html "Operation Gridlock" Protest Against Stay Home Order Blocks Traffic In Lansing, Michigan]
*[https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2020/04/protesters-angry-with-gov-whitmers-stay-at-home-order-gridlock-michigan-capitol.html Protesters angry with Gov. Whitmer’s stay-at-home order gridlock Michigan capitol]
*[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/04/15/lansing-capitol-protest-michigan-stay-home-order/5139472002/ Thousands converge to protest Michigan governor's stay-home order in 'Operation Gridlock']</ref> A [[grassroots]] crowd of 100,000 ordinary people marched on the capital with traffic backed up 10 miles.

After the large protest that took place, Whitmer called the protesters "irresponsible" and suggested furthering the [[stay-at-home order]], the very policy among several orders that led to the protest she has contempt for, which also proved the protesters' point regarding her abuse of power and [[elitism]].<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gretchen-whitmer-michigan-protests-stay-at-home-extension/ Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer says protests can lead to extension of stay-at-home orders]</ref> Whitmer said, "In [[World War II]], there weren’t people lining up at the capitol to protest the fact that they had to drop everything they were doing and build planes or tanks, or to ration food;” Whitmer ignored the fact that during the World War II effort people were working and getting paid; but under her unilateral decrees people are forbidden from working and no-one is earning a living.<ref>https://youtu.be/1QtZdbCMQiQ</ref>

Amid the anger from many Michiganders over totalitarian policies, [[Republicans]] in the state legislature introduced legislation to limit Gov. Whitmer's executive powers.<ref>[https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2020/04/michigan-republicans-introduce-legislation-that-would-limit-gov-gretchen-whitmers-emergency-authority.html Michigan Republicans introduce legislation that would limit Gov. Gretchen Whitmer’s emergency authority]</ref>

It was reported by the ''[[Associated Press]]'' in early October that 539,000 petition signatures were submitted to repeal Whitmer's emergency powers.<ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/oct/2/gretchen-whitmer-emergency-powers-539000-signature/ 539,000 signatures submitted to repeal Gretchen Whitmer's emergency powers]</ref>
[[File:Whitmer at the coup.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Whitmer at the [[coup]] to overthrow America's elected leader.]]

====2020 Marxist uprising====
:{{See also|2020 Marxist insurrection}}
{{Anchor|Whitmer kidnapping plot}}

====FBI sting operation====
{{See also|Gretchen Whitmer kidnap plot}}
In 2020 a group of undercover FBI informants and agent [[provocateur]]s convinced an anti-Trump, anti-[[police]] [[anarchist]] group to reconnoiter Whitmer's vacation home.<ref>https://www.lawenforcementtoday.com/new-evidence-released-in-whitmer-kidnapping-plot/</ref> The anarchists then were arrested in what was alleged to be a kidnapping plot of Whitmer.<ref>https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/10/08/deep-dive-into-the-details-of-a-scheme-to-kidnap-gov-whitmer-hold-her-hostage/</ref> Whitmer used the FBI operation to bash President Trump as the head of a "vast right-wing conspiracy".<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/10/13/whitmer-kidnapping-plot-may-have-been-an-fbi-entrapment-of-a-bunch-of-crackpots/</ref><ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/10/update-ring-leader-plot-kidnap-wretched-governor-whitmer-alleged-fbi-informant-pushed-entire-plan/</ref><ref>https://thespectator.info/2020/10/18/suspects-say-ring-leader-in-plot-to-kidnap-wretched-governor-whitmer-was-an-alleged-fbi-informant-who-pushed-the-entire-plan/</ref><ref>https://www.sgtreport.com/2020/10/fbi-informant-was-one-of-the-most-active-leaders-pushing-crackpot-whitmer-kidnapping-plot-defense/</ref> The alleged plot also included an alleged plan to storm the Michigan state capitol. Terrorism charges were later dropped against individuals charged.<ref>https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/03/29/gretchen-whitmer-plot-threat-paul-bellar-joseph-morrison-pete-musico/7044920002/</ref>

A look at the annotated indictment reveals that at every level of the plot, FBI operatives played the most important leadership roles:<ref>https://www.revolver.news/2021/06/federal-foreknowledge-jan-6-unindicted-co-conspirators-raise-disturbing-questions/</ref>

*The plot’s “explosives expert,” who the plotters were accused of planning to buy bombs from, turned out to be an FBI agent.

*The head of transportation for the militia outfit turned out to be an undercover FBI agent.

*The head of security for the militia outfit turned out to be an undercover FBI informant.

*At least two undercover FBI informants were active participants in the initial June 6, 2020 meeting in which the plot to storm Capitol buildings was allegedly hatched — meaning at least three FBI informants infiltrated before the conspiracy even started.

In one of the plot’s climactic scenes, in the main van driving up to look at Governor Whitmer’s vacation home, three out of the five people in the van — 60 percent of the plot’s senior leaders — were federal agents and informants. FBI infiltrators comprised, at the very least, 26 percent of the plotters. According to court papers, 12 FBI informants participated in making the arrests of 6 suspects in another [[October Surprise]] just prior to the 2020 general election.<ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2021/07/13/12-fbi-operatives-involved-in-gretchen-whitmer-kidnapping-plot-that-ended-with-six-arrests/</ref> The head of the FBI field office in Detroit, Steven D’Antuono, who oversaw the infiltration operation into the Michigan plot was quickly and quietly promoted to lead the [[Washington, D.C.]] field office.<ref>https://www.deadlinedetroit.com/articles/26405/detroit_s_top_fbi_agent_promoted_to_head_of_d_c_field_office</ref>

In a follow-up story, the FBI Special Agent in charge of the operation was charged with assault with intent to do great bodily harm, less than [[murder]] following a domestic incident with his wife.<ref> https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/07/19/fbi-agent-whitmer-kidnap-case-arrested-following-domestic-incident-richard-trask/8013618002/</ref>
[[File:8645.png|right|350px|thumb|Whitmer sends out a [[dogwhistle|coded message]] to radical Democrats on ''[[Meet the Press]]'' to assassinate [[President Trump]].<ref name="msn.com"/>]]

====Impeachment call====
On November 15, 2020, Michigan GOP state representative [[Matt Maddock]] announced that he is filing paperwork with the Michigan House of Representatives to start [[impeachment]] proceedings against Whitmer for her egregious abuse of power during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, citing her repeated defiance of Michigan Supreme Court orders limiting her powers so she could continue illegally imposing her will on the public while hypocritically ignoring her own orders,<ref>[https://americanretirementinsider.com/whitmer-defies-court-and-continues-to-push-her-will-on-people/ Whitmer Defies the Supreme Court and Continues Her Draconian Reign]</ref> her responsibility for the deaths of elderly people due to COVID-19 under draconian lockdown orders and her devastation of the state economy under her despotic rule, also due to those same lockdown orders.<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/11/breaking-michigan-house-member-files-impeach-governor-gretchen-whitmer/ BREAKING: Michigan House Member Files to Impeach Governor Gretchen Whitmer] at the Gateway Pundit</ref>

Despite strong efforts by [[conservative]] Republicans to hold Whitmer accountable, Michigan's [[RINO]] Majority Leader Mike Shirkley and House Speaker Lee Chatfield announced their opposition to calls in favor of impeachment.<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/11/18/whitmer-impeachment-resolution-introduced-but-key-republicans-oppose/3767778001/ Whitmer impeachment resolution introduced, but key Republicans oppose]
*[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/nov/18/lee-chatfield-michigan-house-speaker-rejects-gretc/ GOP House speaker rejects Gretchen Whitmer impeachment]</ref>

====Election fraud====
:{{See also|Michigan election fraud}}
An independent forensic audit of [[Dominion Voting Systems]] machines used in Michigan in the [[2020 presidential election]] concluded:
[[File:Jewell james.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Michigan Democrat state representative Jewell James claimed he didn't have to have his mugshot taken after a DUI arrest because "Big Gretch is my homie."<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/crime/2021/04/30/big-gretch-is-homie-michigan-democrat-state-rep-demands-wear-mask-mugshot/</ref>]]
{{quotebox-float|“The Dominion Voting System is intentionally and purposefully designed with inherent errors to create systemic fraud and influence election results. ...The intentional errors lead to bulk adjudication of ballots with no oversight, transparency, and no audit trail. This leads to voter or election fraud. Based on our study we conclude that the Dominion Voting System should not be used in Michigan....The allowable election error rate established by the [[Federal Election Commission]] guidelines is of 1 in 250,000 ballots (.0008%). We observed an error rate of 68.05%. This demonstrated a significant and fatal error in security and election integrity."<ref>https://www.depernolaw.com/uploads/2/7/0/2/27029178/antrim_michigan_forensics_report_[121320]_v2_[redacted].pdf</ref>}}

====Shutdown of gas pipeline====
In the midst of gas shortages in a number of Southern states caused by a recent cyberhacking attack perpetrated by leftist hacker group DarkSide<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/05/hackers-behind-colonial-pipeline-attack-received-90-million-bitcoin-ransom-payments/ Hackers Behind Colonial Pipeline Attack Received $90 Million in Bitcoin Ransom Payments] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> that led to the shutdown of the Colonial Pipeline,<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/05/reports-gas-shortages-long-lines-gas-stations-southeastern-states-hackers-shut-colonial-pipeline-bidengaslines/ Reports of Gas Shortages and Long Lines at Gas Stations in Southeastern States After Hackers Shut Down Colonial Pipeline #BidenGasLines] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> Whitmer added to the problem by ordering the shutdown of a gas pipeline in Michigan.<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/05/midst-massive-gas-shortages-crazy-insane-michigan-governor-gretchen-whitmer-orders-shutdown-pipeline/ In Midst of Massive Gas Shortages Crazy Insane Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer Orders Shutdown of Pipeline] at the Gateway Pundit</ref>

===Democrat party operative===
After all the documented fraud in the Michigan 2020 presidential election was refused a hearing in the Democrat-controlled Michigan supreme court,<ref>https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/12/09/michigan-supreme-court-election-fraud-case/3867388001/</ref> the [[Biden junta]] rewarded Whitmer with the appointment as Democrat National Committee Vice Chairperson.<ref>https://democrats.org/governor-gretchen-whitmer/</ref> When Democrat state representative Jewell Jones was arrested on [[DUI]] charges, first refusing to take a breathalyzer test, then have his mugshot taken without a covid mask, told [[police]],
{{Cquote|"Big Gretch is the homie. When she finds out about this, she might be a little upset."<ref>https://redstate.com/nick-arama/2021/04/30/mi-rep-who-invoked-whitmers-name-during-arrest-resists-mug-shot-it-backfires-n371883</ref>}}

==Hypocrisy==
:''See: [[Liberal hypocrisy]]
Whitmer has come under severe criticism for acting like a tyrannical monarch and illegally abusing her power, and for treating Michigan like her own personal fiefdom and its residents as little more than serfs.<ref name="Grethcen factor"/> She is an elitist [[hypocrite]] who exempts herself from the edicts she imposes on the people of her state and expects them to follow without question<ref>[https://www.targetliberty.org/whitmer-shoves-hypocrisy-in-michiganders-faces/ Whitmer Shoves Hypocrisy in Michiganders’ Faces]</ref> and who claims to be against "anti-choice" legislation<ref>[https://www.ontheissues.org/Governor/Gretchen_Whitmer_Abortion.htm Gretchen Whitmer on Abortion]</ref> while having voted against a bill to reinforce punishments against those that coerce women to get an abortion.<ref>[https://votesmart.org/bill/19356/50803/37868/prohibits-actions-that-coerce-a-woman-to-get-an-abortion#50803 SB 1156 - Prohibits Actions that Coerce a Woman to Get an Abortion - Michigan Key Vote]</ref>

Despite having called a twenty-cent gas tax increase “ridiculous” at the 2018 gubernatorial debate,<ref>[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/06/whitmer-flak-calling-gas-tax-hike-ridiculous/3081060002/ Whitmer takes flak for calling 20-cent gas tax hike ‘ridiculous’]</ref> Whitmer called for a forty-five-cent gas tax increase five months later as governor, claiming that it would fix roads in [[Michigan]].<ref>[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/03/07/governor-whitmer-gas-tax-increase/3080369002/ 7 questions about Gretchen Whitmer's Michigan gas tax increase]</ref>

On September 27, 2018, Governor Whitmer tweeted, "I believe Dr. Ford"<ref>https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2018/09/28/i-believe-dr-ford-whitmer-and-others-respond-to-the-kavanaugh-hearings</ref> when [[Christine Blasey Ford]] made an unproven and unreliable sexual assault allegation against [[Brett Kavanaugh]]. However, in 2020, Whitmer said that she "believed Joe Biden" and that “just because you’re a survivor doesn’t mean that every claim is equal" when [[Tara Reade]] made a far more severe and credible sexual assault allegation against 2020 [[Democrat]] presidential nominee [[Joe Biden]].<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/michigans-whitmer-says-she-believes-joe-biden</ref>

It was reported on May 20, 2020, by the [[Gateway Pundit]] that Whitmer and her husband Marc Mallory had traveled to their summer home after banning constituents from doing the exact same thing.<ref>[https://www.thegatewayp“”undit.com/2020/05/confirmed-governor-whitmer-bans-michiganders-traveling-summer-home-cars-seen-parked-outside-summer-home/ CONFIRMED: Governor Whitmer Begs Michiganders Not to Travel to their Summer Home — Then Her Cars Are Seen Parked Outside of HER SUMMER HOME!]</ref>

In mid-July 2020, Whitmer called efforts to impeach her “outrageous”,<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/gov-whitmer-calls-impeachment-effort-outrageous-says-state-has-saved-tens-of-thousands/ar-BB16ODqC Gov. Whitmer Calls Impeachment Effort 'Outrageous,' Says State Has Saved Tens Of Thousands]
*[https://www.wsjm.com/2020/07/16/whitmer-on-impeachment-talk-outrageous/ Whitmer On Impeachment Talk: “Outrageous”]</ref> making several highly ridiculous claims which highlighted her extreme [[liberal hypocrisy]]: Gov. Whitmer claimed that others were “trying to politicize this virus”, despite her [[Gretchen Whitmer#Unconstitutionally legislating double standards|being the one who exploited the pandemic to unconstitutionally legislate a far-left agenda]]; she also claimed that her policies “saved tens of thousands of lives”, when they have [[Gretchen Whitmer#Nursing home deaths|directly led to around two thousand deaths]]. Most importantly, Whitmer admitted to being a tyrant when asserting:

{{cquote|All of these political attacks on my power, all of these political attacks on the power of the executive office are incredibly dangerous.}}

According to Whitmer in early September 2020, a Trump rally would be "distressing" due to the [[CCP pandemic]] yet a Biden campaign event would "follow the science".<ref>Two references:
*[https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/515632-whitmer-says-planned-trump-event-is-distressing-while-biden-campaign Whitmer says planned Trump event is 'distressing,' while Biden campaign is 'following the science']
*[https://www.foxnews.com/media/michigans-whitmer-says-trump-event-this-week-distressing-but-biden-event-ok-report Michigan’s Whitmer says Trump event this week ‘distressing’ – but Biden event OK: report]</ref> [[Donald Trump]] previously said in mid-July 2020 that he "wasn't allowed" to hold campaign rallies in Democrat-run states that locked down,<ref>[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/07/19/trump-wants-have-big-rally-michigan-says-he-isnt-allowed/5467709002/ Trump wants to have a 'big rally' in Michigan, says he isn't allowed]</ref> and upon the news, Whitmer then considered blocking such.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.abc12.com/content/news/Whitmer-would-think-very-serious-about-preventing-a-Trump-rally-in-Michigan-571424101.html Whitmer 'would think very serious about' preventing a Trump rally in Michigan]
*[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/22/report-whitmer-would-consider-trying-block-trump-rally/3234604001/ Whitmer would consider trying to block Trump rally in Michigan]
*[https://www.wxyz.com/news/whitmer-would-seriously-consider-blocking-trump-from-holding-rally-in-michigan-report-says Whitmer would 'seriously' consider blocking Trump from holding rally in Michigan, report says]</ref>

Despite being a strong opponent of a southern [[border wall]], it was reported on September 8, 2020, that Whitmer's residence would receive ''over $1 million'' in taxpayer dollars to spend on building an 8-foot tall fencing parameter surrounding it.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://freebeacon.com/2020-election/biden-surrogate-builds-wall-makes-michigan-taxpayers-pay-for-it/ Biden Surrogate Builds Wall, Makes Michigan Taxpayers Pay For It]
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/michigan-governor-residence-perimeter-fence Michigan Democratic governor’s residence getting security upgrades, including new perimeter fence]
*[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/09/08/michigan-dem-gov-gets-border-wall/ Report: Gov. Gretchen Whitmer Getting Border Fence Around Her Home]
*[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/09/good-not-thee-michigan-governor-gretchen-whitmers-residence-getting-1-1-million-security-including-8-foot-tall-fence/ ‘Good for Me But Not for Thee’ – Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer’s Residence Getting $1.1 Million in Security Including and 8-Foot Tall Fence]
*[https://cnsnews.com/blog/craig-bannister/anti-border-fence-mich-gov-whitmer-building-8-foot-high-electrified-fence Anti-Border Fence Mich. Gov. Whitmer Building 8-Foot High, Electrified Fence Around Governor’s Residence]</ref>

Whitmer ironically claimed on September 10, 2020, that [[Donald Trump]] is "the biggest threat to the American people."<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.wxyz.com/news/coronavirus/whitmer-biggest-enemy-of-the-state-is-misinformation-coming-from-president-trump Whitmer: Biggest enemy of the state is misinformation coming from President Trump]
*[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/whitmer-trump-is-biggest-threat-to-america-cost-lives/ar-BB18UalV Whitmer: Trump is 'biggest threat' to America, cost lives]
*[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/michigan-gov-gretchen-whitmer-calls-president-trump-e2-80-98biggest-threat-to-the-american-people-e2-80-99/ar-BB18UocB Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer calls President Trump ‘biggest threat to the American people’]
*[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/michigan/articles/2020-09-10/whitmer-trump-is-biggest-threat-to-america-cost-lives Whitmer: Trump Is 'Biggest Threat' to America, Cost Lives]</ref>

In mid-September 2020, Whitmer said that Trump "has deceived the public."<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/clips/2020/09/17/whitmer-trump-denying-this-virus-is-deadly-he-has-deceived-the-public/# Whitmer: Trump Denying this Virus Is Deadly — He ‘Has Deceived the Public’]</ref>

Whitmer claimed that a "lock her up" chant at a Trump rally in mid-October 2020 was "inciting violence";<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.npr.org/2020/10/18/925103289/michigan-gov-whitmer-says-trump-incites-domestic-terrorism Michigan Gov. Whitmer Says Trump Incites Domestic Terrorism]
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/whitmer-says-trump-continues-encourage-domestic-terrorism-rhetoric-n1243842 Whitmer says Trump continues to encourage 'domestic terrorism' with rhetoric]</ref> at a Sunday interview, it was found in the background a symbol perceived to be a call to assassinate Trump.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/10/19/8645-meaning-whitmer-trump/3708927001/ What is '8645'? Whitmer's pin an anti-Trump message using restaurant industry slang]
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-whitmer-assassination-attempt-nbc-meet-the-press-interview Trump campaign says Whitmer 'encouraging assassination attempts' against president with discreet TV message]
*[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/shorthand-for-killing-someone-trump-campaign-disturbed-by-gretchen-whitmer-displaying-8645-in-background-for-interview 'Shorthand for killing someone': Trump campaign disturbed by Gretchen Whitmer displaying '8645' in background for interview]
*[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/10/nasty-michigan-governor-gretchen-whitmer-displays-kill-trump-symbolism-background-sunday-interview/ Nasty Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer Displays ‘Kill Trump’ Symbolism in Background During Sunday Interview]</ref>

According to Whitmer, [[Donald Trump]] supposedly seeks "to undermine the foundational principles of this country."<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/clips/2020/10/25/whitmer-trump-seeks-to-undermine-americas-foundational-principles/ Whitmer: Trump Seeks to Undermine America’s Foundational Principles]</ref>

==Political views==
Endorsed by progressive organizations such as [[Planned Parenthood]], [[MoveOn]], and the [[Human Rights Campaign]],<ref>[https://www.gretchenwhitmer.com/endorsements/ Endorsements - Gretchen Whitmer]</ref> Whitmer is a leftist<ref>[https://www.ontheissues.org/Gretchen_Whitmer.htm Gretchen Whitmer on the Issues]</ref> who opposes [[voter ID]], school vouchers, and late-term abortion bans.<ref>[https://votesmart.org/bill/7287/20524/37868/late-termpartial-birth-abortion-ban#20524 SB 776 - Late-Term/Partial-Birth Abortion Ban - Michigan Key Vote]</ref> Based on her opposition to the Michigan right-to-work law and her vehement protests against same as well as her strident support for abortion, she is also a [[social justice warrior]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer Governor Gretchen Whitmer]
*[https://ballotpedia.org/Gretchen_Whitmer Gretchen Whitmer - Ballotpedia]

{{liberalism}}
{{communism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Whitmer, Gretchen}}
[[Category:Michigan]]
[[Category:Democrats]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Leftists]]
[[Category:Liberal Hypocrisy]]
[[Category:Snowflakes]]
[[Category:SJWs]]
[[Category:Progressivism]]
[[Category:Biden Putsch]]
[[Category:Anti-Constitutionalists]]
[[Category:Totalitarianism]]
[[Category:Coronavirus]]
[[Category:Police State]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical Totalitarianism]]
[[Category:Worst Liberal Politicians]]
[[Category:Mass Murderers]]
[[Category:Democrat Establishment]]
[[Category:Corruption in Democrat Party]]
[[Category:Violence Inciters]]

Conservapedia:AFD Republic of Rhodesia (as of 1980)

2021-09-09T19:04:53Z

Blavek: add another example

This must be a [[hoax]], For the annexation of [[Bouvet Island]], Google returns only [https://www.google.com/search?q=rhodesbury+bouvet 21 results] including this article. After removing Twitter, Facebook and duplicates, the only two remaining relevant results were only created [https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.government-of-rhodesia.org a few months ago]. The only author of the article describes himself as the [[User:Rhodesia|Press Office of the government of the Republic of Rhodesia]]. On one of those sites there is a button "What others write about Rhodesia" with a direct link to the article on this site, on the other one the button is named "Click here to learn what really happened since 1980". [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 14:35, September 9, 2021 (EDT)

Conservapedia:Articles for deletion

2021-09-09T18:36:06Z

Blavek: This must be a hoax

{{policy proposal}}
<big>'''Conservapedia:Articles for deletion''' is a project space designed to explain the process and requirements for proposing the removal of an article, and to list the current discussions.</big>

==Deletion Process==

If you think an article should be deleted because it violates The Conservapedia Commandments, or for any other reason you may nominate it for deletion. The correct process for this is as follows:
# Add the template <nowiki>{{Delete Notice}}</nowiki> to the ''top'' of the page
# List the article on this page under [[Conservapedia:Articles for deletion#Current discussions|current discussions]], using the template <nowiki>{{afd|"title"}}</nowiki>, replacing "title" with the name of the page
# Follow the link from the deletion notice to the AFD page for the article nominated for deletion, and explain why you believe it should be deleted

Discussion will occur on the AFD page before a final decision regarding the article is made.

This is not the appropriate place to discuss copyright issues. Please use [[Conservapedia:Copying]] to track articles that have no problem with topic or content, but which seem to draw too heavily on material copied from elsewhere.


__toc__

= Current discussions =
{{afd|Glenn Kessler}}

{{afd|Republic of Rhodesia (as of 1980)}}

= Past discussions =

== Kept ==

==Kept with provisions ==

==Deleted==

[[Category:Conservapedia Maintenance]]

Conservapedia:AFD Republic of Rhodesia (as of 1980)

2021-09-09T18:35:58Z

Blavek: This must be a hoax

This must be a [[hoax]], For the annexation of [[Bouvet Island]], Google returns only [https://www.google.com/search?q=rhodesbury+bouvet 21 results] including this article. After removing Twitter, Facebook and duplicates, the only two remaining relevant results were only created [https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.government-of-rhodesia.org a few months ago]. The only author of the article describes himself as the [[User:Rhodesia|Press Office of the government of the Republic of Rhodesia]]. On one of those sites there is a button "What others write about Rhodesia" with a direct link to the article on this site. [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 14:35, September 9, 2021 (EDT)

Republic of Rhodesia (as of 1980)

2021-09-09T18:35:53Z

Blavek: This must be a hoax

{{Delete}}
{{Country
|name =''Republic of Rhodesia''
|map =
|established=1980
|dissolved=existent
|flag =Flag of Rhodesia.png
|arms =
|capital =Rhodesbury (de jure), São Paulo (de facto)
|capital-raw =
|government =Presidential Republic
|government-raw =
|language =English
|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =Colonel Harper
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Harald Mayer-Blumenthal
|pm-raw =
|area = 1735 sq mi, Rhodesian majority settlements abroad on top
|pop =1,283,702 (January 2021)
|pop-basis =
|gdp =
|gdp-year =
|gdp-pc =
|currency =Rhodesian Etro (1 Etro = 100 Pens)
|idd =
|tld = .com, .net, .org, and .bv (the latter for Bouvet Island, blocked by [[Norway|Norway’s]] socialists because of the annexation of Bouvet)
}}
The second '''Republic of Rhodesia'''<ref>Freudig, Alexander, & RANDnext March 2015 Seminary. (2015). Decisions for the Decade Game. Planning Under Deep Uncertainty: Rhodesia. Zenodo Publishing, Geneva [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5153615 full text pdf]</ref> was proclaimed in March 1980 with the Declaration of [[Amsterdam]] by Rhodesians who did not want to live in [[Zimbabwe]] to which their country was about to be transformed. Based on a conservative constitution (1980)<ref>[https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/eb21bd28-9873-43c9-9ac2-9dc46b66c7af/The%201980%20Constitution%20of%20Rhodesia%205.pdf Constitution of the Republic of Rhodesia (1980)]</ref> the new Rhodesian government has been taking care of the Rhodesian diaspora as a transglobal country with overseas territories as harbors of security in times of crisis. The nation’s capital region under international law is the Rhodesbury area on Bouvet Island<ref>[https://www.government-of-rhodesia.org/#rhodesian-bouvet Governmental site about Rhodesian Bouvet]</ref>, however, de facto the transglobal country with 1.2 mio citizens is being governed from [[São Paulo]] ([[Brazil]], HQ of the Rhodesian Intelligence Service) and [[New York City]] (seat of the foreign ministry). Rhodesia’s overseas territories are, among others, Jaco Island, Santa Luzia and Henderson Island, all annexed since 1980.<ref>Freudig, Alex and RANDnext: The annexation policy of the Republic of Rhodesia since 1980 (Short Analysis 12/20). Zenodo. Geneva, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5152355</ref>

== History ==
The Lancaster House Agreement, enforced by the [[United Kingdom]] with most intense diplomatic pressure, signed on 21 December 1979, declared a ceasefire which ended the so called “Bush War” of communist rebels against Rhodesia. It also terminated the existence of the [[Rhodesia|first Rhodesian Republic]]. The territory of Rhodesia became the internationally recognised country [[Zimbabwe]] under the leadership of communist rebels. Many politicians of the first Republic tried to save what was left of their country but did not succeed. However, already in 1980 many Rhodesians, especially Eurasian Rhodesians (mostly those who were not bound to the country by a farm or factory) emigrated immediately to the [[diaspora]]. There, in Amsterdam ([[Netherlands]]) a General Assembly of 1432 delegates convened (shielded from the public by the RIS) on 31 March 1980, which declared Rhodesia “a nation without territory” and established a government and administration of Rhodesia outside Rhodesia to form a transglobal nation that cares for all Rhodesians, wherever they reside. At the same time, a squad of the newly formed Rhodesian Intelligence Service (RIS) occupied the northwestern lowlands of the uninhabited and [[Norway|Norwegian]]-administered island of Bouvet in the Atlantic Ocean, occupying and annexing this piece of land roughly the size of [[Monaco]] for legal reasons (international law). A heliport and basic infrastructure were laid out.<ref>[https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/217daa28-47a6-4b57-93ec-84774e6c4a50/The%201980%20Constitution%20of%20Rhodesia.pdf Constitution of the Republic of Rhodesia, retrieved 28 July 2021]</ref> This was to underscore the seriousness of the establishment of the second Rhodesian republic<ref>Mwalimu, Charles. The African Law Collection in the Law Library of Congress with Emphasis on Primary Sources of Commonwealth Africa. USA: Publications Committee, AALL Foreign, Comparative and International Law Special Interest Section, 1990</ref><ref>Hole, Hugh Marshall. The Making of Rhodesia. Taylor & Francis, 2018</ref><ref>Mwalimu, Charles. The African Law Collection in the Law Library of Congress with Emphasis on Primary Sources of Commonwealth Africa. USA: Publications Committee, AALL Foreign, Comparative and International Law Special Interest Section, 1990</ref><ref>Hole, Hugh Marshall. The Making of Rhodesia. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis, 2018</ref> which does not oppose the Lancaster House Agreement and has therefore been tacitly accepted or at least tolerated by the world powers.<ref>Morris-Jones, W. (2013). From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House. Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref>Salt, Beryl. A Pride of Eagles: The Definitive History of the Rhodesian Air Force, 1920-1980.Covos-Day, 2001</ref><ref>O'Meara, Patrick. Rhodesia: Racial Conflict Or Coexistence? Cornell University Press, 2019</ref>At the same occasion, then politically neutral and young Rhodesian businessman James W. Scott was elected President of the second Rhodesian Republic.<ref>Africa Research Bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series. United Kingdom, Blackwell, 1998</ref><ref>Lüthi, Lorenz M.. Cold Wars: Asia, the Middle East, Europe? Cambridge University Press, 2020</ref><ref>Mugari, Zvenyika Eckson. Press Silence in Postcolonial Zimbabwe: News Whiteouts, Journalism and Power. Taylor & Francis, 2020</ref> Like the first Republic of Rhodesia, the second was also not recognized but silently accepted because it had support of foreign nations and well-trained diplomats.<ref>Freudig, Alexander & RAND (2020). The annexation policy of the Republic of Rhodesia since 1980 (Short Analysis 12/20). Zenodo, Geneva. [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5152355]</ref><ref>Freudig, Alexander, & RANDnext March 2015 Seminary. (2015). Decisions for the Decade Game. Planning Under Deep Uncertainty: Rhodesia. Zenodo Publishing, Geneva [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5153615]</ref><ref>Mugari, Zvenyika Eckson. Press Silence in Postcolonial Zimbabwe: News Whiteouts, Journalism and Power. Taylor & Francis, 2020</ref> Thanks to active and silent diplomacy many western and neutral countries tacitly accepted the second republic de facto, while its government refrained from publicity and referencing to current events in Zimbabwe in order to show that the status quo would be tolerated without explicitly declaring it.<ref> Mbenga, Bernard, and Giliomee, Hermann Buhr. New History of South Africa. Südafrika, Nb Pub Limited, 2007</ref><ref>Turpin, Colin. British Government and the Constitution: Text, Cases, and Materials. Irland, Butterworths, 1999</ref><ref>Munochiveyi, M. Prisoners of Rhodesia: Inmates and Detainees in the Struggle for Zimbabwean Liberation, 1960-1980. United Kingdom,, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014</ref> In 1996, a Rhodesian General Assembly in Tunis elected for the first time a woman, Janette Rowland, as Prime Minister of Rhodesia and Head of Government of the exile administration.<ref>Rubert, Steven C., and Rasmussen, R. Kent. Historical dictionary of Zimbabwe. Vereinigtes Königreich, Scarecrow Press, 2001</ref> As of 2020 the Republic of Rhodesia slowly returned back to the political stage. In 2021 the RIS took over the government.<ref>[https://www.government-of-rhodesia.org Official Website of the Rhodesian Administration in exile, retrieved August 5, 2021]</ref>

== Declaration of Amsterdam ==
At the General Assembly in [[Amsterdam]] (Netherlands) on 31 March 1980, a declaration was adopted by an overwhelming majority. The Declaration of Amsterdam is therefore considered the survival document of the Republic of Rhodesia. Immediately after the adoption of the declaration, the newly elected Rhodesian President James W. Scott notified the surprisingly welcoming Secretary General of the United Nations about the proclamation of the new Republic of Rhodesia<ref>[https://www.government-of-rhodesia.org/#un Governmental site of Rhodesia, Documents. Retrieved August 5, 2021]</ref> as a transglobal nation, despite having just annexed the western part of Bouvet Island where a foreign-supported RIS squadron conquered the lowlands.<ref>[https://www.government-of-rhodesia.org/#rhodesian-bouvet The conquest of western Bouvet, retrieved August 5, 2021]</ref>

== Since 1980 ==
The new government was asked by the benevolent UN Secretary General Dr. Waldheim to work in the shadows for forty years to not cause internationally turbulences and not to stand in the way of Zimbabwe's development. Although a lot of silent international support, a conservative constitution and a stable government were given, the forty year of enforced silence led to the unfortunate situation that not all Rhodesian communities in the diaspora could be contacted or reached otherwise.<ref>Encyclopedia of Public International Law. North-Holland, 1981</ref><ref>Hole, H. M.: The Making of Rhodesia. Taylor & Francis, 2018</ref> Nevertheless, the number of citizens grew to 1.2 mio in 2021<ref>Freudig A. et al. 2005 & 2020</ref> thanks to a very family-friendly policy of all Rhodesian governments since the proclamation of the second Rhodesian republic and a citizenship law which is especially attractive for conservative, traditional Eurasians.

