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	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2184999</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2184999"/>
		<updated>2026-02-09T18:56:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* See also */ +&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the [[Christian]] Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], [[Protestant]] Churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself, while retaining the others as rites. For example, Holy Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. Both Holy Matrimony and anointing of the sick, among others, were retained as rites by the Magisterial Protestants (Lutherans, Reformed and Anglicans). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though not dogmatic about the number of sacraments, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), identifying four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Anglican) tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Community of Christ (Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) names eight sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], The Blessing of Children, [[Eucharist|The Lord's Supper]], Marriage, Administration to the sick, Ordination, and the Evangelist's blessing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. |url=http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/default.asp |title=Community of Christ: The Sacraments |publisher=Cofchrist.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians. Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ordinance]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2184998</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2184998"/>
		<updated>2026-02-09T18:56:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* See also */ removed wikilinks present in article body&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the [[Christian]] Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], [[Protestant]] Churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself, while retaining the others as rites. For example, Holy Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. Both Holy Matrimony and anointing of the sick, among others, were retained as rites by the Magisterial Protestants (Lutherans, Reformed and Anglicans). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though not dogmatic about the number of sacraments, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), identifying four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Anglican) tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Community of Christ (Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) names eight sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], The Blessing of Children, [[Eucharist|The Lord's Supper]], Marriage, Administration to the sick, Ordination, and the Evangelist's blessing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. |url=http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/default.asp |title=Community of Christ: The Sacraments |publisher=Cofchrist.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians. Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150245</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150245"/>
		<updated>2025-08-12T19:37:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the [[Christian]] Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], [[Protestant]] Churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself, while retaining the others as rites. For example, Holy Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. Both Holy Matrimony and anointing of the sick, among others, were retained as rites by the Magisterial Protestants (Lutherans, Reformed and Anglicans). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though not dogmatic about the number of sacraments, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), identifying four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Anglican) tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Community of Christ (Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) names eight sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], The Blessing of Children, [[Eucharist|The Lord's Supper]], Marriage, Administration to the sick, Ordination, and the Evangelist's blessing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. |url=http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/default.asp |title=Community of Christ: The Sacraments |publisher=Cofchrist.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians. Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* Sacraments in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** *[[Infant baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Eucharist]] (the Most Blessed Sacrament, the Sacrament of the Altar, Holy Communion)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: Water baptism cannot save, the Church cannot save, Born again by faith alone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150210</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150210"/>
		<updated>2025-08-12T11:00:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: added parenthetical&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the [[Christian]] Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], [[Protestant]] Churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself. For example, Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though not dogmatic about the number of sacraments, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), identifying four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Anglican) tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Community of Christ (Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) names eight sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], The Blessing of Children, [[Eucharist|The Lord's Supper]], Marriage, Administration to the sick, Ordination, and the Evangelist's blessing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. |url=http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/default.asp |title=Community of Christ: The Sacraments |publisher=Cofchrist.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians.  Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* Sacraments in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** *[[Infant baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Eucharist]] (the Most Blessed Sacrament, the Sacrament of the Altar, Holy Communion)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: Water baptism cannot save, the Church cannot save, Born again by faith alone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150209</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150209"/>
		<updated>2025-08-12T10:56:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* Quotes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the [[Christian]] Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], [[Protestant]] Churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself. For example, Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though not dogmatic about the number of sacraments, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), identifying four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Community of Christ (Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) names eight sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], The Blessing of Children, [[Eucharist|The Lord's Supper]], Marriage, Administration to the sick, Ordination, and the Evangelist's blessing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. |url=http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/default.asp |title=Community of Christ: The Sacraments |publisher=Cofchrist.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians.  Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* Sacraments in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** *[[Infant baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Eucharist]] (the Most Blessed Sacrament, the Sacrament of the Altar, Holy Communion)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: Water baptism cannot save, the Church cannot save, Born again by faith alone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150208</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150208"/>
		<updated>2025-08-12T10:53:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the [[Christian]] Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], [[Protestant]] Churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself. For example, Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though not dogmatic about the number of sacraments, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), identifying four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Community of Christ (Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) names eight sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], The Blessing of Children, [[Eucharist|The Lord's Supper]], Marriage, Administration to the sick, Ordination, and the Evangelist's blessing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. |url=http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/default.asp |title=Community of Christ: The Sacraments |publisher=Cofchrist.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians.  Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
Flannery O'Connor: &amp;quot;Well, if the Eucharist is a symbol, to hell with it.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://catholicquotations.com/sacraments/ &amp;quot;Sacraments&amp;quot;], ''Catholic Quotations'', retrieved 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* Sacraments in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** *[[Infant baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Eucharist]] (the Most Blessed Sacrament, the Sacrament of the Altar, Holy Communion)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: Water baptism cannot save, the Church cannot save, Born again by faith alone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150207</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150207"/>
		<updated>2025-08-12T10:47:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the [[Christian]] Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation]], [[Protestant]] Churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself. For example, Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though not dogmatic about the number of sacraments, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), identifying four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Community of Christ (Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) names eight sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], The Blessing of Children, [[Eucharist|The Lord's Supper]], Marriage, Administration to the sick, Ordination, and the Evangelist's blessing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. |url=http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/default.asp |title=Community of Christ: The Sacraments |publisher=Cofchrist.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians.  Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
Flannery O'Connor: &amp;quot;Well, if the Eucharist is a symbol, to hell with it.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://catholicquotations.com/sacraments/ &amp;quot;Sacraments&amp;quot;], ''Catholic Quotations'', retrieved 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* Sacraments in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** *[[Infant baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Eucharist]] (the Most Blessed Sacrament, the Sacrament of the Altar, Holy Communion)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: Water baptism cannot save, the Church cannot save, Born again by faith alone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150206</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150206"/>
		<updated>2025-08-12T10:46:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the Christian Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation]], [[Protestant]] Churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself. For example, Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Though not dogmatic about the number of sacraments, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), identifying four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Community of Christ (Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) names eight sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], The Blessing of Children, [[Eucharist|The Lord's Supper]], Marriage, Administration to the sick, Ordination, and The [[Evangelist's blessing]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|author=Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. |url=http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/default.asp |title=Community of Christ: The Sacraments |publisher=Cofchrist.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-25}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians.  Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
Flannery O'Connor: &amp;quot;Well, if the Eucharist is a symbol, to hell with it.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://catholicquotations.com/sacraments/ &amp;quot;Sacraments&amp;quot;], ''Catholic Quotations'', retrieved 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* Sacraments in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** *[[Infant baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Eucharist]] (the Most Blessed Sacrament, the Sacrament of the Altar, Holy Communion)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: Water baptism cannot save, the Church cannot save, Born again by faith alone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150205</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150205"/>
		<updated>2025-08-12T10:27:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition; ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the Christian Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches usually recognize only Baptism, and sometimes the Eucharist, as sacraments. The others may be considered religious ceremonies, but not sacraments. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation]], Protestant churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself. For example, Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), naming four others as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians.  Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mennonite]] [[Anabaptist]] tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
Flannery O'Connor: &amp;quot;Well, if the Eucharist is a symbol, to hell with it.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://catholicquotations.com/sacraments/ &amp;quot;Sacraments&amp;quot;], ''Catholic Quotations'', retrieved 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* Sacraments in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** *[[Infant baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Eucharist]] (the Most Blessed Sacrament, the Sacrament of the Altar, Holy Communion)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: Water baptism cannot save, the Church cannot save, Born again by faith alone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150204</id>
		<title>Sacrament</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Sacrament&amp;diff=2150204"/>
		<updated>2025-08-12T10:26:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: added information + references&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''sacrament''' is a special religious rite in the Christian Churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] recognizes seven sacraments: [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation), the [[Eucharist]], [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession), the [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' 1210], The Vatican. Accessed 24 March 2007&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches usually recognize only Baptism, and sometimes the Eucharist, as sacraments. The others may be considered religious ceremonies, but not sacraments. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' defines the sacraments as &amp;quot;perceptible signs (words and actions) accessible to our human nature. By the action of Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit they make present efficaciously the grace that they signify&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s1c1a1.htm CCC 1084], The Vatican. Accessed 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation]], Protestant churches sought to define the number of sacraments as those insituted by Christ Himself. For example, Matrimony was not a new practice at the time of Christ. Then too, Jesus does not appear to have instituted Holy Unction, although the anointing of the sick by church elders is mentioned in the [[New Testament]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] generally teach three sacraments (Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution and Holy Eucharist), naming four as rites: confirmation, ordination, matrimony, and anointing of the sick.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Galler2025&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Galler |first1=Jayson S. |title=Word &amp;amp; Sacrament |url=https://www.pilgrimlc.org/word-sacrament |publisher=Pilgrim Lutheran Church |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=English |date=2025 |quote=...generally in the Lutheran Christian tradition we speak of three sacraments.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Reformed]] tradition teaches two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper. The [[Anglican]] Church's Articles of Religion contend that the Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] negates the sacramental character of the Sacrament of the Altar (the Eucharist) because if the [[substance]]s of the bread and wine are rendered non-existent, as is claimed, there is no longer any physical component.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;According to Catholic doctrine the &amp;quot;substance&amp;quot; is not the &amp;quot;physical matter&amp;quot;. See [[Transubstantiation#In Roman Catholic theology|Transubstantiation: In Roman Catholic theology]]. Compare [[Materialism]] and [[Philosophical naturalism]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Orthodox Church]] accepts the same set of sacraments as the Roman Catholic church does, but it declines to number the sacraments.  The sacraments of the [[Orthodox Church]] are more fully described in the essay &amp;quot;[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The only significant Christian Churches that observe no sacraments at all, in the usual sense of the word, are the Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Unitarians.  Most [[Baptists]], instead of referring to sacraments, refer to the two ordinances, namely, baptism and the Lord's Supper, and regard those as symbolic acts of obedience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/articles/baptiststwoordinances.shtml Baptists' Two Ordinances]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii Baptism and the Lord's Supper], from the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mennonite Anabaptist tradition names seven ordinances: &amp;quot;baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Hartzler2013&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartzler |first1=Rachel Nafziger |title=No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-635-7 |language=English}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Stcyril.jpg|right|200px|thumb| St. [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] ]]&lt;br /&gt;
Flannery O'Connor: &amp;quot;Well, if the Eucharist is a symbol, to hell with it.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://catholicquotations.com/sacraments/ &amp;quot;Sacraments&amp;quot;], ''Catholic Quotations'', retrieved 8 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] (c. 313 – 386): &amp;quot;Since Christ Himself said, 'This is my body', who shall dare to doubt that it is His body?&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Padre Pio|St. Padre Pio]]: &amp;quot;A thousand years of enjoying human glory is not worth even an hour spent sweetly communing with Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer|St. Josemaría Escrivá]]: &amp;quot;'The Mass is long,' you say, and I reply: 'Because your love is short.'”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. John Vianney: &amp;quot;There is nothing so great as the Eucharist. If God had something more precious He would have given it to us.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St. Maximilian Kolbe: &amp;quot;If the angels could be jealous of men, they would be for one reason: Holy Communion.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catholic proverb: &amp;quot;Seven days without the Eucharist makes one weak.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fr. Mike Schmitz: &amp;quot;So many people see the confessional as a place of defeat, but confession is a place of victory every single time.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ambrose Bierce]]: &amp;quot;[[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] has seven sacraments, but the Protestant churches, being less prosperous, feel that they can afford only two, and these of inferior sanctity. Some of the smaller sects have no sacraments at all — for which mean economy they will indubitable be damned.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* Sacraments in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** *[[Infant baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Eucharist]] (the Most Blessed Sacrament, the Sacrament of the Altar, Holy Communion)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession|Penance and Reconciliation]] (Confession)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]] (Chrismation)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]] (Holy Matrimony)&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]] (Extreme Unction, Last Rites)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: Water baptism cannot save, the Church cannot save, Born again by faith alone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oaths]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Morality]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2142163</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2142163"/>
		<updated>2025-07-15T00:43:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: added information + reference&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Becklo |first1=Matthew |title=The Mass as Cross and Re-presentation |url=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/the-mass-as-cross-and-re-presentation/ |publisher=Word on Fire |date=26 June 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tiegen |first1=B.W. |title=The Real Presence in the Book of Concord |journal=Concordia Theological Quarterly |date=1977 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=46|quote=As can be seen from the context, Luther is thinking of the active, powerful Word of consecration of that divine majesty at whose feet every knee should bow. Fagerberg is certainly right when he says that the words of institution are regarded by Luther as the words of consecration whereby bread and wine become something other than ordinary bread and wine (Fagerberg, pp. 186, 195).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. This Reformed view is reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, the Anglican confession of faith, of which the 28th article teaches that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;González1987&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=González |first1=Justo L. |title=A History of Christian Thought: From the Protestant Reformation to the twentieth century |date=1987 |publisher=Abingdon Press |isbn=978-0-687-17184-2 |language=en|quote=It is clear that, in rejecting Roman Catholic doctrine on this point, Cranmer has also rejected Luther's views and adopted Calvin's position. The sacrament is not merely a symbol of what takes place in the heart, but neither is it the physical eating of the body of Christ. This must be so, because the body of Christ is in heaven and therefore our participation in it can only be spiritual. Only the believers are the true partakers of the body and blood of Christ, for the unbelievers eat and drink no more than bread and wine—and condemnation upon themselves, for the profanation of the Lord's Table. These views are reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, of which the twenty-eighth says that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavently and spiritual manner. The next article says of the wicked that &amp;quot;in no wise are they partakers of Christ,&amp;quot; although &amp;quot;to their condemnation [they] do eat and rink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing.&amp;quot; This marked Calvinistic influence would prove very significant for the history of Christianity in England during the seventeenth century}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence, but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation (inheriting the Reformed Anglican view that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner&amp;quot;). The way Christ's real spiritual presence in the Eucharist is manifested is regarded by Methodists as being a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]]: Anabaptists teach that the &amp;quot;mystery of communion with the living Christ in his Supper comes into being by the power of the Spirit, dwelling in and working through the collected members of Christ’s Body&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Snyder2006&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Snyder |first1=Arnold |title=Was the Bread Only Bread, and the Wine Only Wine? Sacramental Theology in Five Anabaptist Hymns |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/grebel/publications/conrad-grebel-review/issues/fall-2006/was-bread-only-bread-and-wine-only-wine-sacramental-theology |publisher=[[Conrad Grebel University College]] |access-date=28 April 2022 |date=2006 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707015534/https://uwaterloo.ca/grebel/publications/conrad-grebel-review/issues/fall-2006/was-bread-only-bread-and-wine-only-wine-sacramental-theology |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As such, in celebrations of the Lord's Supper, &amp;quot;Anabaptist congregations looked to the living Christ in their hearts and in their midst, who transformed members and elements together into a mysterious communion, creating his Body in many members, ground like grains and crushed like grapes, into one bread and one drink.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Snyder2006&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://southwestsk.lutheranchurchcanada.ca/2025/01/17/church-fathers-on-the-real-presence/ Church Fathers on the Real Presence - LCC]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141860</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141860"/>
		<updated>2025-07-14T03:52:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Becklo |first1=Matthew |title=The Mass as Cross and Re-presentation |url=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/the-mass-as-cross-and-re-presentation/ |publisher=Word on Fire |date=26 June 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tiegen |first1=B.W. |title=The Real Presence in the Book of Concord |journal=Concordia Theological Quarterly |date=1977 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=46|quote=As can be seen from the context, Luther is thinking of the active, powerful Word of consecration of that divine majesty at whose feet every knee should bow. Fagerberg is certainly right when he says that the words of institution are regarded by Luther as the words of consecration whereby bread and wine become something other than ordinary bread and wine (Fagerberg, pp. 186, 195).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. This Reformed view is reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, the Anglican confession of faith, of which the 28th article teaches that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;González1987&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=González |first1=Justo L. |title=A History of Christian Thought: From the Protestant Reformation to the twentieth century |date=1987 |publisher=Abingdon Press |isbn=978-0-687-17184-2 |language=en|quote=It is clear that, in rejecting Roman Catholic doctrine on this point, Cranmer has also rejected Luther's views and adopted Calvin's position. The sacrament is not merely a symbol of what takes place in the heart, but neither is it the physical eating of the body of Christ. This must be so, because the body of Christ is in heaven and therefore our participation in it can only be spiritual. Only the believers are the true partakers of the body and blood of Christ, for the unbelievers eat and drink no more than bread and wine—and condemnation upon themselves, for the profanation of the Lord's Table. These views are reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, of which the twenty-eighth says that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavently and spiritual manner. The next article says of the wicked that &amp;quot;in no wise are they partakers of Christ,&amp;quot; although &amp;quot;to their condemnation [they] do eat and rink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing.&amp;quot; This marked Calvinistic influence would prove very significant for the history of Christianity in England during the seventeenth century}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence, but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation (inheriting the Reformed Anglican view that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner&amp;quot;). The way Christ's real spiritual presence in the Eucharist is manifested is regarded by Methodists as being a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://southwestsk.lutheranchurchcanada.ca/2025/01/17/church-fathers-on-the-real-presence/ Church Fathers on the Real Presence - LCC]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141855</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141855"/>
		<updated>2025-07-14T03:42:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: added reference; ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Becklo |first1=Matthew |title=The Mass as Cross and Re-presentation |url=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/the-mass-as-cross-and-re-presentation/ |publisher=Word on Fire |date=26 June 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tiegen |first1=B.W. |title=The Real Presence in the Book of Concord |journal=Concordia Theological Quarterly |date=1977 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=46|quote=As can be seen from the context, Luther is thinking of the active, powerful Word of consecration of that divine majesty at whose feet every knee should bow. Fagerberg is certainly right when he says that the words of institution are regarded by Luther as the words of consecration whereby bread and wine become something other than ordinary bread and wine (Fagerberg, pp. 186, 195).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. This Reformed view is reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, the Anglican confession of faith, of which the 28th article teaches that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;González1987&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=González |first1=Justo L. |title=A History of Christian Thought: From the Protestant Reformation to the twentieth century |date=1987 |publisher=Abingdon Press |isbn=978-0-687-17184-2 |language=en|quote=It is clear that, in rejecting Roman Catholic doctrine on this point, Cranmer has also rejected Luther's views and adopted Calvin's position. The sacrament is not merely a symbol of what takes place in the heart, but neither is it the physical eating of the body of Christ. This must be so, because the body of Christ is in heaven and therefore our participation in it can only be spiritual. Only the believers are the true partakers of the body and blood of Christ, for the unbelievers eat and drink no more than bread and wine—and condemnation upon themselves, for the profanation of the Lord's Table. These views are reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, of which the twenty-eighth says that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavently and spiritual manner. The next article says of the wicked that &amp;quot;in no wise are they partakers of Christ,&amp;quot; although &amp;quot;to their condemnation [they] do eat and rink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing.&amp;quot; This marked Calvinistic influence would prove very significant for the history of Christianity in England during the seventeenth century}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence, but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation (inheriting the Reformed Anglican view that &amp;quot;the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner&amp;quot;). The way Christ's spiritual presence in the Eucharist is manifested is regarded by Methodists as being a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://southwestsk.lutheranchurchcanada.ca/2025/01/17/church-fathers-on-the-real-presence/ Church Fathers on the Real Presence - LCC]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141853</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141853"/>
		<updated>2025-07-14T03:37:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Becklo |first1=Matthew |title=The Mass as Cross and Re-presentation |url=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/the-mass-as-cross-and-re-presentation/ |publisher=Word on Fire |date=26 June 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tiegen |first1=B.W. |title=The Real Presence in the Book of Concord |journal=Concordia Theological Quarterly |date=1977 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=46|quote=As can be seen from the context, Luther is thinking of the active, powerful Word of consecration of that divine majesty at whose feet every knee should bow. Fagerberg is certainly right when he says that the words of institution are regarded by Luther as the words of consecration whereby bread and wine become something other than ordinary bread and wine (Fagerberg, pp. 186, 195).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://southwestsk.lutheranchurchcanada.ca/2025/01/17/church-fathers-on-the-real-presence/ Church Fathers on the Real Presence - LCC]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141852</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141852"/>
		<updated>2025-07-14T03:33:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: added reference&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Becklo |first1=Matthew |title=The Mass as Cross and Re-presentation |url=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/the-mass-as-cross-and-re-presentation/ |publisher=Word on Fire |date=26 June 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tiegen |first1=B.W. |title=The Real Presence in the Book of Concord |journal=Concordia Theological Quarterly |date=1977 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=46|quote=As can be seen from the context, Luther is thinking of the active, powerful Word of consecration of that divine majesty at whose feet every knee should bow. Fagerberg is certainly right when he says that the words of institution are regarded by Luther as the words of consecration whereby bread and wine become something other than ordinary bread and wine (Fagerberg, pp. 186, 195).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141851</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141851"/>
		<updated>2025-07-14T03:29:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: added reference&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tiegen |first1=B.W. |title=The Real Presence in the Book of Concord |journal=Concordia Theological Quarterly |date=1977 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=46|quote=As can be seen from the context, Luther is thinking of the active, powerful Word of consecration of that divine majesty at whose feet every knee should bow. Fagerberg is certainly right when he says that the words of institution are regarded by Luther as the words of consecration whereby bread and wine become something other than ordinary bread and wine (Fagerberg, pp. 186, 195).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141845</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141845"/>
		<updated>2025-07-14T03:20:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: fixed grammar&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141844</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141844"/>
		<updated>2025-07-14T03:19:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine—&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141842</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2141842"/>
		<updated>2025-07-14T03:16:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123046</id>
		<title>Lent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123046"/>
		<updated>2025-04-21T23:12:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Ash wednesday.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[Ash Wednesday]] is the first day of Lent.]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Lent''' is the forty-day period of [[atonement]] and [[fasting]] that begins on [[Ash Wednesday]] and culminates with [[Holy Week]], as recognized by most [[Christian]] demoninations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lent is followed by Christians of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]]/[[Episcopalian]] denominations, as well as many others, including certain [[Reformed]], [[Methodist]] and [[Baptist]] traditions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word &amp;quot;Lent&amp;quot; is taken from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] or Teutonic word Lencten, meaning &amp;quot;spring&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/voices/why-is-lent-relevant-for-evangelicals.html|title=Why is Lent relevant for evangelicals?|date=March 7, 2020|accessdate=March 9, 2020|author=Jim Denison|publisher=[[The Christian Post]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Good Friday]], the Friday before [[Easter]] Sunday, is an important Holy Day because it marks Christ's death on the cross. This entire holy season commemorates the period when Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert after His [[baptism]] (by [[John the Baptist]]), see {{bibleref|Matthew|4|1-2}}, culminating in the [[Three Temptations of Christ]] ({{bibleref|Matthew|4|3-11}}).  [[Christ]]'s [[Resurrection]] is celebrated after the conclusion of Lent. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three pillars of Lent are fasting, prayer and almsgiving. The forty days of Lent have historically been characterized by fasting (the consumption of one vegetarian meal daily) along with abstinence from meat, lacticinia, and alcohol. In the present day, while certain denominations observe this discipline (such as the [[Coptic Church|Coptic Orthodox Church]]), in others, such as the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican traditions, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are presently observed with fasting with the Fridays of Lent being days of abstinence. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During Lent, Christians commit to making a Lenten sacrifice, in which they give up a pleasure for the entire season (such as chocolate). This Lenten sacrifice is kept from Ash Wednesday to the evening of Holy Saturday inclsuive and with the arrival of Resurrection Sunday (Easter), believers can indulge in what they gave up for Lent. '''''Lent is a terrific opportunity to lose weight and overcome [[addiction]]'''''.&lt;br /&gt;
==Observances and Discipline==&lt;br /&gt;
===Historical===&lt;br /&gt;
Lent was formerly a forty-hour fast, that eventually expanded to a week. Forty days of Lent were accepted by the [[Council of Nicaea]] by 325 A.D.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Traditional===&lt;br /&gt;
On [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Catholics]], [[Anglicans]], [[Lutherans]] and members of other Christian denominations place blessed ashes in the shape of a cross on each forehead. During the six-week period of Lent in the Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday and [[Good Friday]] fasting consists of one full meal, two small meals totaling less than a full meal, no meat, and no snacks between meals.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year-and-calendar/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is expected that each person will increase [[prayer]], alms giving, and give up something dear and of value—or else provide for others out of one's normal routine. This is a sign of unity and sacrifice for the [[Lord]]'s sake.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent is set to represent the 40 days of Jesus' fast&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;, but the catholic church also sees all Sundays as days of feasting (in celebration of Jesus' resurrection), and forbids fasting. This means that the 40 days of lent are calculated around Sundays.  So, lent is laid out to include six weeks (of six fasting days), and four extra days.  Each Sunday is a break from that &amp;quot;fast,&amp;quot; as a day of feasting.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/how-the-days-of-lent-calculated-542421&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/fast-on-sundays-during-lent-3970756&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Lent, these churches start the Octave of Easter recognition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modern===&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many people deny themselves of a privilege during Lent. Large numbers forgo eating meat on Fridays, Ash Wednesday, and Good Friday. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] highlights [[penance]], almsgiving, ceasing from festivities, and extra time for religious exercises.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Della Francesca Resurrection.jpg|thumb|[[Piero della Francesca]], Resurrection.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Holy Week==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Holy Week]] is the final week of Lent. It begins the Sunday before Easter, called [[Palm Sunday]], on which Christ's welcome into Jerusalem is celebrated. The week concludes with [[Holy Thursday]] (Maundy Thursday), which commemorates the [[Last Supper]]. [Good Friday]] (also known as Black Friday) commemorates the passion and death of Christ. Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday celebrate the glorious resurrection of Christ from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm Lent], New Advent website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.christianity.org.uk/article/what-is-lent What is Lent?], Christianity.org.uk&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.dynamiccatholic.com/lent/about-lent.html What is Lent?], Dynamic Catholic website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lent Lent], Britannica&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent devotions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.lhm.org/lent/ Lenten Devotions from Lutheran Hour Ministries]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Rites]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123045</id>
		<title>Lent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123045"/>
		<updated>2025-04-21T23:11:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Ash wednesday.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[Ash Wednesday]] is the first day of Lent.]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Lent''' is the forty-day period of [[atonement]] and [[fasting]] that begins on [[Ash Wednesday]] and culminates with [[Holy Week]], as recognized by most [[Christian]] demoninations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lent is followed by Christians of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]]/[[Episcopalian]] denominations, as well as many others, including certain [[Reformed]], [[Methodist]] and [[Baptist]] traditions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word &amp;quot;Lent&amp;quot; is taken from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] or Teutonic word Lencten, meaning &amp;quot;spring&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/voices/why-is-lent-relevant-for-evangelicals.html|title=Why is Lent relevant for evangelicals?|date=March 7, 2020|accessdate=March 9, 2020|author=Jim Denison|publisher=[[The Christian Post]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Good Friday]], the Friday before [[Easter]] Sunday, is an important Holy Day because it marks Christ's death on the cross. This entire holy season commemorates the period when Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert after His [[baptism]] (by [[John the Baptist]]), see {{bibleref|Matthew|4|1-2}}, culminating in the [[Three Temptations of Christ]] ({{bibleref|Matthew|4|3-11}}).  [[Christ]]'s [[Resurrection]] is celebrated after the conclusion of Lent. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three pillars of Lent are fasting, prayer and almsgiving. The forty days of Lent have historically been characterized by fasting (the consumption of one vegetarian meal daily) along with abstinence from meat, lacticinia, and alcohol. In the present day, while certain denominations observe this discipline (such as the [[Coptic Church|Coptic Orthodox Church]]), in others, such as the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican traditions, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are presently observed with fasting with the Fridays of Lent being days of abstinence. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During Lent, Christians commit to making a Lenten sacrifice, in which they give up a pleasure for the entire season (such as chocolate). This Lenten sacrifice is kept from Ash Wednesday to the evening of Holy Saturday inclsuive and with the arrival of Resurrection Sunday (Easter), believers can indulge in what they gave up for Lent. '''''Lent is a terrific opportunity to lose weight and overcome [[addiction]]'''''.&lt;br /&gt;
==Observances and Discipline==&lt;br /&gt;
===Historical===&lt;br /&gt;
Lent was formerly a forty-hour fast, that eventually expanded to a week. Forty days of Lent were accepted by the [[Council of Nicaea]] by 325 A.D.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Traditional===&lt;br /&gt;
On [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Catholics]], [[Anglicans]], [[Lutherans]] and members of other Christian denominations place blessed ashes in the shape of a cross on each forehead. During the six-week period of Lent in the Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday and [[Good Friday]] fasting consists of one full meal, two small meals totaling less than a full meal, no meat, and no snacks between meals.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year-and-calendar/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is expected that each person will increase [[prayer]], alms giving, and give up something dear and of value—or else provide for others out of one's normal routine. This is a sign of unity and sacrifice for the [[Lord]]'s sake.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent is set to represent the 40 days of Jesus' fast&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;, but the catholic church also sees all Sundays as days of feasting (in celebration of Jesus' resurrection), and forbids fasting. This means that the 40 days of lent are calculated around Sundays.  So, lent is laid out to include six weeks (of six fasting days), and four extra days.  Each Sunday is a break from that &amp;quot;fast,&amp;quot; as a day of feasting.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/how-the-days-of-lent-calculated-542421&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/fast-on-sundays-during-lent-3970756&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Lent, these churches start the Octave of Easter recognition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modern===&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many people deny themselves of a privilege during Lent. Large numbers forgo eating meat on Fridays, Ash Wednesday, and Good Friday. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] highlights [[penance]], almsgiving, ceasing from festivities, and extra time for religious exercises.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Della Francesca Resurrection.jpg|thumb|[[Piero della Francesca]], Resurrection.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Holy Week==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Holy Week]] is the final week of Lent. It begins the Sunday before Easter, called [[Palm Sunday]], on which Christ's welcome into Jerusalem is celebrated. The week concludes with [[Holy Thursday]], which commemorates the [[Last Supper]]. Holy Friday or [[Good Friday]] commemorates the passion and death of Christ. Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday celebrate the glorious resurrection of Christ from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm Lent], New Advent website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.christianity.org.uk/article/what-is-lent What is Lent?], Christianity.org.uk&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.dynamiccatholic.com/lent/about-lent.html What is Lent?], Dynamic Catholic website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lent Lent], Britannica&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent devotions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.lhm.org/lent/ Lenten Devotions from Lutheran Hour Ministries]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Rites]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123044</id>
		<title>Lent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123044"/>
		<updated>2025-04-21T23:11:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Ash wednesday.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[Ash Wednesday]] is the first day of Lent.]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Lent''' is the forty-day period of [[atonement]] and [[fasting]] that begins on [[Ash Wednesday]] and culminates with [[Holy Week]], as recognized by most [[Christian]] demoninations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lent is followed by Christians of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]]/[[Episcopalian]] denominations, as well as many others, including certain [[Reformed]], [[Methodist]] and [[Baptist]] traditions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word &amp;quot;Lent&amp;quot; is taken from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] or Teutonic word Lencten, meaning &amp;quot;spring&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/voices/why-is-lent-relevant-for-evangelicals.html|title=Why is Lent relevant for evangelicals?|date=March 7, 2020|accessdate=March 9, 2020|author=Jim Denison|publisher=[[The Christian Post]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Good Friday]], the Friday before [[Easter]] Sunday, is an important Holy Day because it marks Christ's death on the cross. This entire holy season commemorates the period when Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert after His [[baptism]] (by [[John the Baptist]]), see {{bibleref|Matthew|4|1-2}}, culminating in the [[Three Temptations of Christ]] ({{bibleref|Matthew|4|3-11}}).  [[Christ]]'s [[Resurrection]] is celebrated after the conclusion of Lent. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three pillars of Lent are fasting, prayer and almsgiving. The forty days of Lent have historically been characterized by fasting (the consumption of one vegetarian meal daily) along with abstinence from meat, lacticinia, and alcohol. In the present day, while certain denominations observe this discipline (such as the [[Coptic Church|Coptic Orthodox Church]]), in others, such as the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican traditions, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are presently observed with fasting with the Fridays of Lent being days of abstinence. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During Lent, Christians commit to making a Lenten sacrifice, in which they give up a pleasure for the season (such as chocolate). This Lenten sacrifice is kept from Ash Wednesday to the evening of Holy Saturday inclsuive and with the arrival of Resurrection Sunday (Easter), believers can indulge in what they gave up for Lent. '''''Lent is a terrific opportunity to lose weight and overcome [[addiction]]'''''.&lt;br /&gt;
==Observances and Discipline==&lt;br /&gt;
===Historical===&lt;br /&gt;
Lent was formerly a forty-hour fast, that eventually expanded to a week. Forty days of Lent were accepted by the [[Council of Nicaea]] by 325 A.D.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Traditional===&lt;br /&gt;
