Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Mystery:Did Jesus Build the Loretto Spiral Staircase?

2026-11-10T03:15:31Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* That is a mighty big claim */

=That is a mighty big claim=

The fact that it is a engineering marvel doesn't mean that someone didn't do it.

This boarders on, but being a Roman Catholic chapel makes it directly relic veneration and tourism (from which Rome has historically benefited immensly); at one point relic veneration and tourism single handedly saved the city after it had near vanished off the map with its population decimated by disease and economy in tatters).

Edward Gibbon records:

<center>
'''"The Romans were attracted to the tombs of the martyrs and apostles; and the bishops of Rome converted the pious offerings of the pilgrims into a source of wealth and magnificence."'''

'''"The claims of superstition were transformed into the instruments of policy and interest; the object of religious pilgrims was to visit the tombs of the apostles and martyrs..."'''</center>

If we simply assert everything that should attract enquiry and scientific processes into a matter of faith, the mind is dulled by the abrigation of due processes. It is also sufficient at times to simply say: "I don't have enough data."

The question I would like to ask is: '''"Who benefits from this claim?"''' and the answer is vasty similar to the history above.

In some ways it is little different from the Muslims telling the story of Abraham levitating on a stone near the Kabbla as he used it to aid his construction of the temple. And no, none of us were there to say what actually happend and perform scientific processes, but some skepticism is healthy.

Regards, --[[User:AnthonyPvanDuyn|AnthonyPvanDuyn]] ([[User talk:AnthonyPvanDuyn|talk]]) 22:02, November 9, 2026 (EST)

Talk:Mystery:Did Jesus Build the Loretto Spiral Staircase?

2026-11-10T03:08:50Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* That is a mighty big claim */

=That is a mighty big claim=

The fact that it is a engineering marvel doesn't mean that someone didn't do it.

This boarders on Roman Catholic relic veneration and tourism (from which Rome has historically benefited immensly); at one point relic veneration and tourism single handedly saved the city after it had near vanished off the map with its population decimated by disease and economy in tatters).

Edward Gibbon records:

<center>
'''"The Romans were attracted to the tombs of the martyrs and apostles; and the bishops of Rome converted the pious offerings of the pilgrims into a source of wealth and magnificence."'''

'''"The claims of superstition were transformed into the instruments of policy and interest; the object of religious pilgrims was to visit the tombs of the apostles and martyrs..."'''</center>

If we simply assert everything that should attract enquiry and scientific processes into a matter of faith, the mind is dulled by the abrigation of due processes. It is also sufficient at times to simply say: "I don't have enough data."

The question I would like to ask is: "Who benefits from this claim?" and the answer is vasty similar to the history above.

Regards, --[[User:AnthonyPvanDuyn|AnthonyPvanDuyn]] ([[User talk:AnthonyPvanDuyn|talk]]) 22:02, November 9, 2026 (EST)

Talk:Mystery:Did Jesus Build the Loretto Spiral Staircase?

2026-11-10T03:06:57Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* That is mighty big claim */ typo

=That is a mighty big claim=

The fact that it is a engineering marvel doesn't mean that someone didn't do it.

This boarders on Roman Catholic relic veneration and tourism (from which Rome has historically benefited immensly); at one point relic veneration and tourism single handedly saved the city after it had near vanished off the map with its population decimated by disease and economy in tatters).

<center>
"The Romans were attracted to the tombs of the martyrs and apostles; and the bishops of Rome converted the pious offerings of the pilgrims into a source of wealth and magnificence."

"The claims of superstition were transformed into the instruments of policy and interest; the object of religious pilgrims was to visit the tombs of the apostles and martyrs..."</center>

If we simply assert everything that should attract enquiry and scientific processes into a matter of faith, the mind is dulled by the abrigation of due processes. It is also sufficient at times to simply say: "I don't have enough data."

The question I would like to ask is: "Who benefits from this claim?" and the answer is vasty similar to the history above.

Regards, --[[User:AnthonyPvanDuyn|AnthonyPvanDuyn]] ([[User talk:AnthonyPvanDuyn|talk]]) 22:02, November 9, 2026 (EST)

User:AnthonyPvanDuyn

2026-11-10T03:04:50Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn:

I am a history buff with a particular eye to prophetic interactions. My library is filled with original sources and my hobby is logically pouring over them and discussion that follows thereafter each discovery or challenge. I have basically taken the approach of adding references (mostly original source) to the list below as I go; if we all did that we would have some really great material and eventually have some great resources. We might even get some fresh insights ;)

I maintain my own BitChute channel "The New Loud Cry".

Compoundingly I have a family with six children. If that wasn't enough I have a bricks and mortar retail / service business on a significant city's waterfront esplanade in the tropical far north regions of Australia.