== Territories ==
Despite being completely without own land, Rhodesia gained overseas territories through conquest and annexation:<ref>Freudig, Alex (2020). The annexation policy of the Republic of Rhodesia since 1980 (Short Analysis 12/20). Geneva, 2020 [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5152355 Scientific White Paper]</ref>

*Bouvet Island/Rhodesbury in the southern Atlantic Ocean (annexed 1980)
*Jaco Island near East-Timor (annexed 2019)
*Karibu Island, locally called Silkowanzala (annexed in 2016)
*Spirit of Olympia (locally also known as: Patroklos)
*North East Caye (annexed in 2019)
*Etro de Santa Luzia Island in the tropic part of the Atlantic Ocean (annexed 2020)
*São João Batista (Henderson) Island in the Pacific Ocean (annexed 2021)

All annexation happened without casualties on both sides, peacefully. Rhodesian RIS troops are Rhodesian RIS troops secure the islands disguised as locals, fishermen, real estate agents, tourist guides, etc. to ensure peace and tranquility as well as to keep access to the islands open to day tourists until major construction projects will begin in the late 2020s.

== Relationship with Zimbabwe ==
The government of Rhodesia as of 1980 and the country of Zimbabwe maintain a mutual policy of ignoring and non-interference. The 1980 Rhodesian constitution provides for the automatic loss of Rhodesian citizenship and nationality if an individual also holds a passport of Zimbabwe, or is/becomes a resident of Zimbabwe.<ref>Politics & Government in African States, 1960-1985. Croom Helm, 1986</ref><ref>Mwalimu, Charles. The African Law Collection in the Law Library of Congress with Emphasis on Primary Sources of Commonwealth Africa. USA, Publications Committee, AALL Foreign, Comparative and International Law Special Interest Section, 1990</ref>

== Organization structure==
Based on the current constitution, Rhodesia is a presidential republic with a head of government and a governor for the overseas territories.

=== The President ===
The current head of state of Rhodesia is Colonel Harper as primus inter pares of the RIS Security Council supported by RIS Security Counselors. From 1980 until 2021 James W. Scott was president and responsible for setting policy guidelines. The head of state has the right to veto any government decision, including appointments. Moreover, a law does not enter into force until the president has signed it.<ref>Midlarsky, Manus I.: The disintegration of political systems: war and revolution in comparative perspective. USA: University of South Carolina Press, 1986</ref> Executive orders issued by the president also become law when they are countersigned by the relevant minister (called "secretary" according to the Rhodesian constitution).<ref>Aron, Raymond. Democracy and totalitarianism: a theory of political systems. USA: University of Michigan Press, 1990</ref><ref>Berg-Schlosser, D.: African Political Systems. Typology and Performance. Sage Publications, 1984</ref>

=== The Prime Minister ===
The Prime Minister or Governor General of Rhodesia is the head of government and the diplomatic service. He manages the day-to-day affairs, presides the cabinet meetings, proposes members of the government to the president for appointment or dismissal. The prime minister is elected by the General Assembly for seven-year terms on the recommendation of the president and is considered confirmed only if he or she receives at least 65% of the votes. So far the Rhodesian Government has had two prime ministers under the 1980 constitution. William Harold held the office from 1980 until his death in 1996. He was succeeded by Janette Rowland, Mathilda Born and Harald Mayer-Blumenthal.<ref>Derbyshire, Ian, and Derbyshire, J. Denis. Political Systems of the World. Chambers, 1989</ref><ref>World Encyclopedia of Political Systems & Parties: Nepal-Zimbabwe, and smaller countries and microstates. USA: Facts on File, 1983</ref><ref>[https://www.government-of-rhodesia.org/#administration The current Rhodesian administration (2021)]</ref>

=== General Assembly ===
The representation of the people is the General Assembly, which has 1432 delegates. The president (“Chairman” according to the constitution) of this parliament is automatically the vice president of the republic.<ref>Deborah, Potts, et al. Zimbabwe. Kiribati, Clio Press, 1993</ref> Since 1980, the General Assembly also elects the president and confirms the prime minister.<ref>Morris-Jones, W.H.. From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House. Taylor & Francis, 2013 edition</ref><ref>The New York Times 2005 Almanac. USA, Penguin Reference Books, 2004</ref> Under the Rowland government it was planned to use digital infrastructure to enable direct elections by the entire Rhodesian people again (outside Zimbabwe).<ref>MacLean, George A. (George Andrew), and O'Neill, Brenda. Ideas, Interests and Issues: Readings in Introductory Politics. Pearson Education Canada, 2006</ref>

==The Governments since 1980==
Since the proclamation of the second Republic in 1980, Rhodesia has had three Prime Ministers and one Governor General.

=== The Harold Government ===
The first government under William Harold successfully sought to incorporate reactionary forces in such a way that Rhodesia as a nation could enter a new phase of its history within the framework of the only tolerated Lancaster House Agreement.<ref>Encyclopedia of Public International Law. (1992). North-Holland Publishing</ref> At the same time, Prime Minister Harold achieved what had always seemed impossible before, a tacit recognition and cooperation with almost half of all states worldwide by the end of his term in office. Many Rhodesians in exile consider this the most significant achievement of the Harold administration, as it made it easier to start over with life in foreign countries.<ref>Politics & Government in African States, 1960-1985. Croom Helm, 1986</ref>

=== The Rowland Government ===
After the death of William Harold in 1996, Janette Rowland became the first woman prime minister of Rhodesia. She was reelected three times by the General Assembly was considered the "mother of the Rhodesian people" due to her advanced age.<ref>Morris-Jones, W. H.. From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House. N.p.: Taylor & Francis Group, 2017</ref> Her term of office saw further consolidation of the administration, the diplomatic services, digitalization and the beginning of a critical review of Rhodesia's history.<ref>Kenrick, David. Decolonisation, Identity and Nation in Rhodesia, 1964-1979: A Race Against Time. Deutschland, Springer International Publishing, 2019</ref>

=== The Born government ===
On July 13, 2021, the Rowland government fell apart and a new government was formed. The three conservative parties (Conservatives, Reactionary Union and Liberation Front) had decided to form a government without the Liberal Party, which had ruled continuously since 1980. A new cabinet under Prime Minister Mathilda Born (Reactionary Union Party) with just 50.8% of the vote and seats in Parliament was sworn in by President Scott. He wanted to prevent new elections, accepted the personnel list and swore in the new ministers as well as the prime minister. The details of the new government's plans are not yet known, but all three coalition partners are less willing to compromise than the Liberals, who dominated for decades. Initial statements on social media indicate above all very conservative tendencies. Unlike the previous government, the Born administration is dominated by mostly by experienced elder men.

=== The RIS government ===
For reasons unknown, at the end of July 2021, the Rhodesian Intelligence Service Security Council (RIS-SC) took over the reins of government in compliance with article 27 of the Rhodesian constitution of 1980. The Born government was dismissed, and the president resigned "voluntarily" after 41 years. The new head of state is Colonel Harper, Harald Mayer-Blumenrath was appointed Governor General with the duties of a Prime Minister.

== Government Security Plan ==
Rhodesian politicians from all parties, as well as higher-ranking officials, have been considered at high risk for attacks on life and limb since the founding of the second republic. The Rhodesian Intelligence Agency (RIS)<ref>https://www.government-of-rhodesia.org/#security About the Rhodesian Intelligence Service</ref> has therefore had a department since 1981 to protect all elected officials, as well as higher-ranking opposition politicians and administrative employees.<ref> Anthony Stuart Farson: Handbook of Global Security and Intelligence: Europe, the Middle East, and South Africa. Praeger Security International, 2008.</ref> The entire Rhodesian state apparatus has been sustained since 1980 by people who are not 24/7-politicians and who earn their living independently. Division One ("Shielding Service") was therefore professionally trained in cooperation with Western services in the very first year after the establishment of the second republic so that every citizen who wants to participate in Rhodesian democracy is automatically enrolled in a comprehensive protection and shielding program.<ref>William Gutteridge: South Africa's Defence and Security Into the 21st Century. Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism. Dartmouth, 1996</ref> The RIS has successfully repelled a total of 34 attempted attacks on Rhodesian politicians since 1980.With the end of the 40-year moratorium on silence, 12 of these occurred in 2021 alone, ten of which were attributable to African ethno-nationalists.

== Citizenship law ==
According to the citizenship law of March 2021 a person acquires Rhodesian citizenship at the time of birth, if said person is born to a parent of Rhodesian nationality and caucasian ethnicity; that is, the offspring of an ethnic caucasian Rhodesian citizen, even if the parent or grandparent has not exercised his or her right to citizenship. Also ”every honest person with good intentions and a true sympathy for the Rhodesian people and its history may apply for a non-ethnic Rhodesian citizenship. Being a people without land Rhodesian citizenship does make a Rhodesian citizen not eligible to reside in south-east Africa, especially not in Zimbabwe”.<ref>Information by the Rhodesian Foreign Office</ref> Only ethnic caucasian Rhodesians can pass on their Rhodesian citizenship to their offsprings. Honorary citizenships can be granted by the president only and even be passed on the offsprings of the citizen. The Rhodesian passport is, although the nation being in exile, still highly valued outside of Zimbabwe.

== Rhodesian Intelligence Service (RIS) ==
The RIS was built up as soon as 1978 with the help of the [[USA]], [[Chile]] and former security forces of [[Portugal]] from the Salazar era. In Washington D.C. and Santiago (Chile), the political and diplomatic incompetence of the Rhodesian government was observed with considerable horror as was the actions of the Labour government in [[London]]. It was known that the British would rather let Rhodesia run into destruction by communist rebels than to forgive Rhodesia declaring independence in 1965 and abolishing the monarchy in 1970. Building up the RIS and training of the staff took place in Brazil where hand-picked Rhodesian soldiers were flown to under the protection of friendly powers. The Salisbury government was led to believe that these individuals had deserted or been captured by the enemy. While the second Republic of Rhodesia was designed as a transglobal nation that cares for all Rhodesians, wherever they reside, preparing to serve a large diaspora, a squad of the Rhodesian Intelligence Agency (RIS) occupied the western lowlands of the uninhabited and Norwegian-administered island of Bouvet in the Atlantic Ocean. This piece of land, roughly the size of Monaco, was annexed as “Rhodesbury” for matters of international law. This was the first annexation that the Republic of Rhodesia performed, however not the last one. It was meant to underscore the seriousness of the establishment of the second Rhodesian republic, and the signal was noticed in capitals around the globe. Since then the RIS has been both, Rhodesias’s intelligence service and its armed force.<ref>Freudig, Alex, & RANDnext. (2020). The annexation policy of the Republic of Rhodesia since 1980 (Short Analysis 12/20). Zenodo, Geneva. [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5152355]</ref>

== Perception==
*Many former Rhodesians, learning that their nation still exists only after the end of four decades of enforced silence, react negatively or skeptically. Otherwise, compared to its predecessor, the second republic is receiving considerably greater sympathy from states, organizations and ordinary people who even want to become naturalized citizens. The current administration is doing its best to incorporate the disenchanted of the first republic, but natural population growth and a continued annexation policy for habitable territories are the main priorities.
*The international press keeps ignoring Rhodesia. However “Google News” provides it readers some news about today’s Republic of Rhodesia.

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.government-of-rhodesia Offical website of the Rhodesian Government]
* [https://www.facebook.com/rhodesia.government The Government of the Republic of Rhodesia on Facebook]
* [https://www.twitter.com/rhodesia_gov The Government of the Republic of Rhodesia on Twitter]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ncm6hjQHFao National Anthem of Rhodesia, adopted in 1980]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Government]]

Laser Wakefield Acceleration

2021-09-08T23:30:38Z

Blavek: they will they will

Laser Wakefield Acceleration (LWFA) is a plasma based particle acceleration technique. In LWFA a short (fs) high intensity (»1014W/cm2) laser pulse
is used to generate an electrostatic plasma wave that moves with the laser pulse with a phase velocity close to the speed of light. When charged particles are injected into the
right phase of the wake they will experience acceleration as they move with the wave.

Main Battle Tank

2021-09-08T15:44:27Z

Blavek: /* Mobility */ add spaces

'''Main Battle Tanks''' (MBT) are tracked [[Armored Fighting Vehicles]] providing great mobility, firepower and protection for offensive warfare. Also called '''Modern Armor''', they are a further development of [[tank]]s. Specifically, the MBT is the combination of two previously distinct tank types—infantry support and anti-tank—into one unit that fulfills both roles.

==History==
The first generation of MBTs entered military service during the early 1960s. These MBT designs were mostly upgraded versions of contemporary infantry support tanks, fitted with bigger main guns that could be used effectively against other tanks.

MBTs have now reached the maximum practical weight limit for a combat vehicle, and engineers are looking for lightweight methods of improving protection. [[Explosive reactive armor]] provides greater protection against [[shaped charges]] while the [[Russia]]ns have developed an active armor system which uses [[radar]] to detect incoming projectiles and launch an interceptor. Research into exotic armors such as all-plastic and electrical armor is also ongoing.

==Mobility==
Mobility is one of the three primary strengths of the Main Battle Tank and MBTs can usually sustain speeds of 45+mph (72+km/h) on-road or 30+mph (48+ km/h) off-road depending on terrain and other factors, with some modern tanks able to exceed 55 mph(88 km/h)on-road. To achieve this superb level of mobility, most MBTs designs use [[diesel]] engines making 1000-1500 hp. However, some modern designs such as the US Military's M1 series Abrams MBTs use [[gas turbine]] engines.

Mobility is also rated by a MBT's capability to fire accurately while moving. This capability is highly advantageous on the modern battlefield as it allows the tank to remain a difficult to hit, moving target while still providing accurate firepower. The tank's suspension plays a critical role in achieving this capability and to that end, those MBTs who have it, often have carefully designed suspension systems that make them ride as smooth as some luxury cars While not all MBT designs have the "fire and move" capability, nearly all current generation MBTs have this and some older generation ones have been refitted to provide some—albeit limited—fire and move ability.

==Firepower==
The traditional large caliber gun remains the main armament, but is now an extremely high velocity weapon optimized for the anti-vehicle role. Anti-tank ammunition is by fin-stabilized [[sabot]] rounds of [[tungsten]] or [[depleted uranium]]. [[Shaped charge]] rounds are general carried for use against lighter vehicles and are moderately effective against [[fortification]]s and buildings. Some MBTs enhance their long-range anti-tank firepower by launching [[ATGM]]s from their main gun. Fire control is extremely sophisticated, and MBTs can fire accurately while moving and achieve first-shot kills. This feat would have been impossible with traditional tanks, which could only fire effectively while stationery.

==Protection==
MBTs have also replaced the earlier monobloc [[steel]] armor with composite protection. Traditional [[RHA|rolled homogeneous armor]] is combined with air gaps and materials made from [[synthetic fibers]] to form an armor sandwich often referred to as [[Chobham]]. The use of such [[composites]] arises from the huge advances in non-metallic materials science, particularly [[plastics]] and [[recycling]]. Chobham armor is significantly more effective than RHA of the same weight.

==See also==
*[[Challenger II]]
*[[Merkava]]

[[Category:Armored Fighting Vehicles]]

Talk:International System of Units

2021-09-08T15:21:58Z

Blavek: typo

==Angstrom is Obsolete?==
Does someone have a source for this? I see the unit Angstroms being used quite frequently in scientific papers when discussing crystal/lattice structures. The distance between ions is typically reported in Angstroms. --[[User:AndrasK|AndrasK]] 20:06, 7 January 2009 (EST)

== Definition of kilogram ==
To [[User:David_R|David R]]: I'll accept your removal of parentheses as friendly. But do you have any specific references that describe these efforts to redefine the kilogram? I'd love to add them.--[[User:TerryH|TerryH]] 15:04, 14 March 2007 (EDT)

== Joule ==

I tried to correct the 'N/m' into 'Nm' but I get the following error message:

Failed to parse (Missing <code>texvc</code> executable. Please see math/README to configure.):

Can someone correct this, or at least explain to me what I did wrong? [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 11:21, September 8, 2021 (EDT)

Talk:International System of Units

2021-09-08T15:21:06Z

Blavek: /* Joule */ new section

==Angstrom is Obsolete?==
Does someone have a source for this? I see the unit Angstroms being used quite frequently in scientific papers when discussing crystal/lattice structures. The distance between ions is typically reported in Angstroms. --[[User:AndrasK|AndrasK]] 20:06, 7 January 2009 (EST)

== Definition of kilogram ==
To [[User:David_R|David R]]: I'll accept your removal of parentheses as friendly. But do you have any specific references that describe these efforts to redefine the kilogram? I'd love to add them.--[[User:TerryH|TerryH]] 15:04, 14 March 2007 (EDT)

== Joule ==

I tried to correct the 'N/m' into 'Nm' but I get the following error message:

Failed to parse (Missing <code>texvc</code> executable. Please see math/README to configure.):

Con someone correct this, or at least explain to me what I did wrong? [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 11:21, September 8, 2021 (EDT)

International System of Units

2021-09-08T15:04:24Z

Blavek: /* Writing Metric */ A stupid bot 'corrected' an example of incorrect syntax.

The '''International System of Units''' ([[France|French]] ''Système International d'Unités'', ''Système International'' or '''SI''' for short) is the agreed-upon system for measurement as adopted by periodic meetings of the forty-six-member ''Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures'' (General Conference on Weights and Measures, abbreviated CGPM). It was developed in 1960 from the [[meter-kilogram-second]] (MKS) system and replaces the [[centimeter-gram-second]] (cgs) system.

The SI system introduced several new units for physical terms and continues to change to this day. As measurement accuracy improves, so the standards against which measures are calibrated must also be defined to higher accuracy. Definitions have been subject to change through the years, and generally depend on assumptions that the CGPM makes about what is permanent and what is not.

Nearly all countries have adopted the SI system of units as their official system of weights and measures. The [[United States of America]] also uses the [[US customary system]], which is defined in terms of metric units since the Convention on the Meter.

==Principles==
The value of a physical quantity is considered to a number multiplied by a unit. Units may be '''base units''' or '''derived units'''. Derived units are constructed by multiplying, dividing or raising to powers the base units or their multiples and submultiples. Thus a unit of speed, the meter per second, can be constructed by dividing the base unit of length, the meter, by the base unit for time, the second. The symbol for a derived unit is constructed from the symbols for its constituent base units. Multiplication should be denoted by either a space or the half-high dot ([[ANSI]] symbol 0183). Division is denoted by the '''solidus''' (oblique stroke) or by a negative exponent. For example, 25 meters per second could be written in symbols as 25 m/s or 25 m·s−1. New derived units can always be constructed as new situations arise. There is no limit to the number of multiplications, divisions and raising of powers that can be used, so there is no limit to the number of possible derived units. 22 of the derived units have their own names.

== The Base Units ==
SI depends on seven ''base units'' of measurement from which all other units derive. They are:

=== Second ===
The '''second''' (symbol s) is the unit of [[time]], defined as<blockquote>
the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the [[cesium]]-133 atom (13th CGPM, 1967).</blockquote> This translation is defined at [[absolute zero]].

There are 60 seconds in a [[minute]] and 3600 seconds in an [[hour]].

Historically the second was without definition, until 1820, when it was defined as 1/86,400 of the mean solar day. In 1956 the CGPM adopted the ''ephemeris second'' definition of 1/31 556 925.9747 of the tropical year 1900. The present definition dates from 1963.

=== Meter ===
The '''meter''' (or '''metre''' outside the US) (symbol m) is the unit of [[length]]. Originally (see [[Metric system]]) it had a definition depending on the dimensions of the earth. It was defined so that the circumference of the Earth would be exactly 40 million meters. However, the circumference of the Earth depends on where you measure it, so the French creators of the metric system chose the circumference which travels through both poles, along the [[meridian]] that passes through [[Paris]]. (This was a snub to the British, who had defined longitude by reference to the meridian passing through [[Greenwich]]).
It later had a definition dependent on a particular type of radiation. Today its definition depends upon the second and on the [[speed of light]] in a vacuum—which the CGPM now assumes to be constant. Thus a meter is 1⁄299,792,458th of a light-second. (Therefore, the speed of light is exactly 299,792,458 meters per second.)

* The '''centimeter''' (or '''centimetre''' outside the US) (symbol cm) is one-hundredth of a meter. It is not a base unit but is included here because it is a commonly used unit of length.

=== Kilogram ===
The '''kilogram''' (symbol kg) is the unit of [[mass]]. It is defined as an amount of mass equal to that of the standard prototype kilogram kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres, France. It is the ''only unit of measure'' based on a physical artifact. This is the same artifact that has provided the definition of grams and kilograms for over a century. It is also the only base SI unit to retain its decimal prefix, ''kilo-'', which comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for "thousand." Efforts are presently underway to redefine the kilogram without the use of a physical artifact.

=== Ampere ===
The '''ampere''' (symbol A) is the unit of [[electric current]]. (Strangely, electric ''charge'' is not the base quantity.) The definition is as follows:<blockquote>One ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10−7 newtons per meter of length.</blockquote>

=== Kelvin ===
The '''kelvin''' (symbol K, named after [[Lord Kelvin]]) is the unit of [[temperature]], and specifically of [[absolute temperature scale|absolute temperature]]. It is 1/273.16 of the absolute temperature of the [[triple point]] of [[water]]. The size of the kelvin is the same as the size of the [[Celsius]] degree, and thus to convert from degrees Celsius to kelvins, one adds 273.15. (The zero of the Celsius scale, which is the [[melting point]] of water ice under standard [[atmospheric pressure]], happens to be 273.15 kelvins.) Note that one says '200 kelvins' not '200 ''degrees'' kelvin'.

=== Mole ===
: ''Main Article: [[Mole (chemistry)]]''
The '''mole''' (symbol mol) is the unit of [[amount of substance]]. Its definition depends on that of the kilogram. It is that mass of any substance having as many ''elementary entities'' of that substance as are to be counted in 12 grams of [[carbon]]-12. An ''elementary entity'' is either an [[atom]] or a [[molecule]]—but for an [[ionic compound]], the number of elementary entities is the total number of [[cation]]s and [[anion]]s required to make the compound electrically neutral.

[[Avogadro's number]] gives the required number of elementary entities, and is typically represented by ''NA''. ''NA'' has the approximate value of 6.022X1023

Effectively, one mole of any substance is its formula mass in grams.

=== Candela ===
The '''candela''' (symbol cd) is the unit of [[luminous intensity]]. It replaces the old idea of 'candlepower'. Its definition is <blockquote>the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a [light] source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1⁄683 watt per steradian.</blockquote>

The term ''hertz'' means "vibrations, transitions, or other events per second." For the definitions of the terms '''watt''' and '''steradian''', see below. Light having the stated frequency is generally perceived as red.

== Named Derived Units ==
SI has multiple derived units that measure quantities in several areas of measurement and inquiry. The following is a comprehensive list of the named derived units, grouped by category.

=== [[Dynamics (physics)|Dynamics]] ===
==== Newton ====
The '''newton''' (symbol N, named for [[Sir Isaac Newton]]) is the SI unit of [[force]]. Force is generally found by multiplying the mass times the acceleration of the mass (giving us the more complicated form <math>kg(m/s^2)</math> )
. One newton is that amount of force required to give a one-kilogram mass an acceleration of one meter per second per second. To calculate, multiply mass by acceleration.

==== Pascal ====
: ''Main Article: [[Pascal]]''
The '''pascal''' (symbol Pa, named for [[Blaise Pascal]]) is that amount of [[pressure]] that exerts a force of one newton per square meter of area.

=== Work and Power ===
==== Joule ====
The '''joule''' (symbol J, named for [[James Joule]]) is that amount of [[energy]] required to do the ''work'' of exerting a force of one newton over a distance of one meter. To calculate, multiply force by distance, which reveals a joule is a Newton-meter or <math>N/m</math>. To expand further (keeping in mind a newton is a <math>kg(m/s^2)</math> ) a joule is a <math>kg (m^2/s^2)</math>

==== Watt ====
The '''[[watt]]''' (symbol W, named for [[James Watt]]) is the [[power]] required to do one Joule of work in one second. To calculate, divide work by time.
=== Electricity and Magnetism ===
==== Coulomb ====
The '''coulomb''' (symbol C, for [[C. A. Coulomb]]) is that amount of [[electric charge]] that passes through a conductor in one second at a current of one ampere. To calculate, multiply current by time.
==== Volt ====
The '''volt''' (symbol V, named after Alessandro Volta) is the [[electric potential]] difference between two conductors having a current flow of one ampere from one to another, and dissipating one watt of power.

==== Ohm ====
The '''ohm''' (symbol Ω,<ref>That's the Greek letter omega. Never let it be said that physicists don't have a sense of humor.</ref> for [[Georg Simon Ohm]]) is that amount of [[electric resistance]] that requires an electric potential difference of one volt to push a current of one ampere through it. To calculate, divide electrical potential by current.

==== Siemens ====
The '''siemens''' (symbol S, for [[Werner von Siemens]]) is the unit of [[electric conductance]], which is merely the reciprocal of resistance. In essence, the siemens is that level of conductance required to ''allow'' a current of one ampere to flow through a load after an electric potential of one volt is applied. To calculate it, divide current by electric potential or "voltage," rather than dividing voltage by current.

==== Farad ====
The '''farad''' (symbol F, for [[Michael Faraday]]) is that amount of [[capacitance]] that exists in a ''capacitor'' (essentially a pair or collection of metal plates that store charge) if a charge of one coulomb increases the electrical potential by one volt. To calculate, divide charge by electrical potential.
==== Weber ====
The '''weber''' (symbol Wb, for [[W. E. Weber]]) is <blockquote>the [[magnetic flux]] which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.</blockquote> To calculate, multiply electric potential (or electromotive force) by time.
==== Henry ====
The '''henry''' (symbol H) is that [[inductance]] in a closed loop or coil that produces a magnetic flux of one weber given a current of one ampere. To calculate, divide magnetic flux by current.
==== Tesla ====
The '''tesla''' (symbol T, for [[Nikola Tesla]]) is the [[magnetic flux density]] required to produce one weber of magnetic flux in one square meter of surface area. To calculate, divide flux by area.

=== Light ===
==== Lumen ====
The '''lumen''' (symbol lm) is that amount of [[luminous flux]] emitted in a solid-angle region of one steradian that produces one candela of intensity. To calculate, multiply luminous intensity by solid angle.
==== Lux ====
The '''lux''' (symbol lx) is that [[illuminance]] that represents one lumen in one square meter. To calculate, divide luminous flux by area.
==Temperature==
The degree Celsius (symbol °C) is a derived unit of temperature centered on the freezing temperature of water ice rather than absolute zero. It is defined by the temperature in kelvins minus 273.15. Note that
* the degree symbol (°) is a mandatory part of the symbol, as 'C' denotes the coulomb, the unit of electric charge
* It is perfectly correct, though rather unusual in practice, to use metric prefixes with the degree Celsius. Thus one can say 'the melting point of the metal is in excess of 2 k°C'
* While one does not say '200 degrees Kelvin' one ''does'' say '200 degrees Celsius'
* Prior to 1960 the degree Celsius was known as the degree Centigrade, a term that is now deprecated.

=== Radioactivity, Radiation, Health Physics, and Radiation Safety ===
==== Becquerel ====
The '''becquerel''' (symbol Bq, for [[Henri Becquerel]]) is the amount of [[activity]] of a radioactive substance represented by one decaying atom per second.

==== Gray (Unit) ====
The '''gray''' (symbol Gy) is the [[absorbed dose]] of radiation that imparts one joule of energy to one kilogram of target mass. To calculate, divide imparted energy by mass.
==== Sievert ====
The '''sievert''' (symbol Sv) is the unit of [[dose equivalent]]. It is the amount of energy it would take to deliver 1 joule of energy to 1 kg of tissue.

== Supplementary Units ==
The metric system originally had the two units of plane angle and solid angle. Since they consist of a unit of length divided by a unit of length and thus [[dimensionless]] CGPM decided not to retain them in the base units. They were put into a separate category called Supplementary Units. They have been moved again and are now listed as named Derived Units.

=== Radian ===
The '''radian''' (symbol rad) is the ''plane angle'' unit. It is the measure of a central angle (one having its origin as the center of a [[circle]]) that subtends an [[arc]] of the circle having a length equal to that of the radius. By convention, the [[circumference]] of the ''unit circle'' (a circle having a radius of one) is 2π, and therefore the maximum "major angle" of any circle is 2π radians.

=== Steradian ===
The '''steradian''' (symbol sr) is the ''solid angle'' unit. A ''solid angle'' is actually one [[nappe]] of a right circular conical surface. One steradian is the measure of a solid angle that subtends a portion of the surface of a [[sphere]] having an area equal to that of a square having sides equal in length to the radius. By convention, the [[surface area]] of a sphere is 4πr2, where r is the length of the radius, and thus the maximum "major solid angle" of any sphere is 4π steradians.

==Obsolete metric units==
As the metric system has changed over time, some units have been abandoned and replaced with others. Examples of obsolete metric units, which should not be used.

* The '''calorie''' was originally defined as the amount of [[energy]] required to raise 1 g of water through 1 °C. It later was clarified to raising the temperature from 15 °C to 16 °C, since the energy required varies slightly with temperature. Confusingly, a second calorie, the Calorie (spelt with an upper case C) was introduced that was defined as the amount of energy required to raise 1 kg of water through 1 °C. Thus, 1 Calorie = 1000 calories. The Calorie (big C) became widely used as a measure of food energy. To avoid the confusion the Calorie was renamed the kilocalorie and the term Calorie was deprecated. The kilocalorie has now been replaced by the joule as the unit of energy, though energy values in kilocalories are still widely seen.

* The '''Ångstrom''' was a very small unit of length equal to 10−10 m. It was used for describing the wavelength of light, for example. The ångstrom was replaced by the nanometer. 1 nm = 10 Å.

* The '''curie''' (symbol Ci, for [[Marie Curie]]) is an obsolete unit of radioactivity. Its original definition was "the amount of radioactivity in one gram of [[radium]]-226." Madame Curie, of course, is most famous as the discoverer of radium. It was replaced by the becquerel, though it is still widely used in the US nuclear power industry. One curie is equal to 3.7 * 1010 becquerel.

* The '''micron''' (symbol µ) was a unit of length equal to one thousandth of a millimeter. It was replaced by the micrometer (symbol µm) in 1960.

* The '''degree Centigrade''' (symbol °C) was renamed the degree Celsius (symbol °C) in 1960.

==Metric Prefixes==
The base and derived units can be multiplied by prefixes in order to extend their range to virtually every magnitude used in practice, from subatomic physics to the large-scale structure of the universe. The following prefixes are available.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! The prefix:
! Abbreviated:
! Multiplies the unit by:
|-
| yocto-
| y
| 10−24
|-
| zepto-
| z
| 10−21
|-

| atto-
| a
| 10−18
|-
| femto-
| f
| 10−15
|-
| pico-
| p
| 10−12
|-
| nano-
| n
| 10−9
|-
| micro- (Greek ''small'')
| µ
| 10−6
|-
| milli- ([[Latin]] ''one thousand'')
| m
| 10−3
|-
| centi- (Latin ''one hundred'')
| c
| 10−2
|-
| deci- (Latin ''ten'')
| d
| 10−1
|-
| deka- (Greek ''ten'')
| da
| 101
|-
| hecto- (Greek ''one hundred'')
| H
| 102
|-
| kilo- (Greek ''one thousand'')
| k
| 103
|-
| mega- (Greek ''large'')
| M
| 106
|-
| giga- (Latin ''gigantic'')
| G
| 109
|-
| tera- (Greek ''wonder'')
| T
| 1012
|-
| peta-
| P
| 1015
|-
| exa-
| E
| 1018
|-
| zetta-
| Z
| 1021
|-
| yotta-
| Y
| 1024
|}

==Symbols, not Abbreviations==
The units of the SI do not have abbreviations, as these would vary depending on the language used and SI is designed to be the global standard. An English speaker might write 'sec' as an abbreviation for 'second', whereas a Spanish speaker would write 'seg' for 'segundo'. To get around this problem, a set of language-independent '''symbols''' were defined for each unit. Thus the symbol for the second is 's', for both the Spanish and English speaker. The SI symbols are a global standard, just like the Arabic numerals and the symbols for the chemical elements, that are the same whatever language is being used. For example, the language of [[Welsh]] does not contain the letter 'k' and the word 'kilometer' is spelt 'cilometr'. Nevertheless, a Welsh person writing in Welsh that 'the runway is 3 km long' would use '3 km' for 'three kilometers'. By contrast, use of an abbreviation such as 'cm' for 'cilometr' would cause confusion, as 'cm' denotes the centimeter.

==Writing Metric==
The rules of the SI system are defined in the [[International Organization for Standardization]] documents [[ISO 1000]] and [[ISO 31]]. They define not only the units, but the ways in which they are to be written.
* A space is to be put between the number and the unit. '25 km' is correct, '25km' is incorrect. This is a common mistake for users of English units, where no space is placed between the number and the unit.
* SI units do not take a trailing 's' to denote the plural. Thus '5 cms' is wrong and '5 cm' is correct. The reason is that 's' is the symbol for the second and 'cms' (intended to mean centimeters) could be confused with 'cm s' (meaning centimeter-seconds, a derived unit)
* SI symbols do not take a trailing period. (This would be appropriate if they were abbreviations, but they are not.)
* Since the SI symbols are symbols they are not altered to fit in with the surrounding text. The case of the symbol does not change - kelvin is always written as 'K' and kilograms is always written as 'kg'. Furthermore, they are never written in italics. Thus ''The woman lost 25 kg in weight'' is incorrect and should be ''The woman lost ''25 kg'' in weight''. Similarly, it is incorrect to alter the symbols to upper case (as often observed on shipping crates).

== Units of volume in the metric system ==
The liter was a unit of volume in the original 1795 definition of the metric system.It was defined as a cubic decimeter, i.e. a volume of 1/1000th of a cubic meter. However, the 1901 redefinition of the liter as the volume of 1 kg of water at the temperature when it takes its maximum density (3.98 °C) yields a volume greater than a cubic decimeter by 28 parts per million. For everyday purposes this was not a problem, but for highly accurate scientific purposes it then became important to specify whether one actually meant a liter or cubic decimeter. The liter was thus not recommended for scientific purposes and technically became no longer part of the metric system. Officially, volume is measured in cubic meters and its multiples and submultiples, such as the cubic centimeter. The 1964 definition of the liter changed it back to exactly a cubic decimeter but technically it is a now a unit approved for use alongside the metric system but not part of it, alongside the minute, hour, year and others.

