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Economics Homework 1 Answers - Student Six

2013-02-26T21:16:34Z

AranM: Created page with "AranM ''1. Give an example of a "good" not in the lecture, and an example of a "service" not in the lecture.'' A good is a new PC; a service is the tech support you need if it ..."

AranM

''1. Give an example of a "good" not in the lecture, and an example of a "service" not in the lecture.''

A good is a new PC; a service is the tech support you need if it breaks.

''2. Imagine that your family has two options for dinner: eat at home, or go out to eat at McDonald's. Which option incurs more transaction costs? Identify two specific transaction costs. Which option is cheaper for your family, and why?''

If you go out to eat at McDonald’s, you need to pay the transaction cost of gas to get there, the cost to pay the persons preparing the meal, and the tax on the food. If you eat at home you have to prepare the food, so you have the opportunity cost of the lost time, plus the gas it took to get that food in the first place. There are too many variables to come to a finale conclusion, for example of somebody makes $50 an hour it may be cheaper for him to pay someone else to prepare his food quickly rather than wasting his valuable time preparing it for himself.

''3. Define the concept of "scarcity" in your own words, and give an example of how an increase in scarcity for a good or service increases its price. Your example might be an item in a store (a good) or a special medical operation (a service), or anything else you can think of that is "scarce" in an economic sense. Extra credit: when do people exaggerate scarcity in their minds?''

A good or service is scarce when someone is willing to pay something for it. In a common sense something is scarce when there is a limited supply of it. To increase the scarcity of a good, make the supply even more limited and the price will go up in most cases. Scarcity can be exaggerated in someone’s mind if the seller uses terms such as “limited edition” even if the seller has no intention of limiting it.

''4. What is the “invisible hand”? Discuss what it is, using an example (which could be from the story in the lecture about the making of a pencil).''

The invisible hand is what makes people want to do something that benefit themselves and in turn benefits other people.

''5. There are many parables by Jesus in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (and one in Mark) which use familiar concepts of money and economics in order to teach a deeper, more profound spiritual point. Examples are at Matthew 13:18-23 and 44-46; Matthew 18:21-35; Matthew 20:1-16 and 21:33-46; Mark 12:41-44; Luke 7:36-50; Luke 12:13-21; Luke 14:15-24; Luke 15:8-10; Luke 16:1-13 and 19-31; Luke 18:9-14; and Luke 19:11-27. Pick one of these parables and explain both the economic point and the deeper spiritual point. Extra credit: why might the Gospel of Matthew have more economic parables than the Gospel of Mark does?''

16 And he told them this parable: “The ground of a certain rich man yielded an abundant harvest. 17 He thought to himself, ‘What shall I do? I have no place to store my crops.’18 “Then he said, ‘This is what I’ll do. I will tear down my barns and build bigger ones, and there I will store my surplus grain. 19 And I’ll say to myself, “You have plenty of grain laid up for many years. Take life easy; eat, drink and be merry.”’20 “But God said to him, ‘You fool! This very night your life will be demanded from you. Then who will get what you have prepared for yourself?’21 “This is how it will be with whoever stores up things for themselves but is not rich toward God.”

Economically this parable teaches not store up your wealth because that is removing it from the economy of the area.

Spiritually it teaches not store up treasures on earth where it can be taken away from you overnight but rather to look to Jesus, who is preparing your eternal home in heaven.

The gospel of Matthew probably has more economic parables than the gospel of Mark because Matthew was previously a tax collector so economic principles would've meant a lot more to him than they would have to Mark.

''6. "Caveat emptor" or "carpe diem": pick one of these concepts and explain what it means to you.''

Caveat emptor, this statement is very important to a seller as well as a buyer. It serves as a warning to buyer to be sure of the merchandise before purchasing, and as insurance to the seller in case the buyer is unsatisfied with their purchase.

Am Govt Homework 12 Answers - Student Three

2013-01-16T16:41:10Z

AranM:

AranM

''1. How is the Constitution amended, and what is an example of a proposed amendment that was never ratified?''

In order to amend the Constitution, an amendment must be written and then proposed to be ratified by three quarters of the state legislatures. If this happens the amendment to the Constitution is validated. The ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) was proposed but never reached the three quarters of state legislatures needed to ratify it.

''2. What Articles of the U.S. Constitution establishes which branch of government?''

Article 1 establishes the legislative including the Congress and Senate, article 2 establishes the executive, including the President, and article 3 establishes the judicial including the Supreme Court.

''3. What is a "lame duck"?''

A lame duck refers to the period of time after an official has been voted out of office, but before he is replaced.

''4. Explain how Congress can pass a law without the president approving.''

If a law is vetoed by the president, Congress still has the power to ratify it with a two thirds majority.

''5. What is gerrymandering?''

Gerrymandering is the redrawing of congressional districts as to group a party majority together.

''6. How often are members of the House of Representatives elected, how often are senators elected, and how often is a president elected?''

Members of the House of Representatives are elected every two years, the Senate is elected every six years, and the president is elected every four years.

''7. What is a "trial balloon," and how does it relate to the media?''

A trial balloon when a politician leaks an upcoming bill or law to the media in order to see the public's reaction. This relates to the media as they are the ones who publicize the idea.

''8. Who are the "grassroots"?"?''

The grassroots are most all of the people that do not hold office and are not part of the establishment. Grassroots, in reference to a grassroots movement is a political movement, which starts and grows without the backing of a political party or major organization. The grassroots was also a rock band that began in the year 1966, and since then has sold over 20 million records worldwide.

Am Govt Homework 12 Answers - Student Three

2013-01-16T16:40:49Z

AranM: Created page with "AranM ''1. How is the Constitution amended, and what is an example of a proposed amendment that was never ratified?'' In order to amend the Constitution, an amendment must be ..."

Am Govt Homework 11 Answers - Student Six

2013-01-08T13:57:23Z

AranM: Created page with "AranM '''1. The Supremacy Clause may be the most important provision in the entire U.S. Constitution. Discuss.''' The Supremacy Clause refers to the part of the Constitution s..."

AranM

'''1. The Supremacy Clause may be the most important provision in the entire U.S. Constitution. Discuss.'''

The Supremacy Clause refers to the part of the Constitution stating that “This Constitution and the Laws of the United States ... shall be the supreme Law of the Land.” This supreme authority means that any state law that contradicts the U.S. Constitution and/or the laws of the U.S. are invalid. This clause can be both good and bad in different circumstances. On one hand, this law prevents unconstitutional laws taking effect (such as a state writing a law to limit free speech.) On the other hand, it prevents states from imposing state laws to correct those that the federal government neglects to enforce (as with border security in Arizona.)

'''2. What is the 16th Amendment, and how did it change the United States?'''

The 16th amendment gives Congress power to impose unlimited income taxes; this is now one of the government's primary sources of income. This gave the federal government oodles of new income so that they could spend excessively on things where the government has no place.

'''3. What is the Voting Rights Act, and what is your view of it? Is New Jersey covered by it - yes or no (no further explanation needed for this part of the question)?'''

The voting rights act of 1965 abolished voting requirements such as a literacy test that could indirectly discriminate against colored people. Initially this law was good, but like any law, when enforced beyond its reason, can become a very ugly thing, enabling noncitizens to vote in US elections. New Jersey is not covered by the voting rights act.

'''4. Why did Rhode Island decline to join the United States initially, even after George Washington became president?'''

Because the U.S. Constitution allowed the federal government to tax imports and restricted the states from doing so. These taxes were Rhode Island's primary source of income, so naturally they didn't want to give it up.

'''5. For what purpose does the Supreme Court use the "Elastic Clause" (or the "Necessary and Proper Clause")?'''

To support decisions by Congress that it does not have express constitutional power to pass.

'''6. Pick any Supreme Court decision described in this lecture, and explain it briefly.'''

Reynolds v. Sims was a Supreme Court case in the year 1964. This case ruled that all congressional districts must have approximately the same population, rather than area. This allowed states such as New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California to be dominated by their large cities.

'''7. "Be careful what you ask for" might describe which ironic part of political history for Democrats in Illinois?'''

In Order to block an amendment proposed by Everett Dirksen, Democrats changed the percentage of state legislature needed to ratify a constitutional amendment from 51% to 60% in the Illinois Constitution. They succeeded in blocking this amendment, but later on when they were attempting to pass their own amendment (ERA) they could not reach the 60% needed.

'''8. Comment on a question that you missed in one of the quizzes taken so far in this course - and how you won't miss a question about it in the future.'''

Am Govt Homework 8 Answers - Student Seven

2012-11-27T19:33:29Z

AranM: Created page with "AranM ''Answer the first five questions, and then two of the remaining three, for a total of seven questions:'' ''1. Explain what it means when people say that the Democrats wo..."

AranM

''Answer the first five questions, and then two of the remaining three, for a total of seven questions:''

''1. Explain what it means when people say that the Democrats won the "ground game" in the last election.''

First I must explain what a ground game is. A ground game is the field campaigning of a candidate. This can include, knocking on doors, speaking to people on street corners, or even bussing people to polling booths on Election Day. In the 2012 election the Democratic Party had a very aggressive ground game compared to the much more passive Republican one. Due to the influence of the Democratic ground game people say that the Democrats won the ground game as if it was a competition.

''2. Explain the difference between an "initiative" and a "referendum".''

An initiative is proposed by the people and voted on by the people in order to make it law. A referendum is proposed by the legislature and then voted on by the people.

''3. Other than your answer to question 1, why else do you think Obama defeated Romney? Explain.''

The amount of goverment handouts given to people was a contributing factor to Barack Obama's victory. People who are already getting free income, can continue getting it by voting for Obama; generally people vote for the easier path.

''4. Explain what "divided government" and "gridlock" are, and what your view of them are.''

Divided government is when the two chambers of Congress are controlled by opposing parties. This is good, as it keeps one party from getting extreme in their bills. In a divided government, gridlock can occur; this is when one party’s views differ so much from the others that no bills can pass.

''5. Does New Jersey allow an "initiative" and, if not, should it?''

New Jersey does not allow initiatives. With the amount of careless people in New Jersey, I do not think that initiatives be a very helpful or beneficial thing here.

''6. Do you think it was right for Governor Chris Christie to praise Obama so much so close to Election Day? Discuss, perhaps using a sports analogy where a player on one team gives the ball to a player on the other team at a crucial moment because he wanted to.''

What Chris Christie did, I believe, was to try to help the people in distress from the hurricane. I don't think this move by Christie really made a difference in the election; New Jersey would have voted clearly Democrat anyway, and Christie knew this, so he took the aid from the federal government to help the citizens of New Jersey.

''7. What is a "recall", and which types of officials are susceptible to it? Would you interpret U.S. Constitution as preventing the people of New Jersey from recalling a U.S. Senator? Discuss.''

''8. Do you agree with Ron Paul's quote at the beginning of the lecture?''

Yes. It is very bad that there are more people on the receiving end of government aid, as they will always vote for more aid, and eventually there'll be no one to pay their taxpayer-funded salaries.

Am Govt Homework 7 Answers - Student Six

2012-11-08T13:19:12Z

AranM: Created page with "''Answer the first five questions, and then two of the remaining three, for a total of seven questions:'' ''1. Is the United States a democracy? Explain briefly.'' United Stat..."

''Answer the first five questions, and then two of the remaining three, for a total of seven questions:''

''1. Is the United States a democracy? Explain briefly.''

United States of America is not a direct democracy, but rather a Democratic Republic. Representatives are democratically elected, to vote on laws and matters concerning the country. This system of government uses democracy as a base, but avoids the whims of the people being made into law.

''2. What is your prediction for the final Electoral College vote for the presidential election this year? Include actual numbers (e.g., 272 for Obama to 266 for Romney) and a brief discussion.''

I think the upcoming election will be 266 Obama to 272 Romney.

''3. Explain what "early voting" is, and include your view of it.''

Early voting is the casting of a ballot before the election, in the case the voter will not be able to vote on election day. These ballots will not be counted until the election. Early voting is good in some circumstances, but can be used very easily for fraud.

''4. Rank these systems in order of how democratic they are: closed primary, caucus, open primary, and a referendum.''

The least democratic of these is a caucus because only select people are part of it. A closed primary is the next least democratic as this is only open to registered members of a party. An open primary is fairly democratic, as independents can vote as well as party members. A referendum is most democratic because it gives all of the people the right to vote and directly decide a policy.

''5. If Romney loses Ohio, Nevada and Iowa, which State(s) must Romney win in order to win the election (assuming that Obama will almost certainly win at least 237 electoral votes" as discussed in the lecture)? (Make sure you understand this question, and doublecheck your answer, because this question is easy to answer incorrectly.)''

If Obama wins Ohio, Nevada, and Iowa, then he will have 267 electoral votes. In order to win Romney must take all of the rest of the swing states including Florida, Wisconsin, New Hampshire, and Colorado

''6. Write and send a letter to the editor of a newspaper, and include your letter in your homework. (One year a student, in response to a similar question, had his letter accepted for publication in the New York Times.) This is worth two questions.''

''7. Pick your favorite political term that is defined in this lecture, and explain the significance of it.''

Coattails- This term refers to the act of riding on coattails. This is when a leading person of one party indirectly helps other candidates who are of the same party, this is because people have a tendency to vote a straight ticket, rather than a split ticket.

''8. What is your view of referenda (also called propositions or initiatives)? Discuss.''

A referendum is a form of direct democracy. Referenda are very useful in deciding laws that concern officials, so that they are not simply voting what's best for them, but instead the people think is best.

Am Govt Homework 6 Answers - Student Six

2012-10-26T13:51:20Z

AranM: Created page with "AranM ''1. What do you think are the two most influential powers of a president?'' The most influential of the presidential powers is the executive power over foreign policy, ..."

AranM

''1. What do you think are the two most influential powers of a president?''

The most influential of the presidential powers is the executive power over foreign policy, placing the president as the Commander in Chief of the US Armed Forces. This is the most influential as it can determine the future of foreign countries, as well as the future the United States. The next most influential power of the President is the ability to write executive orders. This ability, and the use of it as a way to simply circumvent Congress to pass legislation, can be very dangerous.

''2. What would you advise Romney to say in the final presidential debate Monday night about foreign policy, in order to improve his popularity?''

I would advise Governor Romney to follow President Reagan's approach to foreign policy of peace through military strength. This policy will discourage other foreign countries and terrorist groups from attacking the United States because they will be afraid of having that power used against them.

''3. Define what a "lobbyist" is.''

A lobbyist is an individual employed by an interest group or corporation to lobby and discuss with politicians, specific topics that are important to the employing organization.