On [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Catholics]], [[Anglicans]], [[Lutherans]] and members of other Christian denominations place blessed ashes in the shape of a cross on each forehead. During the six-week period of Lent in the Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday and [[Good Friday]] fasting consists of one full meal, two small meals totaling less than a full meal, no meat, and no snacks between meals.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year-and-calendar/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is expected that each person will increase [[prayer]], alms giving, and give up something dear and of value—or else provide for others out of one's normal routine. This is a sign of unity and sacrifice for the [[Lord]]'s sake.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent is set to represent the 40 days of Jesus' fast&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;, but the catholic church also sees all Sundays as days of feasting (in celebration of Jesus' resurrection), and forbids fasting. This means that the 40 days of lent are calculated around Sundays.  So, lent is laid out to include six weeks (of six fasting days), and four extra days.  Each Sunday is a break from that &amp;quot;fast,&amp;quot; as a day of feasting.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/how-the-days-of-lent-calculated-542421&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/fast-on-sundays-during-lent-3970756&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Lent, these churches start the Octave of Easter recognition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modern===&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many people deny themselves of a privilege during Lent. Large numbers forgo eating meat on Fridays, Ash Wednesday, and Good Friday. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] highlights [[penance]], almsgiving, ceasing from festivities, and extra time for religious exercises.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Della Francesca Resurrection.jpg|thumb|[[Piero della Francesca]], Resurrection.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Holy Week==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Holy Week]] is the final week of Lent. It begins the Sunday before Easter, called [[Palm Sunday]], on which Christ's welcome into Jerusalem is celebrated. The week concludes with [[Holy Thursday]], which commemorates the [[Last Supper]]. Holy Friday or [[Good Friday]] commemorates the passion and death of Christ. Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday celebrate the glorious resurrection of Christ from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm Lent], New Advent website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.christianity.org.uk/article/what-is-lent What is Lent?], Christianity.org.uk&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.dynamiccatholic.com/lent/about-lent.html What is Lent?], Dynamic Catholic website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lent Lent], Britannica&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent devotions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.lhm.org/lent/ Lenten Devotions from Lutheran Hour Ministries]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Rites]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123043</id>
		<title>Lent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123043"/>
		<updated>2025-04-21T23:07:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Ash wednesday.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[Ash Wednesday]] is the first day of Lent.]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Lent''' is the forty-day period of [[atonement]] and [[fasting]] that begins on [[Ash Wednesday]] and culminates with [[Holy Week]], as recognized by most [[Christian]] demoninations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lent is followed by Christians of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]]/[[Episcopalian]] denominations, as well as many others, including certain [[Reformed]], [[Methodist]] and [[Baptist]] traditions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word &amp;quot;Lent&amp;quot; is taken from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] or Teutonic word Lencten, meaning &amp;quot;spring&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/voices/why-is-lent-relevant-for-evangelicals.html|title=Why is Lent relevant for evangelicals?|date=March 7, 2020|accessdate=March 9, 2020|author=Jim Denison|publisher=[[The Christian Post]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Good Friday]], the Friday before [[Easter]] Sunday, is an important Holy Day because it marks Christ's death on the cross. This entire holy season commemorates the period when Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert after His [[baptism]] (by [[John the Baptist]]), see {{bibleref|Matthew|4|1-2}}, culminating in the [[Three Temptations of Christ]] ({{bibleref|Matthew|4|3-11}}).  [[Christ]]'s [[Resurrection]] is celebrated after the conclusion of Lent. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three pillars of Lent are fasting, prayer and almsgiving. The forty days of Lent have historically been characterized by fasting (the consumption of one vegetarian meal daily) along with abstinence from meat, lacticinia, and alcohol. In the present day, while certain denominations observe this discipline (such as the [[Coptic Church|Coptic Orthodox Church]]), in others, such as the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican traditions, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are observed with fasting with the Fridays of Lent being days of abstinence. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During Lent, Christians commit to making a Lenten sacrifice, in which they give up a pleasure for the season (such as chocolate). This Lenten sacrifice is kept from Ash Wednesday to the evening of Holy Saturday inclsuive and with the arrival of Resurrection Sunday (Easter), believers can indulge in what they gave up for Lent. '''''Lent is a terrific opportunity to lose weight and overcome [[addiction]]'''''.&lt;br /&gt;
==Observances and Discipline==&lt;br /&gt;
===Historical===&lt;br /&gt;
Lent was formerly a forty-hour fast, that eventually expanded to a week. Forty days of Lent were accepted by the [[Council of Nicaea]] by 325 A.D.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Traditional===&lt;br /&gt;
On [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Catholics]], [[Anglicans]], [[Lutherans]] and members of other Christian denominations place blessed ashes in the shape of a cross on each forehead. During the six-week period of Lent in the Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday and [[Good Friday]] fasting consists of one full meal, two small meals totaling less than a full meal, no meat, and no snacks between meals.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year-and-calendar/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is expected that each person will increase [[prayer]], alms giving, and give up something dear and of value—or else provide for others out of one's normal routine. This is a sign of unity and sacrifice for the [[Lord]]'s sake.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent is set to represent the 40 days of Jesus' fast&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;, but the catholic church also sees all Sundays as days of feasting (in celebration of Jesus' resurrection), and forbids fasting. This means that the 40 days of lent are calculated around Sundays.  So, lent is laid out to include six weeks (of six fasting days), and four extra days.  Each Sunday is a break from that &amp;quot;fast,&amp;quot; as a day of feasting.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/how-the-days-of-lent-calculated-542421&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/fast-on-sundays-during-lent-3970756&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Lent, these churches start the Octave of Easter recognition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modern===&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many people deny themselves of a privilege during Lent. Large numbers forgo eating meat on Fridays, Ash Wednesday, and Good Friday. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] highlights [[penance]], almsgiving, ceasing from festivities, and extra time for religious exercises.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Della Francesca Resurrection.jpg|thumb|[[Piero della Francesca]], Resurrection.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Holy Week==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Holy Week]] is the final week of Lent. It begins the Sunday before Easter, called [[Palm Sunday]], on which Christ's welcome into Jerusalem is celebrated. The week concludes with [[Holy Thursday]], which commemorates the [[Last Supper]]. Holy Friday or [[Good Friday]] commemorates the passion and death of Christ. Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday celebrate the glorious resurrection of Christ from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm Lent], New Advent website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.christianity.org.uk/article/what-is-lent What is Lent?], Christianity.org.uk&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.dynamiccatholic.com/lent/about-lent.html What is Lent?], Dynamic Catholic website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lent Lent], Britannica&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent devotions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.lhm.org/lent/ Lenten Devotions from Lutheran Hour Ministries]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Rites]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123042</id>
		<title>Lent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123042"/>
		<updated>2025-04-21T23:01:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: dab&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Ash wednesday.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[Ash Wednesday]] is the first day of Lent.]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Lent''' is the forty-day period of [[atonement]] and [[fasting]] that begins on [[Ash Wednesday]] and culminates with [[Holy Week]], as recognized by most [[Christian]] demoninations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lent is followed by Christians of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]]/[[Episcopalian]] denominations, as well as many others, including certain [[Reformed]], [[Methodist]] and [[Baptist]] traditions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word &amp;quot;Lent&amp;quot; is taken from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] or Teutonic word Lencten, meaning &amp;quot;spring&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/voices/why-is-lent-relevant-for-evangelicals.html|title=Why is Lent relevant for evangelicals?|date=March 7, 2020|accessdate=March 9, 2020|author=Jim Denison|publisher=[[The Christian Post]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Good Friday]], the Friday before [[Easter]] Sunday, is an important Holy Day because it marks Christ's death on the cross. This entire holy season commemorates the period when Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert after His [[baptism]] (by [[John the Baptist]]), see {{bibleref|Matthew|4|1-2}}, culminating in the [[Three Temptations of Christ]] ({{bibleref|Matthew|4|3-11}}).  [[Christ]]'s [[Resurrection]] is celebrated after the conclusion of Lent. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The forty days of Lent have historically been characterized by fasting (the consumption of one vegetarian meal daily) along with abstinence from meat, lacticinia, and alcohol. In the present day, while certain denominations observe this discipline (such as the [[Coptic Church|Coptic Orthodox Church]]), in others, such as the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican traditions, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are observed with fasting with the Fridays of Lent being days of abstinence. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''Lent is a terrific opportunity to lose weight and overcome [[addiction]]'''''.&lt;br /&gt;
==Observances and Discipline==&lt;br /&gt;
===Historical===&lt;br /&gt;
Lent was formerly a forty-hour fast, that eventually expanded to a week. Forty days of Lent were accepted by the [[Council of Nicaea]] by 325 A.D.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Traditional===&lt;br /&gt;
On [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Catholics]], [[Anglicans]], [[Lutherans]] and members of other Christian denominations place blessed ashes in the shape of a cross on each forehead. During the six-week period of Lent in the Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday and [[Good Friday]] fasting consists of one full meal, two small meals totaling less than a full meal, no meat, and no snacks between meals.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year-and-calendar/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is expected that each person will increase [[prayer]], alms giving, and give up something dear and of value—or else provide for others out of one's normal routine. This is a sign of unity and sacrifice for the [[Lord]]'s sake.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent is set to represent the 40 days of Jesus' fast&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;, but the catholic church also sees all Sundays as days of feasting (in celebration of Jesus' resurrection), and forbids fasting. This means that the 40 days of lent are calculated around Sundays.  So, lent is laid out to include six weeks (of six fasting days), and four extra days.  Each Sunday is a break from that &amp;quot;fast,&amp;quot; as a day of feasting.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/how-the-days-of-lent-calculated-542421&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/fast-on-sundays-during-lent-3970756&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Lent, these churches start the Octave of Easter recognition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modern===&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many people deny themselves of a privilege during Lent. Large numbers forgo eating meat on Fridays, Ash Wednesday, and Good Friday. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] highlights [[penance]], almsgiving, ceasing from festivities, and extra time for religious exercises.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Della Francesca Resurrection.jpg|thumb|[[Piero della Francesca]], Resurrection.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Holy Week==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Holy Week]] is the final week of Lent. It begins the Sunday before Easter, called [[Palm Sunday]], on which Christ's welcome into Jerusalem is celebrated. The week concludes with [[Holy Thursday]], which commemorates the [[Last Supper]]. Holy Friday or [[Good Friday]] commemorates the passion and death of Christ. Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday celebrate the glorious resurrection of Christ from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm Lent], New Advent website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.christianity.org.uk/article/what-is-lent What is Lent?], Christianity.org.uk&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.dynamiccatholic.com/lent/about-lent.html What is Lent?], Dynamic Catholic website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lent Lent], Britannica&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent devotions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.lhm.org/lent/ Lenten Devotions from Lutheran Hour Ministries]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Rites]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123041</id>
		<title>Lent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lent&amp;diff=2123041"/>
		<updated>2025-04-21T23:01:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Ash wednesday.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[Ash Wednesday]] is the first day of Lent.]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Lent''' is the forty-day period of [[atonement]] and [[fasting]] that begins on [[Ash Wednesday]] and culminates with [[Holy Week]], as recognized by most [[Christian]] demoninations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lent is followed by Christians of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]]/[[Episcopalian]] denominations, as well as many others, including certain [[Reformed]], [[Methodist]] and [[Baptist]] traditions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The word &amp;quot;Lent&amp;quot; is taken from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] or Teutonic word Lencten, meaning &amp;quot;spring&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/voices/why-is-lent-relevant-for-evangelicals.html|title=Why is Lent relevant for evangelicals?|date=March 7, 2020|accessdate=March 9, 2020|author=Jim Denison|publisher=[[The Christian Post]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Good Friday]], the Friday before [[Easter]] Sunday, is an important Holy Day because it marks Christ's death on the cross. This entire holy season commemorates the period when Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert after His [[baptism]] (by [[John the Baptist]]), see {{bibleref|Matthew|4|1-2}}, culminating in the [[Three Temptations of Christ]] ({{bibleref|Matthew|4|3-11}}).  [[Christ]]'s [[Resurrection]] is celebrated after the conclusion of Lent. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The forty days of Lent have historically been characterized by fasting (the consumption of one vegetarian meal daily) along with abstinence from meat, lacticinia, and alcohol. In the present day, while certain denominations observe this discipline (such as the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]]), in others, such as the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican traditions, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are observed with fasting with the Fridays of Lent being days of abstinence. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''Lent is a terrific opportunity to lose weight and overcome [[addiction]]'''''.&lt;br /&gt;
==Observances and Discipline==&lt;br /&gt;
===Historical===&lt;br /&gt;
Lent was formerly a forty-hour fast, that eventually expanded to a week. Forty days of Lent were accepted by the [[Council of Nicaea]] by 325 A.D.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Traditional===&lt;br /&gt;
On [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Catholics]], [[Anglicans]], [[Lutherans]] and members of other Christian denominations place blessed ashes in the shape of a cross on each forehead. During the six-week period of Lent in the Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday and [[Good Friday]] fasting consists of one full meal, two small meals totaling less than a full meal, no meat, and no snacks between meals.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year-and-calendar/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is expected that each person will increase [[prayer]], alms giving, and give up something dear and of value—or else provide for others out of one's normal routine. This is a sign of unity and sacrifice for the [[Lord]]'s sake.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent is set to represent the 40 days of Jesus' fast&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;, but the catholic church also sees all Sundays as days of feasting (in celebration of Jesus' resurrection), and forbids fasting. This means that the 40 days of lent are calculated around Sundays.  So, lent is laid out to include six weeks (of six fasting days), and four extra days.  Each Sunday is a break from that &amp;quot;fast,&amp;quot; as a day of feasting.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/how-the-days-of-lent-calculated-542421&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.learnreligions.com/fast-on-sundays-during-lent-3970756&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Lent, these churches start the Octave of Easter recognition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modern===&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many people deny themselves of a privilege during Lent. Large numbers forgo eating meat on Fridays, Ash Wednesday, and Good Friday. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] highlights [[penance]], almsgiving, ceasing from festivities, and extra time for religious exercises.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Spring&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Della Francesca Resurrection.jpg|thumb|[[Piero della Francesca]], Resurrection.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Holy Week==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Holy Week]] is the final week of Lent. It begins the Sunday before Easter, called [[Palm Sunday]], on which Christ's welcome into Jerusalem is celebrated. The week concludes with [[Holy Thursday]], which commemorates the [[Last Supper]]. Holy Friday or [[Good Friday]] commemorates the passion and death of Christ. Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday celebrate the glorious resurrection of Christ from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm Lent], New Advent website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.christianity.org.uk/article/what-is-lent What is Lent?], Christianity.org.uk&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.dynamiccatholic.com/lent/about-lent.html What is Lent?], Dynamic Catholic website&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lent Lent], Britannica&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lent devotions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.lhm.org/lent/ Lenten Devotions from Lutheran Hour Ministries]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Rites]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104813</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104813"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:55:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104811</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104811"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:54:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104809</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104809"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:53:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a non-carnal way and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104808</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104808"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:52:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], Plymouth Brethren, [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a non-carnal way and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104807</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104807"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:52:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], Plymouth Brethren, [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a non-carnal way and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of [[consubstantiation]], the teaching that &amp;quot;the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined&amp;quot; to the &amp;quot;elements of bread and wine&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAC2020&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&amp;amp;chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104804</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104804"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:48:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], Plymouth Brethren, [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; (This is often erroneously known as &amp;quot;consubstantiation&amp;quot;, which is a Lollardist doctrine that is also held by the New Apostolic Church). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a non-carnal way and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104803</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104803"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:48:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* Real Presence */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; (This is often erroneously known as &amp;quot;consubstantiation&amp;quot;, which is a Lollardist doctrine that is also held by the New Apostolic Church). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a non-carnal way and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104802</id>
		<title>Real presence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Real_presence&amp;diff=2104802"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:48:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* Specific Eucharistic Doctrines */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;'''Real presence'''&amp;quot; is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Real Presence ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek &amp;quot;''eu-charistia''&amp;quot;) in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a &amp;quot;sacramental union&amp;quot;. However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--&amp;quot;In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine.&amp;quot; (This is often erroneously known as &amp;quot;consubstantiation&amp;quot;, which is a Lollardist doctrine that is also held by the New Apostolic Church). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the &amp;quot;sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Atwood2010&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a &amp;quot;sacramental presence.&amp;quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to this teaching, &amp;quot;Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;VelikoGros2005&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Reformed: The [[Reformed]] tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a &amp;quot;pneumatic&amp;quot; or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a non-carnal way and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of &amp;quot;Anglo-Catholic&amp;quot; churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lears1981&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the &amp;quot;Real Objective Presence&amp;quot; of God.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a &amp;quot;Holy Mystery,&amp;quot; and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Neal2014&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Memorialism ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity &amp;quot;''partakers of the divine nature''&amp;quot; 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;. Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of &amp;quot;invocation&amp;quot;, or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New &lt;br /&gt;
Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said &amp;quot;This is my body&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;. Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, &amp;quot;eat my flesh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;drink my blood&amp;quot; is to be understood &amp;quot;eucharistically&amp;quot;  as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the &amp;quot;words of institution&amp;quot;—&amp;quot;This is my body...&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;This is my blood&amp;quot;—in the Gospel of John.  By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&amp;amp;word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather &amp;quot;taking up&amp;quot;  or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace.  This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become &amp;quot;heavenly bread&amp;quot; by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Aramaic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Berengar of Tours]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ulrich Zwingli]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.''&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica].&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian Theology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Eucharist&amp;diff=2104801</id>
		<title>Eucharist</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Eucharist&amp;diff=2104801"/>
		<updated>2025-01-29T22:45:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: ce&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{cquote|Then said he, Lo, I come to do thy will, O God. He taketh away the first, that he may establish the second. By the which will we are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ '''once for all'''. &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[emphasis added]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|||Hebrews 10:9–10}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:St clement eucharist.jpg|thumbnail|450px|right|St. Clement of Alexandria on the Eucharist. The city of Alexandria in antiquity was known for being a hotbed of anti-Jewish, pagan, Gnostic occultism.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Goubej, Wendy (October 16, 2009). [https://amazingdiscoveries.org/AD-newsletter-fall-2008-Forgotten_History#! A Forgotten History: Back to the Mother Church]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved September 14, 2023.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Eucharist'''  (Greek: ''Eu-'' &amp;quot;good&amp;quot; + ''charisto'' &amp;quot;giving, gift, offering&amp;quot;; &amp;quot;Thanksgiving&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Giving of Thanks&amp;quot;) is the [[Sacrament]] for the body of [[Christ]] as celebrated among members of the older [[Christian]] churches, including [[Catholic]]s, [[Lutheran]]s, [[Anglican]]s, and [[Orthodox]] Christians, as well as those of other Christian denominations. &lt;br /&gt;
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The ceremony is also called the '''Holy Eucharist''', '''Holy Communion''', '''Communion''', and '''The Lord's Supper''' (the latter term most common among Evangelical and Fundamentalist churches who avoid use of any terms associated with Roman Catholicism, due to their opposition to transubstantiation). This act of [[worship]] in Christian churches re-enacts the [[Last Supper]] when [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]] served bread and wine, perhaps miraculously, to his disciples on the night before he was crucified.  The essential role of the Eucharist is emphasized at [[John 1-7 (Translated)#6:51|John 6:51-58]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians generally see it as obeying Christ's call to &amp;quot;Do this in remembrance of me&amp;quot; (see 1 Cor 11: 23-26). Different Christian denominations present a range of interpretations of the meaning of the Eucharist. Many [[Protestant]]s, such as Lutherans and Anglicans, accept the [[real presence]] no less than the Catholic churches do, while for other Protestant churches, such as the Plymouth Brethren, the bread and wine only symbolize the body and blood of an omnipresent Christ Jesus. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] also believes that the bread and wine will be literally transformed into the body and blood of Jesus during the Mass (see [[transubstantiation]]). A few Christians, such as the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), don't participate in any taking of the Communion elements because they feel no need for sacraments (sometimes termed &amp;quot;ordinances&amp;quot;) at all.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The rite itself varies depending on which church, format and book of the Bible is being referenced.  There has been some disagreement since the beginning of the Church. Some churches use wine in their Communion services, and some use [[grape]] juice.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Traditionally those churches and denominations which oppose alcoholic beverage consumption by its members will use grape juice; [[Baptist]]s being the most well-known of such groups.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mormon]] church uses [[water]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The people in certain churches take the bread and wine while sitting in the pews; in others, they receive communion before the altar or holy table in the front of the church. The body of Christ has its own feast day known as Corpus Christi, and churches and other institutions can be dedicated to it instead of a [[saint]]; examples are Corpus Christi College in [[Cambridge]] and Corpus Christi, [[Texas]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The United States Navy Department generated a storm of controversy when it proposed &amp;quot;Corpus Christi&amp;quot; (Latin &amp;quot;Body of Christ&amp;quot;) as the name for a newly commissioned, nuclear-armed, attack submarine, apparently intending the name in honor of the [[Corpus Christi|city in Texas]], originally dedicated to God in the 16th century by Christian monks and missionaries who established a church and a mission there. After much debate and discussion and protest from Roman Catholic Bishops and Catholics in general, and some intercession by Representatives and Senators in the United States Congress, and the State Department in discussions with the [[Holy See|Vatican]], President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1984 revised the name of this military submarine to &amp;quot;''USS City of Corpus Christi''&amp;quot;, which laid the controversy to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/26/nyregion/corpus-christi-launched-in-groton-as-1000-protest-sub-and-its-name.html Corpus Christi Launched in Groton as 1,000 Protest Sub and Its Name (nytimes)]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/08/opinion/church-state-and-a-submarine.html New York Times Opinion - Church, State and a submarine - 1981/12/08 (nytimes.com)]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/ssn-705.htm SSN 705 City of Corpus Christi (globalsecurity.org)]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.staradvertiser.com/2016/04/05/breaking-news/once-controversial-submarine-to-be-decommissioned-at-pearl-harbor/ Top News: Once controversial submarine to be decommissioned at Pearl Harbor (Honolulu Star Advertiser) (staradvertiser.com)].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Variants on Practice==&lt;br /&gt;
Denominations and non-denominational churches may practice either '''[[open communion]]''' (whereby any person who considers himself/herself to be a Christian may participate) or '''[[closed communion]]''' (whereby only members of a particular congregation may participate).  The practice of '''close communion''' (also called '''cracked communion''') is also performed, whereby a member of a fellow denominational church or a church with &amp;quot;like faith and practice&amp;quot; who is not a congregation member may also participate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Ancient writings about the Eucharist==&lt;br /&gt;
===The Didache (&amp;quot;the Teaching&amp;quot;) - 1st Cent.===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Chapter 9. The Eucharist. Now concerning the Eucharist, give thanks this way. First, concerning the cup: We thank thee, our Father, for the holy vine of David Thy servant, which You madest known to us through Jesus Thy Servant; to Thee be the glory for ever.. And concerning the broken bread: We thank Thee, our Father, for the life and knowledge which You madest known to us through Jesus Thy Servant; to Thee be the glory for ever. Even as this broken bread was scattered over the hills, and was gathered together and became one, so let Thy Church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into Thy kingdom; for Thine is the glory and the power through Jesus Christ for ever.. But let no one eat or drink of your Eucharist, unless they have been baptized into the name of the Lord; for concerning this also the Lord has said, &amp;quot;Give not that which is holy to the dogs.&amp;quot; Chapter 10. Prayer after Communion. But after you are filled, give thanks this way: We thank Thee, holy Father, for Thy holy name which You didst cause to tabernacle in our hearts, and for the knowledge and faith and immortality, which You madest known to us through Jesus Thy Servant; to Thee be the glory for ever. Thou, Master almighty, didst create all things for Thy name's sake; You gavest food and drink to men for enjoyment, that they might give thanks to Thee; but to us You didst freely give spiritual food and drink and life eternal through Thy Servant. Before all things we thank Thee that You are mighty; to Thee be the glory for ever. Remember, Lord, Thy Church, to deliver it from all evil and to make it perfect in Thy love, and gather it from the four winds, sanctified for Thy kingdom which Thou have prepared for it; for Thine is the power and the glory for ever. Let grace come, and let this world pass away. Hosanna to the God (Son) of David! If any one is holy, let him come; if any one is not so, let him repent. Maranatha. [[Amen]]. But permit the prophets to make Thanksgiving as much as they desire.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Justin martyr 100 A.D. - 165 A.D. From the &amp;quot;First Apology&amp;quot; (Defense)===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;But we, after we have thus washed him who has been convinced and has assented to our teaching, bring him to the place where those who are called brethren are assembled, in order that we may offer hearty prayers in common for ourselves and for the baptized [illuminated] person, and for all others in every place, that we may be counted worthy, now that we have learned the truth, by our works also to be found good citizens and keepers of the commandments, so that we may be saved with an everlasting salvation. Having ended the prayers, we salute one another with a kiss. There is then brought to the president of the brethren bread and a cup of wine mixed with water; and he taking them, gives praise and glory to the Father of the universe, through the name of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, and offers thanks at considerable length for our being counted worthy to receive these things at His hands. And when he has concluded the prayers and thanksgivings, all the people present express their assent by saying Amen. This word Amen answers in the Hebrew language to genoito [so be it]. And when the president has given thanks, and all the people have expressed their assent, those who are called by us deacons give to each of those present to partake of the bread and wine mixed with water over which the thanksgiving was pronounced, and to those who are absent they carry away a portion. (Chapt. LXV - administration of the sacraments)&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;And this food is called among us Eukaristia [the Eucharist = the Thanksgiving], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined. For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Saviour, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh. For the apostles, in the memoirs composed by them, which are called Gospels, have thus delivered unto us what was enjoined upon them; that Jesus took bread, and when He had given thanks, said, &amp;quot;This do ye in remembrance of Me, this is My body;&amp;quot; and that, after the same manner, having taken the cup and given thanks, He said, &amp;quot;This is My blood;&amp;quot; and gave it to them alone... (Chapt. LXVl - of the Eucharist)&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;And we afterwards continually remind each other of these things. And the wealthy among us help the needy; and we always keep together; and for all things wherewith we are supplied, we bless the Maker of all through His Son Jesus Christ, and through the Holy Ghost. And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need. But Sunday is the day on which we all hold our common assembly, because it is the first day on which God, having wrought a change in the darkness and matter, made the world; and Jesus Christ our Saviour on the same day rose from the dead...(Chapt.LXVll - weekly worship of the Christians)&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Ignatius of Antioch (thought to be a disciple of the Apostle John) - martyred 117 A.D.===&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Take note of those who hold heterodox opinions on the grace of Jesus Christ which has come to us, and see how contrary their opinions are to the mind of God... They abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer because they do not confess that the Eucharist is the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ, flesh which suffered for our sins and which that Father, in his goodness, raised up again. They who deny the gift of God are perishing in their disputes.&amp;quot;  Letter to the Smyrnaeans 6:2–7:1&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Irenaeus, 180 A.D.  Against Heresies, 2,===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
We offer him what is his, and so we proclaim communion and unity and profess our belief in the resurrection of flesh and spirit. Just as bread from the earth, when it receives the invocation of God, is no longer common bread but the Eucharist, made up of two elements, one earthly and one heavenly, so also our bodies, in receiving the Eucharist, are no longer corruptible, for they have the hope of resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Shared Theology and Practice of the Eucharist==&lt;br /&gt;
This sacrament is rarely, if ever, referred to as the &amp;quot;Eucharist&amp;quot; in most Protestant churches. Among Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican churches the term is common. &amp;quot;Eucharist&amp;quot; comes from the [[Greek]] word meaning &amp;quot;giving thanks.&amp;quot; The central theme is one of being grateful to God for His gift of His Son Jesus and for Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross for our sins. It also may be related to the 3rd cup of wine drunk immediately after the Passover Seder dinner, although it is a matter of dispute among Christians whether or not Jesus followed this part of the Passover during his &amp;quot;'''[[Last Supper]]'''.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The following is the basic Eucharistic [[theology]] of the Catholic and Orthodox churches, East or West, Latin, Greek, or Aramaic: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The foreservice of the Eucharist consists mainly of Scripture readings according to a lectionary of Scripture. This practice came into the Church through the Synagogue reading of the Law of Moses (Torah) and the Prophets (Haftorah). Beginning with the early Church, the &amp;quot;memoires of the Apostles&amp;quot; or Gospels were added along with a recitation from the Psalms, as in the synagogues. In the era of&lt;br /&gt;
the early Church, but no longer, those who had not yet been baptized left the building, and the Eucharist was celebrated by the baptized believers. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The pattern of the service follows certain &amp;quot;cues&amp;quot; preserved in the Gospels and elsewhere that provide&lt;br /&gt;
Catholics a key to understanding those portions of Scripture. The pattern is fourfold: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#TAKING the bread and the wine (the produce of our labor and hence, often accompanied with the &amp;quot;Offerings&amp;quot; of our tithes and donations). In the Orthodox churches there is a prayerful Preparation of the bread and wine before they are brought to the altar. &lt;br /&gt;
#BLESSING the bread and wine. The blessing of God over the bread in Judaism sanctifies the bread taking it out of normal use, or, alternatively, bringing the &amp;quot;secular&amp;quot; into the arena of the divine. This Blessing is known as the Thanksgiving prayer proper. &lt;br /&gt;
#BREAKING or &amp;quot;Fraction&amp;quot; (meaning breaking). It both signifies that Jesus' body was broken for us on the hill of Calvary and is the start of the breaking and giving to all the people in the congregation.&lt;br /&gt;
#the COMMUNION (that is, the distribution of the blessed Bread and Wine to the congregation). The term &amp;quot;Communion&amp;quot; here is reserved for this particular part of the service. This corresponds to the portion of the already sacrificed burnt offering which was given to the worshiper and to the priest in the Jewish Tabernacle and the Temple as food from the altar consecrated to God to be eaten by them as holy (Leviticus 6:14–7:36; Hebrews 13:10-15). In the Roman Catholic Church the blessed bread is usually unleavened, as was the Matzah of the Passover, perpetuating the link with Jewish practice, and for convenience, is usually small wafers. In the Orthodox Church, the bread is a loaf of bread (intermingled with the wine in the Chalice), copying the symbolism of the Apostle Paul that as the loaf is one, so we who partake are one.&lt;br /&gt;
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These churches believe that their Eucharist is not only a fulfillment and continuation of what the Lord did and commanded at the [[Last Supper]], but also as a continuation and fulfillment of those events in the Gospels that portray this fourfold pattern and mention it. Christ took the bread and blessed it while looking to heaven. The miracle takes place. Also, the Lord was seen in the &amp;quot;breaking&amp;quot; of the bread at Emmaus. &lt;br /&gt;
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In the Catholic and Orthodox Eucharist then, the priest takes the bread, and he follows that with a blessing. These churches believe that here the priest (who also gives the Word and pastors the people) stands in the place of Christ, ''[[in persona Christi]]'', as His representative ambassador.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;2 Corinthians 5:18-20&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; That is, it is not the table of the priest or even of the people; it is the table of Christ. It is Christ who stretches out his hands to invite the people to the banquet. Christ Himself is the host of the banquet. This is the mind-set of the priest, who is termed &amp;quot;the Celebrant.&amp;quot; Here is to be noted a double understanding of the priest. He also is believed to represent the people to the Lord. But the priest is not of the order of the Aaronic priesthood; he is a member of Christ the Head who is understood to be High Priest after the order of Melchizedek (Hebrews 4:14–10:14). &lt;br /&gt;
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The Priest then says the Eucharistic prayer. He is representing all the people assembled. This is the Thanksgiving proper. Thanksgiving is made for Creation and sustenance and protection, but the core of the thanksgiving in all the liturgies is grateful thanks for the giving by the Father of His Son, and grateful thanks for the willing sacrifice of Himself that Jesus performed. Then the prayer of thanksgiving settles on the words of Jesus spoken when he instituted the Eucharist at the Last Supper. That is, Jesus commanded that something be done. He is recorded in the Gospel as saying, &amp;quot;Do this!....&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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These churches stand apart from the rest of Christianity in believing that Jesus meant that he was giving his literal, physical self under the appearance of bread and wine. &amp;quot;This is my body which is given for you...This is the cup of my blood, the blood of the New Covenent which is poured out for you, and for many....&amp;quot; These words—when recited by the priest ''[[in persona Christi]]''—are called the Words of Institution, and they are one of the two &amp;quot;essentials&amp;quot; of the Eucharist. One essential is the prayer of calling for the sanctifying Holy Spirit (the Invocation) upon both the elements of bread and wine that they&lt;br /&gt;
will become, for the people, the body and blood of Jesus and, also, that the people will be made worthy to make a &amp;quot;fruitful&amp;quot; communion. &lt;br /&gt;
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What takes place at the Eucharist is understood to be two-fold: ''one'', there is a line of development of Old Testament teachings, and ''two'', for the other, a certain view of the intent of the Gospels. &lt;br /&gt;
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The bread and the wine not only signify the willing sacrifice of the Lord for the sins of the whole world, a perception shared with most Protestant churches, but they are considered &amp;quot;signs of the covenant&amp;quot;, in Hebrew &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''ה֪אֹתֹ֧תַ הבּרִית'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;, ''Otot haBrit''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''ה֪אֹתֹ֧תַ הבּרִית''', ''Otot haBrit'', literally &amp;quot;This is the covenant&amp;quot;. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt; [https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_Cross_(Conservative_point_of_View) Sign of the Cross (Conservative point of View) (religion.wikia.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like the Signs of the Covenant in the Old Testament, they are primarily for the eyes of God.  This differs from the approach of the Protestant churches of the Baptist and Holiness traditions which understand the Lord's Supper to be merely &amp;quot;pedagogic&amp;quot;, that is, a symbolic reminder to the people of what Christ has done for us on the cross, and a call for them to evaluate their lives in view of Christ's great sacrifice on the cross. &lt;br /&gt;
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According to Catholic teaching, the people of the Lord are lifting up the signs of the Covenant to heaven itself. [[Sign]]s are different from [[symbol]]s. A sign is a visible evidence of a present reality, as smoke is a sign of the presence of fire, while a symbol is merely a conventionalized representation of an idea, as a stop sign represents a law governing traffic regulation for safety. Heaven (God) looks down and sees the signs, sees the faith of the people that are under the sign, sees them taking refuge in what the signs literally signify, so that the people are found safe under the wings of God's grace and mercy. The signs of the New Covenant are thus analogous to the Old Covenant signs that God looked upon—the blood of the lamb at the first Passover which was placed on the doorposts and lintel by the people who believed, which was seen by the angel, and so the people were spared, and they ate of the sacrifice; the circumcision of the Israelites at eight days of age, which Moses neglected to do for his own son, and was spared only because of the faithful love and determination of his wife who did the job for him; and the rainbow in the skies, which, when God would look at, he would remember His promise to spare the earth from more destruction by water as in the days of Noah. These are all echoes of the Jewish &amp;quot;Remembrance&amp;quot; prayers from the time of Jesus and thus provide the setting for the celebration of the Eucharist.&lt;br /&gt;
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Aside from the setting up of the sign of the New Covenant, there is the other of the two-fold understandings of what takes place at the Catholic Eucharist:&lt;br /&gt;
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Taking their cues from the sixth chapter of the Gospel of John where Jesus speaks about eating His body and drinking His blood, Catholics believe that Jesus meant to refer to the Eucharist and in a literal, not a metaphorical, way. The body and blood are presented to the people at the time of communion. How this is done differs according to which church body is in question.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Roman Catholic church, influenced by Aristotle through the writings of Thomas Aquinus, has adopted the understanding and belief that there is nothing any longer of the [[substance]], the essential reality of what is under the physical matter, the material forms, of bread and wine after the Celebrant's words are spoken over them, that the substances of bread and wine as food from wheat and grapes are no longer extant as food but are the substances of the essential reality of the flesh and blood and soul and divinity of the whole Person of Jesus Christ true God and true man. As the bodies of human beings transform the physical matter of food and drink into human flesh and blood and bone within a few hours, so Jesus Christ directly transforms the essence of bread and wine immediately into his own Person. However, the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;—the taste, smell, and feel of bread and wine—remain ([[Transubstantiation]], [[Real presence]]). He gives himself as food to his people, that they may ''partake'' of his own divine nature.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;2 Peter 1:3-4.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They partake of the single sacrifice of reparation and worship offered by Jesus in the Upper Room and on the Cross as the Jews partake of the sacrifice of the Passover lamb. This is why the priest at the elevation of the [[Host (Communion)|Host]] says, &amp;quot;Behold the Lamb of God, Who takes away the sins of the world.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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In contrast to the formulation of the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, the Orthodox believe otherwise, holding that the words of Christ (&amp;quot;This [is] my body; This [is] my blood&amp;quot;) indicate what happens, but without any need for an explanation of the mechanics of the miraculous change. It is quite simply and most profoundly an ineffable [[Orthodox Mysteries|mystery]], to be accepted on the authority of Christ Jesus himself. What both of these churches agree upon here is the belief that the worship service offers a sacrifice. They assert that any offering is acceptable to God, even the offering of Christ himself in Christian worship, and that this understanding is supported by the Book of Hebrews.&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Christianity]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Christian mysteries]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Traditional Latin Mass]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharistic miracles]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sign of the Cross]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Sign of the Cross: of Jewish Origin]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lord's Supper and the Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Fish Sign]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[New Testament understanding through the Jewish perspective]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: The earliest Christian Church, a prison in Armageddon]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Inspiration of Holy Scripture: An Eastern Christian and Jewish Perspective]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Evangelical Apostolic Church of North America (Syro-Chaldean)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Jesus Christ]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Real presence]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Open communion]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Closed communion]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Passover Last Supper Conflation: An Essay]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Was the Last Supper a Passover seder?: an essay]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transmigration of Words in Religion: an essay]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sacrament]]s in the [[Roman Catholic Church]]:&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Eucharist - First Holy Communion&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]] for [[Priest]]s and [[Monk]]s&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]]&lt;br /&gt;