=== Metric and English Volume Units Compared ===
In the English system of weights and measures used in the USA, different units of volume are used for dry goods than for liquids. The Queen Anne gallon of 231 cubic inches is used for liquids and the Winchester gallon is the basis of the Winchester bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches. However, in the metric system no distinction is made between units of volume used for dry goods and units of volume used for liquids. The cubic meter and its multiples and submultiples are used for all volumetric purposes. This is part of a general difference of approach between the two systems. The English system tends to use different measures for the same quantity depending on the context whereas the metric system uses the same measure. For example, in the English system pressure is measured in inches of mercury for weather, pounds per square inch for tire pressure and pounds per square foot for floor pressure. In the metric system these would be all measured in pascals or kilopascals.
==Lead Agency==
As scientific and engineering measurements become more accurate over time, the measurement standards they are compared against need to be continually refined. The National Institute for Science and Technology (NIST), based in Gaithersburg, Maryland, carries out world-class research in metrological science. NIST represents the United States in international committees on metrology.

== References ==
[http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/ The official, definitive definition of the SI system, from the Bureau Internationale des Poids et Mesures]

[http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/contents.full.html Guide to the SI System from NIST, the lead federal agency on all metrology issues for the US]

[http://www.sizes.com/units/SI.htm SI at Sizes.com]

== See also ==
* [[Metric system]] This describes the original metric system as defined at its creation in 1795.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Measurements]]
[[Category:Radio]]
[[Category:Amateur Radio]]

Talk:Pi

2021-09-05T04:12:44Z

Blavek: we are not talking about the same infinity

Answering the question posed in the article, "As of 2002, the record is held by Yasumasa Kanada of Tokyo University at 1,241,100,000,000 digits. That result was never printed out: can you figure out why not?"

An ordinary printed page can hold about 5,000 digits.

To print 1,241,100,000,000 digits would require 248,220,000 pages, or 496,440 reams of paper. A ream of paper is the size of a large book. It would take a building the size of a city library to hold the printed output. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 23:08, 13 January 2007 (EST)

Counting the letters in the phrase "Now I wish I had a drink—alcoholic, of course" '''Does not help because it gives a wrong answer.''' it gives 3(.)141315926, it should be 3.1415926...
--[[User:TimSvendsen|TimSvendsen]] 23:54, 15 January 2007 (EST)

*Yikes! I'm going to have to turn in my geek badge. It should be "How I want a drink--alcoholic of course." I was mixing it with "How I wish I could recollect pi easily today." Sorry. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 13:16, 16 January 2007 (EST)

So I'm assuming by the change back to the old version, my revision was no good. An explanation why would be nice, though. [[User:ColinR|ColinR]] 21:09, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

==Groan==

What was I thinking here? [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pi&curid=4960&diff=71562&oldid=71280&rcid=74105]

113 '''divided into''' 355 like this:

3.14156.....
---------
113|355.00000

I had 1/pi by mistake - not even an approximation, more like an abomination. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 23:44, 28 March 2007 (EDT)

== I like Pi ==

Pi R Squared? No they're not, Pie are round. Brownies are square. [[User:Human|Human]] 22:07, 20 April 2007 (EDT)

:LOL. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:08, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

==22/7==
Besides the fact that "Pi is exactly 3!", 22/7 is also a repeating decimal.
Pi is also known as Archimedes' constant, Ludolphine, and Ludolph's Number.
Ludolph van Ceulen (Germany) spent a great deal of time calculating digits of pi. The number is engraved on his tombstone. If I were to get buried, I would have all the digits I memorized engraved on it, but I want to get cremated instead. [[User:Kektklik|Fuzzy]] 10:16, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:It is not true that Pi is exactly 3. What is your suggestion to improve the article? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 10:31, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

::I haven't said anything about my beliefs, let's just leave my life out of this, eh? And, with you saying that pi=3, are you suggesting CP completely rewrites this article? [[User:Kektklik|Fuzzy]] 10:39, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::If you are not claiming that pi = 3, then that makes two of us. :-)
:::I've made a few updates to the article, primarily about scriptural references and historical estimates. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 12:41, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

==Is the Bible wrong about pi?==

In the ancient world, measurements were not given as exact as they are today, and that was generally considered acceptable.
http://www.tektonics.org/lp/piwrong.html [[User:DanH|DanH]] 01:22, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Who said it was wrong? Sloppy ancients aren't nessecarily wrong ancients. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 01:25, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::So, can I reinsert the Bibical perspective? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 17:15, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::It's not relevant simply to note that the Bible happens to approximate it in passing. However, many use it as an argument to show that the Bible is errant, and that's what I surmise may have been the purpose for its inclusion [[User:DanH|DanH]] 17:35, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::Wait. The Bible's interpretation of Pi is not relevant to Pi? What? Look, friend, the Bible is always relevant. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:14, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::You admit you're an atheist on your user page. Why are you so interested in inserting this in there? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 18:15, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::I admit I'm an atheist-- You say it like it's a bad thing. I'm not trying to stat a fight, Dan, I just figure that, as a wiki with a majority of users that are Christian, it would be good to include the Biblical perspective on matters where it has spoken, as is done in [[shrimp]]. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:18, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:I didn't realize that was still in [[shrimp]]. Anyways, as the article posted above explains, the numbers were not meant to be exact, and the circumference and diameter may have been given as approximate estimates, but pi wasn't a concept that most people knew about or cared about. The Bible wasn't meaning to comment on pi at that point, only at the relevant calculations. [[User:DanH|DanH]] 18:24, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::That's great, Dan. You seem pretty hostile to the Bible. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:16, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
I don't see how Dan seems to be "pretty hostile to the Bible". Your insertion was simply wrong, as the Bible is not trying to give a value for pi at all. Besides, the Bible reference which is frequently quoted by bibliosceptics as supposedly representing pi is already in the article, and even that warrants being removed (in that form) in my opinion. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 20:47, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Oh... So anything a skeptic quotes must be purged, then? What is the purpose of the verse if not to show the value of pi? Furthermore, how do you know what the Bible is and is not trying to say, Philip? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:48, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Also, bibliosceptics is A: Spelled wrong and B: a word which would translate as "Skeptical of books." [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:49, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::Oh, bugger. It seems I didn't notice that the verse was already quoted in the History section. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:51, 10 March 2008 (EDT)

::: I didn't say that anything a sceptic quotes should be purged.
::: What's the purpose if not to show the value of pi? To ''describe the object's size'', genius!
::: What is incorrect about the spelling of "bibliosceptics"? Yes, the word ''could'' mean "sceptical of books", but as "Bible" means "book", it's appropriate to use it to mean "sceptical of the Bible".
::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:03, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::"Besides, the Bible reference which is frequently quoted by bibliosceptics as supposedly representing pi is already in the article, and even that warrants being removed (in that form) in my opinion." That's exactly what you said, Philip!
::::Then why not describe it ''correctly''?
::::Skeptics. With a K. Also: Yes. I know it means book. Your use of faux Latin does not make you smarter. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 21:13, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::: That quote of mine does not indicate that ''anything'' a sceptic quotes should be purged, and neither does it say that that bit should be removed ''because it's something a sceptic quotes''.
::::: Aussies traditionally spell "sceptic" with a "c", hence my use of "bibliosceptic" rather than "biblioskeptic".
::::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 22:12, 10 March 2008 (EDT)

A fourth consecutive edit, because a thought occurs. How can we be sure that man's measurements are correct in this case but the Bible is not? Furthermore, if the Bible is wrong here, how can we logically accept that everything else is exact-- IE, the age of the Earth? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:56, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
: What reason is there to think that the Bible's measurements are incorrect? The logic of your question is valid, but the premise (that the Bible is incorrect) is not. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:05, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::Well, if it's ten cubits from one side to the other, it should be 31 all around, if we're rounding. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 21:13, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::: What if it was actually 9.7 cubits (rounded to 10) from one side to the other? [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 22:12, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::: Then the measurement given is, quite simply, wrong. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 23:44, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
::::: Huh? Okay, I'll have to spell it out for you. If (and this is not the only possible explanation) the ''actual'' diameter was 9.7 cubits, then the ''actual'' radius would be 30.47 cubits. If ''both'' of those figures are rounded to the nearest cubit, then the diameter would be listed as 10 cubits and the circumference would be listed as 30 cubits. And guess what! That's what the Bible lists them as! So if this is correct (and it doesn't have to be exactly that: it could be 9.6 cubits for example), then the Bible is perfectly accurate! ("Accurate" is a different thing to "precise", as Ed mentions below.) If you still aren't convinced, have a look at the links in the External Links section of the article, particularly the Math Forum one. In fact, don't reply here unless you first read the three links. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 02:03, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::Yes. Rounding. I get it. It's impercise. If I say Ed is six feet tall, I'm wrong because he's not. If I say he's ''about'' six feet tall, I'm right, because he's just over six feet tall. Is that so hard to understand, Philip? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 10:06, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::::Alright. Scanned through the links. I get it-- God couldn't be arsed to tell the lowly Earthers a more prescise number. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 17:51, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::::: You've earned yourself another block for that arrogant response.
::::::::: If Ed is 6 feet, 3.02 inches tall, would you refer to him as "about 6'3" tall"? The articles said nothing about God not telling us a more precise number. The first link points out that their measurements would not be that precise to start with. In this case, they are not rounding, but simply measuring with a course measuring device. The second reference pointed out that it was common to round numbers in those times. Insisting on using the word "about" is really a case of you expecting people from 3000 years ago to follow your conventions. It doesn't mean that they got anything wrong. The third reference pointed out the following:
:::::::::* "''...in the absence of an explicit indication of precision, the absence of a tenths digit implies that the figure is accurate to the nearest 1 cubit...''". So the measurements were accurate to within the implied level of precision!
:::::::::* "''Every measurement we ever make is an approximation.''". So do you preface ''every'' measurement with "about"? (That's the point of my question above about Ed being 6'3.02" tall.) Absence of the word "about" does ''not'' mean that the measurement is "wrong".
::::::::: You acknowledged none of those points in your response, instead making a silly comment about God. It's clear that you simply want to argue a point that has been thoroughly refuted, and you've stopped doing so civilly. Hence your block. Learn from it.
::::::::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:55, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

::::::::You're not wrong to call me six feet tall; I don't mind losing 3 inches in the interest of smooth prose. Just don't call me [[Metric to English conversions|two meters]] tall! --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 18:50, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

:::::::::That's what the "about" is for-- it indicates impercision. Most useful article ever, by the way. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:59, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

:::I took a few science courses in high school and college. You might be interested to learn about the difference between "[[accuracy]]" and "[[precision]]". (I probably should compare and contrast the two ideas in a proposed new article: [[accuracy and precision]].)

:::Here's how it's relevant to [[Pi]]. When the Bible says ten cubits, that is an approximation. Scientists would say the measurement is being given to "[[one significant figure]]". It really could be anything between 9 and 11 cubits, and it still wouldn't be wrong, because it's only an approximation, like saying that Ed Poor is six feet tall (I'm 6'3" in bare feet).

:::The ratio between the diameter of a wheel and its circumference is, roughly, three. And if you drew a circle on the ground, with a diameter of 10 cubits, you would pace off 30 cubits when you walked around the circle. [[Pacing]] is not a very precise measurement, but it's good enough for some cases. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:01, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::: "''It really could be anything between 9 and 11 cubits...''": 9.5 and 10.5 actually. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:06, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::Anyway, you're being too patient with a time-waster. Liberals l-o-v-e to change the subject, with distractions like the supposedly preferable spelling of sceptic. I'm sceptical of this fella's motives, and I've left a note at his talk page. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:13, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
:::: I would actually like him to answer my last question above, though. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:43, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::Ed: You'll get a response in the appropriate place momentarily, don't worry.
:::::Philip J. Rayment: So you have wished it, so it shall be. Response is above. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 23:44, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

The Bible does not provide a value for pi, so the following statement is misleading at best:

:The [[Qur'an]] also defines Pi as 3.(al-Sûra ''aleph bei'').

Use of the word "also" implies that the Bible has provided a definition. The story about the ten cubits does not define pi. It merely gives a diameter and a radius of something presumed to be circular. (A circumference of thirty is consistent with a diameter of ten, with a precision of one [[significant digit]].)

In any case, I'd like to see the exact words of an English translation of any Koran passage related to circle math before approving any claim as damaging as "defines Pi as 3." --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 11:53, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:Over the years, I've found this to be one of the sillier arguments against the Bible. I've found that those who push it don't believe it, but only do so to try to force in a 'gotcha' that they themselves know isn't the case, but nevertheless they draw enjoyment from trying to act like it is anyway. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 18:48, 28 March 2008 (EDT)

==I do not like the "Pi in the Bible" section...==
...for many reasons. First, the title is misleading, as the text points out. There is no pi in the Bible (only unleaven bread--just kidding!), nor does the Bible make any attempt to define pi or ''e'' or or any other mathematical or physical constant. Second, I think the subject is out of place in an article about mathematics. Perhaps it should be a minor section in an apologetics-related article. Or be omitted entirely, as it is not really a serious criticism, but more a "baby apologetics" thing that appeals to unsophisticated Bible skeptics.

Thirdly, while I appreciate that someone has done the work of gathering the arguments in one place, the wording could be better. It says "Critics claim this, but they are making the following assumptions". Better to say "Critics say this but they are wrong for these reasons." You do not know what someone else's assumptions are.

Fourthly, a minor point. If you opt to keep this section, you might point out that when critics complain that the Bible rounds the circumference to a multiple of ten instead of something more precise (say, 31.4 cubits), they are being inconsistent, because that number is also imprecise. Because pi is irrational, there is no number that could be contained (in a finite Bible) that could give the measurement exactly. What the baby skeptics are doing here is setting an impossible condition for precision, then saying that if the Bible is imprecise it is not inerrant (another big leap in logic), and hoping that no one will notice the flaws in their reasoning.

{{unsigned|Ga ohoyt}}

:I wasn't happy with the title either (and I wrote it!), but I wasn't sure what else to have. The next best think I could think of was to put pi in quote marks: "Pi" in the Bible.
: I don't think the article is particularly out of place. The article is about pi specifically (not just "mathematics"), and this section is about pi, or at least about a claim made about pi. It is not a serious criticism in the sense of having even a shred of validity, but it is something that is ''often'' claimed by bible critics. The Skeptics Annotated Bible mentions it, for example.
: As for the mention of assumptions, no, you don't need to know what assumptions they are consciously making; there are certain assumptions ''inherent'' in the argument, which is all that the comment is saying. That is, they ''must be'' making these assumptions, even if subconsciously. That's not to say that the wording can't be altered to something better, but I do think it's acceptable as it is.
: There were a couple of other problems with the claim that I thought of mentioning, but the section was large enough already and the others were in a sense variations on the ones already mentioned, so I thought that was enough. Yes, they often claim that the value is "incorrect", but then are unable to give the "correct" value themselves (because it has an infinite number of digits). And that would be a good thing to point out if the Bible was actually claiming to give a value for pi, but as it's not, it seemed a little bit unnecessary.
: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:48, 13 March 2008 (EDT)

Better now? [[User:Ga ohoyt|Ga ohoyt]] 20:49, 14 March 2008 (EDT)
: I'm not sure (but I don't think it's worse). I don't think it's appropriate to have a question for a heading, and neither do I think it's appropriate for the heading to be part of the flow of the text, as is now the case, because the first sentence of the section doesn't make sense without the heading. A heading should give an idea of what the section is about, not be part of the section, if you're following me. Also, the claim is not (normally) explicitly made that the Bible defines pi, as indicated by the heading. Rather, that claim is ''implicit'' in the ''explicit'' claim that the Bible has an incorrect value for pi. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 01:19, 15 March 2008 (EDT)

I think the section is necessary because we ''do'' periodically hear this canard about Pi, and the encyclopedia should give the reader the information he needs to respond to it. However, I think the article's response is insufficiently dismissive.

I would simply say that the numbers in the Biblical passage ''are'' correct, to their given precision. Hence there is no controversy. Likewise, if an encyclopedia gives the radius and circumference of the Earth to the nearest thousand feet, the encyclopedia is not "wrong about Pi," and nobody would seriously say it was. It seems that only in the case of the Bible are critics so impassioned as to buy such a dopey argument.

Also, I think it is too weak to say it was "common at the time to round numbers." It is common ''all the time'' to give measurements like this, and to do so without any conscious or explicit rounding. The way these bullet points are worded, they give the impression that the values D=10 and C=30 need to be explained by some hypothetical act: maybe someone rounded a measurement, maybe they measured different parts of the rim, etc. But D=10 and C=30 does not need any of these explanations because, as I said, they are correct to their given precision, and there is no discrepancy that needs to be explained. I'd just remove them, lest they contribute to the sense of false controversy.--[[User:NgSmith|NgSmith]]

== Question on the Bible reference ==

Were decimals and fractions even in use in the Holy Land at the time 1 Kings was written? [[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 23:26, 4 April 2008 (EDT)
: Decimals, no, I think. Fractions, yes, to some extent, I think. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 04:39, 5 April 2008 (EDT)

== Pi contains pi ==
''The infinite length of ostensibly random decimal points in means that it contains the equivalent of every book ever written, every birthday, and every other number.''

That is quite a misleading statement: Pi (most probably) contains any '''finite''' sequence of numbers, therefore any book or birthday date can be "found", e.g., encoded as ascii.

But saying that pi contains "every other number" implies that it contains every number like pi, i.e., every real number. That is obviously wrong. --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 08:42, July 11, 2021 (EDT)
:"Obviously wrong"??? Here is my proof by induction:
::1. pi contains pi as one significant digit in a finite representation ("3": 3.14159265'''3'''....)
::2. assume pi contains pi as ''n'' significant digits in a finite representation of pi. Pi must also contain pi as ''n+1'' significant digits as the number of digits of pi is stretched to [[infinity]].
:Q.E.D.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:06, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

::Could you explain what you mean by "pi contains pi" exactly? Usually, when looking for birthdays, you would look for a consecutive string of six numbers. And mathematicians are certain that you could find the text of "Hamlet" if you take π mod 26 as a unbroken string. That seems to be different from your idea to find pi... --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 15:25, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::Not different at all. "Pi contains pi" means what it says: the full pi within pi. [[Infinity denial]] appears to be an obstacle here.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:38, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

:::For clarification: π containing π means that there is a consecutive sequence of digits in π (not starting from the first one) which equals π? --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:07, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
::::Right, as I proved above.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:13, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::::Sorry for being a little bit thick (or nitpicking) - perhaps I have difficulties because English isn't my first language... OTOH: mathematics is universal!
:::::You are saying that there is a infinite and unbroken sequence of digits in the representation of π (not starting with the first significant digit) equal to π ?
:::::--[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:34, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
::::::Yes. Repeatedly asking for clarification of something that is clear could be the result of denial, in this case [[infinity denial]]. I don't think the disconnect has anything to do with communication in [[English]]!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:59, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::::As an uninformed, disinterested bystander, I don't see how infinity can be defined by any limited, confined, or known values. Infinity may contain xn number of dimensions, for all we know. How is this so hard to comprehend for people who theorize about life on other planets? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|Free Kyle!]] 23:09, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

Doing math in a natural language is sometimes difficult. Luckily, we can get rid of ambiguities by trying to formalize statements.I hope we can agree on the following:<blockquote>If x0.x1x2x3x4x5...... is the digital expansion of π, then a "infinite and unbroken sequence of digits in the representation of π (not starting with the first significant digit) equal to π" is given by xnxn+1xn+2xn+3xn+4xn+5......, with xn=3, xn+1=1, xn+2= 4, xn+3=1, and so on and n being a natural number</blockquote>
Thank you for your patience! --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 01:38, July 30, 2021 (EDT)
:Yes, that's right. The aspect of [[infinity]] illustrated by the observation that [[pi]] contains pi is similar to several of the [[miracle]]s and [[parable]]s in the [[New Testament]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:10, July 30, 2021 (EDT)

From your "induction proof", I got the impression that you were looking for increasingly long strings resembling the leading digits of π - I looked up the first few for you:
{|
|'''x9'''x10||=||'''3'''5
|-
|'''x137x138'''x139||=||'''31'''7
|-
|'''x2120x2121x2122'''x2123||=||'''314'''2
|-
|'''x3496x3497x3498x3499'''x3450||=||'''3141'''2
|-
|'''x88008x88009x88010x88011x88012'''x88013||=||'''31415'''1
|-
|'''x146451x146452x146453x146454x146455x146456x146457'''x146458||=||'''314159'''7
|-
|'''x25198140x25198141x25198142x25198143x25198144x25198145x25198146x251981407'''x25198148||=||'''3141592'''1
|}

But this does not imply that the whole digital representation of π can be found as a consecutive string in π again. In fact, that is impossible.

Yours statement is like saying that as 1, 11, 111, 1111, 11.111, 111.111 and so on are natural numbers, an infinite string of 1s is a natural number, too: And I hope we can agree that this is a false statement.
--[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:41, July 30, 2021 (EDT)
:Your superb examples demonstrate that if true for "n" significant digits, then one can be found later having "n+1" significant digits. This reinforces the proof by induction. I don't see any support for your assertion "that is impossible." I also don't see any connection to your hypothesis about whether an infinite string of 1s is a "natural number," which is simply a matter of definition.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 21:30, July 30, 2021 (EDT)

::*''Your superb examples demonstrate that if true for "n" significant digits, then one can be found later having "n+1" significant digits.'' Thanks! But a few examples make no proof.
::*''This reinforces the proof by induction.'' No. It does not. As no one has proofed that π is a [[normal number]], your "proof by induction" is on shaky grounds.
::*''I don't see any support for your assertion "that is impossible."'' I put it at [[Talk:Conservapedia insights#Proof that π does not contain π:]] - it is somewhat of an overkill:
{|
|style="background-color:pink"|
#π is given as a digital expansion x0.x1x2x3x4x5...
#"finding π in π" means that there is an index n such that π starts all over again at xn
#If π starts again at n, then x0 = xn = 3, x1 = xn+1 = 1, x2 = xn+2 = 4, x3 = xn+3 = 1 and so on. "And so on" means that xk = xk+n for each natural number k, i.e.,. k ∈ N0.
#What happens if k equals n? What is the value of xn + n? According to the step above, xn + n =xn. But xn=x0=3 ! So, xn + n = xn=x0=3
#That's true for all multiples of n: if w ∈ N0, then xw n = x(w-1) n = .... = x2 n = xn = x0 = 3.
#What about xw n +k ( 0 ≤ k < n )? Again, xw n +k = x(w-1) n +k = x(w-2) n +k = x2 n +k = xn +k = xk
#So, for every natural number w and every number k with 0 ≤ k < n we have: xw n +k = xk. That makes π periodic, the length of the period is n.
#Therefore, π can be written as x0x1x2x3...xn-1 / (10n-1 -1) . But this is a rational number, and we know that π is irrational.
#We have a classical contradiction: As our result is wrong, our assumption that π is contained in π has to be wrong.
|}
::*''I also don't see any connection to your hypothesis about whether an infinite string of 1s is a "natural number," which is simply a matter of definition.'' In general, infinity is a difficult concept. But the simplest form of infinity is being "countably infinite". You should make yourself familiar with this concept. Then you would recognize that there is a difference between the statements:
::::#''a sequence contains a countably infinite number of finite sub-sequences with a certain property'' and
::::#''a sequence contains a countably infinite sub-sequence with a certain property''
:::The first statement does not imply the second one. --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:44, July 31, 2021 (EDT)
::::Your proposed proof has the fallacy of assuming a termination on an infinite sequence (and thus periodicity). There is no such termination.
::::Your criticism of my proof by induction is also flawed. Do you really think that your examples for n and n+1 will stop existing in the infinite sequence of digits for [[pi]], at some large n? Your position essentially denies the extent of [[infinity]].
::::[[Infinity]] has no such limit. Embrace its vastness and make it work for you. It can be enormously beneficial at a personal level for someone's outlook, and not something to be resisted through [[infinity denial]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:25, July 31, 2021 (EDT)

*"''Your proposed proof has the fallacy of assuming a termination on an infinite sequence (and thus periodicity). There is no such termination.''" That sounds impressive. The proof does not assume "a termination on an infinite sequence" - whatever you mean by this.
*"''Your criticism of my proof by induction is also flawed.''" I have been reluctant to address what you call your "proof by induction" - there is no way to do this charitably. But you forced my hand:

===Andrew Schlafly's "Proof by Induction"===
{|
|style="background-color:pink"|π contains π as one significant digit in a finite representation ("3": 3.14159265'''3'''....)
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|That's your '''base case''': as π does not equal 3, the sentence "π contains π as one significant digit" is wrong on face value. But, I assume you wanted to say something like "π contains a approximation of π of length 1." So, well done, I'll give you that. Now for the two parts of the '''induction step''':
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|assume π contains π as ''n'' significant digits in a finite representation of π
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|again, your '''induction hypothesis''' is okay: I'd use the phrase "approximation of π of length ''n''", but let's not quibble.
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|π must also contain π as ''n+1'' significant digits as the number of digits of π is stretched to [[infinity]]
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|'''''What? Why should this be true?''''' Mathematicians have not proofed yet that π is a [[normal number]]! You can easily construct a irrational number which contains an approximation of π of length 1010,000, but no approximation of length 1010,000 + 1 . Perhaps God constructed π this way - just to teach mathematicians a little humility. No one knows yet.
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|But even if your conclusion was true, you would have proofed only that π contains approximations of every imaginable '''''finite''''' length - not of '''''infinite length'''''. That is the same principle which allows you to count to every number, but never reach infinity.
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|Q.E.D.
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|Yeah, that's funny.
|}

Andy, I know that you will not be convinced by my arguments (even if you have read them) - you never are. But while getting something wrong in classical Greek makes you look uneducated to a very small minority of readers, being wrong when it comes to the concept of countable infinity makes you look stupid in the eyes of quite a bigger audience.

But therein lies a chance: I assume that you have no one in your circle of friends with whom you could discuss Koine, but I hope that there are mathematically educated persons whom you know: perhaps a high-school teacher, a mathematician (even a student will do) or a physicist, or someone else with comparable background? Ask them: get their help.

Seriously, yours [[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:06, August 1, 2021 (EDT)
:Your [[infinity denial]] is illogical. I urge you to welcome and embrace [[infinity]] (yes, by implication [[eternity]]), and use it for your own benefit. I want you to realize all the happiness and glory it provides.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:52, August 2, 2021 (EDT)
::Are you still talking about mathematics? --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:00, August 2, 2021 (EDT)

"assume pi contains pi as n significant digits in a finite representation of pi. Pi must also contain pi as n+1 significant digits" - so pi (assuming it's a normal number, as Augusto said) contains any truncated version of pi of any finite length (no matter how many zillions of digits). An infinite number of each truncation. It would also imply that any finite string of digits of pi would be replicated an infinite number of times elsewhere in the string of digits.

"as the number of digits of pi is stretched to infinity." Is it necessary that the pi within pi start at a digit infinitely far from the first digit? That would get around the periodicity issue.

The mathstack discussion:
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1608060/does-pi-contain-itself

I kind of like the idea of two points on a line being infinitely far from each other, with a third halfway in between, but I don't think that's part of the current standard set of axioms.

We're ignoring the decimal point, right? There's only one of those. Anyway, this is a pretty interesting discussion. [[User:AlChesapeake|AlChesapeake]]
:Right, this is ignoring the decimal point. I like your insight that "pi within pi [would] start at a digit infinitely far from the first digit." I think you're right about that, to get around the periodicity issue, and I'll add that now.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 20:59, September 2, 2021 (EDT)

::I am at a loss concerning the proof by induction though - if we start at one digit, then to two, adding one repeatedly, that number will still be an integer, a real number, which (as stated in [[infinity]]) cannot be infinity. No matter how large it gets, it's still a finite number. This proves it for all integers n, but infinity isn't in the set of integers. It's beyond! ha ha (that's my attempt at levity) [[User:AlChesapeake|AlChesapeake]] September 4, 2021

:::So pi is in pi for any large representation of pi, and that remains true as pi approaches infinity, right? This asymptotic approach of a subset of pi to pi itself is essentially the same as saying pi contains pi, right?--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:44, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

::::The book I'm reading (Charles Pinter's A Book of Abstract Algebra) seems to dodge the question - it has a section on inductive proofs, but it just starts with using integers and never mentions infinity. But the digits are countable, and go on for infinity, so they should be countably infinite - you should be able to match each digit to a digit in the countably infinite set of natural numbers, so that makes sense.
::::I was trying to avoid the term "subset" as by axiom, a [[set]] can't contain itself. But I wasn't thinking of this as a set anyway, as there are no duplicates in a set, so the set of all digits in pi would just be the finite <--set <math>\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0\}</math>--#> after removing duplicates.--[[User:AlChesapeake|AlChesapeake]] 20:22, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

The sentence in the article has been changed to
:''Simply stated, Pi contains pi, beginning an infinite number of digits into it (which avoids the periodicity problem).''
Let's rewrite this as:
# pi contains pi after an infinite number of digits into it
# pi will repeat itself after an infinite number of digits into it
# pi will repeat itself after an infinite sequence of pi digits
# an infinite sequence = a sequence that doesn't finish = a sequence without an end = an endless sequence
# pi will repeat itself after an endless sequence of pi digits
# pi will not repeat itself before the end of an endless sequence of pi digits
# an endless sequence has no end
# pi will not repeat itself
# pi does NOT contain pi (except for the trivial solution at offset zero)
Please tell me at which line you stop agreeing with this reasoning, so we can expand this further. [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 19:19, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

:Reply in bold:
:# pi contains pi after an infinite number of digits into it - '''YES'''
:# pi will repeat itself after an infinite number of digits into it - '''YES'''
:# pi will repeat itself after an infinite sequence of pi digits - '''YES'''
:# an infinite sequence = a sequence that doesn't finish = a sequence without an end = an endless sequence - '''YES'''
:# pi will repeat itself after an endless sequence of pi digits - '''YES'''
:# pi will not repeat itself before the end of an endless sequence of pi digits - '''NOT SURE ABOUT THIS.'''
:# an endless sequence has no end - '''YES'''
:# pi will not repeat itself - '''NO. A NON SEQUITUR'''
:# pi does NOT contain pi (except for the trivial solution at offset zero) - '''NO. A NON SEQUITUR'''
:The flaw in your approach is the denial of the existence of an infinite sequence within an infinite sequence. For example, change pi to a set of ordered numbers and then insert pi into that set of numbers.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 19:59, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

::To clarify #6: you can either add something after the end, or before the end of a sequence. This is just restating #5 in a different way. Also, it has already been proved that if you repeat a sequence at a finite position, you end with up with a rational number.
::The sentence #9 is a direct result from #8 which is itself a result from #6: you can't add digits after the end of something that has no end.
::
::Your remark about a set of ordered numbers is not clear: did you mean natural numbers, real numbers, digits? And how do you insert pi into that set? [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 22:07, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

:::I think you're making some implicit assumptions about [[infinity]] that restrain its power and scope. Infinity can be an infinite sequence of subseries which are themselves of infinite length. My suggestion about sets (which I meant to refer to digits) illustrates that.

:::By view pi as merely a sequence of digits that stretches on and on does not really capture all of pi's [[infinity]]. Infinity is not merely without end. It is also without enumeration. If pi does not repeat itself until after an infinite series of digits, then there is no problem with it becoming a pattern that would render it a rational number, which we know it is not.

:::Thanks for your comments about this, however, which is helping me clarify my thinking about it!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:50, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

::::The infinite number of digits in the decimal expansion of pi is a [[infinity#Cardinals|countable infinity]] (aleph0), the infinity you are talking about is the uncountable infinity of the real numbers (aleph1). There is an infinite (pun intended) difference between the two. [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 00:12, September 5, 2021 (EDT)

===Linking to this section from the article===
Andy, do you really think that it is a good idea to link to the above section '''on a talk-page''' from the main article on [[pi|π]]? And please, read the discussion! (ups, that was the second sentence of this paragraph - you probably already started skipping...) --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 05:23, August 3, 2021 (EDT)

Talk:Pi

2021-09-05T02:07:31Z

Blavek: Thanks for removing the captcha.

Answering the question posed in the article, "As of 2002, the record is held by Yasumasa Kanada of Tokyo University at 1,241,100,000,000 digits. That result was never printed out: can you figure out why not?"

An ordinary printed page can hold about 5,000 digits.