''4. Explain what an "interest group" is, and provide an example.''

An interest group is an organization that influences politics through one particular issue. A great example of an interest group that almost everyone has heard of is the National Rifle Association, which supports the pro-Second Amendment side of the firearms debate.

''5. Give two examples of a characteristic or demographic that is correlated to how someone votes. (e.g, an evangelical Christian is more likely to vote for the _____ Party)''

A family that regularly uses food stamps is more likely to vote Democrat, as the Democratic Party is pro-government-dependency, and will continue issuing them food stamps. A small business owner is more likely to vote Republican, because the Republican Party supports legislation that will help his business grow, rather than tearing it down.

''6. A question about polling bias: design biased presidential poll questions that are slanted to change the results, such as this example to try to boost Obama's poll numbers: "Would you vote against Obama merely because the economy is doing poorly? If the answer is "no", then ask, "so you might vote for Obama, then?"''

''7. What is your view of third parties? Why do you think the United States has a "two party system," unlike European nations?''

''8. What is your view of interest groups: good or bad? Explain.''

''Special option: watch most of Monday night's presidential debate and analyze it with an essay of at least 200 words, which is worth a total of two of questions numbered 6-8 and two of the extra credit questions. Include your view as to which candidate you think the debate helped the most.''

The final presidential debate took place on October 22, only 15 days before the 2012 presidential election on November 6. This was the third debate that has taken place between the incumbent, Democrat Barack Obama and the Republican challenger, Mitt Romney. This debate particularly focused on foreign policy, a subject only touched on in the previous two debates.
The first question, as asked by Bob Schieffer the moderator of this debate was, “The first question, and it concerns Libya. The controversy over what happened there continues. Four Americans are dead, including an American ambassador. Questions remain. What happened? What caused it? Was it spontaneous? Was it an intelligence failure? Was it a policy failure? Was there an attempt to mislead people about what really happened?”

This question seems fairly straightforward, but was cleverly avoided by both candidates. Governor Romney answered first, mentioned Libya, but then quickly started to talk about Al Qaeda and other terror groups until his time was up. President Obama, the man who truly knew the facts about what happened, simply said that when he received a phone call about the attack he ordered an investigation of what happened. The actual analysis of the facts shows that this phone call would've taken place hours before the attack had ended.

Also in the debate there was question about Romney's proposal of increased military spending, particularly in the Navy. Romney answered first or this topic. Initially he did not directly answer the question, but rather began talking about government spending cuts and Obamacare. Next, Obama made fallacious claims that he was lowering government spending. After this offshoot discussion, the candidates returned to the question of military spending. Governor Romney strongly stated that the military, especially the Navy, is smaller than it has been since 1917. President Obama then responded with a sarcastic remark, “Well, Governor, we also have fewer horses and bayonets…” This remark did not come across to me as very presidential, or statesmanlike.

Next, was the topic of Israel, particularly whether the United States would adopt a treaty stating that an attack on Israel is the equivalent of an attack on the United States. Neither candidate really answered this question, with each stating that he is on the side of Israel and would stand up for it. Obama has never visited Israel during his term as president, so I find his supposed relationship with Israel hard to believe.

Throughout this entire debate, President Obama took on a personality that has not been commonly seen in him before. This new personality was more snarky and insolent than his usual appearance. This new personality could be due to the stress of the very real possibility of him not winning a second term and many of his policies being put to an end.

I saw Governor Romney as winning this debate, especially for the swing states. If Mitt Romney wins this election, he will be doing a great service for this country by simply preventing Barack Obama gaining another term. I also think that Governor Romney will help to us reestablish America as the greatest nation on earth.

Am Govt Homework 5 Answers - Student Six

2012-10-18T22:43:40Z

AranM:

''1. What is your favorite part of the Bill of Rights? Explain.''

The Bill of Rights consists of many very important rights of the American people; the first and second amendments are the most important of the ten. The First Amendment outlines the rights of each individual citizen including the freedom of speech, the freedom of religion, and the right to assembly. The Second Amendment states the people's right to keep and bear arms, as this is the single greatest entity that stands in the way of a tyrannical government.

''2. Explain which amendments in the Bill of Rights primarily protect the rights of defendants.''

Amendment five and six directly protect the defendant, giving him the right to trial by jury, to not be subject to double jeopardy, and gives him the right to know and find his own witnesses. The Fifth Amendment also says that a defendant cannot be forced to testify against himself.

''3. Should federal courts apply all of the Bill of Rights, including the Establishment Clause, against state and local government? Discuss.''

No, the Bill of Rights nor the establishment clause should be used against the states by federal courts. The 10th amendment states that the powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states, so it should be on a state and local level only, that these powers should be used.

''4. Suppose the police entered your home without a warrant, despite your objection, and searched your house. Which part of the Constitution did the police violate (unless there was an exception, like an emergency)? Explain briefly.''

The police would be violating the fourth amendment which protects citizens against unwarranted search and seizure of property. In order to lawfully search your home the police need to obtain a warrant from a judge detailing the property to be searched and the persons or items to be seized.

''5. Is there any new amendment that you would like to see in the U.S. Constitution today, and what is the customary process for adding it?''

There is no amendment that I would like to add to the Constitution. The Constitution is a somewhat sacred document, and will lose its authority with the addition of frivolous amendments. If I were to add an amendment to the Constitution, the amendment must be passed by two- thirds of the House of Representatives, then two- thirds of the Senate and finally three- quarters of the states must ratify it. The Constitution can also be amended with a constitutional convention, but this has not happened since the document was written.

''6. There are 89 federal district courts in the United States. About how many civil and criminal cases, on average, would one district court have per year?''

One District Court would have an average of 4,406 cases per year, judging by the national statistics. This consists of 1,156 criminal cases and 3,250 civil cases.

''7. Do you think stare decisis should prevent the U.S. Supreme Court from overturning Roe v. Wade?''

I do not think that stare decisis should directly decide any case, but rather be reviewed and taken into consideration by the justices.

''8. Is it too easy or too difficult to amend the U.S. Constitution? Explain, while mentioning the example of the ERA.''

The process for amending the Constitution is near-perfect. If it was any easier, there'd be too many frivolous amendments added, and if it was any harder the Constitution could almost never be changed. The equal rights amendment for example would have been passed too easily and thoughtlessly, if it was easier to amend the Constitution.

Am Govt Homework 5 Answers - Student Six

2012-10-18T22:43:15Z

AranM: Created page with "''1. What is your favorite part of the Bill of Rights? Explain.'' The Bill of Rights consists of many very important rights of the American people; the first and second amendme..."

Am Govt Homework 4 Answers - Student Six

2012-10-12T18:26:41Z

AranM:

AranM

1. Which federal commission has responsibility for issues concerning the internet, and in which federal department is it located? What is your view about whether it should regulate the internet?

''The Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, has become responsible for issues concerning the Internet. The FCC is located in the Commerce Department. The FCC should not be able to regulate the Internet, as it is a form of freedom of speech and of the press.''

2. What do you think are the three most important federal agencies or commissions, and why?

''The Defense Department is the most important because is responsible for the defense and security of the United States from foreign aggressors.''

''Next the Department of Homeland Security is very important for preventing domestic terrorism and violent protests.''

''The Department of Energy is important for finding, and testing, cleaner and more efficient energy sources to lower our reliance on oil from the Middle East.''

3. Explain what the "Cabinet" is, and who (in general terms) is in it.

''The cabinet consists of 15 officials appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Along with Vice President, these officials include the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, as well as the Attorney General.''

4. How might the election of Mitt Romney to president this year affect who is governor of New Jersey in 2013? Explain.

''If Mitt Romney is elected president he plans to appoint the New Jersey governor Chris Christie to be the U.S. Attorney General. If Chris Christie accepts this position he will no longer be governor of New Jersey and a new governor must be elected.''

5. What information would you like to seek in a "FOIA request," and why? Specify a federal agency from whom you might seek this information by filing a FOIA request.

''Under the Freedom of Information Act, it is possible to request the military records of a deceased relative, such as a grandparent. This information is requested from the US national archives.''

6. What is your view of Executive Orders? Explain.

''Executive orders have their usefulness, when important decisions must be made quickly. This power however can be abused and used as a way to simply bypass Congress. Congress should have the ability to override an executive order, as the executive branch does not have the authority to pass legislation on a regular basis.''

7. In which department is the FEC located? Do you agree it should be there, and why? (a little research is needed to answer this)

''The Federal Election Commission is an independent regulatory agency, is not under any department, and is not controlled by the President. The FEC should be independent of the president’s control. If it was, he could manipulate it, to help himself, or hurt his adversary in an election.''

8. Which agency decides whether a new adult stem cell therapy will be allowed in the United States, and what political considerations are likely to influence that decision?

Am Govt Homework 4 Answers - Student Six

2012-10-12T18:26:18Z

AranM:

1. Which federal commission has responsibility for issues concerning the internet, and in which federal department is it located? What is your view about whether it should regulate the internet?

''The Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, has become responsible for issues concerning the Internet. The FCC is located in the Commerce Department. The FCC should not be able to regulate the Internet, as it is a form of freedom of speech and of the press.''

2. What do you think are the three most important federal agencies or commissions, and why?

''The Defense Department is the most important because is responsible for the defense and security of the United States from foreign aggressors.''

''Next the Department of Homeland Security is very important for preventing domestic terrorism and violent protests.''

''The Department of Energy is important for finding, and testing, cleaner and more efficient energy sources to lower our reliance on oil from the Middle East.''

3. Explain what the "Cabinet" is, and who (in general terms) is in it.

''The cabinet consists of 15 officials appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Along with Vice President, these officials include the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, as well as the Attorney General.''

4. How might the election of Mitt Romney to president this year affect who is governor of New Jersey in 2013? Explain.

''If Mitt Romney is elected president he plans to appoint the New Jersey governor Chris Christie to be the U.S. Attorney General. If Chris Christie accepts this position he will no longer be governor of New Jersey and a new governor must be elected.''

5. What information would you like to seek in a "FOIA request," and why? Specify a federal agency from whom you might seek this information by filing a FOIA request.

''Under the Freedom of Information Act, it is possible to request the military records of a deceased relative, such as a grandparent. This information is requested from the US national archives.''

6. What is your view of Executive Orders? Explain.

''Executive orders have their usefulness, when important decisions must be made quickly. This power however can be abused and used as a way to simply bypass Congress. Congress should have the ability to override an executive order, as the executive branch does not have the authority to pass legislation on a regular basis.''

7. In which department is the FEC located? Do you agree it should be there, and why? (a little research is needed to answer this)

''The Federal Election Commission is an independent regulatory agency, is not under any department, and is not controlled by the President. The FEC should be independent of the president’s control. If it was, he could manipulate it, to help himself, or hurt his adversary in an election.''

8. Which agency decides whether a new adult stem cell therapy will be allowed in the United States, and what political considerations are likely to influence that decision?

Am Govt Homework 4 Answers - Student Six

2012-10-12T18:25:29Z

AranM: Created page with "1. Which federal commission has responsibility for issues concerning the internet, and in which federal department is it located? What is your view about whether it should regula..."

1. Which federal commission has responsibility for issues concerning the internet, and in which federal department is it located? What is your view about whether it should regulate the internet?

''The Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, has become responsible for issues concerning the Internet. The FCC is located in the Commerce Department. The FCC should not be able to regulate the Internet, as it is a form of freedom of speech and of the press.''

2. What do you think are the three most important federal agencies or commissions, and why?

''The Defense Department is the most important because is responsible for the defense and security of the United States from foreign aggressors.

Next the Department of Homeland Security is very important for preventing domestic terrorism and violent protests.

The Department of Energy is important for finding, and testing, cleaner and more efficient energy sources to lower our reliance on oil from the Middle East.''

3. Explain what the "Cabinet" is, and who (in general terms) is in it.

''The cabinet consists of 15 officials appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Along with Vice President, these officials include the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, as well as the Attorney General.''

4. How might the election of Mitt Romney to president this year affect who is governor of New Jersey in 2013? Explain.

''If Mitt Romney is elected president he plans to appoint the New Jersey governor Chris Christie to be the U.S. Attorney General. If Chris Christie accepts this position he will no longer be governor of New Jersey and a new governor must be elected.''

5. What information would you like to seek in a "FOIA request," and why? Specify a federal agency from whom you might seek this information by filing a FOIA request.

''Under the Freedom of Information Act, it is possible to request the military records of a deceased relative, such as a grandparent. This information is requested from the US national archives.''

6. What is your view of Executive Orders? Explain.

''Executive orders have their usefulness, when important decisions must be made quickly. This power however can be abused and used as a way to simply bypass Congress. Congress should have the ability to override an executive order, as the executive branch does not have the authority to pass legislation on a regular basis.''

7. In which department is the FEC located? Do you agree it should be there, and why? (a little research is needed to answer this)

''The Federal Election Commission is an independent regulatory agency, is not under any department, and is not controlled by the President. The FEC should be independent of the president’s control. If it was, he could manipulate it, to help himself, or hurt his adversary in an election.''

8. Which agency decides whether a new adult stem cell therapy will be allowed in the United States, and what political considerations are likely to influence that decision?

Am Govt Homework 2 Answers - Student Six

2012-09-26T21:47:25Z

AranM: Created page with "Answer the first five questions, and then two of the remaining three: '''1. What do you think are the six most important powers of Congress?''' War Powers Citizenship Power ..."

Answer the first five questions, and then two of the remaining three:

'''1. What do you think are the six most important powers of Congress?'''

War Powers

Citizenship Power

Admiralty Power

Commerce Power

Money Power

Postal Power

'''2. What prevents New Jersey from requiring homeschoolers to take public school exams each year?'''

The No Child Left Behind law prevents it. This law says that if the state requires homeschoolers to take the public school exams, then schools can’t accept certain federal funding.

'''3. Explain what fraction (approximately) of the U.S. Senate is elected every two years, and the reason why only some of the senators are up for election on Election Day.'''

One third of the U.S. Senate goes up for election every two years, as it has been two years since our last senate election, one third of the senate will be up for election this November. Currently there are 53 Democrats and 47 Republicans seated. For the Republicans regain control, they must win an additional four seats from the Democrats. There is a good chance of this happening in Nebraska, but it may be negated by the loss of a seat in left-leaning Maine.

'''4. Describe in simple terms how a "bill" becomes law at the federal level. (E.g., a congressional committee first considers proposed legislation ....)'''

