Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Ultimate fate of the universe

2012-03-04T13:21:04Z

AtheistMetal: /* Big Crunch */

The ultimate fate of the universe is a valid question because according to all models on the universe, the universe is finite, and will end.<ref name="religious">''When he opened the sixth seal, I looked, and behold, there was a great earthquake, and the sun became black as sackcloth, the full moon became like blood, and the stars of the sky fell to the earth as the fig tree sheds its winter fruit when shaken by a gale. The sky vanished like a scroll that is being rolled up, and every mountain and island was removed from its place. (Revelation 6:12–14)''</ref><ref name="bigbang>^ a b Lemaître, Georges (1927). "Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques". Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles A47: 49–56. Bibcode 1927ASSB...47...49L translated by A. S. Eddington: Lemaître, Georges (1931). "Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulæ". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 91: 483–490. Bibcode 1931MNRAS..91..483L</ref><ref name="static">Thomson, William. (1851). "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule’s equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault’s Observations on Steam." Excerpts. [§§1–14 & §§99–100], Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, March, 1851; and Philosophical Magazine IV. 1852, [from Mathematical and Physical Papers, vol. i, art. XLVIII, pp. 174]</ref> The only question logically, is what will happen at the end of the universe. There are many different scientific scenarios, and religious scenarios as well. When the Big Bang theory became the foremost explanation for the current state of the universe, the fate of the universe became a valid question.

Chuck Norris likes to do Rick Perry up the ass.

==Scientific theories==
There are three commonly accepted theories on how the universe will end. They are the Big crunch, where the universe collapses on itself, the Big Rip scenario, where acceleration destroys the bonding of atoms, and all matter decays, and the Heat death, where the universe reaches a maximum state of entropy.

===Big Crunch===
The Big Crunch theory is a symmetric view of the ultimate fate of the Universe. Just as the Big Bang started a cosmological expansion, this theory assumes that the average density of the universe is enough to stop its expansion and begin contracting. The end result is unknown; a simple estimation would have all the matter and space-time in the universe collapse into a dimensionless singularity, but at these scales unknown quantum effects need to be considered.
This scenadadddddddddddddddddddddd

===Big Rip===
In the special case of phantom dark energy, which has even more negative pressure than a simple cosmological constant, the density of dark energy increases with time, causing the rate of acceleration to increase, leading to a steady increase in the Hubble constant. As a result, all material objects in the universe, starting with galaxies and eventually, all forms, no matter how small, will disintegrate into unbound elementary particles and radiation, ripped apart by the phantom energy force and shooting apart from each other. The end state of the universe is a singularity, as the dark energy density and expansion rate becomes infinite. For a possible timeline based on current physical theories, see 1 E19 s and more. This universe will end approximately 100 billion years from now.
===Heat death===
After the Stelliferous Epoch, all hydrogen in the universe will be exhausted. Then, only remnants remain. After 10<sup>17</sup> billion years from now, [[protons]] will decay into a positron, and a pion. All particles will decay, leaving behind nothing but simple particles. The rate of entropy will be at a maximum, and nothing will interact ever again.

==Religious Views==
Most organized religions have a prophecy regarding the end of the universe, and of time itself. The 3 Abrahamic religions predict a "judgement day", while Buddhism follows a more "heat death" scenario.<ref>Jātaka 20:12-1 ''And the all will fall quiet, forever; all will reach nirvana, or perish in "naraka"''</ref> Others believe in an infinite "flat" universe, where everything is static<ref name="scientology">Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, Hubbard, Ron, L ''accessed 11/21/11</ref>

==Judeo-Christian-Islam==
The Abrahamic religions teach a judgement day, where the righteous will enter heaven, and the wicked, shall either be destroyed, or suffer for all eternity in hell.<ref>Revelations 21:8 ''But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death''</ref> Regarding the universe, the three religions agree that the universe will be destroyed, and replaced with a new earth, universe, and God will reign forever and ever.

==Buddhist-Hindu==
Buddhism and Hinduism teach that the universe will one day be devoid of life, and action. This is because the people will have escaped the cycle of life and death, desire, and suffering, and enter a state of nirvana. The wicked will suffer in naraka, for unimaginably long periods of time, but not forever.

