Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Debate:Is a candidate's military record relevant anymore?

2019-08-05T13:17:20Z

Ascheer: Removing non-relevant text.

Look at recent elections. 1992: Bill Clinton (draft dodger) beats George Bush (combat veteran). 1996: Bill Clinton (draft doger) beats Bob Dole (wounded combat veteran). 2000: George W. Bush (draft dodger) beats Al Gore (veteran, did not see combat). 2004: George Bush (draft dodger) beats John Kerry (wounded combat veteran). Now in 2008 John McCain (former POW) is lagging behind Obama (never served). Are voters now more interested in a candidate's political record than their time in the military? [[User:CraigC|CraigC]] 09:56, 7 September 2008 (EDT)

==RELEVANCY==
It is always a mistake to make broad assertions and generalizations based on stereotypes and prejudices. Especially when they contain errors based on a political misinformation campaign. The error of calling George W. Bush a draft dodger when he actually served in the Air National Guard. Or the incomplete assertion that names John Kerry as a wounded combat veteran without also mentioning his anti-military actions such as calling all American forces in Viet Nam as being war criminals. These differences in military service did make an impact on the elections. The relevance is especially pronounced to anyone who has ever served in the military or even had a family member that served. It also is relevant to the voter who sees their military service being belittled, slandered, lied about, or shown contempt for by those people who've never served their country. In the current election it has been attempted repeatedly to make John McCains military service record irrelevant since his opponent never served in the military. Which it looks to be as one of the goals of this debate, by the way. Everything is relevant in any election.--[[User:Roopilots6|Roopilots6]] 09:07, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

:Correct, everything is relevant, but that does not answer the question as to what /ought/ be relevant. I think military service certainly helps, but it's not the end all be all that McCain wants it to be. Soldiers are people first, and people are fallible; there are bad soldiers just as there are bad people and pointing that out (such as when Kerry went before Congress) isn't a bad thing at all. The point? Serving your country doesn't make you better or worse than anyone else, it just adds variety. [[User:Jirby|Jirby]] 09:39, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

::So then the addition of military service record as variety in an election is relevant. But then you say it is irrelevant in that it doesn't make you a better or worse candidate. So which one is it to be, relevant or irrelevant?--[[User:Roopilots6|Roopilots6]] 10:20, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

:::Do you not read? Indeed, EVERYTHING is relevant; that's the way things are, but here's the kicker, that says nothing of what /ought/ be relevant. Palin's daughter, for example, was highly relevant in the days after the story broke about her being pregnant, but it shouldn't have ever been broken in the first place: Bristol isn't going to be the vice president, and what happened to McCain in Vietnam doesn't suddenly make him a superior leader because Obama /hasn't/ served in the military. [[User:Jirby|Jirby]] 10:25, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

:::So you say it is irrelevant. But you also say everything is relevant. Here is my point to you. I served in the military for thirteen years. I know it made me a better person. I also know that for some people it will bring out the bad characteristics in them. Any hardship or challenge will do this and the challenges faced during a persons military service are very relevant towards their future tasks. To those who have a contempt for military service I doubt will be able to recognize what that relevance is for a candidate. You just get it, or you don't. It is an individual stance and not a collective one.--[[User:Roopilots6|Roopilots6]] 10:45, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

::::You seem to be not getting this on purpose, and now I am becoming annoyed but I shall persevere: Anything that can be reported is relevant, insofar as people will read/listen to it, I.e., Bristol's pregnancy. However, ''OUGHT'' it be relevant; should it really matter? The answer is no, not everything ''ought'' be relevant. When we're talking about McCain's military record being relevant, it is to a ''degree'', however, it isn't relevant as pitched by McCain et al; it's not the only relevant thing. If McCain had his way, then his military record is the only thing necessary to run President of the United States, but it's not; it's one of many areas that demonstrate the character and integrity of the person in question. McCain served his country, Barack served his community. Is there a difference? Maybe a superficial one. The Military is just another job; you can attach as much symbolism and meaning to that job as you want, but do the cold steely eyes of logic (and more importantly, God), a soldier is no different than a plumber; they are both but men.

::::I also disagree with the rather subtle assertion that I or anyone else have contempt for the military (for why else would you bother mentioning it?) simply because we disagree that McCain's service record necessarily makes him the second coming. You're 'you either get it or you don't' statement isn't even an argument; if we disagree we don't get it, whatever. That is essentially saying "if you argue you're wrong!" Well, denied. I'm a future marine, but just because that is the case doesn't mean I think all marines would make good presidents simply because they are marines. That's called a circle. [[User:Jirby|Jirby]] 13:00, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

:::::I wasn't being subtle, but if it fits then go with it. If you think that the difference between community service and military service is merely a superficial one then this dialogue has just entered the realm of irrelevancy. I'm supposing you mean circular reasoning. So that's all I got to say about that.--[[User:Roopilots6|Roopilots6]] 17:44, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

::::::So you disagree? If so, then please, I enjoy these sort of discussions, though not when the other participant gives the equivalent of a throwing-their-hands-in-the-air response.[[User:Jirby|Jirby]] 19:32, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

In a debate, when you've gone off topic and start focusing on the person you're debating with then you've already lost that debate. If you have anything "relevant" that relates to the topic then go ahead and type it down.--[[User:Roopilots6|Roopilots6]] 09:15, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

==Depends==
I think the relevancy of the military record of a candidate depends on his role in the war. If the person was a regular soldier (I am not familiar with rank so excuse the layman's language, I believe it is the rank of Private, but am not sure) then honestly, no I don't think it does. I am not in anyway trying to lessen the sacrifice that privates make in battle; I respect them 100% for the sacrifices they make. These sacrifices, however, do not necessarily translate into superior ability to be commander in chief. A private in the military makes no strategical decisions in the larger picture, that is the job of majors, generals etc. A commander in chief is chiefly concerned with overall strategy. Thus a private really has no greater advantage in this situation. If the candidate, however, was a a major or general or some other strategical position, then yes, in the context of commander in chief, it does matter. That record as a strategy decider, however, cannot be the only attribute that makes a candidate successful. Being commander in chief is only one of the many responsibilities of a president. In a way, it is almost of slightly lesser importance (before you all scream, hear me out). As commander in chief, the president (once in a declared war in congress) has the ultimate authority on strategy. Thus he can listen to his advisors and generals and such, make a decision, and have it enacted. Domestic and foreign policy, however, must go through congress. A president needs tremendous political skill to work a plan through congress (vis a vis FDR). In policy decisions, the president must work with congress and satisfy congress. In military strategy, the president has practically free reign. My 2 cents --[[User:AndrasK|AndrasK]] 19:28, 8 September 2008 (EDT)

:There used to be a thing called the art of character building. Whether you started out as a regular enlisted rank or a wet behind the ears 0fficer just out of some elitest college didn't matter a lick. What you do with what you have does. Showing progress and staying out of trouble is more relevant than the worthless opinion of an elitest establishment looking down their collective noses at the lowly enlisted ranks. Let me repeat what I've already said before in the vain hope of it leaving an impression on someone. Unless you've actually served in the military, you really don't understand the level of sacrifice being offered by those serving or having served in the military. You will never understand the relevance it will give you in understanding others sacrifice in going into harms way today, tommorow or even past conflicts. If you think community service is like military service then you've proven my point. Progressing through the ranks and obtaining an Honorable Discharge is more relevant than to whether they obtained a high enough rank to qualify for an executive position. A candidate for any job will be asked what type of discharge and what rank was obtained. In the position of President of the United States of America, the Commander in Chief never has free reign with military strategy. The Chiefs of Staff will outline the choices to be made, A through Z, which the Commander in Chief then chooses from. Only dictators, or monarchs have free reign in such matters. Thank God we live in a Republic here in the U.S.A.--[[User:Roopilots6|Roopilots6]] 10:00, 11 September 2008 (EDT)
[[Category:Conservapedia Debates]]

California high speed rail

2019-08-05T12:32:31Z

Ascheer: Update to some work already made

#REDIRECT [[Proposed_High_Speed_Rail_lines]]

Proposed High Speed Rail lines

2019-08-05T12:29:38Z

Ascheer:

'''Proposed High Speed Rail lines''' plans in the USA started in 1965 with the High-Speed Ground Transportation Act. The Metroliner that runs between Boston and Washington DC was the first high speed service. High-speed rail is usually defined as over 110 miles per hour. Here is a list of some future plans.