To print 1,241,100,000,000 digits would require 248,220,000 pages, or 496,440 reams of paper. A ream of paper is the size of a large book. It would take a building the size of a city library to hold the printed output. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 23:08, 13 January 2007 (EST)

Counting the letters in the phrase "Now I wish I had a drink—alcoholic, of course" '''Does not help because it gives a wrong answer.''' it gives 3(.)141315926, it should be 3.1415926...
--[[User:TimSvendsen|TimSvendsen]] 23:54, 15 January 2007 (EST)

*Yikes! I'm going to have to turn in my geek badge. It should be "How I want a drink--alcoholic of course." I was mixing it with "How I wish I could recollect pi easily today." Sorry. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 13:16, 16 January 2007 (EST)

So I'm assuming by the change back to the old version, my revision was no good. An explanation why would be nice, though. [[User:ColinR|ColinR]] 21:09, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

==Groan==

What was I thinking here? [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pi&curid=4960&diff=71562&oldid=71280&rcid=74105]

113 '''divided into''' 355 like this:

3.14156.....
---------
113|355.00000

I had 1/pi by mistake - not even an approximation, more like an abomination. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 23:44, 28 March 2007 (EDT)

== I like Pi ==

Pi R Squared? No they're not, Pie are round. Brownies are square. [[User:Human|Human]] 22:07, 20 April 2007 (EDT)

:LOL. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:08, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

==22/7==
Besides the fact that "Pi is exactly 3!", 22/7 is also a repeating decimal.
Pi is also known as Archimedes' constant, Ludolphine, and Ludolph's Number.
Ludolph van Ceulen (Germany) spent a great deal of time calculating digits of pi. The number is engraved on his tombstone. If I were to get buried, I would have all the digits I memorized engraved on it, but I want to get cremated instead. [[User:Kektklik|Fuzzy]] 10:16, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:It is not true that Pi is exactly 3. What is your suggestion to improve the article? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 10:31, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

::I haven't said anything about my beliefs, let's just leave my life out of this, eh? And, with you saying that pi=3, are you suggesting CP completely rewrites this article? [[User:Kektklik|Fuzzy]] 10:39, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::If you are not claiming that pi = 3, then that makes two of us. :-)
:::I've made a few updates to the article, primarily about scriptural references and historical estimates. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 12:41, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

==Is the Bible wrong about pi?==

In the ancient world, measurements were not given as exact as they are today, and that was generally considered acceptable.
http://www.tektonics.org/lp/piwrong.html [[User:DanH|DanH]] 01:22, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Who said it was wrong? Sloppy ancients aren't nessecarily wrong ancients. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 01:25, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::So, can I reinsert the Bibical perspective? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 17:15, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::It's not relevant simply to note that the Bible happens to approximate it in passing. However, many use it as an argument to show that the Bible is errant, and that's what I surmise may have been the purpose for its inclusion [[User:DanH|DanH]] 17:35, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::Wait. The Bible's interpretation of Pi is not relevant to Pi? What? Look, friend, the Bible is always relevant. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:14, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::You admit you're an atheist on your user page. Why are you so interested in inserting this in there? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 18:15, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::I admit I'm an atheist-- You say it like it's a bad thing. I'm not trying to stat a fight, Dan, I just figure that, as a wiki with a majority of users that are Christian, it would be good to include the Biblical perspective on matters where it has spoken, as is done in [[shrimp]]. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:18, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:I didn't realize that was still in [[shrimp]]. Anyways, as the article posted above explains, the numbers were not meant to be exact, and the circumference and diameter may have been given as approximate estimates, but pi wasn't a concept that most people knew about or cared about. The Bible wasn't meaning to comment on pi at that point, only at the relevant calculations. [[User:DanH|DanH]] 18:24, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::That's great, Dan. You seem pretty hostile to the Bible. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:16, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
I don't see how Dan seems to be "pretty hostile to the Bible". Your insertion was simply wrong, as the Bible is not trying to give a value for pi at all. Besides, the Bible reference which is frequently quoted by bibliosceptics as supposedly representing pi is already in the article, and even that warrants being removed (in that form) in my opinion. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 20:47, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Oh... So anything a skeptic quotes must be purged, then? What is the purpose of the verse if not to show the value of pi? Furthermore, how do you know what the Bible is and is not trying to say, Philip? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:48, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Also, bibliosceptics is A: Spelled wrong and B: a word which would translate as "Skeptical of books." [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:49, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::Oh, bugger. It seems I didn't notice that the verse was already quoted in the History section. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:51, 10 March 2008 (EDT)

::: I didn't say that anything a sceptic quotes should be purged.
::: What's the purpose if not to show the value of pi? To ''describe the object's size'', genius!
::: What is incorrect about the spelling of "bibliosceptics"? Yes, the word ''could'' mean "sceptical of books", but as "Bible" means "book", it's appropriate to use it to mean "sceptical of the Bible".
::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:03, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::"Besides, the Bible reference which is frequently quoted by bibliosceptics as supposedly representing pi is already in the article, and even that warrants being removed (in that form) in my opinion." That's exactly what you said, Philip!
::::Then why not describe it ''correctly''?
::::Skeptics. With a K. Also: Yes. I know it means book. Your use of faux Latin does not make you smarter. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 21:13, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::: That quote of mine does not indicate that ''anything'' a sceptic quotes should be purged, and neither does it say that that bit should be removed ''because it's something a sceptic quotes''.
::::: Aussies traditionally spell "sceptic" with a "c", hence my use of "bibliosceptic" rather than "biblioskeptic".
::::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 22:12, 10 March 2008 (EDT)

A fourth consecutive edit, because a thought occurs. How can we be sure that man's measurements are correct in this case but the Bible is not? Furthermore, if the Bible is wrong here, how can we logically accept that everything else is exact-- IE, the age of the Earth? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:56, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
: What reason is there to think that the Bible's measurements are incorrect? The logic of your question is valid, but the premise (that the Bible is incorrect) is not. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:05, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::Well, if it's ten cubits from one side to the other, it should be 31 all around, if we're rounding. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 21:13, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::: What if it was actually 9.7 cubits (rounded to 10) from one side to the other? [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 22:12, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::: Then the measurement given is, quite simply, wrong. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 23:44, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
::::: Huh? Okay, I'll have to spell it out for you. If (and this is not the only possible explanation) the ''actual'' diameter was 9.7 cubits, then the ''actual'' radius would be 30.47 cubits. If ''both'' of those figures are rounded to the nearest cubit, then the diameter would be listed as 10 cubits and the circumference would be listed as 30 cubits. And guess what! That's what the Bible lists them as! So if this is correct (and it doesn't have to be exactly that: it could be 9.6 cubits for example), then the Bible is perfectly accurate! ("Accurate" is a different thing to "precise", as Ed mentions below.) If you still aren't convinced, have a look at the links in the External Links section of the article, particularly the Math Forum one. In fact, don't reply here unless you first read the three links. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 02:03, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::Yes. Rounding. I get it. It's impercise. If I say Ed is six feet tall, I'm wrong because he's not. If I say he's ''about'' six feet tall, I'm right, because he's just over six feet tall. Is that so hard to understand, Philip? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 10:06, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::::Alright. Scanned through the links. I get it-- God couldn't be arsed to tell the lowly Earthers a more prescise number. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 17:51, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::::: You've earned yourself another block for that arrogant response.
::::::::: If Ed is 6 feet, 3.02 inches tall, would you refer to him as "about 6'3" tall"? The articles said nothing about God not telling us a more precise number. The first link points out that their measurements would not be that precise to start with. In this case, they are not rounding, but simply measuring with a course measuring device. The second reference pointed out that it was common to round numbers in those times. Insisting on using the word "about" is really a case of you expecting people from 3000 years ago to follow your conventions. It doesn't mean that they got anything wrong. The third reference pointed out the following:
:::::::::* "''...in the absence of an explicit indication of precision, the absence of a tenths digit implies that the figure is accurate to the nearest 1 cubit...''". So the measurements were accurate to within the implied level of precision!
:::::::::* "''Every measurement we ever make is an approximation.''". So do you preface ''every'' measurement with "about"? (That's the point of my question above about Ed being 6'3.02" tall.) Absence of the word "about" does ''not'' mean that the measurement is "wrong".
::::::::: You acknowledged none of those points in your response, instead making a silly comment about God. It's clear that you simply want to argue a point that has been thoroughly refuted, and you've stopped doing so civilly. Hence your block. Learn from it.
::::::::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:55, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

::::::::You're not wrong to call me six feet tall; I don't mind losing 3 inches in the interest of smooth prose. Just don't call me [[Metric to English conversions|two meters]] tall! --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 18:50, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

:::::::::That's what the "about" is for-- it indicates impercision. Most useful article ever, by the way. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:59, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

:::I took a few science courses in high school and college. You might be interested to learn about the difference between "[[accuracy]]" and "[[precision]]". (I probably should compare and contrast the two ideas in a proposed new article: [[accuracy and precision]].)

:::Here's how it's relevant to [[Pi]]. When the Bible says ten cubits, that is an approximation. Scientists would say the measurement is being given to "[[one significant figure]]". It really could be anything between 9 and 11 cubits, and it still wouldn't be wrong, because it's only an approximation, like saying that Ed Poor is six feet tall (I'm 6'3" in bare feet).

:::The ratio between the diameter of a wheel and its circumference is, roughly, three. And if you drew a circle on the ground, with a diameter of 10 cubits, you would pace off 30 cubits when you walked around the circle. [[Pacing]] is not a very precise measurement, but it's good enough for some cases. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:01, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::: "''It really could be anything between 9 and 11 cubits...''": 9.5 and 10.5 actually. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:06, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::Anyway, you're being too patient with a time-waster. Liberals l-o-v-e to change the subject, with distractions like the supposedly preferable spelling of sceptic. I'm sceptical of this fella's motives, and I've left a note at his talk page. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:13, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
:::: I would actually like him to answer my last question above, though. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:43, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::Ed: You'll get a response in the appropriate place momentarily, don't worry.
:::::Philip J. Rayment: So you have wished it, so it shall be. Response is above. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 23:44, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

The Bible does not provide a value for pi, so the following statement is misleading at best:

:The [[Qur'an]] also defines Pi as 3.(al-Sûra ''aleph bei'').

Use of the word "also" implies that the Bible has provided a definition. The story about the ten cubits does not define pi. It merely gives a diameter and a radius of something presumed to be circular. (A circumference of thirty is consistent with a diameter of ten, with a precision of one [[significant digit]].)

In any case, I'd like to see the exact words of an English translation of any Koran passage related to circle math before approving any claim as damaging as "defines Pi as 3." --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 11:53, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:Over the years, I've found this to be one of the sillier arguments against the Bible. I've found that those who push it don't believe it, but only do so to try to force in a 'gotcha' that they themselves know isn't the case, but nevertheless they draw enjoyment from trying to act like it is anyway. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 18:48, 28 March 2008 (EDT)

==I do not like the "Pi in the Bible" section...==
...for many reasons. First, the title is misleading, as the text points out. There is no pi in the Bible (only unleaven bread--just kidding!), nor does the Bible make any attempt to define pi or ''e'' or or any other mathematical or physical constant. Second, I think the subject is out of place in an article about mathematics. Perhaps it should be a minor section in an apologetics-related article. Or be omitted entirely, as it is not really a serious criticism, but more a "baby apologetics" thing that appeals to unsophisticated Bible skeptics.

Thirdly, while I appreciate that someone has done the work of gathering the arguments in one place, the wording could be better. It says "Critics claim this, but they are making the following assumptions". Better to say "Critics say this but they are wrong for these reasons." You do not know what someone else's assumptions are.

Fourthly, a minor point. If you opt to keep this section, you might point out that when critics complain that the Bible rounds the circumference to a multiple of ten instead of something more precise (say, 31.4 cubits), they are being inconsistent, because that number is also imprecise. Because pi is irrational, there is no number that could be contained (in a finite Bible) that could give the measurement exactly. What the baby skeptics are doing here is setting an impossible condition for precision, then saying that if the Bible is imprecise it is not inerrant (another big leap in logic), and hoping that no one will notice the flaws in their reasoning.

{{unsigned|Ga ohoyt}}

:I wasn't happy with the title either (and I wrote it!), but I wasn't sure what else to have. The next best think I could think of was to put pi in quote marks: "Pi" in the Bible.
: I don't think the article is particularly out of place. The article is about pi specifically (not just "mathematics"), and this section is about pi, or at least about a claim made about pi. It is not a serious criticism in the sense of having even a shred of validity, but it is something that is ''often'' claimed by bible critics. The Skeptics Annotated Bible mentions it, for example.
: As for the mention of assumptions, no, you don't need to know what assumptions they are consciously making; there are certain assumptions ''inherent'' in the argument, which is all that the comment is saying. That is, they ''must be'' making these assumptions, even if subconsciously. That's not to say that the wording can't be altered to something better, but I do think it's acceptable as it is.
: There were a couple of other problems with the claim that I thought of mentioning, but the section was large enough already and the others were in a sense variations on the ones already mentioned, so I thought that was enough. Yes, they often claim that the value is "incorrect", but then are unable to give the "correct" value themselves (because it has an infinite number of digits). And that would be a good thing to point out if the Bible was actually claiming to give a value for pi, but as it's not, it seemed a little bit unnecessary.
: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:48, 13 March 2008 (EDT)

Better now? [[User:Ga ohoyt|Ga ohoyt]] 20:49, 14 March 2008 (EDT)
: I'm not sure (but I don't think it's worse). I don't think it's appropriate to have a question for a heading, and neither do I think it's appropriate for the heading to be part of the flow of the text, as is now the case, because the first sentence of the section doesn't make sense without the heading. A heading should give an idea of what the section is about, not be part of the section, if you're following me. Also, the claim is not (normally) explicitly made that the Bible defines pi, as indicated by the heading. Rather, that claim is ''implicit'' in the ''explicit'' claim that the Bible has an incorrect value for pi. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 01:19, 15 March 2008 (EDT)

I think the section is necessary because we ''do'' periodically hear this canard about Pi, and the encyclopedia should give the reader the information he needs to respond to it. However, I think the article's response is insufficiently dismissive.

I would simply say that the numbers in the Biblical passage ''are'' correct, to their given precision. Hence there is no controversy. Likewise, if an encyclopedia gives the radius and circumference of the Earth to the nearest thousand feet, the encyclopedia is not "wrong about Pi," and nobody would seriously say it was. It seems that only in the case of the Bible are critics so impassioned as to buy such a dopey argument.

Also, I think it is too weak to say it was "common at the time to round numbers." It is common ''all the time'' to give measurements like this, and to do so without any conscious or explicit rounding. The way these bullet points are worded, they give the impression that the values D=10 and C=30 need to be explained by some hypothetical act: maybe someone rounded a measurement, maybe they measured different parts of the rim, etc. But D=10 and C=30 does not need any of these explanations because, as I said, they are correct to their given precision, and there is no discrepancy that needs to be explained. I'd just remove them, lest they contribute to the sense of false controversy.--[[User:NgSmith|NgSmith]]

== Question on the Bible reference ==

Were decimals and fractions even in use in the Holy Land at the time 1 Kings was written? [[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 23:26, 4 April 2008 (EDT)
: Decimals, no, I think. Fractions, yes, to some extent, I think. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 04:39, 5 April 2008 (EDT)

== Pi contains pi ==
''The infinite length of ostensibly random decimal points in means that it contains the equivalent of every book ever written, every birthday, and every other number.''

That is quite a misleading statement: Pi (most probably) contains any '''finite''' sequence of numbers, therefore any book or birthday date can be "found", e.g., encoded as ascii.

But saying that pi contains "every other number" implies that it contains every number like pi, i.e., every real number. That is obviously wrong. --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 08:42, July 11, 2021 (EDT)
:"Obviously wrong"??? Here is my proof by induction:
::1. pi contains pi as one significant digit in a finite representation ("3": 3.14159265'''3'''....)
::2. assume pi contains pi as ''n'' significant digits in a finite representation of pi. Pi must also contain pi as ''n+1'' significant digits as the number of digits of pi is stretched to [[infinity]].
:Q.E.D.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:06, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

::Could you explain what you mean by "pi contains pi" exactly? Usually, when looking for birthdays, you would look for a consecutive string of six numbers. And mathematicians are certain that you could find the text of "Hamlet" if you take π mod 26 as a unbroken string. That seems to be different from your idea to find pi... --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 15:25, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::Not different at all. "Pi contains pi" means what it says: the full pi within pi. [[Infinity denial]] appears to be an obstacle here.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:38, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

:::For clarification: π containing π means that there is a consecutive sequence of digits in π (not starting from the first one) which equals π? --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:07, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
::::Right, as I proved above.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:13, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::::Sorry for being a little bit thick (or nitpicking) - perhaps I have difficulties because English isn't my first language... OTOH: mathematics is universal!
:::::You are saying that there is a infinite and unbroken sequence of digits in the representation of π (not starting with the first significant digit) equal to π ?
:::::--[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:34, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
::::::Yes. Repeatedly asking for clarification of something that is clear could be the result of denial, in this case [[infinity denial]]. I don't think the disconnect has anything to do with communication in [[English]]!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:59, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::::As an uninformed, disinterested bystander, I don't see how infinity can be defined by any limited, confined, or known values. Infinity may contain xn number of dimensions, for all we know. How is this so hard to comprehend for people who theorize about life on other planets? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|Free Kyle!]] 23:09, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

Doing math in a natural language is sometimes difficult. Luckily, we can get rid of ambiguities by trying to formalize statements.I hope we can agree on the following:<blockquote>If x0.x1x2x3x4x5...... is the digital expansion of π, then a "infinite and unbroken sequence of digits in the representation of π (not starting with the first significant digit) equal to π" is given by xnxn+1xn+2xn+3xn+4xn+5......, with xn=3, xn+1=1, xn+2= 4, xn+3=1, and so on and n being a natural number</blockquote>
Thank you for your patience! --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 01:38, July 30, 2021 (EDT)
:Yes, that's right. The aspect of [[infinity]] illustrated by the observation that [[pi]] contains pi is similar to several of the [[miracle]]s and [[parable]]s in the [[New Testament]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:10, July 30, 2021 (EDT)

From your "induction proof", I got the impression that you were looking for increasingly long strings resembling the leading digits of π - I looked up the first few for you:
{|
|'''x9'''x10||=||'''3'''5
|-
|'''x137x138'''x139||=||'''31'''7
|-
|'''x2120x2121x2122'''x2123||=||'''314'''2
|-
|'''x3496x3497x3498x3499'''x3450||=||'''3141'''2
|-
|'''x88008x88009x88010x88011x88012'''x88013||=||'''31415'''1
|-
|'''x146451x146452x146453x146454x146455x146456x146457'''x146458||=||'''314159'''7
|-
|'''x25198140x25198141x25198142x25198143x25198144x25198145x25198146x251981407'''x25198148||=||'''3141592'''1
|}

But this does not imply that the whole digital representation of π can be found as a consecutive string in π again. In fact, that is impossible.

Yours statement is like saying that as 1, 11, 111, 1111, 11.111, 111.111 and so on are natural numbers, an infinite string of 1s is a natural number, too: And I hope we can agree that this is a false statement.
--[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:41, July 30, 2021 (EDT)
:Your superb examples demonstrate that if true for "n" significant digits, then one can be found later having "n+1" significant digits. This reinforces the proof by induction. I don't see any support for your assertion "that is impossible." I also don't see any connection to your hypothesis about whether an infinite string of 1s is a "natural number," which is simply a matter of definition.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 21:30, July 30, 2021 (EDT)

::*''Your superb examples demonstrate that if true for "n" significant digits, then one can be found later having "n+1" significant digits.'' Thanks! But a few examples make no proof.
::*''This reinforces the proof by induction.'' No. It does not. As no one has proofed that π is a [[normal number]], your "proof by induction" is on shaky grounds.
::*''I don't see any support for your assertion "that is impossible."'' I put it at [[Talk:Conservapedia insights#Proof that π does not contain π:]] - it is somewhat of an overkill:
{|
|style="background-color:pink"|
#π is given as a digital expansion x0.x1x2x3x4x5...
#"finding π in π" means that there is an index n such that π starts all over again at xn
#If π starts again at n, then x0 = xn = 3, x1 = xn+1 = 1, x2 = xn+2 = 4, x3 = xn+3 = 1 and so on. "And so on" means that xk = xk+n for each natural number k, i.e.,. k ∈ N0.
#What happens if k equals n? What is the value of xn + n? According to the step above, xn + n =xn. But xn=x0=3 ! So, xn + n = xn=x0=3
#That's true for all multiples of n: if w ∈ N0, then xw n = x(w-1) n = .... = x2 n = xn = x0 = 3.
#What about xw n +k ( 0 ≤ k < n )? Again, xw n +k = x(w-1) n +k = x(w-2) n +k = x2 n +k = xn +k = xk
#So, for every natural number w and every number k with 0 ≤ k < n we have: xw n +k = xk. That makes π periodic, the length of the period is n.
#Therefore, π can be written as x0x1x2x3...xn-1 / (10n-1 -1) . But this is a rational number, and we know that π is irrational.
#We have a classical contradiction: As our result is wrong, our assumption that π is contained in π has to be wrong.
|}
::*''I also don't see any connection to your hypothesis about whether an infinite string of 1s is a "natural number," which is simply a matter of definition.'' In general, infinity is a difficult concept. But the simplest form of infinity is being "countably infinite". You should make yourself familiar with this concept. Then you would recognize that there is a difference between the statements:
::::#''a sequence contains a countably infinite number of finite sub-sequences with a certain property'' and
::::#''a sequence contains a countably infinite sub-sequence with a certain property''
:::The first statement does not imply the second one. --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:44, July 31, 2021 (EDT)
::::Your proposed proof has the fallacy of assuming a termination on an infinite sequence (and thus periodicity). There is no such termination.
::::Your criticism of my proof by induction is also flawed. Do you really think that your examples for n and n+1 will stop existing in the infinite sequence of digits for [[pi]], at some large n? Your position essentially denies the extent of [[infinity]].
::::[[Infinity]] has no such limit. Embrace its vastness and make it work for you. It can be enormously beneficial at a personal level for someone's outlook, and not something to be resisted through [[infinity denial]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:25, July 31, 2021 (EDT)

*"''Your proposed proof has the fallacy of assuming a termination on an infinite sequence (and thus periodicity). There is no such termination.''" That sounds impressive. The proof does not assume "a termination on an infinite sequence" - whatever you mean by this.
*"''Your criticism of my proof by induction is also flawed.''" I have been reluctant to address what you call your "proof by induction" - there is no way to do this charitably. But you forced my hand:

===Andrew Schlafly's "Proof by Induction"===
{|
|style="background-color:pink"|π contains π as one significant digit in a finite representation ("3": 3.14159265'''3'''....)
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|That's your '''base case''': as π does not equal 3, the sentence "π contains π as one significant digit" is wrong on face value. But, I assume you wanted to say something like "π contains a approximation of π of length 1." So, well done, I'll give you that. Now for the two parts of the '''induction step''':
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|assume π contains π as ''n'' significant digits in a finite representation of π
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|again, your '''induction hypothesis''' is okay: I'd use the phrase "approximation of π of length ''n''", but let's not quibble.
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|π must also contain π as ''n+1'' significant digits as the number of digits of π is stretched to [[infinity]]
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|'''''What? Why should this be true?''''' Mathematicians have not proofed yet that π is a [[normal number]]! You can easily construct a irrational number which contains an approximation of π of length 1010,000, but no approximation of length 1010,000 + 1 . Perhaps God constructed π this way - just to teach mathematicians a little humility. No one knows yet.
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|But even if your conclusion was true, you would have proofed only that π contains approximations of every imaginable '''''finite''''' length - not of '''''infinite length'''''. That is the same principle which allows you to count to every number, but never reach infinity.
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|Q.E.D.
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|Yeah, that's funny.
|}

Andy, I know that you will not be convinced by my arguments (even if you have read them) - you never are. But while getting something wrong in classical Greek makes you look uneducated to a very small minority of readers, being wrong when it comes to the concept of countable infinity makes you look stupid in the eyes of quite a bigger audience.

But therein lies a chance: I assume that you have no one in your circle of friends with whom you could discuss Koine, but I hope that there are mathematically educated persons whom you know: perhaps a high-school teacher, a mathematician (even a student will do) or a physicist, or someone else with comparable background? Ask them: get their help.

Seriously, yours [[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:06, August 1, 2021 (EDT)
:Your [[infinity denial]] is illogical. I urge you to welcome and embrace [[infinity]] (yes, by implication [[eternity]]), and use it for your own benefit. I want you to realize all the happiness and glory it provides.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:52, August 2, 2021 (EDT)
::Are you still talking about mathematics? --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:00, August 2, 2021 (EDT)

"assume pi contains pi as n significant digits in a finite representation of pi. Pi must also contain pi as n+1 significant digits" - so pi (assuming it's a normal number, as Augusto said) contains any truncated version of pi of any finite length (no matter how many zillions of digits). An infinite number of each truncation. It would also imply that any finite string of digits of pi would be replicated an infinite number of times elsewhere in the string of digits.

"as the number of digits of pi is stretched to infinity." Is it necessary that the pi within pi start at a digit infinitely far from the first digit? That would get around the periodicity issue.

The mathstack discussion:
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1608060/does-pi-contain-itself

I kind of like the idea of two points on a line being infinitely far from each other, with a third halfway in between, but I don't think that's part of the current standard set of axioms.

We're ignoring the decimal point, right? There's only one of those. Anyway, this is a pretty interesting discussion. [[User:AlChesapeake|AlChesapeake]]
:Right, this is ignoring the decimal point. I like your insight that "pi within pi [would] start at a digit infinitely far from the first digit." I think you're right about that, to get around the periodicity issue, and I'll add that now.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 20:59, September 2, 2021 (EDT)

::I am at a loss concerning the proof by induction though - if we start at one digit, then to two, adding one repeatedly, that number will still be an integer, a real number, which (as stated in [[infinity]]) cannot be infinity. No matter how large it gets, it's still a finite number. This proves it for all integers n, but infinity isn't in the set of integers. It's beyond! ha ha (that's my attempt at levity) [[User:AlChesapeake|AlChesapeake]] September 4, 2021

:::So pi is in pi for any large representation of pi, and that remains true as pi approaches infinity, right? This asymptotic approach of a subset of pi to pi itself is essentially the same as saying pi contains pi, right?--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:44, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

::::The book I'm reading (Charles Pinter's A Book of Abstract Algebra) seems to dodge the question - it has a section on inductive proofs, but it just starts with using integers and never mentions infinity. But the digits are countable, and go on for infinity, so they should be countably infinite - you should be able to match each digit to a digit in the countably infinite set of natural numbers, so that makes sense.
::::I was trying to avoid the term "subset" as by axiom, a [[set]] can't contain itself. But I wasn't thinking of this as a set anyway, as there are no duplicates in a set, so the set of all digits in pi would just be the finite set <math>\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0\}</math> after removing duplicates.--[[User:AlChesapeake|AlChesapeake]] 20:22, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

The sentence in the article has been changed to
:''Simply stated, Pi contains pi, beginning an infinite number of digits into it (which avoids the periodicity problem).''
Let's rewrite this as:
# pi contains pi after an infinite number of digits into it
# pi will repeat itself after an infinite number of digits into it
# pi will repeat itself after an infinite sequence of pi digits
# an infinite sequence = a sequence that doesn't finish = a sequence without an end = an endless sequence
# pi will repeat itself after an endless sequence of pi digits
# pi will not repeat itself before the end of an endless sequence of pi digits
# an endless sequence has no end
# pi will not repeat itself
# pi does NOT contain pi (except for the trivial solution at offset zero)
Please tell me at which line you stop agreeing with this reasoning, so we can expand this further. [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 19:19, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

:Reply in bold:
:# pi contains pi after an infinite number of digits into it - '''YES'''
:# pi will repeat itself after an infinite number of digits into it - '''YES'''
:# pi will repeat itself after an infinite sequence of pi digits - '''YES'''
:# an infinite sequence = a sequence that doesn't finish = a sequence without an end = an endless sequence - '''YES'''
:# pi will repeat itself after an endless sequence of pi digits - '''YES'''
:# pi will not repeat itself before the end of an endless sequence of pi digits - '''NOT SURE ABOUT THIS.'''
:# an endless sequence has no end - '''YES'''
:# pi will not repeat itself - '''NO. A NON SEQUITUR'''
:# pi does NOT contain pi (except for the trivial solution at offset zero) - '''NO. A NON SEQUITUR'''
:The flaw in your approach is the denial of the existence of an infinite sequence within an infinite sequence. For example, change pi to a set of ordered numbers and then insert pi into that set of numbers.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 19:59, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

::To clarify #6: you can either add something after the end, or before the end of a sequence. This is just restating #5 in a different way. Also, it has already been proved that if you repeat a sequence at a finite position, you end with up with a rational number.
::The sentence #9 is a direct result from #8 which is itself a result from #6: you can't add digits after the end of something that has no end.
::
::Your remark about a set of ordered numbers is not clear: did you mean natural numbers, real numbers, digits? And how do you insert pi into that set?
[[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 22:07, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

===Linking to this section from the article===
Andy, do you really think that it is a good idea to link to the above section '''on a talk-page''' from the main article on [[pi|π]]? And please, read the discussion! (ups, that was the second sentence of this paragraph - you probably already started skipping...) --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 05:23, August 3, 2021 (EDT)

Talk:Pi

2021-09-04T23:19:38Z

Blavek: /* Pi contains pi */ no, it doesn't

Answering the question posed in the article, "As of 2002, the record is held by Yasumasa Kanada of Tokyo University at 1,241,100,000,000 digits. That result was never printed out: can you figure out why not?"

An ordinary printed page can hold about 5,000 digits.

To print 1,241,100,000,000 digits would require 248,220,000 pages, or 496,440 reams of paper. A ream of paper is the size of a large book. It would take a building the size of a city library to hold the printed output. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 23:08, 13 January 2007 (EST)

Counting the letters in the phrase "Now I wish I had a drink—alcoholic, of course" '''Does not help because it gives a wrong answer.''' it gives 3(.)141315926, it should be 3.1415926...
--[[User:TimSvendsen|TimSvendsen]] 23:54, 15 January 2007 (EST)

*Yikes! I'm going to have to turn in my geek badge. It should be "How I want a drink--alcoholic of course." I was mixing it with "How I wish I could recollect pi easily today." Sorry. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 13:16, 16 January 2007 (EST)

So I'm assuming by the change back to the old version, my revision was no good. An explanation why would be nice, though. [[User:ColinR|ColinR]] 21:09, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

==Groan==

What was I thinking here? [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pi&curid=4960&diff=71562&oldid=71280&rcid=74105]

113 '''divided into''' 355 like this:

3.14156.....
---------
113|355.00000

I had 1/pi by mistake - not even an approximation, more like an abomination. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 23:44, 28 March 2007 (EDT)

== I like Pi ==

Pi R Squared? No they're not, Pie are round. Brownies are square. [[User:Human|Human]] 22:07, 20 April 2007 (EDT)

:LOL. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:08, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

==22/7==
Besides the fact that "Pi is exactly 3!", 22/7 is also a repeating decimal.
Pi is also known as Archimedes' constant, Ludolphine, and Ludolph's Number.
Ludolph van Ceulen (Germany) spent a great deal of time calculating digits of pi. The number is engraved on his tombstone. If I were to get buried, I would have all the digits I memorized engraved on it, but I want to get cremated instead. [[User:Kektklik|Fuzzy]] 10:16, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:It is not true that Pi is exactly 3. What is your suggestion to improve the article? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 10:31, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

::I haven't said anything about my beliefs, let's just leave my life out of this, eh? And, with you saying that pi=3, are you suggesting CP completely rewrites this article? [[User:Kektklik|Fuzzy]] 10:39, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::If you are not claiming that pi = 3, then that makes two of us. :-)
:::I've made a few updates to the article, primarily about scriptural references and historical estimates. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 12:41, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

==Is the Bible wrong about pi?==

In the ancient world, measurements were not given as exact as they are today, and that was generally considered acceptable.
http://www.tektonics.org/lp/piwrong.html [[User:DanH|DanH]] 01:22, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Who said it was wrong? Sloppy ancients aren't nessecarily wrong ancients. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 01:25, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::So, can I reinsert the Bibical perspective? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 17:15, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::It's not relevant simply to note that the Bible happens to approximate it in passing. However, many use it as an argument to show that the Bible is errant, and that's what I surmise may have been the purpose for its inclusion [[User:DanH|DanH]] 17:35, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::Wait. The Bible's interpretation of Pi is not relevant to Pi? What? Look, friend, the Bible is always relevant. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:14, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::You admit you're an atheist on your user page. Why are you so interested in inserting this in there? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 18:15, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::I admit I'm an atheist-- You say it like it's a bad thing. I'm not trying to stat a fight, Dan, I just figure that, as a wiki with a majority of users that are Christian, it would be good to include the Biblical perspective on matters where it has spoken, as is done in [[shrimp]]. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:18, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:I didn't realize that was still in [[shrimp]]. Anyways, as the article posted above explains, the numbers were not meant to be exact, and the circumference and diameter may have been given as approximate estimates, but pi wasn't a concept that most people knew about or cared about. The Bible wasn't meaning to comment on pi at that point, only at the relevant calculations. [[User:DanH|DanH]] 18:24, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::That's great, Dan. You seem pretty hostile to the Bible. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:16, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
I don't see how Dan seems to be "pretty hostile to the Bible". Your insertion was simply wrong, as the Bible is not trying to give a value for pi at all. Besides, the Bible reference which is frequently quoted by bibliosceptics as supposedly representing pi is already in the article, and even that warrants being removed (in that form) in my opinion. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 20:47, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Oh... So anything a skeptic quotes must be purged, then? What is the purpose of the verse if not to show the value of pi? Furthermore, how do you know what the Bible is and is not trying to say, Philip? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:48, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:Also, bibliosceptics is A: Spelled wrong and B: a word which would translate as "Skeptical of books." [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:49, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::Oh, bugger. It seems I didn't notice that the verse was already quoted in the History section. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:51, 10 March 2008 (EDT)

::: I didn't say that anything a sceptic quotes should be purged.
::: What's the purpose if not to show the value of pi? To ''describe the object's size'', genius!
::: What is incorrect about the spelling of "bibliosceptics"? Yes, the word ''could'' mean "sceptical of books", but as "Bible" means "book", it's appropriate to use it to mean "sceptical of the Bible".
::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:03, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::"Besides, the Bible reference which is frequently quoted by bibliosceptics as supposedly representing pi is already in the article, and even that warrants being removed (in that form) in my opinion." That's exactly what you said, Philip!
::::Then why not describe it ''correctly''?
::::Skeptics. With a K. Also: Yes. I know it means book. Your use of faux Latin does not make you smarter. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 21:13, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::::: That quote of mine does not indicate that ''anything'' a sceptic quotes should be purged, and neither does it say that that bit should be removed ''because it's something a sceptic quotes''.
::::: Aussies traditionally spell "sceptic" with a "c", hence my use of "bibliosceptic" rather than "biblioskeptic".
::::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 22:12, 10 March 2008 (EDT)

A fourth consecutive edit, because a thought occurs. How can we be sure that man's measurements are correct in this case but the Bible is not? Furthermore, if the Bible is wrong here, how can we logically accept that everything else is exact-- IE, the age of the Earth? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 20:56, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
: What reason is there to think that the Bible's measurements are incorrect? The logic of your question is valid, but the premise (that the Bible is incorrect) is not. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:05, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::Well, if it's ten cubits from one side to the other, it should be 31 all around, if we're rounding. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 21:13, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
::: What if it was actually 9.7 cubits (rounded to 10) from one side to the other? [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 22:12, 10 March 2008 (EDT)
:::: Then the measurement given is, quite simply, wrong. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 23:44, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
::::: Huh? Okay, I'll have to spell it out for you. If (and this is not the only possible explanation) the ''actual'' diameter was 9.7 cubits, then the ''actual'' radius would be 30.47 cubits. If ''both'' of those figures are rounded to the nearest cubit, then the diameter would be listed as 10 cubits and the circumference would be listed as 30 cubits. And guess what! That's what the Bible lists them as! So if this is correct (and it doesn't have to be exactly that: it could be 9.6 cubits for example), then the Bible is perfectly accurate! ("Accurate" is a different thing to "precise", as Ed mentions below.) If you still aren't convinced, have a look at the links in the External Links section of the article, particularly the Math Forum one. In fact, don't reply here unless you first read the three links. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 02:03, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::Yes. Rounding. I get it. It's impercise. If I say Ed is six feet tall, I'm wrong because he's not. If I say he's ''about'' six feet tall, I'm right, because he's just over six feet tall. Is that so hard to understand, Philip? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 10:06, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::::Alright. Scanned through the links. I get it-- God couldn't be arsed to tell the lowly Earthers a more prescise number. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 17:51, 12 March 2008 (EDT)
::::::::: You've earned yourself another block for that arrogant response.
::::::::: If Ed is 6 feet, 3.02 inches tall, would you refer to him as "about 6'3" tall"? The articles said nothing about God not telling us a more precise number. The first link points out that their measurements would not be that precise to start with. In this case, they are not rounding, but simply measuring with a course measuring device. The second reference pointed out that it was common to round numbers in those times. Insisting on using the word "about" is really a case of you expecting people from 3000 years ago to follow your conventions. It doesn't mean that they got anything wrong. The third reference pointed out the following:
:::::::::* "''...in the absence of an explicit indication of precision, the absence of a tenths digit implies that the figure is accurate to the nearest 1 cubit...''". So the measurements were accurate to within the implied level of precision!
:::::::::* "''Every measurement we ever make is an approximation.''". So do you preface ''every'' measurement with "about"? (That's the point of my question above about Ed being 6'3.02" tall.) Absence of the word "about" does ''not'' mean that the measurement is "wrong".
::::::::: You acknowledged none of those points in your response, instead making a silly comment about God. It's clear that you simply want to argue a point that has been thoroughly refuted, and you've stopped doing so civilly. Hence your block. Learn from it.
::::::::: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:55, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

::::::::You're not wrong to call me six feet tall; I don't mind losing 3 inches in the interest of smooth prose. Just don't call me [[Metric to English conversions|two meters]] tall! --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 18:50, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

:::::::::That's what the "about" is for-- it indicates impercision. Most useful article ever, by the way. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 18:59, 12 March 2008 (EDT)

:::I took a few science courses in high school and college. You might be interested to learn about the difference between "[[accuracy]]" and "[[precision]]". (I probably should compare and contrast the two ideas in a proposed new article: [[accuracy and precision]].)