==Fringe groups==
Certain fringe groups, such as Scientology, hold that the universe is static, and will never change.<ref name="scientology" /> Specifically, it states that all consciousness will follow the same pattern of birth and rebirth, forever.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Cosmology]]

Ultimate fate of the universe

2012-03-04T13:20:44Z

AtheistMetal: /* Backgroud */

The ultimate fate of the universe is a valid question because according to all models on the universe, the universe is finite, and will end.<ref name="religious">''When he opened the sixth seal, I looked, and behold, there was a great earthquake, and the sun became black as sackcloth, the full moon became like blood, and the stars of the sky fell to the earth as the fig tree sheds its winter fruit when shaken by a gale. The sky vanished like a scroll that is being rolled up, and every mountain and island was removed from its place. (Revelation 6:12–14)''</ref><ref name="bigbang>^ a b Lemaître, Georges (1927). "Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques". Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles A47: 49–56. Bibcode 1927ASSB...47...49L translated by A. S. Eddington: Lemaître, Georges (1931). "Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulæ". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 91: 483–490. Bibcode 1931MNRAS..91..483L</ref><ref name="static">Thomson, William. (1851). "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule’s equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault’s Observations on Steam." Excerpts. [§§1–14 & §§99–100], Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, March, 1851; and Philosophical Magazine IV. 1852, [from Mathematical and Physical Papers, vol. i, art. XLVIII, pp. 174]</ref> The only question logically, is what will happen at the end of the universe. There are many different scientific scenarios, and religious scenarios as well. When the Big Bang theory became the foremost explanation for the current state of the universe, the fate of the universe became a valid question.

Chuck Norris likes to do Rick Perry up the ass.

==Scientific theories==
There are three commonly accepted theories on how the universe will end. They are the Big crunch, where the universe collapses on itself, the Big Rip scenario, where acceleration destroys the bonding of atoms, and all matter decays, and the Heat death, where the universe reaches a maximum state of entropy.

===Big Crunch===
The Big Crunch theory is a symmetric view of the ultimate fate of the Universe. Just as the Big Bang started a cosmological expansion, this theory assumes that the average density of the universe is enough to stop its expansion and begin contracting. The end result is unknown; a simple estimation would have all the matter and space-time in the universe collapse into a dimensionless singularity, but at these scales unknown quantum effects need to be considered.
This scenario allows the Big Bang to be immediately after the Big Crunch of a preceding universe. If this occurs repeatedly, we have a cyclic model which is also known as a oscillatory universe. The universe could then consist of an infinite sequence of finite universes, each finite universe ending with a Big Crunch that is also the Big Bang of the next universe. Theoretically, the cyclic universe could not be reconciled with the second law of thermodynamics: entropy would build up from oscillation to oscillation and cause heat death. Other measurements suggested the universe is not closed. These arguments caused cosmologists to abandon the oscillating universe model. A somewhat similar idea is embraced by the cyclic model, but this idea evades heat death, because of an expansion of the branes that dilutes entropy accumulated in the previous cycle. In the big crunch, the universe will end approximately 30 billion years from now.
===Big Rip===
In the special case of phantom dark energy, which has even more negative pressure than a simple cosmological constant, the density of dark energy increases with time, causing the rate of acceleration to increase, leading to a steady increase in the Hubble constant. As a result, all material objects in the universe, starting with galaxies and eventually, all forms, no matter how small, will disintegrate into unbound elementary particles and radiation, ripped apart by the phantom energy force and shooting apart from each other. The end state of the universe is a singularity, as the dark energy density and expansion rate becomes infinite. For a possible timeline based on current physical theories, see 1 E19 s and more. This universe will end approximately 100 billion years from now.
===Heat death===
After the Stelliferous Epoch, all hydrogen in the universe will be exhausted. Then, only remnants remain. After 10<sup>17</sup> billion years from now, [[protons]] will decay into a positron, and a pion. All particles will decay, leaving behind nothing but simple particles. The rate of entropy will be at a maximum, and nothing will interact ever again.

