Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Backyard

2012-04-29T03:08:48Z

Billysharp:

A '''back yard''' or '''backyard''' is the area behind a home; this article also covers the '''front yard''' in front of the home, with special emphasis on home gardens. Most historical research has focused on ornate [[Garden|gardens]] and landscape architecture, but in recent years more attention has been paid to how ordinary people use the land around their homes.[[File:LA-backyard.jpg|thumb|350px|Upscale backyard in 21st century Los Angeles]]

The term "backyard" in foreign policy discussions refers to neighboring countries that depend on a major country; as "Latin America is the backyard of the United States."

==United States==
The self-provisioning yard of the colonial and Early national eras after 1840 gave way to the urban, utilitarian "outdoor basement" of the late 1800s, wior holidays, and at Christmas time many houses string out lights and some create elaborate electrical extravaganzas that draw spectators from across town.<ref> See Christopher Grampp, ''From Yard to Garden: The Domestication of America's Home Grounds'' (2008) for the standard history</ref>

===Native Americans===
Archaeologists and ethnohistorians have long been interested in quantifying potential maize productivity for late-prehistoric and early-historic Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands. Maize (corn) yields obtained by Native Americans using traditional farming techniques in the 19th century can be compared to yields obtained by 19th-century Native Americans using plows and with modern farmers. The mean yield of maize for 19th-century Native American groups who did not use plows was 18.9 bushels/acre. Yields on the order of 10 bu/acre probably are closer to the average prehistoric yields that were available for subsistence purposes. The mean size of gardens cultivated by 19th-century Native American families without plows was .59 acre. <ref> Sissel Schroeder, "Maize Productivity in the Eastern Woodlands and Great Plains of North America." ''American Antiquity'' 1999 64(3): 499-516. 0002-7316 </ref>
===Before 1840===
To keep house in colonial Boston usually involved growing a garden. Almost all houses known to historians in detail prior to 1700 have one or two gardens and space for livestock. English tastes in food and gardening dominated Boston's three horticultural districts. Backyard nursery businesses were common. By the 1770s, the selling of plots for housing reduced the available local propagating stock, and the space in which to grow it, and seed importers became the dominant force shaping Boston's gardens.

[[Thomas Jefferson]] paid great attention to his gardens at Monticello, and wrote about them extensively. Jefferson's visions of landscape architecture were informed by several popular 18th-century guides to landscaping and gardening, by a tour of famous English gardens he undertook in 1786, and by his belief in the importance of agrarian values and the virtuous [[yeoman]] farmer to a healthy republic. Jefferson grew 170 fruit varieties, including apples, peaches, and grapes, in Monticello's two orchards, and cultivated over 330 vegetable varieties in his 1000-foot-long garden terrace. He made his gardens into a botanic laboratory of ornamental and useful plants from around the world.<ref> see [http://www.monticello.org/gardens/index.html Monticello: Gardens and Grounds]</ref>

[[File:Shaker-seeds.jpg|thumb|290px]]The [[Shakers]], a New England Protestant sect, developed the seed industry in their community gardens. By the 1830s they financed their church by selling paper packets of high quality seeds, branded with the Shaker logo, for national distribution.

===Frontier===
On the [[American Frontier]] women often bore many children, were responsible for cooking, making clothing, tending orchards and gardens, nursing sick animals, teaching Christian virtues, and keeping households together in unfamiliar and difficult circumstances.
===Slavery===
Slaves were generally allowed to keep their own gardens behind the slave cabins and in recent years historians and archaeologists have explored them to understand black culture under slavery, as well as food habits and types of recreation.<ref> Barbara J. Heath, and Amber Bennett, "'The Little Spots Allow'd Them': The Archaeological Study of African-American Yards." ''Historical Archaeology'' 2000 34(2): 38-55. 0440-9213 </ref>

===19th century===
Hans Jacob Ehlers brought European landscape gardening techniques to the Hudson River Valley in upstate Nw York in the 1840s, introducing ideas that were not yet well known in America.

By the 1850s the move to cities (urbanization) and use of sore-bough goods (the [[Market Revolution]]) led middle-class Americans to abandon the world of cottage industry and separate the workplace from the home. In the suburbs, however, women were cut off from paid employment. Gardening made the suburban home a productive unit. While Americans generally had no need to garden, they were beginning to understand that the economy's periodic downturns could translate into financial ruin and that gardens could always be depended on for profit. Gardening and horticultural societies also offered a sense of belonging and identity, which offset the anonymity of city life in industrial America. Gardening enabled women to participate in commerce, in this case local exchange systems. Novels and advice manuals encouraged middle-class women to exhibit at horticultural societies and sell what they had grown and asserted the acceptability of this income-producing option, an option that hardly rivaled the opportunities available to men.<ref>Glenn Moore, "'A Very Housewifely Ambition': Women Gardeners in Industrialising America." ''Australasian Journal of American Studies'' 2001 20(1): 18-30. 0705-7113 </ref>

Ornamental gardens were promoted by gardening magazines, seed companies, and nurseries as outward signs of community betterment and personal refinement in the mid-19th century. For many people, ornamental plants also had deep, personal meanings. Specific plants and their placement often symbolized important life events, promoted cooperation between families when plants were purchased or exchanged, and elicited a commitment of time and labor from all family members.<ref> Cheryl Lyon-Jenness, "Bergamot Balm and Verbenas: The Public and Private Meaning of Ornamental Plants in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Midwest". ''Agricultural History'' 1999 73(2): 201-221. 0002-1482 </ref>

From his base in Northampton, Massachusetts, in the late 19th century, George Washington Cable worked to improve the lives of immigrants and the working class through a number of programs, including a gardening contest. The competition, funded by [[Andrew Carnegie]], was intended to encourage the creation of modest personal gardens as a means to promote civic and personal pride among working-class immigrants. Under Cable's close supervision, the contest served to promote the idea of a distinctly American garden as an alternative to Colonial Revival style from 1899 to 1925.