:::Here's how it's relevant to [[Pi]]. When the Bible says ten cubits, that is an approximation. Scientists would say the measurement is being given to "[[one significant figure]]". It really could be anything between 9 and 11 cubits, and it still wouldn't be wrong, because it's only an approximation, like saying that Ed Poor is six feet tall (I'm 6'3" in bare feet).

:::The ratio between the diameter of a wheel and its circumference is, roughly, three. And if you drew a circle on the ground, with a diameter of 10 cubits, you would pace off 30 cubits when you walked around the circle. [[Pacing]] is not a very precise measurement, but it's good enough for some cases. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:01, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::: "''It really could be anything between 9 and 11 cubits...''": 9.5 and 10.5 actually. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:06, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:::Anyway, you're being too patient with a time-waster. Liberals l-o-v-e to change the subject, with distractions like the supposedly preferable spelling of sceptic. I'm sceptical of this fella's motives, and I've left a note at his talk page. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:13, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
:::: I would actually like him to answer my last question above, though. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:43, 11 March 2008 (EDT)
:::::Ed: You'll get a response in the appropriate place momentarily, don't worry.
:::::Philip J. Rayment: So you have wished it, so it shall be. Response is above. [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 23:44, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

The Bible does not provide a value for pi, so the following statement is misleading at best:

:The [[Qur'an]] also defines Pi as 3.(al-Sûra ''aleph bei'').

Use of the word "also" implies that the Bible has provided a definition. The story about the ten cubits does not define pi. It merely gives a diameter and a radius of something presumed to be circular. (A circumference of thirty is consistent with a diameter of ten, with a precision of one [[significant digit]].)

In any case, I'd like to see the exact words of an English translation of any Koran passage related to circle math before approving any claim as damaging as "defines Pi as 3." --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 11:53, 11 March 2008 (EDT)

:Over the years, I've found this to be one of the sillier arguments against the Bible. I've found that those who push it don't believe it, but only do so to try to force in a 'gotcha' that they themselves know isn't the case, but nevertheless they draw enjoyment from trying to act like it is anyway. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 18:48, 28 March 2008 (EDT)

==I do not like the "Pi in the Bible" section...==
...for many reasons. First, the title is misleading, as the text points out. There is no pi in the Bible (only unleaven bread--just kidding!), nor does the Bible make any attempt to define pi or ''e'' or or any other mathematical or physical constant. Second, I think the subject is out of place in an article about mathematics. Perhaps it should be a minor section in an apologetics-related article. Or be omitted entirely, as it is not really a serious criticism, but more a "baby apologetics" thing that appeals to unsophisticated Bible skeptics.

Thirdly, while I appreciate that someone has done the work of gathering the arguments in one place, the wording could be better. It says "Critics claim this, but they are making the following assumptions". Better to say "Critics say this but they are wrong for these reasons." You do not know what someone else's assumptions are.

Fourthly, a minor point. If you opt to keep this section, you might point out that when critics complain that the Bible rounds the circumference to a multiple of ten instead of something more precise (say, 31.4 cubits), they are being inconsistent, because that number is also imprecise. Because pi is irrational, there is no number that could be contained (in a finite Bible) that could give the measurement exactly. What the baby skeptics are doing here is setting an impossible condition for precision, then saying that if the Bible is imprecise it is not inerrant (another big leap in logic), and hoping that no one will notice the flaws in their reasoning.

{{unsigned|Ga ohoyt}}

:I wasn't happy with the title either (and I wrote it!), but I wasn't sure what else to have. The next best think I could think of was to put pi in quote marks: "Pi" in the Bible.
: I don't think the article is particularly out of place. The article is about pi specifically (not just "mathematics"), and this section is about pi, or at least about a claim made about pi. It is not a serious criticism in the sense of having even a shred of validity, but it is something that is ''often'' claimed by bible critics. The Skeptics Annotated Bible mentions it, for example.
: As for the mention of assumptions, no, you don't need to know what assumptions they are consciously making; there are certain assumptions ''inherent'' in the argument, which is all that the comment is saying. That is, they ''must be'' making these assumptions, even if subconsciously. That's not to say that the wording can't be altered to something better, but I do think it's acceptable as it is.
: There were a couple of other problems with the claim that I thought of mentioning, but the section was large enough already and the others were in a sense variations on the ones already mentioned, so I thought that was enough. Yes, they often claim that the value is "incorrect", but then are unable to give the "correct" value themselves (because it has an infinite number of digits). And that would be a good thing to point out if the Bible was actually claiming to give a value for pi, but as it's not, it seemed a little bit unnecessary.
: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:48, 13 March 2008 (EDT)

Better now? [[User:Ga ohoyt|Ga ohoyt]] 20:49, 14 March 2008 (EDT)
: I'm not sure (but I don't think it's worse). I don't think it's appropriate to have a question for a heading, and neither do I think it's appropriate for the heading to be part of the flow of the text, as is now the case, because the first sentence of the section doesn't make sense without the heading. A heading should give an idea of what the section is about, not be part of the section, if you're following me. Also, the claim is not (normally) explicitly made that the Bible defines pi, as indicated by the heading. Rather, that claim is ''implicit'' in the ''explicit'' claim that the Bible has an incorrect value for pi. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 01:19, 15 March 2008 (EDT)

I think the section is necessary because we ''do'' periodically hear this canard about Pi, and the encyclopedia should give the reader the information he needs to respond to it. However, I think the article's response is insufficiently dismissive.

I would simply say that the numbers in the Biblical passage ''are'' correct, to their given precision. Hence there is no controversy. Likewise, if an encyclopedia gives the radius and circumference of the Earth to the nearest thousand feet, the encyclopedia is not "wrong about Pi," and nobody would seriously say it was. It seems that only in the case of the Bible are critics so impassioned as to buy such a dopey argument.

Also, I think it is too weak to say it was "common at the time to round numbers." It is common ''all the time'' to give measurements like this, and to do so without any conscious or explicit rounding. The way these bullet points are worded, they give the impression that the values D=10 and C=30 need to be explained by some hypothetical act: maybe someone rounded a measurement, maybe they measured different parts of the rim, etc. But D=10 and C=30 does not need any of these explanations because, as I said, they are correct to their given precision, and there is no discrepancy that needs to be explained. I'd just remove them, lest they contribute to the sense of false controversy.--[[User:NgSmith|NgSmith]]

== Question on the Bible reference ==

Were decimals and fractions even in use in the Holy Land at the time 1 Kings was written? [[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 23:26, 4 April 2008 (EDT)
: Decimals, no, I think. Fractions, yes, to some extent, I think. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 04:39, 5 April 2008 (EDT)

== Pi contains pi ==
''The infinite length of ostensibly random decimal points in means that it contains the equivalent of every book ever written, every birthday, and every other number.''

That is quite a misleading statement: Pi (most probably) contains any '''finite''' sequence of numbers, therefore any book or birthday date can be "found", e.g., encoded as ascii.

But saying that pi contains "every other number" implies that it contains every number like pi, i.e., every real number. That is obviously wrong. --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 08:42, July 11, 2021 (EDT)
:"Obviously wrong"??? Here is my proof by induction:
::1. pi contains pi as one significant digit in a finite representation ("3": 3.14159265'''3'''....)
::2. assume pi contains pi as ''n'' significant digits in a finite representation of pi. Pi must also contain pi as ''n+1'' significant digits as the number of digits of pi is stretched to [[infinity]].
:Q.E.D.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:06, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

::Could you explain what you mean by "pi contains pi" exactly? Usually, when looking for birthdays, you would look for a consecutive string of six numbers. And mathematicians are certain that you could find the text of "Hamlet" if you take π mod 26 as a unbroken string. That seems to be different from your idea to find pi... --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 15:25, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::Not different at all. "Pi contains pi" means what it says: the full pi within pi. [[Infinity denial]] appears to be an obstacle here.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:38, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

:::For clarification: π containing π means that there is a consecutive sequence of digits in π (not starting from the first one) which equals π? --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:07, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
::::Right, as I proved above.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:13, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::::Sorry for being a little bit thick (or nitpicking) - perhaps I have difficulties because English isn't my first language... OTOH: mathematics is universal!
:::::You are saying that there is a infinite and unbroken sequence of digits in the representation of π (not starting with the first significant digit) equal to π ?
:::::--[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:34, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
::::::Yes. Repeatedly asking for clarification of something that is clear could be the result of denial, in this case [[infinity denial]]. I don't think the disconnect has anything to do with communication in [[English]]!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:59, July 29, 2021 (EDT)
:::::As an uninformed, disinterested bystander, I don't see how infinity can be defined by any limited, confined, or known values. Infinity may contain xn number of dimensions, for all we know. How is this so hard to comprehend for people who theorize about life on other planets? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|Free Kyle!]] 23:09, July 29, 2021 (EDT)

Doing math in a natural language is sometimes difficult. Luckily, we can get rid of ambiguities by trying to formalize statements.I hope we can agree on the following:<blockquote>If x0.x1x2x3x4x5...... is the digital expansion of π, then a "infinite and unbroken sequence of digits in the representation of π (not starting with the first significant digit) equal to π" is given by xnxn+1xn+2xn+3xn+4xn+5......, with xn=3, xn+1=1, xn+2= 4, xn+3=1, and so on and n being a natural number</blockquote>
Thank you for your patience! --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 01:38, July 30, 2021 (EDT)
:Yes, that's right. The aspect of [[infinity]] illustrated by the observation that [[pi]] contains pi is similar to several of the [[miracle]]s and [[parable]]s in the [[New Testament]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:10, July 30, 2021 (EDT)

From your "induction proof", I got the impression that you were looking for increasingly long strings resembling the leading digits of π - I looked up the first few for you:
{|
|'''x9'''x10||=||'''3'''5
|-
|'''x137x138'''x139||=||'''31'''7
|-
|'''x2120x2121x2122'''x2123||=||'''314'''2
|-
|'''x3496x3497x3498x3499'''x3450||=||'''3141'''2
|-
|'''x88008x88009x88010x88011x88012'''x88013||=||'''31415'''1
|-
|'''x146451x146452x146453x146454x146455x146456x146457'''x146458||=||'''314159'''7
|-
|'''x25198140x25198141x25198142x25198143x25198144x25198145x25198146x251981407'''x25198148||=||'''3141592'''1
|}

But this does not imply that the whole digital representation of π can be found as a consecutive string in π again. In fact, that is impossible.

Yours statement is like saying that as 1, 11, 111, 1111, 11.111, 111.111 and so on are natural numbers, an infinite string of 1s is a natural number, too: And I hope we can agree that this is a false statement.
--[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:41, July 30, 2021 (EDT)
:Your superb examples demonstrate that if true for "n" significant digits, then one can be found later having "n+1" significant digits. This reinforces the proof by induction. I don't see any support for your assertion "that is impossible." I also don't see any connection to your hypothesis about whether an infinite string of 1s is a "natural number," which is simply a matter of definition.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 21:30, July 30, 2021 (EDT)

::*''Your superb examples demonstrate that if true for "n" significant digits, then one can be found later having "n+1" significant digits.'' Thanks! But a few examples make no proof.
::*''This reinforces the proof by induction.'' No. It does not. As no one has proofed that π is a [[normal number]], your "proof by induction" is on shaky grounds.
::*''I don't see any support for your assertion "that is impossible."'' I put it at [[Talk:Conservapedia insights#Proof that π does not contain π:]] - it is somewhat of an overkill:
{|
|style="background-color:pink"|
#π is given as a digital expansion x0.x1x2x3x4x5...
#"finding π in π" means that there is an index n such that π starts all over again at xn
#If π starts again at n, then x0 = xn = 3, x1 = xn+1 = 1, x2 = xn+2 = 4, x3 = xn+3 = 1 and so on. "And so on" means that xk = xk+n for each natural number k, i.e.,. k ∈ N0.
#What happens if k equals n? What is the value of xn + n? According to the step above, xn + n =xn. But xn=x0=3 ! So, xn + n = xn=x0=3
#That's true for all multiples of n: if w ∈ N0, then xw n = x(w-1) n = .... = x2 n = xn = x0 = 3.
#What about xw n +k ( 0 ≤ k < n )? Again, xw n +k = x(w-1) n +k = x(w-2) n +k = x2 n +k = xn +k = xk
#So, for every natural number w and every number k with 0 ≤ k < n we have: xw n +k = xk. That makes π periodic, the length of the period is n.
#Therefore, π can be written as x0x1x2x3...xn-1 / (10n-1 -1) . But this is a rational number, and we know that π is irrational.
#We have a classical contradiction: As our result is wrong, our assumption that π is contained in π has to be wrong.
|}
::*''I also don't see any connection to your hypothesis about whether an infinite string of 1s is a "natural number," which is simply a matter of definition.'' In general, infinity is a difficult concept. But the simplest form of infinity is being "countably infinite". You should make yourself familiar with this concept. Then you would recognize that there is a difference between the statements:
::::#''a sequence contains a countably infinite number of finite sub-sequences with a certain property'' and
::::#''a sequence contains a countably infinite sub-sequence with a certain property''
:::The first statement does not imply the second one. --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:44, July 31, 2021 (EDT)
::::Your proposed proof has the fallacy of assuming a termination on an infinite sequence (and thus periodicity). There is no such termination.
::::Your criticism of my proof by induction is also flawed. Do you really think that your examples for n and n+1 will stop existing in the infinite sequence of digits for [[pi]], at some large n? Your position essentially denies the extent of [[infinity]].
::::[[Infinity]] has no such limit. Embrace its vastness and make it work for you. It can be enormously beneficial at a personal level for someone's outlook, and not something to be resisted through [[infinity denial]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:25, July 31, 2021 (EDT)

*"''Your proposed proof has the fallacy of assuming a termination on an infinite sequence (and thus periodicity). There is no such termination.''" That sounds impressive. The proof does not assume "a termination on an infinite sequence" - whatever you mean by this.
*"''Your criticism of my proof by induction is also flawed.''" I have been reluctant to address what you call your "proof by induction" - there is no way to do this charitably. But you forced my hand:

===Andrew Schlafly's "Proof by Induction"===
{|
|style="background-color:pink"|π contains π as one significant digit in a finite representation ("3": 3.14159265'''3'''....)
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|That's your '''base case''': as π does not equal 3, the sentence "π contains π as one significant digit" is wrong on face value. But, I assume you wanted to say something like "π contains a approximation of π of length 1." So, well done, I'll give you that. Now for the two parts of the '''induction step''':
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|assume π contains π as ''n'' significant digits in a finite representation of π
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|again, your '''induction hypothesis''' is okay: I'd use the phrase "approximation of π of length ''n''", but let's not quibble.
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|π must also contain π as ''n+1'' significant digits as the number of digits of π is stretched to [[infinity]]
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|'''''What? Why should this be true?''''' Mathematicians have not proofed yet that π is a [[normal number]]! You can easily construct a irrational number which contains an approximation of π of length 1010,000, but no approximation of length 1010,000 + 1 . Perhaps God constructed π this way - just to teach mathematicians a little humility. No one knows yet.
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|But even if your conclusion was true, you would have proofed only that π contains approximations of every imaginable '''''finite''''' length - not of '''''infinite length'''''. That is the same principle which allows you to count to every number, but never reach infinity.
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|Q.E.D.
|-
|style="background-color:lightblue"|Yeah, that's funny.
|}

Andy, I know that you will not be convinced by my arguments (even if you have read them) - you never are. But while getting something wrong in classical Greek makes you look uneducated to a very small minority of readers, being wrong when it comes to the concept of countable infinity makes you look stupid in the eyes of quite a bigger audience.

But therein lies a chance: I assume that you have no one in your circle of friends with whom you could discuss Koine, but I hope that there are mathematically educated persons whom you know: perhaps a high-school teacher, a mathematician (even a student will do) or a physicist, or someone else with comparable background? Ask them: get their help.

Seriously, yours [[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:06, August 1, 2021 (EDT)
:Your [[infinity denial]] is illogical. I urge you to welcome and embrace [[infinity]] (yes, by implication [[eternity]]), and use it for your own benefit. I want you to realize all the happiness and glory it provides.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:52, August 2, 2021 (EDT)
::Are you still talking about mathematics? --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 17:00, August 2, 2021 (EDT)

"assume pi contains pi as n significant digits in a finite representation of pi. Pi must also contain pi as n+1 significant digits" - so pi (assuming it's a normal number, as Augusto said) contains any truncated version of pi of any finite length (no matter how many zillions of digits). An infinite number of each truncation. It would also imply that any finite string of digits of pi would be replicated an infinite number of times elsewhere in the string of digits.

"as the number of digits of pi is stretched to infinity." Is it necessary that the pi within pi start at a digit infinitely far from the first digit? That would get around the periodicity issue.

The mathstack discussion:
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1608060/does-pi-contain-itself

I kind of like the idea of two points on a line being infinitely far from each other, with a third halfway in between, but I don't think that's part of the current standard set of axioms.

We're ignoring the decimal point, right? There's only one of those. Anyway, this is a pretty interesting discussion. [[User:AlChesapeake|AlChesapeake]]
:Right, this is ignoring the decimal point. I like your insight that "pi within pi [would] start at a digit infinitely far from the first digit." I think you're right about that, to get around the periodicity issue, and I'll add that now.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 20:59, September 2, 2021 (EDT)

::I am at a loss concerning the proof by induction though - if we start at one digit, then to two, adding one repeatedly, that number will still be an integer, a real number, which (as stated in [[infinity]]) cannot be infinity. No matter how large it gets, it's still a finite number. This proves it for all integers n, but infinity isn't in the set of integers. It's beyond! ha ha (that's my attempt at levity) [[User:AlChesapeake|AlChesapeake]] September 4, 2021

:::So pi is in pi for any large representation of pi, and that remains true as pi approaches infinity, right? This asymptotic approach of a subset of pi to pi itself is essentially the same as saying pi contains pi, right?--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:44, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

The sentence in the article has been changed to
:''Simply stated, Pi contains pi, beginning an infinite number of digits into it (which avoids the periodicity problem).''
Let's rewrite this as:
# pi contains pi after an infinite number of digits into it
# pi will repeat itself after an infinite number of digits into it
# pi will repeat itself after an infinite sequence of pi digits
# an infinite sequence = a sequence that doesn't finish = a sequence without an end = an endless sequence
# pi will repeat itself after an endless sequence of pi digits
# pi will not repeat itself before the end of an endless sequence of pi digits
# an endless sequence has no end
# pi will not repeat itself
# pi does NOT contain pi (except for the trivial solution at offset zero)
Please tell me at which line you stop agreeing with this reasoning, so we can expand this further. [[User:Blavek|Blavek]] ([[User talk:Blavek|talk]]) 19:19, September 4, 2021 (EDT)

===Linking to this section from the article===
Andy, do you really think that it is a good idea to link to the above section '''on a talk-page''' from the main article on [[pi|π]]? And please, read the discussion! (ups, that was the second sentence of this paragraph - you probably already started skipping...) --[[User:AugustO|AugustO]] ([[User talk:AugustO|talk]]) 05:23, August 3, 2021 (EDT)

Windows 11

2021-08-22T16:39:21Z

Blavek: TPM

'''Windows 11''' is the latest desktop [[operating system]] from [[Microsoft]]. It was announced on June 24, 2021,<ref>https://www.windowscentral.com/how-watch-microsoft-announce-windows-11-june-24</ref> with the plan to release it to the public in the fall of 2021. This operating system is similar to Windows 10 in many ways, but brings numerous cosmetic changes, as well as some improvements "under the hood".<ref>https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2021/06/24/introducing-windows-11/</ref>

This latest release continues with the more controversial trends already seen in Windows, including promotion of the Microsoft Store and Microsoft Teams,<ref>https://insider.windows.com/en-us/insidewindows11/article/inside-the-new-windows-11-store</ref> integration of Microsoft's [[Xbox]] gaming services, and mandating that each computer's operating system be attached to an individual's real identity.<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>

==Requirements==
Windows 11 will have higher hardware requirements than previous versions. Notably, the new system mandates the usage of UEFI and Secure Boot, and needs a motherboard which offers a TPM 2.0 module. The provided list of system requirements are as follows:

{{QuoteBox|
*Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster with two or more cores on a compatible 64-bit processor or system on a chip (SoC).<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>
*RAM: 4 GB or greater.<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>
*Storage: 64 GB or greater to install Windows 11. (Additional storage space may be required to download updates and enable specific features.)<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>
*Graphics card: Compatible with DirectX 12 or later, with a WDDM 2.0 driver.<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>
*System firmware: UEFI, Secure Boot capable.<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>
*TPM: Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 2.0.<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>
*Display: High definition (720p) display, 9 inch or greater monitor, 8 bits per color channel.<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>
*Internet connection: Internet connectivity is necessary to install and update the system, and to download and use some features.<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>
*Microsoft account: Each personal operating system installation is tied to a individual person. Users must therefore create a profile on Microsoft's website (if they do not have one already) in order to use Windows 11.<ref name="docs.microsoft.com">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11-requirements</ref>}}

==Upgrade process==
It is expected that as always, new devices will begin selling with Windows 11 pre-installed. For people already using Windows 10, it appears that Microsoft intends to push out the new operating system to compatible devices which are currently running Windows 10. This will presumably be done through Windows Update.<ref>https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/whats-new/windows-11</ref> However, some computers do not meet the minimum hardware requirements, so they will need to be replaced. For some devices which seem to be incompatible, it may also be possible to perform a firmware update on the motherboard, in order to enable TPM 2.0 features, thus potentially making them compatible.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Operating Systems]]

Cheney

2021-08-17T13:19:01Z

Blavek: typing error

{{disambig}}
*[[Richard B. Cheney]], former [[Vice President of the United States]]
*Rep. [[Liz Cheney]], daughter of the former vice president and [[NeverTrumper]] head of the House GOP conference committee

History of the Netherlands

2021-08-16T20:42:24Z

Blavek: typing error

This article covers the '''History of the Netherlands''' until about 2000. For recent years, see [[Netherlands]].
== Early history==
=== Earliest History and Myths ===
The Low Countries were inhabited by numerous Germanic tribes who had an agricultural society. By the third century, these tribes organized into larger federations and three main groups emerged: the [[Franks]] in the South, the [[Saxons]] in the East, and the [[Frisians]] in the North and West. Little is known of the pre-Christian pagan beliefs of the Germanic tribes, though it seems that [[Wodan]] and [[Donar]] were worshiped by the Germanic tribes in the Low Countries.

In earlier research of the origins of Dutch society, a number of myths shaped the scholarly discourse as well as the national consciousness. Led by the great scholar [[Hugo Grotius]] (1583-1645) historians in the 17th and 18th centuries believed in the "Batavian myth" which posited the existence of an independent and free Batavian state and society in the Roman period. They interpreted the revolt of the Batavi in AD 70 as the earliest Dutch war of freedom against tyranny; the founders of the new Dutch "Batavian Republic" in 1795 saw themselves as recreating this heroic action. By 1890, scholars realized the myth was false, but Civilis, leader of the Batavians, remained in the national consciousness.<ref>E. O. G. Haitsma Mulier, "De Bataafse Mythe Opnieuw Bekeken" [The Batavian Myth Viewed Anew]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' (1996) 111(3): 344-367.</ref>

In the 19th century, scholars influenced by Romanticism propounded the idea that the Franks, Frisians, and Saxons were not only the oldest ancestors of the Dutch people, but also that the modern descendants reflected the original values and strengths. The idea caught on and was taught in the schools, for this theory explained why the Belgians (Franks) were Catholic and the Frisians and Saxons were Protestant. The success of this theory of origins was partly due to theories in anthropology, which were based on a tribal paradigm. Being politically and geographically inclusive and leaving at the same time space for diversity, this historical vision filled the needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the period 1890–1914. However, the disadvantages of this historical interpretation soon became apparent. It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society pillarized into three separate parts based on religion. Especially during the Second World War, the origins myth proved to be no defense against the dangers of regional separatism and annexation to Germany. After 1945, the tribal paradigm lost its grip on anthropology; the "three-tribes-theme" was also fundamentally questioned and slowly faded away.<ref>Marnix Beyen, "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850." ''European History Quarterly'' 2000 30(4): 493-532. Issn: 0265-6914 Fulltext: [[EBSCO]]</ref>

===Roman Empire===
Historical records date back to about 57 BC, when Roman armies under general [[Julius Caesar]] invaded and occupied the southern portion of the Low Countries. The northern frontier of the [[Roman Empire]] ran along the [[Rhine]] river through the Netherlands. The Romans established a number of fortifications along this frontier which became centers of trade. Germanic tribes living north of the frontier, such as the Frisians, were still heavily influenced by Roman culture through trade contacts. As the Roman Empire disintegrated, Roman armies withdrew from the Netherlands by about AD 406.

===Middle Ages===
====Early Middle Ages and Conversion====
The southern parts of the country were already nominally Christianized when the Roman Empire converted to Christianity. The Frankish king Clovis I (AD 466 - 511) converted to Christianity in the early fifth century, according to legend in the heat of battle. By AD 700, most of the Low Countries below the Rhine had been converted.

The conversion of the Frisians by Irish and Anglo-Saxon missionaries took place in the early eighth century by the English Benedictine monks Willibrord (658-739) and [[Boniface]] (675–754). That Christianity did not immediately take hold is shown by the fact that Boniface was murdered in Friesland in AD 754 by pagan Frisians. From the 15th century onward, tales connected with the fall of the trees in the "Wild Woods without Mercy" of the Netherlands, which reportedly took place at the time of Saint Willibrord, in the 8th century, give the impression that the "barbarous" past of the northern Netherlands was swept away in one single moment with the fall of the area's trees. These stories associate Dutch civilization with the eradication of this vertical symbol and suggest that it is essentially secular, restrictive, claustrophilic, and egalitarian.<ref>István Bejczy, "Willibrord and the 'Tree Fall': a Historiographical Myth of the Origins of Dutch Civilization." ''Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies'' 1995 16(1): 1-5. Issn: 0225-0500</ref>

The important trading post of Dorestad became a large center of power in the Frankish-dominated lands and throughout Northwestern Europe. After several decades of battles between Franks and neighboring Frisians over control of the town, the Frankish nobleman [[Charles Martel]] (688-741) decisively won the town for the Franks in AD 734. As a result, the Frankish kingdom was extended north across the former Roman-Frisian frontier up to the northern North Sea coast. Charles’ son Pippin III (714–768), also known as Pippin the Short, ousted the Merovingian king and proclaimed himself King of the Franks. He passed on a solidified kingdom. His son [[Charlemagne]] ("Charles the Great") (742–814) fought against the Saxons to the north and east of the Frankish lands and conquered them in AD 785. Both Pippin and Charlemagne sought approval of their kingship from the Roman Church; Charlemagne went to Rome in AD 800 to be crowned by the pope; his coronation legitimized Charlemagne's rule over the former Roman empire in Western Europe and finalized the split between the Byzantine empire and the west.

Charlemagne's great accomplishment was the organization and reorganization of his empire. He instituted the [[feudal system]], based on land grants or "fiefs" given to local officials and noblemen who supported the king and in turn owed him military service. In effect, this created the conditions for the rise and establishment of local rulers.

After Charlemagne's death in 814, central power in the Frankish empire disintegrated rapidly, as it was divided into smaller kingdoms. At the same time, Viking raids on the now more vulnerable Low Countries increased and this created a period of chaos during which Danish chieftains even established small kingdoms in the Netherlands. However, by the end of the ninth century, Viking activity in the Netherlands decreased as a result of failing harvests, increased Danish interests in England, as well as the fact that the ongoing conversion of Danes to Christianity caused many of them to give up raiding.

In AD 925, King Henry I of Germany conquered the province of Lorraine, which included the Low Countries, essentially marking the end of Danish influence. Over the next century, smaller counties were merged through conquest or intermarriage into larger regional principalities. By the end of the first millennium, the territories that cover the modern provinces of the Netherlands had reached roughly their current size and their rulers had achieved enough power to be only nominally subject to the German emperor.

====The Rise of Holland in the High Middle Ages====
The center of power in these emerging independent territories was in the County of Holland. Originally granted as a fief to the Danish chieftain Rorik in return for loyalty to the emperor in 862, the region of Kennemara (the region around modern [[Haarlem]]) rapidly grew under Rorik's descendants in size and importance. By the early 11th century, Count Dirk III was levying tolls on the Meuse estuary and was able to resist military intervention from his overlord, the Duke of Lower Lorraine. In 1083, the name ‘’Holland’’ first appears in a deed referring to a region corresponding more or less to the current province of South Holland and the southern half of what is now North Holland. Holland's influence continued to grow over the next two centuries. The Counts of Holland conquered most of [[Zeeland]] but it was not until 1289 that Count [[Floris V]] (1254–96) was able to subjugate the Frisians in West Friesland (that is, the northern half of North Holland).

===Renaissance and Reformation===
===Politics to 1568===
Philip the Bold of Burgundy became the ruler of Flanders and Artois (1384) and his successors added Holland, Zeeland, Hainaut, Namur, Limburg, and Luxembourg. The dukes of Burgundy were rich and powerful, rivaling the greatest kings in the size of their armies and the magnificence of their courts. The military prowess and courtly splendor were funded by taxing the towns, which more and more frequently resisted; the city leaders also resented the Burgundian officials who tried to reduce their privileges and the rights of the states, the provincial assemblies formed to represent the interests of subjects in dealings with their rulers. The Netherlanders felt particularly repressed under Charles the Bold, who sought to create a middle kingdom between France and Germany. His death in 1477 gave the Netherlands a chance to wrest renewal of their privileges from his heiress, the Duchess Mary. But after her death in 1482, her widower, Maximilian of Austria, a Hapsburg, ruled as regent for their young son Philip and crushed the opposition to his rule. After the death of Philip in 1506, his son Charles I (1500–1558) became ruler of the Netherlands as well as king of Spain (1516–56); and (as Charles V), Holy Roman Emperor (1519–58). He taxed the Netherlands for the never-ending Hapsburg wars against France. To the Netherlands he added Friesland in 1524, Utrecht and Overijssel in 1528, Groningen in 1536, and Gelderland in 1543. Charles centralized power by establishing a privy council and councils of state and finance over the provincial assemblies and by formally uniting the 17 provinces of the Netherlands and the duchy of Burgundy in the "Burgundian circle" within the Holy Roman Empire. A devout Catholic, he attempted to stop the spread of Protestantism in the Low Countries; he was somewhat more successful there than in Germany chiefly because the adherents of the new faith in the Netherlands had no princes to defend them against the emperor. Charles put down a political rebellion in Ghent in 1539–1540; his angry abolition of the town's historic privileges was a sign of his contempt for local rights and autonomy.

