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Sigmund Freud

2017-03-02T04:30:10Z

Assflysucksoffchimps:

[[Image:freud-thumb.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sigmund Freud in his study]]
'''Sigmund Freud''' (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[Atheism|atheist]] and [[scientist]]. Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history. He is also Ken Demeyer's masturbation fantasy if he doesn't have access to a chimpanzee or gorilla to suck off.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled [[Vienna]] and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939. Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

==Early life==
Born on May 6, 1856 as '''Sigismund Schlomo Freud'''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CkYxpgNybv0C&pg=PA11 Sigmund Freud: Explorer of the Unconscious]</ref> to Amalia and Jacob Freud.

== Religious studies==
Freud wrote two works on the psychological dimension of religion, ''Moses and Monotheism,'' and ''The Future of an Illusion.''<ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 49.</ref> Both, particularly the second, were attacks on religion.

== Theories ==
Today Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[repression]]; his symbolic interpretation of dreams; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the symbolic interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into [[unconscious desire]]s.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 See also The Unconscious Before Freud, by Lancelot Law Whyte, 1979]</ref>

Freud proposed that the human [[psyche]] consists of three parts -- [[ego]], [[super-ego]], and [[id]]—and that [[defense mechanism]]s are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. According to Freud's personality theory, the id represents the innate animal-like drives and instincts of the human being, consisting primarily of sexual and aggressive impulses. The super-ego consists of the learned rules and norms of the human being in their environment, derived from sources such as parental values, societal expectations, and religious teachings. When the id introduces impulses into the consciousness that are in conflict with the "rules" of the super-ego, anxiety can arise. For example, if one feels sexually attracted to the spouse of a family member, the super-ego promptly springs to action to remind us that these impulses are entirely unacceptable and offensive. The conflict between the id and the super-ego is thus born and the ego must resolve it or experience great anxiety.

Freud originally postulated childhood sexual abuse as the cause of neurosis.<ref>Masson, J. M. (1984). The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. page 187</ref><ref>Jones, E. (1953). Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Volume 1. London: Hogarth Press, p. 289</ref> But he retracted this theory and replaced it with the Oedipus complex in the 1890s.<ref>Gay, Peter (1988). Freud: A Life for Our Time, Norton, page 96.</ref>

== Science issues==
Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963)</ref> Adolf Grünbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grünbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>Grünbaum, Adolf, ''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'' (pp 320-321)</ref> Hans Eysenck has said that Freud's theories are falsifiable and therefore are a science, although an incorrect one.<ref>Eysenck, Hans ''Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire'' Transaction Publishers page 14</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy. As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy.<ref>(Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006).</ref> Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are:
*''talk therapy'' (simply talking through problems),
*''free association'' (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and
*''transference'' (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology|clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other ''talk therapies''.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref> Freud may have been aware of his work being damaging and unscientific, as he mentioned to a fellow immigrant on the way to America that "[Freud] was bringing [the West/America] the plague," in reference to his work.<ref>"We are bringing them the plague." -Freud on his way to America in 1909. Quoted in Richard Noll, The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 47.</ref>

On the other hand, Freud's debunkers declare his "cures" to be the product of [[wishful thinking]] and ''conscious fudging'' as well as to suffer from usage of [[circular logic]]. Peter D. Kramer, a psychiatrist and author of a biography of Freud maintains that every particular of Freudian psychology such as the universality of the Oedipus complex, penis envy, and infantile sexuality, is wrong. Even Freud's most orthodox adherents do not defend his entire body of work in all its details.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freud in Our Midst |author=Jerry Adler |publisher=newsweek.com |date=March 26, 2006 7:00 PM |url=http://www.newsweek.com/freud-our-midst-106495 |accessdate=December 25, 2013 |quote=}}</ref>

==World War II==
In order to prevent [[Nazis]] from banning psychoanalysis as "Jewish science", Sigmund Freud thought he needed a non-Jewish spokesperson for the psychoanalysis movement. He choose [[Carl Jung]], an early supporter who later partially diverged from Freud's [[psychiatric]] theories.