The move from utility to ornamentalism in plant life is shown in the statistics of seed sales: in 1900 families purchased edible and ornamental plants in the ratio of 10:1; by 1970 the proportion had been reversed in favor of ornamentation, with the vegetables purchased at the supermarket.
===20th century===
During the 1890s gardening for children began as a part of Progressive education and flourished rapidly throughout the country for several reasons. Some supporters said that gardening enabled students to study nature closely by working with plants. Others saw gardening as teaching agricultural skills, while advocates in urban areas expected that gardening would direct youthful energies into socially acceptable activities. A few even viewed gardens as projects for civic pride and community work. At the turn of the 20th century, federal support to all states came from the Bureau of Education and the Department of Agriculture. During World War I, school gardens that grew food reached the height of popularity. The "US School Garden Armies," in which school children contributed to wartime food production by keeping gardens, offset wartime food shortages and instilled feelings of patriotism and service in the children. Equally important was that federal intrusion in schools would set a precedent for more intrusions in American education. After the war, school gardens lost popularity among educators, especially as nature study was challenged by systematic elementary science and was moved from schools into other areas, such as summer camps, public parks, and nature preserves.<ref> Sally Kohlstedt, "'A Better Crop of Boys and Girls': The School Gardening Movement, 1890-1920." ''History of Education Quarterly'' 2008 48(1): 58-93</ref>

Many families planted "Liberty Gardens" in their yards and empty lots in the war years.

====Great Depression====
Poverty caused a resurgence of gardening in the Great Depression (1929-41), to supplement family food supplies. Public versions were known as Relief Gardens (1930-39).
====World War II====
The emergence of food rationing in World War II encouraged the formation of "Victory Gardens" in back yards and designated empty lots. By 1943, 20 million gardens produced 8 million tons of food, including 40% of all the vegetable produce that was consumed by families. Victory Gardens, also called "war gardens" or "food gardens for defense", reduced the pressure on the public food supply brought on by large shipments of food to soldiers and Allies. Even more important, these gardens were morale boosters for civilians who demanded a chance to participate in the war effort. Similar victory gardens were planted in World War I.
===Recent decades===
[[File:Gardentools.jpg|thumb|220px|garden tools]] The switch to back yard as the locus of family activity--perhaps with a grill for barbecues--accelerated with the boom in suburban housing after 1945. It mirrored the decline of the front porch with its swing, and was boosted by concrete slab foundations after 1945, so that the living room could flow evenly into an outdoor patio. Gardening is an avocation that beautifies both the front yard and the back yard.

===Ethnic groups===
====Europeans====
[[File:Italian-yard.jpg|thumb|250px|Typical Italian-American yard statues]] Italians lived in cities and often built decorative front yards, and used their backyard to grow fruits and vegetables.

Lithuanian immigrants built a subtle, but still distinguishable, cultural landscape around 1900-40, including distinctive use of flowers and vegetable gardens, perimeter fences, and the general layout of buildings on city lots.<ref> Gerald L. Pocius, "Lithuanian Landscapes in America: Houses, Yards, and Gardens in Scranton, Pennsylvania." ''New York Folklore'' 1996 22(1-4): 49-87. 0361-204x </ref>

====Japanese====
All 100,000 members of the Japanese-American community on the West Coast were placed in ten inland internment camps in 1942. The internees reappropriated their limited space by simulating traditional Japanese gardens with bridges and stone lanterns, using white paper covering in their homes, building altars, and engaging in other traditional Japanese arts and crafts. In this way the Japanese Americans were able to assert their native and personal identities and achieve a sense of ownership and freedom during their incarceration.
====Latino Southwest====
Barrio gardens are important in [[Latino]] culture. Flowers, herbs, trees, and other plants enhance the enclosed patios of Mexican American homes. Within the traditional, patriarchal Latino society, women could make the garden their own private space, providing for and enriching the family table and using herbs for folk medicine. As opportunities for women developed and urban renewal removed courtyard-style houses, barrio gardens evolved to become the yard art of the Southwest.<ref> Suzanne Waldenberger, "Barrio Gardens: The Arrangement of a Woman's Space" ''Western Folklore'' 2000 59(3-4): 232-245. 0043-373x, focused on Tucson, Arizona </ref>
==Canada==
Horticulture supported the creation of a middle-class society in western Canada. Governments, agricultural colleges, scientific and community organizations, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and newspapers all supported the cultivation of vegetables, flowers, and trees to induce European immigration. The federal government established in Manitoba an experimental farm at Brandon in the 1880's and a horticultural research station at Morden in 1915. Although school gardening had been promoted by horticultural societies toward the end of the 19th century and the Federal Agricultural Instruction Act had been passed in 1913, encouragement increased as school gardens were believed to build patriotism and support the war effort during World War I.<ref> Lyle Dick, "The Greening of the West: Horticulture on the Canadian Prairies, 1870-1930." ''Manitoba History'' 1996 (31): 12-17. 0226-5044 </ref>
==Australia==
The 30th annual conference of the Australian Garden History society has the theme ‘Cultivating Australia Felix’. It will be held in Geelong, Victoria, on 16-18 October 2009.

The conference will explore the theme of pastoral expansion in Australia especially the pastoral legacy and the gardens and homesteads built in the area opened to European settlement after the journeys of Major Thomas Mitchell in 1836. The conference will explore the theme in three ways – through artists’ recording of the settled and natural landscape, through oral history, especially by descendants of significant properties, and through on-site visits.
==Britain==
The British aristocracy had always favored very large elaborate gardens for their country estates, tended by a professional staff. By the 19th century the garden had become a source of pride for middle class men as well, andgarden clubs flourished. Craftsmen in the cities could rent small plots for garden use. Sheffield was the first English town to provide small rental gardens for the use of craftsmen and other workers. There were more than 1,500 allotments available to urban residents in the 1780s. The practice spread to most cities and continued into the 21st century.

A new role for women emerged in Victorian Britain: the middle class woman backyard gardener. From the 1840s to the 1880s, gardening books offered pragmatic advice to middle-class women, but after 1880 this practical bent was augmented with an aesthetic consciousness. The advice aimed at the woman gardener actually furthered the vision of the garden as a public realm for women's activity. The later Victorian gardening texts were politically radical and structurally innovative. In the 1850s, the garden was presented not simply as a site of repose and contemplation but as a place where women could both act and experience. While unorthodox female behavior - sweating and debating - were possible in the garden, it was also a place where a woman could wrest control, imposing ideals of aestheticism and order. By 1900, women took garden design away from male architects and hired gardeners and gained a new role in the development of garden aesthetics and a builder of the home as refuge from the hostile commercial world. <ref> Sarah Bilston, "Queens of the Garden: Victorian Women Gardeners and the Rise of the Gardening Advice Text," ''Victorian Literature & Culture'' 2008 36(1): 1-19 </ref>