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== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
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==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
See [http://www.eacna.org/], (Document: Liturgy of the Eucharist, annotated) for example of how the above Eucharistic basics may be adapted by Apostolic succession church for modern usage and worship service.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
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		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Eucharist&amp;diff=2104800</id>
		<title>Eucharist</title>
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		<updated>2025-01-29T22:43:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: ce&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{cquote|Then said he, Lo, I come to do thy will, O God. He taketh away the first, that he may establish the second. By the which will we are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ '''once for all'''. &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[emphasis added]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|||Hebrews 10:9–10}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:St clement eucharist.jpg|thumbnail|450px|right|St. Clement of Alexandria on the Eucharist. The city of Alexandria in antiquity was known for being a hotbed of anti-Jewish, pagan, Gnostic occultism.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Goubej, Wendy (October 16, 2009). [https://amazingdiscoveries.org/AD-newsletter-fall-2008-Forgotten_History#! A Forgotten History: Back to the Mother Church]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved September 14, 2023.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Eucharist'''  (Greek: ''Eu-'' &amp;quot;good&amp;quot; + ''charisto'' &amp;quot;giving, gift, offering&amp;quot;; &amp;quot;Thanksgiving&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Giving of Thanks&amp;quot;) is the [[Sacrament]] for the body of [[Christ]] as celebrated among members of the older [[Christian]] churches, including [[Catholic]]s, [[Lutheran]]s, [[Anglican]]s, and [[Orthodox]] Christians, as well as those of other Christian denominations. &lt;br /&gt;
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The ceremony is also called the '''Holy Eucharist''', '''Holy Communion''', '''Communion''', and '''The Lord's Supper''' (the latter term most common among Evangelical and Fundamentalist churches who avoid use of any terms associated with Roman Catholicism, due to their opposition to transubstantiation). This act of [[worship]] in Christian churches re-enacts the [[Last Supper]] when [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]] served bread and wine, perhaps miraculously, to his disciples on the night before he was crucified.  The essential role of the Eucharist is emphasized at [[John 1-7 (Translated)#6:51|John 6:51-58]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians generally see it as obeying Christ's call to &amp;quot;Do this in remembrance of me&amp;quot; (see 1 Cor 11: 23-26). Different denominations present a range of interpretations of the meaning of the Eucharist. For some Protestant churches the bread and wine only symbolize the body and blood of an omnipresent Christ Jesus while other Protestants accept the [[real presence]] no less than the Catholic churches do.  The [[Roman Catholic Church]] also believes that the bread and wine will be literally transformed into the body and blood of Jesus during the Mass (see [[transubstantiation]]). A few Christians don't participate in any taking of the Communion elements because they feel no need for sacraments (sometimes termed &amp;quot;ordinances&amp;quot;) at all.&lt;br /&gt;
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The rite itself varies depending on which church, format and book of the Bible is being referenced.  There has been some disagreement since the beginning of the Church. Some churches use wine in their Communion services, and some use [[grape]] juice.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Traditionally those churches and denominations which oppose alcoholic beverage consumption by its members will use grape juice; [[Baptist]]s being the most well-known of such groups.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Mormon]] church uses [[water]].&lt;br /&gt;
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The people in certain churches take the bread and wine while sitting in the pews; in others, they receive communion before the altar or holy table in the front of the church. The body of Christ has its own feast day known as Corpus Christi, and churches and other institutions can be dedicated to it instead of a [[saint]]; examples are Corpus Christi College in [[Cambridge]] and Corpus Christi, [[Texas]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The United States Navy Department generated a storm of controversy when it proposed &amp;quot;Corpus Christi&amp;quot; (Latin &amp;quot;Body of Christ&amp;quot;) as the name for a newly commissioned, nuclear-armed, attack submarine, apparently intending the name in honor of the [[Corpus Christi|city in Texas]], originally dedicated to God in the 16th century by Christian monks and missionaries who established a church and a mission there. After much debate and discussion and protest from Roman Catholic Bishops and Catholics in general, and some intercession by Representatives and Senators in the United States Congress, and the State Department in discussions with the [[Holy See|Vatican]], President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1984 revised the name of this military submarine to &amp;quot;''USS City of Corpus Christi''&amp;quot;, which laid the controversy to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/26/nyregion/corpus-christi-launched-in-groton-as-1000-protest-sub-and-its-name.html Corpus Christi Launched in Groton as 1,000 Protest Sub and Its Name (nytimes)]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/08/opinion/church-state-and-a-submarine.html New York Times Opinion - Church, State and a submarine - 1981/12/08 (nytimes.com)]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/ssn-705.htm SSN 705 City of Corpus Christi (globalsecurity.org)]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.staradvertiser.com/2016/04/05/breaking-news/once-controversial-submarine-to-be-decommissioned-at-pearl-harbor/ Top News: Once controversial submarine to be decommissioned at Pearl Harbor (Honolulu Star Advertiser) (staradvertiser.com)].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Variants on Practice==&lt;br /&gt;
Denominations and non-denominational churches may practice either '''[[open communion]]''' (whereby any person who considers himself/herself to be a Christian may participate) or '''[[closed communion]]''' (whereby only members of a particular congregation may participate).  The practice of '''close communion''' (also called '''cracked communion''') is also performed, whereby a member of a fellow denominational church or a church with &amp;quot;like faith and practice&amp;quot; who is not a congregation member may also participate.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Ancient writings about the Eucharist==&lt;br /&gt;
===The Didache (&amp;quot;the Teaching&amp;quot;) - 1st Cent.===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Chapter 9. The Eucharist. Now concerning the Eucharist, give thanks this way. First, concerning the cup: We thank thee, our Father, for the holy vine of David Thy servant, which You madest known to us through Jesus Thy Servant; to Thee be the glory for ever.. And concerning the broken bread: We thank Thee, our Father, for the life and knowledge which You madest known to us through Jesus Thy Servant; to Thee be the glory for ever. Even as this broken bread was scattered over the hills, and was gathered together and became one, so let Thy Church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into Thy kingdom; for Thine is the glory and the power through Jesus Christ for ever.. But let no one eat or drink of your Eucharist, unless they have been baptized into the name of the Lord; for concerning this also the Lord has said, &amp;quot;Give not that which is holy to the dogs.&amp;quot; Chapter 10. Prayer after Communion. But after you are filled, give thanks this way: We thank Thee, holy Father, for Thy holy name which You didst cause to tabernacle in our hearts, and for the knowledge and faith and immortality, which You madest known to us through Jesus Thy Servant; to Thee be the glory for ever. Thou, Master almighty, didst create all things for Thy name's sake; You gavest food and drink to men for enjoyment, that they might give thanks to Thee; but to us You didst freely give spiritual food and drink and life eternal through Thy Servant. Before all things we thank Thee that You are mighty; to Thee be the glory for ever. Remember, Lord, Thy Church, to deliver it from all evil and to make it perfect in Thy love, and gather it from the four winds, sanctified for Thy kingdom which Thou have prepared for it; for Thine is the power and the glory for ever. Let grace come, and let this world pass away. Hosanna to the God (Son) of David! If any one is holy, let him come; if any one is not so, let him repent. Maranatha. [[Amen]]. But permit the prophets to make Thanksgiving as much as they desire.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Justin martyr 100 A.D. - 165 A.D. From the &amp;quot;First Apology&amp;quot; (Defense)===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;But we, after we have thus washed him who has been convinced and has assented to our teaching, bring him to the place where those who are called brethren are assembled, in order that we may offer hearty prayers in common for ourselves and for the baptized [illuminated] person, and for all others in every place, that we may be counted worthy, now that we have learned the truth, by our works also to be found good citizens and keepers of the commandments, so that we may be saved with an everlasting salvation. Having ended the prayers, we salute one another with a kiss. There is then brought to the president of the brethren bread and a cup of wine mixed with water; and he taking them, gives praise and glory to the Father of the universe, through the name of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, and offers thanks at considerable length for our being counted worthy to receive these things at His hands. And when he has concluded the prayers and thanksgivings, all the people present express their assent by saying Amen. This word Amen answers in the Hebrew language to genoito [so be it]. And when the president has given thanks, and all the people have expressed their assent, those who are called by us deacons give to each of those present to partake of the bread and wine mixed with water over which the thanksgiving was pronounced, and to those who are absent they carry away a portion. (Chapt. LXV - administration of the sacraments)&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;And this food is called among us Eukaristia [the Eucharist = the Thanksgiving], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined. For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Saviour, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh. For the apostles, in the memoirs composed by them, which are called Gospels, have thus delivered unto us what was enjoined upon them; that Jesus took bread, and when He had given thanks, said, &amp;quot;This do ye in remembrance of Me, this is My body;&amp;quot; and that, after the same manner, having taken the cup and given thanks, He said, &amp;quot;This is My blood;&amp;quot; and gave it to them alone... (Chapt. LXVl - of the Eucharist)&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;And we afterwards continually remind each other of these things. And the wealthy among us help the needy; and we always keep together; and for all things wherewith we are supplied, we bless the Maker of all through His Son Jesus Christ, and through the Holy Ghost. And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need. But Sunday is the day on which we all hold our common assembly, because it is the first day on which God, having wrought a change in the darkness and matter, made the world; and Jesus Christ our Saviour on the same day rose from the dead...(Chapt.LXVll - weekly worship of the Christians)&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Ignatius of Antioch (thought to be a disciple of the Apostle John) - martyred 117 A.D.===&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Take note of those who hold heterodox opinions on the grace of Jesus Christ which has come to us, and see how contrary their opinions are to the mind of God... They abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer because they do not confess that the Eucharist is the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ, flesh which suffered for our sins and which that Father, in his goodness, raised up again. They who deny the gift of God are perishing in their disputes.&amp;quot;  Letter to the Smyrnaeans 6:2–7:1&lt;br /&gt;
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===Irenaeus, 180 A.D.  Against Heresies, 2,===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
We offer him what is his, and so we proclaim communion and unity and profess our belief in the resurrection of flesh and spirit. Just as bread from the earth, when it receives the invocation of God, is no longer common bread but the Eucharist, made up of two elements, one earthly and one heavenly, so also our bodies, in receiving the Eucharist, are no longer corruptible, for they have the hope of resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==The Shared Theology and Practice of the Eucharist==&lt;br /&gt;
This sacrament is rarely, if ever, referred to as the &amp;quot;Eucharist&amp;quot; in most Protestant churches. Among Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican churches the term is common. &amp;quot;Eucharist&amp;quot; comes from the [[Greek]] word meaning &amp;quot;giving thanks.&amp;quot; The central theme is one of being grateful to God for His gift of His Son Jesus and for Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross for our sins. It also may be related to the 3rd cup of wine drunk immediately after the Passover Seder dinner, although it is a matter of dispute among Christians whether or not Jesus followed this part of the Passover during his &amp;quot;'''[[Last Supper]]'''.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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The following is the basic Eucharistic [[theology]] of the Catholic and Orthodox churches, East or West, Latin, Greek, or Aramaic: &lt;br /&gt;
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The foreservice of the Eucharist consists mainly of Scripture readings according to a lectionary of Scripture. This practice came into the Church through the Synagogue reading of the Law of Moses (Torah) and the Prophets (Haftorah). Beginning with the early Church, the &amp;quot;memoires of the Apostles&amp;quot; or Gospels were added along with a recitation from the Psalms, as in the synagogues. In the era of&lt;br /&gt;
the early Church, but no longer, those who had not yet been baptized left the building, and the Eucharist was celebrated by the baptized believers. &lt;br /&gt;
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The pattern of the service follows certain &amp;quot;cues&amp;quot; preserved in the Gospels and elsewhere that provide&lt;br /&gt;
Catholics a key to understanding those portions of Scripture. The pattern is fourfold: &lt;br /&gt;
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#TAKING the bread and the wine (the produce of our labor and hence, often accompanied with the &amp;quot;Offerings&amp;quot; of our tithes and donations). In the Orthodox churches there is a prayerful Preparation of the bread and wine before they are brought to the altar. &lt;br /&gt;
#BLESSING the bread and wine. The blessing of God over the bread in Judaism sanctifies the bread taking it out of normal use, or, alternatively, bringing the &amp;quot;secular&amp;quot; into the arena of the divine. This Blessing is known as the Thanksgiving prayer proper. &lt;br /&gt;
#BREAKING or &amp;quot;Fraction&amp;quot; (meaning breaking). It both signifies that Jesus' body was broken for us on the hill of Calvary and is the start of the breaking and giving to all the people in the congregation.&lt;br /&gt;
#the COMMUNION (that is, the distribution of the blessed Bread and Wine to the congregation). The term &amp;quot;Communion&amp;quot; here is reserved for this particular part of the service. This corresponds to the portion of the already sacrificed burnt offering which was given to the worshiper and to the priest in the Jewish Tabernacle and the Temple as food from the altar consecrated to God to be eaten by them as holy (Leviticus 6:14–7:36; Hebrews 13:10-15). In the Roman Catholic Church the blessed bread is usually unleavened, as was the Matzah of the Passover, perpetuating the link with Jewish practice, and for convenience, is usually small wafers. In the Orthodox Church, the bread is a loaf of bread (intermingled with the wine in the Chalice), copying the symbolism of the Apostle Paul that as the loaf is one, so we who partake are one.&lt;br /&gt;
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These churches believe that their Eucharist is not only a fulfillment and continuation of what the Lord did and commanded at the [[Last Supper]], but also as a continuation and fulfillment of those events in the Gospels that portray this fourfold pattern and mention it. Christ took the bread and blessed it while looking to heaven. The miracle takes place. Also, the Lord was seen in the &amp;quot;breaking&amp;quot; of the bread at Emmaus. &lt;br /&gt;
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In the Catholic and Orthodox Eucharist then, the priest takes the bread, and he follows that with a blessing. These churches believe that here the priest (who also gives the Word and pastors the people) stands in the place of Christ, ''[[in persona Christi]]'', as His representative ambassador.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;2 Corinthians 5:18-20&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; That is, it is not the table of the priest or even of the people; it is the table of Christ. It is Christ who stretches out his hands to invite the people to the banquet. Christ Himself is the host of the banquet. This is the mind-set of the priest, who is termed &amp;quot;the Celebrant.&amp;quot; Here is to be noted a double understanding of the priest. He also is believed to represent the people to the Lord. But the priest is not of the order of the Aaronic priesthood; he is a member of Christ the Head who is understood to be High Priest after the order of Melchizedek (Hebrews 4:14–10:14). &lt;br /&gt;
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The Priest then says the Eucharistic prayer. He is representing all the people assembled. This is the Thanksgiving proper. Thanksgiving is made for Creation and sustenance and protection, but the core of the thanksgiving in all the liturgies is grateful thanks for the giving by the Father of His Son, and grateful thanks for the willing sacrifice of Himself that Jesus performed. Then the prayer of thanksgiving settles on the words of Jesus spoken when he instituted the Eucharist at the Last Supper. That is, Jesus commanded that something be done. He is recorded in the Gospel as saying, &amp;quot;Do this!....&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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These churches stand apart from the rest of Christianity in believing that Jesus meant that he was giving his literal, physical self under the appearance of bread and wine. &amp;quot;This is my body which is given for you...This is the cup of my blood, the blood of the New Covenent which is poured out for you, and for many....&amp;quot; These words—when recited by the priest ''[[in persona Christi]]''—are called the Words of Institution, and they are one of the two &amp;quot;essentials&amp;quot; of the Eucharist. One essential is the prayer of calling for the sanctifying Holy Spirit (the Invocation) upon both the elements of bread and wine that they&lt;br /&gt;
will become, for the people, the body and blood of Jesus and, also, that the people will be made worthy to make a &amp;quot;fruitful&amp;quot; communion. &lt;br /&gt;
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What takes place at the Eucharist is understood to be two-fold: ''one'', there is a line of development of Old Testament teachings, and ''two'', for the other, a certain view of the intent of the Gospels. &lt;br /&gt;
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The bread and the wine not only signify the willing sacrifice of the Lord for the sins of the whole world, a perception shared with most Protestant churches, but they are considered &amp;quot;signs of the covenant&amp;quot;, in Hebrew &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''ה֪אֹתֹ֧תַ הבּרִית'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;, ''Otot haBrit''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''ה֪אֹתֹ֧תַ הבּרִית''', ''Otot haBrit'', literally &amp;quot;This is the covenant&amp;quot;. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt; [https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_Cross_(Conservative_point_of_View) Sign of the Cross (Conservative point of View) (religion.wikia.org)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like the Signs of the Covenant in the Old Testament, they are primarily for the eyes of God.  This differs from the approach of the Protestant churches of the Baptist and Holiness traditions which understand the Lord's Supper to be merely &amp;quot;pedagogic&amp;quot;, that is, a symbolic reminder to the people of what Christ has done for us on the cross, and a call for them to evaluate their lives in view of Christ's great sacrifice on the cross. &lt;br /&gt;
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According to Catholic teaching, the people of the Lord are lifting up the signs of the Covenant to heaven itself. [[Sign]]s are different from [[symbol]]s. A sign is a visible evidence of a present reality, as smoke is a sign of the presence of fire, while a symbol is merely a conventionalized representation of an idea, as a stop sign represents a law governing traffic regulation for safety. Heaven (God) looks down and sees the signs, sees the faith of the people that are under the sign, sees them taking refuge in what the signs literally signify, so that the people are found safe under the wings of God's grace and mercy. The signs of the New Covenant are thus analogous to the Old Covenant signs that God looked upon—the blood of the lamb at the first Passover which was placed on the doorposts and lintel by the people who believed, which was seen by the angel, and so the people were spared, and they ate of the sacrifice; the circumcision of the Israelites at eight days of age, which Moses neglected to do for his own son, and was spared only because of the faithful love and determination of his wife who did the job for him; and the rainbow in the skies, which, when God would look at, he would remember His promise to spare the earth from more destruction by water as in the days of Noah. These are all echoes of the Jewish &amp;quot;Remembrance&amp;quot; prayers from the time of Jesus and thus provide the setting for the celebration of the Eucharist.&lt;br /&gt;
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Aside from the setting up of the sign of the New Covenant, there is the other of the two-fold understandings of what takes place at the Catholic Eucharist:&lt;br /&gt;
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Taking their cues from the sixth chapter of the Gospel of John where Jesus speaks about eating His body and drinking His blood, Catholics believe that Jesus meant to refer to the Eucharist and in a literal, not a metaphorical, way. The body and blood are presented to the people at the time of communion. How this is done differs according to which church body is in question.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Roman Catholic church, influenced by Aristotle through the writings of Thomas Aquinus, has adopted the understanding and belief that there is nothing any longer of the [[substance]], the essential reality of what is under the physical matter, the material forms, of bread and wine after the Celebrant's words are spoken over them, that the substances of bread and wine as food from wheat and grapes are no longer extant as food but are the substances of the essential reality of the flesh and blood and soul and divinity of the whole Person of Jesus Christ true God and true man. As the bodies of human beings transform the physical matter of food and drink into human flesh and blood and bone within a few hours, so Jesus Christ directly transforms the essence of bread and wine immediately into his own Person. However, the &amp;quot;accidents&amp;quot;—the taste, smell, and feel of bread and wine—remain ([[Transubstantiation]], [[Real presence]]). He gives himself as food to his people, that they may ''partake'' of his own divine nature.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;2 Peter 1:3-4.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They partake of the single sacrifice of reparation and worship offered by Jesus in the Upper Room and on the Cross as the Jews partake of the sacrifice of the Passover lamb. This is why the priest at the elevation of the [[Host (Communion)|Host]] says, &amp;quot;Behold the Lamb of God, Who takes away the sins of the world.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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In contrast to the formulation of the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, the Orthodox believe otherwise, holding that the words of Christ (&amp;quot;This [is] my body; This [is] my blood&amp;quot;) indicate what happens, but without any need for an explanation of the mechanics of the miraculous change. It is quite simply and most profoundly an ineffable [[Orthodox Mysteries|mystery]], to be accepted on the authority of Christ Jesus himself. What both of these churches agree upon here is the belief that the worship service offers a sacrifice. They assert that any offering is acceptable to God, even the offering of Christ himself in Christian worship, and that this understanding is supported by the Book of Hebrews.&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Christianity]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Christian mysteries]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Orthodox Mysteries]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Traditional Latin Mass]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Eucharistic miracles]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sign of the Cross]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Sign of the Cross: of Jewish Origin]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lord's Supper and the Passover Seder]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Fish Sign]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[New Testament understanding through the Jewish perspective]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Essay: The earliest Christian Church, a prison in Armageddon]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Inspiration of Holy Scripture: An Eastern Christian and Jewish Perspective]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Evangelical Apostolic Church of North America (Syro-Chaldean)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Jesus Christ]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Real presence]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Open communion]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Closed communion]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Passover Last Supper Conflation: An Essay]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Was the Last Supper a Passover seder?: an essay]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transmigration of Words in Religion: an essay]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sacrament]]s in the [[Roman Catholic Church]]:&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Eucharist - First Holy Communion&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confession]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Confirmation]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Holy Orders]] for [[Priest]]s and [[Monk]]s&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Marriage]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Anointing of the Sick]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church Sacraments]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
See [http://www.eacna.org/], (Document: Liturgy of the Eucharist, annotated) for example of how the above Eucharistic basics may be adapted by Apostolic succession church for modern usage and worship service.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=2067846</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=2067846"/>
		<updated>2024-07-21T16:05:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
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| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by William Peter Blatty and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a Lutheran Christian family of a German background; during the 1940s, they lived in the American city of Cottage City, [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of poltergeist activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''The Evening Star'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], sexual abuse, and group hysteria. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and Saint Louis University, as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a dissociative disorder involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = National Alliance on Mental Illness|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = National Alliance on Mental Illness|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with antipsychotics.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a relapse.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege group hysteria to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had automatism or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by William Peter Blatty.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''The Exorcist'';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; it should be noted that the production of ''The Exorcist'' was linked to nine deaths.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Regot&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Regot |first1=William |last2=De Jeu |first2=Phoebe |title=Top 10 Creepiest Things That Happened Behind the Scenes of The Exorcist |url=https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-10-creepiest-things-that-happened-behind-the-scenes-of-the-exorcist/the-film-is-based-on-real-life-events-sort-of |publisher=WatchMojo |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The 2000 movie ''Possessed'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film, was also released.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''In the Grip of Evil.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://time.com/11368/egypt-christians-muslims-exorcisms/ At Weekly Exorcisms, Egypt's Muslims and Christians Unite Against the Demons - TIME Magazine]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-10-creepiest-things-that-happened-behind-the-scenes-of-the-exorcist Top 10 Creepiest Things That Happened Behind The Scenes Of The Exorcist]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=2067845</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=2067845"/>
		<updated>2024-07-21T16:04:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: addition; ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_cause = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by William Peter Blatty and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a Lutheran Christian family of a German background; during the 1940s, they lived in the American city of Cottage City, [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of poltergeist activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''The Evening Star'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], sexual abuse, and group hysteria. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and Saint Louis University, as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a dissociative disorder involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = National Alliance on Mental Illness|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = National Alliance on Mental Illness|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with antipsychotics.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a relapse.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege group hysteria to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had automatism or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by William Peter Blatty.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''The Exorcist'';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the production of ''The Exorcist'' was linked to nine deaths.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Regot&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Regot |first1=William |last2=De Jeu |first2=Phoebe |title=Top 10 Creepiest Things That Happened Behind the Scenes of The Exorcist |url=https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-10-creepiest-things-that-happened-behind-the-scenes-of-the-exorcist/the-film-is-based-on-real-life-events-sort-of |publisher=WatchMojo |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The 2000 movie ''Possessed'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film, was also released.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''In the Grip of Evil.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://time.com/11368/egypt-christians-muslims-exorcisms/ At Weekly Exorcisms, Egypt's Muslims and Christians Unite Against the Demons - TIME Magazine]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-10-creepiest-things-that-happened-behind-the-scenes-of-the-exorcist Top 10 Creepiest Things That Happened Behind The Scenes Of The Exorcist]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=2027400</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=2027400"/>
		<updated>2024-02-19T21:10:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* Early life */ ce&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_cause = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]] and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a Lutheran Christian family of a German background; during the 1940s, they lived in the American city of [[Cottage City, Maryland|Cottage City]], [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of poltergeist activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''[[Washington Star|The Evening Star]]'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[group hysteria]]. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and [[Saint Louis University]], as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a [[dissociative disorder]] involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with [[antipsychotics]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a [[relapse]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege [[group hysteria]] to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had [[Automatism (medicine)|automatism]] or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'',&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the 2000 movie ''[[Possessed (2000 film)|Possessed]]'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''[[In the Grip of Evil]].''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://time.com/11368/egypt-christians-muslims-exorcisms/ At Weekly Exorcisms, Egypt's Muslims and Christians Unite Against the Demons - TIME Magazine]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-10-creepiest-things-that-happened-behind-the-scenes-of-the-exorcist Top 10 Creepiest Things That Happened Behind The Scenes Of The Exorcist]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=2027399</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=2027399"/>
		<updated>2024-02-19T21:09:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* Psychiatric considerations */  removed tangential addition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_cause = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]] and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a German Lutheran Christian family and that during the 1940s they lived in the American city of [[Cottage City, Maryland|Cottage City]], [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of poltergeist activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''[[Washington Star|The Evening Star]]'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[group hysteria]]. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and [[Saint Louis University]], as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a [[dissociative disorder]] involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with [[antipsychotics]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a [[relapse]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege [[group hysteria]] to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had [[Automatism (medicine)|automatism]] or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'',&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the 2000 movie ''[[Possessed (2000 film)|Possessed]]'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''[[In the Grip of Evil]].''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://time.com/11368/egypt-christians-muslims-exorcisms/ At Weekly Exorcisms, Egypt's Muslims and Christians Unite Against the Demons - TIME Magazine]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-10-creepiest-things-that-happened-behind-the-scenes-of-the-exorcist Top 10 Creepiest Things That Happened Behind The Scenes Of The Exorcist]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978568</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978568"/>
		<updated>2023-09-05T22:47:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* External links */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_cause = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]] and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a German Lutheran Christian family and that during the 1940s they lived in the American city of [[Cottage City, Maryland|Cottage City]], [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of poltergeist activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''[[Washington Star|The Evening Star]]'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[group hysteria]]. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and [[Saint Louis University]], as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a [[dissociative disorder]] involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with [[antipsychotics]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a [[relapse]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege [[group hysteria]] to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had [[Automatism (medicine)|automatism]] or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
As a new hypothesis, anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis has been suggested to be the cause for acute devastating behaviour dyscontrol resembling demonic possession (G. Sebire, Annals of Neurology 2010;67:141-142).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'',&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the 2000 movie ''[[Possessed (2000 film)|Possessed]]'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''[[In the Grip of Evil]].''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://time.com/11368/egypt-christians-muslims-exorcisms/ At Weekly Exorcisms, Egypt's Muslims and Christians Unite Against the Demons - TIME Magazine]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-10-creepiest-things-that-happened-behind-the-scenes-of-the-exorcist Top 10 Creepiest Things That Happened Behind The Scenes Of The Exorcist]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978554</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978554"/>
		<updated>2023-09-05T22:34:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* External links */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_cause = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]] and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a German Lutheran Christian family and that during the 1940s they lived in the American city of [[Cottage City, Maryland|Cottage City]], [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of poltergeist activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''[[Washington Star|The Evening Star]]'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[group hysteria]]. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and [[Saint Louis University]], as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a [[dissociative disorder]] involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with [[antipsychotics]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a [[relapse]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege [[group hysteria]] to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had [[Automatism (medicine)|automatism]] or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
As a new hypothesis, anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis has been suggested to be the cause for acute devastating behaviour dyscontrol resembling demonic possession (G. Sebire, Annals of Neurology 2010;67:141-142).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'',&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the 2000 movie ''[[Possessed (2000 film)|Possessed]]'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was loosely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''[[In the Grip of Evil]].''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-10-creepiest-things-that-happened-behind-the-scenes-of-the-exorcist Top 10 Creepiest Things That Happened Behind The Scenes Of The Exorcist]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Spiritualism&amp;diff=1978313</id>
		<title>Spiritualism</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Spiritualism&amp;diff=1978313"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T23:40:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Spiritualism''' is a belief system that revolves around the &amp;quot;communication of intelligence from the spirits of the departed, commonly obtained through a person of susceptibility, called a 'medium'.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Denton |first1=William |title=Is Spiritualism True? |date=1871 |publisher=Colby &amp;amp; Rich |page=4 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Parapsychology]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Religion]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Spiritualist&amp;diff=1978312</id>
		<title>Spiritualist</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Spiritualist&amp;diff=1978312"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T23:36:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: Redirected page to Spiritualism&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;#REDIRECT[[Spiritualism]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978311</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978311"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T23:35:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* See also */ removed broken wikilink&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_cause = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]] and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a German Lutheran Christian family and that during the 1940s they lived in the American city of [[Cottage City, Maryland|Cottage City]], [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of poltergeist activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''[[Washington Star|The Evening Star]]'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[group hysteria]]. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and [[Saint Louis University]], as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a [[dissociative disorder]] involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with [[antipsychotics]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a [[relapse]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege [[group hysteria]] to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had [[Automatism (medicine)|automatism]] or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
As a new hypothesis, anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis has been suggested to be the cause for acute devastating behaviour dyscontrol resembling demonic possession (G. Sebire, Annals of Neurology 2010;67:141-142).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was lossely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'',&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the 2000 movie ''[[Possessed (2000 film)|Possessed]]'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was lossely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''[[In the Grip of Evil]].''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978310</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978310"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T23:34:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* Poltergeist activity */ removed dead wikilink&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_cause = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]] and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a German Lutheran Christian family and that during the 1940s they lived in the American city of [[Cottage City, Maryland|Cottage City]], [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of poltergeist activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''[[Washington Star|The Evening Star]]'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[group hysteria]]. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and [[Saint Louis University]], as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a [[dissociative disorder]] involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with [[antipsychotics]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a [[relapse]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege [[group hysteria]] to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had [[Automatism (medicine)|automatism]] or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
As a new hypothesis, anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis has been suggested to be the cause for acute devastating behaviour dyscontrol resembling demonic possession (G. Sebire, Annals of Neurology 2010;67:141-142).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was lossely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'',&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the 2000 movie ''[[Possessed (2000 film)|Possessed]]'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was lossely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''[[In the Grip of Evil]].''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Johann Blumhardt]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Anneliese Michel]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978308</id>
		<title>Ronald Edwin Hunkeler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ronald_Edwin_Hunkeler&amp;diff=1978308"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T23:34:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* Exorcism */ removed dead wikilinks&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox person&lt;br /&gt;
| name        = Ronald Edwin Hunkeler&lt;br /&gt;
| image       = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_size  = thumb&lt;br /&gt;
| caption     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date  = June 1, 1935&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_date  = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| death_cause = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place = &lt;br /&gt;
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;br /&gt;
| nationality = United States &lt;br /&gt;
| known_for   = Demonic possession &amp;amp; Exorcism &lt;br /&gt;
| religion    = Childhood: [[Christian]] ([[Lutheran]]) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Adult Life: [[Christian]] ([[Roman Catholic]]) &lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes   = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
'''Ronald Edwin Hunkeler''' (also known by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Robbie Mannheim''' and '''Roland Doe''';&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; born 1 June 1935 and died 10 May 2020) was known for being [[Demonic possession|possessed]] and later [[Exorcism|exorcised]] during his childhood in the late 1940s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Boy whose case inspired The Exorcist is named by US magazine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/20/the-exorcist-boy-named-magazine |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English |date=20 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Pseudonym&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;q=Thomas+B.+Allen#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Thomas%20Allen&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote=In 1949, just outside of Washington, DC, a thirteen-year-old boy, who lived with his two parents and grandmother, began to experience some very strange phenomena. We'll call this boy Robbie, the fictional name given to him by historian Thomas Allen, who has written a very sober and fascinating account of this entire case.|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The events which were reported in the media of the time and the occurrences surrounding those events went on to inspire the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]] and the 1973 film of the same name, as well as historian Thomas B. Allen's own 1993 book ''Possessed'' and the following 2000 television film by the same name. Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early life==&lt;br /&gt;