==Death==
Freud passed away on September 23, 1939, at the age of 83.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9duCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 Sigmund Freud]</ref>

==Personal life==
Freud had six children. Had a vasectomy in 1923 on the belief that it would bring him physical and mental rejuvenation.<ref>http://www.theturekclinic.com/freuds-vasectomy/</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anna Freud]]
* [[Edward Bernays]], nephew

== External links ==

*[http://www.jewishmag.com/71mag/freud/freud.htm The Jewish Side of Freud.]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Sigmund}}
[[Category:Psychologists]]
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Anti-American]]
[[Category:European Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish People]]
[[Category:Liberal Authors]]

Chimpanzee

2017-03-02T04:26:41Z

Assflysucksoffchimps:

{{Taxonomy
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|image=Chimpanzee.jpg
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|phylum=Chordata
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|subtribe=Panina
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|genus=Pan
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|species=P. troglodytes<br/>P. paniscus
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|sub=P. t. troglodytes<br/>P. t. verus<br/>P. t. vellerosus<br/>P. t. schweinfurthii
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'''Chimpanzee''' is the common name for the two extant species in the genus ''Pan'': the common chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''), living primarily in West and Central Africa; and the [[Bonobo]] or pygmy chimpanzee (''Pan paniscus''), found in the forests of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The Congo River forms the boundary between the two species. [[Andrew Schlafly]] and his minion, Ken Demeyer, are known to give chimps blow jobs with regularity.

The name "chimpanzee", adopted by Europeans in 1738, derives from the Bantu ''kivili-chimpenze'' ("mock man").

==Physiology==
A full grown adult male chimpanzee can weigh from 35-70 kilograms (75-155 pounds) and stand 0.9-1.2 meters (3–4 feet) tall, while females usually weigh 26–50 kg (57-110 pounds) and stand 0.66–1 meters (2.0-3.5 feet) tall.

Chimpanzees have both opposable big toes and opposable thumbs. Most primates have nine wrist bones. Humans, chimps and gorillas have eight; two have fused, stabilising the wrist for knuckle-walking.

==Lifespan==
Chimpanzees rarely live past the age of 50 in the wild, but have been known to reach the age of 60 in captivity, and ''Tarzan'' star Cheeta is still alive (as of 2006) at the age of 74.

==Social organization==
Chimps travel in small, frequently-changing groups. Larger groups gather around food or an attractive female. Different groups use different tools. Some "fish" for termites with twigs; others crack nuts with rocks or sharpen spears with their teeth to hunt bush-babies.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6387611.stm</ref>

Males co-operate in hunting and share meat afterwards. Although chimps like meat, it forms only 2% of their diet. Bonobos rarely eat it, and both species prefer fruit. Hunts mainly happen during food shortages or for mating displays.

Angry chimps stand upright, swagger, charge, scream and throw things. Grins usually show fear. Social grooming helps maintain calm and friendly relations. Males from neighboring communities are aggressive with each other.

==Chimpanzee differences==
Anatomical differences between Common and Pygmy Chimpanzees are slight, but in [[sex]]ual and social behavior there are marked differences. Common Chimpanzees have an [[omnivore|omnivorous]] [[diet (nutrition)|diet]], a troop [[predation|hunting]] culture based on beta males led by an [[alpha male]], and highly complex social relationships. Bonobos, on the other hand, have a mostly [[herbivorous]] diet and an [[egalitarian]], [[matriarchal]], sexually receptive behavior. The exposed skin of the face, hands and feet varies from pink to very dark in both species, but is generally lighter in younger individuals, darkening as maturity is reached. Bonobos have longer arms and tend to walk upright more often than the Common Chimpanzee.{{fact}}

Among bonobos, females have low-key dominance, priority over eating and solidarity against male aggression. Bonobos use sex in all its permutations to alleviate tension or for appeasement; it’s casual and quick (average 13 seconds) and not necessarily driven by orgasm or reproduction. Anything that arouses the interest of more than one bonobo results in sexual contact. Unlike common chimps, bonobos often have sex face to face. Despite constant sexual activity, reproductive rates are similar to common chimps. Males stay near their mothers all their lives. High-ranking males are usually sons of important females.<ref>http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/chimpanzees/</ref>

==Chimp intelligence==
Chimps can recognise themselves in a mirror, vocalise and show similar nonverbal communication patterns to humans. Young chimps laugh when playful or being tickled. They appear to express emotions. Individuals identify themselves with distinctive sounds. Chimpanzees don’t have the physiology for speech, but can learn some human language – Washoe learned over 800 ASL signs in the 1960s – though without [[grammar]], syntax or words with variable meaning. Some people compare the usage of ASL by chimpanzees to a [[parrot]] speaking due to both animals not really understanding what they are communicating.