A bill begins with an idea for a law; this idea may be made to draft which is used by a house or Senatorial committee. During this review the draft may be passed, or killed by the committee. If the draft is passed by the committee it becomes a bill, which then goes to the House or Senate depending on which committee passed it. If the bill is passed, then it goes before the other chamber for debate. If any changes to the bill are made in this chamber, then it must chamber must go back to the first chamber for approval of the changed bill. Once both chambers have passed the same version of the bill, it is to the president’s desk for his signature, the president has the power to veto the bill killing it, or sign it, making it into law. Congress can override a veto with a two thirds majority out of both chambers.

'''5. Give an example not in the lecture of a power the federal government lacks.'''

The federal government is restricted from establishing a state religion. The first amendment in the bill of rights states this.

'''6. What is "textualism", and do you think that "legislative history" should be considered when interpreting the meaning of a law? Explain.'''

Textualism is the adherence to a particular text. Legislative history can be used to help better understand a law, but the meaning of a law should never be pulled directly out of its history, as then the law may take an earlier meaning that was not meant to be used.

'''7. Explain a difference between the political system in the United States and the one in England.'''

In England, the government is based on a Parliament with two houses, one that is elected by the people, the other is appointed by a variety of different methods. This parliament elects a prime minister to lead it. This system quite different from the U.S. government system in the following ways: The UK places the Parliament at the center of their government whereas in the U.S. system the President is at the center, the U.S. president is not always the same political as the majority of congress, whereas in the UK, The Prime Minister almost always is of the same party as the house majority, thus making it much easier to pass legislation.

'''8. Which political party do you expect to win control of the U.S. Senate on Election Day this year, and why?'''

''Extra credit (answer two of the following four questions):''

'''9. Explain the role of committees in Congress, with actual or hypothetical examples.'''

'''10. The constitutionality of "ObamaCare" was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2012 based on which clause(s) of Article I of the Constitution? Discuss.'''

'''11. Draft a new law that Congress would have the power to pass to give additional protection to homeschooling.'''

'''12. Which political party controls the House of Representatives today, and by what margin (approximation is fine)? E.g., is it controlled by Democrats by a 235-200 margin? What do you think the margin will be in January 2013?'''

AranM

Sorry for the lateness, I was sick with pneumonia.

Am Govt Homework 3 Answers - Student Six

2012-09-26T21:42:30Z

AranM:

'''1. Describe the process for a case (lawsuit) in federal court, including where a federal case begins, where the first level of appeal is, and where the second possible level of appeal would be. Give a hypothetical example picking a beginning location in the nation for the case (e.g., New Jersey).'''

The lawsuit would start with a trial at the New Jersey District Court. If either party would like to appeal the decision, it could move on to the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, where the case would be reviewed. After the Court of Appeals makes a decision, the losing party may petition to the Supreme Court for its review of the case. The only place that a trial actually takes place as at the district court level; the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court simply review the cases presented before them.

'''2. What is the Rule of Four?'''

The rule of four states that if four of the nine the Supreme Court justices vote to hear a case, then a cert is granted.

'''3. Are federal judges elected? Should they be? Also, give an example of a non-Article III judge, and explain what that term means.'''

No, federal judges are appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. I do not believe that Supreme Court justices should be elected, but I do believe they should be impeached more easily for cases that they plainly rule unconstitutionally. Non-article 3 judges, such as magistrate or bankruptcy judges, serve a fixed length term and are not guaranteed retention of their positions.

'''4. What are the two types of cases that are litigated in federal courts?'''

A case is litigated in a federal court if it involves U.S. Constitutional rights, or if it involves a claim of over $75,000 and it is between citizens of two different states.

'''5. Discuss the influence of the media on politics.'''

Media influences politics through influencing the people. The media has established itself as a believable source of knowledge for the people, so that the people will trust almost anything media says. This trust gives the media an unsurpassed power over the simple decisions of the people, as the media can influence the people greatly it can gain control of the politicians with this influence.

'''6. Do you think it was smart for the Framers of the U.S. Constitution to agree to withhold information from the media during the Constitutional Convention? Explain.'''

I believe that it was extremely smart of the framers of the Constitution to withhold information from the media at The Constitutional convention, because if the information was given to the media, they would surely use it to gain influence in the convention, where they have no place.

''' 7. "All issues are political issues," observed George Orwell. Do you think this can be true even for sports, entertainment, or fast food? Pick an example and discuss it.'''

All business relies on politics, as they need to be granted the lawful freedom to offer the greatest good or service for their consumers. The sports, entertainment, and fast food industries are simply businesses that rely on politics. I disagree on the wording of “''all'' issues are political issues” I believe this is untrue as moral and spiritual issues are not political, there between you and God.

'''8. Explain the two bases on which the U.S. Supreme Court grants cert, and which one it likely used in granting cert in the violent video game case.'''

''Extra credit (answer two of the following four questions):''

'''9. Recently Apple won a billion-dollar patent case in federal district court in California against Samsung based on claims that Samsung had violated patents owned by Apple for the iPhone. Which court would handle the appeal? (Think about this question carefully before answering - many attorneys would give an incorrect answer.)'''

'''10. Where is the pardon power in the U.S. Constitution (include section and clause numbers), and upon whom does it confer the power to pardon? Was Governor Chris Christie acting pursuant to this power when he commuted Aitken's sentence? Explain.'''

'''11. Would a lawsuit by students demanding the right to establish a Bible club be brought in federal or state court? Which would increase the likelihood of success by the plaintiffs in such a case: a jury trial or a bench trial? Explain.'''

'''12. One federal appellate judge, whose decisions had been reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court more than any other judge, quipped words to the effect "it can't catch them all." What did he mean by that, and was he right?'''

Am Govt Homework 3 Answers - Student Six

2012-09-26T21:41:51Z

AranM: Created page with "'''1. Describe the process for a case (lawsuit) in federal court, including where a federal case begins, where the first level of appeal is, and where the second possible level o..."

Am Govt Homework 1 Answers - Student Six

2012-09-13T02:56:19Z

AranM:

AranM
U.S. Government
09/12/12

''1. Why is it important to participate in politics?''

a) It is important to participate in politics, as a single vote can make a difference in the path of a country. Such was the case with the 2008 Minnesota Senate elections where Al Franken won by only 312 votes.

b) If you know what direction you would like your community, state, or country to go, there is no better way get it there, than to lead it.

''2. Briefly describe (in only a few words) the first three Articles of the U.S. Constitution, and explain which of these establishes the authority for the Executive branch. How many sections does this Article have?''

Article one grants power to the legislative branch, which is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Article two grants power to the executive branch and has four sections. Article three outlines the duties of the judicial branch.

''3. Which part of the U.S. Constitution establishes that only a natural born citizen may become president of the United States?''

(c ) Article II, Section 1, Clause 5: No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

''4. Please identify a portion of the acceptance speeches of Mitt Romney or Barack Obama that was designed to improve their poll numbers with a particular demographic group (e.g., women, Hispanics, the elderly, independent voters, etc.)?''

''5. If a police officer pulls over a car on the New Jersey Turnpike, which part of government does that police office likely work for?
Explain your answer, and include one or two other examples of government workers and which government they work for.''

He most likely belongs to the executive branch of the state government, or a local police department. The U.S. army ranger works for the executive branch. The speaker of the house works for the legislative branch. A justice of a district court works for the judicial branch.

''6. Do you think the presidential election this year is more like 1980, or more like 1948, and why?''

'''Extra credit (complete any 2 out of 4):'''

''7. Explain what gerrymandering is.''

Gerrymandering is the redrawing of congressional districts, to place the majority voters of one political party together, so as to create an unbeatable incumbent.

''8. Can you think of specific reasons why poll numbers for the same candidates vary depending on who conducted the poll?''

''9. How does the study of politics differ from history? Explain your answer, with an example.''

''10. Which part of the Republican Party Platform of 2012 do you like best? ''

I like the sanctity of human life statement in the platform. I hope that the republicans regain all three branches of the federal government, because many of the ideas in the platform would benefit the country greatly, from a moral, economic, and international standpoint.

Am Govt Homework 1 Answers - Student Six

2012-09-13T02:55:45Z

AranM: Created page with "AranM U.S. Government 09/12/12 ''1. Why is it important to participate in politics?'' a) It is important to participate in politics, as a single vote can make a difference in ..."

AranM
U.S. Government
09/12/12

''1. Why is it important to participate in politics?''

a) It is important to participate in politics, as a single vote can make a difference in the path of a country. Such was the case with the 2008 Minnesota Senate elections where Al Franken won by only 312 votes.
b) If you know what direction you would like your community, state, or country to go, there is no better way get it there, than to lead it.

''2. Briefly describe (in only a few words) the first three Articles of the U.S. Constitution, and explain which of these establishes the authority for the Executive branch. How many sections does this Article have?''

Article one grants power to the legislative branch, which is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Article two grants power to the executive branch and has four sections. Article three outlines the duties of the judicial branch.

''3. Which part of the U.S. Constitution establishes that only a natural born citizen may become president of the United States?''

(c ) Article II, Section 1, Clause 5: No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

''4. Please identify a portion of the acceptance speeches of Mitt Romney or Barack Obama that was designed to improve their poll numbers with a particular demographic group (e.g., women, Hispanics, the elderly, independent voters, etc.)?''

''5. If a police officer pulls over a car on the New Jersey Turnpike, which part of government does that police office likely work for?
Explain your answer, and include one or two other examples of government workers and which government they work for.''

He most likely belongs to the executive branch of the state government, or a local police department. The U.S. army ranger works for the executive branch. The speaker of the house works for the legislative branch. A justice of a district court works for the judicial branch.

''6. Do you think the presidential election this year is more like 1980, or more like 1948, and why?''

'''Extra credit (complete any 2 out of 4):'''

''7. Explain what gerrymandering is.''

Gerrymandering is the redrawing of congressional districts, to place the majority voters of one political party together, so as to create an unbeatable incumbent.

''8. Can you think of specific reasons why poll numbers for the same candidates vary depending on who conducted the poll?''

''9. How does the study of politics differ from history? Explain your answer, with an example.''

''10. Which part of the Republican Party Platform of 2012 do you like best? ''

I like the sanctity of human life statement in the platform. I hope that the republicans regain all three branches of the federal government, because many of the ideas in the platform would benefit the country greatly, from a moral, economic, and international standpoint.

Writing Homework Three Student Three

2012-02-16T17:45:18Z

AranM: Created page with "1. The best vegetable is asparagus. Most of the kids in public school eat candy, rather than good food; eating better will make you healthier than them. 2. Congress’s problem..."

1. The best vegetable is asparagus. Most of the kids in public school eat candy, rather than good food; eating better will make you healthier than them.

2. Congress’s problem: it is too weak. Those in Washington D.C. worry too much about what the public thinks, consequently doing us all a disservice.

3. Easter is a unique day of the year. Let’s face it; neither July 4th nor New Year’s Day are as special.

4. Someone needs to clean up this mess before the owner gets here. His note read, "Get [your] garbage out of [here] now”.

5. I am determined to catch all of the errors this time; I am not going to make any more mistakes. Do you think I enjoy being ridiculed like this?

6. These two things I know are true: good writing is priceless and poor writing will hurt my career. That is why I want to be a better writer.

AranM

Writing Homework Two Student Three

2012-02-09T18:02:44Z

AranM: Created page with "Part A: Correct [the] errors in the following: God given rights belong to all of us, other than us, whom else would he give them to? “I [am not] missing that game again”, ..."

Part A: Correct [the] errors in the following:

God given rights belong to all of us, other than us, whom else would he give them to?

“I [am not] missing that game again”, I told him. After all, their friend was at the game and there was no way I was going to miss it.

When a stranger came and sought directions, I told him to not to bother my friend and me.

Neither the Patriots nor the Giants are the best team in the NFL this year. The Packers, admittedly were the finest players. Just joking-nobody around here doubts that the Giants are the greatest team ever!

All the mistakes in this will be caught by me this time. Do you think this work is something to be embarrassed about?

James is most proud of the homework that had the fewest errors, of course! The final sentence, and the one before it; they were perfect.

Handed essay in at class

AranM

Writing Homework One Student Three

2012-02-02T13:26:55Z

AranM:

1. It’s his bad attitude that’s the biggest problem; regardless, you cannot judge a book by its cover.

2. The day that Davey and I went to the football game, we didn’t see anything there. Instead, the cop yelled at us, “Get lost before you are arrested by me!” Davey was really scared, but the cop didn’t arrest us.

3. Newt Gingrich declared, "[T]he media [are] terrified that the audience is going to side with the candidates against the media, which is what they've done in every debate." What mistake(s) did Newt, who has written many books, make in his statement? Explain.

Media is plural, and he should have not have used a pronoun when he referred to the audience the second time and could have restructured it as follows: “…which has happened in every debate.” This would avoid the dangling participle.

4. A good student is someone that can write very well, and quickly.

5. When I ran inside to avoid the rainstorm, my new sweater remained mostly dry.

6. The three things that needed to be completed on Wednesday morning were: calling my friend, finishing this homework, and jogging one mile.

Handed Essay in at class.

AranM

Writing Homework One Student Three

2012-02-02T13:26:36Z

AranM: Created page with "1. It’s his bad attitude that’s the biggest problem; regardless, you cannot judge a book by its cover. 2. The day that Davey and I went to the football game, we didn’t se..."

World History Homework Twelve Answers - Student 5

2011-12-08T18:27:48Z

AranM:

Aran M.

''1. List, by order of influence, who you think were the five most influential persons in all of world history.''

I think the five most influential people in world history were as follows: 1. Jesus Christ – for founding the Christian religion. 2. Mohammed – for founding the Islamic religion. 3. Adam Smith – although capitalism formed gradually Adam Smith may be cited as its founder. 4. Karl Marx – the founder of communism. 5. Albert Einstein – for his discovery of quantum mechanics.

''2. List, by order of influence, what you think were the five most influential "breakthroughs" or ideas in all of world history.''

This answer may be similar to my answer from question one, but I believe the five most influential ideas in world history are as follows: 1. The Christian religion – for saving souls of millions and counting, from the wrath of God and for writing down a set of base values. 2. The religion of Islam – this idea is influential in a negative way, but is influential still as this religion forcibly spreads . 3. Capitalism – for setting the foundation of America and many other powerful countries. 4. Communism – like Islam this form of government is forcibly spread using the uneducated common mob to promote itself. 5. Quantum mechanics – this breakthrough led to the discovery of transistors which are the basis for all modern of computing devices.

''3. Compare and contrast World War II to World War I, focusing on their causes and effects rather than specific battles.''