==France==
The fruit and vegetable garden in France in the 17th and 18th centuries represented a dietary ideal for fine eating for the rich, and a basis for food security for the poor. The vegetable gardens were a privileged space, closely connected with the owner's interests and lifestyle, and as a space of abundance and variety. A space shared by fruit trees and plants, herbs, vegetables, and flowers, the garden was not only in good social taste from the peasantry to the nobility, but it also provided the owners with fresh fruit and vegetables all year. This moderate degree of self-sufficiency was a necessity for the majority of the rural population in a society where scarcity of food was widespread.
==See also==
* [[Garden]]

==External links==
[[File:Lawnmower.jpg|thumb|220px]]
* [http://www.gardenhistorysociety.org.au/ Australian Garden History Society]
==Further reading==
* Delehanty, Randolph and Martin, Van Jones. ''Classic Natchez: History, Homes, and Gardens.'' (1996). 164 pp.
* Earle, Alice Morse. ''Old Time Gardens'' (1901), on colonial America
* Emmet, Alan. ''So Fine a Prospect: Historic New England Gardens.'' (1996). 238 pp.
* Grampp, Christopher. ''From Yard to Garden: The Domestication of America's Home Grounds.''(2008) 302pp; the standard scholarly history
* Krase, Jerome. "Polish And Italian Vernacular Landscapes in Brooklyn." ''Polish American Studies'' 1997 54(1): 9-31.
* Lawson, Laura. ''City Bountiful: A Century of Community Gardening in America''
* Sarudy, Barbara Wells. ''Gardens and Gardening in the Chesapeake, 1700-1805.'' (1998). 220 pp.
* Turner, Suzanne. ''The Gardens of Louisiana: Places of Work and Wonder.'' (1997). 237 pp.

====references====
<references/>

[[Category:Housing]]

Deval Patrick

2012-04-29T03:07:45Z

Billysharp:

[[Image:DevalPatrick.jpg‎ |thumb|240px|]]
'''Deval Patrick''' is the current [[governor]] of the state of [[Massachusetts]]. He attended [[Harvard University]] and graduated in 1978. For a year after his graduation he worked with a [[United Nations]] program in [[Darfur]], [[Sudan]]. He returned to [[Boston]] in 1980 to attend [[Harvard Law School]]. In 1994, he was appointed to the position of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights by then president, [[Bill Clinton]]. While working for the [[Justice Department]], he was part of one of the largest, pre September 11th, criminal investigation of church burnings in the South. In 1997 he returned to life as a private citizen and worked for company's such as [[Coca-Cola]] (Executive Vice President and General Counsel), [[Texaco]] (chairperson for the Equality and Fairness Task Force) and a law firm (Day, Berry & Howard)<ref>http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=gov3utilities&sid=Agov3&U=Agov3_Deval_Patrick_welcome_msg</ref>.

In 2006 he was elected governor of [[Massachusetts]]. He was the first [[Democrat]] to be elected governor in sixteen years<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2006/MA/MA.htm?csp=34</ref>.

==References==
<references/>
==External Links==
*[http://devalpatrick.com/ Deval Patrick Official Website]
*[http://www.devalpatrickwatch.com/ The Deval Patrick Watch]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patrick, Deval}}

[[Category:Massachusetts Governors]]
[[Category:Democrat Governors]]

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

2012-04-29T03:07:22Z

Billysharp:

[[Image:GHidalgo.jpg|thumb|300px|The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]
The '''Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo''', which brought an official end to the [[Mexican-American War]] (1846–48), was signed on February 2, 1848ed into between the General-in-Chief of the said troops and the Mexican Government, whereby healthy and otherwise suitable places, at a distance from the ports not exceeding thirty leagues, shall be designated for the residence of such troops as may not yet have embarked, until the return of the healthy season. And the space of time here referred to as, comprehending the sickly season shall be understood to extend from the first day of May to the first day of November.

All prisoners of war taken on either side, on land or on sea, shall be restored as soon as practicable after the exchange of ratifications of this treaty. It is also agreed that if any Mexicans should now be held as captives by any savage tribe within the limits of the United States, as about to be established by the following article, the Government of the said United States will exact the release of such captives and cause them to be restored to their country.

===ARTICLE V===
The boundary line between the two Republics shall commence in the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, or Opposite the mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch emptying directly into the sea; from thence up the middle of that river, following the deepest channel, where it has more than one, to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico; thence, westwardly, along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination; thence, northward, along the western line of New Mexico, until it intersects the first branch of the river Gila; (or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to the point on the said line nearest to such branch, and thence in a direct line to the same); thence down the middle of the said branch and of the said river, until it empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across the Rio Colorado, following the division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific Ocean.

The southern and western limits of New Mexico, mentioned in the article, are those laid down in the map entitled "Map of the United Mexican States, as organized and defined by various acts of the Congress of said republic, and constructed according to the best authorities. Revised edition. Published at New York, in 1847, by J. Disturnell," of which map a copy is added to this treaty, bearing the signatures and seals of the undersigned Plenipotentiaries. And, in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the ground the limit separating Upper from Lower California, it is agreed that the said limit shall consist of a straight line drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where it unites with the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, distant one marine league due south of the southernmost point of the port of San Diego, according to the plan of said port made in the year 1782 by Don Juan Pantoja, second sailing-master of the Spanish fleet, and published at Madrid in the year 1802, in the atlas to the voyage of the schooners Sutil and Mexicana; of which plan a copy is hereunto added, signed and sealed by the respective Plenipotentiaries.

In order to designate the boundary line with due precision, upon authoritative maps, and to establish upon the ground land-marks which shall show the limits of both republics, as described in the present article, the two Governments shall each appoint a commissioner and a surveyor, who, before the expiration of one year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, shall meet at the port of San Diego, and proceed to run and mark the said boundary in its whole course to the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte. They shall keep journals and make out plans of their operations; and the result agreed upon by them shall be deemed a part of this treaty, and shall have the same force as if it were inserted therein. The two Governments will amicably agree regarding what may be necessary to these persons, and also as to their respective escorts, should such be necessary.

The boundary line established by this article shall be religiously respected by each of the two republics, and no change shall ever be made therein, except by the express and free consent of both nations, lawfully given by the General Government of each, in conformity with its own constitution.

===ARTICLE VI===
The vessels and citizens of the United States shall, in all time, have a free and uninterrupted passage by the Gulf of California, and by the river Colorado below its confluence with the Gila, to and from their possessions situated north of the boundary line defined in the preceding article; it being understood that this passage is to be by navigating the Gulf of California and the river Colorado, and not by land, without the express consent of the Mexican Government.