==California==
CA Proposition 1A, passed in November 2008 authorized a high-speed rail line from San Francisco to Los Angeles through the Central Valley. <ref name=" CA High speed rail”> https://www.spur.org/news/2018-03-28/california-high-speed-rail-under-construction-and-moving-forward </ref>. The plan was to use dedicated, grade separated tracks with speeds up to 220 miles per hour, and would attract 28 million passengers per year. The intent was for the line to pay for at least the operating costs. Construction began in 2015, before the route plan was completed and all approvals had been secured. The price continued to increase from the originally forecast 33.6 billion in 2008 to between 63.2 billion and 98.1 billion dollars, and the schedule was delayed by many years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/editorials/needed-someone-brave-enough-to-stop-californias-crazy-train|title=Someone brave enough to stop California's crazy train.|accessdate=2019-08-05}}</ref> In 2019, Governor Gavin Newsom announced that the project would be cut back to just the Central Valley, despite the money already sunk into the project and that this line would not provide as many positive impacts travelling from the relatively small cities of Bakersfield and Merced, only a 2.5 hour drive already. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2019/2/13/what-is-the-problem-for-which-california-high-speed-rail-is-the-solution|title=The California High-Speed Train that Wasn’t: The Opportunity Cost of Megaprojects|accessdate=2019-08-05}}</ref>

== New York State==
New York already has high-speed rail between Albany-Rensselaer and New York City Future plans include using the NYS thruway I90 right of way to provide high-speed passenger train travel to Buffalo NY, Niagara Falls NY and maybe to the PA state line. <ref name=" NYS High speed rail”> https://www.dot.ny.gov/content/delivery/Main-Projects/S93751-Home/S93751--Repository/ECHSR_Public_Hearing_Brochure.pdf </ref>

==Northwest and North Central==
Future plans for a High-speed rail line from Chicago IL to Portland OR and Seattle WA. Part of this plan is to locate some of the high-speed rail lines in the proposed [[Proposed_interstate_highways#Interstate_98 |I98 right of way]] starting where new I98 crosses the existing Amtrak rails in MN and rejoining the existing rails near I15 in MT; if Western section of the I98 Interstate highway is built.

== Pennsylvania==
Future high-speed rail between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh are planned as part of the Keystone Corridor. High-speed rail services already exist between Philadelphia and Harrisburg.

==Southeast==
Plans for extending the high-speed rails used by the Metroliner from Washington DC to Atlanta GA and Jacksonville FL are in the works. <ref name=" Next step in long overdue Southeast High-Speed Rail line”> https://www.newsobserver.com/opinion/op-ed/article35617335.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists]]
[[Category:Rail Transport in the United States]]

Countries of the world - Gross Domestic Product per capita

2019-08-05T11:53:25Z

Ascheer: Removed vandalism, added description.

'''[[Gross domestic product]]''' (GDP) per capita, measures the purchasing power parity (PPP) value of all final goods and services produced within a country in year, divided by the population for the same year. This is the measure that economists use to compare living conditions and resources across countries.

Countries of the world by their [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) per capita.
[[File:Hansabanka Riga.jpg|thumb|240px|Hansabanka, Riga, [[Latvia]].]]
* [[Qatar]]
* [[Liechtenstein]]
* [[Luxembourg]]
* [[United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Singapore]]
* [[Norway]]
* [[Kuwait]]
* [[United States]]
* [[Brunei]]
* [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Switzerland]]
* [[Netherlands]]
* [[Canada]]
* [[Australia]]
* [[Austria]]
* [[Sweden]]
* [[Bermuda]] (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) cfr: CIA World Factbook (2010)
* [[Jersey]] (British Overseas Crown Dependency) cfr: CIA World Factbook (2010)

== External links ==

*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html Country Comparison: GDP - per capita (PPP).]

[[Category:Economics]]

Preakness

2019-08-04T01:18:59Z

Ascheer: Last of the Triple Crown

The '''Preakness Stakes''' is a [[horse racing|horse race]] at the Pimlico Race Course in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]. It was first run in 1873. It is one of horse racing's [[Triple Crown]], along with the [[Kentucky Derby]] and the Belmont Stakes.

==External links==
*[https://www.preakness.com/ www.preakness.com]

[[Category:Horse Racing]]

Belmont Stakes

2019-08-04T01:12:47Z

Ascheer: New Horse Racing Page

The '''Belmont Stakes''' is a [[horse racing|horse race]] held each year in June in Elmont, [[New York]]. The first race was in 1867 and it is a 1.5 mile race for 3 year old horses. It is a part of horse racing's [[Triple Crown]], along with the Preakness Stakes and the [[Kentucky Derby]].

==External links==
*[https://www.belmontstakes.com/ www.belmontstakes.com]

[[Category:Horse Racing]]

History of Scotland

2019-08-04T00:58:29Z

Ascheer: Mistake in Formatting

The '''History of Scotland''' stretches to prehistoric times, and includes major social, economic, cultural, religious and political themes. Since 1707 the diplomatic history and most of the political history has been part of British history.

==Early cultures==
A multitude of tribes and invaders occupied parts of Scotland over the century. After the 8th century BC, Celtic culture and language spread into Scotland. The [[Iron age]] brought numerous hill forts, brochs, crannogs and fortified settlements. The earliest known inhabitants were the Caledonians or Picts, who occupied most of the land north of the firths of Forth and Clyde. In the southwest were Britons, related to the Welsh. An Irish colony was planted in Argyll about 500 AD, and the Angles reached the southeast from Germany about the same time. Scandinavians came to almost all the shores of Scotland between the 8th and 11th centuries and settled in the north and west. Some Normans and Flemings arrived in the 12th century. There was always some movement between Ireland and Scotland, and a great wave of Irish immigrants came in the 19th century. Likewise, there was always some movement between England and Scotland, and between Scotland and the [[British Empire]], with large migrations to [[Colonial America]] and later to Canada and Australia.

==Roman Scotland==
The first detailed written histories of Scotland began with the arrival of the [[Roman Empire]]. In 43 AD, the Romans invaded Britain, and quickly advanced into what is now [[England]] and [[Wales]]. Gradually, Roman control moved north into the Southern areas of modern Scotland. [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|Agricola]] became Governor of Britain in 78 AD, and set out conquer the whole of the island the Romans called ''Albion''. In 84, Agricola defeated the Caledonian tribes but the romans failed to conquer the north districts. After Agricola returned to Rome in 85, most of his forts were abandoned and the Romans pulled back to England. [[Hadrian's Wall]] marked the boundary. Emperor Antonine advanced the frontier north and in 142 AD built Antonine's Wall; it lasted only 24 years before the Romans retreated to Hadrian's Wall. However, the walls failed to stop raids by the Picts; the Romans responded by forming alliances with many tribes in southern Scotland. By 410 AD the Romans had left the British Isles for good.

==Medieval period==
===Christian missionaries===
Although there was some earlier missionary work, the conversion of the Scottish people dates from the arrival of St. Columba in 563 AD. This was part of a major migration of Christian Scots from northern Ireland, where Christianity had been well established for a century. Columba's base was his monastery on the island of Iona. Columba reached beyond his own people the Scots and converted the king of the Picts at Inverness. The Irish style of Christianity differed in organization and liturgy from the English varierty that was working its way northward from Kent. At the Synod of Whitby (663 AD) the king of Northumbria, after listening to the advocates of the rival rites, decided in favor of the Roman rites. The Scots went along, and Iona finally agreed about 720 AD. The substitution of Roman for Irish religious ties had a profound effect on Scotland, for it drew the country more closely into the mainstream of European civilization.

===Politics===

About 840AD the Celtic King Kenneth I (reigned 843-58) united the tribal Picts and the Scots and formed a kingdom in central Scotland. Later kings expanded the realm to include Strathclyde and Lothian. This Celtic monarchy lasted until Macbeth's bloody reign ended (1057); he was killed and replaced by Malcolm III. Under Malcolm and his successors, especially King David I (reigned 1124–53), Scotland became an organized feudal state.

===Wars with England===

The First Scottish War of Independence, Scotland had to fight against the Kingdom of England and was a defining part of its history. William Wallace defeated English armies in 1297 at the Battle of Sterling Bridge. The war continued and English forces defeated the Scottish Army at the Battle of Falkirk, but they could not subdue all of Scotland. There was a truce in 1304 after the fall of Stirling Castle. Later, in 1314, Robert Bruce defeated and pushed the English out of Scotland at the Battle of Bannockburn.

==Reformation==
Inspired by theologian [[John Knox]] (1510-1572), the Scottish Reformation made the nation Calvinist, with a strong Presbyterian Church. The Protestant [[Church of Scotland]] was formed in the mid-16th century by Knox and the Protestant Lords of the Congregation. When Mary I became Queen in 1553 Knox fled to Switzerland, where he was strongly influenced by the Calvinist theology of [[John Calvin]] of Geneva; he sent many letters and pamphlets back to Scotland in returned in 1559. In 1560, the Scottish Parliament formally rejected Papal jurisdiction. Until the late 20th century Protestantism—especially of the Presbyterian variety—has been a central value for most Scots, helping shape their identity and way of thinking.<ref>Scotland has some Catholics living in remote areas, and some Episcopalians, such as [[William Gladstone]]. The arrival of Irish Catholics in the 19th century added a Catholic element.</ref>

See [[Church of Scotland]].