The Netherlands had become the richest place in the world. Population reached 3 million in 1560, with 25 cities of 10,000 or more, by far the largest urban presence in Europe; the trading and financial center of and Antwerp, population 100,000, was especially important.

===Dutch Revolt 1568-1648 ===
The Dutch revolt against Spain, 1568–1648, is the most protracted rebellion in modern European history and it involved more continuous fighting than any modern war. Spain's failure was due to the determination of the Dutch and their military advantages, especially strength at sea, the defensibility of the northwestern provinces, as well as Spanish financial mismanagement and diversion of Spanish resources to other conflicts. Spanish diversions against England led to the disaster of the [[Spanish Armada]] (1588), while intervention to support of the Catholics in the French religious wars, reduced resources to suppress the revolt. Yet Spain was reluctant to accept failure, partly because Dutch terms for peace were unacceptable and, by 1628, because Spain was also fighting to preserve her overseas trade from Dutch attacks. The Spanish economic and political collapse of the 1620s-1640s brought about a truce because it coincided with Dutch suspicions of France and increased hopes for the Dutch reconquest of Brazil.

Philip II (1527–98) reigned over the Netherlands not as king of Spain (which he also was), but as the hereditary duke, count or lord in each of the provinces. He made the fatal mistake of excluding established political leaders in the Netherlands from the process of decision-making, relying instead at the critical moment (1559–64) on one person, Cardinal Granvelle (1517–86). The local elites led the revolt in part to restore their traditional roles.In 1567 he appointed Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the duke of Alba (1508-1582) as governor. A religious fanatic and ruthless absolutist, Alba sought to totally crush the Dutch quest for religious toleration and political self-government. He set up the Court of Blood to spread terror throughout the provinces. Some 18,000 persons were executed and their properties confiscated. He raised taxes again and again, getting more animosity than money.<ref>Geoffrey Parker, ''The Grand Strategy of Philip II'' (1998); Geoffrey Parker, "The Origins of the Dutch Revolt." ''History Today'' 1984 34(july): 17-21. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

In 1572 the Dutch again rose up, and on a larger scale than before. Their leaders and theorists now developed a theory of sovereignty that said local privileges were the articles of a contract between prince and people, with the States General as the people's representatives, and when a prince like Philip II violated this contract the states and people could legitimately resist him. [[William the Silent]] (1533–84),<ref>Also known as William of Orange and William I, prince of Orange. he was the first (1572–84) of the hereditary stadholders (chief executive and commander in chief) of the United Provinces of the Netherlands.</ref> previously loyal to Philip and the richest nobleman of the Low Countries, proclaimed his opposition. He took the lead of the Gueux (or "Gueus"), a revolutionary party formed in 1566 by 2,000 Dutch and Flemish nobles and burghers (both Protestants and Catholics), whose "Compromise of Breda" bound them by solemn oath to resist the curtailment of liberties imposed by Spain. Alba defeated the invading Gueux forces but failed to regain the north-western areas. In 1573 he was recalled to Spain in disgrace, and Philip replaced him with a series of commanders (Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens (b 1528 d 1576 in charge 1573-76), Don John of Austria (b 1545, d 1578, in charge 1576-78), and Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma (b1545 d1592, in charge 1578-86)). The Spanish army in Flanders, its pay in arrears, mutinied in 1576 and began to loot in the provinces not under rebel control. In 1578-90 Farnese reconquered the southern parts of Netherlands (approximately present-day Belgium); he succeeded in winning back to the king the nobles of the Walloon French-speaking southern provinces by the treaty of Arras (1579), which restored their old privileges. In 1584 his military victories gave him control of Flanders; he forced all the Protestants to flee and set up a Counter-Reformation that firmly established Catholicism and wiped out Protestantism in the Spanish Netherlands (which later became Belgium). In response the Union of Utrecht (1579) united the seven northern provinces against Spain. They formally declared independence in the Oath of Abjuration ("Plakkaat van Verlatinghe") July 26, 1581.<ref>See [http://www.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1501-1600/plakkaat/plakkaaten.htm English translation]</ref>

The English support of the Dutch rebels led Philip to plan the invasion of England in 1588, which was a total disaster; see [[Spanish Armada]].

Prince [[Maurice of Nassau]] (1567-1625), son of William the Silent, implemented tactical, technical, and logistical changes, and built a highly disciplined army that fought only two infantry battles but lay 30 sieges between 1588 and 1609. His military and naval victories enabled the Netherlands to conclude in 1609 a 12-year truce with Spain, which in practice meant the independence of the seven United Provinces.<ref>R. G. Haycock, "Prince Maurice (1567-1625) and the Dutch Contribution to the Art of War." ''Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies'' 1993 14(1): 53-65. Issn: 0225-0500</ref>

The province of Holland, and especially the city of Amsterdam, was the center of the revolt and provided over 60% of the taxes and an even larger share of war loans. The unwillingness of the increasingly powerful and militant Calvinists to accept religious compromises for the sake of national unity made the split with the Catholic south inevitable.

====Interpreting the Dutch Revolt====
Dutch historians have made the successful 80-year revolt against Spain the centerpiece of national history—as a revolt against tyranny on behalf of political, religious and economic freedom.<ref>The classic statement is by an American historian, who wrote a well-researched, very well written classic. John Lothrop Motley, ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-84'' (2 vol. 1856)
[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4836/4836.txt Gutenberg editions online] and ''History of the United Netherlands, 1584-1609'' (4 vol., 1860–67) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4885/4885.txt Gutenberg editions online]</ref> The Duke of Alba is depicted as the central villain, with basic causes assigned to religion and to the constitutional crisis, that is, the demand for greater local and regional autonomy. Historians stress the interplay of the economy, finance, the nobility, and the cities, as well as the military logistics, and international complications.<ref>See Marjolein Hart, ''The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt.'' (1993)</ref> An important cause was the fear that Spanish King [[Philip II]] planned to impose an inquisition based on the fearful Spanish model to replace the local Dutch Inquisitions that complied with local customs and sentiments. The fears were sparked in the late 1550s by a new plan for Catholic bishoprics in the Low Countries and his appointment of many new bishops who were former inquisitors.<ref>See [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/supprotneth.html online maps]</ref> Historians have downplayed the importance of the threat because it did not in fact exist—Philip had no such plans, but the fears were nevertheless real enough to spark a revolt.

After 1945 research shifted from the drama of national liberation and instead has focused on the enormous variety of political and economic conditions in Dutch towns and provinces and on the weaknesses of attempts at centralization by the Habsburg rulers. Major breakthroughs have come in [[Social history]], especially in demographic history. Economic history has become a central topic, with the exact relationship between economics and political events highly controversial among scholars. The religious aspects of the revolt have been studied in terms of mentalities, exposing the minority position of Calvinism, while the international aspects have been studied more seriously by foreign historians than by the Dutch themselves.

Rowen (1990) asks whether the revolt was a revolution—that is, an anticipation of the [[French Revolution]] that involved the seizure of a state by a revolutionary party aiming to transform the state along economic, social, cultural, ideological, and political lines. He sees the revolt as the coming together of multiple conflicts in a series of rebellions. It was primarily a war of religion, but it was also a defense of local interests against centralization and against subordination to a foreign state. The Dutch Revolt was a time when authority fell apart and then rebuilt itself in two parts.<ref>Herbert H. Rowen, "The Dutch Revolt: What Kind of Revolution?" ''Renaissance Quarterly'' 1990 43(3): 570-590. Issn: 0034-4338 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2862560 in Jstor]
</ref>

===Golden Era, 1600-1720s===
During the 17th century, the Netherlands, with just two million people, enjoyed its "Golden Age" of economic success, world power, and tremendous artistic output. The Netherlands, with a rapidly growing trade and worldwide empire, boasted Europe's greatest number of cities and highest literacy rate, many world-class artists and generous patrons, religious tolerance, and a highly structured and wide-ranging social network.

The underpinnings of the golden age involved a very strong economy based on international trade and colonies, along with advances in textiles, brewing, glass-making, shipbuilding, printing, canal and irrigation works, land reclamation, and energy (using peat, not coal or wood). Holland was the vanguard of Europe, leading the way in productivity-enhancing economic advances. The per-capita income remained steady and high, as the population grew 50%. Urban workers saw their wages grow 50% from 1570 to 1670.

Protected inland waters such as the Zuider Zee and the waters around Zeeland attracted fishermen, who built small towns. The demand for food from the growing cities encouraged them to build dikes and reclaim arable land for commercial agriculture. Gradually the sea was conquered and the northern provinces of the Netherlands rose out of the water. Agricultural output grew steadily at 4% a decade.<ref>Jan de Vries and Ad. van der Woude, ''The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815.''(1997)</ref>

The Dutch, proud of their [[Republicanism]] used a strong sense of civic pride to improve the infrastructure, setting a model for the world. Once the Eighty and [[Thirty Years' War]]s ended in 1648, the accumulation of grandiose and ambitious schemes that had been postponed because of war led to a frenetic burst of building and refurbishment throughout the Netherlands. Numerous large public buildings were erected in the 1650s and 1660s, far more than in the previous three decades. Those cities which grew fastest between 1648 and 1672, especially Amsterdam, Leiden, Rotterdam, The Hague and Haarlem, laid out whole new urban quarters, constructed new canals and roads, and planned new housing as part of integrated urban development schemes. Delft though it grew at a slower pace, was extensively rebuilt following the great gunpowder explosion of 1654 which devastated the city center. Even Utrecht, a relatively stagnant stagnant city, drew up far-reaching plans, hoping by means of investing in redevelopment to attract more immigrants and activity.<ref>Jonathan Israel, ''Innovation in Dutch Cities, 1648-1720'' (1994)</ref>
====Culture of the Golden Era====
Baruch de Spinoza (1632–77) was one of the most important philosophers of the era, and certainly the most radical. His works were published after his death. Spinoza was excommunicated from Amsterdam's Sefardic synagogue at the age of twenty-four; he then changed his first name to Benedict. The immediate reasons for the "cherem" pronounced against him are unclear, although it seems he was already propounding the heretical views that are found in his later writings.<ref>Steven M. Nadler, "The Excommunication of Spinoza: Trouble and Toleration in the 'Dutch Jerusalem'" ''Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies'' 19#4 Summer 2001, pp. 40-52 in [[Project Muse]]; Nadler, ''Spinoza: A Life'' (1999)</ref>

[[Painting of the Dutch Century]]. In this period, a proliferation of distinct genres of [[painting]]s is conducted. With a small amount of religious painting, other genres like scenes of peasant life, [[landscape]]s, townscapes and cityscapes, seascapes, and [[still life]]s of various types, specially flower paintings, all were enormously popular.

Seventeenth century Netherlanders had a passion for depictions of city and countryside, either real or imaginary. Local scenery asserted Holland's national pride, while vistas of foreign sites recalled the extent of its overseas commerce. Holland's ocean ports teemed with fishing and trading ships, and the tiny country's merchant fleet was almost as large as all the rest of maritime Europe's combined. [http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg50/gg50-main1.html] Maritime painting was enormously popular in Dutch Golden Age. Amsterdam was the largest artistic center.

=====Amsterdam=====
By the mid-1660s [[Amsterdam]] had reached the optimum population (about 200,000) for the level of trade, commerce and agriculture then available to support it. The city contributed the largest quota in taxes to the States of Holland which in turn contributed over half the quota to the States General. Amsterdam was also one of the most reliable in settling tax demands and therefore was able to use the threat to withhold such payments to good effect.

Amsterdam was governed by a body of regents, a large, but closed, oligarchy with control over all aspects of the city's life, and a dominant voice in the foreign affairs of Holland. Only men with sufficient wealth and a long enough residence within the city could join the ruling class. Many were from noble families, who were successful in maintaining their power within the supposedly bourgeois Republic; they formed the elite in administrative, political and economic systems. The first step to joining the regents for an ambitious and wealthy merchant family was to arrange a marriage with a long-established regent family. In the 1670s one such union, that of the Trip family (the Amsterdam branch of the Swedish arms makers) with the son of Burgomaster Valckenier, extended the influence and patronage available to the latter and strengthened his dominance of the council. The oligarchy in Amsterdam thus gained strength from its breadth and openness. In the smaller towns family interest could unite members on policy decisions but contraction through intermarriage could lead to the degeneration of the quality of the members. In Amsterdam the network was so large that members of the same family could be related to opposing factions and pursue widely separated interests. The young men who had risen to positions of authority in the 1670s and 1680s consolidated their hold on office well into the 1690s and even the new century.<ref>Elizabeth Edwards, "Amsterdam and William III," ''History Today,'' (Dec 1993), Vol. 43, Issue 12 in [[EBSCO]]</ref>

Amsterdam's regents provided good services to residents. They spent heavily on the water-ways and other essential infrastructure, as well as municipal almshouses for the elderly, hospitals and churches.

Amsterdam's wealth was generated by its commerce, which was in turn sustained by the judicious encouragement of entrepreneurs whatever their origin. This open door policy has been interpreted as proof of a tolerant ruling class. But toleration was practiced for the convenience of the city. Therefore, the wealthy Sephardic Jews from Portugal were welcomed and accorded all privileges except those of citizenship, but the poor Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe were far more carefully vetted and those who became dependent on the city were encouraged to move on. Similarly, provision for the housing of Huguenot immigrants was made in 1681 when [[Louis XIV]]'s religious policy was beginning to drive these Protestants out of France; no encouragement was given to the dispossessed Dutch from the countryside or other towns of Holland. The regents encouraged immigrants to build churches and provided sites or buildings for churches and temples for all but the most radical sects and the native Catholics by the 1670s (although even the Catholics could practice quietly in a chapel within the Beguinhof).

===Foreign policy===
The House of Orange frequently undermined the interests of the united Dutch provinces by pursuing an alliance with the Stuart kings of England for dynastic reasons. Although Frederick Henry (1584-1647), head of the House of Orange, refused to become entangled in British politics, and focused on the war with Spain that began in 1621. His son William II (1626-50), reversed policy, altered Anglo-Dutch relations, and sought a Stuart alliance, which came to nothing. Not until 1672 did [[William III (Britain)|William III]] adopt an independent policy.<ref>Simon Groenveld, "The House of Orange and the House of Stuart, 1639-1650: a Revision." ''Historical Journal'' 1991 34(4): 955-972. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639590 in Jstor]</ref>

====French Revolution and Napoleon====
When the Dutch sided with the French Revolution through the Batavian Republic, the British moved against the Dutch empire. The prime targets were the East India Company and West India Company, private monopolies which had administered the Dutch colonies for two centuries. The British seized Ceylon, Malabar, Malacca, and the Cape of Good Hope.

The Batavian Republic brought in some modernizing reforms, including the emancipation of Jews and Catholics. In 1805 [[Napoleon]], finding it too democratic, replaced it with the '''Kingdom of Holland''' and placed his brother, Louis Bonaparte (1778-1846), on the throne. The new king was unpopular, but he was willing to cross his brother for the benefit of his new kingdom. Napoleon forced his abdication in 1810 and incorporated the Netherlands directly into the French Empire, imposing economic controls and conscription of all young men as soldiers. After Napoleon was defeated at Leipzig in 1813, the French were ousted, and the Dutch, under the leadership of Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp, proclaimed the sovereignty of William VI of the House of Orange.

===19th Century===
After Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, his enemies, gathered at the [[Congress of Vienna]] where they validated secret wartime treaties. They created the '''Kingdom of the Netherlands''' as a buffer against France, by uniting all the lowlands under [[William I (Nethelands)|William]] (1772-1843), who took the title of William I (1815-1840). Protestants were only a quarter of the population, being a majority in the Netherlands (population 2 million), but were few among the 3.5 million Belgians, who were overwhelmingly Catholic. Nevertheless, they totally controlled the government and army. The Catholics did not consider themselves an integral part of the modern Netherlands, preferring instead to identify with medieval Dutch culture. In the 1860s, during their conflicts with Rome, Catholics finally joined the mainstream and proved they were real Netherlanders.

The first 15 years of the Kingdom showed progress and prosperity, as industrialization proceeded rapidly in the south, where the [[Industrial Revolution]] allowed entrepreneurs and labor to combine in a new textile industry, powered by local [[Coal mining, history of|coal mines]]. The was little industry in the northern provinces, but most overseas colonies were restored, and highly profitable trade resumed after a 25-year hiatus.

King William I was the key figure in the transition of the Netherlands to a modern state. An enlightened despot, he had no difficulty in accepting the social transformations of the previous 25 years, including equality of all before the law; he was, however, a Calvinist intolerant of the Catholic majority. He promulgated the "Fundamental Law of Holland", with some modifications, which entirely overthrew the old order of things, suppressed the clergy as an order, abolished the privileges of the Catholic Church, and guaranteed the enjoyment of the same civil and political rights to every subject of the king, and equal protection to every religious creed. It reflected the spirit of the French Revolution, but it did not please the Catholic bishops, who detested the Revolution.<ref>See Godefroid Kurth, "Belgium" in [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02395a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1907) online]</ref>

William I actively promoted economic modernization. His position as monarch was ambivalent, however; his sovereignty remained real, but his authority was shared with a legislature elected by the wealthy citizens under a constitution granted by the king. Government was in the hands of ministries of state. The old provinces were reestablished in name only. The government was now fundamentally unitary, and all authority flowed from the center. Economic liberalism combined with moderate monarchical authoritarianism to accelerate the adaptation of the Netherlands to the new conditions of the 19th century. The country prospered until a crisis arose in relations with the southern provinces.

====[[Belgium]] breaks away====

In the Catholic south ('''Belgium'''),<ref>see [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/neth18151830.html online maps 1830, 1839]</ref> William's policies were unpopular. The French-speaking Walloons strenuously rejected his attempt to make Dutch the universal language of government. Flemings in the south spoke a Dutch dialect (Flemish) and welcomed the encouragement of Dutch with a revival of literature and popular culture. Other Flemings, notably the educated bourgeoisie, preferred to speak French. Although Catholics possessed legal equality, after centuries as the state church in the south, they resented their subordination to a government that was fundamentally Protestant in spirit and membership. Few Catholics held high office in state or army. Political liberals in the south complained as well about the king's authoritarian methods. All southerners complained of underrepresentation in the national legislature. Although the south was industrializing and was more prosperous than the north the accumulated grievances allowed the multiple opposition forces to coalesce. The outbreak of revolution in France in 1830 was a signal for action, at first on behalf of autonomy for Belgium, as the southern provinces were now called, and later on behalf of total independence. William dithered and his half-hearted efforts to reconquer Belgium were thwarted both by the efforts of the Belgians themselves and by the diplomatic opposition of the great powers.

At the London Conference of 1830–31, the chief powers of Europe ordered (in November, 1830) an armistice between the Dutch and the Belgians. The first draft for a treaty of separation of Belgium and the Netherlands was rejected by the Belgians. A second draft (June, 1831) was rejected by William I, who resumed hostilities. Franco-British intervention forced William to withdraw Dutch forces from Belgium late in 1831, and in 1833 an armistice of indefinite duration was concluded. Belgium was effectively independent but William's attempts to recover Luxembourg and Limburg led to renewed tension. The London Conference of 1838–39 prepared the final Dutch-Belgian separation treaty of 1839 and divided Luxembourg and Limburg between the Dutch and Belgian crowns. The Kingdom of the Netherlands thereafter was made up of only the 11 northern provinces.<ref>J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (1999) pp 297-312</ref>

====Liberalism====
In 1840 William I abdicated in favor of his son, [[William II (Netherlands)|William II]], who attempted to carry on the policies of his father in the face of a powerful liberal movement. Sentiment in favor of revising the constitution increased, and, in 1848, while Europe was in turmoil, revision was undertaken by the liberal historian-statesman J. R. Thorbecke. The new liberal constitution, which put the government under the control of the states general, was accepted by the legislature in 1848. William III, who became king in 1849, reluctantly chose Thorbecke to head the new government, which introduced several liberal measures, notably the extension of suffrage. However, Thorbecke's government soon fell, when Protestants rioted against the Vatican's reestablishment of the Catholic episcopate, in abeyance since the 16th century. A conservative government was formed, but it did not undo the liberal measures, and the Catholics were finally given equality after two centuries of subordination.

Dutch domestic history from the middle of the 19th century until the [[First World War]] was fundamentally one of the extension of liberal reforms in government, encouragement to the reorganization of the Dutch economy upon a modern basis, and the rise of trade unionism and socialism as movements of the working class independent of traditional liberalism. The growth in prosperity was enormous, as real per capita GNP soared from 106 guilders in 1804 to 403 in 1913.

Religion was a contentious issue with repeated struggles over the relations of church and state in the field of education. In 1816, the government took full control of the [[Netherlands Reformed Church]] (Dutch ''Nederlands Hervormde Kerk''). In 1857, all religious instruction was ended in public schools, but the various churches set up their own schools, and even universities. Dissident members broke away from the Netherlands Reformed Church in the Secession of 1834. They were harassed by the government under an onerous Napoleonic law prohibiting gatherings of more than 20 members without a permit. After the harassment ended in the 1850s, a number of these dissidents eventually created the Christian Reformed Church in 1869; thousands migrated to Michigan, Illinois, and Iowa in the [[United States]]. By 1900 the dissidents represented about 10% of the population, as against 45% in the Netherlands Reformed Church, which continued to be the only church to receive state money.<ref>Corwin, "Holland" [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05.h.ix.html ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,'' (1914) 5:319-22]</ref>

At mid-century, most Dutch belonged either to the Dutch Reformed churches (around 55%) or the Roman Catholic church (35 to 40%), together with smaller Protestant and Jewish groups. A large and powerful sector of nominal Protestants were in fact secular liberals seeking to minimize religious influence. In reaction a novel alliance developed with Catholics and devout Calvinists joining against secular liberals. The Catholics, who had been loosely allied with the liberals in earlier decades, turned against them on the issue of state support, which the liberals insisted should be granted only to public schools, and joined with Protestant political parties in demanding equal state support to schools maintained by religious groups.<ref>J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (1999) pp 387-403</ref>

====Cultural revival====
[[Image:Van Gogh.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vincent van Gogh]]

The late 19th century saw a great cultural revival, especially in the 1880s and 1890s, typified by the painting of [[Vincent van Gogh]]. Literature, music, architecture, and science all flourished, as represented by [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] (1837-1923), a working class youth who taught himself physics, earned a PhD at the nation's leading school Leiden University, and in 1910 won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries in thermodynamics.

====Pillarization====
[[File:Portrait of Rachel Ruysch by Godfried Schalcken 1899.jpg|thumb|left|120px|[[Portrait]] of Rachel Ruysch by Godfried Schalcken, 1899.]]
''Verzuiling'' ("pillarization" or "pluralism") after 1850 became the solution to the danger of internal conflict. Everyone was part of a pillar (''zuil'') based on religion (Protestant, Catholic, secular-liberal, secular-socialist). Each pillar had a full set of its own social organizations, including churches (for the religious pillars), political parties, schools, universities,<ref>The oldest universities, in Leiden, Utrecht, and Groningen, had a secular-liberal character. In 1880 a protestant university opened in Amsterdam and in 1923 a catholic one in Nijmegen. The Amsterdam municipal university, which opened in 1877, leaned toward secular-socialism, but was formally neutral.</ref> labor unions, sport clubs, boy scout unions and other youth clubs, and newspapers. The members of different ''zuilen'' lived in close proximity in cities and villages, spoke the same language, and did business with one another, but seldom interacted informally and rarely intermarried.<ref>A Dutch rhyme forbade intermarriage thus: ''Twee geloven op één kussen, daar slaapt de Duivel tussen'' [Two religions on one pillow, there the Devil sleeps in between.] On the decline of intermarriage see Erik Beekink, et al. "Changes in Choice of Spouse as an Indicator of a Society in a State of Transition: Woerden, 1830-1930." ''Historical Social Research'' 1998 23(1-2): 231-253. Issn: 0172-6404</ref> Pillarization was officially recognized in the Pacification of 1917, whereby socialists and liberals got universal male suffrage and the religious parties were guaranteed equal funding of all schools. In 1930 radio was organized so that each pillar had full control of its own network. When television began in the late 1940s the pillars divided up time equally on the one station. In politics and civic affairs leaders of the pillar organizations cooperated and the acknowledged the right of the other pillars, so public life generally ran smoothly.<ref>Arend Lijphart, ''The Politics of Accomodation. Pluralism, and Democracy in the Netherlands'' (1975) is the standard analysis from a leading political scientist; Michael Wintle, "Pillarisation, Consociation, and Vertical Pluralism in the Netherlands Revisited: a European View." ''West European Politics'' 2000 23(3): 139-152. Issn: 0140-2382 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] defends the concept, but more citical is J. C. H. Blom, "Pillarisation in Perspective." ''West European Politics'' (2000) 23(3): 153-164. Issn: 0140-2382 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]; Johan Sturm, et al. "Educational Pluralism: A Historical Study of So-Called "Pillarization" in the Netherlands, Including a Comparison with Some Developments in South African Education," ''Comparative Education,'' Vol. 34, No. 3 (Nov., 1998), pp. 281-297 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3099832 in JSTOR]</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Economic history===
In the 19th century the Netherlands lagged far behind Belgium in industrialization; it lacked coal and factories; railways were late in coming, because waterborne traffic was available and cheap. Construction and operation, modeled after Britain, was shared between the state railway and the privately owned Holland Company; they merged in 1917.
==Dutch Empire==
*see also [[Dutch Empire]]
[[Image:Dutch-asia.jpg|thumb|300px|VOC trading posts in Asia]]
===VOC===
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the 17th century became the largest business in the world. During the 200 years of its existence nearly a million Europeans left Holland on one of the VOC's ships. Its overseas bases employed about 25,000 workers. In 1687-88 the company's Ceylon and Batavia offices had over 2,500 employees each; it operated Japan's solitary window to the world at the port of Deshima, with 27 employees. Until 1688, when Japan banned the export of silver, it was the source of a plentiful and inexpensive supply of this precious metal. During the 17th century the profit on the annual trade with Japan was over 50%, making Deshima the VOC's richest trading post. The Dutch supplied the Japanese with Chinese silk, textiles from Europe, spices from the Dutch-controlled East Indies, hides from Thailand and Taiwan and ivory from Africa and South East Asia. The VOC's exports from Japan included silver, gold, copper, camphor, porcelain, lacquer-ware and grains. In the 18th century, however, the VOC lost speed. In Europe the Dutch Republic was losing its preeminent place as a trading power to Britain and France. London replaced Amsterdam as the world's financial center. In the early part of the century a series of disastrous shipwrecks in East Asia proved costly for the company. In 1743 the Deshima trade post in Japan made a loss for the first time. The intellectual impact on Japan was undiminished, however, as Japanese scholars threw themselves into the study of Western medicine, astronomy, mathematics, botany, physics, chemistry, pharmacy, geography and the military arts—all studied in Dutch language books.

Control over the Netherlands East Indies, restored from British to Dutch rule by the Treaty of Vienna in 1815, was strengthened. The colonies sent substantial profits to the Dutch economy and revenues to the Dutch government. However, criticism of exploitative methods of the Dutch East India Company brought a shift in the economic system from forced payments in crops to traditional taxation, and it took the Dutch 35 years to subdue the Achin (Atjeh) rebels in Sumatra.

From 1800 to 1950 Durch engineers created an infrastructure for the Dutch East Indies, including 67,000 kilometers of roads, 7,500 kilometers of railways, many large bridges, modern irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares of rice fields, several international harbors, and 140 public drinking water systems. With these public works, Dutch engineers constructed the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state.<ref>Wim Ravesteijn, "Between Globalization and Localization: The Case of Dutch Civil Engineering in Indonesia, 1800-1950," ''Comparative Technology Transfer and Society'' 5#1 April 2007, pp. 32-64, in [[Project Muse]]</ref>

==20th Century==

===1930s and World War II===
====Great Depression====
During the 1930s the Netherlands, like other developed Western economies, suffered much from unemployment and the Depression. The economy was based on trade and agriculture. there was some manufacturing, led by Unilever (soap), Shell (oil refining) and Philips (light bulbs). World trade levels declines sharply, leaving the large Dutch merchant fleet with less business; one third of the ships were laid up. Unemployment reached 17% in 1936, then began a slow decline. GDP fell below the level of the prosperous 1920s. The politically system continued to function normally, with Catholic and Calvinist religious parties in control. There was little mass unrest or Communist activity and the Socialist party remained weak.
====Dutch East Indies====
In the overseas empire, especially the Dutch East Indies (later renamed [[Indonesia]]) the fall in commodity prices caused a sharp economic decline, as exports fell by two-thirds. Since a fourth of all Dutch wealth was invested there, investors were badly hurt. The colonial government pursued a policy of "indianization," which meant training more and more locals Indonesians for civil service jobs. There was no self-government; a local council was only advisory to the governor. Demands for self-government were rising rapidly among the 67 million inhabitants, most of them Moslems.
====Dutch fascism====
A small fringe element of Dutch fascists existed from 1929 to 1940. They were inspired by Mussolini's Italy and was based on traditional corporate ideology. The movement was small, elitist, and consisted of competing bourgeois political associations. It was opposed by the Catholic Church. Nazi-style National Socialism, also existed as an even smaller fringe group; it failed to gain mass support because its ideology was alien to native Dutch political culture. It too was opposed by the Catholic Church.<ref>Erik Hansen, "Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands 1929-39." ''European Studies Review'' 1981 11(3): 355-385. Issn: 0014-3111</ref>
====World War II====
Although the Netherlands proclaimed its neutrality, the Germans under [[Adolf Hitler]] invaded on May 10, 1940 and after the open city of [[Rotterdam]] was bombed on May 14 by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' the Dutch army capitulated on May 15. Queen Wilhelmina and her government fled into exile in London, which became their base to fight the Germans, using the small navy and large merchant fleet as its assets, along with its colonies.

A brutal five year German occupation of the country began; the Dutch were forced to pay all the costs. The attempt of Nazi military governor, Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart, to win the "Aryan" Dutch for Nazism by promoting industrial recovery met with resistance in the form of strikes and underground activity. 250,000 Dutch civilians were forced laborers at factories in Germany, which were targets of Allied air raids. The heightening demands of the German war machine led to increasingly ruthless exploitation, as more than 40% of Dutch income flowed to Germany by 1942, severely undermining Dutch industry, while large numbers of young Dutch workers went into hiding and the resistance.<ref>Hein A. M. Klemann, "Dutch Industrial Companies and the German Occupation, 1940-1945." ''Vierteljahrschrift Für Sozial- Und Wirtschaftsgeschichte'' 2006 93(1): 1-22. Issn: 0340-8728</ref>
====Japanese====
The Japanese invaded Indonesia in January, 1942, looking for oil. The Shell oil company blew up all the wells and the Japanese, after long repairs, in the end obtained much less than it needed. Japan's victory was swift after it sank the Dutch navy and invaded; nearly 150,000 Dutch citizens found themselves prisoners of the Japanese in horrible conditions.
====Jews====
The Nazis as part of the [[Holocaust]] hunted down, deported and killed three-fourths of the 140,000 Jews in the country.<ref>Pamela Griffioen Ron and Zeller, "Anti-Jewish Policy and Organization of the Deportations in France and the Netherlands, 1940-1944: a Comparative Study." ''Holocaust and Genocide Studies'' 2006 20(3): 437-473. Issn: 8756-6583 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]</ref> The most famous victim was [[Anne Frank]] (1929–45), whose family hiding place in Amsterdam was exposed by an informer in 1944 and she died in [[Bergen-Belsen]] weeks before the war ended.
====Starvation====
In September 1944, American, British and Canadian forces liberated the southern provinces. The north remained in German hands until May 1945, but the Dutch refused to aid the German war economy and the Nazis cut off food supplies, leading to severe malnutrition and deaths from cold and disease.

===Postwar Era===
After the war the major pillarized sectors began to cooperate in the "polder" style that minimized conflict, as the top officials of each sector met secretly to work out compromises that were then ratified.<ref>Mark Kranenburg, "The political branch of the polder model," [http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Netherlands/politics.html ''The Netherlands'' July 1, 1999]</ref> In other countries strong polarization had a geographic dimension, leading to separatist movements in Belgium and Canada, but there was little geographical concentration in the Netherlands.

===Recent history since 1970===

After 1970 the pillarized model began to break down in politics, as religion became less central in the lives of most people, the parties reorganized across the old religious and cultural lines, and labor unions merged.<ref>Paul Dekker and Peter Ester, "Depillarization, Deconfessionalization, and De-ideologization: Empirical Trends in Dutch Society 1958-1992." ''Review of Religious Research'' 1996 37(4): 325-341. Issn: 0034-673x uses survey data, showing that religious factors declined first, followed by secular factors. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3512012 in Jstor]</ref> The fast growing Muslim immigrant community is building its own separate pillar along religious lines such as was common a century ago, and is still allowed by Dutch laws. There are now Islamic and Hindu schools.

====Mass immigration====
{{See also|European migrant crisis#Netherlands}}
The leadership in the Netherlands believed that mass immigration was necessary in an era of [[globalization]], falling birth rates, and labor shortages. The real debate in their eyes was whether the immigrants will be Europeans, which is tolerated, or be Muslims from Turkey and Morocco, which is controversial. Rotterdam is nearly half Muslim and in every city second- and third-generation Muslims are Dutch and speak Dutch as their first language, but have not been well integrated into mainstream Dutch society. They remain between two cultures and some listen to radical Islamist preachers. However, two-thirds of the immigrants are Dutch citizens and they are well represented in national and local government. The rapidly growing Dutch economy absorbed the new workers, driving down the unemployment rate for immigrants from 35% to 10% in 2001.