I started editing Conservapedia after a particular run-in with the editors at Wikipedia who were solely interested in maintaining their point of view regardless of the evidence and sources; meanwhile they would accuse my very well referenced work of being 'Original Research' while they maintained their position by twisting authors words to be different from what was written in context! Thus I decided it was pointless as the staff at ''The Ministry of Truth'' were too active in their use of the ''Memory Hole''.

=Major Edits to Date=
* Created page [[Ahasuerus]] with MAJOR work and referencing
* Created page [[Essay: Date of Jesus Crucifixion]]
* Created page [[Commentary: Daniel 11, Anthony's Historicist Study Aid]] (+25,000 words, lifetime of study)
* Created page [[Cambyses II]] as a stub
* Created page [[Belshazzar]] as a stub
* Created page [[Cyropaedia]]
* Created page [[Darius the Mede]] with significant work
* Created page [[Behistun (inscription)]]
* Created page [[Cyaxares I]] as a stub
* Created page [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]].
* Created page [[Nidintu-Bel]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Naditabaira]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Nebuchadnezzar III]] originally as a redirection but turned into main article
* Ported page [[Cyrus]] to [[Cyrus II the Great]]
* Created page [[Crestonaean]]
* Created page [[Sigynnae]]
* Created page [[Otanes]]
* Created page [[Triballi]]
* Majorly overhauled [[Gypsies]] and redirected page [[Sigynnae]] to [[Gypsies]]
* Created page [[Nabonidas]] as a stub then as a redirection to [[Nabonidus]]
* Created page [[Labynetus]] as a redirection to [[Nabonidus]]
* Created page [[Pope John I]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Philapator]] as a significant article
* Reworked the entire article for [[Arianism]]
* Created page [[Semiramis]] with significant content and references
* Created page [[Victoria (goddess)]]
* Created page [[Sisithrus]] as a redirection page to [[Noah]]
* Created page [[Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period]]
* Major rework and expansion of page [[Justin Martyr]]
* Created page [[Cochome]]
* Created page [[Cambridge Ancient History]]
* Created page [[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]
* Created page [[Oliver Cormwell]]
* Created page [[Duke of Savoy]]
* Created page [[Punctuation Guide]]
* Created pages [[Em-dash]], [[En-dash]] and [[Hyphen]] as feeds into the [[Punctuation Guide]]
* Created page [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Justus Jonas]]
* Created page [[Dionysius (disambiguation)]]
* Created page [[Dionysius the Areopagite]]
* Created page [[Esdras (disambiguation)]]
* Created page [[Andreas Karlstadt]]
* Created page [[National Archives and Records Administration]]
* Created page [[William J. Stone]]
* Created page [[Naaman]]
* Created page [[The Institute for the Works of Religion]] with redirection pages of [[IOR]] and [[Vatican Bank]]
* Created page [[Sol Invictus]]
* Created page [[Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius]]
* Created page [[Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation]]
* Created page [[Jakob Schenk]]
* Created page [[Chancel]]
* Created page [[Jean-Henri Merle d’Aubigné]]
* Created page [[The Table-Talk of Martin Luther]] and a redirection page [[Table Talk (Luther)]]
* Created page [[Zeno]] having ported away the original contents to [[Zeno of Elea]]
* Created page [[Anastasius I Dicorus]]
* Created page [[Battle of Raphia]]
* Created page [[Forklift Truck]] and matching redirection page [[Forklift]] with significant artwork generation.
* Created page [[Antipater I of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Antipater]]
* Created page [[Albert Barnes (theologian)]] with matching redirection page of [[Albert Barnes]]
* Created page [[Matthew Poole]]
* Created page [[Pulpit Commentary]]
* Created page [[Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges]]
* Created page [[Joseph Benson]]
* Created page [[Dianna (goddess)]]
* Created page [[Diadem]]
* Created page [[Erich S. Gruen]]
* Created page [[Justin I]]
* Created page [[Caesar's civil war]]
* Rewrote [[Transliteration]] as stub was competely wrong and added [[Transliterated]] and [[Transliterate]] as redirection pages.
* Created page [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
* Created page [[Harvard University Press]]
* Created page [[Loeb Classical Library]]
* Created page [[Perseus Digital Library]]
* Created page [[William Heinemann]]
* Created page [[Romulus[[
* Created page [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio]]

==Conservapedia's Original Source Project==
===Created Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel===
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 1]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 2]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 3]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 4]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 5]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 6]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 7]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 8]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 9]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 10]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 11]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 12]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 13]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 14]]