World War I and World War II have two very different causes. World War 1 was caused by the many secret alliances of European powers thus making a small conflict explode into a world war. World War 1, I would describe as a very accidental war as it was started as a small conflict and then many larger uninvolved countries got sucked in to defend their allies. World War 2 began with the rise of the aggressive Nazi party in Germany and was driven by the cruelty of the Treaty of Versailles and the belief in a master race of Aryans. World War II in the Pacific began simply by the current, at the time, imperialistic nature of Japan.

''4. Add three terms and descriptions (five for credit for two questions) to the Study Guide.''

''5. Write an essay of at least 200 words on any aspect of world history.''

''6. Describe the role played by cryptology in World War II, including discussion of the "Enigma".''

The most interesting aspect of cryptology in World War 2, I believe, were the American codes in the Pacific. To communicate in the Pacific, Marine Corps divisions used native Navajo translators to relay messages. This code was never broken by the Japanese, as all the native Navajo Indians were currently living in the United States. The German enigma machine was one of the greatest encrypting devices and World War II. The enigma machine worked by letter substitution with the twist that each letter was encrypted with a different substitution in a preset order. This is what made the enigma machine so difficult crack. The enigma machine also had the ability to change codes with a simple turning of a dial, so unless you had a machine and knew what settings to put on for each day, the code would still be unbreakable.

''7. Does history repeat itself? Explain, with some examples.''

''8. After taking this course, what do you think about world history helps predict the future? Include a specific example.''

''9. Who was right, President Truman or General Douglas MacArthur? Explain.''

''10. Discuss any issue or controversy related to World War II.''

An aspect of World War II that I find very interesting are the secret research and development programs of Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany had many very interesting secret programs such as the successful rocket program and jet fighter program, the flying saucer and flying Bell programs, the jet pack program, the flying wing program and the development of an atomic bomb. Only a few of these programs were ever successful. After the war America shipped many of Nazis Germany's scientists back to the states to continue their research in secret US military bases.

In the 1950s, alleged “UFO” sightings were common across the states. This is very interesting as many of the photographed UFOs resembled one of three objects: a flying saucer, a flying wing and even a flying bell. This leads me to think that the US military continued Nazi's antigravity research programs after 1945 and are still working on them to this day.

World History Homework Twelve Answers - Student 5

2011-12-08T18:26:59Z

AranM: Created page with "''1. List, by order of influence, who you think were the five most influential persons in all of world history.'' I think the five most influential people in world history were..."

''1. List, by order of influence, who you think were the five most influential persons in all of world history.''

I think the five most influential people in world history were as follows: 1. Jesus Christ – for founding the Christian religion. 2. Mohammed – for founding the Islamic religion. 3. Adam Smith – although capitalism formed gradually Adam Smith may be cited as its founder. 4. Karl Marx – the founder of communism. 5. Albert Einstein – for his discovery of quantum mechanics.

''2. List, by order of influence, what you think were the five most influential "breakthroughs" or ideas in all of world history.''

This answer may be similar to my answer from question one, but I believe the five most influential ideas in world history are as follows: 1. The Christian religion – for saving souls of millions and counting, from the wrath of God and for writing down a set of base values. 2. The religion of Islam – this idea is influential in a negative way, but is influential still as this religion forcibly spreads . 3. Capitalism – for setting the foundation of America and many other powerful countries. 4. Communism – like Islam this form of government is forcibly spread using the uneducated common mob to promote itself. 5. Quantum mechanics – this breakthrough led to the discovery of transistors which are the basis for all modern of computing devices.

''3. Compare and contrast World War II to World War I, focusing on their causes and effects rather than specific battles.''

World War I and World War II have two very different causes. World War 1 was caused by the many secret alliances of European powers thus making a small conflict explode into a world war. World War 1, I would describe as a very accidental war as it was started as a small conflict and then many larger uninvolved countries got sucked in to defend their allies. World War 2 began with the rise of the aggressive Nazi party in Germany and was driven by the cruelty of the Treaty of Versailles and the belief in a master race of Aryans. World War II in the Pacific began simply by the current, at the time, imperialistic nature of Japan.

''4. Add three terms and descriptions (five for credit for two questions) to the Study Guide.''

''5. Write an essay of at least 200 words on any aspect of world history.''

''6. Describe the role played by cryptology in World War II, including discussion of the "Enigma".''

The most interesting aspect of cryptology in World War 2, I believe, were the American codes in the Pacific. To communicate in the Pacific, Marine Corps divisions used native Navajo translators to relay messages. This code was never broken by the Japanese, as all the native Navajo Indians were currently living in the United States. The German enigma machine was one of the greatest encrypting devices and World War II. The enigma machine worked by letter substitution with the twist that each letter was encrypted with a different substitution in a preset order. This is what made the enigma machine so difficult crack. The enigma machine also had the ability to change codes with a simple turning of a dial, so unless you had a machine and knew what settings to put on for each day, the code would still be unbreakable.

''7. Does history repeat itself? Explain, with some examples.''

''8. After taking this course, what do you think about world history helps predict the future? Include a specific example.''

''9. Who was right, President Truman or General Douglas MacArthur? Explain.''

''10. Discuss any issue or controversy related to World War II.''

An aspect of World War II that I find very interesting are the secret research and development programs of Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany had many very interesting secret programs such as the successful rocket program and jet fighter program, the flying saucer and flying Bell programs, the jet pack program, the flying wing program and the development of an atomic bomb. Only a few of these programs were ever successful. After the war America shipped many of Nazis Germany's scientists back to the states to continue their research in secret US military bases.

In the 1950s, alleged “UFO” sightings were common across the states. This is very interesting as many of the photographed UFOs resembled one of three objects: a flying saucer, a flying wing and even a flying bell. This leads me to think that the US military continued Nazi's antigravity research programs after 1945 and are still working on them to this day.

World History Homework Eleven Answers - Student 5

2011-12-01T16:56:05Z

AranM: Created page with "Aran M. ''1. Describe an aspect of the Great War that you found to be most interesting, or most influential. Include as an introduction a sentence or two about what the Great Wa..."

Aran M.

''1. Describe an aspect of the Great War that you found to be most interesting, or most influential. Include as an introduction a sentence or two about what the Great War was.''

The Great War was a very large and disastrous global war (mostly in Europe). It began in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This began a very small scale war which, due to the many secret alliances, soon exploded into a world war.

Living in Munich Germany, a young Austrian, Adolf Hitler, soon got caught up in this conflict. Hitler enlisted into the German military and was soon promoted to the rank of corporal. He was wounded several times on the battlefield but continued his service until in 1918, when he was partially blinded by mustard gas and sent to a military hospital. After the war, Hitler continued his service in the military as a confidential informant of political meetings. This was when he attended his first meeting of the DAP or German Workers Party meeting.

''2. Explain the what, why, when, and where of communism.''

Communism is a powerful idea that is idealistically pleasing to the masses, but in practice is disastrous and often ends in poverty. Communism first arose in Russia due to the czars allowing shortages of food among the peasants and the resulting revolt. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin, returned to Russia organized a militia of factory workers who called themselves the Red Guard and arrested the Russian leaders. This revolution lasted until 1924 when Lennon established the USSR (United Soviet Socialist Republic) which was communist.

''3. Pick an aspect of science in the early 20th century and discuss it.''

''4. Pick an aspect of art or literature in the early 20th century and discuss it. ''

''5. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture. ''

''6. Add three items and descriptions (or five to earn credit for two questions) to the World History Study Guide from 1648.''

'''M1 Garand''' - One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.

'''The Great War''' - Also known as World War 1. This was one of the deadliest wars in world history fought between the Central Powers and the Allies from 1914 to 1918.

'''Adolf Hitler''' - Leader of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers Party) AKA Nazis. During WW2 he was known as "der Führer" or the leader of Germany.

''7. What is your view of secret alliances among nations? Do you think the secret alliances made World War I worse? ''

The fact that the alliances are “secret” is a bad thing, as when two small countries start fighting, thinking that their enemies are alone, they will start an unintentional global war. I think that public alliances are good thing so that if countries decide to attack each other they know who else they're going to involve in the conflict. I would say with full confidence that secret alliances made World War 1 worse as they caused too many large nations to become involved in the small conflict.

''8. What is your view of the United States entering World War I?''

I think that United States entering World War I was a good thing as it started the trend through the 1900s of America acting as the world's police force while promoting her own interests.

''9. Discuss why the peace after the Great War did not last.''

I believe peace after the Great War did not last mainly due to the cruelty of the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty caused many hard feelings toward the Allies which Hitler utilized to gain support for the invasion of Poland. The theory of evolution and survival of the fittest also played a major part in the ignition of World War II as Adolf Hitler use this as a guide during the Holocaust.

''10. Discuss an aspect of nationalism in Eastern, Southern and Southwestern Asia''

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-12-01T16:23:58Z

AranM: /* Honors terms */

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in [[World History Study Guide to 1648]].

As of Nov. 20 this list has about 144 terms, and it should grow to about 400 terms by early December. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) A time period when nation-states in Europe (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to distant lands. The American continents were discovered during this period.
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) American (German-born) physicist. Einstein is generally regarded as one of the very greatest scientists in history. His ideas and speculations have brought about the most profound revolution in scientific thought since Copernicus. In 1905 he published four great discoveries in theoretical physics: the special theory of relativity, the equivalence of mass and energy, the theory of Brownian motion, and the foundation of the photon theory of light. His famous special theory of relativity merged the traditionally absolute concepts of space and time into a space of four dimensions. In 1916 he advanced his general theory of relativity, which was substantiated by other scientists in 1919. In 1950 he introduced a merger of quantum theory with the general theory of relativity, thereby establishing one set of determinate laws for subatomic phenomena and large-scale physical phenomena. In 1952 the element einsteinium was identified by researchers at Berkeley, California, and named in his honor. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|the concept, first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon, whereby alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too power and started invading others.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) The day when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, when riots broke out ever day, with peasants burning wealthy homes.
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created by an explosion.
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest."
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor. Author of many iconic novels and characters whom we admire to this day.
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) Famous Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind. Danton was subsequently executed.
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, and discovered the "New World" (the Caribbean)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) A British classical economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations.
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile.
|-
|[[England]]
|An imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe, which established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s.
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|Style of art that arose in the 20th century that used distorted forms and bold colors to create art.
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|Imperial palace located in Beijing, China, which was used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|Author and attorney with a troubled life that wrote several classics stories, including the short story The Metamorphosis (1915).
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|Revolution that took place in England in 1688, and replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; several types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest forms) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic.
|-
|[[Impressionism]]
|a type of painting that didn't focus on the detail but on the feeling and impressions.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the Englishman who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and emphasized reason instead of faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|Cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I. Under his reign, the "Gunpowder Plot" was invented, and the King James Version of the Bible was published. Contrary to his cousin Elizabeth, James I fought with Parliament continually.
|-
|[[Jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans around the beginning of the 20th century and subsequently developing through various increasingly complex styles, generally marked by intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom ranging from simple diatonicism through chromaticism to atonality.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and American Revolution when the people felt that government had broken the contract
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|Tract of land that Napoleon sold to America for a very low price in 1803. Was the transfer of the western half of the Mississippi Valley from Spain and France to the United States.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) French philosopher who was perhaps the greatest figure in the Enlightment, Voltaire favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and whose ideas led to French Revolution, senseless murdering, and the destruction of churches
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France and Spain, and other European nations such as Germany much later.
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|Wife of Louis XVI. Was reported to have said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread.
|-
|[[Monarch]]
|A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited (notable exception: the [[Pope]])
|-
|absolute monarch
|an all-powerful king or queen, such as the "Sun King" French King Louis XIV (in power from 1643-1715), who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God and responsible to God alone, which lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; he kept Spain Catholic, and viewed Elizabeth I of England as his main rival, but his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588.
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|[[opium]]
|a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion.
|-
|[[Capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery.
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, a new Spanish system of repartimientos replaced it by supposedly limiting the amount of labor and requiring payment to the workers, and also requiring an application for approval by the king
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Peasant-turned-monk that was the only person who could heal Czar Nicholas II's son from his hemophilia.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534, 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commerical steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, some of which provided a foundation 40 years later for the theory of general relativity in physics.
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napolean had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, and asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution when most others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|Spiritual leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience.
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories for many workers
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|1685-1750 German composer famous for Fugues, Inventions, English Suites and Passion according to St. Matthew.
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|Louis XVI was the king of France from 1774 to October 1792. On August tenth during the French Revolution he was arrested. He was tried and found guilt of high treason. He was then executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|Helped to break the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and helped the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854.
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of atomic structure and radiations. His son Aage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei.
|-
|[[Slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|Realism
|the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence
|-
|Steamboat
|A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.
|-
|Economies of scale
|The decrease in a firm's long-run average costs as the size of its production increases.
|-
|Enclosure movement
|Early 1700's during the industrial revolution in England.. Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, benefiting from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who wrote a book with his idea about how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity, in the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|Factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) Was an English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution.
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) Is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets. He was a French man who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862).
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600 – 24 October 1669) Was an english lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan.
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for reign of terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.
|-
|William and Mary
|William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) Was the regaining by Christians of Spain and Portugal, which had been under Muslim control.
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru; Spain also obtained control over the Philippines in the Far East.
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) Was the minister president of Prussia (1862-71), and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor".
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) Was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and was a dominant power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|George Washington
|George Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander In Chief of the Continental Army. He was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775-1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolution and was the unanimous choice to serve as President. He voluntarily stepped down from office in 1796.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|The term "United Kingdom" refers to the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland" which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
| A social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution.
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible. Beethoven became totally deaf at the age of forty. He wrote most of his best music while he was total deaf.
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) Founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church)
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|American Revolution
|The American Revolution started when some American colonists thought that the English were taxing them too much. So, in 1776 they wrote the Declaration of Independence. The Patriots (the side of the revolutionaries) allied with France to equal the playing field. Through a series of battles that were wins and losses the Patriots came out on top and in 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed ending the war.
|-
|American Revolution
|A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.
|-
|France
|A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|Louisiana purchase
|A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|The Communist Manifesto
|Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. It inspired citizens across the world to partake in revolutions against seemingly unjust behavior.It lays the foundation for Marxist thinking, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society.
|-
|Sun Yixian
|Also known as Sun Yat-sen, he was the leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Divine Right of Kings
|European doctrine that held that the authority of kings came from God.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|A declaration of rights made by the representatives of the people of Virginia on June 7, 1776 written by George Mason.This later influenced the writting of the Declaration of Independance.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|[[Utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishmen Jeremy Bentham and advocated by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept prefers overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice. Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is an example.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher and last of the English classical economists; proponent of utilitarianism and also advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, as well as emancipation by women
|-
|[[Nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century.
|-
|[[Realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[Laissez-faire]]
|Approach in economics in which transactions between private parties are free from state and government intervention
|-
|Handel
|George Frederick Handel was a German composer, resident in England, and noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah
|-
|Haydn
|1732--1809, Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet.
|-
|Mozart
|1756--91, Austrian composer. A child prodigy and prolific genius, his works include operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791), symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, clarinet, and French horn, string quartets and quintets, sonatas, songs, and Masses, such as the unfinished Requiem (1791).
|-
|Beethoven
|1770--1827, German composer, who greatly extended the form and scope of symphonic and chamber music, bridging the classical and romantic traditions. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, two masses, the opera Fidelio (1805), and choral music.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power. The party was officially abolished in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|Classical Economics
|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restriction on society.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War. He had an idea that if he enticed the French to attack Prussia that the German tribes around him would band together to defeat the opposition. The War lasted only six weeks.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that the economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|In Italy, a prominent nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini, began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation. He formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.
|-
|Belgium King Leopold II
|Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians. He is chiefly remembered for being the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free state.
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron" was (and still is) the most well known, and possibly the most admired dogfighting ace of all time.
At the end of his life, he had an impressive 80 kills. He was shot down, by an unknown person on April 21,1918.
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; formed in 1879 to protect from French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|Great Britain, Russia, France; formed in 1907 against the Triple Alliance; later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|1919 Imposed limits on the size of the German army and its use of weapons and required Germany to pay reparations of $33 billion over a 30-year period; also took away some of its colonies and territories
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|1870-1924 Leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; became leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism which remained until the 1990s; also arranged for peace with Germany to end Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|After 1903, the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who wanted a sooner violent revolution; led by Lenin
|-
|quantum mechanics
|this breakthrough in physics in the early 20th century, used today by electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|From September 6-12, 1914, the First Battle of Marne was a key conflict which halted the German efforts to capture France. This forced the Germans to fight a two front war. The French losses were horrific, 250,000. The German losses were similar.
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in April 1915. The allies were not prepared for the terrain or there opponent. Nine months after the landing the allies had to retreat. They suffered 46,000 deaths among 250,000 casualties.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|The French and the Germans fought perhaps one of the most demanding battles in history at the Battle of Verdun. The Germans initiated the battle by attacking the French city of Verdun. The battle lasted for ten months and at least 220,000 soldiers died and 480,000 were wounded in this struggle.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting a the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|Was the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marz wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism and the right to be different, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts and feelings, which coincided with numerous real revolutions like the French Revolution
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbited the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer, a contemporary of Kepler, who improved the design of the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1532)
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the America colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitutio; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. It was Leibniz, not Newton, who first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Austria and Spain. Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|Zulus
| A tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800's, and their most famous leader was Shaka. They were wiped out by the British in 1879.
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificant English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which had a positive influence on the development of the English language itself
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds. This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.
|-
|[[ The Central powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[The Allies]]
| The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and in 1917, the United States, and in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
| The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII, and they were Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan.
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|Battle of Lepanto
|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for control of Silesia, a region of Eastern Europe that is mostly part of Poland today. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|slave trade
|1455-1800s: slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution in North America, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); the slave trade was ended by England by Christian reformers Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; slavery continued in Brazil until 1888
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', probably the most influential piece of Spanish literature in history
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders.
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and several rock music songs commemorate the tragedy
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Christian population
|steady increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|(1947) western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization (WTO)
|(1995) most nations agreed to “free trade” and also established international courts for deciding trade disputes among nations
|-
|North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|(1994) established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA ), formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like Nike) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|(1960) a cartel formed by Middle Eastern countries to keep the price of oil higher than it would be if the members of the cartel competed with each other. Original members were Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq and also the Latin American country of Venezuela; African and Asian countries later joined OPEC too. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) moved painting away from its traditions, by emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, and attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne. They often painted landscapes, and insisted on remaining outdoors until completion of the work
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|Aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|Aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation centre.
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I.
|-