At first, there was a gentlemen's agreement among political leaders that immigration and ethnicity were not to become political issues. That ended and Dutch politics took a right-wing-populist turn following the emergence of Pim Fortuyn, the charismatic leader of a new party, and his assassination in 2002, followed by the ritual murder of anti-immigrant spokesman Theo van Gogh in 2004.<ref>Mark Leon Goldberg, "The Death of van Gogh," [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=8915 ''The American Prospect'' Dec. 3, 2004]; Rinus Penninx, "After the Fortuyn and Van Gogh Murders: Is the Dutch Integration Model in Disarray?" [http://www.cicerofoundation.org/pdf/lecture_penninx.pdf online paper 9 June 2005]</ref> Hostility to Islam has created an increasingly restrictive national immigration and integration policy. A policy of Europeanization rejects "multiculturalism" (which like pillarization would allow Muslins complete control over their schools) and instead calls for civic integration for new immigrants, who are expected to learn Dutch, accompanied by anti-discrimination laws to benefit settled immigrants and their children. The 1998 Newcomer Integration Law (Wet Inburgering Nieuwkomers, "WIN") obliges most non-EU immigrants to participate in a twelve-month integration course, consisting of six hundred hours of Dutch language instruction, civic education, and preparation for the labor market. An immigrant must pass an integration test to get or renew a residence permit.<ref>Joppke, "Transformation of Immigrant Integration," ''World Politics'' 59.2 (2007) 43-273</ref>

The Netherlands saw [[Geert Wilders]] and his [[Party for Freedom]] (PVV) rise as a political force in the country. The PVV is a [[right-wing populist]] and [[Euroskeptic]] party and strongly opposes mass immigration, [[open borders]], and Islam.

==Historiography==
The pioneering cultural historian Johan Huizinga (1872-1945), author of ''The Autumn of the Middle Ages'' (1919) (an earlier translation in English was called ''The Waning of the Middle Ages'') and ''Homo Ludens" A Study of the Play Element in Culture'' (1935), which expanded the field of cultural history and foreshadowed the historical anthropology of younger historians of the [[Annales School]]. He was influenced by art history and advised historians to trace "patterns of culture" by studying "themes, figures, motifs, symbols, styles and sentiments."<ref>Peter Burke, "Historians and Their Times: Huizinga, Prophet of 'Blood and Roses.'" ''History Today'' 1986 36(Nov): 23-28. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[EBSCO]]; William U. Bouwsma, "The ''Waning of the Middle Ages'' by Johan Huizinga." ''Daedalus'' 1974 103(1): 35-43. Issn: 0011-5266; R. L. Colie, "Johan Huizinga and the Task of Cultural History." ''American Historical Review'' 1964 69(3): 607-630 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1845780 in JSTOR]; Robert Anchor, "History and Play: Johan Huizinga and His Critics," ''History and Theory, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Feb., 1978), pp. 63-93 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2504901 in JSTOR]</ref>

The "polder model" continues to dominate both Dutch politics and historiography. The polder model strongly emphasizes the need for consensus and discourages debate and dissent in both academia and politics - in contrast to the highly developed, intense debates in Germany.<ref>Chris Lorenz, "Het 'Academisch Poldermodel' En De Westforschung in Nederland," [The Dutch Academic Polder Model and Westforschung in the Netherlands]. ''Tijdschrift Voor Geschiedenis'' 2005 118(2): 252-270. Issn: 0040-7518</ref>

The H-Net list '''H-Low-Countries''' is published free by email and is edited by scholars. Its occasional messages serve an international community with diverse methodological approaches, archival experiences, teaching styles, and intellectual traditions, promotes discussion relevant to the Low Countries as a whole and to the different national histories in particular, with an emphasis on the Netherlands. H-Low-Countries offers conference announcements, questions and discussions; reviews of books, journals, and articles; and tables of contents of journals on the history of the Low Countries (in both Dutch and English).<ref>See [http://www.h-net.org/~lowc/ home page, with discussion logs]</ref>

Once heralded as the leading event of modern Dutch history, the Dutch revolt lasted 1568–1648, and historians have worked to interpret it for even longer. Cruz (2007) explains the major points of contention and schools of thought surrounding interpretations of the deeper meaning of the Dutch bid for independence from Spanish rule. While the intellectual milieus of late-19th- and 20th century certainly left their mark on historical interpretations of this event, Cruz argues that writings about the revolt distinctively trace changing perceptions of the role played by small countries in the history of Western civilization. As is true in most contemporary historical scholarship, there are no more grand narratives for encompassing the Dutch revolt in its entirety, but Cruz points to future directions for understanding the revolt in its wider contexts, whether European or global. Dutch and Belgian historiography since 1945 has moved away from seeing the revolt as the culmination of a long and inevitable process leading to independence. Instead historians examine the varied political and economic characters of the towns and provinces and on the weaknesses of attempts at centralization by the Habsburg rulers. The most important innovations have been in demographic and economic history, though the relationship between economics and political events remains controversial. The religious aspects of the revolt have been studied in terms of mentalities, exposing the minority position of Calvinism, while the international aspects have been studied more seriously by foreign historians than by the Dutch themselves.<ref>Laura Cruz, "The 80 Years' Question: the Dutch Revolt in Historical Perspective." ''History Compass'' 2007 5(3): 914-934.</ref>

[[Pieter Geyl]] ((1887-1966)) was the leading historian of the Dutch Revolt, and a highly influential professor at the University of London (1919-1935) and at the State University of Utrecht (1935–57). He wrote a six-volume history of the Dutch-speaking peoples.<ref>Three volumes appeared in English translation, ''TheRevolit of the Netherlands (1555-1609)'' (1932); and ''The Netherlands in the Seventeeth Century'' (2 vol 1936, 1964).</ref> The Nazis imprisoned him in World War II. In his political views, Geyl adopted the views of the 17th century Dutch Louvestein faction, led by Johan van Oldenbarneveldt (1547-1619) and Johan de Witt (1625–72). It stood for liberty, toleration, and national interests in contrast to the Orange stadholders who sought to promote their own self-interest. According to Geyl, the Dutch Republic reached the peak of its powers during the 17th century. He was also a staunch nationalist and suggested that Flanders could split off from Belgium and join the Netherlands. Later he decried what he called radical nationalism and stressed more the vitality of Western Civilization. Geyl was highly critical of the [[world history]] approach of [[Arnold J. Toynbee]].<ref>Herbert H. Rowen, "The Historical Work of Pieter Geyl." ''Journal of Modern History'' 1965 37(1): 35-49. Issn: 0022-2801 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1874563 in Jstor]</ref>

Jan Romein (1893-1962) created a "theoretical history" in an attempt to reestablish the relevance of history to public life in the 1930s at a time of immense political uncertainty and cultural crisis, when, in Romein's view, history had become too inward-looking and isolated from other disciplines. Romein, a Marxist, felt that history must contribute to social improvement. At the same time, influenced by the successes of theoretical physics and his study of [[Oswald Spengler]], [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], F. J. Teggart, and others, he spurred on the development of theoretical history in the Netherlands, to the point where it became a subject in its own right at the university level after the war. Romein used the term integral history as a substitute for cultural history and focused his attention on the period around the turn of the century. He concluded that a serious crisis occurred in European civilization in 1900 because of the rise of anti-Semitism, extreme nationalism, discontent with the parliamentary system, depersonalization of the state, and the rejection of positivism. European civilization waned as the result of this crisis which was accompanied by the rise of the United States, the Americanization of the world, and the emergence of Asia. His interpretation is reminiscent of that of his mentor Johan Huizinga and was criticized by his colleague Pieter Geyl.<ref>A. C. Otto, "Theorie En Praktijk in De Theoretische Geschiedenis Van Jan Romein" [Theory and Practice in the "Theoretical History" of Jan Romein]. ''Theoretische Geschiedenis'' 1994 21(3): 257-270. Issn: 0167-8310; P. Blaas, "An Attempt at Integral History." ''Acta Historiae Neerlandica'' 1971 (5): 271-315. Issn: 0065-129x</ref>

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===History surveys===
* Arblaster, Paul. ''A History of the Low Countries.'' (2006). 298 pp.
* Blok, Petrus Johannes. ''History of the People of the Netherlands'' (5 vol 1898-1912) famous classic; [https://books.google.com/books?id=s8kOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 1 to 1500, online from Google]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=0coOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 2 to 1559. online from Google]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NH8SAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:0sw5yfkxR-fObZWwVX&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 3: The War with Spain 1559-1621, online from Google]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=PckOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0sw5yfkxR-fObZWwVX#PPP12,M1 part 4 on Golden Age online from Google]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=gf8bAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_toc_s&cad=1 online edition from Google, vol 5 on 18th and 19th century]
* Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (2006) 504pp [https://www.amazon.com/History-Low-Countries-J-Blom/dp/1845452720/ref=pd_bbs_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/read/1379132?title=History%20of%20the%20Low%20Countries complete edition online]
* Hooker, Mark T. ''The History of Holland'' (1999) 264pp [https://www.amazon.com/History-Holland-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313306583/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805742&sr=1-17 excerpt and text search]
* Israel, Jonathan. ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806'' (1995) a major synthesis; [http://www.questia.com/read/91981119?title=The%20Dutch%20Republic%3a%20Its%20Rise%2c%20Greatness%2c%20and%20Fall%2c%201477-1806 complete online edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Republic-Greatness-1477-1806-History/dp/0198207344/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Kossmann, E. H. ''The Low Countries 1780-1940'' (1978)
* van Oostrom, Frits, and Hubert Slings. ''A Key to Dutch History'' (2007)
* Pirenne, Henri. ''Belgian Democracy, Its Early History'' (1910, 1915) 250 pp. history of towns in the Low Countries [http://www.questia.com/read/1276323?title=Belgian%20Democracy%2c%20Its%20Early%20History online free]
* Rietbergen, P.J.A.N. ''A Short History of the Netherlands. From Prehistory to the Present Day''. 5th ed. Amersfoort: Bekking, 2002. ISBN 9061094402
* Vlekke, Bernard H. M. ''Evolution of the Dutch Nation'' (1945) 382 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/82243176?title=Evolution%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Nation online edition]

===Dutch revolt===
* Cruz, Laura. "The 80 Years' Question: the Dutch Revolt in Historical Perspective." ''History Compass'' 2007 5(3): 914–934. Issn: 1478-0542 Fulltext: [http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/history/article_view?highlight_query=cruz&type=std&slop=0&fuzzy=0.5&last_results=query%3Dcruz%26topics%3D%26content_types%3DALL&parent=void&sortby=relevance&offset=0&article_id=hico_articles_bpl400 History Compass]
* Darby, Graham. ''The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt'' (2001), 208pp [http://www.questia.com/read/108015314?title=The%20Origins%20and%20Development%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Revolt online edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Origins-Development-Dutch-Revolt/dp/0415253799/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209804905&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Geyl, Pieter. ''History of the Dutch Speaking Peoples 1555-1648'' (new edition 2001)
* Geyl, Pieter. ''The Revolt of the Netherlands: 1555-1609'' (1958), still considered the definitive account of the Revolt [http://www.questia.com/read/98720656?title=The%20Revolt%20of%20the%20Netherlands%20(1555-1609) online edition]
* Israel, Jonathan. ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806'' (1995) a major synthesis; [http://www.questia.com/read/91981119?title=The%20Dutch%20Republic%3a%20Its%20Rise%2c%20Greatness%2c%20and%20Fall%2c%201477-1806 complete online edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Republic-Greatness-1477-1806-History/dp/0198207344/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Koenigsberger, H. G. ''Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.'' (2002). 381 pp.
[https://www.amazon.com/Countries-1780-1940-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221088/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210207084&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Nierop, H. F. K. ''The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500-1650'' (2nd ed. 1993) [https://www.amazon.com/Nobility-Holland-Knights-1500-1650-Cambridge/dp/0521392608/ref=sid_av_dp excerpt and text search]
* Motley, John Lothrop. ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-84'' (2 vol. 1856) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4836/4836.txt Gutenberg editions online] and ''History of the United Netherlands, 1584-1609'' (4 vol., 1860–67) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4885/4885.txt Gutenberg editions online]
**Robert Wheaton, "Motley and the Dutch Historians." ''New England Quarterly'' 1962 35(3): 318–336. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/363823 in Jstor]
* Parker, Geoffrey. ''The Dutch Revolt'' (1977), 327pp
* Tracy, James. ''The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572-1588'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Founding-Dutch-Republic-Politics-1572-1588/dp/0199209111/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209964440&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* ''Cambridge Modern History'' (1904-1908)
**Rev. George Edmundson, "The Revolt of the Netherlands". [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh306.html Vol 3 ch 62]
**Rev. George Edmundson, "William the Silent" [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh307.html vol 3 ch 7];
**Rev. George Edmundson, "The Dutch Republic," [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh319.html vol 3 ch 19];
** Hugh E. Egeuton, "The Transference of Colonial Power. To the United Provinces and England." [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh425.html (1906) vol 4 ch 25];
**Rev. George Edmundson, "The Administrations of John De Witt and William of Orange. (1651-88)," [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh507.html (1908) vol 5 ch 7];
** J. H. Tannee, "The Anglo-Dutch Wars" [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh508.html vol 5 ch 8]

===Specialty studies===
* Abbenhuis, Maartje M. ''The Art of Staying Neutral: The Netherlands in the First World War, 1914-1918.'' (2006). 423 pp.
* Blom, Hans. "The Persecution of Jews in the Netherlands: A Comparative Western European Perspective," ''European History Quarterly,'' 19 (1989), 333–351, re Holocaust in World War II
* Green-Pedersen, Christoffer. ''The Politics of Justification: Party Competition and Welfare-State Retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands from 1982 to 1998'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/109682081?title=The%20Politics%20of%20Justification%3a%20%20Party%20Competition%20and%20Welfare-State%20Retrenchment%20in%20Denmark%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20from%201982%20to%201998 online edition]
* Gunn, Steven, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools. ''War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477-1559'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/State-Society-England-Netherlands-1477-1559/dp/019920750X/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209964264&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* Hirschfeld, Gerhard. ''Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940–1945'' (1988)
* Jacob, Margaret C., and Wijnand W. Mijnhardt, eds. ''The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century Decline, Enlightenment and Revolution,''(1992)
* Joppke, Christian. "Transformation of Immigrant Integration: Civic Integration and Antidiscrimination in the Netherlands, France, and Germany, ''World Politics'' 59.2 (2007) 243-273 in Project Muse
* Koopmans, Ruud, et al. ''Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0816646635/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S006#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Lijphart, Arend. ''The Politics of Accomodation. Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands'' (2nd ed. 1975), on pillarization
* Moore, Bob. ''Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands 1940-1945.'' (1997). 340 pp.
* Prak, Maarten Roy. ''The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century.'' (2005). 317 pp.
* Price, J. L. ''Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Politics of Particularism'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/read/9660485?title=Holland%20and%20the%20Dutch%20Republic%20in%20the%20Seventeenth%20Century%3a%20The%20Politics%20of%20Particularism online edition]
* Vandenbosch, Amry. ''Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815: A Study in Small Power Politics'' (1959) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/dutch-foreign-policy-since-1815-a-study-in-small-power-politics-by-amry-vandenbosch.jsp online edition]

===Cultural and social studies===
* Avci, Gamze. "Comparing Integration Policies and Outcomes: Turks in the Netherlands and Germany." ''Turkish Studies'' 2006 7(1): 67–84. Issn: 1468-3849 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Berkel, Klaas van; VanHelden, Albert; and Palm, Lodewijk, eds. ''A History of Science in the Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference.'' (1999). 659 pp.
* Blom, J. C. H.; Fu ks-Manfield, R. G.; and Schoffer, I., eds. ''The History of the Jews in the Netherlands.'' (2002). 508 pp.
* Corwin, E.T. "Holland," [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05.h.ix.html ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,'' (1914) 5:319-22], details on Protestant churches
* Dekker, Rudolf. ''Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland: From the Golden Age to Romanticism.'' (2001). 174 pp.
* Goudriaan, Koen et al., eds. ''Education and Learning in the Netherlands, 1400-1600: Essays in Honour of Hilde de Ridder-Symoens'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/109302376?title=Education%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Netherlands%2c%201400-1600%3a%20%20Essays%20in%20Honour%20of%20Hilde%20de%20Ridder-Symoens online edition]
* Grijzenhout, Frans and Veen, Henk van, eds. ''The Golden Age of Dutch Painting in Historical Perspective.'' (1999). 333 pp.
* Hsia, R. Po-Chia, and Henk Van Nierop, eds. ''Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/105474116?title=Calvinism%20and%20Religious%20Toleration%20in%20the%20Dutch%20Golden%20Age online edition]
* Israel, Jonathan, and Reinier Salverda. ''Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000)'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/109301994?title=Dutch%20Jewry%3a%20%20Its%20History%20and%20Secular%20Culture%20(1500-2000) online eedition]
* Kiers, Judikje and Tissink, Fieke. ''The Golden Age of Dutch Art: Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Art.'' (2000). 366 pp.
* Lucassen, Leo. "Bringing Structure Back In: Economic and Political Determinants of Immigration in Dutch Cities, 1920-1940," ''Social Science History'' 26#3, Fall 2002, pp. 503–529 in Project Muse
* Mak, Geert. ''Amsterdam: Brief Life of the City.'' (2000). 352 pp.
* Mathijs, Ernest, ed. ''The Cinema of the Low Countries.'' (2004). 268 pp.
* Muizelaar, Klaske and Phillips, Derek. ''Picturing Men and Women in the Dutch Golden Age: Paintings and People in Historical Perspective.'' (2003). 246 pp.
* Muller, Sheila D. ''Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia.'' (1997). 489 pp.
* O'Brien, Patrick Karl; Keene, Derek J.; Wee, Herman Van der; and Hart, Marjolein t', eds. ''Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London.'' (2001). 361 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Urban-Achievement-Early-Modern-Europe/dp/0521594081/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805742&sr=1-14 excerpt and text search]
* Oostindie, Gert, and Bert Paasman. "Dutch Attitudes Towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves," ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 31#3, Spring 1998, pp. 349–355 in Project Muse
* Poppel, F. W. A. van, and Hugo Roling. "Physicians and Fertility Control in the Netherlands," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 34#2 Autumn 2003, pp. 155–185 in Project Muse
* Price, J. L. ''Dutch Society, 1588-1713.'' (2000). 306 pp.
* Schama, Simon. ''The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. ISBN 0394510755. Very well written survey [https://www.amazon.com/Embarrassment-Riches-Interpretation-Culture-Golden/dp/0679781242/ref=pd_bbs_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Schenkeveld, Maria A. ''Dutch Literature in the Age of Rembrandt: Themes and Ideas'' (1991).
* Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. ''The Northern Renaissance.'' (2004). 447 pp.
* Westermann, Mariet. ''A Worldly Art: The Dutch Republic, 1585-1718'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Worldly-Art-Dutch-Republic-1585-1718/dp/0300107234/ref=pd_bbs_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Wintle, Michael. ''An Economic and Social History of the Netherlands, 1800-1920: Demographic, Economic and Social Transition.'' (2000). 399 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/105016141?title=An%20Economic%20and%20Social%20History%20of%20the%20Netherlands%2c%201800-1920%3a%20%20Demographic%2c%20Economic%2c%20and%20Social%20Transition online edition]

===Dutch Empire and economic history===
* Andrade, Tonio. "The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624-1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion." ''Journal of World History'' 2006 17(4): 429–450. Issn: 1045-6007 Fulltext: Project Muse
* Arasaratnam, Sinnappah. ''Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka'' (1996), 332pp
* Aymard, Maurice, ed. ''Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism'' (1982).
* Beekman, E. M. ''Troubled Pleasures: Dutch Colonial Literature from the East Indies, 1600-1950.'' (1996). 654 pp.
* Bogucka M. "Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century", ''Economic History Review,'' 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 433–47. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2593544 in JSTOR]
* Boxer C. R. ''The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1660-1800'' (1965).
* Dash, Mike. ''Tulipomania. The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower and the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused.'' London: Victor Gollancz, 1999. ISBN 0575067233. Very entertaining and informative book about [[tulip]]s and the Dutch in the 17th century
* Emmer, Pieter. ''The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580-1880: Trade, Slavery and Emancipation.'' (1998). 283 pp.
* Foray, Jennifer L. "The Kingdom Shall Rise Again: Dutch Resistance, Collaboration, and Imperial Planning in the German-Occupied Netherlands." PhD dissertation Columbia U. 2007. 550 pp. DAI 2007 68(1): 309-A. DA3249079 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Gouda, Frances. ''Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/read/37803874?title=Dutch%20Culture%20Overseas%3a%20Colonial%20Practice%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20Indies%2c%201900-1942 online edition]
* Israel, Jonathan I. ''Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740'' (1989) 462 pgs. [http://www.questia.com/read/74378775?title=Dutch%20Primacy%20in%20World%20Trade%2c%201585-1740 online edition]
* Jones, Geoffrey. ''Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition.'' (2006). 447 pp.
* Klerck, E. S. De ''History of the Netherlands Indies,'' (2 vols. Rotterdam, 1938)
* Lesger, Cle. ''The Rise of the Amsterdam Market And Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion And Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries,'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Amsterdam-Market-Information-Exchange/dp/0754652203/ref=sid_av_dp excerpt and text search]
* Moore, Bob and Nierop, Henk van, eds. ''Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750-1850.'' (2003). 204 pp.
* Ormrod, David. ''The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650-1770.'' (2003). 400 pp.
* Palmer, Leslie H. ''Indonesia and the Dutch'' (1962) [http://www.questia.com/read/1164770?title=Indonesia%20and%20the%20Dutch online edition]
* Postma, Johannes ''The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815'' (1990), says Dutch dominated the Atlantic slave trade 1636-89
* Rowen, Herbert H. ''The Princes of Orange: The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Princes-Orange-Stadholders-Republic-Cambridge/dp/0521396530/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805634&sr=1-12 excerpt and text search]
* Sluyterman, Keetie E. ''Dutch Enterprise in the Twentieth Century: Business Strategies in a Small Open Economy'' (2005) [http://www.questia.com/read/109143553?title=Dutch%20Enterprise%20in%20the%20Twentieth%20Century%3a%20%20Business%20Strategies%20in%20a%20Small%20Open%20Economy online edition]
* Unger, Richard W. "Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century," ''The Journal of Economic History,'' Vol. 40, No. 2 (Jun., 1980), pp. 253–280 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2120179 in JSTOR]
* Unger, Richard W. ''A History of Brewing in Holland, 900-1900: Economy, Technology and the State.'' (2001) 428 pp.
* Van Hoesel, Roger, and Rajneesh Narula. ''Multinational Enterprises from the Netherlands'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/103819399?title=Multinational%20Enterprises%20from%20the%20Netherlands online edition]
* Veenendaal, Augustus. ''Railways in the Netherlands: A Brief History.'' (2001) 235 pp.
* Vink, Markus. "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century," ''Journal of World History'' 24.2 (2003) 131–177 in Project Muse
* Vries, Jan de, and Ad van der Woude. ''The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815.'' (1997). 767 pp.
**Arthur van Riel, "Review: Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth," ''The Journal of Economic History,'' Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 223–229 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2124027 in JSTOR]
* Wintle, Michael. ''An Economic and Social History of the Netherlands, 1800-1920: Demographic, Economic and Social Transition.'' (2000). 399 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/105016141?title=An%20Economic%20and%20Social%20History%20of%20the%20Netherlands%2c%201800-1920%3a%20%20Demographic%2c%20Economic%2c%20and%20Social%20Transition online edition]
* Zanden, Jan Luiten and Riel, Arthur van. ''The Strictures of Inheritance: The Dutch Economy in the Nineteenth Century.'' (2004). 384 pp.

===Historiography===
* Blom, J. C. H. "Ludovico Locuto, Porta Aperta: Enige Notities over Deel XII En XIII Van L. De Jongs Koninkrijk Der Nederlanden in De Tweede Wereldoorlog." [After Louis Spoke, Everything Was Clear: Some Notes on Volumes 12 and 13 of Louis De Jong's Kingdom of the Netherlands in World War Ii]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' 1990 105(2): 244–264. Issn: 0165-0505 review of a great masterpiece.
* Buyst, Erik; Smits, Jan Pieter; and Zanden, Jan Luiten Van. "National Accounts for the Low Countries, 1800-1990." ''Scandinavian Economic History Review'' 1995 43(1): 53–76. Issn: 0358-5522 focus on data for 1921-39 and rates of industrialization during the first half of the 19th century
* Cruz, Laura. "The 80 Years' Question: the Dutch Revolt in Historical Perspective." ''History Compass'' 2007 5(3): 914–934. Issn: 1478-0542 Fulltext: [http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/history/article_view?highlight_query=cruz&type=std&slop=0&fuzzy=0.5&last_results=query%3Dcruz%26topics%3D%26content_types%3DALL&parent=void&sortby=relevance&offset=0&article_id=hico_articles_bpl400 History Compass]
* Duke, A. C. and Tamse, C. A., eds. ''Clio's Mirror: Historiography in Britain and the Netherlands.'' Zutphen, Netherlands: De Walburg, 1985. 238 pp.
* Gijswijt-hofstra, Marijke. "The European Witchcraft Debate and the Dutch Variant." ''Social History'' 1990 15(2): 181–194. Issn: 0307-1022
* Linden, Marcel van der, and Jan Lucassen. "Social History in the Netherlands." ''Tijdschrift Voor Sociale Geschiedenis'' 1997 23(2): 209–222. Issn: 0303–9935. Argues [[Social history]] has been thriving since the 1970s, with representation from all stylistic and methodological approaches, albeit with weak theory. No major shifts from the qualitative to the quantitative or from statistical series to microhistory have taken place. Pluralism and eclecticism seem to be the rule
* Schmidt, Ariadne. "Vrouwenarbeid in De Vroegmoderne Tijd in Nederland," [Women's Work in the Early Modern Netherlands]. ''Tijdschrift Voor Sociale En Economische Geschiedenis'' 2005 2(3): 2-21. Issn: 1572-1701
* Snelders, H. A. M. "History of Science Today, 2. History of Science in the Netherlands," ''The British Journal for the History of Science,'' Vol. 20, No. 3 (Jul., 1987), pp. 343–348 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4026361 in JSTOR]
* Voerman, Gerrit. "De Stand Van De Geschiedschrijving Van De Nederlandse Politieke Partijen" [The State of Historiography on Dutch Political Parties]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' 2005 120(2): 226–269. Issn: 0165-0505
* Vries, Jan de. "Measuring the Impact of Climate on History: The Search for Appropriate Methodologies," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History,'' Vol. 10, No. 4, (Spring, 1980), pp. 599–630; uses meteorological data to generate correlations between climate and dairy production, arable crop yields, canal transportation, and fuel prices, 17th-18th centuries. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/203061 in JSTOR]
====References====
<references/>
[[Category:European History]]
[[Category:Netherlands]]
[[Category:Dutch History]]

History of Belgium

2021-08-16T20:12:59Z

Blavek: typing error

The '''History of Belgium''' is closely linked to the [[History of the Netherlands|history of neighboring Netherlands]]. For recent events see [[Belgium]].
==Early history==
Belgium derives its name from the Belgae, a Celtic tribe. The Belgae were forced to yield to Roman legions during the first century B.C. For some 300 years thereafter, what is now Belgium flourished as a province of Rome. But Rome's power gradually lessened. In about A.D. 300, Attila the Hun invaded what is now Germany and pushed Germanic tribes into northern Belgium. About 100 years later, the Germanic tribe of the Franks invaded and took possession of Belgium. The northern part of present-day Belgium became an overwhelmingly Germanized and Germanic-Frankish-speaking area, whereas in the southern part people continued to be Roman and spoke derivatives of Latin.

Under these various rulers, and especially during the 500 years from the 12th to the 17th century, the great cities of Ghent, Bruges, Brussels, and Antwerp took turns at being major European centers for commerce, industry (especially textiles), and art. Flemish painting—from Van Eyck and Breugel to Rubens and Van Dyck—became the most prized in Europe. Flemish tapestries hung on castle walls throughout Europe.

===Low Countries===
See also [[History of the Netherlands]]

Historically, Belgium and the [[Netherlands]] were known as the Low Countries. From the end of the Middle Ages until the middle of the sixteenth century, the Low Countries, and Flanders in particular, were a prosperous center of commerce and culture. From the fourteenth century onward they were governed by Dukes of [[Burgundy]] and later by the [[Hapsburg]] emperor [[Charles V]]. From the middle of the sixteenth century until the [[Belgian revolution]] of 1830, Belgium changed hands several times. After coming under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy and, through marriage, passing into the possession of the Hapsburgs, Belgium was occupied by the Spanish (1519-1713) and the Austrians (1713-1794).

Belgium has been an independent state since 1830.

==Belgium independence==
Following the French Revolution, Belgium was invaded and annexed by Napoleonic France in 1795. Following the defeat of Napoleon's army at the Battle of Waterloo, fought just a few miles south of Brussels, Belgium was separated from France and became the southern part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.<ref>see [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/neth18151830.html online maps 1830, 1839]</ref>

Dutch King William I favored the Protestants who dominated Holland, and he became unpopular in the south. The French-speaking Walloons strenuously rejected his attempt to make Dutch the universal language of government. However Flemings spoke a Dutch dialect (Flemish) and welcomed the encouragement of Dutch with a revival of literature and popular culture. Other Flemings, notably the educated bourgeoisie, preferred to speak French. Although Catholics possessed legal equality, after centuries as the state church in the south, they resented their subordination to a government that was fundamentally Protestant in spirit and membership. Few Catholics held high office in state or army. Political liberals in the south complained as well about the king's authoritarian methods. All southerners complained of underrepresentation in the national legislature. Although the south was industrializing and was more prosperous than the north the accumulated grievances allowed the multiple opposition forces to coalesce. The outbreak of revolution in France in 1830 was a signal for action, at first on behalf of autonomy for Belgium, as the southern provinces were now called, and later on behalf of total independence. William dithered and his half-hearted efforts to reconquer Belgium were thwarted both by the efforts of the Belgians themselves and by the diplomatic opposition of the great powers.

At the London Conference of 1830–31, the chief powers of Europe ordered (in November, 1830) an armistice between the Dutch and the Belgians. The first draft for a treaty of separation of Belgium and the Netherlands was rejected by the Belgians. A second draft (June, 1831) was rejected by William I, who resumed hostilities. Franco-British intervention forced William to withdraw Dutch forces from Belgium late in 1831, and in 1833 an armistice of indefinite duration was concluded. Belgium was effectively independent but William's attempts to recover Luxembourg and Limburg led to renewed tension. The London Conference of 1838–39 prepared the final Dutch-Belgian separation treaty of 1839 and divided Luxembourg and Limburg between the Dutch and Belgian crowns. The Kingdom of the Netherlands thereafter was made up of only the 11 northern provinces.<ref>J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (1999) pp 297-312</ref> Thus Belgium won its independence from the Dutch as a result of an uprising of the Belgian people. A constitutional monarchy was established in 1831, with a monarch invited in from the House of Saxe-Coburg Gotha in Germany.

==1830-1940==
===Language battles===
Friction between French-speaking Walloons and Dutch (Flemish) speaking Flemings has always been the central political issue of the Kingdom of Belgium. French became the official language of government after the separation from the Netherlands in 1830. Belgian cultural life was dominated by Paris, reinforced by economic domination of the industrial south. In response came a new spirit of nationalism among the Flemings, who agitated for the equality of their language with French. This goal was finally achieved by a series of laws in the 1920s and 1930s that made Flemish the language of government, education, and the courts in the northern provinces of East Flanders and West Flanders, Antwerp, Limburg, and eastern Brabant. Brussels became a bilingual national capital.
===Railways===
Belgium is an example of the enormous value of the [[Railway history|railways]] for speeding the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]]. After breaking with the Netherlands in 1830, the new country decided to stimulate industry. It planned and funded a simple cross-shaped system that connected the major cities, ports and mining areas, and linked to neighboring countries. Belgium thus became the railway center of the region. The system was very soundly built along British lines, so that profits were low but the infrastructure necessary for rapid industrial growth was put in place.

===High culture===
Cultural life in Belgium had long stagnated but a revival among Walloons began with the new French language literary and artistic review, ''La Jeune Belgique'' (1881–97). World class writers in French include the great romantic and symbolist poet Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-49, Nobel Prize 1911), dramatists Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962) and Henri Michaux (1899-1984), and the poet and playwright Émile Verhaeren (1855-1916), one of the founders of symbolism. Inspector Maigret, the creation of Georges Simenon (1903–89), won a wide following in translation. James Ensor (1860-1949) was an influential Expressionist painter and printmaker. Félicien Rops (1833–98) won acclaim as graphic artists, as did surrealist painters Paul Delvaux (1897-1994) and René Magritte (1898-1967). Few Flemish artists achieved comparable international renown, and indeed many Walloon artists moved to France.

==World War I==
After four years of occupation, Belgium emerged ruined at the end of World War I. The king returned from Yser, the sliver of territory he controlled throughout the war, leading the victorious army and acclaimed by the population. In contrast, the government and the exiles came back discreetly, and the absence of the dead was felt strongly. Many saw themselves as victims of the occupation and sought revenge. Waves of popular violence accompanied liberation in November and December 1918 and the government responded through the judiciary punishment of collaboration with the enemy conducted between 1919 and 1921, mainly by military and civil tribunals. Shop windows were broken and houses sacked, men were harassed, and women's heads were shaved. Manufacturers who had closed their businesses sought the severe repression of those who had pursued their activities. Journalists who had boycotted and stopped writing called for harsh treatment of the newspapers that submitted to German censorship. Many people stigmatized profiteers and demanded justice. Thus in 1918, Belgium was already confronted with the problems associated with occupation that most European countries only discovered at the end of World War II.<ref>Laurence VanYpersele, and Xavier Rousseaux, "Leaving the War: Popular Violence and Judicial Repression of 'Unpatriotic' Behaviour in Belgium (1918-1921).'' ''European Review of History'' 2005 12(1): 3-22.</ref>
==World War II==
Since 1944, when British, Canadian, and American armies liberated Belgium, the country has lived in security and at a level of increased well-being.

In response to the German invasions of 1914-18 and 1940–44, and to postwar Soviet behavior, Belgium became one of the foremost advocates of collective security within the framework of European integration and the Atlantic partnership. It was a founding member of [[NATO]] and the [[European Community]].