==Union==
In 1603, James VI King of Scotland also took the throne of England as King [[James I of England]]. He was the first of the Stuart dynasty that ruled England until 1714. With the exception of a short period under [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell's Protectorate]] (1653–58), Scotland remained a separate entity but shared the same king with England.

There was considerable conflict between the crown and the [[Covenanters]] over the form of [[Church of Scotland|church government]]. After the 1688 overthrow of the Catholic James II by [[William and Mary]], Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from that of England. The English responded a stick and a carrot. The stick was the Alien Act of 1705, which provided that estates held by Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as alien property, making inheritance much less certain. It also had an embargo on the import of Scottish products into England and English colonies - about half of Scotland's trade, covering sectors such as linen, cattle and coal. The carrot was a provision that the Alien Act would be suspended if the Scots entered into negotiations. Another carrot was the promise of money to refund Scottish losses on the ill-fated Darien scheme of building a colony in Central America. The Scota agreed, and the '''Act of Union''' in 1707 uniting the two countries as the "Kingdom of Great Britain". For the next 150 years Scotland had little voice in British government; it produced one minor Prime Minister, Lord Bute (1762–63).

==Jacobites==
The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Catholic districts of the Highlands. Two major Jacobite risings were launched from the Highlands in 1715 and 1745. The first failed at once. The 1745 uprising, led by "The Young Pretender", collapsed with the defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746.

==Precursor to the Industrial Revolution==
When Scotland ratified the 1707 Act of Union, it was an economic backwater. Union gave Scotland access to England's global marketplace, triggering an economic and cultural boom transforming a land of only 1.3 million people into a modern society, and opening up a cultural and social revolution. German Sociologist [[Max Weber]] credited the Calvinist "Protestant Ethic," involving hard work and a sense of divine predestination, for the entrepreneurial spirit of the Scots. Others credit the educational system, especially its leading universities and medical faculties at Edinburgh and Glasgow. The 18th century [[Scottish Enlightenment]], embodied by such brilliant thinkers as [[Francis Hutcheson]], [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Hume]], paved the way for the modernization of Scotland and [[Atlantic History|the entire Atlantic world]]. Hutcheson, the father of the Scottish Enlightenment, championed political liberty and the right of popular rebellion against tyranny. Smith, in his monumental ''Wealth of Nations'' (1776), advocated liberty in the sphere of commerce and the global economy. Hume developed philosophical concepts that directly influenced [[James Madison]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]] and thus the U.S. Constitution. In 19th century Britain, the Scottish Enlightenment, as popularized by Dugald Stewart, became the basis of classical liberalism. At the University of Glasgow, [[James Watt]] perfected the crucial technology of the Industrial Revolution: the steam engine. The "democratic" camp meeting found a home in the [[Second Great Awakening]] in the United States.

In time, the union resulted in obvious economic benefits. Scottish ports, especially those on the Clyde, began to import tobacco from America, and, in order to meet the demand of the colonists for manufactured goods, Scottish industries, especially linen-manufacturing, were developed. The British monopoly of the tobacco trade came to an end with the [[American Revolution]], but Scottish industrial growth continued. Scotland strongly supported the Empire in the American Revolutionary wars, and in the wars against [[Napoleon]], laying to rest the fears of dissension.

==Industrial Revolution==
During the and the [[Industrial Revolution]], Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of the British Empire. Beginning about 1790 the most important industry in the west of Scotland became textiles, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until the American Civil War in 1861 cut off the supplies of raw cotton; the industry never recovered. However, by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources. The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron (1828) had revolutionized the [[Steel industry|Scottish iron industry]], and Scotland became a center for engineering, shipbuilding, and locomotive construction. Toward the end of the 19th century steel production largely replaced iron production. [[Andrew Carnegie]] left Scotland as a lad, made his fortune in Pittsburg steel, then spent much of his time and philanthropy in Scotland.

==Urban vs rural==
For all the romanticisation of Scotland and its misty historic mountain roots by romantic novelists led by [[Walter Scott]], Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800. The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44% of the population. The technological climate of the times, embodied in the innovative dynamism of steam power, had special resonance for Scotland, given the dramatic success of heavy engineering by the 1890s. Liberalism emerged from this background, the free-trade sentiments and forthright individualism of entrepreneurs coalescing with the radical emphasis on education and self-reliance as a means of community betterment. Despite political challenges, especially by the 1900s, these distinctive liberal values remained strong.<ref>McCaffrey, ''Scotland in the Nineteenth Century'' (1998)</ref>

Agriculture, too, had been much improved after the union, and standards remained high, though after the middle of the 19th century, when Britain adopted a free trade policy, food imports had very adverse effects on local agriculture. The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns were notoriously bad. The traditional landed interests was not overwhelmed politically by the fast-growing industrial middle classes for the electoral changes engendered by reform were less far-reaching in Scotland than in England. The landed interests managed to ensure that the political weight of numbers was skewed disproportionately in their favour. The unequal concentration of land ownership remained an emotional subject, of enormous importance to the vexed question of the Highland economy, and eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism.

==20th century==
The disadvantage of concentration on heavy industry became apparent after World War I, for other countries were themselves being industrialized and were no longer markets for Scottish products. Within Britain itself there was also more centralization, and industry tended to drift to the south, leaving Scotland on a neglected fringe. The entire period between the world wars was one of economic depression, of which the worldwide [[Great Depression]] of 1929-1939 was the most acute phase. The economy reviived with munitions production during World War II. After 1945, however, the older heavy industries continued to decline and the government has given financial encouragement to many new industries, ranging from atomic power and petrochemical production to light engineering. The economy has thus become more diversified and therefore stabler.

==Bibliography==

===References===
* Donaldson, Gordon and Robert S. Morpeth. ''A Dictionary of Scottish History.'' (1977).
* Donnachie, Ian and George Hewitt. ''Dictionary of Scottish History.'' (2001). 384 pp.
* Ewan, Elisabeth et al. eds. ''The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women: From the Earliest Times to 2004. '' (2006)
* Lynch, Michael, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History.'' (2007). 732 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Companion-Scottish-History-Paperback-Reference/dp/0199234825/ref=pd_bbs_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202065206&sr=8-12 excerpt and text search]
* McNeill, Peter G.B. and Hector L. MacQueen, eds. ''Atlas of Scottish History to 1707.'' Edinburgh: The Scottish Medievalists and Department of Geography, 1996.
* Panton, Kenneth J. and Keith A. Cowlard. ''Historical Dictionary of the United Kingdom. Vol. 2: Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.'' (1998). 465 pp.

===General histories===

* Houston, R.A. and W. Knox (eds), ''New Penguin History of Scotland'', (2001).
* Mackie, J. D., Bruce Lenman, and Geoffrey Parker. ''A History of Scotland'' (1984) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Scotland-Penguin/dp/0140136495/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* MacLean, Fitzroy, and Magnus Linklater. '' Scotland: A Concise History'' (2nd ed. 2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Scotland-Concise-History-Fitzroy-MacLean/dp/0500282331/ref=pd_bbs_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202065206&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Magnusson, Magnus. ''Scotland: The Story of a Nation.'' (2001). 752 pp.
* Mitchison, Rosalind. ''A History of Scotland'' Routledge: 3rd ed 2002, 468pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102814853 online edition]
* Paterson, Judy, and Sally J. Collins. ''The History of Scotland for Children'' (2000)
* Smout, T.C., ''A History of the Scottish People'', 1969
* Tabraham, Chris, and Colin Baxter. ''The Illustrated History of Scotland'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1932573011/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Watson, Fiona. ''Scotland; From Prehistory to the Present.'' Tempus, 2003. 286 pp.
* Wormald, Jenny, ''The New History of Scotland'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Scotland-History-Jenny-Wormald/dp/0198206151/ref=pd_bbs_sr_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202065206&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

===Surveys since 1700===
* Devine, T.M. ''Scotland's Empire, 1600-1815'', (2003). ISBN 0-713-99498-3
* Devine. T. M. ''The Scottish Nation: A History, 1700-2000'' (2001) magistral [https://www.amazon.com/Scottish-Nation-History-1700-2000/dp/0141002344/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191503180&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Devine, Tom, Clive Lee, and George Peden. ''The Transformation of Scotland: The Economy since 1700'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Transformation-Scotland-Economy-since-1700/dp/0748614338/ref=sr_1_10/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191503180&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* Ferguson, W. ''Scotland: 1689 to the Present Day'' (1968), Edinburgh History of Scotland
* Finlay, Richard J. ''Modern Scotland, 1914-2000.'' (2006). 424 pp.
* McCaffrey, John F. ''Scotland in the Nineteenth Century'' (1998) 156pp