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created from an explosion.
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne.
|-
|[[World War I]]
|Deadliest conflict began on July, 28, 1914 mainly in Europe and the Middle East. World War I was between the Central Powers and Allies, but ended with the collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918.
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manor and intercept British ships.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924)The 28th president of the United States who led the United States into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare was on Germany in 1917.
|-
|[[Communism]]
|A powerful system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth. The forceful idea of communism creates an unequal, superficial worth for all.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|Brutal, Russian dictator who murdered millions of people, destroyed many religious gatherings, and worst of all, persuaded all schools to be taught to love the wicked idea of Communism.
|-
|[[M1 Garand]]
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|-
|[[The Great War]]
|Also known as World War 1. This was one of the deadliest wars in world history fought between the Central Powers and the Allies from 1914 to 1918.
|-
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
|Leader of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers Party) AKA Nazis. During WW2 he was known as "der Führer" or the leader of Germany.
|-
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Ten Answers - Student 6

2011-11-17T16:03:32Z

AranM:

Aran M.

''1. Describe the Industrial Revolution ... including your view of it. ''

The Industrial Revolution was the industrialization of the world. This included many factories being built in cities to mass-produce goods. I believe that the Industrial Revolution was overall a good thing, because it created the ability to manufacture things at a fraction of the cost that it would take to make them individually.

''2. Describe imperialism ... including your view of it.''

Imperialism is the influence or colonization by a larger country over a smaller country. There are four main ways that this can happen: Establishing Colonies – in this form the larger country has direct control over the colonies of the smaller country. Establishing protectorates – in this form larger country protects the smaller but it still has its own government. Sphere of influence – this is where larger country has unique trading rights with the smaller one. Economic imperialism – This is one larger country is replaced by a private business that takes control of a region. I view imperialism as a good thing as in most examples it benefits both the larger country and the smaller country. When imperialism is having a negative effect people of the country generally rebel thus ending the imperialism in their country.

''3. Pick any aspect of African or Asian history in the lecture, and describe it.''

''4. Write an essay about any issue related to the lecture.''

''5. Pick and describe 3 terms (5 for credit for two questions) and describe them in the World History Study Guide from 1648.''

''6. Discuss the work of Karl Marx or Charles Darwin, or both.''

''7. Discuss classical economics or utilitarianism.''

Classical economics is basically free enterprise with minimal or no government intervention. This theory also emphasized "From labor comes wealth" this is very similar to the "Don't work don't eat" policy of the Jamestown settlement.

''8. Explain what nationalism is, providing an example.''

Nationalism is the devotion to one's country and the exploitation of her interests over those of other countries and/or the world. Very nationalistic states include Germany, Japan and Italy. These three countries also later became the major axis powers in the Second World War.

''9. Describe the history of Latin America for the time period covered by the lecture.''

World History Homework Ten Answers - Student 6

2011-11-17T16:00:17Z

AranM: Created page with "''1. Describe the Industrial Revolution ... including your view of it. '' The Industrial Revolution was the industrialization of the world. This included many factories being bu..."

''1. Describe the Industrial Revolution ... including your view of it. ''

The Industrial Revolution was the industrialization of the world. This included many factories being built in cities to mass-produce goods. I believe that the Industrial Revolution was overall a good thing, because it created the ability to manufacture things at a fraction of the cost that it would take to make them individually.

''2. Describe imperialism ... including your view of it.''

Imperialism is the influence or colonization by a larger country over a smaller country. There are four main ways that this can happen: Establishing Colonies – in this form the larger country has direct control over the colonies of the smaller country. Establishing protectorates – in this form larger country protects the smaller but it still has its own government. Sphere of influence – this is where larger country has unique trading rights with the smaller one. Economic imperialism – This is one larger country is replaced by a private business that takes control of a region. I view imperialism as a good thing as in most examples it benefits both the larger country and the smaller country. When imperialism is having a negative effect people of the country generally rebel thus ending the imperialism in their country.

''3. Pick any aspect of African or Asian history in the lecture, and describe it.''

''4. Write an essay about any issue related to the lecture.''

''5. Pick and describe 3 terms (5 for credit for two questions) and describe them in the World History Study Guide from 1648.''

''6. Discuss the work of Karl Marx or Charles Darwin, or both.''

''7. Discuss classical economics or utilitarianism.''

Classical economics is basically free enterprise with minimal or no government intervention. This theory also emphasized "From labor comes wealth" this is very similar to the "Don't work don't eat" policy of the Jamestown settlement.

''8. Explain what nationalism is, providing an example.''

Nationalism is the devotion to one's country and the exploitation of her interests over those of other countries and/or the world. Very nationalistic states include Germany, Japan and Italy. These three countries also later became the major axis powers in the Second World War.

''9. Describe the history of Latin America for the time period covered by the lecture.''

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student 10

2011-11-10T17:55:23Z

AranM:

Aran M.
''1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the final exam at the end of this course?''

I believe one of the biggest ways that I could improve my score is by studying more the religious aspects of the Middle Ages, as that is where I got a few questions wrong.

''2. Summarize the French Revolution.''

The French revolution first began due to the oppression of the first and second estates. Soon civil war broke out and almost all the monarchy and leadership in France had been executed by the guillotine. This created a power vacuum and opened the door for Napoleon to step into power, thus creating the French empire.

''3. Write a brief essay on the religious wars in England.''

''4. Add three terms and descriptions to the "World History Study Guide from 1648" (the one for the second half of this course). If you add five terms and descriptions, then that will be credit for two questions.''

'''American Revolution''' – A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.

'''France''' – A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.

'''Prussia''' – A very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area were Germany is today.

'''Louisiana Purchase''' – A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.

'''Corsica''' – Napoleon Bonaparte’s birthplace.

''5. What is your view of revolutions in world history? Include several examples in your answer.''

''6. Comment on music or art history.''

''7. What is your view of Napoleon? In your answer, discuss some of his achievements.''

''8. Write a short essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769 on the war torn, Mediterranean island of Corsica, off the coast of Italy. The island was sold to the French and since then, the Corsicans had fought hard to regain their land. Soon after Napoleon was born, his father, Carlo made peace with the French and was admitted into the French nobility. Due to this, Napoleon was able to get the best military training in France. He first went to a church school at Antone to learn the language of French, as his native language was Italian. Next, he attended Brienne and then in 1784, he went to Ecole Militaire which was the best military college in France. Soon after this, he was commissioned into the Régiment de la Fére with which he attended the artillery school of Auxonne.

In 1789 the French revolution broke out and in 1792 the war between France and Europe started. Many aristocratic French officers fled the country, leaving many positions that needed to be assumed by younger French republican army officers, including Napoleon who took more than his share. After this France broke into a great civil war. The government was bankrupt and 1792 France declared war on Austria. The British Fleet was now in control of the great naval base of Toulon. The French military sent an army to besiege the port. Napoleon was now a captain and he attended this battle, but when the general of the artillery was badly wounded he took full control of the guns and used them so strategically he was promoted to Brigadier General at the age of 23.

In 1795 a new constitution was made which was governed by five directors appointed by two elected councils. Paul Barris, who was one of the new directors, appointed Napoleon to be in command of the army in Paris. On October 6th, 1795 a mob attacked Paris. Napoleon was once again in charge of the cannons and quickly dissolved the attackers with what he called “a whiff of grapeshot”. For this he was promoted to a Major General.

In 1796 Napoleon took his first wife, Josephine Beauharnais and two days later he was appointed to be a commander of the army of Italy. With this army he displayed ingenious strategy which made him almost unbeatable on the field. He believed that mobility was the most important part of a battle and he could organize lightning moves very effectively. Napoleon became very popular with his soldiers as he would pay them in silver instead of the French Paper money. At this time Napoleon was repelling Austrian forces at a very quick rate. When he reached the border Napoleon started negotiating for an Austrian peace treaty. This treaty Involved Austria being forced to surrender the province of Belgium to France and to recognize the Cisalpine Republic which had been created by Napoleon in 1796.

Napoleon did not want to lose his glory and popularity so he soon proposed an invasion of Egypt, as it would cut off English trade routes. He left on May 19, 1798 and reached Alexandria in July. Napoleon also brought with him many scientists and explorers to record the wonders of Egypt. This provoked Russia and Turkey to declare war on France. After arriving, the French fleet was destroyed by the British at the battle of the Nile leaving Napoleon stranded in Egypt. Turkey was now sending troops into Egypt, which Napoleon defeated in Alexandria with only 10,000 men. Napoleon then secretly set sail for France in two frigates, an action which he was greatly criticized for, as it seemed like he was deserting his army.

The five directors back in France could no longer enforce the taxation laws and were steadily losing money, especially when Italy was invaded as it was one of France’s largest sources of money. In 1799 the government’s income was 400,000,000 francs less then it was spending. Napoleon now had a plan of drawing yet another constitution which was made up of three consuls. In this new government Napoleon made himself the first console and it was obvious that this consulate form of government would soon become a dictatorship.

The surrender of the French to the English army in Egypt meant that Britain was now in control of the seas. After this there was peace, Egypt was given back to Turkey and France agreed to withdraw the troops from Rome and Naples. For this new peace Napoleon was elected to become first console for life, instead of having to go back up for election every 10 years. This new peace lasted only four months; it is still under debate as to who broke it. In 1804 Napoleon was crowned the emperor of the French Republic. In the same year Spain joined with France and they dominated Europe the next few years.

On the 25th of June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with an army of 450,000 men. Napoleon’s army experienced tremendous loss just from the march in the cold climate of Russia. With only 160,000 men left Napoleon continued to march upon Moscow where he met the Russian army. The French lost 30,000 more men in this battle. Leaving Russia, Napoleon took the more southern road so as to avoid the now barren route that they’d taken to get there, left with an army of only 100,000 men carrying a large amount of loot from Moscow and with many sick and wounded. On the sixth of December Napoleon left his army to return Paris and prove to the world that he was still alive and raising yet another army.

The many forces of the Prussians (Germany), the Russians and the British were now marching on France. Without a fight, Paris surrendered in 1814 to the British troops. Napoleon was captured and sent into exile on the isle of Elba, but in 1815 Napoleon secretly escaped and made a return to power. Although rallying great public support, this Glory did not last long, as soon after, at the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was abducted once again and this time he was sent to the small rocky island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic (not even visible on Google Earth!) where he lived the rest of his days. Napoleon’s family consisted of seven siblings his Father Carlo Bonaparte and his mother Letizia Bonaparte. He had only one son named Napoleon II.
''9. Describe the Congress of Vienna and its significance.''