If, by the examinations which may be made, it should be ascertained to be practicable and advantageous to construct a road, canal, or railway, which should in whole or in part run upon the river Gila, or upon its right or its left bank, within the space of one marine league from either margin of the river, the Governments of both republics will form an agreement regarding its construction, in order that it may serve equally for the use and advantage of both countries.

===ARTICLE VII===
The river Gila, and the part of the Rio Bravo del Norte lying below the southern boundary of New Mexico, being, agreeably to the fifth article, divided in the middle between the two republics, the navigation of the Gila and of the Bravo below said boundary shall be free and common to the vessels and citizens of both countries; and neither shall, without the consent of the other, construct any work that may impede or interrupt, in whole or in part, the exercise of this right; not even for the purpose of favoring new methods of navigation. Nor shall any tax or contribution, under any denomination or title, be levied upon vessels or persons navigating the same or upon merchandise or effects transported thereon, except in the case of landing upon one of their shores. If, for the purpose of making the said rivers navigable, or for maintaining them in such state, it should be necessary or advantageous to establish any tax or contribution, this shall not be done without the consent of both Governments.

The stipulations contained in the present article shall not impair the territorial rights of either republic within its established limits.

===ARTICLE VIII===
Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and which remain for the future within the limits of the United States, as defined by the present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside, or to remove at any time to the Mexican Republic, retaining the property which they possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof, and removing the proceeds wherever they please, without their being subjected, on this account, to any contribution, tax, or charge whatever.

Those who shall prefer to remain in the said territories may either retain the title and rights of Mexican citizens, or acquire those of citizens of the United States. But they shall be under the obligation to make their election within one year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty; and those who shall remain in the said territories after the expiration of that year, without having declared their intention to retain the character of Mexicans, shall be considered to have elected to become citizens of the United States.

In the said territories, property of every kind, now belonging to Mexicans not established there, shall be inviolably respected. The present owners, the heirs of these, and all Mexicans who may hereafter acquire said property by contract, shall enjoy with respect to it guarantees equally ample as if the same belonged to citizens of the United States.

===ARTICLE IX===
The Mexicans who, in the territories aforesaid, shall not preserve the character of citizens of the Mexican Republic, conformably with what is stipulated in the preceding article, shall be incorporated into the Union of the United States. and be admitted at the proper time (to be judged of by the Congress of the United States) to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States, according to the principles of the Constitution; and in the mean time, shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property, and secured in the free exercise of their religion without restriction.

===ARTICLE X===
[Stricken out]

===Article XI===
Considering that a great part of the territories, which, by the present treaty, are to be comprehended for the future within the limits of the United States, is now occupied by savage tribes, who will hereafter be under the exclusive control of the Government of the United States, and whose incursions within the territory of Mexico would be prejudicial in the extreme, it is solemnly agreed that all such incursions shall be forcibly restrained by the Government of the United States whensoever this may be necessary; and that when they cannot be prevented, they shall be punished by the said Government, and satisfaction for the same shall be exacted all in the same way, and with equal diligence and energy, as if the same incursions were meditated or committed within its own territory, against its own citizens.

It shall not be lawful, under any pretext whatever, for any inhabitant of the United States to purchase or acquire any Mexican, or any foreigner residing in Mexico, who may have been captured by Indians inhabiting the territory of either of the two republics; nor to purchase or acquire horses, mules, cattle, or property of any kind, stolen within Mexican territory by such Indians.

And in the event of any person or persons, captured within Mexican territory by Indians, being carried into the territory of the United States, the Government of the latter engages and binds itself, in the most solemn manner, so soon as it shall know of such captives being within its territory, and shall be able so to do, through the faithful exercise of its influence and power, to rescue them and return them to their country. or deliver them to the agent or representative of the Mexican Government. The Mexican authorities will, as far as practicable, give to the Government of the United States notice of such captures; and its agents shall pay the expenses incurred in the maintenance and transmission of the rescued captives; who, in the mean time, shall be treated with the utmost hospitality by the American authorities at the place where they may be. But if the Government of the United States, before receiving such notice from Mexico, should obtain intelligence, through any other channel, of the existence of Mexican captives within its territory, it will proceed forthwith to effect their release and delivery to the Mexican agent, as above stipulated.

For the purpose of giving to these stipulations the fullest possible efficacy, thereby affording the security and redress demanded by their true spirit and intent, the Government of the United States will now and hereafter pass, without unnecessary delay, and always vigilantly enforce, such laws as the nature of the subject may require. And, finally, the sacredness of this obligation shall never be lost sight of by the said Government, when providing for the removal of the Indians from any portion of the said territories, or for its being settled by citizens of the United States; but, on the contrary, special care shall then be taken not to place its Indian occupants under the necessity of seeking new homes, by committing those invasions which the United States have solemnly obliged themselves to restrain.

===ARTICLE XII===
In consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States, as defined in the fifth article of the present treaty, the Government of the United States engages to pay to that of the Mexican Republic the sum of fifteen millions of dollars.

Immediately after the treaty shall have been duly ratified by the Government of the Mexican Republic, the sum of three millions of dollars shall be paid to the said Government by that of the United States, at the city of Mexico, in the gold or silver coin of Mexico. The remaining twelve millions of dollars shall be paid at the same place, and in the same coin, in annual installments of three millions of dollars each, together with interest on the same at the rate of six per centum per annum. This interest shall begin to run upon the whole sum of twelve millions from the day of the ratification of the present treaty by--the Mexican Government, and the first of the installments shall be paid-at the expiration of one year from the same day. Together with each annual installment, as it falls due, the whole interest accruing on such installment from the beginning shall also be paid.

===ARTICLE XIII===
The United States engage, moreover, to assume and pay to the claimants all the amounts now due them, and those hereafter to become due, by reason of the claims already liquidated and decided against the Mexican Republic, under the conventions between the two republics severally concluded on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and thirty-nine, and on the thirtieth day of January, eighteen hundred and forty-three; so that the Mexican Republic shall be absolutely exempt, for the future, from all expense whatever on account of the said claims.

===ARTICLE XIV===
The United States do furthermore discharge the Mexican Republic from all claims of citizens of the United States, not heretofore decided against the Mexican Government, which may have arisen previously to the date of the signature of this treaty; which discharge shall be final and perpetual, whether the said claims be rejected or be allowed by the board of commissioners provided for in the following article, and whatever shall be the total amount of those allowed.