Hunkeler was an only child born into a German Lutheran Christian family and that during the 1940s they lived in the American city of [[Cottage City, Maryland|Cottage City]], [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Residence&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= The film ''The Exorcist'' is a the fictional rendition of a true story of possession of a thirteen year old boy named Robbie Mannheim who lived in Maryland in the 1940s.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pseudonyms given to Ronald's parents in literature regarding this subject are &amp;quot;Mr. and Mrs. Doe&amp;quot; as well as &amp;quot;Karl and Phyllis Mannheim née Wagner.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Parents&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Hunkeler was an only child, he depended upon adults in his household for playmates, namely his Aunt Harriet (Aunt Tillie), who treated Ronald more like a special friend than a nephew.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Playmates&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= As an only child, he had to depend upon the adults in the household for his playmates. One of these adults was his Aunt Harriet.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Aunt Tillie, a [[Spiritualist]], who also professed [[Christianity]], saw the [[Ouija board]] as a means of contacting those who had passed on the [[Afterlife|next world]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |access-date=4 September 2023 |date=22 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against consorting with spirits.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Like other Spiritualists, she did not heed the [[Biblical]] admonitions [[Witch|against consorting with spirits]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Harriet responded to Robbie's interest in board games by introducing him to one - the Ouija board. Because Aunt Harriet was a Spiritualist, she saw it as a way to make contact between this world and the next. The planchette, she explained to Robbie, would sometimes move in response to answers given by the spirits of the dead. The communicated by entering the consciousness of people at the board. The spirits, Aunt Harriet said, produced impulses that traveled through the medium to the planchette, which moved obediently to spell out words or point to &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;No.&amp;quot; Aunt Harriet seemed to have treated Robbie more like a special friend than a nephew. She had an exotic quality, especially with her talk about Spiritualism. Between visits, Robbie sometimes played at the Ouija board himself. For a Spiritualist like her, attempts to deal with the dead were neither pagan nor dangerous. Most Spiritualists considered themselves good Christians...Spiritualists, however, did not heed the biblical admonitions against [[Necromancy|consorting with spirits]].|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  She therefore, introduced Ronald to the Ouija board when he expressed interest in it; between visits from his aunt, Ronald would sometimes dabble with the Ouija board on his own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Ouija board&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Nonetheless, Ronald was your average boy - he played, read [[comic book]]s, and listened to the [[radio]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Adolescent&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= Possessed: the true story of an exorcism|quote= Robbie played, read comic books, listened to the radio, got under people's feet, acting like a normal thirteen-year-old boy.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Ronald and his Grandmother Wagner alone in the house; shortly afterwards, a dripping sound ensued and would not stop, despite the fact that every faucet was checked in the house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. The entered  and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In an attempt to locate the origin of the sonorous dripping noise, both Mannheim and his grandmother noticed that a painting of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] began to shake.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Dripping&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, when the parents arrived home, the dripping activity ceased, and a new noise was heard in the form of raps and scratches, which Karl Mannheim initially merrily labelled as being caused by a mouse or a rat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Poltergeist Activity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using a Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, there was some desperation during this trial as Karl Mannheim tore up floorboards and ripped down wall panels but could not locate any rodent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Raps &amp;amp; Scratches&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= By the time Karl and Phyllis Mannheim returned home, the sound of dripping had stopped. But another, stranger sound had begun: scratching, as if claws were scraping across wood...Karl smiled and said a mouse or rat had decided to come in from the winter...For the next several nights the scratching sound continued, beginning at around seven o'clock and fading around mid-night...Outwardly, everyone agreed with Karl: a rat of mouse was making the noise...Still, there was some desperation in Karl's search. He tore up more floorboards and ripped down wall panels.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On January 26, eleven days after the beginning of the scratching sounds, Ronald's aunt died in [[St. Louis]], devastating Ronald; the boy consequently tried to contact his deceased aunt via an Ouija board, as he had been very close with her.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The second account is probably the most famous of all cases concerning exorcism and is believed to be the basis for William Peter Blatty's best selling book, '''''The Exorcist'''''. In January, 1949, a thirteen-year-old boy, living in Mt. Rainer, Maryland became involved in satanic possession after trying to contact his diseased aunt (with whom he had been very close) via an oujia board.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This attempt is said to have led to his [[Demonic possession|demonic possession]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to the [[Anglican Communion]], {{Quotation|The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|Dr. Mehra Shrikhande&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Church of England&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences |quote= The Church of England holds the view that possession does not happen of its own accord. One cannot catch demons like one catches the common cold. A person has to be in vulnerable position of put himself at risk in order to get possessed. The greatest risk comes from inviting a spirit into one's body.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} &lt;br /&gt;
A view of Mannheim's dabbling with Ouija presented by Arlindo de Oliveira, a former [[witch doctor]], states that &amp;quot;occult [[Unclean spirit|spirits]] desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Possession&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were demanded to leave (cast out). According to Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira, occult spirits desire to possess human bodies because that gives them a physical apparatus with which to act and speak in a physical world.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.the-new-way.org/testimonies/guar_006_dedicated_to_the_devil_at_birth.html|title= He had been dedicated to the Devil before he was born, but one day he was delivered from demons by the power of the Lord|quote= Arlindo Barbosa de Oliveira of Brazil was a powerful witch doctor that for many years worked in the office of the President of Brazil, and in the Ministry of War and other government agencies of that nation, but one day he was delivered from the powers of darkness that worked in him and through him.|publisher = W Giacinto Butindaro (The New Way)|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Poltergeist activity ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to those involved in the case and also reported by the media, around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching noise in Grandmother Wagner's room ceased; yet, new kinds of [[poltergeist]] activity commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Scratching Ceased&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= Around the time of Aunt Harriet's death, the scratching sounds in the grandmother's room stopped. Karl proclaimed that the noisy rodent had died or gone away. But upstairs in Robbie's room new noises began,|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These strange happenings included the sound of squeaky shoes and marching feet,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Squeaky Shoes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= He described them as squeaky shoes.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Whenever the youth was at home, unexplained noises would reverberate from the attic, furniture would move on its own accord, objects flew, and witnesses reported hearing the sound of marching feet. Once, a portrait of Christ fell off the wall.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; amongst other strange noises,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= Strange noises were heard in the boy's room, furniture moved on its own, pictures fell from the wall and the boy's bed shook violently.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; furniture moved on its own accord,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Strange Noises&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and ordinary objects, including a vase flew or levitated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Poltergeist&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Thomas B. Allen - Poltergeist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;q=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;dq=A+vase+was+slowly+rising+from+the+table.+Allen&amp;amp;cd=1| title = Possessed: the true story of an exorcism |quote=While the family members were still talking about the flipping chair, one of  them pointed to a small table. A vase was slowly rising from the table.|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, scratches appeared on the teen's body and [[sacramentals|blessed objects]], such as a container of [[holy water]], which were placed near him, smashed to the ground on their own.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Holy + Water&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false| title = Paranormal Experiences |quote=As the possession intensified, the boy's suffering increased. Scratches appeared on his body and a container of holy water kept near him smashed automatically on the ground.|publisher = Unicorn Books|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This said supernatural phenomena was not confined to the Mannheim's home but seemed to carry with him where he went; for example, while at school, Ronald's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging the desks of other classmates.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Nor were these alarming phenomena confined to the Mannheim's home. The desks at Robbie's school were movable seat=desk units, with a single arm acting as a writing surface. Several times in January and February Robbie's desk lurched into the aisle and began skittering about, banging other desks and causing a schoolroom uproar.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry - School Desk&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false| title = Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |quote=When objects start flying about in his room and in his school, his parents eventually take him to Father William Bowden (Timothy Dalton), a Jesuit faculty member at St. Louis University who, like Father Karras in ''The Exorcist'', carries a load of guilt and is the the film's doubter but comes to believe the boy is really possessed.|publisher = [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Forty-eight witnesses came forward to substantiate this case and these unbelievable incidents that occurred, according to official reports.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Douglas Lockhart - Forty-eight&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+forty+eight+exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=3|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=The film ''The Exorcist'' was based on a supposed case of actual possession where a spirit of considerable malignancy was exorcised by Jesuits in 1949 - official reports show that no less than forty-eight people witnessed this exorcism, nine of them Jesuits.|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Medical and pastoral conclusions ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to reports in ''[[Washington Star|The Evening Star]]'', a Washington D.C. newspaper, in light of the situation, the boy was examined by both medical and psychiatric doctors, who could offer no explanation for these disturbing events taking place.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - 48&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Forty-eight witnesses would later come forward to substantiate this case and the unbelievable incidents that occurred.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The frightened family turned to their Lutheran priest, Rev. Fr. Luther Miles Schulze, for help who arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17 in his home in order to observe him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) followed up the Post’s scoop with an uncredited article later that evening on August 10, 1949 titled “Minister Tells Parapsychologists Noisy ‘Ghost’ Plagued Family.” The Evening Star’s account differed from the Post’s in that the family was referred to as “Mr. and Mrs. John Doe” and their 13-year-old son “Roland.” It also describes their house as a “one-and-one-half story home in a Washington suburb” and refers to the events as “the strange story of Roland and his Poltergeist.” The article tells of the talk given by the minister before the Society of Parapsychology, and recounts his experiences with the boy. The minister told the reporter that Roland had made two trips to a mental hygiene clinic and that during an earlier trip to the Midwest the boy had been subjected to three different rites of exorcism by three different faiths—Episcopal, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The boy slept nearby to the minister in a twin bed and the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html|quote= he media first became involved in this case when The Washington Post ran an article on August 10, 1949 titled “Pastor Tells Eerie Tale of ‘Haunted’ Boy.” Written in an almost tongue-in-cheek style by reporter Bill Brinkley, the piece tells an “out-of-this-world” story of a local 13-year-old boy. The story came to light when an unnamed minister gave a speech before a local meeting of the Society of Parapsychology at the Mount Pleasant Library in Washington, D.C. According to the minister the family had experienced many strange events in their suburban Maryland home beginning January 18th: scratching noises emanated from the house’s walls; the bed in which the boy slept would shake violently; and objects such as fruit and pictures would jump to the floor in the boy’s presence. The minister, described as being intensely skeptical, arranged for the boy to spend the night of February 17th in his home. With the boy sleeping nearby in a twin bed the minister reported that in the dark he heard vibrating sounds from the bed and scratching sounds on the wall. During the rest of the night he allegedly witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.|title= The Cold Hard Facts Behind the Story that Inspired &amp;quot;The Exorcist&amp;quot;|publisher = Strange Magazine|accessdate = 2007-08-01}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the rest of the night he witnessed some strange events—a heavy armchair in which the boy sat seemingly tilted on its own and tipped over and a pallet of blankets on which the sleeping boy lay inexplicably moved around the room.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mark Opsasnick - Rev. Schulze&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In light of his observations, Rev. Luther Miles Schulze concluded that there was [[evil]] at work in Ronald,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Lutheran Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote= At a loss, their clergyman told them that there was nothing that he could do, that there was evil at work in the teen, and their best solution would be to seek the help of a Catholic priest.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and therefore, he performed a [[Lutheran]] rite [[exorcism]] on Ronald Hunkeler. The Lutheran priest Fr. Schulze corresponded with the Parapsychology Laboratory at [[Duke University]] in March 1949 and explained how “chairs moved with [Hunkeler] and one threw him out [of it.] His bed shook whenever he was in it.”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Fr. Schulze noted the floors of the family's home were scarred from the &amp;quot;sliding of heavy furniture&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The Lutheran priest recorded that a portrait of Jesus Christ shook when Ronald Hunkeler approached it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exorcism ==&lt;br /&gt;
The boy then underwent an exorcism under auspices of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Anglican (Episcopal) Church]]. After this, the case was referred to Rev. Edward Hughes, a [[Roman Catholic]] priest, who, after examining the boy at St. James Church,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title=Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology|quote= So Robbie and his parents went to St. James Church and met with Fr. Albert Hughes, a twenty-nine year old priest. After spending some time with Robbie, Fr. Hughes became convinced that there was something &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; about the boy.|publisher =[[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; conducted an [[exorcism]] on the fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, a [[Jesuit]] institution.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, the boy inflicted a wound upon the pastor, costing him stitches; as a result, the exorcism ritual was stopped and the boy went home to be with his family.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=The first exorcism was conducted by Father Albert Hughes at Georgetown University Hospital, a Jesuit institution. Within five minutes of beginning the ritual, the boy stabbed the priest, inflicting a wound that took stitches. Thus ended the initial attempt to rid the demon. The youth was released and sent home to be with his family. A few days later, the teenager began screaming hysterically while in the bathroom. The parents rushed into the room to find the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written in blood upon the boy's chest. St. Louis was where the dead aunt had lived. The family then moved to St. Louis to stay with relatives. At this time, the case came before Father William Bowdern, pastor of St. Louis University - another Jesuit institution.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Ronald Mannheim was in his house, he screamed as he and his family saw the words &amp;quot;St. Louis&amp;quot; written upon his chest in blood; this city was the place where his Aunt Harriet had died.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Eleven Days&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them |quote= On January 26, eleven days after the first scratching sounds...Aunt Harriet died in St. Louis...Robbie, who seems to have been devastated by the death, went back to using the Ouija board.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Rev. Hughes&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The family then proceeded to take the [[train]] to St. Louis.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While they were in the city, Ronald's cousin contacted one of his professors at St. Louis University, Rev. Raymond J. Bishop, SJ, who in turn, spoke to Rev. William S. Bowdern, an associate of College Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= The family, desperate at this point, got on a train and headed for St. Louis. Robbie and his parents stayed with their relatives. One of the relatives, Robbie's cousin, was a student at St. Louis university. She had seen so many strange things happen to Robbie that she decided to talk with one of her professors, Fr. Raymond Bishop, SJ. Having listened to her story, Fr. Bishop contacted the pastor of College Church, which is associated with the university. |publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Together, both priests visited Ronald in his relatives' home, where they noticed his aversion to anything [[sacred]], a shaking bed, flying objects, and Ronald speaking in a demoniacal voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In light of these observations, Rev. Bowdern sought permission from the [[archbishop]] to have the plaguing [[demon]]s cast out from the boy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Visit&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Together, Bishop and Bowdern visited Robbie at his relatives' home. His revulsion over things sacred, his bed shaking violently, and things flying across the room-these were some of the things that Bowdern and Bishop witnessed. The boy spoke in a deep guttural voice and had an uncanny ability to spit at great lengths and hit a priest in the eye. After a few contacts, the priests decided that they needed to talk with the archbishop about the possibility of an exorcism.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The archbishop approved the exorcism with three stipulations:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. William S. Bowdern, would be in charge of performing the exorcism upon Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism ( a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was to keep a detailed diary of the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
#Rev. Bowdern was not to disclose his position and the location of the ritual, the fifth floor of Alexian Brothers Hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Stipulations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= First, Bowdern himself would conduct the exorcism (a decision Bowdern had not anticipated and didn't really want). Second, a tedious diary would be kept concerning all the activities that would accompany the exorcism. And third, Bowdern was to tell no one what he was doing.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before the exorcism ritual began, Rev. Walter Halloran was called to the psychiatric wing of the hospital, where he was asked to assist Rev. Bowdern in the deliverance.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Rev. William Van Roo, third Jesuit priest, was also there to assist Rev. Bowdern in casting out the unclean spirits from Mannheim.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote= Father Halloran was the last living Jesuit who assisted in the exorcism in 1949 at a psychiatric unit in St. Louis. Father Halloran was a 27-year-old Jesuit scholastic at St. Louis University when a priest called him to the psychiatric wing at Alexian Brothers hospital. The Rev. William S. Bowdern was trying to help a 14-year-old boy from Mount Rainier who he believed was possessed by a demon, and he needed a strong man to help control the boy. A third Jesuit, the Rev. William Van Roo, also was there. &amp;quot;The little boy would go into a seizure and get quite violent,&amp;quot; Father Halloran told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1988. &amp;quot;So Father Bowdern asked me to hold him. Yes, he did break my nose.&amp;quot; Father Halloran said he saw streaks and arrows and such words as &amp;quot;hell&amp;quot; on the boy's skin. Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot; A news account of the incident inspired William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 bestseller, &amp;quot;The Exorcist,&amp;quot; which led to the movie in 1973. Blatty's story featured a 12-year-old girl played by Linda Blair.|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the exorcism, Ronald spat in the eyes of the pastors, despite the fact that his eyes were closed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Thook&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote= While possessed, Robbie with his eyes closed was able to repeatedly and accurately spit on the faces of those around him. The spirits having the use of their own invisible yes, did not need Robbie's in order to have him spit on those standing around his bed in an attempt to prevent their own eviction from his body.|publisher = Writers Club Press|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rev. Halloran stated that during this scene of spiritual warfare, Ronald's hospital bed shook disturbingly, a vessel of [[holy water]] went soaring through the air, and words such as &amp;quot;[[evil]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;[[hell]]&amp;quot;, along with other various marks, appeared on the teenager's body.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Moreover, Ronald broke Rev. Halloran's nose during the process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Ronald Hunkeler, while being exorcised, also often shouted in an abnormal tone of voice, which was unlike his normal tone of voice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Voice&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= During such times the boy would tremble violently and shout in a voice that was not in anyway like his normal one.|publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In total, the exorcism ritual to cast out demons from the boy's body were performed thirty times over a period of two months.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - Duration&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title = Paranormal Experiences |quote= Finally, Father William Bowdern stayed with the boy for two months and performed the ritual of exorcism thirty times. |publisher =Unicorn Books|accessdate = 20107-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 10 March 1949, Fr. Bowdern wrote in his private diary that &amp;quot;Hunkeler entered a trance-like state as 14 witnesses watched during one of his exorcisms.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The clerics, asked the demons when they would flee, who responded to Rev. Bowdern and Rev. Halloran that they would depart when the Ronald uttered the proper words.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false| title = A Faraway Ancient Country|quote=Halloran recalls that the hospital bed began shaking violently as holy water was sprinkled on the youth and that at one point, a bottle of holy water went sailing in mid air, just missing his head. Another vivid memory the Father Halloran has was of the word &amp;quot;evil&amp;quot; appearing on the teen's body during one prayer session, saying that it was a definite word, not some phenomenon up for personal interpretation. The demon, when asked when it would leave, told Bowdern and Halloran that it would only do so when the boy uttered the proper words. At last the teenager said, Christus, Domini or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot; At that moment, the whole hospital echoed with a thunderclap. Then boy told them, &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-03-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Eventually, Ronald Hunkeler said &amp;quot;Christus, Domini&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Christ, Lord.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; When these words were spoken, there were reports of a loud noise, noted as a &amp;quot;thunderclap&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;shotgun&amp;quot; throughout the floors of the hospital.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this pandemonium, Ronald Hunkeler declared &amp;quot;It's over. It's over.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Observations during Deliverance Ritual&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The room of Alexian Brothers Hospital in which the deliverance was performed was then sealed off in order that none would be able to reenter that area.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Awaaz at Conclusion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= When the exorcism was completed, there were reports of a very loud noise, like a shotgun going off, throughout the hospital. Even people who had no idea that an exorcism was occurring on the fifth floor reported the noise. After the exorcism was finished, the room was shut off and sealed so that no one would reenter it.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration for the movie 'The Exorcist' has been identified as former NASA engineer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/inspiration-for-the-movie-the-exorcist-has-been-identified-as-former-nasa-engineer |publisher=[[National Post]] |language=English |date=December 22, 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Later life ==&lt;br /&gt;
After the exorcism was over, the Hunkeler family was no longer troubled, and moved back to their home.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Dr. Mehra Shrikhande - No Trouble&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=Luther+Miles+Schulze&amp;amp;cd=4#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Luther%20Miles%20Schulze&amp;amp;f=false|title= Paranormal Experiences|quote= The exorcism ultimately worked and the family was not troubled any more.|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald Edwin Hunkeler went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Washington Post&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18767-2005Mar8.html|title =Jesuit Priest Walter Halloran|quote=Father Halloran told a reporter that the boy went on to lead &amp;quot;a rather ordinary life.&amp;quot;|publisher =The Washington Post|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Harold Schechter, David Everitt - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p8lZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=2|title=For reel: the real-life stories that inspired some of the most popular movies of all time|quote= &amp;quot;Robbie Mannheim&amp;quot; — whose true identity has never been divulged — went on to become a successful, happily married man and father.|publisher = Berkley Boulevard Books|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nevertheless, Ronald Hunkeler, after over fifty years, has no memories of his possession.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= After over fifty years, this man (whose identity remains a closely guarded secret) has no memories of his possession.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ronald Edwin Hunkeler, as an adult, served as an engineer for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) whose &amp;quot;work contributed to the Apollo space missions of the 1960s and who patented a technology that helped space shuttle panels withstand extreme heat.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; He worked for NASA for approximately forty years before retirement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Ronald Edwin Hunkeler died before his 86th birthday after having a [[stroke]] in his home in Marriottsville, Maryland.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Just prior to his death on 10 May 2020, Hunkeler was given last rites by a Roman Catholic priest.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Yang2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Psychiatric considerations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Popular psychiatric interpretations of Ronald Hunkeler experience have been offered, including [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[Tourette's syndrome]], [[schizophrenia]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[group hysteria]]. Terry D. Cooper, Ph.D., a psychologist with doctorates from [[Vanderbilt University]] and [[Saint Louis University]], as well as Cindy K. Epperson, a doctoral fellow at the [[University of Missouri]], have analyzed the case of Ronald Hunkeler and have come to the conclusion that normal psychological explanations can not account for the claimed events; their explanations are offered here.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Popular Psychological Explanations&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Psychological interpretations have certainly been offered for this case. Some of these interpretations include multiple personality disorder (or what is now called dissociative identity disorder), Tourette's syndrom, schizophernia, sexual abuse by the aunt, and group hysteria.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder) is a [[dissociative disorder]] involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality identities manipulate the individual's behaviour at different moments, whose treatment consists primarily of [[psychotherapy]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_(formerly_Multiple_Personality_Disorder).htm|title= Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder)|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Although some symptoms of dissociative identity disorder line up with Ronald's behavior,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Epperson criticize this explanation because it fails to explain how Ronald's symptoms suddenly disappeared after the exorcism ritual since psychotherapy is a slow and tedious process.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Robbie seemed to manifest a demonic personality along with his normal personality. His voice and facial expressions would change dramatically. Several problems arise when we try explain Robbie's profile strictly from a multiple personality perspective. The most basic is the question, Why did Robbie's symptoms suddenly disappear? Multiple personality disorder does not simply &amp;quot;go away&amp;quot; as a result of having priests perform an exorcism ritual. Again, treatment involves a slow, tedious process of psychotherapy. There is no evidence in Robbie's case that these multiple personality disorder symptoms returned. If he truly had MPD, where did it go? A second problem is that MPD is clearly related to chronic abuse in one's childhood. Investigations into his family backgound, as well as Robbie's own testimony, revealed no such ongoing abuse. Third, an MPD diagnosis hardly explains the strange paranormal-like activities going on around the boy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Ronald Hunkeler displayed no previous history of multiple personality disorder earlier in his life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; According to Cooper and Epperson, labeling Ronald's condition as dissociative identity disorder also fails to explain the strange [[paranormal]] activity associated with the case to which forty-eight individuals testified.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Dissociative Identity Disorder&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential feature of Tourette’s syndrome are multiple [[tic]]s, which may include blurting out inappropriate comments.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Tourette's Syndrome&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Tourettes_Syndrome.htm|title= Tourette's Syndrome|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ronald was indeed known to use foul language during the exorcism ritual,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Sue Lim - Foul Language&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&amp;amp;pg=PA98&amp;amp;dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=2#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Phyllis%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them|quote=Robbie periodically awakened for moments...then fell back into his nightmare sleep and thrased and laughed and screamed. &amp;quot;I'm in hell,&amp;quot; he shourted, laughing.|publisher = [[iUniverse]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; albeit he no longer swore after the successful exorcism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry Douglas Lockhart - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qhyOAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=4|title= The dark side of God: a quest for the lost heart of Christianity|quote=And following the classical Tourette's syndrome, Robbie does curse and swear  like a seasoned trooper; but he recovers from this compulsion when the exorcism...|publisher = Element|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dr. Cooperson and Dr. Epperson argue that reducing Ronald's &amp;quot;entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet reducing Robbie's entire set of circumstances to this simple disorder does not do justice to this case. It's simply implausible that a young man with with Tourette's was able to fool nine Jesuit priests, hospital personnel, and all the family members.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Moreover, Tourette's syndrome is treated with medication and [[counseling]] - it simply does not go away.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Also, Tourette's syndrome, like the other disorders we've discussed, simply doesn't go away. It is usually treated with counseling and medication.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Schizophrenia is another mental disorder that some people believe Ronald might have had. According to the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]: &amp;quot;Schizophrenia often interferes with a person's ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. The first signs of schizophrenia typically emerge in the teenage years or early twenties.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is often treated with [[antipsychotics]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NAMI - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&amp;amp;Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&amp;amp;TPLID=54&amp;amp;ContentID=23036|title= Schizophrenia|publisher = [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]]|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Psychologist Cooper states that Ronald was too young to have developed schizophrenia. Cooper also argues that Mannheim never became [[psychotic]], but rather, remained coherent throughout the process and did not receive any medication or psychotherapy for his condition.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Schizophrenia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote= Applying the diagnosis of schizophrenia to Robbie also involves several problems. First, at thirteen, Robbie was generally too young for schizophrenia, whose onset typically occurs between seventeen and twenty-five years of age. More importantly, there is no evidence that Robbie became pyschotic of lost complete touch with reality. He remained coherent throughout the precess. Also, even if Robbie were schizophrenic, how did he suddenly become &amp;quot;cured&amp;quot; of it? There was no medication and no psychotherapy.|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to a Christian argument, the Maryland youth went on to lead a healthy existence, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment; moreover, Ronald Hunkeler never had a [[relapse]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Emissary - Happily Married&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&amp;amp;pg=PA69&amp;amp;dq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=13#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Walter%20Halloran%20exorcism%20ouija&amp;amp;f=false|title= A Faraway Ancient Country |quote= While most psychologists would like to dismiss both these cases as that of mental illness, they cannot fully explain why both people never had a relapse. Clara and the Maryland youth went on to lead normal, healthy existences, whereas schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders are often lifelong and require extensive psychiatric treatment. In the early to middle part of twentieth century, people were committed to sanitariums for these conditions. Yet, in both cases, there seems to be no recorded residual effects. Full-blown mental illness rarely (if ever) goes away on its own.|publisher = [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While some allege that Ronald Hunkeler may have been sexually abused by Aunt Harriet, there is no evidence to support this assertion and moreover, with the prevalence of sexual abuse in society, most individuals who have been sexually abused do not delineate Ronald's behaviour.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Tourette's&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=First, it must be admitted that it is sheer speculartion that Robbie ''was'' sexually abused by the aunt. There is no solid evidence to support this. And second, sexual abuse is, unfortuntately, quite common in our society. How often do we see symptoms such as the ones displayed by Robbie?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some critics also allege [[group hysteria]] to explain the case of Ronald Hunkeler.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC&amp;amp;pg=PA25&amp;amp;dq=Robbie++exorcism&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20%20exorcism&amp;amp;f=false|title= Evil: Satan, Sin, and Psychology |quote=Yet the problem is that Robbie's eyewitnesses were spread out. they came from entirely different settings and reported the same things. For instance, the shaking bed was reported by numerous people both in the Washington D.C. area and in St. Louis. Is it really possible that forty-eight eyewitnesses in different areas and at different times were all hysterical?|publisher = [[Paulist Press]]|accessdate = 2010-04-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, Ronald's forty-eight witnesses were spread out in different locations.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; For example, Ronald's shaking bed was reported by numerous individuals both in [[Washington D.C.]] and [[St. Louis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Terry D. Cooper, Cindy K. Epperson - Group Hysteria&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other medical experts who have examined Ronald's case have suggested that he had [[Automatism (medicine)|automatism]] or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] although the physicians and psychiatrists who examined Ronald Hunkeler did not find any evidence to make these conclusions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Mario Gregorio&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.propheties.it/anexample.htm|title= Casting out the Devil!|publisher= Mario Gregorio|quote= Medical experts who have looked at Robbie's case suggest that he could have been suffering from one or more of the following psychological conditions: Automatism - acting in a mechanical or involuntary manner, a feature of some forms of schizophrenia. Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome - a personality disorder, in which victims scream uncontrollably, grunt, twitch and involuntarily use foul language. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - this features frequent bouts of anxiety with little relevance to actual events, or recurrent strong urges to perform unnecessary or irrelevant acts. The doctors who examined Robbie had found no evidence of any of these symptoms.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
As a new hypothesis, anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis has been suggested to be the cause for acute devastating behaviour dyscontrol resembling demonic possession (G. Sebire, Annals of Neurology 2010;67:141-142).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Literature and film ==&lt;br /&gt;
The exorcism case of Ronald Hunkeler is the basis for the 1971 novel ''[[The Exorcist]]'' by [[William Peter Blatty]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was lossely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Mannheim deliverance case was also the idea of 1973 film ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'',&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pedro Palao Pons&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&amp;amp;pg=PA132&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the 2000 movie ''[[Possessed (2000 film)|Possessed]]'', which is said to be more historically accurate than the aforementioned film.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Carrol Lee Fry&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=Robbie+Mannheim&amp;amp;cd=3#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Robbie%20Mannheim&amp;amp;f=false|title= Cinema of the occult: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film |publisher= [[Rosemont Publishing &amp;amp; Printing Corp.]]|quote= Blatty's novel was lossely based on an actual exorcism he heard about, and the producers of ''Possessed'' claim the film is closer to the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; story.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A [[documentary]] was also made of this case of demonic possession, titled ''[[In the Grip of Evil]].''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMDb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122543/|title= In the Grip of Evil|quote= Reconstruction of the alleged true story about demonic possession that was behind William Friedkin's The Exorcist. Based on documents, statements and interviews with people who followed the case, including the priests involved in the exorcism, a close look at the events that really happened is shown.|accessdate = 2010-04-04}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;name&amp;quot; group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The child was often referred as ''Robbie Mannheim'' or ''Roland Doe''; Robbie was the fictional name given to the child by historian [[Thomas B. Allen (author)|Thomas Allen]]. After his death, his real name was revealed to the public as Ronald Edwin Hunkeler.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Clara Germana Cele]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[George Lukins]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Johann Blumhardt]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Anneliese Michel]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Michael Taylor (Ossett)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Allen, Thomas B. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7AEvAAAAYAAJ Possessed]: the true story of an exorcism''. [[Doubleday]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Cooper, Terry D. and Cindy K. Epperson (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXHqjYs3l5kC Evil]: Satan, sin, and psychology''. [[Paulist Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Fry, Carrol Lee (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC Cinema of the occult]: new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film''. [[Associated University Presses]]. &lt;br /&gt;
* Lim, Sue (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC Good Spirits, Bad Spirits]: how to distinguish between them''. [[iUniverse]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.catholicexorcism.org/ The St. Michael Center for Spiritual Renewal]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mannheim, Robbie}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Exorcism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Paranormal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:American People]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Spiritual Warfare]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Aschlafly&amp;diff=1978307</id>
		<title>User talk:Aschlafly</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Aschlafly&amp;diff=1978307"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T23:30:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: /* Page Move */ thanks&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;''Welcome to Aschlafly's talk page. Please place complaints about other users or other [[trolling]] content at [[Conservapedia:User complaints]]. If Andy is interested in hearing your complaint, he will respond there. Thank you.''&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==July 7, 2023==&lt;br /&gt;
Interesting, Jill Lepore  on the great Mrs. P.  Schlafly&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/firing-line/video/jill-lepore-dfmre7/] (FiringLine, Jul 7, 2023).[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]]) 17:53, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Thanks for the link!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:55, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NP. Quote from Lepore: ''..I think Schlafly’s just fascinating. She really has been ignored by historians for two reasons. One, academic historians, who tend to be liberal, have really been bad at offering a history of the rise of the modern conservative movement, this just tremendously important political insurgency, you know, since the 1950s, of which, you know, Buckley’s Firing Line was an important element. And then conservative historians just haven’t really paid attention to Schlafly because she was a woman.''[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]])&lt;br /&gt;
:That's a very interesting quote.  Thank you.  Perhaps there could be a new entry that devoted to this issue.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 20:28, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Tnanks Andy. Your opinion on [https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Phyllis_Schlafly&amp;amp;diff=prev&amp;amp;oldid=1961979 this] please?[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]])&lt;br /&gt;
:::It's superb!  Very well done.  Thank you!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 02:23, July 10, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Request ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hi Andy, can you please tell Karajou that I'm deeply sorry for my iniquities against him two years ago during the massive intra-Conservapedia dispute and that I would be interested in talking to him again? Thanks. —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 15:22, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Don't fall for it Andy. It's just another one of these conspiracies to sow division in Conservapedia and attack active editors. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:04, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::RobSmith, you insisted over and over again 2–3 years ago that if Karajou was defrocked, you would be able to fix Conservapedia. Your promise at this point can be clearly seen as a broken one. All you've done is turn the site into a laughingstock. —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 16:33, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::How many [https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&amp;amp;type=block&amp;amp;user=&amp;amp;page=&amp;amp;year=&amp;amp;month=-1&amp;amp;tagfilter= blocks and vandal attacks] have we had in the past 8-9 months? There used to be a half dozen daily.&lt;br /&gt;
:::I never said Kara should be defrocked; I said he needed to be reined in and counselled on the proper role and duties of an Admin. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 17:00, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::&amp;quot;i nEvEr&amp;quot; Oh really? How many more instances of [[liberal denial]] will you propagate before I pull out a list of receipts proving the liar you are? &amp;quot;Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.&amp;quot; (John 8:44) —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 18:25, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::Misuing and misquoting scripture is &amp;quot;taking the Lord's name in vain&amp;quot;. I never claimed to be descended from Abraham. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 20:43, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::Does an individual have to incorrectly claim to have Abraham as their father to qualify as a child of Satan? The basic concept is applied, both overtly and covertly, throughout the Bible. The Apostle Paul told Elymas the Sorcerer: &amp;quot;O full of all subtilty and all mischief, thou child of the devil, thou enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord?&amp;quot; (Acts 13:10) —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Wednesday, 21:21, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::::Now you're trolling Andy's talk page. This discussion should be moved elsewhere. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:05, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::You're one to talk on the issue of trolling! —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Wednesday, 22:14, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::::::What goes around comes around. Do unto others. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:21, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The importance of diversification and resiliency. The tale of the followers of a tired and dying ideology whose web traffic is dying ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Andy, since March of 2023 the website [[Internet Infidels]] lost 50% of its traffic. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Western atheism had too many eggs in the [[Richard Dawkins]] and [[secular left]]ism basket. Dawkins is far less popular (See: [[Richard Dawkins' loss of influence]]). And now that [[Joe Biden]] is very unpopular and Europe is moving to the political right, that further hurt the atheistic cause and this is only going to get worse due to right-wing populism growing. On top of this, the mainstream media has lost a lot of trust and they used to promote atheism more in the past (See: [[Atheism and public relations]]). Also, people with [[professor values]] promoted atheism and many colleges are closing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I predict that the next economic recession is going to REALLY hurt the atheistic cause due to the superior fundraising/resources of Christendom (See: [[Atheist fundraising vs. religious fundraising]]). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conservapedia needs to expand its content because its atheism traffic could taper off over time due to less and less people having interest in atheism. Look at how much traffic to [[Internet atheism|atheist websites]] is falling: [[Internet atheism]] and [[Internet atheism web traffic volume]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christendom is going to go from victory to victory (See: [[Future of Christianity]]). Deus Vult!!! [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:27, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:You need more editors to do that, and it's not done by chasing away editors. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
::::I do have one regret about LT. When I wrote about LT &amp;quot;If he wants to be nasty and contentious (see his initial post on this page), then good riddance. Conservative (talk) 15:30, July 13, 2023 (EDT)&amp;quot;, that was too harsh. LT is young and is more hot-headed. I know he hates right-wing populism. And to be fair, among other things, right-wing populists are not very good at balancing budgets when countries have a big amount of sovereign debt. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:29, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::In addition, when I titled my essay [[Essay: On behalf of all Christians who are politically right-leaning, I hereby declare victory! Olé! Olé! Olé!|On behalf of all Christians who are politically right-leaning, I hereby declare victory! Olé! Olé! Olé!]], I could have just used merely one &amp;quot;Olé!&amp;quot;. Maybe using three olés was too provocative. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:35, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::It's not '''what''' you think or believe., it's '''how''' you interact with others that matters. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:23, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