===Pre-history and Roman period===
* Armit, Ian, ''Celtic Scotland'' (2002). ISBN 0-7134-7538-2
* Breeze, David, ''Roman Scotland'' (2006). ISBN 0-7134-8995-2

===Midieval ages===
* Armstrong, David. ''The Kingdom of Scotland in the Middle Ages 400-1450'' (Heinemann Scottish History) (2002)
* Barrell, A. D. M. ''Medieval Scotland'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Medieval-Scotland-Cambridge-Textbooks/dp/052158602X/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191479799&sr=8-3 excerpt and tetx search]; [http://www.questia.com/read/105464557 online edition]
* Barrow, G.W.S. '' Kingship and Unity, Scotland 1000-1316'' (1981), in The New History of Scotland
* Barrow, Geoffrey. '' Robert Bruce: And the Community of the Realm of Scotland'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Robert-Bruce-Community-Realm-Scotland/dp/0748620222/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191479799&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Brown, Michael. ''The Wars of Scotland, 1214-1371'' (2004), New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol 4
* Dickinson, W.C. ''Scotland from the Earliest Times to 1603'' (3rd edition, 1977) [http://www.questia.com/read/58543554 online edition]
* Duncan, A.A.M. ''Scotland: the Making of the Kingdom'' (1975), Edinburgh History of Scotland
* Grant, Alexander. ''Independence and Nationhood: Scotland 1306-1469'' (1991), New History of Scotland. [https://www.amazon.com/Independence-Nationhood-Scotland-1306-History/dp/0748602739/ref=sr_1_11/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-11 excerpt and text search]
* Oram, Richard D. ''Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070-1230'' (2003), New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol 3
* Sadler, John, ''Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296-1568.'' (2005). 617 pp.

===Reformation to Union===
* Dawson, Jane. ''Reform and Re-creation Scotland, 1488-1587'' (2006), New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol 6
* Donaldson, Gordon. ''Scotland: James V to James VII'' (1965), Edinburgh History of Scotland
* Goodare, Julian. ''The Government of Scotland, 1560-1625.'' (2004). 342 pp.
* Marshall, Rosalind K. ''John Knox.'' (2000). 244 pp.
* Nicholson, Ranald. ''Scotland: the Later Middle Ages'' (1974), Edinburgh History of Scotland
* Stevenson, David, ''The Scottish Revolution, 1637-44'', (2003). ISBN 0-85976-585-7
* Warnicke, Retha M. ''Mary Queen of Scots.'' (2006). 304 pp.
* Whatley, Christopher A., and Derek J. Partick. ''The Scots and the Union'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0748616853/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Wormald, Jenny. ''Court, Kirk and Community, Scotland 1470-1625'' (1981), in The New History of Scotland [https://www.amazon.com/Court-Kirk-Community-Scotland-History/dp/0748602763/ref=sr_1_6/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]

===Enlightenment, 18th century===
* Berry, Christopher J. ''The Social Theory of the Scottish Enlightenment'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Social-Theory-Scottish-Enlightenment/dp/0748608648/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Broadie, Alexander. ''The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/107192848 complete online edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Companion-Enlightenment-Companions-Philosophy/dp/0521003237/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Broadie, Alexander, ed. ''The Scottish Enlightenment: An Anthology'' (1998), primary sources. [https://www.amazon.com/Scottish-Enlightenment-Anthology-Canongate-Classics/dp/0862417384/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Buchan, James, ''Crowded with Genius: the Scottish Enlightenment; Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind'' (2003). ISBN 0-06-055889-X [https://www.amazon.com/Crowded-Genius-Scottish-Enlightenment-Edinburghs/dp/006055889X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, R. H. and Andrew S. Skinner, eds. ''The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment'' (1982), 12 essays by scholars, esp. on history of science
* Daiches, David, Peter Jones and Jean Jones. ''A Hotbed of Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment, 1730-1790'' (1986), 170pp; well-illustrated introduction
* Davidson, Neil, ''Discovering the Scottish Revolution, 1692-1746'', Pluto Press, London, England (2003). ISBN 0-7453-2053-8
* Devine, T.M., ''Clanship to Crofters' War: the Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands'', (1994). ISBN 0-7190-3482-5
* Goldie, Mark. "The Scottish Catholic Enlightenment," ''The Journal of British Studies'' Vol. 30, No. 1 (Jan., 1991), pp. 20–62 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371%28199101%2930%3A1%3C20%3ATSCE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V in JSTOR]
* Graham, Gordon. "Morality and Feeling in the Scottish Enlightenment," ''Philosophy'' Vol. 76, No. 296 (Apr., 2001), pp. 271–282 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-8191%28200104%2976%3A296%3C271%3AMAFITS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 in JSTOR]
* Hamilton, H. ''An Economic History of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century'' (1963)
* Harvie, Christopher. ''Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics 1707 to the Present'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Scotland-Nationalism-Scottish-Society-Politics/dp/0415327253/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191500880&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search] [http://www.questia.com/read/108269974 online edition]
* Hemingway, Andrew. "The 'Sociology' of Taste in the Scottish Enlightenment," ''Oxford Art Journal,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (1989), pp. 3–35 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0142-6540%281989%2912%3A2%3C3%3AT%27OTIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 in JSTOR]
* Herman, Arthur. ''How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It.'' (2001). 384 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/How-Scots-Invented-Modern-World/dp/0609809997/ref=pd_bbs_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202065206&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Hont, Istvan, and Michael Ignatieff. ''Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment'' (1986) [https://www.amazon.com/Wealth-Virtue-Political-Scottish-Enlightenment/dp/0521312140/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]
* Hopfl, H. M. "From Savage to Scotsman: Conjectural History in the Scottish Enlightenment," ''The Journal of British Studies,'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring, 1978), pp. 19–40 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371%28197821%2917%3A2%3C19%3AFSTSCH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 in JSTOR]
* Howe, Daniel Walker. "Why the Scottish Enlightenment Was Useful to the Framers of the American Constitution," ''Comparative Studies in Society and History,'' Vol. 31, No. 3 (Jul., 1989), pp. 572–587 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-4175%28198907%2931%3A3%3C572%3AWTSEWU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
* Lenman, Bruce P. ''Integration and Enlightenment: Scotland, 1746-1832'' (1993) New History of Scotland [https://www.amazon.com/Integration-Enlightenment-Scotland-1746-1832-History/dp/0748603859/ref=sr_1_9/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Ottenberg, June C. "Musical Currents of the Scottish Enlightenment," ''International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music'' Vol. 9, No. 1 (Jun., 1978), pp. 99–109 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0351-5796%28197806%299%3A1%3C99%3AMCOTSE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR]
* Phillipson, N.T. and Mitchison, Rosalind, eds. ''Scotland in the Age of Improvement'', (1996). ISBN 0-7486-0876-1
* Swingewood, Alan. "Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment," ''The British Journal of Sociology,'' Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1970), pp. 164–180 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-1315%28197006%2921%3A2%3C164%3AOOSTCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L in JSTOR]
* Withers, Charles W. J. and Wood, Paul, eds. ''Science and Medicine in the Scottish Enlightenment.'' (2002). 364 pp.

===Specialty periods===
* Anderson, A.O. ''Early Sources of Scottish History'' (2 vol 1922)
* Breitenbach, Esther, and Eleanor Gordon. ''Women in Scottish Society 1800-1945'' (1992) [http://www.questia.com/read/85958065 online edition]
* Burton, John Hill. ''The History of Scotland: Volume 1'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Scotland-John-Hill-Burton/dp/0543897060/ref=sr_1_14/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, Alan. ''The Scottish Miners, 1874-1939. Vol. 2: Trade Unions and Politics.'' (2000). 433 pp.
* Campbell, R.H., and J.B.A. Dow. ''A Source Book of Scottish Economic and Social History'' (1968)
* Checkland, O. and S. Checkland. ''Industry and Ethos: Scotland 1832 - 1914'' (1989), New History of Scotland [https://www.amazon.com/Industry-Ethos-Scotland-1832-History/dp/0748601023/ref=sr_1_8/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]
* Ewan, Elizabeth and Meikle, Maureen M., eds. ''Women in Scotland, c. 1100-c. 1750.'' (1999). 272 pp.
* Gordon, William M. ''Roman Law, Scots Law and Legal History'' (2007), 352pp
* Harvie, Christopher. ''No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-Century Scotland'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/read/59688172 online edition]
* Laslett, John H. M. ''Colliers across the Sea: A Comparative Study of Class Formation in Scotland and the American Midwest, 1830-1924.'' (2000). 314 pp. focus on coal miners
* MacDonald, Catriona M. M. and McFarland, E. W. ''Scotland and the Great War.'' 1999. 200 pp. World War I
* Smout, T. C., Alan R. MacDonald, and Fiona Watson. ''A History of the Native Woodlands of Scotland, 1500-1920'' (2007)
* Weir, Ronald B. ''The History of the Distillers Company, 1877-1939: Diversification and Growth in Whisky and Chemicals.'' (1996). 417 pp.