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student 10

2011-11-10T17:54:26Z

AranM:

Aran M.
''1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the final exam at the end of this course?''

I believe one of the biggest ways that I could improve my score is by studying more the religious aspects of the Middle Ages, as that is where I got a few questions wrong.

''2. Summarize the French Revolution.''

The French revolution first began due to the oppression of the first and second estates. Soon civil war broke out and almost all the monarchy and leadership in France had been executed by the guillotine. This created a power vacuum and opened the door for Napoleon to step into power, thus creating the French empire.

''3. Write a brief essay on the religious wars in England.''

''4. Add three terms and descriptions to the "World History Study Guide from 1648" (the one for the second half of this course). If you add five terms and descriptions, then that will be credit for two questions.''

'''American Revolution''' – A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.

'''France''' – A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.

'''Prussia''' – A very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area were Germany is today.

'''Louisiana Purchase''' – A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.

'''Corsica''' – Napoleon Bonaparte’s birthplace.

''5. What is your view of revolutions in world history? Include several examples in your answer.''

''6. Comment on music or art history.''

''7. What is your view of Napoleon? In your answer, discuss some of his achievements.''

''8. Write a short essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769 on the war torn, Mediterranean island of Corsica, off the coast of Italy. The island was sold to the French and since then, the Corsicans had fought hard to regain their land. Soon after Napoleon was born, his father, Carlo made peace with the French and was admitted into the French nobility. Due to this, Napoleon was able to get the best military training in France. He first went to a church school at Antone to learn the language of French, as his native language was Italian. Next, he attended Brienne and then in 1784, he went to Ecole Militaire which was the best military college in France. Soon after this, he was commissioned into the Régiment de la Fére with which he attended the artillery school of Auxonne.
In 1789 the French revolution broke out and in 1792 the war between France and Europe started. Many aristocratic French officers fled the country, leaving many positions that needed to be assumed by younger French republican army officers, including Napoleon who took more than his share. After this France broke into a great civil war. The government was bankrupt and 1792 France declared war on Austria. The British Fleet was now in control of the great naval base of Toulon. The French military sent an army to besiege the port. Napoleon was now a captain and he attended this battle, but when the general of the artillery was badly wounded he took full control of the guns and used them so strategically he was promoted to Brigadier General at the age of 23.
In 1795 a new constitution was made which was governed by five directors appointed by two elected councils. Paul Barris, who was one of the new directors, appointed Napoleon to be in command of the army in Paris. On October 6th, 1795 a mob attacked Paris. Napoleon was once again in charge of the cannons and quickly dissolved the attackers with what he called “a whiff of grapeshot”. For this he was promoted to a Major General.
In 1796 Napoleon took his first wife, Josephine Beauharnais and two days later he was appointed to be a commander of the army of Italy. With this army he displayed ingenious strategy which made him almost unbeatable on the field. He believed that mobility was the most important part of a battle and he could organize lightning moves very effectively. Napoleon became very popular with his soldiers as he would pay them in silver instead of the French Paper money. At this time Napoleon was repelling Austrian forces at a very quick rate. When he reached the border Napoleon started negotiating for an Austrian peace treaty. This treaty Involved Austria being forced to surrender the province of Belgium to France and to recognize the Cisalpine Republic which had been created by Napoleon in 1796.
Napoleon did not want to lose his glory and popularity so he soon proposed an invasion of Egypt, as it would cut off English trade routes. He left on May 19, 1798 and reached Alexandria in July. Napoleon also brought with him many scientists and explorers to record the wonders of Egypt. This provoked Russia and Turkey to declare war on France. After arriving, the French fleet was destroyed by the British at the battle of the Nile leaving Napoleon stranded in Egypt. Turkey was now sending troops into Egypt, which Napoleon defeated in Alexandria with only 10,000 men. Napoleon then secretly set sail for France in two frigates, an action which he was greatly criticized for, as it seemed like he was deserting his army.
The five directors back in France could no longer enforce the taxation laws and were steadily losing money, especially when Italy was invaded as it was one of France’s largest sources of money. In 1799 the government’s income was 400,000,000 francs less then it was spending. Napoleon now had a plan of drawing yet another constitution which was made up of three consuls. In this new government Napoleon made himself the first console and it was obvious that this consulate form of government would soon become a dictatorship.
The surrender of the French to the English army in Egypt meant that Britain was now in control of the seas. After this there was peace, Egypt was given back to Turkey and France agreed to withdraw the troops from Rome and Naples. For this new peace Napoleon was elected to become first console for life, instead of having to go back up for election every 10 years. This new peace lasted only four months; it is still under debate as to who broke it. In 1804 Napoleon was crowned the emperor of the French Republic. In the same year Spain joined with France and they dominated Europe the next few years.
On the 25th of June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with an army of 450,000 men. Napoleon’s army experienced tremendous loss just from the march in the cold climate of Russia. With only 160,000 men left Napoleon continued to march upon Moscow where he met the Russian army. The French lost 30,000 more men in this battle. Leaving Russia, Napoleon took the more southern road so as to avoid the now barren route that they’d taken to get there, left with an army of only 100,000 men carrying a large amount of loot from Moscow and with many sick and wounded. On the sixth of December Napoleon left his army to return Paris and prove to the world that he was still alive and raising yet another army.
The many forces of the Prussians (Germany), the Russians and the British were now marching on France. Without a fight, Paris surrendered in 1814 to the British troops. Napoleon was captured and sent into exile on the isle of Elba, but in 1815 Napoleon secretly escaped and made a return to power. Although rallying great public support, this Glory did not last long, as soon after, at the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was abducted once again and this time he was sent to the small rocky island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic (not even visible on Google Earth!) where he lived the rest of his days. Napoleon’s family consisted of seven siblings his Father Carlo Bonaparte and his mother Letizia Bonaparte. He had only one son named Napoleon II.
''9. Describe the Congress of Vienna and its significance.''

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student 10

2011-11-10T17:54:04Z

AranM:

Aran M.
''1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the final exam at the end of this course?''

I believe one of the biggest ways that I could improve my score is by studying more the religious aspects of the Middle Ages, as that is where I got a few questions wrong.

''2. Summarize the French Revolution.''

The French revolution first began due to the oppression of the first and second estates. Soon civil war broke out and almost all the monarchy and leadership in France had been executed by the guillotine. This created a power vacuum and opened the door for Napoleon to step into power, thus creating the French empire.

''3. Write a brief essay on the religious wars in England.''

''4. Add three terms and descriptions to the "World History Study Guide from 1648" (the one for the second half of this course). If you add five terms and descriptions, then that will be credit for two questions.''

'''American Revolution''' – A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.

'''France''' – A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.

'''Prussia''' – A very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area were Germany is today.

'''Louisiana Purchase''' – A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.

'''Corsica''' – Napoleon Bonaparte’s birthplace.

''5. What is your view of revolutions in world history? Include several examples in your answer.''

''6. Comment on music or art history.''

''7. What is your view of Napoleon? In your answer, discuss some of his achievements.''

''8. Write a short essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769 on the war torn, Mediterranean island of Corsica, off the coast of Italy. The island was sold to the French and since then, the Corsicans had fought hard to regain their land. Soon after Napoleon was born, his father, Carlo made peace with the French and was admitted into the French nobility. Due to this, Napoleon was able to get the best military training in France. He first went to a church school at Antone to learn the language of French, as his native language was Italian. Next, he attended Brienne and then in 1784, he went to Ecole Militaire which was the best military college in France. Soon after this, he was commissioned into the Régiment de la Fére with which he attended the artillery school of Auxonne.
In 1789 the French revolution broke out and in 1792 the war between France and Europe started. Many aristocratic French officers fled the country, leaving many positions that needed to be assumed by younger French republican army officers, including Napoleon who took more than his share. After this France broke into a great civil war. The government was bankrupt and 1792 France declared war on Austria. The British Fleet was now in control of the great naval base of Toulon. The French military sent an army to besiege the port. Napoleon was now a captain and he attended this battle, but when the general of the artillery was badly wounded he took full control of the guns and used them so strategically he was promoted to Brigadier General at the age of 23.
In 1795 a new constitution was made which was governed by five directors appointed by two elected councils. Paul Barris, who was one of the new directors, appointed Napoleon to be in command of the army in Paris. On October 6th, 1795 a mob attacked Paris. Napoleon was once again in charge of the cannons and quickly dissolved the attackers with what he called “a whiff of grapeshot”. For this he was promoted to a Major General.
In 1796 Napoleon took his first wife, Josephine Beauharnais and two days later he was appointed to be a commander of the army of Italy. With this army he displayed ingenious strategy which made him almost unbeatable on the field. He believed that mobility was the most important part of a battle and he could organize lightning moves very effectively. Napoleon became very popular with his soldiers as he would pay them in silver instead of the French Paper money. At this time Napoleon was repelling Austrian forces at a very quick rate. When he reached the border Napoleon started negotiating for an Austrian peace treaty. This treaty Involved Austria being forced to surrender the province of Belgium to France and to recognize the Cisalpine Republic which had been created by Napoleon in 1796.
Napoleon did not want to lose his glory and popularity so he soon proposed an invasion of Egypt, as it would cut off English trade routes. He left on May 19, 1798 and reached Alexandria in July. Napoleon also brought with him many scientists and explorers to record the wonders of Egypt. This provoked Russia and Turkey to declare war on France. After arriving, the French fleet was destroyed by the British at the battle of the Nile leaving Napoleon stranded in Egypt. Turkey was now sending troops into Egypt, which Napoleon defeated in Alexandria with only 10,000 men. Napoleon then secretly set sail for France in two frigates, an action which he was greatly criticized for, as it seemed like he was deserting his army.
The five directors back in France could no longer enforce the taxation laws and were steadily losing money, especially when Italy was invaded as it was one of France’s largest sources of money. In 1799 the government’s income was 400,000,000 francs less then it was spending. Napoleon now had a plan of drawing yet another constitution which was made up of three consuls. In this new government Napoleon made himself the first console and it was obvious that this consulate form of government would soon become a dictatorship.
The surrender of the French to the English army in Egypt meant that Britain was now in control of the seas. After this there was peace, Egypt was given back to Turkey and France agreed to withdraw the troops from Rome and Naples. For this new peace Napoleon was elected to become first console for life, instead of having to go back up for election every 10 years. This new peace lasted only four months; it is still under debate as to who broke it. In 1804 Napoleon was crowned the emperor of the French Republic. In the same year Spain joined with France and they dominated Europe the next few years.
On the 25th of June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with an army of 450,000 men. Napoleon’s army experienced tremendous loss just from the march in the cold climate of Russia. With only 160,000 men left Napoleon continued to march upon Moscow where he met the Russian army. The French lost 30,000 more men in this battle. Leaving Russia, Napoleon took the more southern road so as to avoid the now barren route that they’d taken to get there, left with an army of only 100,000 men carrying a large amount of loot from Moscow and with many sick and wounded. On the sixth of December Napoleon left his army to return Paris and prove to the world that he was still alive and raising yet another army.
The many forces of the Prussians (Germany), the Russians and the British were now marching on France. Without a fight, Paris surrendered in 1814 to the British troops. Napoleon was captured and sent into exile on the isle of Elba, but in 1815 Napoleon secretly escaped and made a return to power. Although rallying great public support, this Glory did not last long, as soon after, at the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was abducted once again and this time he was sent to the small rocky island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic (not even visible on Google Earth!) where he lived the rest of his days. Napoleon’s family consisted of seven siblings his Father Carlo Bonaparte and his mother Letizia Bonaparte. He had only one son named Napoleon II.
''9. Describe the Congress of Vienna and its significance.''

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student 10

2011-11-10T17:53:19Z

AranM:

Aran M.
''1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the final exam at the end of this course?''

I believe one of the biggest ways that I could improve my score is by studying more the religious aspects of the Middle Ages, as that is where I got a few questions wrong.

''2. Summarize the French Revolution.''

The French revolution first began due to the oppression of the first and second estates. Soon civil war broke out and almost all the monarchy and leadership in France had been executed by the guillotine. This created a power vacuum and opened the door for Napoleon to step into power, thus creating the French empire.

''3. Write a brief essay on the religious wars in England.''

''4. Add three terms and descriptions to the "World History Study Guide from 1648" (the one for the second half of this course). If you add five terms and descriptions, then that will be credit for two questions.''

'''American Revolution''' – A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.

'''France''' – A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.

'''Prussia''' – A very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area were Germany is today.

'''Louisiana Purchase''' – A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.

'''Corsica''' – Napoleon Bonaparte’s birthplace.

''5. What is your view of revolutions in world history? Include several examples in your answer.''

''6. Comment on music or art history.''

''7. What is your view of Napoleon? In your answer, discuss some of his achievements.''