Andy can fix the login problem. But editor retention is important so template pollution through uncivilly covering up people's civil content via a template needs to end. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:41, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: Make up your mind if you want editor retention or not. You're sending mixed signals. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:42, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Robert Louis Stevenson ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I am a fan of Robert Louis Stevenson too. When I was a young man I loved the book ''Treasure Island'' and the short story ''The Tell-Tale Heart''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I usually read nonfiction, but I think the next non-fiction works that I read will be ''Pilgrim's Progress'', ''Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' and ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 20:40, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:''The Tell-Tale Heart'' was by [[Edgar Allan Poe]].  I encourage reading the free, available online ''[[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]]''.  It is remarkably [[conservative]] and brilliantly written.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 21:54, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Thanks. I just found a free PDF copy of the book at: [https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/Jekyll%20and%20Hyde%20text.pdf Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - Free PDF copy]. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 22:59, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::There are many [[Christian]] and [[conservative]] phrases in it.  I guess that's why it is rarely part of high school reading today!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:43, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::The first sentence of [https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/Jekyll%20and%20Hyde%20text.pdf Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - Free PDF copy]: &amp;quot;Mr. Utterson the lawyer was a man of a '''rugged countenance''' that was never lighted by a smile; cold, scanty and embarrassed in discourse; backward in sentiment; lean, long, dusty, dreary and yet somehow lovable.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::&amp;quot;Rugged countenance&amp;quot;? That sounds like &amp;quot;toxic masculinity&amp;quot;. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 23:52, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::That is a great example of [[manliness]] in [[literature]].  I've added it to several entries.  Thanks!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 14:01, July 23, 2023 (EDT)Conservapedia:Copyrights&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.conservapedia.com/Conservapedia:Copyrights&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Question==&lt;br /&gt;
I have been meaning to ask you this for a long time, But what happen to the 'Create Account' button, my friend is trying to create himself a new account but their is no way to do so because the option is missing, What happened?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I've been focusing on content.  Legitimate new users can email me at aschlafly@aol.com to obtain a new account.  A reference or some verification of [[good faith]] is preferred.  Thanks.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:32, July 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Kingdom ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hebrews 1:8 called. Said &amp;quot;But unto the Son he saith, Thy '''throne''', O God, is for ever and ever: a '''sceptre''' of righteousness is the '''sceptre''' of thy '''kingdom'''.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I've got missed calls from a bunch of Psalms and others as well, but I figured we should probably cut straight to [[Mystery:Did Jesus Write the Epistle to the Hebrews?|the Son as man Himself]]. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 20:16, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:You make a great point, and I'll consider this carefully.  Will respond later tonight after studying this in depth.  Thank you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:39, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:The New Living Translation breaks from the pressure to use &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; and instead translates this verse as:&lt;br /&gt;
{{cquote|But to the Son he says, “Your throne, O God, endures forever and ever. You rule with a scepter of justice. [https://www.biblehub.com/hebrews/1-8.htm See Biblehub]}}&lt;br /&gt;
:The [[KJV]] rendition that you quote above strains to use &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in overly a repetitive way.  Rather, the statement would be far stronger if it emphasized that righteousness is the standard in God's [[paradise]], as in &amp;quot;a scepter of righteousness is the standard of thy paradise.&amp;quot;--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:30, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Andy, thrones and sceptres are the things of kings and kingdoms. ConwayII has you in a Bible exegesis full-nelson and I don't see you getting out of it. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 00:23, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Appreciate the humor and the challenge!  But [[ancient Greece]] had no &amp;quot;thrones and sceptres,&amp;quot; and neither did ancient [[Greek]].  Like &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot;, those terms are also figments of the [[monarchy|monarchical]] [[England]].  Thus [[checkmate]].  Ha ha hal.  A still better rendition:&lt;br /&gt;
{{cquote|Thy presence, O [[God]], is [[infinite]]: a commitment to [[righteousness]] is the standard of thy [[paradise]].}}--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 01:20, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::::Respectfully, no. Hebrews 1:8 is a deliberate riff on Psalm 45:6: Thy '''throne''', O God, is for ever and ever: the '''sceptre''' of thy '''kingdom''' is a right '''sceptre'''. &lt;br /&gt;
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::::Cf. Psalm 103:19 (The Lord hath prepared his '''throne''' in the heavens; and his '''kingdom''' ruleth over all.), Psalm 145:1 (I will extol thee, my God, O '''king'''; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.) and the repeated and reinforcing use of '''majesty''' in verses 5 and 12.&lt;br /&gt;
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::::The trials and tribulations of various earthly kings and kingdoms is a major thread running right through the OT, and Hebrew's contemporary audience would have had zero difficulty thinking of God in those monarchical terms. You might not like it, but that's not really relevant, is it?&lt;br /&gt;
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::::As a final note, I urge you to go back to the Greek myths and any reliable history of the actual ancient Greece. You'll find plenty of kings. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 06:17, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::::Like King [[Agamemnon]], for instance. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 11:45, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::::Ancient [[Greek]] did not even have a word for &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;, which is mostly an [[Anglophile]] obsession.  All the &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; language in the [[English]] translations of the [[New Testament]] is a dilution by the [[Brit]]s.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:15, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::Oedipus Rex, usually translated Oedipus the King. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:29, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::And from Rex we get a whole family of words, like reign, royal, Reich, etc. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:30, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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(Outdent) OK. Let's do this in French, German and Spanish, and then look at the Vulgate Latin and the Septuagint Greek. Psalm 145:1:&lt;br /&gt;
*Je t'exalterai, ô mon Dieu, mon '''roi'''! Et je bénirai ton nom à toujours et à perpétuité.&lt;br /&gt;
*Ich will dich erheben, mein Gott, du '''König''', und deinen Namen loben immer und ewiglich.&lt;br /&gt;
*Te exaltaré mi Dios, oh '''Rey''', y bendeciré tu nombre eternamente y para siempre.&lt;br /&gt;
*Exaltabo te, Deus meus '''rex''' ; et benedicam nomini tuo in sæculum, et in sæculum sæculi.&lt;br /&gt;
*Ὑψώσω σε, ὁ θεός μου ὁ '''βασιλεύς''' μου, καὶ εὐλογήσω τὸ ὄνομά σου εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος·&lt;br /&gt;
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Herodotus used the same language 100+ years before the Septuagint was compiled. A very sensible chap called Demaratus asks Xerxes ([https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/xph/ a king of kings!]) if he's ''really'' in the mood for some plain speaking and repeatedly addresses him with the honorific '''Βασιλεῦ'''. See end of 101 and beginning of 102: [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7b*.html English] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/H/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html#101 Greek]&lt;br /&gt;
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[[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 14:48, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:This is terrific information, but your French/German/Spanish translations above are of a verse in [[Psalms]], not the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]].  Psalms was not originally written in Greek, and the [[Old Testament]] does refer to kings.  The ancient [[Greek]] does not, as it had different types of government.  The less biased Wiktionary explains that the primary meaning of βασιλεύς is &amp;quot;chief, master&amp;quot; and its notes describes it as an authority who could, as in a foreign ruler, coincidentally be a king there (but not in Greece). [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82]--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:56, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::A king or kingdom denotes an heredity bloodline for the &amp;quot;continuity of government&amp;quot;, a Republic has no such doctrine. This is why the Roman Catholic Church adopted celibacy, so that no heredity bloodline would have a claim on the Papacy. In Islam, Shia Islam traces its origins to the family of Mohammad, whereas Sunni Islam traces its origins to the Prophet and his Companions. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 18:32, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::What's Wiktionary got to do with this? I've just pointed to you to Herodotus (an ancient Greek historian writing c. 430 BC) using Βασιλεῦ in reference to Xerxes, the Persian king (c. 518 – 465 BC) famed for his invasion of Greece. This is a primary linguistic source and obviously relevant re. translating βασιλείας as &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in Hebrews 1:8.  &lt;br /&gt;
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::The ancient Greeks had these words (and others) for &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; and your claims to the contrary are simply untrue.&lt;br /&gt;
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::I'd prefer it if you'd have the grace to concede this narrow point so we can get back to the meat of the discussion. Thanks, [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 19:20, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Conway, your scholarship is excellent and I'm learning from it.  Seriously, I mean it.  You're right that the verse in Hebrews is a paraphrase, almost a direct quote, in Greek of the verse in Psalms.&lt;br /&gt;
:::But languages do sometimes lack words for certain terms.  It seems natural that Herodotus used the Greek word for authority to refer to Xerxes.  He was indeed an authority, a ruler.  That doesn't prove that the Greek term meant &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  And jumping from there to translate the corresponding Greek term as &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; is a bridge too far, it seems to me.  I don't intend to be disagreeable about this, and most English translations side with you.  I attribute that the immense [[British]], pro-monarchical influence over the English translations.  I admit that any version today which departed from that tradition is not going to sell very many copies!  But with &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; today connoting [[Mickey Mouse]] and other silliness, overreliance on that term may be causing folks to drive away from the benefits they could obtain from an undiluted translation.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:00, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::It's an interesting discussion, but I'm going to thumbnail the issue here:&lt;br /&gt;
:::::God initially told Moses when he delivered the law that Israel was not to be like other people, and God was to be both their God and king. But God prophesized through Moses that one day the people would rebel and demand a king.  When they entered the land, they had Judges, and not a king. Later in Samuel's day the people rebelled and wanted a king, and God told Samuel to grant them their wish. Samuel anointed Saul, and later David. This succession of kings continued until the Babylonian captivity, when the kingdom was destroyed. But the prophecy of a messiah was that he would restore the kingdom. The genealogies in Matthew and Luke attest to the fact that Jesus was heir to the promises made to David. &lt;br /&gt;
:::::The Pharisees told Pilot that Jesus was a fraud and he was challenging Ceasar for the title of King of the Jews (they feared reprisals against the people if the Romans interpreted people calling Jesus 'king' as rebellion against Roman occupation, as well as their own loss of power among the people).&lt;br /&gt;
:::::IOWs, the prophecies of a messiah were, and are, interpreted as also meaning 'king'. Now remember, God advised against wanting or having a king, but gave them what they wanted anyway. It wasn't the first time. There are many instances in the bible where God offers people a choice, advises on what God says is the right choice, people reject what God says and he grants them what they wanted anyway. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:14, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::For example: ''You may eat of the trees of the garden, except for the tree in the midst of the garden...'', etc. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:29, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jesus throne.jpg|thumbnail|center|400px|&amp;quot;At once I was in the spirit, and there in heaven stood a &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''throne'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;, with one seated on the throne!&amp;quot; (Revelation 4:2 NRSV)&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;They will make war on the Lamb, and the Lamb will conquer them, for he is &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''Lord of lords and King of kings'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;, and those with him are called and chosen and faithful.”  {Revelation 17:14 ESV)]]&lt;br /&gt;
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At Conservapedia, we have no king but Jesus! [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 12:21, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:One more note: When Jesus asked, ''What think ye Christ, whose son is he, David's or God's? And they responded, 'David's'. And Jesus said 'Why then does David in spirit call him Lord?'' - Jesus is making a direct reference to Psalm 45, which then again is cited in Hebrews chapter 1. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:05, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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@Andy: That's certainly gracious (thanks), but it's definitely not conceding the point. Let's try this instead:&lt;br /&gt;
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#OT authors properly referred to earthly kings and kingdoms when writing in the original Hebrew or Aramaic.&lt;br /&gt;
#The authors of Psalms 45, 103 &amp;amp; 145 used precise monarchical imagery re. God, again when writing in the original Hebrew or Aramaic.&lt;br /&gt;
#The author of ''Hebrews'' chose to replicate that imagery, most notably and precisely at 1:8.&lt;br /&gt;
#Therefore, if the author of Psalm 45 intended to say &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in verse 6, then the author of ''Hebrews'' intended to say &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; at 1:8 '''whether or not''' you agree βασιλείας adequately captures that concept.&lt;br /&gt;
#Given your beliefs re. the author of ''Hebrews'', there can be '''no question''' re. error in His word choice.&lt;br /&gt;
#In short, He chose βασιλείας as the most accurate Greek rendition of &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; available to Him.&lt;br /&gt;
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I think you'd like to say that, if He was writing ''Hebrews'' '''today''', He would likely choose a different word, such as &amp;quot;paradise&amp;quot;, and perhaps even abandon the monarchical imagery entirely, for the reasons you've outlined.&lt;br /&gt;
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That's a very different argument to the one you've made so far, and one that many (most?) people would find very presumptuous.&lt;br /&gt;
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It does, however, have the distinct advantage of accurately capturing your sincere beliefs without foundering linguistically or logically. Essentially, it's a WWJD? exercise re. the decline of monarchy and the development of the English language. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 15:57, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Conway, your argument is brilliant and I'm learning from it.  Ten years ago I would have been more argumentative in disagreement than today.  You are certainly at least mostly right here, and I had never thought of this before.  Well done.&lt;br /&gt;
:I'm not totally convinced as to &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot;, however, even assuming you're right about &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  The trick here is switching from Hebrew to Greek to English, and also recognizing that the word choice by the author of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]], which I'm convinced was [[Jesus]], was constrained by words his audience (not Greek linguists) could understand.  &amp;quot;Kingdom&amp;quot;, it still seems to me, is a [[British]] invention that certainly conferred immense benefits on the world, but has lost its effectiveness in language.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 19:08, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::Thanks. That's very kind. It strikes me that &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; is simply a function of &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;. We can call it a &amp;quot;realm&amp;quot; or something else entirely, but the concept itself (that which is the king's to rule) doesn't change.&lt;br /&gt;
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::As for the Hebrew:  &lt;br /&gt;
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::*'''Root word:''' king (''melek'') מֶלֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Genesis 39:20:''' of the king (earthly) הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 45:6:''' of Your kingdom (divine) מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 103:19:''' and His kingdom (divine) מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 145:1:''' King (divine title) הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''1 Kings 1:32:''' King (earthly title) הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Judges 15:9:''' the kings (earthly) מַלְכֵ֣י &lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Daniel 11:9:''' to the kingdom (earthly) בְּמַלְכוּת֙&lt;br /&gt;
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::I don't pretend to understand the grammar or the diacritics or how to pronounce any of it, but there's enough orthographic similarity to reasonably infer consistent use of the root, as with king / kingdom in English. At a minimum, all the above contain מֶלֶ with varying diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
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::[[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 22:24, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Conway, your analysis is excellent.  You're probably right about the use of &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; in the [[Old Testament]].  And to the extent a book in the [[New Testament]] quotes the Old, it is what it is, as you point out.  &lt;br /&gt;
:::But I think &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; might really be a sufficiently different concept now, at least post-[[Disney]] where its &amp;quot;magical kingdom&amp;quot; really has nothing to do with any &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  I'd like to ponder this further.  &amp;quot;Kingdom&amp;quot; is such a basic concept, even recited daily by up to a hundred million people in [[The Lord's Prayer]], that some additional care in analysis of this is appropriate.  Thanks again for providing your highly informative perspective and examples.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:32, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::P.S. When I say &amp;quot;post-[[Disney]]&amp;quot; above, I'm not referring to the current political dispute between Disney and [[Ron DeSantis]] (and others).  All I mean by that is how &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; has become a fairy tale concept, at least in the [[U.S.]], in part due to Disney, and I don't fault them for that.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:53, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::&amp;quot;The trick here is switching from Hebrew to Greek to English&amp;quot;. To get to English, you have to go through German, first. Gr. Rex -&amp;gt; Ger. König -&amp;gt; Eng. King. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:08, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::Now German uses &amp;quot;Reich&amp;quot; for kingdom, which is derived from Gr. Rex. In English, the closest surviving word we have to &amp;quot;Reich&amp;quot; is &amp;quot;rich&amp;quot;, denoting something of a commonwealth. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:13, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== real things in fiction ==&lt;br /&gt;
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I asked Rob but I figured I'd also ask what your opinion on covering real things in fiction here. I added something to the [[George Washington]] article as an example. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 13:18, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:I like it!  Please do more.  We're at the intersection of culture, knowledge and politics, and cultural or fictional references to historical figures is a big part of that.  Thank you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:23, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::What do you mean by &amp;quot;intersection of culture&amp;quot;? This wiki's? [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 13:27, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Right I mean that Conservapedia is at the intersection of culture, knowledge and politics.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:13, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Is Bushfan template allowed on my userpage? ==&lt;br /&gt;
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I added a lot of userboxes to my userpage, and among them was one of &amp;quot;this user supports GWB.&amp;quot; Assuming it's a holdover from this wiki's earlier days, as I know that he is loathed by MAGA, I just wanted to ask if you're okay that I decided to add to my user page &amp;amp; that it's not intended to be an insult to Trump supporters.&lt;br /&gt;
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Userbox refers to how he was my childhood president, there's photo of him with Chick-Fil-A founder, he gave Fred Rogers a presidential award, friends with Michael W. Smith, was openly supportive and empowered Christian music at the time. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 11:52, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:If you want to be identified with the [[Republican establishment]], the [[Uniparty]], the corrupt [[Biden DOJ]], [[Russiagate]] scammers, the [[military industrial complex]], [[globalist]]s, warmongers and supporters of [[Ukrainian Nazi]]s, sure, go ahead. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:40, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::A shame that others will automatically assume association from a quick glance, but you do have a point there. The crazy thing is that I found a user box for people who support Obama [[Template:User Obama2|here]], so I take it's the risk of one exercising their right to say what or who they support, but to keep in mind of how the average person here will view them or challenge them. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 17:32, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Splits have emerged in both parties since the Clinton and Bush eras which are not readily apparent to people on either side of the line, in addition to recognition of a [[uniparty]] that is hostile to voters of both parties. The Dems have become the party of war, Wall Street, and the military industrial complex, and the GOP has become the party of workers and the common man. Both party's establishments seek to isolate [[populist]] sentiments among their voters. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:24, August 3, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Game data allowed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Is word-for-word text from video games (e.g. quotes said by a character) and other sources (like official bios of another character) allowed on this website? those don't have a license attached to them, but I'd assume the closest to them are the respective copyright holders, who add the bios or the quotes themselves [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 09:32, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:I would assume in most cases it would be okay, provided the language is cleaned up to meet our family friendly guidelines. We may have to see a few examples to see what you have in mind and if any objections arise. Thanks. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:59, August 7, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Length of the early church services ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Below is the information I promised you about the length of the early church services:&lt;br /&gt;
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*[https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/what-was-a-church-service-like-in-the-second-century/ What Was a Church Service Like in the Second Century?] (Mass/service lasted 3 hours and congregants stood most of the service) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 19:07, August 8, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Here is the info on buycotting that I mentioned to you ==&lt;br /&gt;
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You can buy products from conservative companies at: [https://publicsq.com/ Public Square] &lt;br /&gt;
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgzWL7PR-9I Largest anti-woke marketplace just opened up public funding via NYSE]  - [[Steve Turley]]'s interview with the president of Public Square&lt;br /&gt;
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*[https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/16/tucker-carlson-twitter-show-strikes-ad-deal.html Tucker Carlson has agreed to a seven-figure ad deal with Public Square (PublicSq.), a conservative-friendly shopping app, for his Twitter show.]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/anti-woke-marketplace-publicsq-begin-trading-nyse Anti-woke marketplace PublicSq. to begin trading on NYSE]: The conservative alternative to Amazon goes public. &lt;br /&gt;
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This is probably going to be one of the best ways to buycott and it's growing fast. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 15:31, August 13, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Conservapedia and the origins of global creationism ==&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2012, the University at Toronto reported: “We have seen in the last two decades a rapid spread of creationism beyond the United States and beyond Christianity to other religions to the present time where it is a global phenomenon,” said Numbers in a talk entitled Creationism Goes Global. “But the big story in the last 20 years is the booming enterprise of creationism in the Islamic world.”[https://www.utoronto.ca/news/creationism-goes-global]&lt;br /&gt;
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Conservapedia was launched in 2004 and for awhile it ranked #4 at Google for the term &amp;quot;evolution&amp;quot;. Also, historically most of the very vocal evolutionists have been atheists/agnostics and Conservapedia's atheism articles have received a lot of page views. &lt;br /&gt;
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The website ScienceNordic.com noted in 2015: &amp;quot;Creationism has particularly been on the rise in step with the internet, which according to Peter Kjærgaard has made it much easier for people to become activists and hurl out statements in favour of creationism...&amp;quot;.[https://sciencenordic.com/creationism-denmark-education/scientists-warn-creationism-is-on-the-rise-in-europe/1414679]&lt;br /&gt;
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Conservapedia helped the phenomena of [[global creationism]] as far as its initial rapid breakout period in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s. &lt;br /&gt;
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And once the proverbial genie of global creationism was out of the bottle, it has been impossible for evolutionists to get him back in the bottle. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 11:12, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:''He that goeth about as a talebearer revealeth secrets: therefore meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips.'' - [[King Solomon]], Proverbs 20:19. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 15:20, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Another interpretation based on [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/talebearer/ Proverbs 11:13] could be read to say: ''He that goeth about as a talebearer is faithless: therefore meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips.''&lt;br /&gt;
::A review of User:Conservative's postings in this talk shows that when he's not going about as a talebearer, he acting as a flatterer. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 11:11, August 17, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Improving the pro-life category ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I spent some time yesterday and this morning cleaning up the [[pro-life]] articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I know you are one of the Conservapedia who is active in the pro-life movement so I thought I would tell you one of the things that are remaining to do.  I have engaged in pro-life political advocacy in the past and I would do it myself, but I am working on two off-wiki projects right now so I cannot attend to it expeditiously. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In terms of suggestions here is a list of 5 priorities:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''1)''' The article [[Beginning of human life]] has footnotes that are completely messed up. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2)''' Come up with more pro-life topics to create articles on (People, places, things and concepts) and drum up interest among current editors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''3)''' Expand the [[natalism]] article and create/expand articles related to this concept. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4)''' Create an [[Anti-natalism]] article and create/expand articles related to this concept. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5)''' Expand the article [[Legal cases about abortion]] that I just created. ('''Question:''' Know any Harvard Law School graduates who are Conservapedians?). :)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:NishantXavier]] is the most fervent Catholic at Conservapedia who likes politics. Maybe he would be interested in helping with items #1 and #2. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conservapedia does face stiff competition from LifeSiteNews.com, but maybe it can compete in the online encyclopedia niche. I know it is possible to compete in the online encyclopedia niche on a topic given that I did this in the atheism category. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some good news. Search engine traffic to the website of ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' is way down. So strike while the iron is hot. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 08:04, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Thanks for your terrific suggestions.  This an important issue that could benefit from far more here and elsewhere.  [[Liberal]]s are getting away with too much distortion on this topic.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 18:16, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Page Move ==&lt;br /&gt;
Dear User:Aschlafly, I hope you are doing well! I would be grateful if you (or any talk page stalkers with administrative privileges) could kindly move [[Robbie Mannheim]] to [[Ronald Edwin Hunkeler]]. Thank you for your help! With regards, [[User:Anupam|Anupam]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:Anupam|Talk]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 18:49, September 4, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Moved as requested!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 18:51, September 4, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Thanks! I hope you enjoyed the holiday! Kind regards, [[User:Anupam|Anupam]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:Anupam|Talk]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 19:30, September 4, 2023 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Aschlafly&amp;diff=1978287</id>
		<title>User talk:Aschlafly</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Aschlafly&amp;diff=1978287"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T22:49:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;''Welcome to Aschlafly's talk page. Please place complaints about other users or other [[trolling]] content at [[Conservapedia:User complaints]]. If Andy is interested in hearing your complaint, he will respond there. Thank you.''&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==July 7, 2023==&lt;br /&gt;
Interesting, Jill Lepore  on the great Mrs. P.  Schlafly&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/firing-line/video/jill-lepore-dfmre7/] (FiringLine, Jul 7, 2023).[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]]) 17:53, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Thanks for the link!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:55, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NP. Quote from Lepore: ''..I think Schlafly’s just fascinating. She really has been ignored by historians for two reasons. One, academic historians, who tend to be liberal, have really been bad at offering a history of the rise of the modern conservative movement, this just tremendously important political insurgency, you know, since the 1950s, of which, you know, Buckley’s Firing Line was an important element. And then conservative historians just haven’t really paid attention to Schlafly because she was a woman.''[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]])&lt;br /&gt;
:That's a very interesting quote.  Thank you.  Perhaps there could be a new entry that devoted to this issue.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 20:28, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Tnanks Andy. Your opinion on [https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Phyllis_Schlafly&amp;amp;diff=prev&amp;amp;oldid=1961979 this] please?[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]])&lt;br /&gt;
:::It's superb!  Very well done.  Thank you!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 02:23, July 10, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Request ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hi Andy, can you please tell Karajou that I'm deeply sorry for my iniquities against him two years ago during the massive intra-Conservapedia dispute and that I would be interested in talking to him again? Thanks. —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 15:22, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Don't fall for it Andy. It's just another one of these conspiracies to sow division in Conservapedia and attack active editors. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:04, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::RobSmith, you insisted over and over again 2–3 years ago that if Karajou was defrocked, you would be able to fix Conservapedia. Your promise at this point can be clearly seen as a broken one. All you've done is turn the site into a laughingstock. —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 16:33, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::How many [https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&amp;amp;type=block&amp;amp;user=&amp;amp;page=&amp;amp;year=&amp;amp;month=-1&amp;amp;tagfilter= blocks and vandal attacks] have we had in the past 8-9 months? There used to be a half dozen daily.&lt;br /&gt;
:::I never said Kara should be defrocked; I said he needed to be reined in and counselled on the proper role and duties of an Admin. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 17:00, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::&amp;quot;i nEvEr&amp;quot; Oh really? How many more instances of [[liberal denial]] will you propagate before I pull out a list of receipts proving the liar you are? &amp;quot;Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.&amp;quot; (John 8:44) —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 18:25, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::Misuing and misquoting scripture is &amp;quot;taking the Lord's name in vain&amp;quot;. I never claimed to be descended from Abraham. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 20:43, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::Does an individual have to incorrectly claim to have Abraham as their father to qualify as a child of Satan? The basic concept is applied, both overtly and covertly, throughout the Bible. The Apostle Paul told Elymas the Sorcerer: &amp;quot;O full of all subtilty and all mischief, thou child of the devil, thou enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord?&amp;quot; (Acts 13:10) —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Wednesday, 21:21, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::::Now you're trolling Andy's talk page. This discussion should be moved elsewhere. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:05, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::You're one to talk on the issue of trolling! —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Wednesday, 22:14, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::::::What goes around comes around. Do unto others. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:21, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The importance of diversification and resiliency. The tale of the followers of a tired and dying ideology whose web traffic is dying ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Andy, since March of 2023 the website [[Internet Infidels]] lost 50% of its traffic. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Western atheism had too many eggs in the [[Richard Dawkins]] and [[secular left]]ism basket. Dawkins is far less popular (See: [[Richard Dawkins' loss of influence]]). And now that [[Joe Biden]] is very unpopular and Europe is moving to the political right, that further hurt the atheistic cause and this is only going to get worse due to right-wing populism growing. On top of this, the mainstream media has lost a lot of trust and they used to promote atheism more in the past (See: [[Atheism and public relations]]). Also, people with [[professor values]] promoted atheism and many colleges are closing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I predict that the next economic recession is going to REALLY hurt the atheistic cause due to the superior fundraising/resources of Christendom (See: [[Atheist fundraising vs. religious fundraising]]). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conservapedia needs to expand its content because its atheism traffic could taper off over time due to less and less people having interest in atheism. Look at how much traffic to [[Internet atheism|atheist websites]] is falling: [[Internet atheism]] and [[Internet atheism web traffic volume]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christendom is going to go from victory to victory (See: [[Future of Christianity]]). Deus Vult!!! [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:27, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:You need more editors to do that, and it's not done by chasing away editors. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
::::I do have one regret about LT. When I wrote about LT &amp;quot;If he wants to be nasty and contentious (see his initial post on this page), then good riddance. Conservative (talk) 15:30, July 13, 2023 (EDT)&amp;quot;, that was too harsh. LT is young and is more hot-headed. I know he hates right-wing populism. And to be fair, among other things, right-wing populists are not very good at balancing budgets when countries have a big amount of sovereign debt. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:29, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::In addition, when I titled my essay [[Essay: On behalf of all Christians who are politically right-leaning, I hereby declare victory! Olé! Olé! Olé!|On behalf of all Christians who are politically right-leaning, I hereby declare victory! Olé! Olé! Olé!]], I could have just used merely one &amp;quot;Olé!&amp;quot;. Maybe using three olés was too provocative. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:35, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::It's not '''what''' you think or believe., it's '''how''' you interact with others that matters. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:23, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
Andy can fix the login problem. But editor retention is important so template pollution through uncivilly covering up people's civil content via a template needs to end. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:41, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: Make up your mind if you want editor retention or not. You're sending mixed signals. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:42, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Robert Louis Stevenson ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I am a fan of Robert Louis Stevenson too. When I was a young man I loved the book ''Treasure Island'' and the short story ''The Tell-Tale Heart''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I usually read nonfiction, but I think the next non-fiction works that I read will be ''Pilgrim's Progress'', ''Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' and ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 20:40, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:''The Tell-Tale Heart'' was by [[Edgar Allan Poe]].  I encourage reading the free, available online ''[[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]]''.  It is remarkably [[conservative]] and brilliantly written.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 21:54, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Thanks. I just found a free PDF copy of the book at: [https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/Jekyll%20and%20Hyde%20text.pdf Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - Free PDF copy]. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 22:59, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::There are many [[Christian]] and [[conservative]] phrases in it.  I guess that's why it is rarely part of high school reading today!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:43, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::The first sentence of [https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/Jekyll%20and%20Hyde%20text.pdf Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - Free PDF copy]: &amp;quot;Mr. Utterson the lawyer was a man of a '''rugged countenance''' that was never lighted by a smile; cold, scanty and embarrassed in discourse; backward in sentiment; lean, long, dusty, dreary and yet somehow lovable.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::&amp;quot;Rugged countenance&amp;quot;? That sounds like &amp;quot;toxic masculinity&amp;quot;. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 23:52, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::That is a great example of [[manliness]] in [[literature]].  I've added it to several entries.  Thanks!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 14:01, July 23, 2023 (EDT)Conservapedia:Copyrights&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.conservapedia.com/Conservapedia:Copyrights&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Question==&lt;br /&gt;
I have been meaning to ask you this for a long time, But what happen to the 'Create Account' button, my friend is trying to create himself a new account but their is no way to do so because the option is missing, What happened?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I've been focusing on content.  Legitimate new users can email me at aschlafly@aol.com to obtain a new account.  A reference or some verification of [[good faith]] is preferred.  Thanks.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:32, July 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Kingdom ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hebrews 1:8 called. Said &amp;quot;But unto the Son he saith, Thy '''throne''', O God, is for ever and ever: a '''sceptre''' of righteousness is the '''sceptre''' of thy '''kingdom'''.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I've got missed calls from a bunch of Psalms and others as well, but I figured we should probably cut straight to [[Mystery:Did Jesus Write the Epistle to the Hebrews?|the Son as man Himself]]. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 20:16, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:You make a great point, and I'll consider this carefully.  Will respond later tonight after studying this in depth.  Thank you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:39, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:The New Living Translation breaks from the pressure to use &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; and instead translates this verse as:&lt;br /&gt;
{{cquote|But to the Son he says, “Your throne, O God, endures forever and ever. You rule with a scepter of justice. [https://www.biblehub.com/hebrews/1-8.htm See Biblehub]}}&lt;br /&gt;
:The [[KJV]] rendition that you quote above strains to use &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in overly a repetitive way.  Rather, the statement would be far stronger if it emphasized that righteousness is the standard in God's [[paradise]], as in &amp;quot;a scepter of righteousness is the standard of thy paradise.&amp;quot;--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:30, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Andy, thrones and sceptres are the things of kings and kingdoms. ConwayII has you in a Bible exegesis full-nelson and I don't see you getting out of it. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 00:23, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Appreciate the humor and the challenge!  But [[ancient Greece]] had no &amp;quot;thrones and sceptres,&amp;quot; and neither did ancient [[Greek]].  Like &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot;, those terms are also figments of the [[monarchy|monarchical]] [[England]].  Thus [[checkmate]].  Ha ha hal.  A still better rendition:&lt;br /&gt;
{{cquote|Thy presence, O [[God]], is [[infinite]]: a commitment to [[righteousness]] is the standard of thy [[paradise]].}}--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 01:20, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::Respectfully, no. Hebrews 1:8 is a deliberate riff on Psalm 45:6: Thy '''throne''', O God, is for ever and ever: the '''sceptre''' of thy '''kingdom''' is a right '''sceptre'''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::Cf. Psalm 103:19 (The Lord hath prepared his '''throne''' in the heavens; and his '''kingdom''' ruleth over all.), Psalm 145:1 (I will extol thee, my God, O '''king'''; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.) and the repeated and reinforcing use of '''majesty''' in verses 5 and 12.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::The trials and tribulations of various earthly kings and kingdoms is a major thread running right through the OT, and Hebrew's contemporary audience would have had zero difficulty thinking of God in those monarchical terms. You might not like it, but that's not really relevant, is it?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::As a final note, I urge you to go back to the Greek myths and any reliable history of the actual ancient Greece. You'll find plenty of kings. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 06:17, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:::::Like King [[Agamemnon]], for instance. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 11:45, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:::::Ancient [[Greek]] did not even have a word for &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;, which is mostly an [[Anglophile]] obsession.  All the &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; language in the [[English]] translations of the [[New Testament]] is a dilution by the [[Brit]]s.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:15, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::Oedipus Rex, usually translated Oedipus the King. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:29, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::And from Rex we get a whole family of words, like reign, royal, Reich, etc. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:30, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Outdent) OK. Let's do this in French, German and Spanish, and then look at the Vulgate Latin and the Septuagint Greek. Psalm 145:1:&lt;br /&gt;
*Je t'exalterai, ô mon Dieu, mon '''roi'''! Et je bénirai ton nom à toujours et à perpétuité.&lt;br /&gt;
*Ich will dich erheben, mein Gott, du '''König''', und deinen Namen loben immer und ewiglich.&lt;br /&gt;
*Te exaltaré mi Dios, oh '''Rey''', y bendeciré tu nombre eternamente y para siempre.&lt;br /&gt;
*Exaltabo te, Deus meus '''rex''' ; et benedicam nomini tuo in sæculum, et in sæculum sæculi.&lt;br /&gt;
*Ὑψώσω σε, ὁ θεός μου ὁ '''βασιλεύς''' μου, καὶ εὐλογήσω τὸ ὄνομά σου εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος·&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Herodotus used the same language 100+ years before the Septuagint was compiled. A very sensible chap called Demaratus asks Xerxes ([https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/xph/ a king of kings!]) if he's ''really'' in the mood for some plain speaking and repeatedly addresses him with the honorific '''Βασιλεῦ'''. See end of 101 and beginning of 102: [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7b*.html English] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/H/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html#101 Greek]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 14:48, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:This is terrific information, but your French/German/Spanish translations above are of a verse in [[Psalms]], not the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]].  Psalms was not originally written in Greek, and the [[Old Testament]] does refer to kings.  The ancient [[Greek]] does not, as it had different types of government.  The less biased Wiktionary explains that the primary meaning of βασιλεύς is &amp;quot;chief, master&amp;quot; and its notes describes it as an authority who could, as in a foreign ruler, coincidentally be a king there (but not in Greece). [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82]--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:56, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::A king or kingdom denotes an heredity bloodline for the &amp;quot;continuity of government&amp;quot;, a Republic has no such doctrine. This is why the Roman Catholic Church adopted celibacy, so that no heredity bloodline would have a claim on the Papacy. In Islam, Shia Islam traces its origins to the family of Mohammad, whereas Sunni Islam traces its origins to the Prophet and his Companions. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 18:32, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::What's Wiktionary got to do with this? I've just pointed to you to Herodotus (an ancient Greek historian writing c. 430 BC) using Βασιλεῦ in reference to Xerxes, the Persian king (c. 518 – 465 BC) famed for his invasion of Greece. This is a primary linguistic source and obviously relevant re. translating βασιλείας as &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in Hebrews 1:8.  &lt;br /&gt;
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::The ancient Greeks had these words (and others) for &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; and your claims to the contrary are simply untrue.&lt;br /&gt;