==Cultural studies==
* Abrams, Eleanor et al. ''Gender in Scottish History Since 1700'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Gender-Scottish-History-Since-1700/dp/0748617612/ref=sr_1_5/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191503180&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]
* Anderson, R. D. ''Education and the Scottish People, 1750-1918.'' Oxford U. Press, 1995. 337 pp.
* Browen, Ian, ed. ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature'' (3 vol 2006)
* Brown, Callum G. ''Religion and Society in Scotland since 1707.'' (1997). 219 pp.
* Burleigh, J.H.S. ''A Church History of Scotland'' (1962), short and impartial
* Daiches, David. ''A Companion to Scottish Culture'' (1982) [http://www.questia.com/read/98092076 online edition]
* Dwyer, John. ''The Age of the Passions: An Interpretation of Adam Smith and Scottish Enlightenment Culture.'' (1998). 205 pp.
* Ferguson, William. ''The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/read/54868029 online edition]
* Glendinning, Miles, Ranald MacInnes, Aonghus MacKechnie. ''A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/read/99285689 online edition]
* Hardy, Forsyth. ''Scotland in Film'' 1990 [http://www.questia.com/read/54802623 online edition]
* Harris, Nathaniel. ''Heritage of Scotland: A Cultural History of Scotland and Its People.'' Facts on File, 2000. 159 pp.
* Levack, Brian. ''Scottish Witch Hunting: Law, Politics and Religion'' (2007)
* McDonald, R. A., ed. ''History, Literature and Music in Scotland, 700-1560.'' (2002). 243 pp.
* Mackenzie, D.A. ''Scottish Folklore and Folklife.'' (1935).
* McEwan, Peter J. M. ''Dictionary of Scottish Art and Architecture.'' Wappingers Falls, N.Y.: Antique Collectors Club, 1995. 626 pp.
* McNeill, F. Marion, ''The Silver Bough'' (volume 1: Scottish Folk-Lore and Folk-Belief), 1989. ISBN 0-86241-231-5
* Petrie, Duncan. ''Screening Scotland.'' BFI, 2000. 250 pp. on films
* Porter, James. "The Folklore of Northern Scotland: Five Discourses on Cultural Representation." ''Folklore'' vol. 109. 1998. pp 1+ [http://www.questia.com/read/5001382916 online edition]
* Ritchie, Anna and Graham Ritchie. ''Scotland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/read/35463531 online edition]
* Schoene, Berthold. ''The Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Scottish Literature'' (2007), 560pp
* Smith, Bill and Skipwith, Selina. ''A History of Scottish Art.'' Merrell, 2003. 288 pp.
* Todd, Margo. ''The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland.'' (2002). 450 pp.
* Walker, Marshall. ''Scottish Literature since 1707.'' (1997). 443 pp.
* Whatley, Christopher A. ''Scottish Society, 1707-1830: Beyond Jacobitism, toward Industrialisation.'' (2000). 354 pp.
* Withers, Charles W. J. ''Geography, Science, and National Identity: Scotland since 1520.'' (2001). 312 pp.

====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:Scotland]]
[[Category:British History]]

History of Scotland

2019-08-04T00:57:35Z

Ascheer: Wars with England

The '''History of Scotland''' stretches to prehistoric times, and includes major social, economic, cultural, religious and political themes. Since 1707 the diplomatic history and most of the political history has been part of British history.

==Early cultures==
A multitude of tribes and invaders occupied parts of Scotland over the century. After the 8th century BC, Celtic culture and language spread into Scotland. The [[Iron age]] brought numerous hill forts, brochs, crannogs and fortified settlements. The earliest known inhabitants were the Caledonians or Picts, who occupied most of the land north of the firths of Forth and Clyde. In the southwest were Britons, related to the Welsh. An Irish colony was planted in Argyll about 500 AD, and the Angles reached the southeast from Germany about the same time. Scandinavians came to almost all the shores of Scotland between the 8th and 11th centuries and settled in the north and west. Some Normans and Flemings arrived in the 12th century. There was always some movement between Ireland and Scotland, and a great wave of Irish immigrants came in the 19th century. Likewise, there was always some movement between England and Scotland, and between Scotland and the [[British Empire]], with large migrations to [[Colonial America]] and later to Canada and Australia.

==Roman Scotland==
The first detailed written histories of Scotland began with the arrival of the [[Roman Empire]]. In 43 AD, the Romans invaded Britain, and quickly advanced into what is now [[England]] and [[Wales]]. Gradually, Roman control moved north into the Southern areas of modern Scotland. [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|Agricola]] became Governor of Britain in 78 AD, and set out conquer the whole of the island the Romans called ''Albion''. In 84, Agricola defeated the Caledonian tribes but the romans failed to conquer the north districts. After Agricola returned to Rome in 85, most of his forts were abandoned and the Romans pulled back to England. [[Hadrian's Wall]] marked the boundary. Emperor Antonine advanced the frontier north and in 142 AD built Antonine's Wall; it lasted only 24 years before the Romans retreated to Hadrian's Wall. However, the walls failed to stop raids by the Picts; the Romans responded by forming alliances with many tribes in southern Scotland. By 410 AD the Romans had left the British Isles for good.

==Medieval period==
===Christian missionaries===
Although there was some earlier missionary work, the conversion of the Scottish people dates from the arrival of St. Columba in 563 AD. This was part of a major migration of Christian Scots from northern Ireland, where Christianity had been well established for a century. Columba's base was his monastery on the island of Iona. Columba reached beyond his own people the Scots and converted the king of the Picts at Inverness. The Irish style of Christianity differed in organization and liturgy from the English varierty that was working its way northward from Kent. At the Synod of Whitby (663 AD) the king of Northumbria, after listening to the advocates of the rival rites, decided in favor of the Roman rites. The Scots went along, and Iona finally agreed about 720 AD. The substitution of Roman for Irish religious ties had a profound effect on Scotland, for it drew the country more closely into the mainstream of European civilization.

===Politics===

About 840AD the Celtic King Kenneth I (reigned 843-58) united the tribal Picts and the Scots and formed a kingdom in central Scotland. Later kings expanded the realm to include Strathclyde and Lothian. This Celtic monarchy lasted until Macbeth's bloody reign ended (1057); he was killed and replaced by Malcolm III. Under Malcolm and his successors, especially King David I (reigned 1124–53), Scotland became an organized feudal state.

==Wars with England===

The First Scottish War of Independence, Scotland had to fight against the Kingdom of England and was a defining part of its history. William Wallace defeated English armies in 1297 at the Battle of Sterling Bridge. The war continued and English forces defeated the Scottish Army at the Battle of Falkirk, but they could not subdue all of Scotland. There was a truce in 1304 after the fall of Stirling Castle. Later, in 1314, Robert Bruce defeated and pushed the English out of Scotland at the Battle of Bannockburn.

==Reformation==
Inspired by theologian [[John Knox]] (1510-1572), the Scottish Reformation made the nation Calvinist, with a strong Presbyterian Church. The Protestant [[Church of Scotland]] was formed in the mid-16th century by Knox and the Protestant Lords of the Congregation. When Mary I became Queen in 1553 Knox fled to Switzerland, where he was strongly influenced by the Calvinist theology of [[John Calvin]] of Geneva; he sent many letters and pamphlets back to Scotland in returned in 1559. In 1560, the Scottish Parliament formally rejected Papal jurisdiction. Until the late 20th century Protestantism—especially of the Presbyterian variety—has been a central value for most Scots, helping shape their identity and way of thinking.<ref>Scotland has some Catholics living in remote areas, and some Episcopalians, such as [[William Gladstone]]. The arrival of Irish Catholics in the 19th century added a Catholic element.</ref>

See [[Church of Scotland]].

==Union==
In 1603, James VI King of Scotland also took the throne of England as King [[James I of England]]. He was the first of the Stuart dynasty that ruled England until 1714. With the exception of a short period under [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell's Protectorate]] (1653–58), Scotland remained a separate entity but shared the same king with England.