Chimp and human brain and CNS anatomy, blood composition and immune response are similar. Many behaviors are similar. However, chimps don’t share history, make long-term plans, or engage in group discussions. The brightest chimp is intellectually duller than a normal human. A form of neuropsin, a protein with a role in learning and memory, believed by evolutionists to have originated less than 5 million years ago, is expressed only in humans.

In tests performed by scientists, chimpanzees were shown to not understand that a human needs to be facing the chimpanzees in order to see them. These results indicate that the intellectual chasm between chimpanzees and humans is larger than previously believed.

==Chimps and HIV==
HIV may have originated in chimpanzees when they ate monkeys infected with a simian virus, which mutated. This increases the urgency of preserving chimps in their habitat, although commercial logging, bushmeat and the illegal pet trade have put chimps at risk of extinction.<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/hiv/dn1991</ref>

==Are chimpanzees related to humans?==
The genus ''Pan'' is now considered to be part of the subfamily [[Hominidae]] to which [[human]]s also belong. [[Theory of evolution|Evolutionary]] [[Biology|biologists]] believe that the two species of chimpanzees are the closest living [[evolution]]ary relatives to humans. It is thought that humans shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees and gorillas as recently as [[Pliocene|four]] to [[Miocene|seven million years ago]]. Groundbreaking research by [[Mary-Claire King]] in 1973 found 99% identical [[DNA]] between human beings and chimpanzees,<ref>Mary-Claire King, ''Protein polymorphisms in chimpanzee and human evolution'', Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley (1973).</ref> although research since has modified that finding to about 94% commonality,<ref name=ns>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=9D0DAC2B-E7F2-99DF-3AA795436FEF8039 |date = 2006-12-19 | title = Humans and Chimps: Close But Not That Close | publisher = Scientific American | accessdate = 2006-12-20}}</ref> with at least some of the difference occurring in "junk" DNA. It has even been proposed that ''troglodytes'' and ''paniscus'' belong with ''sapiens'' in the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'', rather than in ''Pan''. One argument for this is that other species have been reclassified to belong to the same genus on the basis of less genetic similarity than that between humans and chimpanzees. Indeed, cladistic taxonomy, based on both genetic difference and date of likely divergence, is very clear in placing both extant species of ''Pan'' in the genus ''Homo'', mainly because the genus ''Homo'' takes precedence on account of being coined first. It is very important, however, to consider where the differences in the genome appear.<ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061219201931.htm</ref>

Most biologists hold the view that chimpanzees and humans share a close common ancestor due to molecular, morphological, physiological, geographical and behavioral similarities. Although in some cases [[convergent evolution]] makes for such similarities in distantly related organisms the similarities between humans and chimps include neutral genetic markers that could not be subject to convergent evolution.<ref>A. Hobolth et al. (2007) Genomic relationships and speciation times of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla inferred from a coalescent hidden Markov model. ''PLOS Genetics'' '''23:'''e7</ref>

A study published by Clark and Nielsen of [[Cornell University]] in the December 2003 issue of the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' highlights differences related to one of humankind's defining qualities – the ability to understand [[language]] and to communicate through speech. These macro-phenotypic differences, however, may owe less to physiology than might be assumed given that ''Homo sapiens'' developed modern cultural features long after the modern physiological features were in place and indeed competed averagely against other species of ''Homo'' with regard to tools, etc. for many millennia. Differences also exist in the genes for smell, in genes that regulate the metabolism of amino acids and in genes that may affect the ability to digest various proteins.

===Fossils===
Many [[Human evolution|human fossils]] have been found, but chimpanzee fossils were not described until 2005. Existing chimpanzee populations in West and Central Africa do not overlap with the major human fossil sites in East Africa. However, chimpanzee fossils have now been reported from [[Kenya]]. The [[Theory of evolution|evolutionist]] researchers who discovered them asserted: "These fossils, from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya, show that representatives of ''Pan'' were present in the East African Rift Valley during the Middle Pleistocene, where they were contemporary with an extinct species of ''Homo''.".<ref>McBrearty, S. and N. G. Jablonksi (2005), "First fossil chimpanzee," ''Nature'' '''437'''(7055):105-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/ Entrez PubMed], search on PMID 16136135</ref>

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:Hominid]]