===ARTICLE XV===
The United States, exonerating Mexico from all demands on account of the claims of their citizens mentioned in the preceding article, and considering them entirely and forever canceled, whatever their amount may be, undertake to make satisfaction for the same, to an amount not exceeding three and one-quarter millions of dollars. To ascertain the validity and amount of those claims, a board of commissioners shall be established by the Government of the United States, whose awards shall be final and conclusive; provided that, in deciding upon the validity of each claim, the boa shall be guided and governed by the principles and rules of decision prescribed by the first and fifth articles of the unratified convention, concluded at the city of Mexico on the twentieth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and forty-three; and in no case shall an award be made in favour of any claim not embraced by these principles and rules.

If, in the opinion of the said board of commissioners or of the claimants, any books, records, or documents, in the possession or power of the Government of the Mexican Republic, shall be deemed necessary to the just decision of any claim, the commissioners, or the claimants through them, shall, within such period as Congress may designate, make an application in writing for the same, addressed to the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs, to be transmitted by the Secretary of State of the United States; and the Mexican Government engages, at the earliest possible moment after the receipt of such demand, to cause any of the books, records, or documents so specified, which shall be in their possession or power (or authenticated copies or extracts of the same), to be transmitted to the said Secretary of State, who shall immediately deliver them over to the said board of commissioners; provided that no such application shall be made by or at the instance of any claimant, until the facts which it is expected to prove by such books, records, or documents, shall have been stated under oath or affirmation.

===ARTICLE XVI===
Each of the contracting parties reserves to itself the entire right to fortify whatever point within its territory it may judge proper so to fortify for its security.

===ARTICLE XVII===
The treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation, concluded at the city of Mexico, on the fifth day of April, A. D. 1831, between the United States of America and the United Mexican States, except the additional article, and except so far as the stipulations of the said treaty may be incompatible with any stipulation contained in the present treaty, is hereby revived for the period of eight years from the day of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, with the same force and virtue as if incorporated therein; it being understood that each of the contracting parties reserves to itself the right, at any time after the said period of eight years shall have expired, to terminate the same by giving one year's notice of such intention to the other party.

===ARTICLE XVIII===
All supplies whatever for troops of the United States in Mexico, arriving at ports in the occupation of such troops previous to the final evacuation thereof, although subsequently to the restoration of the custom-houses at such ports, shall be entirely exempt from duties and charges of any kind; the Government of the United States hereby engaging and pledging its faith to establish and vigilantly to enforce, all possible guards for securing the revenue of Mexico, by preventing the importation, under cover of this stipulation, of any articles other than such, both in kind and in quantity, as shall really be wanted for the use and consumption of the forces of the United States during the time they may remain in Mexico. To this end it shall be the duty of all officers and agents of the United States to denounce to the Mexican authorities at the respective ports any attempts at a fraudulent abuse of this stipulation, which they may know of, or may have reason to suspect, and to give to such authorities all the aid in their power with regard thereto; and every such attempt, when duly proved and established by sentence of a competent tribunal, They shall be punished by the confiscation of the property so attempted to be fraudulently introduced.

===ARTICLE XIX===
With respect to all merchandise, effects, and property whatsoever, imported into ports of Mexico, whilst in the occupation of the forces of the United States, whether by citizens of either republic, or by citizens or subjects of any neutral nation, the following rules shall be observed:

:(1) All such merchandise, effects, and property, if imported previously to the restoration of the custom-houses to the Mexican authorities, as stipulated for in the third article of this treaty, shall be exempt from confiscation, although the importation of the same be prohibited by the Mexican tariff.

:(2) The same perfect exemption shall be enjoyed by all such merchandise, effects, and property, imported subsequently to the restoration of the custom-houses, and previously to the sixty days fixed in the following article for the coming into force of the Mexican tariff at such ports respectively; the said merchandise, effects, and property being, however, at the time of their importation, subject to the payment of duties, as provided for in the said following article.

:(3) All merchandise, effects, and property described in the two rules foregoing shall, during their continuance at the place of importation, and upon their leaving such place for the interior, be exempt from all duty, tax, or imposts of every kind, under whatsoever title or denomination. Nor shall they be there subject to any charge whatsoever upon the sale thereof.

:(4) All merchandise, effects, and property, described in the first and second rules, which shall have been removed to any place in the interior, whilst such place was in the occupation of the forces of the United States, shall, during their continuance therein, be exempt from all tax upon the sale or consumption thereof, and from every kind of impost or contribution, under whatsoever title or denomination.

:(5) But if any merchandise, effects, or property, described in the first and second rules, shall be removed to any place not occupied at the time by the forces of the United States, they shall, upon their introduction into such place, or upon their sale or consumption there, be subject to the same duties which, under the Mexican laws, they would be required to pay in such cases if they had been imported in time of peace, through the maritime custom-houses, and had there paid the duties conformably with the Mexican tariff.

:(6) The owners of all merchandise, effects, or property, described in the first and second rules, and existing in any port of Mexico, shall have the right to reship the same, exempt from all tax, impost, or contribution whatever.

With respect to the metals, or other property, exported from any Mexican port whilst in the occupation of the forces of the United States, and previously to the restoration of the custom-house at such port, no person shall be required by the Mexican authorities, whether general or state, to pay any tax, duty, or contribution upon any such exportation, or in any manner to account for the same to the said authorities.

===ARTICLE XX===
Through consideration for the interests of commerce generally, it is agreed, that if less than sixty days should elapse between the date of the signature of this treaty and the restoration of the custom houses, conformably with the stipulation in the third article, in such case all merchandise, effects and property whatsoever, arriving at the Mexican ports after the restoration of the said custom-houses, and previously to the expiration of sixty days after the day of signature of this treaty, shall be admitted to entry; and no other duties shall be levied thereon than the duties established by the tariff found in force at such custom-houses at the time of the restoration of the same. And to all such merchandise, effects, and property, the rules established by the preceding article shall apply.

===ARTICLE XXI===
If unhappily any disagreement should hereafter arise between the Governments of the two republics, whether with respect to the interpretation of any stipulation in this treaty, or with respect to any other particular concerning the political or commercial relations of the two nations, the said Governments, in the name of those nations, do promise to each other that they will endeavour, in the most sincere and earnest manner, to settle the differences so arising, and to preserve the state of peace and friendship in which the two countries are now placing themselves, using, for this end, mutual representations and pacific negotiations. And if, by these means, they should not be enabled to come to an agreement, a resort shall not, on this account, be had to reprisals, aggression, or hostility of any kind, by the one republic against the other, until the Government of that which deems itself aggrieved shall have maturely considered, in the spirit of peace and good neighbourship, whether it would not be better that such difference should be settled by the arbitration of commissioners appointed on each side, or by that of a friendly nation. And should such course be proposed by either party, it shall be acceded to by the other, unless deemed by it altogether incompatible with the nature of the difference, or the circumstances of the case.