''8. Write a short essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769 on the war torn, Mediterranean island of Corsica, off the coast of Italy. The island was sold to the French and since then, the Corsicans had fought hard to regain their land. Soon after Napoleon was born, his father, Carlo made peace with the French and was admitted into the French nobility. Due to this, Napoleon was able to get the best military training in France. He first went to a church school at Antone to learn the language of French, as his native language was Italian. Next, he attended Brienne and then in 1784, he went to Ecole Militaire which was the best military college in France. Soon after this, he was commissioned into the Régiment de la Fére with which he attended the artillery school of Auxonne.
In 1789 the French revolution broke out and in 1792 the war between France and Europe started. Many aristocratic French officers fled the country, leaving many positions that needed to be assumed by younger French republican army officers, including Napoleon who took more than his share. After this France broke into a great civil war. The government was bankrupt and 1792 France declared war on Austria. The British Fleet was now in control of the great naval base of Toulon. The French military sent an army to besiege the port. Napoleon was now a captain and he attended this battle, but when the general of the artillery was badly wounded he took full control of the guns and used them so strategically he was promoted to Brigadier General at the age of 23.
In 1795 a new constitution was made which was governed by five directors appointed by two elected councils. Paul Barris, who was one of the new directors, appointed Napoleon to be in command of the army in Paris. On October 6th, 1795 a mob attacked Paris. Napoleon was once again in charge of the cannons and quickly dissolved the attackers with what he called “a whiff of grapeshot”. For this he was promoted to a Major General.
In 1796 Napoleon took his first wife, Josephine Beauharnais and two days later he was appointed to be a commander of the army of Italy. With this army he displayed ingenious strategy which made him almost unbeatable on the field. He believed that mobility was the most important part of a battle and he could organize lightning moves very effectively. Napoleon became very popular with his soldiers as he would pay them in silver instead of the French Paper money. At this time Napoleon was repelling Austrian forces at a very quick rate. When he reached the border Napoleon started negotiating for an Austrian peace treaty. This treaty Involved Austria being forced to surrender the province of Belgium to France and to recognize the Cisalpine Republic which had been created by Napoleon in 1796.
Napoleon did not want to lose his glory and popularity so he soon proposed an invasion of Egypt, as it would cut off English trade routes. He left on May 19, 1798 and reached Alexandria in July. Napoleon also brought with him many scientists and explorers to record the wonders of Egypt. This provoked Russia and Turkey to declare war on France. After arriving, the French fleet was destroyed by the British at the battle of the Nile leaving Napoleon stranded in Egypt. Turkey was now sending troops into Egypt, which Napoleon defeated in Alexandria with only 10,000 men. Napoleon then secretly set sail for France in two frigates, an action which he was greatly criticized for, as it seemed like he was deserting his army.
The five directors back in France could no longer enforce the taxation laws and were steadily losing money, especially when Italy was invaded as it was one of France’s largest sources of money. In 1799 the government’s income was 400,000,000 francs less then it was spending. Napoleon now had a plan of drawing yet another constitution which was made up of three consuls. In this new government Napoleon made himself the first console and it was obvious that this consulate form of government would soon become a dictatorship.
The surrender of the French to the English army in Egypt meant that Britain was now in control of the seas. After this there was peace, Egypt was given back to Turkey and France agreed to withdraw the troops from Rome and Naples. For this new peace Napoleon was elected to become first console for life, instead of having to go back up for election every 10 years. This new peace lasted only four months; it is still under debate as to who broke it. In 1804 Napoleon was crowned the emperor of the French Republic. In the same year Spain joined with France and they dominated Europe the next few years.
On the 25th of June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with an army of 450,000 men. Napoleon’s army experienced tremendous loss just from the march in the cold climate of Russia. With only 160,000 men left Napoleon continued to march upon Moscow where he met the Russian army. The French lost 30,000 more men in this battle. Leaving Russia, Napoleon took the more southern road so as to avoid the now barren route that they’d taken to get there, left with an army of only 100,000 men carrying a large amount of loot from Moscow and with many sick and wounded. On the sixth of December Napoleon left his army to return Paris and prove to the world that he was still alive and raising yet another army.
The many forces of the Prussians (Germany), the Russians and the British were now marching on France. Without a fight, Paris surrendered in 1814 to the British troops. Napoleon was captured and sent into exile on the isle of Elba, but in 1815 Napoleon secretly escaped and made a return to power. Although rallying great public support, this Glory did not last long, as soon after, at the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was abducted once again and this time he was sent to the small rocky island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic (not even visible on Google Earth!) where he lived the rest of his days. Napoleon’s family consisted of seven siblings his Father Carlo Bonaparte and his mother Letizia Bonaparte. He had only one son named Napoleon II.
''9. Describe the Congress of Vienna and its significance.''

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student 10

2011-11-10T17:52:33Z

AranM: Created page with "Aran M. ''1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the final exam at the end of this course?'' I believe one of the biggest ways that I cou..."

Aran M.
''1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the final exam at the end of this course?''

I believe one of the biggest ways that I could improve my score is by studying more the religious aspects of the Middle Ages, as that is where I got a few questions wrong.

''2. Summarize the French Revolution.''

The French revolution first began due to the oppression of the first and second estates. Soon civil war broke out and almost all the monarchy and leadership in France had been executed by the guillotine. This created a power vacuum and opened the door for Napoleon to step into power, thus creating the French empire.

''3. Write a brief essay on the religious wars in England.''

''4. Add three terms and descriptions to the "World History Study Guide from 1648" (the one for the second half of this course). If you add five terms and descriptions, then that will be credit for two questions.''

'''American Revolution''' – A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.

'''France''' – A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.

'''Prussia''' – A very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area were Germany is today.

'''Louisiana Purchase''' – A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.

'''Corsica''' – Napoleon Bonaparte’s birthplace.

''5. What is your view of revolutions in world history? Include several examples in your answer.''

''6. Comment on music or art history.''

''7. What is your view of Napoleon? In your answer, discuss some of his achievements.''

''8. Write a short essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769 on the war torn, Mediterranean island of Corsica, off the coast of Italy. The island was sold to the French and since then, the Corsicans had fought hard to regain their land. Soon after Napoleon was born, his father, Carlo made peace with the French and was admitted into the French nobility. Due to this, Napoleon was able to get the best military training in France. He first went to a church school at Antone to learn the language of French, as his native language was Italian. Next, he attended Brienne and then in 1784, he went to Ecole Militaire which was the best military college in France. Soon after this, he was commissioned into the Régiment de la Fére with which he attended the artillery school of Auxonne.

In 1789 the French revolution broke out and in 1792 the war between France and Europe started. Many aristocratic French officers fled the country, leaving many positions that needed to be assumed by younger French republican army officers, including Napoleon who took more than his share. After this France broke into a great civil war. The government was bankrupt and 1792 France declared war on Austria. The British Fleet was now in control of the great naval base of Toulon. The French military sent an army to besiege the port. Napoleon was now a captain and he attended this battle, but when the general of the artillery was badly wounded he took full control of the guns and used them so strategically he was promoted to Brigadier General at the age of 23.

In 1795 a new constitution was made which was governed by five directors appointed by two elected councils. Paul Barris, who was one of the new directors, appointed Napoleon to be in command of the army in Paris. On October 6th, 1795 a mob attacked Paris. Napoleon was once again in charge of the cannons and quickly dissolved the attackers with what he called “a whiff of grapeshot”. For this he was promoted to a Major General.
In 1796 Napoleon took his first wife, Josephine Beauharnais and two days later he was appointed to be a commander of the army of Italy. With this army he displayed ingenious strategy which made him almost unbeatable on the field. He believed that mobility was the most important part of a battle and he could organize lightning moves very effectively. Napoleon became very popular with his soldiers as he would pay them in silver instead of the French Paper money. At this time Napoleon was repelling Austrian forces at a very quick rate. When he reached the border Napoleon started negotiating for an Austrian peace treaty. This treaty Involved Austria being forced to surrender the province of Belgium to France and to recognize the Cisalpine Republic which had been created by Napoleon in 1796.
Napoleon did not want to lose his glory and popularity so he soon proposed an invasion of Egypt, as it would cut off English trade routes. He left on May 19, 1798 and reached Alexandria in July. Napoleon also brought with him many scientists and explorers to record the wonders of Egypt. This provoked Russia and Turkey to declare war on France. After arriving, the French fleet was destroyed by the British at the battle of the Nile leaving Napoleon stranded in Egypt. Turkey was now sending troops into Egypt, which Napoleon defeated in Alexandria with only 10,000 men. Napoleon then secretly set sail for France in two frigates, an action which he was greatly criticized for, as it seemed like he was deserting his army.

The five directors back in France could no longer enforce the taxation laws and were steadily losing money, especially when Italy was invaded as it was one of France’s largest sources of money. In 1799 the government’s income was 400,000,000 francs less then it was spending. Napoleon now had a plan of drawing yet another constitution which was made up of three consuls. In this new government Napoleon made himself the first console and it was obvious that this consulate form of government would soon become a dictatorship.
The surrender of the French to the English army in Egypt meant that Britain was now in control of the seas. After this there was peace, Egypt was given back to Turkey and France agreed to withdraw the troops from Rome and Naples. For this new peace Napoleon was elected to become first console for life, instead of having to go back up for election every 10 years. This new peace lasted only four months; it is still under debate as to who broke it. In 1804 Napoleon was crowned the emperor of the French Republic. In the same year Spain joined with France and they dominated Europe the next few years.

On the 25th of June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with an army of 450,000 men. Napoleon’s army experienced tremendous loss just from the march in the cold climate of Russia. With only 160,000 men left Napoleon continued to march upon Moscow where he met the Russian army. The French lost 30,000 more men in this battle. Leaving Russia, Napoleon took the more southern road so as to avoid the now barren route that they’d taken to get there, left with an army of only 100,000 men carrying a large amount of loot from Moscow and with many sick and wounded. On the sixth of December Napoleon left his army to return Paris and prove to the world that he was still alive and raising yet another army.
The many forces of the Prussians (Germany), the Russians and the British were now marching on France. Without a fight, Paris surrendered in 1814 to the British troops. Napoleon was captured and sent into exile on the isle of Elba, but in 1815 Napoleon secretly escaped and made a return to power. Although rallying great public support, this Glory did not last long, as soon after, at the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was abducted once again and this time he was sent to the small rocky island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic (not even visible on Google Earth!) where he lived the rest of his days. Napoleon’s family consisted of seven siblings his Father Carlo Bonaparte and his mother Letizia Bonaparte. He had only one son named Napoleon II.
''9. Describe the Congress of Vienna and its significance.''

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-10T17:48:35Z

AranM: /* Regular/non-honors study terms */

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-10T15:57:07Z

AranM: /* Regular/non-honors study terms */

World History Homework Eight Answers - Student 2

2011-11-03T14:30:07Z

AranM: Created page with "Aran M. ''1. Whom do you appreciate the most from the Enlightenment, and why?'' ''2. Explain what the Scientific Revolution was.'' ''3. Some say that Isaac Newton was the most..."

Aran M.
''1. Whom do you appreciate the most from the Enlightenment, and why?''

''2. Explain what the Scientific Revolution was.''

''3. Some say that Isaac Newton was the most influential person in world history after Jesus Christ. What is your view? Explain.''

I would argue that Mohammed is the second most influential person in the world. This is due to him starting the religion of Islam this is a negative influence what a great influence still.

''4. Describe an aspect of the Age of Exploration.''

In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh embarked on an expedition to claim land for a England and the new world. Raleigh’s expedition was aimed at the area known as Virginia. And the new world Walter Rollin landed in the outer banks of North Carolina (Virginia at the time) and established a colony on Roanoke Island. This colony was very successful in establishing communication with the local Algonquian Indians. And 1587 three years later captain John White left the Roanoke calling to return to Britain for supplies. Upon his return in 1590 the colony of Roanoke had mysteriously vanished. To this day it is still unknown what happened to the colonists but is thought that they are attacked by either Indians or pirates.

''5. What were the nation-states? Give an example as part of your answer.''

Nation-states Merck countries that developed in Europe that ruled by an absolute monarchy. A few of these nation-states include: England, France, Spain, Portugal and Prussia.

''6. The "invisible hand" was discovered and explained by whom? Discuss, including when, why, the effect, and the name of the work.''

''7. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

''8. Explain how the American colonies fit into part of world history in the lecture.''

''9. Add 3 terms to the Study Guide (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).''

'''England''' – An imperialistic nation-state based out of the British isles off the coast of Europe. England was also the largest noncontiguous empire in history.

'''Age of exploration''' – A time period where nation-states in Europe (mainly England France Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to far lands. The American continents were found during this period.

'''Nation-state''' – A country in Europe governed by a monarch. These began to develop in the 1400s the largest Three being England, France and Spain.

'''Monarch''' –The absolute ruler of a Nation-state who is above the law.

'''Capitalism''' – An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-03T14:05:04Z

AranM: /* Regular/non-honors study terms */

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present.

This should grow to about 500 terms -- about half non-honors and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011 or early January 2012''.

==Regular/non-honors study terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|A time period where nation-states in Europe (mainly England France Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to far lands. The American continents were found during this period.
|-
|[[England]]
|An imperialistic nation-state based out of the British isles off the coast of Europe. England was also the largest noncontiguous empire in history.
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|Characterized by rationalist philosophers challenging assumed beliefs up till the enlightenment. Possibly caused by the Scientific Revolution's ability to explain the universe. Highlights include Voltaire, Hume, Descartes, Kant, Smith, Burke, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|1632-1704 Famous English enlightenment philosopher. Created idea of Government's Social Contract. Created idea of "Social Contract" that prompted protestant rebellion in England and American Revolution.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|1694-1778 Famous French Enlightenment philosopher. Voltaire taught of absolute freedom, but resulting revolution devolved into mindless bloodshed. Nevertheless Voltaire was the leader of the enlightenment and greatest figure in the Enlightenment.
|-
|[[Nation-state]]
|A country in Europe governed by a monarch. These began to develop in the 1400s the largest Three being England, France and Spain.
|-
|[[Monarch]]
|The absolute ruler of a Nation-state who is above the law.
|-
|[[Capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|}

[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Six Answers - Student 1

2011-10-20T12:24:33Z

AranM: Created page with "Aran M. Write down the approximate percentage of terms that you know correctly (such as "10%"): '''50%''' Then study all the terms in the Study Guide Then quiz yourself on all..."

Aran M.

Write down the approximate percentage of terms that you know correctly (such as "10%"): '''50%'''

Then study all the terms in the Study Guide

Then quiz yourself on all the terms in the Study Guide. Write down the approximate percentage of terms that you knew (for the most part - you don't have to know every detail about a term to earn credit for it): '''66%'''

Study and quiz yourself for as much time as you have. Write down the highest percentage that you know (based on a sample of the questions on each page):'''74%'''

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 7

2011-10-14T14:29:55Z

AranM:

Aran M.

''1. What is the difference between the "Holy Roman Empire" and the Roman Empire?''

The Holy Roman Empire came shortly after the fall of the Ancient Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire began in A. D. 800 with Charlemagne being crowned king and the new found power of the Catholic Church. Another major difference between the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire was that the Holy Roman Empire was Christian while the Roman Empire persecuted them.

''2. Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?''

Charles Martel also known as Charles the Hammer was a Christian leader who led the franks in the decisive Battle of Tours in A.D. 732, defeating the Muslim invasion. If it was not for this victory, America might have been founded on a Muslim rather than a Christian basis.

''3. Explain what feudalism in Western Europe was.''

Feudalism in Europe consisted of many small areas with their own separate governments, rather than one central government. These small governments consisted mainly of a lord and the serfs. The lord was generally the owner of the land and the serfs were peasants who worked the land in exchange for food and defense against the barbarians. Later on in this form of government, towns began to form that were able to buy their independence from the lord.

''4. How many "pillars" of Islam are there? Pick two of them and discuss them briefly.''

The five pillars of Islam:

a. Submission- This submission is absolute to Allah.

b. Prayer- Muslims must pray five times a day to Allah while facing Mecca.

c. Fasting- Muslims must fast for the entire month of Ramadan, but only in daylight hours.

d. Almsgiving- Required donation to the poor.

e. The Hajj- This is a pilgrimage to Mecca that has to be made by Muslims at least once in their lifetime.