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::I'd prefer it if you'd have the grace to concede this narrow point so we can get back to the meat of the discussion. Thanks, [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 19:20, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Conway, your scholarship is excellent and I'm learning from it.  Seriously, I mean it.  You're right that the verse in Hebrews is a paraphrase, almost a direct quote, in Greek of the verse in Psalms.&lt;br /&gt;
:::But languages do sometimes lack words for certain terms.  It seems natural that Herodotus used the Greek word for authority to refer to Xerxes.  He was indeed an authority, a ruler.  That doesn't prove that the Greek term meant &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  And jumping from there to translate the corresponding Greek term as &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; is a bridge too far, it seems to me.  I don't intend to be disagreeable about this, and most English translations side with you.  I attribute that the immense [[British]], pro-monarchical influence over the English translations.  I admit that any version today which departed from that tradition is not going to sell very many copies!  But with &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; today connoting [[Mickey Mouse]] and other silliness, overreliance on that term may be causing folks to drive away from the benefits they could obtain from an undiluted translation.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:00, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::It's an interesting discussion, but I'm going to thumbnail the issue here:&lt;br /&gt;
:::::God initially told Moses when he delivered the law that Israel was not to be like other people, and God was to be both their God and king. But God prophesized through Moses that one day the people would rebel and demand a king.  When they entered the land, they had Judges, and not a king. Later in Samuel's day the people rebelled and wanted a king, and God told Samuel to grant them their wish. Samuel anointed Saul, and later David. This succession of kings continued until the Babylonian captivity, when the kingdom was destroyed. But the prophecy of a messiah was that he would restore the kingdom. The genealogies in Matthew and Luke attest to the fact that Jesus was heir to the promises made to David. &lt;br /&gt;
:::::The Pharisees told Pilot that Jesus was a fraud and he was challenging Ceasar for the title of King of the Jews (they feared reprisals against the people if the Romans interpreted people calling Jesus 'king' as rebellion against Roman occupation, as well as their own loss of power among the people).&lt;br /&gt;
:::::IOWs, the prophecies of a messiah were, and are, interpreted as also meaning 'king'. Now remember, God advised against wanting or having a king, but gave them what they wanted anyway. It wasn't the first time. There are many instances in the bible where God offers people a choice, advises on what God says is the right choice, people reject what God says and he grants them what they wanted anyway. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:14, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::For example: ''You may eat of the trees of the garden, except for the tree in the midst of the garden...'', etc. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:29, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jesus throne.jpg|thumbnail|center|400px|&amp;quot;At once I was in the spirit, and there in heaven stood a &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''throne'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;, with one seated on the throne!&amp;quot; (Revelation 4:2 NRSV)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;They will make war on the Lamb, and the Lamb will conquer them, for he is &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''Lord of lords and King of kings'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;, and those with him are called and chosen and faithful.”  {Revelation 17:14 ESV)]]&lt;br /&gt;
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At Conservapedia, we have no king but Jesus! [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 12:21, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:One more note: When Jesus asked, ''What think ye Christ, whose son is he, David's or God's? And they responded, 'David's'. And Jesus said 'Why then does David in spirit call him Lord?'' - Jesus is making a direct reference to Psalm 45, which then again is cited in Hebrews chapter 1. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:05, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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@Andy: That's certainly gracious (thanks), but it's definitely not conceding the point. Let's try this instead:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#OT authors properly referred to earthly kings and kingdoms when writing in the original Hebrew or Aramaic.&lt;br /&gt;
#The authors of Psalms 45, 103 &amp;amp; 145 used precise monarchical imagery re. God, again when writing in the original Hebrew or Aramaic.&lt;br /&gt;
#The author of ''Hebrews'' chose to replicate that imagery, most notably and precisely at 1:8.&lt;br /&gt;
#Therefore, if the author of Psalm 45 intended to say &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in verse 6, then the author of ''Hebrews'' intended to say &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; at 1:8 '''whether or not''' you agree βασιλείας adequately captures that concept.&lt;br /&gt;
#Given your beliefs re. the author of ''Hebrews'', there can be '''no question''' re. error in His word choice.&lt;br /&gt;
#In short, He chose βασιλείας as the most accurate Greek rendition of &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; available to Him.&lt;br /&gt;
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I think you'd like to say that, if He was writing ''Hebrews'' '''today''', He would likely choose a different word, such as &amp;quot;paradise&amp;quot;, and perhaps even abandon the monarchical imagery entirely, for the reasons you've outlined.&lt;br /&gt;
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That's a very different argument to the one you've made so far, and one that many (most?) people would find very presumptuous.&lt;br /&gt;
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It does, however, have the distinct advantage of accurately capturing your sincere beliefs without foundering linguistically or logically. Essentially, it's a WWJD? exercise re. the decline of monarchy and the development of the English language. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 15:57, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Conway, your argument is brilliant and I'm learning from it.  Ten years ago I would have been more argumentative in disagreement than today.  You are certainly at least mostly right here, and I had never thought of this before.  Well done.&lt;br /&gt;
:I'm not totally convinced as to &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot;, however, even assuming you're right about &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  The trick here is switching from Hebrew to Greek to English, and also recognizing that the word choice by the author of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]], which I'm convinced was [[Jesus]], was constrained by words his audience (not Greek linguists) could understand.  &amp;quot;Kingdom&amp;quot;, it still seems to me, is a [[British]] invention that certainly conferred immense benefits on the world, but has lost its effectiveness in language.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 19:08, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::Thanks. That's very kind. It strikes me that &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; is simply a function of &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;. We can call it a &amp;quot;realm&amp;quot; or something else entirely, but the concept itself (that which is the king's to rule) doesn't change.&lt;br /&gt;
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::As for the Hebrew:  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Root word:''' king (''melek'') מֶלֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Genesis 39:20:''' of the king (earthly) הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 45:6:''' of Your kingdom (divine) מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 103:19:''' and His kingdom (divine) מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 145:1:''' King (divine title) הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''1 Kings 1:32:''' King (earthly title) הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Judges 15:9:''' the kings (earthly) מַלְכֵ֣י &lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Daniel 11:9:''' to the kingdom (earthly) בְּמַלְכוּת֙&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I don't pretend to understand the grammar or the diacritics or how to pronounce any of it, but there's enough orthographic similarity to reasonably infer consistent use of the root, as with king / kingdom in English. At a minimum, all the above contain מֶלֶ with varying diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
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::[[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 22:24, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Conway, your analysis is excellent.  You're probably right about the use of &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; in the [[Old Testament]].  And to the extent a book in the [[New Testament]] quotes the Old, it is what it is, as you point out.  &lt;br /&gt;
:::But I think &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; might really be a sufficiently different concept now, at least post-[[Disney]] where its &amp;quot;magical kingdom&amp;quot; really has nothing to do with any &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  I'd like to ponder this further.  &amp;quot;Kingdom&amp;quot; is such a basic concept, even recited daily by up to a hundred million people in [[The Lord's Prayer]], that some additional care in analysis of this is appropriate.  Thanks again for providing your highly informative perspective and examples.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:32, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::P.S. When I say &amp;quot;post-[[Disney]]&amp;quot; above, I'm not referring to the current political dispute between Disney and [[Ron DeSantis]] (and others).  All I mean by that is how &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; has become a fairy tale concept, at least in the [[U.S.]], in part due to Disney, and I don't fault them for that.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:53, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::&amp;quot;The trick here is switching from Hebrew to Greek to English&amp;quot;. To get to English, you have to go through German, first. Gr. Rex -&amp;gt; Ger. König -&amp;gt; Eng. King. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:08, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::Now German uses &amp;quot;Reich&amp;quot; for kingdom, which is derived from Gr. Rex. In English, the closest surviving word we have to &amp;quot;Reich&amp;quot; is &amp;quot;rich&amp;quot;, denoting something of a commonwealth. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:13, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== real things in fiction ==&lt;br /&gt;
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I asked Rob but I figured I'd also ask what your opinion on covering real things in fiction here. I added something to the [[George Washington]] article as an example. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 13:18, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:I like it!  Please do more.  We're at the intersection of culture, knowledge and politics, and cultural or fictional references to historical figures is a big part of that.  Thank you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:23, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::What do you mean by &amp;quot;intersection of culture&amp;quot;? This wiki's? [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 13:27, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Right I mean that Conservapedia is at the intersection of culture, knowledge and politics.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:13, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Is Bushfan template allowed on my userpage? ==&lt;br /&gt;
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I added a lot of userboxes to my userpage, and among them was one of &amp;quot;this user supports GWB.&amp;quot; Assuming it's a holdover from this wiki's earlier days, as I know that he is loathed by MAGA, I just wanted to ask if you're okay that I decided to add to my user page &amp;amp; that it's not intended to be an insult to Trump supporters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Userbox refers to how he was my childhood president, there's photo of him with Chick-Fil-A founder, he gave Fred Rogers a presidential award, friends with Michael W. Smith, was openly supportive and empowered Christian music at the time. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 11:52, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:If you want to be identified with the [[Republican establishment]], the [[Uniparty]], the corrupt [[Biden DOJ]], [[Russiagate]] scammers, the [[military industrial complex]], [[globalist]]s, warmongers and supporters of [[Ukrainian Nazi]]s, sure, go ahead. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:40, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::A shame that others will automatically assume association from a quick glance, but you do have a point there. The crazy thing is that I found a user box for people who support Obama [[Template:User Obama2|here]], so I take it's the risk of one exercising their right to say what or who they support, but to keep in mind of how the average person here will view them or challenge them. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 17:32, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Splits have emerged in both parties since the Clinton and Bush eras which are not readily apparent to people on either side of the line, in addition to recognition of a [[uniparty]] that is hostile to voters of both parties. The Dems have become the party of war, Wall Street, and the military industrial complex, and the GOP has become the party of workers and the common man. Both party's establishments seek to isolate [[populist]] sentiments among their voters. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:24, August 3, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Game data allowed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Is word-for-word text from video games (e.g. quotes said by a character) and other sources (like official bios of another character) allowed on this website? those don't have a license attached to them, but I'd assume the closest to them are the respective copyright holders, who add the bios or the quotes themselves [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 09:32, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:I would assume in most cases it would be okay, provided the language is cleaned up to meet our family friendly guidelines. We may have to see a few examples to see what you have in mind and if any objections arise. Thanks. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:59, August 7, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Length of the early church services ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Below is the information I promised you about the length of the early church services:&lt;br /&gt;
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*[https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/what-was-a-church-service-like-in-the-second-century/ What Was a Church Service Like in the Second Century?] (Mass/service lasted 3 hours and congregants stood most of the service) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 19:07, August 8, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Here is the info on buycotting that I mentioned to you ==&lt;br /&gt;
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You can buy products from conservative companies at: [https://publicsq.com/ Public Square] &lt;br /&gt;
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgzWL7PR-9I Largest anti-woke marketplace just opened up public funding via NYSE]  - [[Steve Turley]]'s interview with the president of Public Square&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/16/tucker-carlson-twitter-show-strikes-ad-deal.html Tucker Carlson has agreed to a seven-figure ad deal with Public Square (PublicSq.), a conservative-friendly shopping app, for his Twitter show.]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/anti-woke-marketplace-publicsq-begin-trading-nyse Anti-woke marketplace PublicSq. to begin trading on NYSE]: The conservative alternative to Amazon goes public. &lt;br /&gt;
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This is probably going to be one of the best ways to buycott and it's growing fast. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 15:31, August 13, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Conservapedia and the origins of global creationism ==&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2012, the University at Toronto reported: “We have seen in the last two decades a rapid spread of creationism beyond the United States and beyond Christianity to other religions to the present time where it is a global phenomenon,” said Numbers in a talk entitled Creationism Goes Global. “But the big story in the last 20 years is the booming enterprise of creationism in the Islamic world.”[https://www.utoronto.ca/news/creationism-goes-global]&lt;br /&gt;
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Conservapedia was launched in 2004 and for awhile it ranked #4 at Google for the term &amp;quot;evolution&amp;quot;. Also, historically most of the very vocal evolutionists have been atheists/agnostics and Conservapedia's atheism articles have received a lot of page views. &lt;br /&gt;
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The website ScienceNordic.com noted in 2015: &amp;quot;Creationism has particularly been on the rise in step with the internet, which according to Peter Kjærgaard has made it much easier for people to become activists and hurl out statements in favour of creationism...&amp;quot;.[https://sciencenordic.com/creationism-denmark-education/scientists-warn-creationism-is-on-the-rise-in-europe/1414679]&lt;br /&gt;
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Conservapedia helped the phenomena of [[global creationism]] as far as its initial rapid breakout period in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s. &lt;br /&gt;
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And once the proverbial genie of global creationism was out of the bottle, it has been impossible for evolutionists to get him back in the bottle. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 11:12, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:''He that goeth about as a talebearer revealeth secrets: therefore meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips.'' - [[King Solomon]], Proverbs 20:19. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 15:20, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Another interpretation based on [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/talebearer/ Proverbs 11:13] could be read to say: ''He that goeth about as a talebearer is faithless: therefore meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips.''&lt;br /&gt;
::A review of User:Conservative's postings in this talk shows that when he's not going about as a talebearer, he acting as a flatterer. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 11:11, August 17, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Improving the pro-life category ==&lt;br /&gt;
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I spent some time yesterday and this morning cleaning up the [[pro-life]] articles. &lt;br /&gt;
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I know you are one of the Conservapedia who is active in the pro-life movement so I thought I would tell you one of the things that are remaining to do.  I have engaged in pro-life political advocacy in the past and I would do it myself, but I am working on two off-wiki projects right now so I cannot attend to it expeditiously. &lt;br /&gt;
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'''In terms of suggestions here is a list of 5 priorities:'''&lt;br /&gt;
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'''1)''' The article [[Beginning of human life]] has footnotes that are completely messed up. &lt;br /&gt;
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'''2)''' Come up with more pro-life topics to create articles on (People, places, things and concepts) and drum up interest among current editors. &lt;br /&gt;
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'''3)''' Expand the [[natalism]] article and create/expand articles related to this concept. &lt;br /&gt;
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'''4)''' Create an [[Anti-natalism]] article and create/expand articles related to this concept. &lt;br /&gt;
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'''5)''' Expand the article [[Legal cases about abortion]] that I just created. ('''Question:''' Know any Harvard Law School graduates who are Conservapedians?). :)&lt;br /&gt;
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[[User:NishantXavier]] is the most fervent Catholic at Conservapedia who likes politics. Maybe he would be interested in helping with items #1 and #2. &lt;br /&gt;
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Conservapedia does face stiff competition from LifeSiteNews.com, but maybe it can compete in the online encyclopedia niche. I know it is possible to compete in the online encyclopedia niche on a topic given that I did this in the atheism category. &lt;br /&gt;
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Some good news. Search engine traffic to the website of ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' is way down. So strike while the iron is hot. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 08:04, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Thanks for your terrific suggestions.  This an important issue that could benefit from far more here and elsewhere.  [[Liberal]]s are getting away with too much distortion on this topic.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 18:16, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Page Move ==&lt;br /&gt;
Dear User:Aschlafly, I hope you are doing well! I would be grateful if you (or any talk page stalkers with administrative privileges) could kindly move [[Robbie Mannheim]] to [[Ronald Edwin Hunkeler]]. Thank you for your help! With regards, [[User:Anupam|Anupam]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:Anupam|Talk]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 18:49, September 4, 2023 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Aschlafly&amp;diff=1978286</id>
		<title>User talk:Aschlafly</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Aschlafly&amp;diff=1978286"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T22:49:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;''Welcome to Aschlafly's talk page. Please place complaints about other users or other [[trolling]] content at [[Conservapedia:User complaints]]. If Andy is interested in hearing your complaint, he will respond there. Thank you.''&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==July 7, 2023==&lt;br /&gt;
Interesting, Jill Lepore  on the great Mrs. P.  Schlafly&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/firing-line/video/jill-lepore-dfmre7/] (FiringLine, Jul 7, 2023).[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]]) 17:53, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Thanks for the link!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:55, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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NP. Quote from Lepore: ''..I think Schlafly’s just fascinating. She really has been ignored by historians for two reasons. One, academic historians, who tend to be liberal, have really been bad at offering a history of the rise of the modern conservative movement, this just tremendously important political insurgency, you know, since the 1950s, of which, you know, Buckley’s Firing Line was an important element. And then conservative historians just haven’t really paid attention to Schlafly because she was a woman.''[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]])&lt;br /&gt;
:That's a very interesting quote.  Thank you.  Perhaps there could be a new entry that devoted to this issue.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 20:28, July 9, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Tnanks Andy. Your opinion on [https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Phyllis_Schlafly&amp;amp;diff=prev&amp;amp;oldid=1961979 this] please?[[User:Telling|Telling]] ([[User talk:Telling|talk]])&lt;br /&gt;
:::It's superb!  Very well done.  Thank you!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 02:23, July 10, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Request ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Hi Andy, can you please tell Karajou that I'm deeply sorry for my iniquities against him two years ago during the massive intra-Conservapedia dispute and that I would be interested in talking to him again? Thanks. —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 15:22, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Don't fall for it Andy. It's just another one of these conspiracies to sow division in Conservapedia and attack active editors. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:04, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::RobSmith, you insisted over and over again 2–3 years ago that if Karajou was defrocked, you would be able to fix Conservapedia. Your promise at this point can be clearly seen as a broken one. All you've done is turn the site into a laughingstock. —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 16:33, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::How many [https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&amp;amp;type=block&amp;amp;user=&amp;amp;page=&amp;amp;year=&amp;amp;month=-1&amp;amp;tagfilter= blocks and vandal attacks] have we had in the past 8-9 months? There used to be a half dozen daily.&lt;br /&gt;
:::I never said Kara should be defrocked; I said he needed to be reined in and counselled on the proper role and duties of an Admin. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 17:00, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::&amp;quot;i nEvEr&amp;quot; Oh really? How many more instances of [[liberal denial]] will you propagate before I pull out a list of receipts proving the liar you are? &amp;quot;Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.&amp;quot; (John 8:44) —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Tuesday, 18:25, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::Misuing and misquoting scripture is &amp;quot;taking the Lord's name in vain&amp;quot;. I never claimed to be descended from Abraham. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 20:43, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::Does an individual have to incorrectly claim to have Abraham as their father to qualify as a child of Satan? The basic concept is applied, both overtly and covertly, throughout the Bible. The Apostle Paul told Elymas the Sorcerer: &amp;quot;O full of all subtilty and all mischief, thou child of the devil, thou enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord?&amp;quot; (Acts 13:10) —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Wednesday, 21:21, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::::Now you're trolling Andy's talk page. This discussion should be moved elsewhere. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:05, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::You're one to talk on the issue of trolling! —[[User:LT|&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#FF8181&amp;quot;&amp;gt;'''LT'''&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;]] '''''[[User talk:LT|&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;Rev. 22:13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;]]''''' Wednesday, 22:14, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::::::What goes around comes around. Do unto others. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a chance'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:21, July 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== The importance of diversification and resiliency. The tale of the followers of a tired and dying ideology whose web traffic is dying ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Andy, since March of 2023 the website [[Internet Infidels]] lost 50% of its traffic. &lt;br /&gt;
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Western atheism had too many eggs in the [[Richard Dawkins]] and [[secular left]]ism basket. Dawkins is far less popular (See: [[Richard Dawkins' loss of influence]]). And now that [[Joe Biden]] is very unpopular and Europe is moving to the political right, that further hurt the atheistic cause and this is only going to get worse due to right-wing populism growing. On top of this, the mainstream media has lost a lot of trust and they used to promote atheism more in the past (See: [[Atheism and public relations]]). Also, people with [[professor values]] promoted atheism and many colleges are closing. &lt;br /&gt;
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I predict that the next economic recession is going to REALLY hurt the atheistic cause due to the superior fundraising/resources of Christendom (See: [[Atheist fundraising vs. religious fundraising]]). &lt;br /&gt;
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Conservapedia needs to expand its content because its atheism traffic could taper off over time due to less and less people having interest in atheism. Look at how much traffic to [[Internet atheism|atheist websites]] is falling: [[Internet atheism]] and [[Internet atheism web traffic volume]]. &lt;br /&gt;
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Christendom is going to go from victory to victory (See: [[Future of Christianity]]). Deus Vult!!! [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:27, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:You need more editors to do that, and it's not done by chasing away editors. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
::::I do have one regret about LT. When I wrote about LT &amp;quot;If he wants to be nasty and contentious (see his initial post on this page), then good riddance. Conservative (talk) 15:30, July 13, 2023 (EDT)&amp;quot;, that was too harsh. LT is young and is more hot-headed. I know he hates right-wing populism. And to be fair, among other things, right-wing populists are not very good at balancing budgets when countries have a big amount of sovereign debt. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:29, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::In addition, when I titled my essay [[Essay: On behalf of all Christians who are politically right-leaning, I hereby declare victory! Olé! Olé! Olé!|On behalf of all Christians who are politically right-leaning, I hereby declare victory! Olé! Olé! Olé!]], I could have just used merely one &amp;quot;Olé!&amp;quot;. Maybe using three olés was too provocative. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:35, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::It's not '''what''' you think or believe., it's '''how''' you interact with others that matters. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:23, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
Andy can fix the login problem. But editor retention is important so template pollution through uncivilly covering up people's civil content via a template needs to end. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:41, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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: Make up your mind if you want editor retention or not. You're sending mixed signals. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:42, July 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Robert Louis Stevenson ==&lt;br /&gt;
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I am a fan of Robert Louis Stevenson too. When I was a young man I loved the book ''Treasure Island'' and the short story ''The Tell-Tale Heart''.&lt;br /&gt;
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I usually read nonfiction, but I think the next non-fiction works that I read will be ''Pilgrim's Progress'', ''Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' and ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 20:40, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:''The Tell-Tale Heart'' was by [[Edgar Allan Poe]].  I encourage reading the free, available online ''[[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]]''.  It is remarkably [[conservative]] and brilliantly written.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 21:54, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Thanks. I just found a free PDF copy of the book at: [https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/Jekyll%20and%20Hyde%20text.pdf Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - Free PDF copy]. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 22:59, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::There are many [[Christian]] and [[conservative]] phrases in it.  I guess that's why it is rarely part of high school reading today!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:43, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::The first sentence of [https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/Jekyll%20and%20Hyde%20text.pdf Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - Free PDF copy]: &amp;quot;Mr. Utterson the lawyer was a man of a '''rugged countenance''' that was never lighted by a smile; cold, scanty and embarrassed in discourse; backward in sentiment; lean, long, dusty, dreary and yet somehow lovable.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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::::&amp;quot;Rugged countenance&amp;quot;? That sounds like &amp;quot;toxic masculinity&amp;quot;. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 23:52, July 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::That is a great example of [[manliness]] in [[literature]].  I've added it to several entries.  Thanks!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 14:01, July 23, 2023 (EDT)Conservapedia:Copyrights&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.conservapedia.com/Conservapedia:Copyrights&lt;br /&gt;
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==Question==&lt;br /&gt;
I have been meaning to ask you this for a long time, But what happen to the 'Create Account' button, my friend is trying to create himself a new account but their is no way to do so because the option is missing, What happened?&lt;br /&gt;
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:I've been focusing on content.  Legitimate new users can email me at aschlafly@aol.com to obtain a new account.  A reference or some verification of [[good faith]] is preferred.  Thanks.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:32, July 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Kingdom ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Hebrews 1:8 called. Said &amp;quot;But unto the Son he saith, Thy '''throne''', O God, is for ever and ever: a '''sceptre''' of righteousness is the '''sceptre''' of thy '''kingdom'''.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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I've got missed calls from a bunch of Psalms and others as well, but I figured we should probably cut straight to [[Mystery:Did Jesus Write the Epistle to the Hebrews?|the Son as man Himself]]. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 20:16, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:You make a great point, and I'll consider this carefully.  Will respond later tonight after studying this in depth.  Thank you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:39, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:The New Living Translation breaks from the pressure to use &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; and instead translates this verse as:&lt;br /&gt;
{{cquote|But to the Son he says, “Your throne, O God, endures forever and ever. You rule with a scepter of justice. [https://www.biblehub.com/hebrews/1-8.htm See Biblehub]}}&lt;br /&gt;
:The [[KJV]] rendition that you quote above strains to use &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in overly a repetitive way.  Rather, the statement would be far stronger if it emphasized that righteousness is the standard in God's [[paradise]], as in &amp;quot;a scepter of righteousness is the standard of thy paradise.&amp;quot;--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:30, July 31, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Andy, thrones and sceptres are the things of kings and kingdoms. ConwayII has you in a Bible exegesis full-nelson and I don't see you getting out of it. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 00:23, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Appreciate the humor and the challenge!  But [[ancient Greece]] had no &amp;quot;thrones and sceptres,&amp;quot; and neither did ancient [[Greek]].  Like &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot;, those terms are also figments of the [[monarchy|monarchical]] [[England]].  Thus [[checkmate]].  Ha ha hal.  A still better rendition:&lt;br /&gt;
{{cquote|Thy presence, O [[God]], is [[infinite]]: a commitment to [[righteousness]] is the standard of thy [[paradise]].}}--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 01:20, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::::Respectfully, no. Hebrews 1:8 is a deliberate riff on Psalm 45:6: Thy '''throne''', O God, is for ever and ever: the '''sceptre''' of thy '''kingdom''' is a right '''sceptre'''. &lt;br /&gt;
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::::Cf. Psalm 103:19 (The Lord hath prepared his '''throne''' in the heavens; and his '''kingdom''' ruleth over all.), Psalm 145:1 (I will extol thee, my God, O '''king'''; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.) and the repeated and reinforcing use of '''majesty''' in verses 5 and 12.&lt;br /&gt;
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::::The trials and tribulations of various earthly kings and kingdoms is a major thread running right through the OT, and Hebrew's contemporary audience would have had zero difficulty thinking of God in those monarchical terms. You might not like it, but that's not really relevant, is it?&lt;br /&gt;
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::::As a final note, I urge you to go back to the Greek myths and any reliable history of the actual ancient Greece. You'll find plenty of kings. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 06:17, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::::Like King [[Agamemnon]], for instance. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 11:45, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::::Ancient [[Greek]] did not even have a word for &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;, which is mostly an [[Anglophile]] obsession.  All the &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; language in the [[English]] translations of the [[New Testament]] is a dilution by the [[Brit]]s.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:15, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::Oedipus Rex, usually translated Oedipus the King. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:29, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::And from Rex we get a whole family of words, like reign, royal, Reich, etc. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:30, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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(Outdent) OK. Let's do this in French, German and Spanish, and then look at the Vulgate Latin and the Septuagint Greek. Psalm 145:1:&lt;br /&gt;
*Je t'exalterai, ô mon Dieu, mon '''roi'''! Et je bénirai ton nom à toujours et à perpétuité.&lt;br /&gt;
*Ich will dich erheben, mein Gott, du '''König''', und deinen Namen loben immer und ewiglich.&lt;br /&gt;
*Te exaltaré mi Dios, oh '''Rey''', y bendeciré tu nombre eternamente y para siempre.&lt;br /&gt;
*Exaltabo te, Deus meus '''rex''' ; et benedicam nomini tuo in sæculum, et in sæculum sæculi.&lt;br /&gt;
*Ὑψώσω σε, ὁ θεός μου ὁ '''βασιλεύς''' μου, καὶ εὐλογήσω τὸ ὄνομά σου εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος·&lt;br /&gt;
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Herodotus used the same language 100+ years before the Septuagint was compiled. A very sensible chap called Demaratus asks Xerxes ([https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/xph/ a king of kings!]) if he's ''really'' in the mood for some plain speaking and repeatedly addresses him with the honorific '''Βασιλεῦ'''. See end of 101 and beginning of 102: [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7b*.html English] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/H/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html#101 Greek]&lt;br /&gt;
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[[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 14:48, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:This is terrific information, but your French/German/Spanish translations above are of a verse in [[Psalms]], not the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]].  Psalms was not originally written in Greek, and the [[Old Testament]] does refer to kings.  The ancient [[Greek]] does not, as it had different types of government.  The less biased Wiktionary explains that the primary meaning of βασιλεύς is &amp;quot;chief, master&amp;quot; and its notes describes it as an authority who could, as in a foreign ruler, coincidentally be a king there (but not in Greece). [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82]--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:56, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::A king or kingdom denotes an heredity bloodline for the &amp;quot;continuity of government&amp;quot;, a Republic has no such doctrine. This is why the Roman Catholic Church adopted celibacy, so that no heredity bloodline would have a claim on the Papacy. In Islam, Shia Islam traces its origins to the family of Mohammad, whereas Sunni Islam traces its origins to the Prophet and his Companions. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 18:32, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::What's Wiktionary got to do with this? I've just pointed to you to Herodotus (an ancient Greek historian writing c. 430 BC) using Βασιλεῦ in reference to Xerxes, the Persian king (c. 518 – 465 BC) famed for his invasion of Greece. This is a primary linguistic source and obviously relevant re. translating βασιλείας as &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in Hebrews 1:8.  &lt;br /&gt;
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::The ancient Greeks had these words (and others) for &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; and your claims to the contrary are simply untrue.&lt;br /&gt;
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::I'd prefer it if you'd have the grace to concede this narrow point so we can get back to the meat of the discussion. Thanks, [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 19:20, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Conway, your scholarship is excellent and I'm learning from it.  Seriously, I mean it.  You're right that the verse in Hebrews is a paraphrase, almost a direct quote, in Greek of the verse in Psalms.&lt;br /&gt;
:::But languages do sometimes lack words for certain terms.  It seems natural that Herodotus used the Greek word for authority to refer to Xerxes.  He was indeed an authority, a ruler.  That doesn't prove that the Greek term meant &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  And jumping from there to translate the corresponding Greek term as &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; is a bridge too far, it seems to me.  I don't intend to be disagreeable about this, and most English translations side with you.  I attribute that the immense [[British]], pro-monarchical influence over the English translations.  I admit that any version today which departed from that tradition is not going to sell very many copies!  But with &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; today connoting [[Mickey Mouse]] and other silliness, overreliance on that term may be causing folks to drive away from the benefits they could obtain from an undiluted translation.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 22:00, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::It's an interesting discussion, but I'm going to thumbnail the issue here:&lt;br /&gt;
:::::God initially told Moses when he delivered the law that Israel was not to be like other people, and God was to be both their God and king. But God prophesized through Moses that one day the people would rebel and demand a king.  When they entered the land, they had Judges, and not a king. Later in Samuel's day the people rebelled and wanted a king, and God told Samuel to grant them their wish. Samuel anointed Saul, and later David. This succession of kings continued until the Babylonian captivity, when the kingdom was destroyed. But the prophecy of a messiah was that he would restore the kingdom. The genealogies in Matthew and Luke attest to the fact that Jesus was heir to the promises made to David. &lt;br /&gt;
:::::The Pharisees told Pilot that Jesus was a fraud and he was challenging Ceasar for the title of King of the Jews (they feared reprisals against the people if the Romans interpreted people calling Jesus 'king' as rebellion against Roman occupation, as well as their own loss of power among the people).&lt;br /&gt;
:::::IOWs, the prophecies of a messiah were, and are, interpreted as also meaning 'king'. Now remember, God advised against wanting or having a king, but gave them what they wanted anyway. It wasn't the first time. There are many instances in the bible where God offers people a choice, advises on what God says is the right choice, people reject what God says and he grants them what they wanted anyway. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:14, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::For example: ''You may eat of the trees of the garden, except for the tree in the midst of the garden...'', etc. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:29, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jesus throne.jpg|thumbnail|center|400px|&amp;quot;At once I was in the spirit, and there in heaven stood a &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''throne'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;, with one seated on the throne!&amp;quot; (Revelation 4:2 NRSV)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;They will make war on the Lamb, and the Lamb will conquer them, for he is &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''Lord of lords and King of kings'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;, and those with him are called and chosen and faithful.”  {Revelation 17:14 ESV)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At Conservapedia, we have no king but Jesus! [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 12:21, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:One more note: When Jesus asked, ''What think ye Christ, whose son is he, David's or God's? And they responded, 'David's'. And Jesus said 'Why then does David in spirit call him Lord?'' - Jesus is making a direct reference to Psalm 45, which then again is cited in Hebrews chapter 1. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:05, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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@Andy: That's certainly gracious (thanks), but it's definitely not conceding the point. Let's try this instead:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#OT authors properly referred to earthly kings and kingdoms when writing in the original Hebrew or Aramaic.&lt;br /&gt;
#The authors of Psalms 45, 103 &amp;amp; 145 used precise monarchical imagery re. God, again when writing in the original Hebrew or Aramaic.&lt;br /&gt;
#The author of ''Hebrews'' chose to replicate that imagery, most notably and precisely at 1:8.&lt;br /&gt;
#Therefore, if the author of Psalm 45 intended to say &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; in verse 6, then the author of ''Hebrews'' intended to say &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; at 1:8 '''whether or not''' you agree βασιλείας adequately captures that concept.&lt;br /&gt;
#Given your beliefs re. the author of ''Hebrews'', there can be '''no question''' re. error in His word choice.&lt;br /&gt;
#In short, He chose βασιλείας as the most accurate Greek rendition of &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; available to Him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I think you'd like to say that, if He was writing ''Hebrews'' '''today''', He would likely choose a different word, such as &amp;quot;paradise&amp;quot;, and perhaps even abandon the monarchical imagery entirely, for the reasons you've outlined.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That's a very different argument to the one you've made so far, and one that many (most?) people would find very presumptuous.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It does, however, have the distinct advantage of accurately capturing your sincere beliefs without foundering linguistically or logically. Essentially, it's a WWJD? exercise re. the decline of monarchy and the development of the English language. [[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 15:57, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Conway, your argument is brilliant and I'm learning from it.  Ten years ago I would have been more argumentative in disagreement than today.  You are certainly at least mostly right here, and I had never thought of this before.  Well done.&lt;br /&gt;
:I'm not totally convinced as to &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot;, however, even assuming you're right about &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  The trick here is switching from Hebrew to Greek to English, and also recognizing that the word choice by the author of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]], which I'm convinced was [[Jesus]], was constrained by words his audience (not Greek linguists) could understand.  &amp;quot;Kingdom&amp;quot;, it still seems to me, is a [[British]] invention that certainly conferred immense benefits on the world, but has lost its effectiveness in language.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 19:08, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::Thanks. That's very kind. It strikes me that &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; is simply a function of &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;. We can call it a &amp;quot;realm&amp;quot; or something else entirely, but the concept itself (that which is the king's to rule) doesn't change.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::As for the Hebrew:  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Root word:''' king (''melek'') מֶלֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Genesis 39:20:''' of the king (earthly) הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 45:6:''' of Your kingdom (divine) מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 103:19:''' and His kingdom (divine) מַלְכוּתֶֽךָ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Psalm 145:1:''' King (divine title) הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''1 Kings 1:32:''' King (earthly title) הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ&lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Judges 15:9:''' the kings (earthly) מַלְכֵ֣י &lt;br /&gt;
::*'''Daniel 11:9:''' to the kingdom (earthly) בְּמַלְכוּת֙&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I don't pretend to understand the grammar or the diacritics or how to pronounce any of it, but there's enough orthographic similarity to reasonably infer consistent use of the root, as with king / kingdom in English. At a minimum, all the above contain מֶלֶ with varying diacritics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::[[User:ConwayIII|ConwayIII]] ([[User talk:ConwayIII|talk]]) 22:24, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Conway, your analysis is excellent.  You're probably right about the use of &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; in the [[Old Testament]].  And to the extent a book in the [[New Testament]] quotes the Old, it is what it is, as you point out.  &lt;br /&gt;