===ARTICLE XXII===
If (which is not to be expected, and which God forbid) war should unhappily break out between the two republics, they do now, with a view to such calamity, solemnly pledge themselves to each other and to the world to observe the following rules; absolutely where the nature of the subject permits, and as closely as possible in all cases where such absolute observance shall be impossible:

:(1) The merchants of either republic then residing in the other shall be allowed to remain twelve months (for those dwelling in the interior), and six months (for those dwelling at the seaports) to collect their debts and settle their affairs; during which periods they shall enjoy the same protection, and be on the same footing, in all respects, as the citizens or subjects of the most friendly nations; and, at the expiration thereof, or at any time before, they shall have full liberty to depart, carrying off all their effects without molestation or hindrance, conforming therein to the same laws which the citizens or subjects of the most friendly nations are required to conform to. Upon the entrance of the armies of either nation into the territories of the other, women and children, ecclesiastics, scholars of every faculty, cultivators of the earth, merchants, artisans, manufacturers, and fishermen, unarmed and inhabiting unfortified towns, villages, or places, and in general all persons whose occupations are for the common subsistence and benefit of mankind, shall be allowed to continue their respective employments, unmolested in their persons. Nor shall their houses or goods be burnt or otherwise destroyed, nor their cattle taken, nor their fields wasted, by the armed force into whose power, by the events of war, they may happen to fall; but if the necessity arise to take anything from them for the use of such armed force, the same shall be paid for at an equitable price. All churches, hospitals, schools, colleges, libraries, and other establishments for charitable and beneficent purposes, shall be respected, and all persons connected with the same protected in the discharge of their duties, and the pursuit of their vocations.
:(2). In order that the fate of prisoners of war may be alleviated all such practices as those of sending them into distant, inclement or unwholesome districts, or crowding them into close and noxious places, shall be studiously avoided. They shall not be confined in dungeons, prison ships, or prisons; nor be put in irons, or bound or otherwise restrained in the use of their limbs. The officers shall enjoy liberty on their paroles, within convenient districts, and have comfortable quarters; and the common soldiers shall be dispose( in cantonments, open and extensive enough for air and exercise and lodged in barracks as roomy and good as are provided by the party in whose power they are for its own troops. But if any office shall break his parole by leaving the district so assigned him, or any other prisoner shall escape from the limits of his cantonment after they shall have been designated to him, such individual, officer, or other prisoner, shall forfeit so much of the benefit of this article as provides for his liberty on parole or in cantonment. And if any officer so breaking his parole or any common soldier so escaping from the limits assigned him, shall afterwards be found in arms previously to his being regularly exchanged, the person so offending shall be dealt with according to the established laws of war. The officers shall be daily furnished, by the party in whose power they are, with as many rations, and of the same articles, as are allowed either in kind or by commutation, to officers of equal rank in its own army; and all others shall be daily furnished with such ration as is allowed to a common soldier in its own service; the value of all which supplies shall, at the close of the war, or at periods to be agreed upon between the respective commanders, be paid by the other party, on a mutual adjustment of accounts for the subsistence of prisoners; and such accounts shall not be mingled with or set off against any others, nor the balance due on them withheld, as a compensation or reprisal for any cause whatever, real or pretended Each party shall be allowed to keep a commissary of prisoners, appointed by itself, with every cantonment of prisoners, in possession of the other; which commissary shall see the prisoners as often as he pleases; shall be allowed to receive, exempt from all duties a taxes, and to distribute, whatever comforts may be sent to them by their friends; and shall be free to transmit his reports in open letters to the party by whom he is employed. And it is declared that neither the pretense that war dissolves all treaties, nor any other whatever, shall be considered as annulling or suspending the solemn covenant contained in this article. On the contrary, the state of war is precisely that for which it is provided; and, during which, its stipulations are to be as sacredly observed as the most acknowledged obligations under the law of nature or nations.
===ARTICLE XXIII===
This treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof; and by the President of the Mexican Republic, with the previous approbation of its general Congress; and the ratifications shall be exchanged in the City of Washington, or at the seat of Government of Mexico, in four months from the date of the signature hereof, or sooner if practicable. In faith whereof we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this treaty of peace, friendship, limits, and settlement, and have hereunto affixed our seals respectively. Done in quintuplicate, at the city of Guadalupe Hidalgo, on the second day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.

N. P. TRIST
LUIS P. CUEVAS
BERNARDO COUTO
MIGL. ATRISTAIN
----
== External links ==

* [http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/history/peace.htm The Peace Treaty]

[[category:Treaties]]
[[category:Mexican History]]
[[category:Western United States]]

Jason

2012-04-29T03:06:10Z

Billysharp:

[[Jason]] was a person from [[pagan]] Greek mythology. He sailed on his ship the Argo (with [[Hercules]] and [[Orpheus]] and the other Argonauts) to Colchis to retrieve the [[Golden Fleece]]. King Aeetes of Colchis assigned Jason several tasks he had to perform before he could retrieve the Golden Fleece; these tasks were supposed to be impossible, but King [[Aeëtes]]’s daughter [[Medea]] had fallen in love with Jason so she aided him in the tasks. With Medea’s aid (Medea was a powerful [[witch]]), Jason won the Golden Fleece and he and Medea were married and he had two children by her. Later in his life, he [[divorce]]d Medea so he could marry King Creon's daughter; in revenge for this betrayal Medea killed Jason’s new bride and both of the children she had by him, leaving him to mourn their loss. <ref>Encyclopedia Mythica[http://www.pantheon.org/articles/j/jason.html]</ref>

[[Jason]] is also a [[Christian name]] for a boy.
them being [[Heracles]], [[Orpheus]], Castor and Polydeuces as well as Zetes and Calais, the winged sons of the north-wind Boreas and Argus, who constructed a large ship for them. It was named Argo after him, from which the heroes are called Argonauts.