There was considerable conflict between the crown and the [[Covenanters]] over the form of [[Church of Scotland|church government]]. After the 1688 overthrow of the Catholic James II by [[William and Mary]], Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from that of England. The English responded a stick and a carrot. The stick was the Alien Act of 1705, which provided that estates held by Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as alien property, making inheritance much less certain. It also had an embargo on the import of Scottish products into England and English colonies - about half of Scotland's trade, covering sectors such as linen, cattle and coal. The carrot was a provision that the Alien Act would be suspended if the Scots entered into negotiations. Another carrot was the promise of money to refund Scottish losses on the ill-fated Darien scheme of building a colony in Central America. The Scota agreed, and the '''Act of Union''' in 1707 uniting the two countries as the "Kingdom of Great Britain". For the next 150 years Scotland had little voice in British government; it produced one minor Prime Minister, Lord Bute (1762–63).

==Jacobites==
The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Catholic districts of the Highlands. Two major Jacobite risings were launched from the Highlands in 1715 and 1745. The first failed at once. The 1745 uprising, led by "The Young Pretender", collapsed with the defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746.

==Precursor to the Industrial Revolution==
When Scotland ratified the 1707 Act of Union, it was an economic backwater. Union gave Scotland access to England's global marketplace, triggering an economic and cultural boom transforming a land of only 1.3 million people into a modern society, and opening up a cultural and social revolution. German Sociologist [[Max Weber]] credited the Calvinist "Protestant Ethic," involving hard work and a sense of divine predestination, for the entrepreneurial spirit of the Scots. Others credit the educational system, especially its leading universities and medical faculties at Edinburgh and Glasgow. The 18th century [[Scottish Enlightenment]], embodied by such brilliant thinkers as [[Francis Hutcheson]], [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Hume]], paved the way for the modernization of Scotland and [[Atlantic History|the entire Atlantic world]]. Hutcheson, the father of the Scottish Enlightenment, championed political liberty and the right of popular rebellion against tyranny. Smith, in his monumental ''Wealth of Nations'' (1776), advocated liberty in the sphere of commerce and the global economy. Hume developed philosophical concepts that directly influenced [[James Madison]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]] and thus the U.S. Constitution. In 19th century Britain, the Scottish Enlightenment, as popularized by Dugald Stewart, became the basis of classical liberalism. At the University of Glasgow, [[James Watt]] perfected the crucial technology of the Industrial Revolution: the steam engine. The "democratic" camp meeting found a home in the [[Second Great Awakening]] in the United States.

In time, the union resulted in obvious economic benefits. Scottish ports, especially those on the Clyde, began to import tobacco from America, and, in order to meet the demand of the colonists for manufactured goods, Scottish industries, especially linen-manufacturing, were developed. The British monopoly of the tobacco trade came to an end with the [[American Revolution]], but Scottish industrial growth continued. Scotland strongly supported the Empire in the American Revolutionary wars, and in the wars against [[Napoleon]], laying to rest the fears of dissension.

==Industrial Revolution==
During the and the [[Industrial Revolution]], Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of the British Empire. Beginning about 1790 the most important industry in the west of Scotland became textiles, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until the American Civil War in 1861 cut off the supplies of raw cotton; the industry never recovered. However, by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources. The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron (1828) had revolutionized the [[Steel industry|Scottish iron industry]], and Scotland became a center for engineering, shipbuilding, and locomotive construction. Toward the end of the 19th century steel production largely replaced iron production. [[Andrew Carnegie]] left Scotland as a lad, made his fortune in Pittsburg steel, then spent much of his time and philanthropy in Scotland.

==Urban vs rural==
For all the romanticisation of Scotland and its misty historic mountain roots by romantic novelists led by [[Walter Scott]], Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800. The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44% of the population. The technological climate of the times, embodied in the innovative dynamism of steam power, had special resonance for Scotland, given the dramatic success of heavy engineering by the 1890s. Liberalism emerged from this background, the free-trade sentiments and forthright individualism of entrepreneurs coalescing with the radical emphasis on education and self-reliance as a means of community betterment. Despite political challenges, especially by the 1900s, these distinctive liberal values remained strong.<ref>McCaffrey, ''Scotland in the Nineteenth Century'' (1998)</ref>

Agriculture, too, had been much improved after the union, and standards remained high, though after the middle of the 19th century, when Britain adopted a free trade policy, food imports had very adverse effects on local agriculture. The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns were notoriously bad. The traditional landed interests was not overwhelmed politically by the fast-growing industrial middle classes for the electoral changes engendered by reform were less far-reaching in Scotland than in England. The landed interests managed to ensure that the political weight of numbers was skewed disproportionately in their favour. The unequal concentration of land ownership remained an emotional subject, of enormous importance to the vexed question of the Highland economy, and eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism.

==20th century==
The disadvantage of concentration on heavy industry became apparent after World War I, for other countries were themselves being industrialized and were no longer markets for Scottish products. Within Britain itself there was also more centralization, and industry tended to drift to the south, leaving Scotland on a neglected fringe. The entire period between the world wars was one of economic depression, of which the worldwide [[Great Depression]] of 1929-1939 was the most acute phase. The economy reviived with munitions production during World War II. After 1945, however, the older heavy industries continued to decline and the government has given financial encouragement to many new industries, ranging from atomic power and petrochemical production to light engineering. The economy has thus become more diversified and therefore stabler.

==Bibliography==

===References===
* Donaldson, Gordon and Robert S. Morpeth. ''A Dictionary of Scottish History.'' (1977).
* Donnachie, Ian and George Hewitt. ''Dictionary of Scottish History.'' (2001). 384 pp.
* Ewan, Elisabeth et al. eds. ''The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women: From the Earliest Times to 2004. '' (2006)
* Lynch, Michael, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History.'' (2007). 732 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Companion-Scottish-History-Paperback-Reference/dp/0199234825/ref=pd_bbs_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202065206&sr=8-12 excerpt and text search]
* McNeill, Peter G.B. and Hector L. MacQueen, eds. ''Atlas of Scottish History to 1707.'' Edinburgh: The Scottish Medievalists and Department of Geography, 1996.
* Panton, Kenneth J. and Keith A. Cowlard. ''Historical Dictionary of the United Kingdom. Vol. 2: Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.'' (1998). 465 pp.

===General histories===

* Houston, R.A. and W. Knox (eds), ''New Penguin History of Scotland'', (2001).
* Mackie, J. D., Bruce Lenman, and Geoffrey Parker. ''A History of Scotland'' (1984) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Scotland-Penguin/dp/0140136495/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* MacLean, Fitzroy, and Magnus Linklater. '' Scotland: A Concise History'' (2nd ed. 2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Scotland-Concise-History-Fitzroy-MacLean/dp/0500282331/ref=pd_bbs_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202065206&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Magnusson, Magnus. ''Scotland: The Story of a Nation.'' (2001). 752 pp.
* Mitchison, Rosalind. ''A History of Scotland'' Routledge: 3rd ed 2002, 468pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102814853 online edition]
* Paterson, Judy, and Sally J. Collins. ''The History of Scotland for Children'' (2000)
* Smout, T.C., ''A History of the Scottish People'', 1969
* Tabraham, Chris, and Colin Baxter. ''The Illustrated History of Scotland'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1932573011/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Watson, Fiona. ''Scotland; From Prehistory to the Present.'' Tempus, 2003. 286 pp.
* Wormald, Jenny, ''The New History of Scotland'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Scotland-History-Jenny-Wormald/dp/0198206151/ref=pd_bbs_sr_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202065206&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

===Surveys since 1700===
* Devine, T.M. ''Scotland's Empire, 1600-1815'', (2003). ISBN 0-713-99498-3
* Devine. T. M. ''The Scottish Nation: A History, 1700-2000'' (2001) magistral [https://www.amazon.com/Scottish-Nation-History-1700-2000/dp/0141002344/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191503180&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Devine, Tom, Clive Lee, and George Peden. ''The Transformation of Scotland: The Economy since 1700'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Transformation-Scotland-Economy-since-1700/dp/0748614338/ref=sr_1_10/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191503180&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* Ferguson, W. ''Scotland: 1689 to the Present Day'' (1968), Edinburgh History of Scotland
* Finlay, Richard J. ''Modern Scotland, 1914-2000.'' (2006). 424 pp.
* McCaffrey, John F. ''Scotland in the Nineteenth Century'' (1998) 156pp

===Pre-history and Roman period===
* Armit, Ian, ''Celtic Scotland'' (2002). ISBN 0-7134-7538-2
* Breeze, David, ''Roman Scotland'' (2006). ISBN 0-7134-8995-2

===Midieval ages===
* Armstrong, David. ''The Kingdom of Scotland in the Middle Ages 400-1450'' (Heinemann Scottish History) (2002)
* Barrell, A. D. M. ''Medieval Scotland'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Medieval-Scotland-Cambridge-Textbooks/dp/052158602X/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191479799&sr=8-3 excerpt and tetx search]; [http://www.questia.com/read/105464557 online edition]
* Barrow, G.W.S. '' Kingship and Unity, Scotland 1000-1316'' (1981), in The New History of Scotland
* Barrow, Geoffrey. '' Robert Bruce: And the Community of the Realm of Scotland'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Robert-Bruce-Community-Realm-Scotland/dp/0748620222/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191479799&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Brown, Michael. ''The Wars of Scotland, 1214-1371'' (2004), New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol 4
* Dickinson, W.C. ''Scotland from the Earliest Times to 1603'' (3rd edition, 1977) [http://www.questia.com/read/58543554 online edition]
* Duncan, A.A.M. ''Scotland: the Making of the Kingdom'' (1975), Edinburgh History of Scotland
* Grant, Alexander. ''Independence and Nationhood: Scotland 1306-1469'' (1991), New History of Scotland. [https://www.amazon.com/Independence-Nationhood-Scotland-1306-History/dp/0748602739/ref=sr_1_11/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-11 excerpt and text search]
* Oram, Richard D. ''Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070-1230'' (2003), New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol 3
* Sadler, John, ''Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296-1568.'' (2005). 617 pp.