:::But I think &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; might really be a sufficiently different concept now, at least post-[[Disney]] where its &amp;quot;magical kingdom&amp;quot; really has nothing to do with any &amp;quot;king&amp;quot;.  I'd like to ponder this further.  &amp;quot;Kingdom&amp;quot; is such a basic concept, even recited daily by up to a hundred million people in [[The Lord's Prayer]], that some additional care in analysis of this is appropriate.  Thanks again for providing your highly informative perspective and examples.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:32, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::P.S. When I say &amp;quot;post-[[Disney]]&amp;quot; above, I'm not referring to the current political dispute between Disney and [[Ron DeSantis]] (and others).  All I mean by that is how &amp;quot;kingdom&amp;quot; has become a fairy tale concept, at least in the [[U.S.]], in part due to Disney, and I don't fault them for that.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:53, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::&amp;quot;The trick here is switching from Hebrew to Greek to English&amp;quot;. To get to English, you have to go through German, first. Gr. Rex -&amp;gt; Ger. König -&amp;gt; Eng. King. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:08, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::Now German uses &amp;quot;Reich&amp;quot; for kingdom, which is derived from Gr. Rex. In English, the closest surviving word we have to &amp;quot;Reich&amp;quot; is &amp;quot;rich&amp;quot;, denoting something of a commonwealth. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:13, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== real things in fiction ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I asked Rob but I figured I'd also ask what your opinion on covering real things in fiction here. I added something to the [[George Washington]] article as an example. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 13:18, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:I like it!  Please do more.  We're at the intersection of culture, knowledge and politics, and cultural or fictional references to historical figures is a big part of that.  Thank you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 13:23, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::What do you mean by &amp;quot;intersection of culture&amp;quot;? This wiki's? [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 13:27, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Right I mean that Conservapedia is at the intersection of culture, knowledge and politics.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:13, August 1, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Is Bushfan template allowed on my userpage? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I added a lot of userboxes to my userpage, and among them was one of &amp;quot;this user supports GWB.&amp;quot; Assuming it's a holdover from this wiki's earlier days, as I know that he is loathed by MAGA, I just wanted to ask if you're okay that I decided to add to my user page &amp;amp; that it's not intended to be an insult to Trump supporters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Userbox refers to how he was my childhood president, there's photo of him with Chick-Fil-A founder, he gave Fred Rogers a presidential award, friends with Michael W. Smith, was openly supportive and empowered Christian music at the time. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 11:52, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:If you want to be identified with the [[Republican establishment]], the [[Uniparty]], the corrupt [[Biden DOJ]], [[Russiagate]] scammers, the [[military industrial complex]], [[globalist]]s, warmongers and supporters of [[Ukrainian Nazi]]s, sure, go ahead. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:40, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::A shame that others will automatically assume association from a quick glance, but you do have a point there. The crazy thing is that I found a user box for people who support Obama [[Template:User Obama2|here]], so I take it's the risk of one exercising their right to say what or who they support, but to keep in mind of how the average person here will view them or challenge them. [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 17:32, August 2, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::Splits have emerged in both parties since the Clinton and Bush eras which are not readily apparent to people on either side of the line, in addition to recognition of a [[uniparty]] that is hostile to voters of both parties. The Dems have become the party of war, Wall Street, and the military industrial complex, and the GOP has become the party of workers and the common man. Both party's establishments seek to isolate [[populist]] sentiments among their voters. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:24, August 3, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Game data allowed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Is word-for-word text from video games (e.g. quotes said by a character) and other sources (like official bios of another character) allowed on this website? those don't have a license attached to them, but I'd assume the closest to them are the respective copyright holders, who add the bios or the quotes themselves [[User:Patriotic Gamer|Patriotic Gamer]] ([[User talk:Patriotic Gamer|talk]]) 09:32, August 5, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:I would assume in most cases it would be okay, provided the language is cleaned up to meet our family friendly guidelines. We may have to see a few examples to see what you have in mind and if any objections arise. Thanks. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:59, August 7, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Length of the early church services ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Below is the information I promised you about the length of the early church services:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/what-was-a-church-service-like-in-the-second-century/ What Was a Church Service Like in the Second Century?] (Mass/service lasted 3 hours and congregants stood most of the service) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 19:07, August 8, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Here is the info on buycotting that I mentioned to you ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can buy products from conservative companies at: [https://publicsq.com/ Public Square] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgzWL7PR-9I Largest anti-woke marketplace just opened up public funding via NYSE]  - [[Steve Turley]]'s interview with the president of Public Square&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/16/tucker-carlson-twitter-show-strikes-ad-deal.html Tucker Carlson has agreed to a seven-figure ad deal with Public Square (PublicSq.), a conservative-friendly shopping app, for his Twitter show.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/anti-woke-marketplace-publicsq-begin-trading-nyse Anti-woke marketplace PublicSq. to begin trading on NYSE]: The conservative alternative to Amazon goes public. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is probably going to be one of the best ways to buycott and it's growing fast. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 15:31, August 13, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conservapedia and the origins of global creationism ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2012, the University at Toronto reported: “We have seen in the last two decades a rapid spread of creationism beyond the United States and beyond Christianity to other religions to the present time where it is a global phenomenon,” said Numbers in a talk entitled Creationism Goes Global. “But the big story in the last 20 years is the booming enterprise of creationism in the Islamic world.”[https://www.utoronto.ca/news/creationism-goes-global]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conservapedia was launched in 2004 and for awhile it ranked #4 at Google for the term &amp;quot;evolution&amp;quot;. Also, historically most of the very vocal evolutionists have been atheists/agnostics and Conservapedia's atheism articles have received a lot of page views. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The website ScienceNordic.com noted in 2015: &amp;quot;Creationism has particularly been on the rise in step with the internet, which according to Peter Kjærgaard has made it much easier for people to become activists and hurl out statements in favour of creationism...&amp;quot;.[https://sciencenordic.com/creationism-denmark-education/scientists-warn-creationism-is-on-the-rise-in-europe/1414679]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conservapedia helped the phenomena of [[global creationism]] as far as its initial rapid breakout period in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And once the proverbial genie of global creationism was out of the bottle, it has been impossible for evolutionists to get him back in the bottle. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 11:12, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:''He that goeth about as a talebearer revealeth secrets: therefore meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips.'' - [[King Solomon]], Proverbs 20:19. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 15:20, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Another interpretation based on [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/talebearer/ Proverbs 11:13] could be read to say: ''He that goeth about as a talebearer is faithless: therefore meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips.''&lt;br /&gt;
::A review of User:Conservative's postings in this talk shows that when he's not going about as a talebearer, he acting as a flatterer. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 11:11, August 17, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Improving the pro-life category ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I spent some time yesterday and this morning cleaning up the [[pro-life]] articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I know you are one of the Conservapedia who is active in the pro-life movement so I thought I would tell you one of the things that are remaining to do.  I have engaged in pro-life political advocacy in the past and I would do it myself, but I am working on two off-wiki projects right now so I cannot attend to it expeditiously. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In terms of suggestions here is a list of 5 priorities:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''1)''' The article [[Beginning of human life]] has footnotes that are completely messed up. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2)''' Come up with more pro-life topics to create articles on (People, places, things and concepts) and drum up interest among current editors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''3)''' Expand the [[natalism]] article and create/expand articles related to this concept. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4)''' Create an [[Anti-natalism]] article and create/expand articles related to this concept. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5)''' Expand the article [[Legal cases about abortion]] that I just created. ('''Question:''' Know any Harvard Law School graduates who are Conservapedians?). :)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:NishantXavier]] is the most fervent Catholic at Conservapedia who likes politics. Maybe he would be interested in helping with items #1 and #2. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conservapedia does face stiff competition from LifeSiteNews.com, but maybe it can compete in the online encyclopedia niche. I know it is possible to compete in the online encyclopedia niche on a topic given that I did this in the atheism category. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some good news. Search engine traffic to the website of ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' is way down. So strike while the iron is hot. :) [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 08:04, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Thanks for your terrific suggestions.  This an important issue that could benefit from far more here and elsewhere.  [[Liberal]]s are getting away with too much distortion on this topic.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 18:16, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Dear User:Aschlafly, I hope you are doing well! I would be grateful if you (or any talk page stalkers with administrative privileges) could kindly move [[Robbie Mannheim]] to [[Ronald Edwin Hunkeler]]. Thank you for your help! With regards, [[User:Anupam|Anupam]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:Anupam|Talk]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 18:49, September 4, 2023 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Conservapedia:Community_Portal&amp;diff=1978283</id>
		<title>Conservapedia:Community Portal</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Conservapedia:Community_Portal&amp;diff=1978283"/>
		<updated>2023-09-04T22:44:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Anupam: fixed spelling error&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;''(this page redirects from [[CP:COMPORT]])''&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;''This is the place to discuss issues of interest to the Conservapedia community.''&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:''This page contains some material moved from [[Talk:Main Page]] unrelated the [[Main Page|Conservapedia:Main Page]].  This page is for general discussions on any topic of no particular nature.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Please abide by CP's civility guidelines, and do not place the name of other Users (even your own) in subheadings. God bless and Happy posting!''&lt;br /&gt;
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:''If you have a complaint about another editor's actions, attitude, civility, or ideological leanings, place your complaint at [[Conservapedia:User complaints]] for full vetting from the community '''before''' the complaint makes its way up the administrative chain. Thank you.''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Community Portal/Archives]]&lt;br /&gt;
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__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;br /&gt;
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== The Hindu Newspaper: Rahul Gandhi continues on an upward swing ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rahul Gandhi's prospects of becoming India's next (2024) PM have never looked better.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;In the last one month, former Congress president Rahul Gandhi’s YouTube channel has posted six videos, including a 12-minute grim video capturing his two-day visit to strife-ridden Manipur in July. Two of these videos have crossed three millions views. Mr. Gandhi, who has often called out the mainstream news channels biased, has been relying more on social media for a direct connect with people. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mr. Gandhi joined YouTube on August 10, 2017, and eight days later came the first video of his interaction with Doon School students. The six-minute video gathered only 24,000 views. The channel has had modest viewership recording negligible growth for the first five years till September 2022 when Mr. Gandhi led the party’s 4,000-km march from Kanyakumari to Kashmir branded as Bharat Jodo Yatra.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rahul-gandhis-youtube-channel-on-an-upward-swing/article67165121.ece [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:44, August 13, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:I saw part of his speech before Modi's no confidence motion, a little bit of Modi's afterward. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:59, August 13, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Weiss Special Counsel Appointment Did Not Violate DOJ Regulations ==&lt;br /&gt;
Garland appointed Weiss as a Special Counsel using 28 U.S.C. §§ 509, 510, and 515 as the basis for the appointment. [https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/unpacking-the-hunter-biden-special-counsel-announcement] Barr used the same regulations appointing U.S. Attorney John Durham as Special Counsel to investigate whether anyone violated federal law in connection with the investigations directed at 2016 presidential campaign activities. [https://www.justice.gov/d9/fieldable-panel-panes/basic-panes/attachments/2021/02/26/durham.order_.pdf] Should the item on the Main Page complaining about Weiss be deleted or edited? --[[User:LSimons|LSimons]] ([[User talk:LSimons|talk]]) 00:13, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:[[Bill Barr]] was incompetent and disloyal, and panders to the [[liberal media]].  I would consider anything he did to have any precedential value.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 00:31, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:: How, exactly, was Barr disloyal? Remember, Trump is a stable genius and only hired the best people. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r2qQUfh_ls] I’ve noticed all CP admins are Trump sycophants, as a result, everyone running this encyclopedia is required to believe Barr was a competent Attorney General. No excuses.--[[User:LSimons|LSimons]] ([[User talk:LSimons|talk]]) 10:00, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::This is a regulation issued by the attorney general, so the AG can interpret it. As a practical matter, I don't think that we'll see Garland held in contempt. But what happened to, &amp;quot;No one is above the law&amp;quot;? The special counsel regulation says: &amp;quot;The Special Counsel shall be selected from outside the United States Government.&amp;quot; [[User:PeterKa|PeterKa]] ([[User talk:PeterKa|talk]]) 06:38, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::Mr. Ka: Why are you quoting the relevant US Code concerning the appointment of Special Counsels? I included these references in my first post concerning the appointment of Weiss. PLEASE read 28 U.S.C. §§ 509, 510, and 515. I’m begging you. CP admins seem to be very inconsistent when it comes to the appointment of Special Counsels. John Durham was a DOJ employee when he was appointed a Special Counsel yet the CP article on him does not contain any griping about how the Trump administration flouted the law. Will this oversight be remedied?--[[User:LSimons|LSimons]] ([[User talk:LSimons|talk]]) 10:00, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::I am quoting from CFR 600, the [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-28/chapter-VI/part-600 special counsel regulation]. And no, you didn't include this reference in the OP. I don't think there is any question that Garland has violated it. There is no practical way to require an A-G to follow a DOJ regulation. He makes the regulations, so what would be the point of making him go through meaningless hoops? The hypocrisy is that if you make the same argument with respect to Trump, the rejoinder is, &amp;quot;No one is above law.&amp;quot; [[User:PeterKa|PeterKa]] ([[User talk:PeterKa|talk]]) 00:29, August 15, 2023 (EDT) &lt;br /&gt;
::::There's an obvious [[bias]] here, which was not so obvious in the Durham probe at the outset. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:14, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::Thirty-one Senate Republicans demanded Special Counsel status for Weiss. [https://www.scott.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Hunter%20Biden%20Special%20Counsel%20Letter%20FINAL.pdf] Now that their demands have been met, Tennessee Sen. Marsha Blackburn is actually complaining about what she demanded. She's using words like 'collaborator'.[https://www.newsmax.com/newsmax-tv/marsha-blackburn-hunter-biden-david-weiss/2023/08/14/id/1130657/] Real classy. --[[User:LSimons|LSimons]] ([[User talk:LSimons|talk]]) 14:38, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::That was eleven months ago (during the last Congress, in fact); could Hunter then still be prosecuted on the tax charges? or was that before the statute of limitations ran out? If that's the case, Weiss and Garland indeed are collaborators. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 14:46, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::::Ah... Not the case, the IRS has ten years to chase someone for not filing a tax return. [https://www.irs.gov/filing/time-irs-can-collect-tax] Are you going to admit you're wrong about the collaboration claim? Who am I kidding? Of course you won't! As for the Main Page item? I live in the real world, it'll stay there for all eternity. --[[User:LSimons|LSimons]] ([[User talk:LSimons|talk]]) 18:35, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::Failure to file, yes; tax fraud and tax evasion, no. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 18:46, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::: Since there is not a statute of limitations for tax fraud, what are you trying to say? It's like you simply do not care about accuracy in reporting. Is this what the 'Best of the Public' has become? --[[User:LSimons|LSimons]] ([[User talk:LSimons|talk]]) 19:36, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::::Prof. Jonathan Turley: [https://twitter.com/RNCResearch/status/1690040737595895809] ''&amp;quot;I was not nearly as delighted as I would’ve been two years ago when many of us were calling for this appointment. They waited for the appointment of a special counsel after the statute of limitations has run on critical crimes, like the tax violations in 2014/2015.&amp;quot;'' [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 19:46, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::::The tax violations can get extremely complicated, since the money was split up several ways, which leads to [[conspiracy]]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 19:52, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::::IOWs, the [[IRS]] can say, &amp;quot;We have proof of unreported income paid into your bank account of $10 million&amp;quot;. Hunter's only defense is &amp;quot;Yes, but I only received $5 million of that.&amp;quot; [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 19:55, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::::::::::So what you're trying to tell me is the Trump administration dropped the ball when it came to Hunter Biden's alleged violations of tax law during 2014/2015. Got it. Your hypotheticals need a little work, actual evidence would be nice. Can't convict a person with hunches. --[[User:LSimons|LSimons]] ([[User talk:LSimons|talk]]) 21:36, August 14, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::::::::::The problem is much bigger than Hunter Biden. The problem is [[DOJ]] corruption. The problem is bigger than DOJ corruption - the DOJ lied to the [[FISA court]], and neither the [[Judicial Branch]] nor [[Legislative Branch]] did anything. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:00, August 15, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Governor DeSantis interview with CNBC’s Brian Sullivan ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Brilliant as usual. Comments in the link:&lt;br /&gt;
https://youtu.be/HCgYIS5f8-M&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;1.We need a monetarist leader in DC!  👏🏻&lt;br /&gt;
2. You have earned my Vote, President DeSantis! ❤&lt;br /&gt;
3. DeSantis 2024!🇺🇸❤️&lt;br /&gt;
4. Meanwhile DeSantis acts like an actual candidate.&amp;quot; [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 19:55, August 15, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:You should read Sundance's latest, just give yourself some [https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2023/08/15/understanding-why-georgia-republican-governor-brian-kemp-supports-corrupt-fulton-county-da-fani-willis/ balance and perspective] on how the American political system works. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 20:50, August 15, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Update: [https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2023/08/18/aint-that-a-peach-ron-desantis-holds-private-meeting-with-brian-kemp-in-georgia/ Ain’t That a Peach, Ron DeSantis Holds Private Meeting with Brian Kemp in Georgia]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:52, August 18, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Now, some of this may be confusing if you are not a regular follower; the basic idea is - DeSantis backers don't care if DeSantis wins or loses the 2024 general election; the purpose of his candidacy is to prevent Trump from being the nominee. It's a GOP internecine struggle. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 21:02, August 15, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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I don't think that's true even for other supporters of Governor De Santis becoming President De Santis, but it certainly isn't true for me. I support future President Ron De Santis because (1) he's the Strongest Pro-Life and Anti-Woke Candidate in the Race and (2) There's arguably a Christian moral obligation to support the Strongest Pro-Life and Anti-Woke Candidate, especially if there's a good chance we can win the Culture War for good in 4 or 8 years of a De Santis Presidency. Conservatives should rally and unite around a De Santis Presidency soon! [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:33, August 15, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:When I say &amp;quot;DeSantis&amp;quot; backers&amp;quot;, I mean it in the same context Sundance's article uses it, his financial backers. They don't care about you, the voter. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:31, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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De Santis Economic Plan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1yzEFYF4r0&lt;br /&gt;
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Comment: &amp;quot;Americans have forgotten what a real president sounds like. For far too long the public has come to believe that we need an entertainer to amuse us rather than to stand up for what's right and see all goals to completion.  Ron DeSantis/2024&amp;quot; [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:38, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Infographics Show Video: &amp;quot;How War in Ukraine Proves US Military Would DOMINATE Russian Military&amp;quot; ==&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;The war in Ukraine has proven one major thing to be true; the Russian military is weaker than everyone believed. Check out today's new epic video that breaks down why the Russian military is having a difficult time with Ukraine and would be entirely dominated by the US military in a head-to-head conflict.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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https://youtu.be/XDxm9i1XaKA [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 20:31, August 18, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dI7M4Om2ITw Kid, lay off the drugs]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:27, August 18, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:See also [https://youtu.be/U_3AWj4tals US MILITARY CAPABILITY - CIA analyst LARRY JOHNSON] (57 sec). [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:46, August 18, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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==How the DC propaganda media works==&lt;br /&gt;
This headline from ''Roll Call'', [https://rollcall.com/2023/08/15/once-a-conservative-lawmaker-mark-meadows-now-indicted/ Once a conservative lawmaker, Mark Meadows now indicted], is not addressed to the general public. It specifically is addressed to conservative lawmakers to think twice about supporting Trump. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 14:50, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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==Jordan Schachtel==&lt;br /&gt;
[https://rumble.com/v369125-the-uniparty-vs-the-people-americas-new-political-landscape.html The Uniparty vs The People: America's New Political Landscape]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 16:21, August 11, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Will he or won't he? Trump &amp;quot;tempted&amp;quot; to attend the First GOP Presidential Debate ==&lt;br /&gt;
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He should. &amp;quot;Former President Donald Trump has not decided whether or not he will attend the first Republican presidential debate. NBC News Correspondent Garrett Haake reports the latest from Trump’s campaign.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/video/trump-is-tempted-to-attend-the-first-gop-presidential-debate-190806085695 [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:31, August 15, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Oh, so now we're depending on [[NBC News]] for reporting on Trump. Have they fired [[Ken Delanian]] or any of the other [[CIA]] [[troll]]s on the payroll yet? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 00:47, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Nope, not depending on them, and don't know the answer to your question. The issue here for Conservatives is whether Trump will show up or not. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:00, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:The issue for [[conservative]]s is how much of anything they can believe coming from NBC News. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:20, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:NBC News does not provide information or news - they sell a product - in the same way [[Anheuser-Busch]] sells Bud Lite, Mattel Toys the [https://www.bitchute.com/video/FMBCWF5uqGJl/ Transgender Barbie], or [[Disney]] sells [[pedophilia]].  [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:22, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Do you think Trump will show up for the Debate or not? [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:39, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:If his poll numbers rise after the latest indictments, probably not; it they remain flat or suffer, then yah he'll show up. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:13, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Fair Enough. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:52, August 16, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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===Trump confirms his intellectually lazy plan to skip the Debate===&lt;br /&gt;
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Well, there you go: &amp;quot;Former President Donald Trump on Friday announced he would skip Wednesday’s first Republican presidential debate in favor of a one-on-one interview with a friendly right-wing commentator – the second time in as many days that he backed out of an event that spelled trouble for his multiple and overlapping criminal defense strategies.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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https://www.usnews.com/news/elections/articles/2023-08-18/trump-backtracks-on-debate-blockbuster-press-conference [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 14:54, August 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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If Trump was confident he could handle and even parry attacks on his record, he would have showed up and answered questions. De Santis will. Trump and De Santis are the only serious contenders in this thing, and with Trump awoling, De Santis has an opening. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 14:56, August 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:The RNC has allowed a proxy, [[Byron Donalds]], to sit in, last I heard.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:And the ratings review of Tucker's simultaneous interview with Trump measured against FOX ratings wil tell the tale (not just of Trump, but the future of cable TV &amp;quot;news&amp;quot; vs. [[social media]]. This will affect advertising rates for years to come). [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 15:30, August 20, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;What’s Next: A big debate … without Donald Trump.&lt;br /&gt;
Mr. DeSantis faces the biggest test of his campaign on Wednesday: the first Republican presidential primary debate of the 2024 race, in Milwaukee.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mr. Trump appears to be skipping the debate, handing Mr. DeSantis an opportunity to take the spotlight. From: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/20/us/politics/desantis-stump-speech.html&lt;br /&gt;
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Governor De Santis has a Great Opportunity to control the narrative and focus on his record, his policies and the issues in the Debate. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:22, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:''NYT'': &amp;quot;handing Mr. DeSantis an opportunity to take the spotlight&amp;quot;. Lol.&lt;br /&gt;
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:C'mon, I had hoped to use this page to conduct a seminar on how to spot [[propaganda]], not spread more of it. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:33, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Now why would NYT say that since Ramaswamy has been burying DeSantis? Doesn't the NYT read its own news? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:35, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The article continues: &amp;quot;But the former president’s absence also means Mr. DeSantis, as the stand-in front-runner, will most likely come under withering fire from rival candidates. How he handles those attacks could define his image in the eyes of many voters tuning into the primary race for the first time.&amp;quot; so it's hardly favorable or friendly to De Santis. It's just reporting on the State of the Race as it sees it. It was Trump's Choice not to show up. That creates both Opportunities and Threats for Governor De Santis, who'll be Centre Stage. at the Debate now since he's the leading contender among Actual Debaters. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:46, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;quot;the stand-in front-runner&amp;quot; at 5%, but Ramaswamy with 13% can kiss off cause he's Indian. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:44, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;quot;DeSantis faces the biggest test of his campaign on Wednesday&amp;quot;; DeSantis is looking more and more like [[Kamala]]. She had all big money endorsements and personnel of the [[DNC]] establishment, including [[Marc Elias]], [[Christopher Steele]]'s paymaster, as General Counsel. She dropped out in December before the January primaries started. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:05, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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For someone who claims near-personal-infallibility in being able to filter through the MSM propaganda, Rob, you could do a better job at it! The Liberal Media is now pushing the Narrative that Ron De Santis cannot win. That's obvious. Very obvious. Meanwhile, here are facts.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;The NBC News/Des Moines Register/Mediacom poll released early Monday found that 42 percent of likely Republican caucus attendees in Iowa listed Trump as their first choice, giving the former president a 23-point lead over DeSantis, who was picked by 19 percent ...&lt;br /&gt;
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Republican Sen. Tim Scott (S.C.) came in third place with 9 percent support in the new survey, followed by former South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley and former Vice President Mike Pence, who each received 6 percent. Former New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie received 5 percent support, conservative entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswamy received 4 percent, North Dakota Gov. Doug Burgum received 2 percent and former Rep. Will Hurd received 1 percent. No other candidate received more than 1 percent support.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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So first point (1) Trump is the Clear Front-Runner at 42 % and De Santis is the Clear 2nd Front-Runner after Trump around 20%. Ramaswamy whom you mentioned meanwhile is at 4%, behind Sen. Tim Scott, Nikki Haley and Christie though above the rest like Doug Burgum and Will Hurd.&lt;br /&gt;
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Next, (2) De Santis is still being actively considered by exactly 22% of other GOP Voters, which means he could break even with Trump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From: https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4162034-trump-holds-23-point-lead-over-desantis-among-iowa-republican-caucusgoers-survey/&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;Twenty percent of likely GOP caucus goers listed DeSantis as their second choice, with an additional 22 percent saying they were still actively considering the Florida governor.&amp;quot; This would happen gradually as the field winnows and other candidates drop out. De Santis is not going anywhere. There's a very good chance he'll continue to be 20%+ while multiple candidates remain then move to 30-40% after that. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:06, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;quot;NBC News poll&amp;quot;. Lol.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Iowa, where all the money is being spent. Nationally Trump is at 60% and DeSantis 3rd at 5%. And the debate ''is not'' in Iowa. IOWs, the debate is about national issues, not Iowa farm issues. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:11, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:You yourself just said Trump is the clear frontrunner with 42% in Iowa; no, I would disagree. Trump is the &amp;quot;clear frontrunner&amp;quot; nationally with 60%, but in Iowa, if Trump were to step in doggie doo-doo and lose 1%, and all 22% &amp;quot;thinking&amp;quot; about DeSantis switched, DeSantis would win. In theory Trump is &amp;quot;catchable&amp;quot; in Iowa, but nationally he's the clear choice. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:20, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Lol. There is no National Primary. The First Primary is the Iowa Primary and there Evangelical Christians are Dominant. Pro-Life, Anti-Woke Governor Ron De Santis is clearly the Conservative Christian Candidate of Choice.&lt;br /&gt;
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Next, it's even better than I thought. Note the wording carefully: &amp;quot;Twenty percent of likely GOP caucus goers listed DeSantis as their second choice, with an additional 22 percent saying they were still actively considering the Florida governor.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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So, (1) 19% support De Santis as first choice (2) 20% listed De Santis as second choice (3) AN ADDITIONAL 22 % say they are still actively considering the Florida governor. Can we put it all together and tally it? That means De Santis could win 19+20+22= a whopping 61%!!!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That's Amazing! And that's the Reality of Conservative Governor Ron De Santis' Amazing Popularity with the Base the Press is hiding. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:30, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:No, you can't. You can't make their 2nd choice their first choice. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:33, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:IOWs, the 22% are the undecideds. The 20% are committed. To make a leap in logic like you propose you need an entirely new alleged &amp;quot;scientific&amp;quot; poll. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:35, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Here's a simple mathematical and scientific formula you can use as a rule of thumb: NBC + NYT = BS. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:39, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Debate Reviews: De Santis, Haley, Pence did well. Christie lost an exchange to Ramaswamy and Ramaswamy lost one to Haley ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So, I watched the debate and been reading some reviews. Lots of people mentioned (1) Haley's exchange with Ramaswamy on Foreign Policy, and most acknowledge she won that. Likewise, (2) Ramaswamy won his on Trump vs Christie. (3) Pence criticized R on multiple issues (3) De Santis held his own and stood above the fray and talked about his Conservative Record and his Winsome Policies and Successful Re-Election.&lt;br /&gt;
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Good Debate: I would say De Santis, Haley and Pence did the best. Ramaswamy, Christie and Scott next. The other two barely showed up.&lt;br /&gt;
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The NYT below quotes 2 Conservative Debate Reviewers:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Rich Lowry, the editor of National Review, said during the debate that he expected Mr. DeSantis to “deal with constant incoming” attacks. By the end, Mr. Lowry said that Mr. DeSantis had “helped himself” by sticking to his message — and took “no incoming fire.”&lt;br /&gt;
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Other observers noted Mr. DeSantis’s ability to stay in comfortable territory, trumpeting his conservative track record in Florida as proof that he could steer the Republican Party to success.&lt;br /&gt;
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Mary Katharine Ham, a journalist and conservative commentator, called Mr. DeSantis’s strategy “effective.” &lt;br /&gt;
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“Gimme a topic. Yeah, I did that thing. Let me tell you what I did. It happened in Florida. Results,” she said, summarizing his approach.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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From: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/us/politics/who-won-debate-republican.html [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 04:01, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Here's an excerpt: &amp;quot;You have no Foreign Policy Experience and it shows!&amp;quot; The ChatGPT line was another Zinger! https://youtu.be/5ht3qDRIgHw [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 04:06, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:[https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-debate-counter-programming-draws-millions-views-x-2023-08-24/ Donald Trump's counter-programming to the GOP debate draws over 74 million of views on X (formerly known as Twitter).]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;quot;An impressive 50 million+ viewers (Expected) turned their attention to Fox News to watch the debate, breaking previous records and making it the highest-rated Republican presidential primary debate to date.&amp;quot;[https://coopwb.in/info/how-many-people-watched-gop-debate/] &lt;br /&gt;
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:Trump knows how to draw a crowd. He was in the television industry and is a fairly good marketer/salesman. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:20, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Thanks. We needed that 50 million link for MPR. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:38, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
50 MN+. Amazing Number. I predict De Santis will have around 100 MN people voting for him by the time all this is over. In the Debate, some things were clear: (1) Among Trump contenders, only De Santis, Haley and Pence are Top Tier Contenders (2) Christie and Ramaswamy Tier II or III. The others non entities who barely showed up. When it comes to 4 last candidates, it'll be Trump and those 3. When to 2, most likely Trump and De Santis.&lt;br /&gt;
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And after that- De Santis still has High Favorables and many consider him their Second Choice, as that Poll I mentioned showed- its Anyone's Game. I think De Santis will do very well in head to head against Trump, not to mention against Biden. He was killing (metaphorically) Biden on multiple issues.[[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 11:12, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:All I can say is, I watched it for two minutes and [https://www.poynter.org/commentary/2023/fox-news-republican-debate-recap/ liked Martha McCallum's outfit]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:47, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;The Best Argument against Democracy is a 5 minute Conversation with the Average Voter&amp;quot; ~ Winston Churchill.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Fox: Majority of Viewers say Gov De Santis won the Debate===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yup, told you so. Here it is: &amp;quot;poll taken after the first GOP presidential primary debate on Wednesday showed that a plurality of Republican voters felt that Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis won the night.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to a Washington Post poll, conducted alongside FiveThirtyEight and Ipsos, 29% of Republican voters polled said that DeSantis performed the best out of the eight candidates on the stage in Milwaukee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The poll was conducted from Aug. 23-24 and polled 775 potential Republican primary voters who watched the debate.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Future President De Santis was Truly Presidential through and through, I gotta say. A Winsome smile, Good Arguments against Biden and the Radical Left, criticizing Fauci and the Fed, and fighting for the Common Good. Good to see many beginning to see he's a League above the rest. Trump should show up next time. Trump should try to do the same. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:57, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Final score: [[Trump]] [https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2023/08/24/president-trump-notes-almost-a-quarter-billion-views-for-his-tucker-carlson-interview-while-preparing-for-arrest-at-730pm-et-in-atlanta/ 248 million], [https://youtu.be/ZYixfnV_D0Y] [[Fox News]] [https://justthenews.com/politics-policy/elections/first-2024-gop-presidential-primary-debate-averaged-13-million-viewers 13 million]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:58, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:That's got to be close to a world record, [https://twitter.com/TuckerCarlson/status/1694513603251241143 248 million views in 24 hours.] (Wow, it was 248.6 a minute ago when I retrieved it from the front page, and it 248.7 now a minute late. That even beats Rich Men North of Richmond.). [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:03, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:248.8 now a minute or two later. It's getting nearly 100,000 hits per minute right now (don't expect MSM or Tech magazines to report this). [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:05, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::I can hear all the conspiracy theories already: &amp;quot;Trump and Kremlin have quite a bot operation&amp;quot;; &amp;quot;Amazing, Musk and the [[NSA]] can handle the server load.&amp;quot; [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:09, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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And 50% of those who watched could be critics/skeptics of Trump, disagreeing with what he said. A large majority of voters don't want a Trump Biden rematch in 2024.&lt;br /&gt;
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Meanwhile, Presidential De Santis's Debate Night Highlights: https://youtu.be/CexqdE6yhZc?si=odLj127mNDcmUJDG [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:21, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Roll Call: Majority don't want Trump Biden Rematch in 2024 ===&lt;br /&gt;
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See this from Roll Call: &amp;quot;With a Joe Biden vs. Donald Trump rematch being the current conventional wisdom, the 2024 election — mired in personality — is quickly becoming the election that voters don’t want. In fact, a solid majority of voters have an unfavorable view of each of the leading candidates, as people wonder whether either man can manage the increasing turmoil coming from all sides.&lt;br /&gt;
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What is clear in most polls is the sorry fact that voters don’t want either candidate to run. An Economist/YouGov poll conducted June 10-13 found 59 percent of voters don’t want Biden to seek reelection, with only 26 percent favoring a run for a second term.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the same poll, Trump got similar results — with 56 percent against him running again compared to 33 percent in favor. Independents were against either candidate running again, with 64 percent against Biden and 59 percent against Trump.&amp;quot; [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:24, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:The Dump Biden movement gains momentum. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:26, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Yup. But Trump is only 5 points behind at 59. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:29, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:At this point, the only way for the Dems to get away from the charge of election tampering and interfering with American [[democracy]] is to dump Biden and hope the allegations don't stick to Newsom or whoever and the party as a whole. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:31, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Consider the source, ''Roll Call'' magazine. Its readership is aimed at members of Congress and their staff, not the general public (as in the warning they sent  out last week to conservative members not to endorse Trump cause you'll get indicted); this is message to Biden supporters in Congress to dump Biden, cause a majority in the public don't want him to run again.  ''Roll Call'' could care less about Trump, cause Trump doesn't live and work in DC now. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:35, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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That doesn't change the fact that some 60% don't want Trump to run, like 65% for Biden.&lt;br /&gt;
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And Bro Rob, mere &amp;quot;allegations&amp;quot; are not going to do anything. They're very happy to win and get into the White House while Conservatives are reduced to making &amp;quot;allegations&amp;quot;. What we need is a Solid, Proven Conservative who will (1) prevent them from Cheating (2) Win by such a clear number - e.g. 100 MN votes or so - that even Cheating will not swing it for the Dems. And Conservative Champion Gov. Ron De Santis is that Man who can do that and stop the Deep State from Election and Governing Interference. Biden, Newsom, whoever it is, Conservatives need to do both (1) and (2) above to win and Presidential De Santis will. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:40, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:(ec) As a daily &amp;quot;news&amp;quot; publication, ''Roll Call'' is about as swampy and deep state as you can get - cause that's who it's aimed at and that's who its readers are - the DC swamp (there are numerous other publications, think tank &amp;amp; government reports, newsletter blogs etc. But this is supposed to be an up to the minute &amp;quot;news&amp;quot; publication). It outlines all the &amp;quot;talking points&amp;quot; before even the MSM gets them. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:46, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;quot;It doesn't change the fact...&amp;quot;. What makes you think it's a &amp;quot;fact&amp;quot;?&lt;br /&gt;
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:In assessing the veracity of any supposed &amp;quot;news&amp;quot; organization, look first at its intended audience. This is not meant for mass consumption. It is outlining a strategy and talking points. Hopefully then, the MSM will pick it up: &amp;quot;Polls say the public doesn't want either of them to run.&amp;quot; [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:46, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:So yes, it is advocating for a DeSantis-Newsom contest, which Fox News is already working on (old news). The problem for the Swamp is getting from here to there with the MSM and public onboard. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:50, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::''&amp;quot;That doesn't change '''the fact that''' some 60% don't want Trump...&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
:::It is a fact that ''Roll Call'' reported 60% don't want Trump to run; it is not a fact that 60% don't want Trump to run. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 14:28, August 26, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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So if allegedly it's wrong, then how do you know what was reported about Biden is allegedly correct? Maybe Majorities actually want him too, lol. Anyway, all these have been confirmed by Multiple Polls: &amp;quot;Though Donald Trump enjoys an improved standing among Republicans, the result of the general elections might be shocking for him, warns an AP-NORC poll.&amp;quot; https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/64-of-americans-will-not-vote-for-trump-in-2024-poll-results-101692242596565.html&lt;br /&gt;
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If Trump is the Nominee, he will lose again to Biden, shamelessly blame cheating and excuse himself for complete failure, and indulge in more self-pity, defeatism, will destroy the Principles of the Conservative Movement, further divide America, and achieve nothing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here's Trump claim Cruz &amp;quot;cheated&amp;quot; when Cruz won Iowa: https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/trump-cruz-stole-iowa-tweet-deleted-218674&lt;br /&gt;