==Journey to Colchis==

After departing from Iolcus they first arrived to the island of [[Lemnos]]. Shortly before their arrival the men of the island had arrived from a war expedition to Thracia and brought captive women with them whom they had taken as their mistresses. In jealousy, all the women of Lemnos had killed their husbands. The Argonauts were welcomed by the new Queen Hypsipyle, the daughter of the former king Thoas, as she hoped she could convince them to stay. Jason agreed and became the lover of Hypsipyle and for a time and had two sons with her, named Euneus and Nebrophonus. Heracles eventually urged the Argonauts to continue their journey and they left Lemnos.

The Argonauts next landed to an island inside the Propontis, inhabited by the Doliones, ruled by King Cyzicus. The island was also inhabited by Earthborn, giants who had six arms but the Doliones were protected from them by [[Poseidon]] from whom they were descended. The Argonauts were welcomed by Cyzicus and his wife Cleite and they stayed for the night in the king's palace. In the morning, they climbed the mountain of Didymus to see how they should continue their journey. They were attacked by the Earthborn but Heracles shot them with his bow. The Argonauts then left the island but, unbeknownst to them, the wind pushed their ship back to the island. The Doliones thought they were attacked by Pelasgians and a fierce battle followed in which Cyzicus was killed by Jason. When Cleite learned of this, she hanged herself. Before the Argonauts left the island, Hylas, the servant of Heracles had went to fetch water from a nearby spring called Pegae and naiads in the spring pulled him into the water. Heracles went in vain to search for him and the Argonauts accidentally departed without him.

The Argonauts then arrived in Bithynia where they met the soothsayer Phineus whom Zeus had made old and blind for predicting things that were forbidden for man to know. As punishment he was tormented by harpies who stole his food every day and left him barely enough to avoid starvation. Jason promised to help him and when the harpies arrived, Zetes and Calais began to chase them. The two were eventually stopped by the goddess Iris who forbade them to continue but swore that the harpies would no longer torment Phineus. In return for their help, Phineus gave them directions and warned them about the clashing rocks, two moving islands that clashed together from time to time, shattering anything between them. When they arrived near the rocks, the Argonauts released a dove which flew between the islands and only lost a few tail feathers. They then sailed through and with the help of Hera, only the prow of the Argo was shattered.

==Jason and Medea==

They finally arrived in Colchis and were met by its king Aeëtes and his daughter, the witch Medea. Hera decided to use her to her advantage and persuaded Eros to shoot his arrow at her, making her fall in love with Jason. Aeëtes told the Argonauts that the fleece was in a grove guarded by a dragon that never sleeps and they could only receive it by finishing the tasks he would give to them. FIrst they would have to tame two fire-breathing bulls who came there every day then use them to plow the field of Ares and sow it with the teeth of a dragon which would then grow into armed men. They would then have to defeat these men and all this was to be accomplished in one day. The following evening Medea came to meet the Argonauts and promised to help Jason if he would take her with him to Iolcus. She gave him a drug which would protect him from the bulls and advised him to throw a rock in the midst of the armed men so they would begin to fight amongst themselves and kill each other. Following Medea's advice, Jason was able to complete the tasks but Aeëtes realized Medea had helped him and refused to give the fleece. Medea and Jason decided to steal the fleece and escape during the following night. He went to the grove with Medea who gave the dragon a sleeping drug. The dragon soon fell asleep and Jason was able to take the fleece and escape with her.

Aeëtes sent his ships to chase them but Medea was able to stop them by killing her brother [[Apsyrtus]] and scattering his limbs in the sea. Enraged by the murder, Zeus sent a storm to throw the Argo off its course. The beam of the ship spoke with a human voice ordering them to visit [[Circe]], the aunt of Medea, in order to purge themselves from the murder of Apsyrtus. The Argonauts sailed to the island of Aeaea and were met by Circe who performed the necessary sacrifices to purge them of the murder. The Argonauts continued their journey back to Iolcus. On the way they sailed past the island of Anthemoessa where the Sirens attempted to beguile them but Orpheus began to sang and drowned their voices with his song. When they stopped near Crete the bronze man [[Talos]] threatened them by throwing rocks at their ship. Medea bewitched him and as Talos moved towards Medea he grazed his ankle on a rock breaking his vein which caused his death.

==Death==

When Pelias heard that Jason was returning he decided to kill Aeson. He committed suicide as did his wife but Pelias still killed their young son Promachus. Jason asked Medea to take revenge on him. She told the daughters of Pelias that she could make a drug that would make Pelias young again. She demonstrated this by slaughtering an old ram and plunging it into her kettle from which a young lamb jumped out. They went together with Medea to Pelias's bedchamber the following night and Medea killed him and threw his body into her kettle. However, she had lied to them and Pelias remained dead. Horrified by the deed, the inhabitants of Iolcus banished both Jason and Medea. They went to exile in [[Corinth]] and Jason agreed to marry Glauce, the daughter of the king of Corinth, supposedly in order to ensure the future of the two children he had with Medea. Medea was enraged at first but then pretended to accept the marriage and gave a robe as a gift to Jason's new bride. Unbeknownst to him, the robe was poisoned and Glauce died as soon as she touched it as did her father. Medea then killed her two children and escaped to Athens in her chariot drawn by dragons. Jason died soon after when his head was crushed under a beam from the Argo.

==References==
<references/>

*Apollonius Rhodius. Argonautica.
*Apollodorus. The Library.
*Ovid. Metamorphoses.
*Euripides. Medea.

[[category:greek Mythology]]

World History Homework Six Answers - Student One

2012-04-29T03:05:53Z

Billysharp:

VeronikaF

1.Identify the time period of the Middle Ages, and when the Crusades occurred within that period.

The [[Middle Ages]] occurred between A.D. 500 to 1500. This was a time of prosperity in Europe when trade and society flourished. The Crusades, a well known Christian military affair against the Muslims, began in A.D. 1096 and ended in A.D. 1291. It lasted for about 200 years during the feudal period. Not all the [[Crusades]] were successful. The most successful of them all was the First Crusade in which the [[Christian]] army
3. Which of these modern countries were able to establish nation-states in the Middle Ages, and which were not: [[Germany]], France, England and [[Italy]]?

[[France]] and [[England]] were able to institute nation-states in the Middle Ages, however Germany and Italy did not succeed in establishing nation-states in their region. There were many little wars and controversies between the people and city-states in Italy which prevented it from creating a nation state. Otto I in Germany tried to create a good relationship with the Pope so that he could establish a “Holy Roman Empire”, but his plan did not succeed. As proven later in America, the citizens must unite to accomplish things and together you can become invincible.