''5. Discuss one of the major civilizations or tribes in Central and South America in the lecture, and contrast it with another major civilization or tribe from that area.''

''6. Discuss feudalism and religion in Japan.''

Feudalism in Japan was very different from feudalism in Europe. Feudalism in Japan consisted of many clans that were constantly fighting for central power. All through the feudalistic period in Japan there was still an emperor of Japan.

The Shinto religion has no founders, no holy scriptures and no god. Followers of Shinto believe in spirits called Kami. These, Kami live in objects such as prominent rocks or great people. The Shinto also believes that humans are basically good and has no views that humanity has fallen into evil. Unlike other religions, Shinto does not seek to convert other people and the mixes very well with other religions such as Buddhism.

''7. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

The samurai where the elite warriors of the clans in Japan. Originally called saburai, they were the personal guards of the emperor. As feudalism in Japan developed, the clans began fighting; The Daimyo (feudalistic master) of each Clan needed his own bodyguards. As the fighting continued, the Daimyo needed more and more bodyguards and soon had their own private armies. By this time the term saburi had evolved into samurai, as it is easier to pronounce. The samurai were now the primary fighting force in Japan due to their great skill and power.

The samurai’s choice of weapons changed over time. The original weapons of the samurai where bows, arrows and simple swords. A change of the samurai’s weapons to primarily the bow, came with the introduction of horses to Japan around the 5th century A.D. This style yet again changed with the invasion of the Mongols in the 13th century A.D. Now the samurai slowly reverted to fighting on foot with the traditional samurai’s style of weapons. This consisted of a long sword (over 24 inches) and a short sword (12 to 24 inches). These swords were called Katanas.

Around this time came the introduction of the Bushido (The Way of the Warrior) which is an honor code of the samurai. If a samurai ever broke the Bushido code, he would take his shorter sword and thrust it into their abdomen, while his best friend used his longer sword to decapitate him. The unofficial method that many samurai chose instead was exile. These became dishonored or Masterless samurai who were shunned by all clans.

''8. What was the Carolingian Court?''

''9. Add 3 terms to the Study Guide (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).''

Samurai, Shogun and Kami.

9-2. Knight and lord

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 7

2011-10-14T14:29:23Z

AranM:

Aran M.

''1. What is the difference between the "Holy Roman Empire" and the Roman Empire?''

The Holy Roman Empire came shortly after the fall of the Ancient Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire began in A. D. 800 with Charlemagne being crowned king and the new found power of the Catholic Church. Another major difference between the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire was that the Holy Roman Empire was Christian while the Roman Empire persecuted them.

''2. Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?''

Charles Martel also known as Charles the Hammer was a Christian leader who led the franks in the decisive Battle of Tours in A.D. 732, defeating the Muslim invasion. If it was not for this victory, America might have been founded on a Muslim rather than a Christian basis.

''3. Explain what feudalism in Western Europe was.''

Feudalism in Europe consisted of many small areas with their own separate governments, rather than one central government. These small governments consisted mainly of a lord and the serfs. The lord was generally the owner of the land and the serfs were peasants who worked the land in exchange for food and defense against the barbarians. Later on in this form of government, towns began to form that were able to buy their independence from the lord.

''4. How many "pillars" of Islam are there? Pick two of them and discuss them briefly.''

The five pillars of Islam:
a. Submission- This submission is absolute to Allah.

b. Prayer- Muslims must pray five times a day to Allah while facing Mecca.

c. Fasting- Muslims must fast for the entire month of Ramadan, but only in daylight hours.

d. Almsgiving- Required donation to the poor.

e. The Hajj- This is a pilgrimage to Mecca that has to be made by Muslims at least once in their lifetime.

''5. Discuss one of the major civilizations or tribes in Central and South America in the lecture, and contrast it with another major civilization or tribe from that area.''

''6. Discuss feudalism and religion in Japan.''

Feudalism in Japan was very different from feudalism in Europe. Feudalism in Japan consisted of many clans that were constantly fighting for central power. All through the feudalistic period in Japan there was still an emperor of Japan.

The Shinto religion has no founders, no holy scriptures and no god. Followers of Shinto believe in spirits called Kami. These, Kami live in objects such as prominent rocks or great people. The Shinto also believes that humans are basically good and has no views that humanity has fallen into evil. Unlike other religions, Shinto does not seek to convert other people and the mixes very well with other religions such as Buddhism.

''7. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

The samurai where the elite warriors of the clans in Japan. Originally called saburai, they were the personal guards of the emperor. As feudalism in Japan developed, the clans began fighting; The Daimyo (feudalistic master) of each Clan needed his own bodyguards. As the fighting continued, the Daimyo needed more and more bodyguards and soon had their own private armies. By this time the term saburi had evolved into samurai, as it is easier to pronounce. The samurai were now the primary fighting force in Japan due to their great skill and power.

The samurai’s choice of weapons changed over time. The original weapons of the samurai where bows, arrows and simple swords. A change of the samurai’s weapons to primarily the bow, came with the introduction of horses to Japan around the 5th century A.D. This style yet again changed with the invasion of the Mongols in the 13th century A.D. Now the samurai slowly reverted to fighting on foot with the traditional samurai’s style of weapons. This consisted of a long sword (over 24 inches) and a short sword (12 to 24 inches). These swords were called Katanas.

Around this time came the introduction of the Bushido (The Way of the Warrior) which is an honor code of the samurai. If a samurai ever broke the Bushido code, he would take his shorter sword and thrust it into their abdomen, while his best friend used his longer sword to decapitate him. The unofficial method that many samurai chose instead was exile. These became dishonored or Masterless samurai who were shunned by all clans.

''8. What was the Carolingian Court?''

''9. Add 3 terms to the Study Guide (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).''

Samurai, Shogun and Kami.

9-2. Knight and lord

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 7

2011-10-13T14:41:34Z

AranM:

Aran M.

''1. What is the difference between the "Holy Roman Empire" and the Roman Empire?''

The Holy Roman Empire came shortly after the fall of the Ancient Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire began in A. D. 800 with Charlemagne being crowned king and the new found power of the Catholic Church. Another major difference between the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire was that the Holy Roman Empire was Christian while the Roman Empire persecuted them.

''2. Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?''

Charles Martel also known as Charles the Hammer was a Christian leader who led the franks in the decisive Battle of Tours in A.D. 732, defeating the Muslim invasion. If it was not for this victory, America might have been founded on a Muslim rather than a Christian basis.

''3. Explain what feudalism in Western Europe was.''

Feudalism in Europe consisted of many small areas with their own separate governments, rather than one central government. These small governments consisted mainly of a lord and the serfs. The lord was generally the owner of the land and the serfs were peasants who worked the land in exchange for food and defense against the barbarians. Later on in this form of government, towns began to form that were able to buy their independence from the lord.

''4. How many "pillars" of Islam are there? Pick two of them and discuss them briefly.''

The five pillars of Islam:
a. Submission- This submission is absolute to Allah.
b. Prayer- Muslims must pray five times a day to Allah while facing Mecca.
c. Fasting- Muslims must fast for the entire month of Ramadan, but only in daylight hours.
d. Almsgiving- Required donation to the poor.
e. The Hajj- This is a pilgrimage to Mecca that has to be made by Muslims at least once in their lifetime.

''5. Discuss one of the major civilizations or tribes in Central and South America in the lecture, and contrast it with another major civilization or tribe from that area.''

''6. Discuss feudalism and religion in Japan.''

Feudalism in Japan was very different from feudalism in Europe. Feudalism in Japan consisted of many clans that were constantly fighting for central power. All through the feudalistic period in Japan there was still an emperor of Japan.

The Shinto religion has no founders, no holy scriptures and no god. Followers of Shinto believe in spirits called Kami. These, Kami live in objects such as prominent rocks or great people. The Shinto also believes that humans are basically good and has no views that humanity has fallen into evil. Unlike other religions, Shinto does not seek to convert other people and the mixes very well with other religions such as Buddhism.

''7. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

The samurai where the elite warriors of the clans in Japan. Originally called saburai, they were the personal guards of the emperor. As feudalism in Japan developed, the clans began fighting; The Daimyo (feudalistic master) of each Clan needed his own bodyguards. As the fighting continued, the Daimyo needed more and more bodyguards and soon had their own private armies. By this time the term saburi had evolved into samurai, as it is easier to pronounce. The samurai were now the primary fighting force in Japan due to their great skill and power.
The samurai’s choice of weapons changed over time. The original weapons of the samurai where bows, arrows and simple swords. A change of the samurai’s weapons to primarily the bow, came with the introduction of horses to Japan around the 5th century A.D. This style yet again changed with the invasion of the Mongols in the 13th century A.D. Now the samurai slowly reverted to fighting on foot with the traditional samurai’s style of weapons. This consisted of a long sword (over 24 inches) and a short sword (12 to 24 inches). These swords were called Katanas.
Around this time came the introduction of the Bushido (The Way of the Warrior) which is an honor code of the samurai. If a samurai ever broke the Bushido code, he would take his shorter sword and thrust it into their abdomen, while his best friend used his longer sword to decapitate him. The unofficial method that many samurai chose instead was exile. These became dishonored or Masterless samurai who were shunned by all clans.

''8. What was the Carolingian Court?''

''9. Add 3 terms to the Study Guide (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).''

Samurai, Shogun and Kami.

9-2. Knight and lord

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 7

2011-10-13T14:41:00Z

AranM: Created page with "''1. What is the difference between the "Holy Roman Empire" and the Roman Empire?'' The Holy Roman Empire came shortly after the fall of the Ancient Roman Empire. The Holy Roma..."

''1. What is the difference between the "Holy Roman Empire" and the Roman Empire?''

The Holy Roman Empire came shortly after the fall of the Ancient Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire began in A. D. 800 with Charlemagne being crowned king and the new found power of the Catholic Church. Another major difference between the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire was that the Holy Roman Empire was Christian while the Roman Empire persecuted them.

''2. Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?''

Charles Martel also known as Charles the Hammer was a Christian leader who led the franks in the decisive Battle of Tours in A.D. 732, defeating the Muslim invasion. If it was not for this victory, America might have been founded on a Muslim rather than a Christian basis.

''3. Explain what feudalism in Western Europe was.''

Feudalism in Europe consisted of many small areas with their own separate governments, rather than one central government. These small governments consisted mainly of a lord and the serfs. The lord was generally the owner of the land and the serfs were peasants who worked the land in exchange for food and defense against the barbarians. Later on in this form of government, towns began to form that were able to buy their independence from the lord.

''4. How many "pillars" of Islam are there? Pick two of them and discuss them briefly.''

The five pillars of Islam:
a. Submission- This submission is absolute to Allah.
b. Prayer- Muslims must pray five times a day to Allah while facing Mecca.
c. Fasting- Muslims must fast for the entire month of Ramadan, but only in daylight hours.
d. Almsgiving- Required donation to the poor.
e. The Hajj- This is a pilgrimage to Mecca that has to be made by Muslims at least once in their lifetime.

''5. Discuss one of the major civilizations or tribes in Central and South America in the lecture, and contrast it with another major civilization or tribe from that area.''

''6. Discuss feudalism and religion in Japan.''

Feudalism in Japan was very different from feudalism in Europe. Feudalism in Japan consisted of many clans that were constantly fighting for central power. All through the feudalistic period in Japan there was still an emperor of Japan.

The Shinto religion has no founders, no holy scriptures and no god. Followers of Shinto believe in spirits called Kami. These, Kami live in objects such as prominent rocks or great people. The Shinto also believes that humans are basically good and has no views that humanity has fallen into evil. Unlike other religions, Shinto does not seek to convert other people and the mixes very well with other religions such as Buddhism.

''7. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture.''

The samurai where the elite warriors of the clans in Japan. Originally called saburai, they were the personal guards of the emperor. As feudalism in Japan developed, the clans began fighting; The Daimyo (feudalistic master) of each Clan needed his own bodyguards. As the fighting continued, the Daimyo needed more and more bodyguards and soon had their own private armies. By this time the term saburi had evolved into samurai, as it is easier to pronounce. The samurai were now the primary fighting force in Japan due to their great skill and power.
The samurai’s choice of weapons changed over time. The original weapons of the samurai where bows, arrows and simple swords. A change of the samurai’s weapons to primarily the bow, came with the introduction of horses to Japan around the 5th century A.D. This style yet again changed with the invasion of the Mongols in the 13th century A.D. Now the samurai slowly reverted to fighting on foot with the traditional samurai’s style of weapons. This consisted of a long sword (over 24 inches) and a short sword (12 to 24 inches). These swords were called Katanas.
Around this time came the introduction of the Bushido (The Way of the Warrior) which is an honor code of the samurai. If a samurai ever broke the Bushido code, he would take his shorter sword and thrust it into their abdomen, while his best friend used his longer sword to decapitate him. The unofficial method that many samurai chose instead was exile. These became dishonored or Masterless samurai who were shunned by all clans.

''8. What was the Carolingian Court?''

''9. Add 3 terms to the Study Guide (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).''

Samurai, Shogun and Kami.

9-2. Knight and lord

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-12T16:27:05Z

AranM:

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

Currently at about 426 terms (roughly half basic, half honors). The goal is to build this to nearly 500 terms by mid-October 2011. ''An examination on this material will be given in late October or early November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|[[Aeneid]]
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxons
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people(A.D. 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica", from Central Mexico who adopted various legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahmin is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|3500-1200 BC: when copper and bronze were used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[City-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A.D. 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from A.D. 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 B.C., having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back perhaps to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
| One of the most significant popes who used church money for non-religious purposes, such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor. This would later cause uproar in the Catholic Church.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but 600 BC in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite his great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[Karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[Knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[Lord(small l)]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[Manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The Civilization of the Mayans lasted from about 300-900 A.D. The Mayans were advanced in math astronomy and many other things.
Today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[Monasteries]]
|Monasteries are communities of Christian monks that are set apart for god. Historians credit monasteries for the saving of literature and more during the middle ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[Monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible, cruelest emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman Republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, in the time of the Holy Roman Empire the pope was very powerful. One of the most significant popes was known as Gregory the Great.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman Republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|The muslim holy book.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman Republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[Samurai]]
|The elite warriors of feudalistic Japan. They followed an important honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[Scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[Scientific Revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (100-200 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from sun Kami; sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[Shogon]]
|A feudalistic military ruler of Japan.
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: War period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|<fill in>
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from A.D. 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|Maya
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|Moche
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|<fill in>
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (A.D. 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the A.D. 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]