==Recent==
The modern Belgian social security system was created in 1945. Compulsory sickness, disability, and unemployment insurance was run by a national bureau of social security was organized, incorporating prewar agencies that administered old-age programs.

====Flemings and Walloons====
Despite the new legal rights gained in the 1920s and 1930s, many Flemings, complained about a second-class status in a country where they outnumbered the Walloons. Indeed, after 1945 they became more prosperous as well. Antagonism grew; the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium's oldest and most prestigious university, and the private Free University of Brussels were bilingual until 1970, when each was divided into separate Dutch- and French-speaking institutions following repeated conflicts between Flemish and Walloon students.

Separation was the solution. In 1971 and 1980 the constitution was revised to provide Flemings with a greater degree of cultural and political autonomy. The country was divided into three regions—Flanders (based in Ghent), Wallonia (based in Liège), and Brussels—with some devolution of power from the central government to regional governments and the ultimate adoption of a federal system. The regions control 40% of all public spending and control roads, urban projects, health services, the environment, and, especially, education. The regions also regulate industry; Wallonia operates the aging steel industry.

In 2008 the government was paralyzed for months with the possibility of separation being discussed. However Flemish nationalists had a problem with their language itself, which had dissolved into a multiple local dialects during the long period of French domination of education and culture. With nationalist encouragement, however, it has become increasingly standardized since World War I. In 1973 the Flemish Cultural Council decreed that the language should be designated officially as Dutch, and not Flemish. Besides a dramatic linguistic division between Flemings and Walloons, cultural styles differ; the Flemings tend to be more actively Catholic and royalist and Walloons tend to be more secularist, republican, and socialist.

====Turkish immigrants====
Turkish labor was brought in to work the Belgian coal mines during the 1960s and 1970s. Between 1963 and 1971, the Belgian coal industry recruited more than 14,000 Turkish workers, not counting those who arrived independently and who were employed by other sectors in need of the assistance of foreign labor. Despite its high cost, official recruitment of labor in Turkey proved to be effective. Thus, the Belgian authorities decided to promote actively the stabilization of the new immigrant workers, notably by giving increased assistance to reuniting families. The arrival of the first contingents of Turkish workers was, however, marked by a lack of preparedness to receive and look after this new population, and the incidents that flared up during the first year of the Turkish presence in Belgium seemed to indicate that the new policy might fail. The resolution of the difficulties encountered with the Turkish labor was achieved through the combined action of the different parties involved in the recruitment program: the mining companies and the Belgian and Turkish authorities. The organizational structures put in place to create and perpetuate a social order favorable to the authorities concerned had a considerable impact on the future of the Turks in Belgium. Moreover, the Belgian trade-union organizations also became involved and sought to bring the immigrant workers into their structures. The professional and social integration of the Turkish miners and of the first families to arrive was reinforced with the appointment of social delegates from Turkey, while the stabilization of the population and the reunification of families were assisted by an official publication in the Turkish language. The sociocultural and religious structures of support for the population were taken charge of by the Turkish authorities with the intention of preserving intact a strong sense of the workers' Turkish identity and their unwavering loyalty to their homeland. These various partners pursued their cooperation during the 1970s.<ref>Mazyar Khoojinian, "L'accueil et La Stabilisation Des Travailleurs Immigres Turcs En Belgique, 1963-1980" [The Reception and Stabilization of Immigrant Turkish Workers in Belgium, 1963-80]. ''Cahiers D'histoire du Temps Présent'' 2006 (17): 73-116. Issn: 0771-6435</ref>

===Recent history===
Language, economic, and political differences between Dutch-speaking Flanders and Francophone Wallonia have led to increased divisions in Belgian society. The Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and the 19th century accentuated the linguistic north–south division. Francophone Wallonia became an early industrial boom area, affluent and politically dominant. Dutch-speaking Flanders remained agricultural and was economically and politically outdistanced by Brussels and Wallonia. The last 50 years have marked the rapid economic development of Flanders, resulting in a corresponding shift of political and economic power to the Flemish, who now constitute an absolute majority (58%) of the population.

Demonstrations in the early 1960s led to the establishment of a formal linguistic border in 1962, and elaborate rules made to protect minorities in linguistically mixed border areas. In 1970, Flemish and Francophone cultural councils were established with authority in matters of language and culture for the two-language groups. Each of the three economic regions—Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels—was granted a significant measure of political autonomy.

Since 1984, the German language community of Belgium (in the eastern part of Liège Province) has had its own legislative assembly and executive, which have authority in cultural, language, and subsequently educational affairs.

In 1988–89, the Constitution was again amended to give additional responsibilities to the regions and communities. The most sweeping change was the devolution of educational responsibilities to the community level. As a result, the regions and communities were provided additional revenue, and Brussels was given its own legislative assembly and executive.

Another important constitutional reform occurred in the summer of 1993, changing Belgium from a unitary to a federal state. It also reformed the bicameral parliamentary system and provided for the direct election of the members of community and regional legislative councils. The bilingual Brabant province, which contained the Brussels region, was split into separate Flemish and Walloon Brabant provinces. The revised Constitution came into force in 1994.

A parliamentary democracy, Belgium has been governed by successive coalitions of two or more political parties. The centrist Christian Democratic Party often provided the Prime Minister. The June 13, 1999 general election saw a significant drop in overall Christian Democratic support. Driven in part by resentment over a mishandled dioxin food-contamination crisis just before the June 1999 election, Belgian voters rejected Jean Luc Dehaene's longstanding coalition government of Christian Democrats and Socialists and voted into power a coalition led by Flemish Liberal Leader Guy Verhofstadt. The first Verhofstadt government (1999-2003) was a six-party coalition between the Flemish and Francophone Liberals, Socialists, and Greens. It was the first Liberal-led coalition in generations and the first six-party coalition in 20 years. It also was the first time the Greens had participated in Belgium's federal government. In the most recent general election in May 2003, the Greens suffered significant loses, while the Socialists posted strong gains and the Liberals also had modest growth in electoral support. Liberal Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt reconstituted the coalition as a four-party government in July 2003, with only the Liberals and Socialists in power.

In 2013 King [[Albert II]] resigned. Since then [[Philippe of Belgium]] is the king of Belgium.

==Historiography==
With Belgian independence in 1830 Europe had a new state and a new historiography, which explored the constitutional liberties of this young state. Its historians unanimously considered the Burgundian state a prefiguration of independent Belgium and most attacked the Burgundian dukes as French princes responsible for repressing Belgian identity. From the 1890s on, however, opinion changed, as typified by Henri Pirenne. Historians now praised the dukes for having ensured the maintenance of the state and the precedence of the common good over the local interests of municipalities and the principalities. Pirenne gave the most highly finished interpretation, which expressed an anxiety with regard to the social and linguistic tensions in Belgium at a time when peace seemed increasingly endangered in Europe.<ref>Philippe Carlier, "Contribution a l'etude de l'unification Bourguignonne dans l'historiographie Nationale Belge de 1830 a 1914," [Contribution to the Study of the Burgundian Unification in Belgian Historiography, 1830-1914]. ''Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis'' 1985 16(1-2): 1-24. Issn: 0035-0869</ref>

The most influential historian of Belgium was medievalist [[Henri Pirenne]] (1862-1935), a Walloon who wrote a masterful multivolume history of Belgium and became a national hero. At the University of Liège he was a student of Godefroid Kurth (1847-1916), and served as professor of history at the University of Ghent (1886-1930). A leader of Belgian passive resistance in World War I, the Germans held him (1916–18) as a hostage. Pirenne's ''Histoire de Belgique'' (7 vol., 1899–1932) stressed how traditional and economic forces had drawn Flemings and Walloons together. Pirenne, inspired by patriotic nationalism, presupposed a Belgian unity - social, political, and ethnic - which predated its 1830 independence by centuries. Although a liberal himself, he wrote his seven volume history with such a masterly balance that Catholics, liberals and socialists could quote from it with equal respect in their newspapers or sometimes even in their political gatherings. Pirenne's history remains crucial to the understanding of Belgium's past, but his notion of a continuity of Belgian civilization forming the basis of political unity has lost favor, however, leaving many Belgian scholars to feel that the creation of their country was a historical accident.<ref>Jean Stengers, "La Belgique, Un Accident De L'histoire?" ''Revue de l'université De Bruxelles'' 1989 (3-4): 17-34. Issn: 0770-0962</ref> Pirenne's argument that the long Spanish rule in the Low Countries had little continuing cultural impact has likewise fallen, in the face of new as research since 1970 in the fields of cultural, military, economic, and political history.<ref>Geoffrey Parker, "New Light on an Old Theme: Spain and the Netherlands 1550-1650." ''European History Quarterly'' 1985 15(2): 219-236. Issn: 0265-6914</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Reference and surveys===
* ''Encyclopédie du Mouvement wallon,'' 3 vol., Charleroi, 2000. ISBN 2870350171
* Arblaster, Paul. ''A History of the Low Countries.'' (2006). 298 pp.
* Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (2006) 504pp [https://www.amazon.com/History-Low-Countries-J-Blom/dp/1845452720/ref=pd_bbs_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/read/1379132?title=History%20of%20the%20Low%20Countries complete edition online]
* Cammaerts, Émile. ''A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day'' (1921) 357 pages; [https://books.google.com/books?id=VpeLyP6HWG0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:history+intitle:belgium&lr=&num=30&as_brr=3 complete text online]
* Israel, Jonathan. ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806'' (1995) contain a great deal on Belgium; [http://www.questia.com/read/91981119?title=The%20Dutch%20Republic%3a%20Its%20Rise%2c%20Greatness%2c%20and%20Fall%2c%201477-1806 complete online edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Republic-Greatness-1477-1806-History/dp/0198207344/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Kossmann, E. H. ''The Low Countries 1780-1940'' (1978) [https://www.amazon.com/Countries-1780-1940-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221088/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210207084&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Pirenne, H. '' Histoire de Belgique'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=3X1JAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Histoire+intitle:de+intitle:Belgique+inauthor:Pirenne&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=1_2 vol2 (1903) online]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=K35JAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA497&dq=inauthor:henri+inauthor:pirenne&lr=&num=30&as_brr=3#PPR3,M1 full text of vol 3 (1907)online]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gn9JAAAAMAAJ&dq=intitle:Histoire+intitle:de+intitle:Belgique+inauthor:Pirenne&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_other_versions_sidebar_s&cad=5&pgis=1 vol 5 (1920) online]

===Specialty studies===

* Dumont, Georges-Henri. ''Histoire de Bruxelles. Biographie d'une capitale'' (Brussels 1997)
* Fishman, J. S. ''Diplomacy and Revolution. The London Conference of 1830 and the Belgian Revolt'' (Amsterdam 1988).
* Mansel, Philip. "Nation Building: the Foundation of Belgium." ''History Today'' 2006 56(5): 21–27. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Pirenne, Henri. ''Belgian Democracy, Its Early History'' (1910, 1915) 250 pp. history of towns in the Low Countries [http://www.questia.com/read/1276323?title=Belgian%20Democracy%2c%20Its%20Early%20History online free]
* Pirenne, Henri. "The Formation and Constitution of the Burgundian State (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries)." ''The American Historical Review.'' Volume 14, Issue 3, Page 477, Apr 1909 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1836443 in JSTOR]
* Polansky, Janet L. ''Revolution in Brussels 1787-1793'' (1987)
* Stanard, Matthew G. "Selling the Empire Between the Wars: Colonial Expositions in Belgium, 1920-1940." ''French Colonial History'' 2005 6: 159–178. Issn: 1539-3402 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]
* Tollebeek, Jo. "Historical Representation and the Nation-State in Romantic Belgium (1830-1850)," ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 59.2 (1998) 329–353 in [[Project Muse]]
* VanYpersele, Laurence and Rousseaux, Xavier. "Leaving the War: Popular Violence and Judicial Repression of 'Unpatriotic' Behaviour in Belgium (1918-1921)," ''European Review of History'' 2005 12(1): 3-22. Issn: 1350-7486 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

====notes====
<references/>

[[Category:Belgium]]
[[Category:European History]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Belgium, History of}}

Secularized Language

2021-08-16T18:07:23Z

Blavek: fix table

While [[Essay:Best New Conservative Words|the development of conservative words grows by doubling each century]], those with an [[anti-Christian]] and [[anti-American]] agenda, such as [[liberal]]s, [[homosexual]]s, [[atheist]]s, [[evolutionist]]s and [[leftist]]s, have attempted to remove the [[Christian]] origins of our '''[[language]]''' by replacing common phrases with '''[[secular]]ized''' versions (See also: [[Religious language]]).

By appealing to [[tolerance]] and [[political correctness]], they have succeeded in propagating these secularized versions, even among those who don't share their views. Such [[deceit]]ful tactics are a prime example of [[Liberal redefinition]] and other [[Liberal tools]].

==Calendar Terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original expression
!Secularized version
|-
|B.C./A.D.
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]1
|-
|Christ's Mass
|Christmas <ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Christmas</ref>
|-
|Christmas
|Xmas2
|-
|Christmas Tree
|Celebration Tree. <ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/12/05/christian-book-store-struggles-in-internet-culture/?test=latestnews Christian Book Store Struggles in Internet Culture, Fox News, December 5, 2011]</ref> Holiday Tree
|-
|Christmas Party
|Holiday Party
|-
|Christmas Holiday
|Winter Break
|-
|Easter Holiday
|Spring Break
|-
|Gregorian calendar
|Civil calendar
|-
|All Hallow's Eve<ref>All Hallow's Eve was originally the pre-Roman pagan Celtic holiday of Samhain's Day. In 835 Pope Gregory IV moved All Saint's Day, which celebrates the lives of Catholic martyrs and the communion of saints, to November 1. Thus, Halloween is not itself a Christian holiday, but the evening before the Catholic feast day. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01315a.htm] [http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Oct2001/Family.asp]</ref>
|Halloween
|-
|Holy Day
|Holiday <ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=holiday</ref>
|-
|Independence Day
|The Fourth of July
|-
|Merry Christmas
|Happy Holidays/Season's Greetings
|-
|Pascha/Resurrection Sunday
|Easter Sunday3
|-
|Saint Patrick's Day
|Paddy's Day
|-
|[[Saint Valentine's Day]]
|Valentine's Day
|-
|Shrove Tuesday
|Fat Tuesday, Mardi Gras, Carnival
|-
|Thanksgiving
|Turkey Day
|-
|The Lord's Day
|Football Sunday
|-
|The Reverend Martin Luther King Day
|MLK Day <ref>http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c103:6:./temp/~c103JkPHc3::</ref>
|-
|Washington's Birthday4
|President's Day
|-
|}

==Expressions and Colloquialisms==
NOTE: In some cases, the secularized version is used as a "minced oath" in order to avoid using the original expression as a profanity.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original expression
!Secularized version
|-
|God be with you
|Good luck
|-
|God be with you
|Goodbye
|-
|God bless you/Bless you
|Gesundheit
|-
|Godspeed
|Be good
|-
|God Willing
|Hopefully
|-
|Jesus!
|Gee whiz!
|-
|One nation under God
|One nation5
|-
|Praise the Lord
|Praise be
|-
|Thank God!
|Thank Goodness!
|-
|Thank heavens
|Thank goodness
|-
|Thank the Lord
|Give thanks
|-
|Do God's work
|Do good
|-
|Have a blessed day
|Have a nice/good day
|-
|}

==General Examples==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original expression
!Secularized version
|-
|Abomination
|Mistake
|-
|Abortion
|Birth control6

|-
|Abortion
|Reproductive Rights

|-
|Act of God
|Natural disaster
|-
|Adultery
|Cheating
|-
|Adultery
|Fooling around
|-
|Angelic
|Pretty
|-
|Religious Suppression
|[[Separation of church and state]]
|-
|Anti-life
|Pro-choice
|-
|Atheistic
|Secular
|-
|Bible study
|Fundamentalism
|-
|Blasphemy
|Secular opinion
|-
|Blasphemy
|Religious "freedoms"
|-
|Blessed
|Lucky
|-
|Chosen lifestyle
|Innate characteristic
|-
|Communist
|Liberal
|-
|Constitutionalist
|Birther
|-
|Contraception
|Protection
|-
|Covetousness
|Inequality
|-
|Creation
|Abiogenesis
|-
|Curse
|Bad luck
|-
|Disciple of Christ
|Christian
|-
|Disciple of Christ
|Wingnut
|-
|Diabolical
|Dishonest/Underhanded
|-
|Domestic Terrorism
|Workplace violence
|-
|Drunkard
|[[Alcoholic]]
|-
|Easter Egg
|Spring Sphere [http://www.mynorthwest.com/?nid=11&sid=459668], Chocolate Egg
|-
|Eternity
|Forever
|-
|Father
|Old man
|-
|Fertile
|Breeder
|-
|Flood
|Myth
|-
|Freedom Fighter
|Terrorist
|-
|Gender confusion
|Living one's truth
|-
|Glory
|Praise
|-
|God
|A higher power
|-
|God
|Mother Nature
|-
|God-fearing
|Intolerant
|-
|God-given
|Natural
|-
|Godless
|Secular
|-
|Golden Rule
|Altruism
|-
|Govern
|Rule
|-
|Harlot
|Sex worker
|-
|Harlot
|Prostitute
|-
|Harlot
|Slut
|-
|Harlot
|Empowerment
|-
|Harlot
|Liberated woman
|-
|Harlort
|Feminist
|-
|Heathen
|Multicultural
|-
|[[Hell]] (or Heaven)
|Afterlife
|-
|Heavenly
|Beautiful
|-
|Heresy
|Scientific theory
|-
|Heresy
|Freedom of Opinion
|-
|Heretic
|Crackpot
|-
|Holy matrimony
|Civil union
|-
|Homosexual
|Gay
|-
|Homosexuality
|Lifestyle choice
|-
|Husband or wife
|Significant other/life partner
|-
|Judgement Day
|Death
|-
|Immoral
|Personal choice
|-
|Islamic Terrorism
|Man-caused disaster <ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/17/terrorism-is-man-caused-disaster/ Terrorism Is a 'Man-Caused' Disaster?]</ref>
|-
|Lazy
|Lacks motivation
|-
|Living in sin
|Shacking up/cohabitation/domestic partnership
|-
|Lust
|Love
|-
|Mankind
|Humankind
|-
|Meek
|Weak
|-
|Miraculous
|Amazing
|-
|Mother
|Parent
|-
|Morality
|Social Oppression
|-
|Nature
|[[Social construct]]
|-
|Perversion
|Diversity
|-
|Possessed
|Crazy
|-
|Possessed
|Influenced
|-
|Pray
|Plead
|-
|Prayer/blessing
|Moment of silence
|-
|Principled
|Extremist
|-
|Prison
|Correctional center
|-
|Pro-abortion
|Pro-choice
|-
|Pro-murder
|Pro-choice
|-
|Providence
|Lucky break
|-
|Rebuke
|Hate speech
|-
|Reckoning
|Accountability
|-
|Religion
|Spirituality
|-
|Religion
|Superstition
|-
|Righteous
|Law-abiding
|-
|Sacred
|Respected
|-
|Sanctify
|Set apart<ref>See Jeremiah 1:5 in the [[Feminist Bible]].</ref>
|-
|Saintly
|Well-behaved
|-
|Sex before marriage
|Liberated
|-
|Sin
|Crime
|-
|Sin
|Lifestyle Choice
|-
|Sodomite (generally)
|Gay; LGBT
|-
|Sodomite (in antiquity)
|Male shrine prostitute
|-
|Sodomy
|Relations
|-
|Solemn
|Dignified
|-
|Son/Daughter
|Offspring
|-
|Soul
|Spirit
|-
|The State
|The Government
|-
|Terrorist
|Freedom fighter
|-
|Unborn baby
|Fetus
|-
|Virgin
|Young woman
|-
|Wicked
|Antisocial
|-
|Wicked
|Naughty
|-
|Witchcraft
|Wicca, (Neo-)Pagan
|-
|With child
|Pregnant
|-
|}

==Names==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original expression
!Secularized version
|-
|Christian Name
|Given Name, First Name, forename
|-
|[[Mary Magdalene]]
|maudlin
|-
|}

==Historical Examples==

Starting in 1933 [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] had a program to secularize the German language. The Nazis themselves called it ''Sprachregelung'' (regulation of language). The Sprachregelung was mainly directed by the ''Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda'' (RMVP) (Ministry for the enlightenment of the people and propaganda). While the RMVP concentrated mainly on controlling and censoring the language of the media and the language used in movies and other cultural ventures, there were other actions as well. The Nazi government published a new dictionary, which contained only secularized language, that was in unison with the parties ideology. The sad culmination of the ''Sprachregelung'' was in the vocabulary for the ''Endlösung''. ''Humans'' became ''units'', ''murder'' became ''deportation'' etc.<ref>Gerd Simon (Universität Tübingen): Art, Auslese, Ausmerze... etc.: Ein bisher unbekanntes Wörterbuch-Unternehmen aus dem SS-Hauptamt im Kontext der Weltanschauungslexika des 3. Reichs</ref>

[[George Orwell]]'s ''[[1984]]'' describes how a tyrannical government changes language to entrench its power. This is done by the so-called ''Newspeak''. Newspeak is a slimmed down version of normal English. Its goal is to prevent the speaker forming thoughts like rebellion or dislike against the government or one of its leaders. Even if an individual would be able to form such thoughts, it would be impossible to communicate them to others using Newspeak. Orwell's description of newspeak was heavily influenced by the language controls of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

==Avoiding Blasphemy==

While motivations will vary from from one individual to the next there is a degree to which the secularization of language may be driven by some Christians wanting to avoid breaking the [[The Ten Commandments|Third Commandment]]. In what is sometimes described as a 'minced oath'<ref>http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/minced-oath.html</ref> a speaker, often under stress, begins to form a [[taboo]] term and then corrects himself with an acceptable term that rhymes or has a similar initial sound. Thus 'God' becomes 'gosh', 'golly' or 'goodness gracious'; 'Jesus' becomes 'gee' or 'jeepers creepers'; 'Christ' becomes 'crikey' or 'crumbs'. The taboo term may not have any religious connotations: 'shoot' and 'sugar' are used merely to avoid a vulgarity. The fact that words such as 'crikey' and 'gee' have become less prevalent in recent decades, to be replaced with the original 'Christ' or 'Jesus' may be as much down to a reduction concern about breaching the Third Commandment as it is to an increasing desire to reintroduce Christian terminology into everyday speech.

== 21st century, desecularization and language ==

''See also:'' [[Desecularization]]
[[File:Donald John Trump.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|[[Donald Trump]], courting the vote of religious conservatives, said, "If I become president, we're gonna be saying Merry Christmas at every store ... You can leave happy holidays at the corner."<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/politics/donald-trump-iowa-rally/ Donald Trump's pledge: 'We're gonna be saying Merry Christmas']</ref>]]
The 21st century is expected to be a time of the decline of [[atheism]] in terms of its global market share and religious conservatism/[[fundamentalism]] is expected to grow in both the developing world and in the developed world (see: [[Desecularization]]). There are a [[causes of desecularization|number of causes]] of desecularization in the developed world (and the world at large), but two of the primary causes are the [[Atheism and fertility rates|higher fertility rate]] of religious conservatives and immigration of the religious into developed countries.

The 21st century may see a growing desecularization of language.

[[Donald Trump]], courting the vote of religious conservatives, said, "If I become president, we're gonna be saying Merry Christmas at every store ... You can leave happy holidays at the corner."<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/politics/donald-trump-iowa-rally/ Donald Trump's pledge: 'We're gonna be saying Merry Christmas']</ref> CNN reported about this incident, "Trump supporters in the room said it was precisely Trump's aversion to [[political correctness]] that attracted them to the colorful candidate."<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/politics/donald-trump-iowa-rally/ Donald Trump's pledge: 'We're gonna be saying Merry Christmas']</ref> See also: [[Atheism and Christmas]]

== See also ==

*[[Militant atheism]]
*[[Politically correct]]
*[[Atheists and the endurance of religion]]
*[[Secularization thesis]]
*[[Desecularization]]
*[[Liberal creep]]
*[[Liberal euphemisms]]
*[[Opposition to Christianity]]
* Contrast with [[Essay:Best New Conservative Words]]
*[[Transmigration of Words in Religion: an essay]]

==Notes==

* 1 Sometimes C.E. is an abbreviation for "Christian era" instead of "common era", but this [[CE|also conceals the historical basis]] due to Jesus Christ being Jewish. Christianity would not exist as a separate religion until much later.
* 2 The 'X' in "Xmas" was originally an abbreviation for the Greek letter "chi" translated as "Ch", though the abbreviation eventually became a means of "[[Liberal censorship|crossing out Christ]]".
* 3 Easter was originally a pagan festival, upon which Christianity would later apply the [[Resurrection]] of Christ and surrounding events (such as the [[Crucifixion]] on [[Good Friday]]). "Resurrection Sunday" is often used to emphasize the Resurrection of Christ rather than the pagan holiday.
* 4 Washington's Birthday was February 11 in the Julian calendar, while Lincoln's Birthday was February 12 in the Gregorian. Under the Gregorian calendar, Washington's Birthday would be February 22. Thus Washington's birthday would be more accurate. ([http://usparks.about.com/od/historicalparks/a/Presidents-Day.htm source])
* 5 This was part of the original [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. "Under God" was added in the 1950s at the request of President [[Eisenhower]]. ([http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm source]) However, atheists such as [[Michael Newdow]] have been trying to remove the phrase "under God" from the Pledge through the federal courts ([https://www.wnd.com/?pageId=138325 source])
* 6 [[Pro-choice]] people often use the phrase "birth control" regardless of whether conception has occurred.

== References ==

<references/>

{{liberalism}}
{{Conservatism}}
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Language]]

Taliban

2021-08-16T16:12:29Z

Blavek: remaining 'w' from changing 'were' into 'are'

The '''Taliban''' (طالبان‎, "students" in Pashto) are a fanatically intolerant [[Islam]]ic [[fundamentalist]]<ref>http://standupforamerica.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/taliban-shooting.jpg</ref> movement which exercised rule over most of [[Afghanistan]] from 1996 until 2001, when [[United States]] forces in conjunction with [[NATO]] [[Afghanistan War|invaded Afghanistan]] and removed them from their center of power<ref>Retired Army Maj. Gen. Paul Vallely said, "We took down the Taliban in the fall of 2001, in 34 days with 100 men." [https://www.washingtontimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080303/NATION/250209854/1001&template=nextpage]</ref> because they had either passively or actively allowed [[al-Qaeda]], a militant international [[Islamic terrorism|Islamist terrorist]] organization, to use Afghan territory to plot, train, and conduct international terrorist activities.

In the summer of 2021, the Taliban seized control of [[Afghanistan]] again in time for the 20-year anniversary of [[9/11]].

The Taliban fighters were educated in [[Wahhabi]] ''madrassas'' (religious schools) in [[Pakistan]] (See: Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan), which emphasize the theological role of religious war ([[jihad]]), to be waged defensively against unbelievers who have invaded formerly Muslim lands or offensively at the call of the [[Caliph]].

The Taliban retain control of substantial tracts of Afghanistan to this day and continue to co-ordinate attacks against the Afghan national government and supporting NATO forces. Many of the Taliban leaders and foot-solders are now believed to be based in [[Pakistan]] where they can launch attacks across the border into Afghanistan or train for attacks elsewhere.<ref>http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/07/terror-commande.html</ref>

==History==
The Taliban was founded by former Pakistani Interior Minister Naseerullah Babar and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]].<ref>https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/267</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/Falling_Terrorism_and_Rising_Conflicts/rpIsheVoC9QC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA4&printsec=frontcover</ref>Naseerullah Babar, himself, admitted in 1999, "We created the Taliban."<ref>https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/the-isis-great-game-in-afghanistan/</ref> The Taliban recruited members from madrassas in Pakistan. On November 3, 1994, the Taliban took control of Kandahar city in a surprise attack, losing only a dozen men in the fight.

The Taliban had close links to separatist Islamic insurgents in the [[Russian Federation]] province of [[Chechnya]], who waged [[Chechen Wars]] in 1994 and 2000 against the Russian government. Chechen fighters solidified the link to their Taliban allies by aiding them in their current struggle against the NATO occupation. Anecdotally, it has been noted that the Chechnyans are valued by the Taliban military commanders, as they have extensive training and experience in the operation of Soviet heavy weapons against high value targets. .<ref>http://muslimvillage.net/story.php?id=370</ref>

==Taliban Rule==
''See also [[Women under the Taliban]]''

Taliban rule is characterized by a fanatical intolerance for other religions, and women can not be educated or attend most hospitals. They required all men to grow beards and banned television along with all forms of imagery, music and sports, resulting in Afghanistan being suspended from the 2000 Olympics. They use [[stoning]] to execute men and women convicted of [[adultery]].<ref>Fox News: [https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,345088,00.html Taliban Militants Reportedly Stone to Death Pakistani Couple Who Committed Adultery] (April 2, 2008)</ref>

The Taliban are extremely sexist. Women are not allowed to go outside or use public transportation without a male relative, have to wear a [[burqa]] when they did go out, are not allowed to wear makeup or nail polish, and are not allowed to go to school. They are also not allowed to go to most hospitals when needed.

==Rape of Afghanistan==
:{{See also|Biden/Harris foreign policy}}
[[File:Kabul 2021.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The author of the [[Violence Against Women Act]] abandoning the women and girls of Afghanistan to the Taliban.]]
On July 8, 2021, [[Joe Biden]] said from the White House, "I trust the capacity of the Afghan military, who is better trained, better equipped, and more competent in terms of conducting war."<ref>https://freebeacon.com/national-security/bidens-afghanistan-predictions-were-all-wrong/</ref> The same month the [[U.S. Defense Department]] said it was providing the Afghan Air Force 35 Black Hawk helicopters and three A-29 Super Tucanos. The United States spent $83 billion equipping and training the Afghanistan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF), including $10 billion in aircraft and vehicles.<ref>https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2021/08/us-spent-83-billion-training-afghan-forces-why-did-they-collapse-so-quickly/184529/</ref> Less than a month after Biden's statement, several Black Hawk helicopters and other aircraft were seized by the Taliban. Many of the aircraft and helicopters are armed. These A-29 Super Tucanos can fire [[laser]]-guided and other types of bombs. The Afghan government also had 50 American-made MD-530 attack helicopters, which are armed with machine guns and rockets. The Afghan Air Force had UH-60 Black Hawks and Russian-made Mi-17 helicopters, as well as C-130 and Cessna transports, and a small fleet of armed Cessnas.<ref>https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2021/08/taliban-captured-helicopters-can-they-capture-air-force/184525/</ref>

As the impending crisis escalated, White House chief propagandists [[Jen Psaki]] said "The Taliban has to make an assessment about what they want their role to be in the international community." Her comments came as reports flowed in of Taliban fighters going door-to-door and forcibly selecting girls as young as 12 to reward as brides for the victorious jihadis.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/afghans-tell-of-executions-forced-marriages-in-taliban-held-areas-11628780820</ref>

As Biden withdrew American troops, the [[Peoples Republic of China]] began expanding their [[Belt and Road Initiative]] with a $62 billion aid package to Afghanistan to extend the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9755531/China-prepares-Afghanistan-following-Americas-departure-Belt-Road-program.html</ref>

==Seal Team 6==

The families of Navy Seal Team 6 blame Vice President Joe Biden for revealing the identity of the Navy Seal Team that killed [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2019/03/bidens_betrayal_of_seals_should_doom_presidential_run.html</ref> Seal Team 6 is a covert action force, and all its members are sworn to secrecy to never reveal the actions they participate in. The government likewise is bound to protect their identities against reprisals. In boasting of the killing, Biden named Seal Team 6 by name as the unit that found bin Laden.

On August 6, 2011, the Taliban ambushed a Chinook helicopter carrying 30 U.S. service members — including 15 SEAL Team 6 members — in Afghanistan.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2013/05/09/military-families-allege-muslim-cleric-damned-dead-navy-seals-at-ceremony/</ref> Everyone on board was killed.<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jun/7/the-betrayal-of-the-navys-seal-team-6/</ref> In a show of [[multiculturalism]], the [[Obama administration]] insisted a [[Muslim]] cleric be present when the bodies were recovered.<ref>http://joemiller.us/2013/05/seal-team-6-press-conference-obama-at-fault-muslim-cleric-prayed-at-funeral-damned-them-to-hell/</ref>

Families of the slain SEAL members held a news conference at the National Press Club demanding an investigation into why their sons had been identified, despite specific assurances by the Obama administration their identities would be protected.<ref>http://joemiller.us/2013/05/navy-seal-team-vi-families-to-reveal-obama-admin-s-culpability-in-death-of-sons/</ref> To add insult, the families complained about the Muslim cleric that the Obama administration required to preside in a ceremony over their remains, damned their souls to hell as infidels in an Islamic prayer proclaiming victory.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S7h5PO3r-w</ref>

== The Taliban and Narcotics ==

According to the BBC;the Taliban were strongly against [[drugs]];since the NATO invasion [[heroin]] production in Afghanistan has increased massively and the country is now once again the world's largest producer.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2814861.stm</ref><ref>http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/76421.html</ref> This has had a backlash within the UK, as drug related crime has spiked since the NATO invasion in 2001, largely due to the wide availability of Afghani heroin flooding the UK. It is unclear if this is coincidental or deliberate.

According to the International Narcotics Control Strategy Report:
* the Taliban had cut Afghanistan's heroin production by about 95%, but
* heroin had "financed the rise of the former Taliban regime".<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2814861.stm</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Brigade 055]]
* [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]
* [[Islamic republic]]
*[[Desecularization]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-between-taliban-and-al-qaeda/ Difference Between Taliban and Al Qaeda.]
* [http://www.rferl.org/content/Are_Theological_Tensions_Distancing_Taliban_From_Al_Qaeda/1332904.html Are Theological Tensions Distancing Taliban From Al-Qaeda?]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Terrorism}}

[[Category:Political Movements]]
[[Category:Taliban]]