:Superb, except later Italy flourished without a nation-state during the Renaissance. So a nation-state may not always be desirable, and perhaps Italy and Germany were better off without one.

4. Pick your favorite medieval architecture and describe something about it.

I am especially interested in Gothic architecture in the Medieval Ages. It was very popular in the high and late medieval period and originated in France during the 12th century. It is well known for its pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. The gothic architecture is quite common among many European buildings, but mostly religious architecture. The gothic architecture differed greatly from the previous Romanesque architecture, which consisted of tiny windows which cast a gloomy atmosphere.

:Terrific, may use as a model answer!

5. Pick one of the [[African]] kingdoms described in the lecture, and explain it.

The Kingdom of Ghana, which thrived from A.D. 800 to A.D.1076, was located in West Africa and was mostly Muslim. This West African empire prospered under a strong ruler and the gold-salt trade across the Sahara, which brought great wealth to its empire; salt at that time was more valuable than gold since it was very rare. They also flourished from the collection of taxes on the merchant caravans that passed through their territory on their way to trade with others areas. Many of the African tribes at that time were very wealthy and there was not as much controversy surrounding opposing territories as now, except for kidnapping each other’s inhabitants to sell to slave traders.

:Excellent.

6. Pick your favorite aspect of Scholasticism, and describe something about it, or your view of it.

Scholasticism is wonderful because it helps the human mind understand better things that are beyond reason. Many people are discouraged that they cannot understand the theory of [[God]] or of other mysteries. They eventually give up and believe that there is no God since it’s beyond our understanding. Scholasticism helps people understand more clearly things that puzzle us by using reason, which the human mind uses continually everyday. Reason is the closest we will get in comprehending the mysteries of God and mysteries.

:You state the argument in favor of scholasticism well. The compatibility of logic with Christianity is one of its advantages, and I think logic could be used more to open the hearts and minds of atheists and others who reject Christianity. I'll use this as a model answer.

H3. Do you think Joan of Arc had a calling from God?

[[Joan of Arc]] was a young woman who came from a very poor peasant family. She must have had a good reason to fight in the French army in the Hundred Years War because at that time it was very uncommon for a lady to serve in the army. I believe God called her to bring hope to the desperate soldiers in the army and to be a witness of His love for all. She had to have something to propel her to overcome her fears and be willing to die for [[Christ]]. She was not protected with wealth and status and had to find her way on her own. She was eventually burned at the stake after she was taken captive by her enemies because she was believed to be a heretic. Her enemies, the English, were greatly relieved after Joan had been killed, since she had brought so much success for the French army. She is a great role model for all young people.

:Terrific description of Joan of Arc. Very well done. Will use this as a model answer also.

:Perfect answers. One of the best in the class. 70/70. Congratulations!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:28, 15 March 2009 (EDT)

[[Category:World History lectures]]

House of Burgesses

2012-04-29T03:05:40Z

Billysharp:

The '''House of Burgesses''' was the first legislative body in the [[North America|American]] colonies, located in [[Jamestown]], the capital of the [[Virginia Colony]]. The House met for the first time on July 30, 1619 at a church. It grew to be a powerful political force, and many of the [[American Revolution]]ary leaders got their starts there, including [[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and [[Patrick Henry]].

see [[Histo<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>ry of Virginia]]

== Structure ==
The House of Burgesses was comprised of 22 members. The head was the governor of Virginia, who was appointed by the [[Virginia Company]] in [[London]]. The governor appointed his council of 6 members. The remaining 15 were elected by colonial property holders, and the members came from the large plantation owners. This group was known as the Lower House.

[[category:Colonial America]]
[[category:The South]]

Michael P. Farris

2012-04-29T03:05:11Z

Billysharp:

'''Michael Farris''' is the co-founder of the [[Homeschool Legal Defense Association]] (HSLDA) and first president of [[Patrick Henry]], a [[conservative]] [[Christian]] college. He co-founded HSLDA in 1983 with attorney [[Michael Smith]] and served as President of the organization from its begining until 2000, when Smith took the role. In 1996, he and his daughter Cristy, formed the [[National Christian Forensics and Communications Association]], the first homeschool debate league.
primary campaign.
[[Category: Biographies]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Farris, Micheal}}

Pre Modern Terms P

2012-04-29T03:04:59Z

Billysharp:

{{Premod Index}}

[[Panama Canal]]

[[Pancho Villa]]

[[Emmeline Pankhurst|Pankhurst, Emmeline]]

[[Plymouth Plantation]]

[[polygamy]]

[[William Prescot|Prescot, William]]

[[PRI]]

[[proletariat]]

[[protectorate]]

[[psychoanalysis]]

2011 Wisconsin capitol insurrection

2012-04-29T03:04:47Z

Billysharp:

The '''Wisconsin budget controversy''' of 2011 began when Democrats and Republicans sharply disagreed over the provisions of a budget bill in February. In a dramatic move, 14 Democratic legislators traveled to neighboring Illinois, out of reach of state troopers who could otherwise compel their attendance in a legislative session.<ref>"The state constitution says lawmakers can be compelled to attend floor sessions." [http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/116381289.html Democrats flee state to avoid vote on budget bill] - ''Milwaukee Wisconsin Journal Sentinel'' - Feb. 25, 2011 </ref><ref>"Wisconsin law doesn't allow police to arrest the lawmakers." [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/us_wisconsin_budget_unions Associated Press]</ref>

* The Democrats fled to a hotel in Urbana, Ill., to stop votes on the state budget and a slate of labor and education bills, including a "[[right to work]]" measure that would have banned all workplaces from requiring union membership or dues.<ref> [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-midwest-union-20110225,0,2444521.story Wisconsin Assembly approves controversial collective-bargaining measure]</ref>

* the bill "strips most [[collective bargaining]] rights for [[public employees]]." [http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_f9a6db08-4121-11e0-9afd-001cc4c002e0.html]

==Notes==
<references />
[[Category:United States Politics]]

LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberger and Associates, Inc.

2012-04-29T03:04:32Z

Billysharp:

This case presents a question to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] about [[ERISA]]:<ref>''LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberger & Associates, Inc.'', No. 06-856. Certiorari granted June 18, 2007. Ruling below: 450 F.3d 570 (4th Cir. 2006).</ref>

*Can an employee participating in a 401(k) plan recover damages under ERISA for lost economic growth in the plan if the fiduciary failed to make changes as directed by the employee?

== References ==

<references/>
[[category:US Supreme Court Cases]]