===Reformation to Union===
* Dawson, Jane. ''Reform and Re-creation Scotland, 1488-1587'' (2006), New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol 6
* Donaldson, Gordon. ''Scotland: James V to James VII'' (1965), Edinburgh History of Scotland
* Goodare, Julian. ''The Government of Scotland, 1560-1625.'' (2004). 342 pp.
* Marshall, Rosalind K. ''John Knox.'' (2000). 244 pp.
* Nicholson, Ranald. ''Scotland: the Later Middle Ages'' (1974), Edinburgh History of Scotland
* Stevenson, David, ''The Scottish Revolution, 1637-44'', (2003). ISBN 0-85976-585-7
* Warnicke, Retha M. ''Mary Queen of Scots.'' (2006). 304 pp.
* Whatley, Christopher A., and Derek J. Partick. ''The Scots and the Union'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0748616853/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Wormald, Jenny. ''Court, Kirk and Community, Scotland 1470-1625'' (1981), in The New History of Scotland [https://www.amazon.com/Court-Kirk-Community-Scotland-History/dp/0748602763/ref=sr_1_6/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]

===Enlightenment, 18th century===
* Berry, Christopher J. ''The Social Theory of the Scottish Enlightenment'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Social-Theory-Scottish-Enlightenment/dp/0748608648/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Broadie, Alexander. ''The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/107192848 complete online edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Companion-Enlightenment-Companions-Philosophy/dp/0521003237/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Broadie, Alexander, ed. ''The Scottish Enlightenment: An Anthology'' (1998), primary sources. [https://www.amazon.com/Scottish-Enlightenment-Anthology-Canongate-Classics/dp/0862417384/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Buchan, James, ''Crowded with Genius: the Scottish Enlightenment; Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind'' (2003). ISBN 0-06-055889-X [https://www.amazon.com/Crowded-Genius-Scottish-Enlightenment-Edinburghs/dp/006055889X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, R. H. and Andrew S. Skinner, eds. ''The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment'' (1982), 12 essays by scholars, esp. on history of science
* Daiches, David, Peter Jones and Jean Jones. ''A Hotbed of Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment, 1730-1790'' (1986), 170pp; well-illustrated introduction
* Davidson, Neil, ''Discovering the Scottish Revolution, 1692-1746'', Pluto Press, London, England (2003). ISBN 0-7453-2053-8
* Devine, T.M., ''Clanship to Crofters' War: the Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands'', (1994). ISBN 0-7190-3482-5
* Goldie, Mark. "The Scottish Catholic Enlightenment," ''The Journal of British Studies'' Vol. 30, No. 1 (Jan., 1991), pp. 20–62 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371%28199101%2930%3A1%3C20%3ATSCE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V in JSTOR]
* Graham, Gordon. "Morality and Feeling in the Scottish Enlightenment," ''Philosophy'' Vol. 76, No. 296 (Apr., 2001), pp. 271–282 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-8191%28200104%2976%3A296%3C271%3AMAFITS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 in JSTOR]
* Hamilton, H. ''An Economic History of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century'' (1963)
* Harvie, Christopher. ''Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics 1707 to the Present'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Scotland-Nationalism-Scottish-Society-Politics/dp/0415327253/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191500880&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search] [http://www.questia.com/read/108269974 online edition]
* Hemingway, Andrew. "The 'Sociology' of Taste in the Scottish Enlightenment," ''Oxford Art Journal,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (1989), pp. 3–35 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0142-6540%281989%2912%3A2%3C3%3AT%27OTIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 in JSTOR]
* Herman, Arthur. ''How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It.'' (2001). 384 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/How-Scots-Invented-Modern-World/dp/0609809997/ref=pd_bbs_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202065206&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Hont, Istvan, and Michael Ignatieff. ''Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment'' (1986) [https://www.amazon.com/Wealth-Virtue-Political-Scottish-Enlightenment/dp/0521312140/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202159345&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]
* Hopfl, H. M. "From Savage to Scotsman: Conjectural History in the Scottish Enlightenment," ''The Journal of British Studies,'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring, 1978), pp. 19–40 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371%28197821%2917%3A2%3C19%3AFSTSCH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 in JSTOR]
* Howe, Daniel Walker. "Why the Scottish Enlightenment Was Useful to the Framers of the American Constitution," ''Comparative Studies in Society and History,'' Vol. 31, No. 3 (Jul., 1989), pp. 572–587 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-4175%28198907%2931%3A3%3C572%3AWTSEWU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
* Lenman, Bruce P. ''Integration and Enlightenment: Scotland, 1746-1832'' (1993) New History of Scotland [https://www.amazon.com/Integration-Enlightenment-Scotland-1746-1832-History/dp/0748603859/ref=sr_1_9/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Ottenberg, June C. "Musical Currents of the Scottish Enlightenment," ''International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music'' Vol. 9, No. 1 (Jun., 1978), pp. 99–109 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0351-5796%28197806%299%3A1%3C99%3AMCOTSE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR]
* Phillipson, N.T. and Mitchison, Rosalind, eds. ''Scotland in the Age of Improvement'', (1996). ISBN 0-7486-0876-1
* Swingewood, Alan. "Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment," ''The British Journal of Sociology,'' Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1970), pp. 164–180 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-1315%28197006%2921%3A2%3C164%3AOOSTCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L in JSTOR]
* Withers, Charles W. J. and Wood, Paul, eds. ''Science and Medicine in the Scottish Enlightenment.'' (2002). 364 pp.

===Specialty periods===
* Anderson, A.O. ''Early Sources of Scottish History'' (2 vol 1922)
* Breitenbach, Esther, and Eleanor Gordon. ''Women in Scottish Society 1800-1945'' (1992) [http://www.questia.com/read/85958065 online edition]
* Burton, John Hill. ''The History of Scotland: Volume 1'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Scotland-John-Hill-Burton/dp/0543897060/ref=sr_1_14/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, Alan. ''The Scottish Miners, 1874-1939. Vol. 2: Trade Unions and Politics.'' (2000). 433 pp.
* Campbell, R.H., and J.B.A. Dow. ''A Source Book of Scottish Economic and Social History'' (1968)
* Checkland, O. and S. Checkland. ''Industry and Ethos: Scotland 1832 - 1914'' (1989), New History of Scotland [https://www.amazon.com/Industry-Ethos-Scotland-1832-History/dp/0748601023/ref=sr_1_8/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191469115&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]
* Ewan, Elizabeth and Meikle, Maureen M., eds. ''Women in Scotland, c. 1100-c. 1750.'' (1999). 272 pp.
* Gordon, William M. ''Roman Law, Scots Law and Legal History'' (2007), 352pp
* Harvie, Christopher. ''No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-Century Scotland'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/read/59688172 online edition]
* Laslett, John H. M. ''Colliers across the Sea: A Comparative Study of Class Formation in Scotland and the American Midwest, 1830-1924.'' (2000). 314 pp. focus on coal miners
* MacDonald, Catriona M. M. and McFarland, E. W. ''Scotland and the Great War.'' 1999. 200 pp. World War I
* Smout, T. C., Alan R. MacDonald, and Fiona Watson. ''A History of the Native Woodlands of Scotland, 1500-1920'' (2007)
* Weir, Ronald B. ''The History of the Distillers Company, 1877-1939: Diversification and Growth in Whisky and Chemicals.'' (1996). 417 pp.