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For better or worse, no one trusts the Boy who cried Wolf beyond a certain point, and that's all where Donald Duck Trump is right now.&lt;br /&gt;
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If that's the Dystopian Future you want, go for it. But with Presidential Governor De Santis, that will be avoid and Conservatives win.[[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 00:29, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:I don't know how you come up with any of that. It's a cooked poll that comes up the message that a supposed majority don't want either to run, rather than &amp;quot;Trump indictments kill chances&amp;quot;, which is the news they'd like to run. And they can't say &amp;quot;Majority don't want Biden to run.&amp;quot; It's a cooked poll that says, &amp;quot;Majority want DeSantis-Newsom ticket&amp;quot;. Look at the timing of release. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:25, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And the AP Poll: &amp;quot;64% of Americans will not vote for Trump in 2024: Poll Results&amp;quot;? [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:31, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:That's not news. It's programmed talking points for the swamp. &lt;br /&gt;
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:(ec) It's a script. None of this is spontaneous or random. They all follow a script.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Look at [https://www.reddit.com/media?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpreview.redd.it%2Fsome-of-the-documents-leaked-by-teixeira-were-completely-v0-0c6sthfoj4ib1.png%3Fwidth%3D1080%26crop%3Dsmart%26auto%3Dwebp%26s%3D4514b0f77382f37cba6d09af0999309613bc23b6&amp;amp;rdt=36950 this script here], for erxample; Zelensky gets the message from his intel agencies, &amp;quot;Hey buddy, you are out.&amp;quot; So he has to keep his ear close to the ground to figure what day is the expiration date in 2024, come up with a cover story, buy the plane tickets and figure out his escape route, etc etc etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:So look at 2024 primary schedule. They all know where they are going to be on such-and-such a date. Press releases and polling results are scheduled in advance.  You seem to think this is random &amp;quot;news&amp;quot; that falls from heaven, like the rain. It isn't. It's programmed. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:37, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Election eve, 2016. The polls said Hillary was going to win with 64%. You need to lay your ideological blinders off and learn from your experience. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:41, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:'''Update:''' Here's your latest deep state headline: [https://rollcall.com/2023/08/24/trump-leverages-georgia-arrest-to-amplify-white-house-campaign/ Trump leverages Georgia arrest to amplify White House campaign]. IOWs, they need to plot their strategy for their next more. Look, Roll Call has two categories, &amp;quot;Politics&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Policy&amp;quot;. It's in &amp;quot;Policy&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;quot;Policy&amp;quot;, IOWs, it's the standing rules how everybody is suppose to handle a given situation going forward. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:47, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Look at this one: [https://rollcall.com/2023/08/15/newest-trump-indictment-leaves-lawmakers-repeating-themselves/ Newest Trump indictment leaves lawmakers repeating themselves]. It's a message to lawmakers, 'you're getting boring'. You don't see that kind of headline in MSM - all you see on MSM is lawmakers repeating themselves, whereas the enthusiasm is on Trump's side as he leverages the indictment. They are thrashing about for new ideas and a new PR strategy. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:56, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Reminder from 2016: Donald Duck Trump claimed Ted Cruz &amp;quot;stole&amp;quot; the Iowa Caucuses after losing to Cruz there ===&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;Trump accuses Cruz of ‘fraud,’ calls for new Iowa election&lt;br /&gt;
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By NICK GASS&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
02/03/2016 08:55 AM EST&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Updated: 02/03/2016 05:13 PM EST&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Donald Trump’s moment of humility didn’t last long. The billionaire businessman, still licking his wounds after a decisive loss in Iowa on Monday, is now crying foul, accusing Ted Cruz of stealing the election and calling for a do-over.&lt;br /&gt;
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After congratulating Cruz during his concession speech on Monday night, Trump took to Twitter on Wednesday morning to make the case for why his loss was a crock.&lt;br /&gt;
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“Ted Cruz didn’t win Iowa, he illegally stole it. That is why all of the polls were so wrong any [sic] why he got more votes than anticipated. Bad!” Trump tweeted Wednesday morning. The tweet disappeared within minutes of posting and was replaced by with another that no longer included the word “illegally.”&lt;br /&gt;
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He followed up with an ultimatum: “Based on the fraud committed by Senator Ted Cruz during the Iowa Caucus, either a new election should take place or Cruz results nullified,” he tweeted. Trump said later Wednesday that he’ll likely sue. “I probably will; what he did is unthinkable,” he said during an interview with Boston Herald Radio.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/trump-cruz-stole-iowa-tweet-deleted-218674 [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 00:32, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:These programmed stories will be published daily between now and November 2024.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:The reason the Dems came with no-name candidates like Carter in 1976, Clinton in 1992, Obama in 2008 is cause they were a blank slate. An unknown quantity. They had no baggage. When you run a known quantity like Hillary, Trump, Gore, etc. they carry baggage. This does not make the case for Desantis as long as Trump is willing to fight. &lt;br /&gt;
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:Now, you can argue the case that a DeSantis-Trump primary contest is like the 2008 Hillary-Obama contest where the dark horse beat the known incumbent. That may appeal to Democrats who are naive and like to gamble, but conservatives value experience. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:45, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Agreed. Conservatives should Value Good Experience, like that of running Record Budget Surpluses, not Bad Experience, like that of Raising National Debt by 8 Trillion Dollars. When De Santis becomes President, especially for Two Terms, he will solve America's Debt Problem.[[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:56, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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And yes, your 2008 analogy of Obama beating Clinton is a Good One, except De Santis has Credible Accomplishments Barry Obama never had.[[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:57, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:To speak with any authority on the $8 trillion debt, you're going to need a bit better understanding of [[economics]]. Anyone who cashed a $3,000 covid stimulus check is responsible for the debt increase. To try to pin it on Trump, if you're getting these talking points from the DeSantis camp, only makes you look like an opportunist. We are, after all, conservative Republicans, not idiot Democrats who fall for any line of BS. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 02:06, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Well, I'm an Investment Banker, so fairly Good at Economics. Next, it's an objective fact he raised it by 8 TN Dollars, while De Santis ran record Budget Surpluses: &amp;quot;TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – Today, Governor Ron DeSantis announced the surplus for Fiscal Year 2021-22 is $21.8 billion – the highest in state history and more than 21 percent above the state budget for the fiscal year. Collections in May were $742 million above estimates, and preliminary data for June collections are approximately $950 million above estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
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“Despite the headwinds created by the Biden administration’s policies, Florida is in a strong fiscal position because we preserved freedom and kept our economy open,” said Governor Ron DeSantis. “Our responsible policies have allowed us to make record investments to support our communities, promote education, protect the environment, and provide record tax relief for Floridians, all while building record reserves to protect the state against the reckless fiscal policies from Washington.” https://www.flgov.com/2022/07/07/governor-ron-desantis-announces-record-surplus-for-fiscal-year-2021-22/ Finally, the Buck stops with Trump. He was the President and should have done better. He also should have fired Fauci and reduced dependence on the CDC. He did some ok things. But De Santis is better than him. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 03:24, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Persistent budget surpluses aren't much more healthy than deficits. The government has to do something with that money, it has to buy assets and invest in something. It leads to a situation where the government eventually owns everything, like communism. Should be able to understand that. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:35, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Boom! Gov Ron De Santis now LEADS Trump in Vote Consideration ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Wow! Gov. Ron De Santis now actually LEADS Trump in Vote Consideration, i.e. Share of Republican Primary Voters considering voting for each Candidate now after the Debate versus before it happened.&lt;br /&gt;
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From: https://twitter.com/GiancarloSopo/status/1694802983085568003&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;Ron DeSantis won the debate. Among Republican primary voters who watched the debate:&lt;br /&gt;
#1. DeSantis was rated #1&lt;br /&gt;
#2 DeSantis now leads Trump by 6 pts in vote consideration&lt;br /&gt;
#3 DeSantis has the highest favorables among all candidates&lt;br /&gt;
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(Image in the Link). Those who can Post Images can post it here if they wish. Otherwise, you can click on the Twitter Link to read it. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 06:25, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:I can find polls that say Ramaswamy won the debate. It means nothing. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:36, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:And virtually no one says they won't vote for Trump cause he refused to debate. No matter how you measure it, it's tainted. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:38, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:You can't ignore the 800 lb. gorilla not in the room. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:39, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Please read carefully. De Santis was 63 before the Debate adn is 87.5% after it. Trump was 81.4% before it and is 66.2% after it. Can you please post the Graph Image as a Picture here so we can analyze it more? Imo, it was a mistake for Trump not to show up, but to each his own. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:13, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:It's tainted no matter how you cut it. The 40%+ frontrunner was not included. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:30, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== New Fox News Iowa Poll Post Debate - De Santis now in Statistical Dead Heat with Trump in one-on-one contest ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Wow! Amazing Bump for Pro-Life Hero and Conservative Christian Crusading Champion Gov. Ron De Santis from the Debate:&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;The Public Opinion Strategies poll also found DeSantis closing the gap against Trump in a head-to-head matchup, with '''DeSantis having 40% support to Trump's 43% post-debate.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''Pre-debate, DeSantis largely trailed with 34% compared to Trump's 51%.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.foxnews.com/politics/iowa-poll-shows-desantis-closing-gap-trump-after-first-republican-debate [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 03:37, August 27, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Trump was better than Clinton, sure, but that's a low bar. Clinton/Obama/Biden are like -100%. De Santis is like +100% when it comes to a Conservative Record and a Christian Life. De Santis-Trump-Clinton is like 100-0-neg 100. Yes, Trump&amp;gt;Clinton, but De Santis&amp;gt;Trump. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 04:05, August 27, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== De Santis already completes - with 4.5 months left - an Amazing 50 of Iowa's 99 Counties after Pledging/Promising to visit them all ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Here's yet another Proof Governor Ron De Santis keeps his Promises. When Ron De Santis promised to visit all of Iowa's 99 counties - and keep in mind he's still continuing his role as Florida's Amazingly Successful Governor, with an economy ranked no. 1, and with people shouting &amp;quot;2 more years&amp;quot; when he won re-election because they wanted him to run for President as well, as he's doing - many were skeptical. They thought he couldn't follow through. But he has. In the below video, De Santis mentions he's half way there with 4.5 months left. 50 of 99 counties.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;This is our 50th County in Iowa ... so we're halfway home, and we're having fun doing it&amp;quot;. https://youtu.be/IgQnf0DRAHo [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 06:16, August 27, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Oh, so he's taking a page out of the [[Grassley]] playbook. Can you say, &amp;quot;machine politics&amp;quot;? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:09, August 27, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== Reminder: In Dec 2022, Governor Ron De Santis was CRUSHING Trump by 23 Points ==&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;In a new poll regarding potential Republican nominees for president in 2024, the Florida governor, Ron DeSantis, led Donald Trump by 23 points.&amp;quot; https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/dec/14/first-thing-ron-desantis-takes-huge-lead-over-trump-in-republican-poll&lt;br /&gt;
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The only reason De Santis' measurable support declined a bit is because (1) De Santis was too focused on the Actual Hard Work of Governing rather than enjoying himself doing nothing or just campaigning - you know, like Trump raising the Debt by 8 TN Dollars, while De Santis ran Record Budget Surpluses - that Governing. (2) And because, the Press started their fake narrative that De Santis could not win. And also (3) because Trump attacked De Santis, but De Santis mistakenly didn't Punch Back (later he did) initially. I'd have advised him to.&lt;br /&gt;
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Just wait and watch. Let the Debates pass and let's see how the candidates do. By Dec 2023, De Santis could well be leading again. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:38, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Yep. It shows the [[corruption]], influence, and [[brainwashing]] big money can bring into the alleged &amp;quot;democratic&amp;quot; process. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:41, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Nope, that was his Excellent Record delivering Budget Surpluses, fighting the Woke Left, being Pro-Life, Anti-Fauci, Pro-Freedom etc that did that. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:04, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:And it's all been downhill since. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 11:15, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== CNBC: Trump holds big lead in new Iowa poll, but DeSantis and Scott see paths to victory ===&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;KEY POINTS&lt;br /&gt;
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Former President Donald Trump holds a double-digit lead over Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis in a major new poll of likely Republican caucusgoers in Iowa.But the Des Moines Register/NBC News/Mediacom poll also found that a majority of respondents were still undecided as to who they will support, leaving a door open for Trump’s rivals.The poll was released days before the first Republican primary debate and the same week Trump is required to surrender to authorities in Georgia, where he faces more than dozen felony counts ...&lt;br /&gt;
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But Trump’s advantage is still not ironclad, according to the joint survey conducted by the Des Moines Register, NBC News and Mediacom. Fully 52% of respondents said they had not yet decided who they would support, while 40% said they were certain.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/21/trump-leads-desantis-in-iowa-poll-ahead-of-first-republican-debate.html [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 15:41, August 21, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== De Santis' Record on Conservative Judges in Florida ===&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;He added, &amp;quot;And in Florida, I inherited a very liberal state supreme court, maybe the most liberal in the country, very activist. But I was able to replace three of the four liberals my first month in office with conservative justices. I've since been able to make a number of appointments since then. So we now have the most conservative state supreme court in the country. And so I think we have a really good track record on doing that.:https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/world/news/desantis-says-he-has-respect-for-trumps-3-supreme-court-appointees-but-theyre-no-thomas-or-alito-well-do-better-than-that/articleshow/100947146.cms [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 19:02, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Fox: DeSantis campaign boasts endorsements, latest poll numbers as signs of momentum in Iowa ===&lt;br /&gt;
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De Santis is doing extremely well in Iowa, despite the Fake News Media trying to create a Fake Narrative to the contrary. The below proves it.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis has received a historic 40 endorsements from Iowa state legislators, his campaign says&lt;br /&gt;
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Republican presidential candidate Ron DeSantis' campaign is boasting of endorsements and the latest poll numbers as signaling growing ground support in Iowa. &lt;br /&gt;
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DeSantis’ team said he’s received a historic 40 endorsements from state legislators and has a total of 120 county-level chairs supporting him – at least one in each of the state’s 99 counties. That’s the most of any candidate in the race, DeSantis campaign spokeswoman Carly Atchison told Fox News Digital. &lt;br /&gt;
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The Florida governor — just months away from Iowa caucus day — also has more than 10,000 Iowans committed to caucus for him, representing one-fifth of the total Iowans who caucused for former presidential candidate Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, when Cruz won the Iowa caucuses in 2016 ...&lt;br /&gt;
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Despite having more than $20 million spent against him, DeSantis is still viewed as favorable by two-thirds of likely caucus-goers, the highest favorability of any candidate in the field, according to a new Des Moines Register/NBC News/Mediacom Iowa Poll of 406 likely Republican caucus-goers conducted Aug. 13-17 ...&lt;br /&gt;
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The Des Moines Register poll shows 66% of respondents viewed DeSantis favorably, compared to 29% who saw him as unfavorable. This was ahead of the current frontrunner, former President Donald Trump, who was viewed as favorable by 65% of respondents. &lt;br /&gt;
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DeSantis is also the first choice, second choice or being actively considered by 61% of likely caucus-goers, just slightly behind the 63% of respondents who said the same for Trump. No other candidate has broken out of single digits.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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From: https://www.foxnews.com/politics/desantis-campaign-boasts-endorsements-latest-poll-numbers-sign-momentum-iowa [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:44, August 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Nishant, gotta hand it to you, you beat out ''Roll Call'' magazine by two weeks with this one: [https://rollcall.com/2023/08/23/desantis-touts-iowa-kingmaker-whose-picks-werent-nominated/ DeSantis touts Iowa ‘kingmaker’ whose picks weren’t nominated]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:08, August 24, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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==No one is talking about China, India, Democrats, the 2024 election or election betting markets, or the oil industry in this thread==&lt;br /&gt;
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:::The market for Russian oil sales to China/India is probably the decisive factor as Russia uses this to fund the war. &lt;br /&gt;
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:::Noone can reliably forecast the Chinese economy in the short to midterm given the opaqueness of the Chinese system. &lt;br /&gt;
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:::Given the Biden administration's malpractice in terms of foreign policy, the sad part of this whole debacle is that it's a toss-up of whether the Democrats are thrown out of the White House in the next election with the betting markets saying the Democrats have a 54% chance of winning in 2024.[https://electionbettingodds.com/PresidentialParty2024.html]. &lt;br /&gt;
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:::This might be the key to the war and it has to do with the American oil industry: “It’s perhaps less about the administration in power and more about the entrepreneurial nature of the oil industry,” said Matt Smith, Kpler’s lead oil analyst of the Americas.[https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/09/business/oil-production-biden-trump/index.html] Maybe the war will depend on some entrepreneurial breakthrough in the oil industry which will lower the price of oil in the world. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 22:29, August 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::Russia has to fund this war for it to continue. Oil/gas prices are an important component as far as the future of this war since a substantial part of the Russian economy is in the oil/gas industry. &lt;br /&gt;
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::::So regardless of whether someone brought this up, it's very relevant. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 23:42, August 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately for Russia, world crude oil prices are substantially down from the May 2022 peak as can be seen [https://www.google.com/search?q=oil+prices&amp;amp;oq=oil+prices+&amp;amp;aqs=chrome..69i57j0i67i131i433i650j0i131i433i512j0i67i650j0i131i433i512j0i512j0i131i433i512j69i60.2807j0j4&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8 HERE].  [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 23:48, August 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:We've heard this same noise out of you at least 365 times over the past year. Can't you ever come up with something new and interesting? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 23:55, August 22, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;Iraqi Oil Minister’s Ankara visit raises hopes for resuming halted exports, potentially easing OPEC+ supply crunch.&lt;br /&gt;
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::Chinese economic woes exert downward pressure on oil prices, despite Beijing’s recent moderate rate cut.&lt;br /&gt;
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::J.P.Morgan analysts underline China’s slipping demand for mobility fuels, another damper on oil prices.&amp;quot;[https://www.fxempire.com/forecasts/article/oil-prices-forecast-opec-production-cuts-tested-by-iraqs-resumption-1369608]&lt;br /&gt;
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::And its going to be hard for Russia to diversify its civilian economy from an overreliance on oil/gas during the war because it is spending more on guns which will decrease its ability to spend on butter. See: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_versus_butter_model Guns vs. Butter model]. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 00:03, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::bla bla bla. So far you've posted about 1,500 bytes to disrupt an ongoing discussion. Have some courtesy toward other users, please. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 00:06, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::Hint: In a [[geopolitical]] discussion, the object is to zero-in and focus on specifics, not to spread it out with irrelevant subjects like China, India, or US elections in an effort to make yourself sound (or convince yourself) that you are informed or intelligent. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 00:35, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::And we know where your whole conversation is going: &amp;quot;If only a Republican is elected in the next election, there will be peace&amp;quot;, along with other assorted [[jingoism]]. Meanwhile, between now and November 2024, another 180,000 Ukrainian soldiers could be killed, but who gives a crap, huh? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 00:38, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::It's the entrepreneurial activity in the West in the energy industry that is going to hurt the ability of the Russians to fund this war. I cite: [https://archive.md/ADbZV#selection-101.5-101.64 The Five-Year Engineering Feat Germany Pulled Off in Months as far as its natural gas facilities].&lt;br /&gt;
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::::Step by step Russia's ability to fund this war will be diminished via Western entrepreneurial activity in the energy industry. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 00:44, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::::You post the same tired old junk all the time. Don't forget your [[Narcissism|narcissitic]] boast of having defeated internet atheism single handedly. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:05, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
I recall ALWAYS saying that I merely assisted Christendom. I challenge you to find a quote that shows otherwise. He who asserts must prove! The ball is in your court. I doubt you will get it over the net. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 01:28, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Huh? Aren't you the guy who single handedly defeated [[internet atheism]]? We've heard it a thousand times. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:35, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::If you are telling the truth, then it should be easy for you to find a quote. All I hear is crickets! Feel to engage in [[last wordism]] though. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 01:38, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:(ec) But you didn't rest on your laurels. No. Next you took on Ratioanalwikians [[carbohydrate]] intake and French Fry eating. Now you've set your sights on Russia. Vladimir Putin is quaking in his boots. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:40, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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::What is [[Narcissism]] anyway? Is it keeping your user talk page clean and holy and too [[pride|proud]] to bend down and talk to others? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:32, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::''I recall ALWAYS saying that I merely assisted Christendom.''&lt;br /&gt;
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::Two &amp;quot;I&amp;quot;s in one sentence. Rather narcissistic, isn't it? I'm sure [[God]] is grateful to you for your assistance to Christianity, as well. I wasn't aware God needed help until you stepped up to volunteer.  If God doesn't recognize and reward you for your narcissism, let me thank you, instead. Where would God and the world be without your assistance to Christianity? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 07:59, August 23, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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==GOP/Fox News debate aftermath==&lt;br /&gt;
=== National Review reviews Nikki Haley's Debate Performance: a word on Trump too and why chances are that he'll lose to Biden===&lt;br /&gt;
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Nikki Haley continues to look Good as a Prospective VP Candidate. In this: https://twitter.com/GiancarloSopo/status/1694802983085568003&lt;br /&gt;
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While De Santis is now top by that Metric of Overall Vote Consideration, Nikki Haley had the largest debate movement (from 30.2% to 46.7%)&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;We have to look at the fact that three-quarters of Americans don’t want a rematch between Trump and Biden,” she averred. “And we have to face the fact that Trump is the most disliked politician in America. We can’t win a general election that way.” Maybe Trump is not “the most disliked politician in America,” but if his favorability ratings are any indication, he comes close — certainly more than any other candidate on that debate stage. And when she hit the spin room in the debate’s wake, Haley bravely reminded Republicans that Donald Trump will be too consumed with his upcoming civil and criminal trials to run an effective national campaign. Trump is “going to spend more time in a courtroom next year than he is campaigning,” she said. “We have to be realistic about that.” Haley is absolutely right. GOP voters may be inclined to shoot the messenger, but the circumstances she describes are inevitable now. If Trump is the party’s nominee, they will only frustrate the already difficult task of unseating an incumbent president.&amp;quot; https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/08/nikki-haley-treats-you-like-an-adult/ [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:37, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:[https://www.leefang.com/p/nikki-haleys-sudden-wealth-rooted Nikki Haley's Sudden Wealth Rooted in Weapons Industry, Pro-War Advocacy Network]. The former U.N. ambassador went from virtually no savings in 2017 to a small fortune in part from defense contracting and war advocacy ties. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:44, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Now, the only way this can be refuted is to say she lied on disclosure forms. I don't see why another minute should be spent on her. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:47, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Who cares what her positions or ideology are? She willing it sell it out for money and career advancement. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 12:48, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===More signs of Momentum Post-Debate: &amp;quot;DeSantis reports raising more than $1 million as Republicans hope for post-debate boosts&amp;quot;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
COLUMBIA, S.C. (AP) — '''Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis says he got a $1 million cash bump after Wednesday night’s presidential debate.&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
That amount came in over the first 24 hours after DeSantis and seven other contenders met onstage in Milwaukee, according to his campaign.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In a statement to The Associated Press, campaign manager James Uthmeier said that '''DeSantis “showed Wednesday night that he is a proven leader who will deliver results as president, and we are thrilled with the flood of support we have received since his debate victory.”'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
https://apnews.com/article/republican-debate-2024-campaign-fundraising-8c8e1cc6cf4d0085ba34143c2e09c952 [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 03:51, August 27, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:This reminds me of the Ukraine military occupying territory the Russians vacated as signs of an &amp;quot;offensive&amp;quot;, or Biden claiming &amp;quot;jobs growth&amp;quot; for jobs previously lost during the pandemic. Regaining ground you previously lost isn't really &amp;quot;momentum&amp;quot;, a &amp;quot;victory&amp;quot;, or &amp;quot;growth&amp;quot;. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 13:21, August 27, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Hallelujah! Christian Conservative Champion Ron De Santis Gains 8 Points in National Polls post Winning Debate Performance ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Florida Governor Ron DeSantis is on the rebound in the race for the White House after his strong showing in this week’s GOP debate, climbing 8 points among Republicans in a new national poll.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The InsiderAdvantage survey of likely Republican primary and caucus voters found the Florida governor at 18% in the GOP presidential contest — a sharp gain from the 10% he notched in the days ahead of Wednesday’s first debate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another debate winner was Nikki Haley, the poll showed, who more than doubled her support – from 5% to 11% – on her forceful performance, while biotech millionaire Vivek Ramaswamy held steady at 7%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“DeSantis performed well in the debate and I think at times looked like the most presidential candidate on the stage,” political consultant Ryan Girdusky said. “The biggest issues Republican voters are thinking about this cycle are crime, immigration, and the economy and on all three issues, DeSantis was far better than the rest of the field.”&lt;br /&gt;
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https://nypost.com/2023/08/26/ron-desantis-on-the-rebound-as-trump-touts-lead-over-biden/ [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 03:36, August 29, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Massive 260,000 Russian Losses in 1.5 Years of Putin's War ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I'd not been following this page for some time, but showed up on my feed today. This page is a Government Account, and it has been consistently and periodically updated from the beginning of the War. It is certainly a Credible Source, though Kremlin-backers won't like it. Of course, if it showed 26,000 instead of 260,000, they might like it, but facts are facts, and facts show Russia is losing many men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;“People protect what they love.”&lt;br /&gt;
Jacques Yves Cousteau&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total combat losses of the enemy from February 24, 2022 to August 25, 2023:&amp;quot; [Image in the Link]&lt;br /&gt;
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https://twitter.com/DefenceU/status/1694958363384127781 [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:09, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:It's bs. Russia KIA is about 40,000, Ukrainian 180,000+. I'm giving a 4.5 :1 kill ratio, but it's easily 5:1, and realistically more like 7:1.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Just count the ratio of artillery shells fired, and translate that into deaths for verification. There are other ways, too. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Since the start of the war, Kyiv has lied (beginning with the ghost of Kyiv). Those casualty figures all come from Kyiv, and repeated unquestioningly by Western MSM. In contrast, Moscow knows it's at a disadvantage in the propaganda war, so it has built and guarded its credibility closely. Moscow reports the casualty figures it gives out on Ukrainian KIA it picks up from front line radio intercepts, and there is no reason to doubt them. &lt;br /&gt;
:The Russians are very experienced at war, much more than the West. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:18, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::[https://youtu.be/dOiMePbAJnU Douglas Macgregor - Russia has 750,000 Troops Surrounding The Stronghold.]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 22:49, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Again, it's all programmed. Kyiv is losing public support from the West, and the soldiers and public are demoralized. So they have to release these figures in response to the latest CNN poll on American popular support for funding.&lt;br /&gt;
:All along, on virtually everything, Kyiv and the West have used projection - ascribing to Russia their own actions and results. There is solid evidence of 260,000 Ukrainians dead and wounded, maybe even twice as much; some now are saying Ukraine has in excess of 200,000 dead. Whatever the kill rate, multiply by 3 or 4 the casualties, most of which are permanent and will never return to combat. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:27, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Russia claimed that before too, but then they did a Major Mobilization. They wouldn't have to do that if they hadn't lost many Soldiers. There's hardly any appetite in Russia for a Further Mobilization. It remains that Putin will, in 1 or 2 years, have to leave Ukraine. It's happened before and no Reason it can't happen again. This doesn't have to break out to WWIII. America left Iraq and both America and Russia left Afghanistan. When Nations realize they can't win, they go home, start over and focus on resolving domestic problems. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:28, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;It seems the Kremlin has largely given up on gathering troops for its war in Ukraine through mobilization. Likely because Russia's leadership remains fearful of a domestic political backlash. Instead, they have been upping efforts in recent months to encourage men to sign up voluntarily and serve as contract soldiers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That said, Putin is keeping the mobilization option open just in case — his first mobilization decree remains legally in force.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/04/06/anything-but-more-mobilization-russias-stealthy-push-to-find-more-soldiers-a80732 [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:32, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Oh yes, the Russian casualty rate has increased in the past 3 or 4 months, true. They lost maybe 24,000 KIA in the first 14 months, and probably 10,000 to 12,000 since May of this year. The Russians have gone from under 100 dead and wounded daily to over 100 this summer; Kyiv right now is losing an average of 700 daily, up from 500 it has been losing since June of 2022 continuously. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:39, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:Again ''Moscow Times'' is a CIA front. Please stop posting it. Thanks. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:40, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;quot;It seems the Kremlin has largely given up on gathering troops&amp;quot;, ahh, don't think so. They only 700,000 troops standing at the ready just outside the warzone now, and are mobilizing another 1.5 million. Sometime I may go into Russian mobilization processes (think of cellular mitosis).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Ukraine really only has about a 40,000 man effective fighting force left; it has no reserves. The rest are conscripts of untrained, ill equipped teenage boys and men over 50 who do not want to fight, and the Russians get no joy out of killing as the sadists in NATO and Kyiv keep sending them forward. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:46, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Huge Decline in the Value of the Russian Ruble: now worth about 1 cent ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;This is THE INDICATOR FROM PLANET MONEY. I'm Paddy Hirsch.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
WAILIN WONG, HOST:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And I'm Wailin Wong. A Russian ruble today is worth about 1 cent. That's the lowest value it's had against the dollar since March of 2022.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
HIRSCH: And this is a big deal for the Russian people, right? It means the cost of goods is rising and contributing to overall inflation. It's also a big deal for the Russian government and the central bank because it makes observers think they aren't really capable of controlling their currency. But it's a really big deal for Russia's president, Vladimir Putin.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1195733556 [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:00, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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When are you going to go home, Vladimir Putin? For the Love of God, stop killing Ukrainians in their Home Country and go back to your own Home, i.e. Russia. Your own people will surely thank you for it later on if you do. If not, Ukrainians will keep fighting for their Country, and Good People everywhere who know it's a Christian and Moral Obligation to assist the defenseless in ways that we can will keep justly condemning it and spreading awareness of your wrongs. Putin has no winning strategy here: economically, the War can only end one way. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:03, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:Oh wow. Now [[NPR]] is going to educate us. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:38, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:The global economy is in a transitionary phase that will affect global politics for the next 30 years. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:41, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::The global economy is always changing and transitioning. No breaking news there. Make some actual arguments using evidence and logical arguments. Offering vague generalities and responding to your debate opponents with statements like &amp;quot;meaningless&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;blah blah blah&amp;quot; is totally embarrassing. If you're losing a debate badly, show some dignity and concede or remain silent. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 10:53, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As for the Economy - this isn't an issue pertaining to the &amp;quot;Global Economy&amp;quot;. It's a harmful effect of Putin's Kremlin's War for Russia's&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I have a different Vision: It's July 2026. De Santis has won big, America stops promoting the Woke Agenda, and instead promotes Jesus Christ and His Cause of Pro-Life, first in America itself, then around the world beginning with Europe and becomes Righteous again. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, as for Russia, which I love, because of its people's love for Jesus and Mary despite some errors, either Putin goes and Navalny or some other Good Leader leads them to friendly relations with America and Europe, or Putin at least withdraws troops, and US-Russia relations improve. Patriarch Kirill has blamed the West for spreading Pro-LGBT Liberal Values, one reason I support a President De Santis who won't. I agree America should not promote Atheistic, Sodomy, Woke, LGBT &amp;quot;Values&amp;quot;, and Christian Values instead. I also have pointed out before Pro-Life Americans and Pro-Life Clergy in the Russian Church have worked together before, showing that that is possible. But for that to happen, Russia should go back to its own Vast Territory (it is an Amazingly Large Country), reflect on the War, realize this is what Radical Islamists and other Enemies of Europe and Christendom want, and stop it. Then, Pro-Life Conservatives Universally unite. [[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 10:55, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/powell-pushes-dollar-longest-weekly-202840455.html Powell Pushes Dollar to Longest Weekly Win Streak in 15 Months]. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 18:03, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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Given Russia's small economy, not even 1/10th as Large as America's, it is Anything but Meaningless. It shows the War is not sustainable.[[User:NishantXavier|NishantXavier]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:NishantXavier|For Christ the King]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:33, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Personal attack on another editor===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Hide collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|reason=Personal attack and trolling&lt;br /&gt;
|content=::RobSmith's rejoinder: &amp;quot;Meaningless&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::What a sad and pathetic rejoinder. Denialism and [[cognitive dissonance]] is strong in RobSmith. And he is not telling the truth. Russian budget's oil and gas revenues fell by 47% to 3.38 trillion roubles ($37.4 billion) in the first half of the year from the same period in 2022 '''is definitely not meaningless.''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::And not only oil and gas revenues down, but the ruble has also seen a big decline. So if people pay for Russian gas and oil in rubles, Russia makes less money. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 08:46, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:I just don't have time to go into the exchange rates and the expansion of [[BRICS]] in response to bs Reuters headline. And you, Mr. Geopolitical, expert should be well enough informed with enough brains to figure that out for yourself.  [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 08:49, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::Russian funds a LOT of its war effort through the sales of Russian oil and gas. So if its oil and gas revenues have decreased by half in 2023 that is significant. Deny this fact and lose all credibility. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::And on top of this, China buys a significant portion of Russia's oil/gas and China is experiencing more and more economic difficulties. See: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fJSS4_lTqA China is in a heap of economic trouble, says Michelle Caruso-Cabrera] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cdhz-VRRB_8 Why China Is on the Brink of Its Biggest Crisis in Decades] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kquW7xzJGGY The Four Big Structural Forces Holding Back China's Economy]. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:00, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::[https://cointelegraph.com/news/gold-backed-brics-currency-very-hard-to-deliver-lyn-alden Gold-backed BRICS currency will be ‘very hard’ to deliver: Lyn Alden]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:::“Backing a fractional-reserve banking system with gold only works temporarily, because the currency units multiply more quickly than the gold does&amp;quot;.[https://cointelegraph.com/news/gold-backed-brics-currency-very-hard-to-deliver-lyn-alden] [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:04, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::::The BRICS future expansion is less appealing to Brazil and India because they do not want the BRICS club to be more China-centric due to pro-China members increasing. In addition, Brazil and India do they want BRICS to become a very overt rival to the West, with which they have better relations than do with China or Russia. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::More importantly, two of the key cornerstone members of BRICS, namely Russia and China, are likely headed for economic decline in coming years and we are seeing signs of the economic decline of these two nations happening right now. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::I guess you can argue that BRICS Lilliputians will someday overcome the Western Gulliver if BRICS expands, but even if this is true, it will take a long time and it will not happen overnight - especially with the BRICS two key members of China and Russia likely experiencing big financial problems in the future.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::::And the USA is a lot more dynamic than Europe so even if the West declines, this doesn't mean that the USA will decline as the USA could strengthen its economic and diplomatic ties outside of Europe. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:25, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:::::bla bla bla. Take two minutes to prove you have any understanding about anything other than spamming talk pages with nonsense and maybe I'll read it. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:36, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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:[https://rumble.com/v38htg9-inhuman-experiments-carried-out-by-ukrainian-doctors-in-a-maternity-hospita.html Add this to one of your propaganda Essays, and tell me why YouTube censors it]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:48, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[https://rumble.com/v39m2zp-one-year-on-since-the-murder-of-daria-dugina.html or this one. Mike Jones is speaking directly to you]. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 09:50, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
::Saying &amp;quot;meaningless&amp;quot; to NishantXavier and &amp;quot;blah blah blah&amp;quot; to me are not evidential and reasonable arguments. You have been utterly defeated and have crawled into your &amp;quot;[https://www.flickr.com/photos/shell_belle/1123262803/ intellectual bunny hole]&amp;quot;. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:54, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:::bla bla bla. Meaningless. Ole Ole Ole. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 19:22, August 25, 2023 (EDT)}}&lt;br /&gt;
::::NishantXavier, do you think the ruble will go lower? If so, how long do you think the ruble will go? [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]])&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ruble 8-26-2023.jpg|thumbnail|center|1000px|Chart of the currency exchange between the Russian ruble to dollars from December 5, 2003 to August 26, 2023]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.marketwatch.com/story/russian-ruble-slides-to-16-month-low-against-u-s-dollar-as-capital-flight-shrinking-trade-surplus-bite-90c2cfbc?mod=search_headline Russian ruble slides to 16-month low against U.S. dollar as capital flight, shrinking trade surplus bite], Marketwatch, August 14, 2023&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There's no telling on how low the Russian ruble may go as the war in Ukraine drags on. [[John Joseph Mearsheimer]] thinks the war could drag on for a very a long time. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 01:12, August 26, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:How long will the war in Ukraine last..PNG]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 01:21, August 26, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
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== A pervert's map of America ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:How trannies see America.png|thumb|right|thumb|right|Florida has been getting pretty rough on trannies lately, according to this map.]]Have you ever wondered what perverts think of America? Me neither! As far as I am concerned, they can take it to Russia if they don't like it. But they want to tell us all about it anyway. Here is a map from &amp;quot;[https://jacobin.com/2023/08/transphobia-us-state-legislation-migration Anti-Trans Bills Are Sweeping the US]&amp;quot; in ''Jacobin.'' The takeaway is that perverts don't like Florida Governor Ron DeSantis for some reason. In fact, his state is in whole other category. [[User:PeterKa|PeterKa]] ([[User talk:PeterKa|talk]]) 21:12, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
:This map belongs in his bio, with a blurb to add context. He may use it to boost his campaign. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:RobSmith|''Give Peace a Chance!'']]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 21:49, August 25, 2023 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Anupam</name></author>
	</entry>
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