==Religious Views==
Most organized religions have a prophecy regarding the end of the universe, and of time itself. The 3 Abrahamic religions predict a "judgement day", while Buddhism follows a more "heat death" scenario.<ref>Jātaka 20:12-1 ''And the all will fall quiet, forever; all will reach nirvana, or perish in "naraka"''</ref> Others believe in an infinite "flat" universe, where everything is static<ref name="scientology">Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, Hubbard, Ron, L ''accessed 11/21/11</ref>

==Judeo-Christian-Islam==
The Abrahamic religions teach a judgement day, where the righteous will enter heaven, and the wicked, shall either be destroyed, or suffer for all eternity in hell.<ref>Revelations 21:8 ''But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death''</ref> Regarding the universe, the three religions agree that the universe will be destroyed, and replaced with a new earth, universe, and God will reign forever and ever.

==Buddhist-Hindu==
Buddhism and Hinduism teach that the universe will one day be devoid of life, and action. This is because the people will have escaped the cycle of life and death, desire, and suffering, and enter a state of nirvana. The wicked will suffer in naraka, for unimaginably long periods of time, but not forever.

==Fringe groups==
Certain fringe groups, such as Scientology, hold that the universe is static, and will never change.<ref name="scientology" /> Specifically, it states that all consciousness will follow the same pattern of birth and rebirth, forever.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Cosmology]]

Universe

2012-03-04T13:19:28Z

AtheistMetal: /* Size */

Universe

2012-03-04T13:18:33Z

AtheistMetal: /* Age */

Universe

2012-03-04T13:18:04Z

AtheistMetal: /* Shape */

The '''universe''' is, in principle, all of material existence or natural things ([[matter]] and [[energy]]).
Therefore, everything outside of the universe is not natural or material, but supernatural (things going beyond nature).
However, in order to solve problems with naturalistic explanations of the the origin of the universe, some speculate that there are other universes.

There have been and continue to be a number of competing ideas about the universe, but most agree that the universe is expanding.
The size, shape, and age of the universe, as well as how it began, are, however, all points of contention.

=

== Age ==

Bishop [[James Ussher]] calculated the universe was created on October 23, 4004 BC. While this is not the only biblical chronology which has been developed, almost all chronologies give a creation date near 4000 BC.

This gives rise to the "[[Starlight problem|starlight problem]]" for some Christians, although there is nothing inherently illogical about the creation of light ''in situ'' to inform humanity of the existence of objects farther away than 6000 light-years. Believers in relativity have constructed a number of models which explain the age of the universe as being affected by the time-warping effects of gravity as predicted by [[Einstein]]'s [[General Theory of Relativity]], so that the age of the universe as measured by a hypothetical observer at the edge of the universe might be 14 billion years, but as measured by an observer on Earth is only 6,000 years.<ref>Batten, Don, et. al., [http://www.creationontheweb.com/images/pdfs/cabook/chapter5.pdf How can we see distant stars in a young universe?], chapter 5 of ''The Creation Answers Book'', 2007.</ref>

According to the [[Big Bang theory]], the universe erupted into existence from a highly compact singularity<ref>Discover magazine, in introducing the ideas of [[Alan Guth]], said, "The universe burst into something from absolutely nothing—zero, nada. And as it got bigger, it became filled with even more stuff that came from absolutely nowhere." Discover, April 2002.</ref><ref name="bigbang">[http://www.pbs.org/deepspace/timeline/] The creation of the universe came from a [[singularity]], not "nothing"</ref> approximately 13.7 billion years ago, and has been expanding ever since.

== Size ==

A recent calculation placed the visible universe at about 156 billion [[light year]]s across.<ref name="size">[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/mystery_monday_040524.html Universe Measured: We're 156 Billion Light-years Wide!] (Space.com)</ref>
This creates a dilemma of faster than light movement, but it is speculated that the expansion of space itself can exceed the [[speed of light]] even if the objects within it moving on their own can not.<ref name="size" />
As an analogy, imagine ants (galaxies), that can't walk faster than 20 centimetres per second, sitting on an elastic cord.
Normally two ants moving away from each other could not exceed a speed of 40cm/s relative to each other (speed of light).
However, if the cord is stretched while the ants are moving (expansion of space), the ants' speed relative to each other can be greater.

Current theories on the universe means that scientists are only able to account for 4% of the matter in the universe, so new theories of dark matter (unseen matter) have been developed to explain this.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20360059/ Where is the rest of the universe?]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ultimate fate of the universe]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.relativitycalculator.com/models_universe.shtml Early Models of the Universe]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Astronomy]]