==Cultural studies==
* Abrams, Eleanor et al. ''Gender in Scottish History Since 1700'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Gender-Scottish-History-Since-1700/dp/0748617612/ref=sr_1_5/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191503180&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]
* Anderson, R. D. ''Education and the Scottish People, 1750-1918.'' Oxford U. Press, 1995. 337 pp.
* Browen, Ian, ed. ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature'' (3 vol 2006)
* Brown, Callum G. ''Religion and Society in Scotland since 1707.'' (1997). 219 pp.
* Burleigh, J.H.S. ''A Church History of Scotland'' (1962), short and impartial
* Daiches, David. ''A Companion to Scottish Culture'' (1982) [http://www.questia.com/read/98092076 online edition]
* Dwyer, John. ''The Age of the Passions: An Interpretation of Adam Smith and Scottish Enlightenment Culture.'' (1998). 205 pp.
* Ferguson, William. ''The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/read/54868029 online edition]
* Glendinning, Miles, Ranald MacInnes, Aonghus MacKechnie. ''A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/read/99285689 online edition]
* Hardy, Forsyth. ''Scotland in Film'' 1990 [http://www.questia.com/read/54802623 online edition]
* Harris, Nathaniel. ''Heritage of Scotland: A Cultural History of Scotland and Its People.'' Facts on File, 2000. 159 pp.
* Levack, Brian. ''Scottish Witch Hunting: Law, Politics and Religion'' (2007)
* McDonald, R. A., ed. ''History, Literature and Music in Scotland, 700-1560.'' (2002). 243 pp.
* Mackenzie, D.A. ''Scottish Folklore and Folklife.'' (1935).
* McEwan, Peter J. M. ''Dictionary of Scottish Art and Architecture.'' Wappingers Falls, N.Y.: Antique Collectors Club, 1995. 626 pp.
* McNeill, F. Marion, ''The Silver Bough'' (volume 1: Scottish Folk-Lore and Folk-Belief), 1989. ISBN 0-86241-231-5
* Petrie, Duncan. ''Screening Scotland.'' BFI, 2000. 250 pp. on films
* Porter, James. "The Folklore of Northern Scotland: Five Discourses on Cultural Representation." ''Folklore'' vol. 109. 1998. pp 1+ [http://www.questia.com/read/5001382916 online edition]
* Ritchie, Anna and Graham Ritchie. ''Scotland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/read/35463531 online edition]
* Schoene, Berthold. ''The Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Scottish Literature'' (2007), 560pp
* Smith, Bill and Skipwith, Selina. ''A History of Scottish Art.'' Merrell, 2003. 288 pp.
* Todd, Margo. ''The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland.'' (2002). 450 pp.
* Walker, Marshall. ''Scottish Literature since 1707.'' (1997). 443 pp.
* Whatley, Christopher A. ''Scottish Society, 1707-1830: Beyond Jacobitism, toward Industrialisation.'' (2000). 354 pp.
* Withers, Charles W. J. ''Geography, Science, and National Identity: Scotland since 1520.'' (2001). 312 pp.

====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:Scotland]]
[[Category:British History]]

Nunavut

2019-08-04T00:36:57Z

Ascheer: Added Category

[[File:E-canada.jpg|thumb|400px]] '''Nunavut''' is the largest and newest territory in [[Canada]]. It was separated from the [[Northwest Territories]] on April 1, 1999. It was the first major change to the Canadian map since [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] joined the confederation in 1949.

Nunavut has the lowest population of all Canadian Provinces and Territories and the capital is Iqaluit (formerly "Frobisher Bay") on [[Baffin Island]], which in the east of the Territory. The population of the entire territory is only 30,000 (approximately) of whom 85% are native people. The territory covers nearly 1.9 million km<sup>2</sup> of land and water, including all of the islands in [[Hudson Bay]], [[James Bay]] and a section of mainland, north of [[Manitoba]] and east of the [[Northwest Territories]]. 20% of Canada's land is in Nunavut.<ref>http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/nunavut/</ref>

Much of the land is on the Canadian Shield, a [[bedrock]] formation with only thin soil lying on top, and in many places no soil at all.

Nunavut means 'our land' in Inuktitut. The territory was intended to be an area of limited self-rule by the Inuit of Canada.

==Further reading==
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCESubjects&Params=A1 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)] reliable detailed encyclopedia, on-line free

== External links ==
* [http://www.nunavuttourism.com/site/index.asp/ Nunavut Tourism]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nunavut]]
[[Category:Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian Provinces]]
[[Category:Canadian History]]
[[Category:Canadian Geography]]
[[Category:Survivalism]]
[[Category:Arctic Circle]]

Ontario

2019-08-04T00:35:24Z

Ascheer: Updated Political Leadership (post 2018 election)

'''Ontario''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] province, the second largest province by size, and the largest by population. Ontario rests between [[Manitoba]] and [[Quebec|Québec]]. It is bordered by the American states of [[Michigan]], [[New York]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Minnesota]], in all cases a river or waterway is the border. It also borders on [[Nunavut]] to the north (via Hudson's Bay). It contains the southernmost point in Canada, Middle Island, which is further south than some points of [[California]]. The vast north of Ontario has many mineral deposits and large forests.

Throughout the twentieth century Ontario had the highest GDP in Canada and was the center of Canada's manufacturing industry. Its wealth has now been surpassed by [[Alberta]], and the heavy manufacturing base has been weakened by the decline of the [[automobile]] industry and competition from East Asia.

[[Toronto]] is the capital of Ontario, and is the largest city in Canada. [[Ottawa]], the capital of Canada, is located on the Ontario-Quebec border. The province's population is 13,983,000 in 2016 accounting for 38.5% of the national population.<ref>http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo02a-eng.htm| Statistics Canada Population by Year</ref>

Ontario's current Premier is Rob Ford, of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party.

==Further reading==
* [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ ''The Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] (1966-2006), thousands of scholarly biographies of notables who died by 1930
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCESubjects&Params=A1 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)] reliable detailed encyclopedia, on-line free
* Baskerville, Peter A. ''Sites of Power: A Concise History of Ontario.'' Oxford U. Press., 2005. 296 pp. (first edition was ''Ontario: Image, Identity and Power,'' 2002). [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=112191064889930 online review]
* Craig, Gerald. ''Upper Canada. The Formative Years 1784-1841'' (1968), the standard scholarly history of Ontario before 1841
* Hall, Roger; Westfall, William; and MacDowell, Laurel Sefton, eds. ''Patterns of the Past: Interpreting Ontario's History.'' Dundurn Press, 1988. 406 pp.
* Halpern, Monda. ''And on that Farm He Had a Wife: Ontario Farm Women and Feminism, 1900-1970.'' (2001). 234 pp.
* Johnson, J. K. and Wilson, Bruce G., eds. ''Historical Essays on Upper Canada: New Perspectives.'' (1975). . 604 pp.
* Kilbourn, William.; ''The Firebrand: William Lyon Mackenzie and the Rebellion in Upper Canada'' (1956) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99227317 online edition]
* Landon, Fred, and J.E. Middleton. ''Province of Ontario: A History'' (1937) 4 vol. with 2 vol of biographies
* Mays, John Bentley. ''Arrivals: Stories from the History of Ontario.'' (2002). 418 pp.
* Montigny, Edgar-Andre, and Lori Chambers, eds. ''Ontario since Confederation: A Reader'' (2000).
* Moss, Mark. ''Manliness and Militarism: Educating Young Boys in Ontario for War.'' (2001). 216 pp.
* Noël, Françoise. ''Family Life and Sociability in Upper and Lower Canada, 1780-1870.'' (2003) 384pp
* Noël, Françoise. ''Family and Community Life in Northeastern Ontario: The Interwar Years'' (2009)
* Noel, S. J. R. ''Patrons, Clients, Brokers: Ontario Society and Politics, 1791-1896.'' (1990).
* Ontario Bureau of Statistics and Research. ''A Conspectus of the Province of Ontario'' (1947) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99258086 online edition]
* Parr, Joy, ed. ''A Diversity of Women: Ontario, 1945-1980.'' (1996). 335 pp.
* Rawlings-Way, Charles, and Natalie Karneef. ''Toronto'' (2007), guide book
* Rogers, Edward S. and Smith, Donald B., eds. ''Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations.'' Dundurn, 1994. 448 pp.
* Schull, Joseph. ''Ontario since 1867'' (1978), narrative history
* White, Graham, ed. ''The Government and Politics of Ontario.'' 5th ed. (1997). 458 pp. university textbook
* White, Randall. ''Ontario since 1985.'' Eastendbooks, 1998. 320 pp.

== External links ==
* [http://www.ontariotravel.net/ Ontario Tourism]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian Provinces]]
[[Category:Canadian History]]
[[Category:Regions of Eastern Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian Geography]]
[[Category:Canada]]
[[Category:Geography]]