===Created Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk===
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 00]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 01]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 02]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 03]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 04]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 05]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 06]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 07]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 08]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 09]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 10]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 11]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 12]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 13]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 14]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 15]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 16]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 17]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 18]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 19]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 20]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 21]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 22]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 23]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 24]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 25]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 26]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 27]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 28]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 29]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 30]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 31]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 32]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 33]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 34]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 35]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 36]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 37]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 38]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 39]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 40]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 41]]

===Created Original Souce: United States Congress===
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Joint Resolution Proposing Twelve Amendments, 1789]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Bill of Rights]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Constitution of the United States]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Amendments to the Constitution]]

==Bible Related==
* Created page [[Syrian Regional Regnal Reckoning]]
* Created page [[James Strong (theologian)]]
* Created page [[Strong's Concordance]]
* Created page [[MT]] as a redirection to [[Masoretic Text]]

==Babylonian==
* Created page [[Dagon (god)]]
* Created page [[Nabuchodonosor]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Nabopollasar]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Belus (god)]] as a stub
* Created page [[Bel]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Labashi-Marduk]] as a stub with info pannel
* Created page [[Amal-Marduk]] porting and editing [[Evil-Merodach]] and turning that page into a redirection
* Created page [[Neriglissar]] as a stub with redirection pages [[Niglissar]] and [[Nergal-sharezer]]
* Created page [[Ninus]] as a redirection to [[Nimrod]]
* Significant edits and Original Source references added to [[Nimrod]]
* Created page [[Marduk]]
* Created page [[Bel]] as a redirection to [[Marduk]]

==Medo-Persian==
* Created page [[Croesus of Lydia]]
* Created page [[Second Persian Invasion of Greece]]
* Major overhaul to page [[Battle of Salamis]]
* Created page [[Darius I the Great]] porting the old [[Darius I]] contents unchanged to it
* Created page [[Artaxerxes III Ochus]] as a stub
* Created page [[Artaxerxes I Longimanus]] as a stub with image
* Created page [[Xerxes I The Great]] porting information from [[Xerxes]], turning that page into a disambiguation page.
* Created page [[Xerxes II and Sogdianus]] crafting to a nearly complete stage.
* Created page [[Darius II]] as a stub
* Created page [[Cyrus I]] as a stub
* Significant contributor to [[Darius I]]
* Created page [[Cyaxares II]] with major edits
* Expanded page [[Medes]].
* Created page [[Astyages]] with significant works.
* Created page [[Hystaspas]] with references
* Created page [[Smerdis]] with references and language text
* Created page [[False Smerdis]] with references and language text

==Ancient Greece==
===Personalities===
* Created page [[Cassander]] as stub
* Created page [[Wars of the Diadochi]] as a stub
* Significant contributor to [[Olympias]]
* Significant contributor to [[Ptolemy I Soter]]
* Significant contributor to [[Diadochi]]
* Created page [[Philip III of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]]
* Created page [[Battle of Salamis in Cyprus]]
* Created page [[Philip V of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Omphalos]]
* Created page [[Laodice I]]
* Created page [[Berenice Phernophorus]]
* Created page [[Lysippos]]
* Created page [[Lysimachus]]
* Created page [[Polyperchon]]
* Created page [[Agread Dynasty]]
* Created page [[Alexander IV of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Barsine]]
* Created page [[Heracles of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Antiochus I Soter]]
* Created page [[Antiochus II Theos]]
* Created page [[Antiochus III the Great]]
* Created page [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]]
* Created page [[Seleucus]] with significant edits, later turned to a redirection page.
* Created page [[Seleucus I Nicator]] as the final home for this data on Seleucus the Victor.
* Created page [[Seleucus II Callinicus]]
* Created page [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] as a stub
* Created page [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]]

===Culture===
* Created page [[Canon of Ptolemy]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Ptolemy's Canon]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Berossus the Chaldean]]
* Created page [[Megasthenes]]

==Ancient Rome==
===Culture===
* Created page [[Roman Imperial Cult]]
* Created page [[Cursus Honorum]]
* Created page [[Aedile]]
* Created page [[Curule Chair]]
* Created page [[Flamen]]
* Created page [[Agnomen]] as a complete product that should need no revision.
* Created page [[Cognomen]] as a complete product that should need no revision.
* Created page [[Nomen gentilicium]].
* Created page [[Gens]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Appian of Alexandria]]
* Created page [[Appian Way]]

===Personalities===
* Created page [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* Redirected [[Julius Caesar]] to [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] for greater accuracy.
* Major overhaul [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* Created page [[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus]] as a redirection page to [[Augustus Caesar]].
* Changed page [[Gaius Octavius]] from being a redirection to [[Augustus Caesar]] into a seperate page due to naming confusion to specify Octavian's biological father.
* Created page [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* Demoted page [[Crassus]] into a redirection page to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* Created page [[Procopius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)]]
* Created page [[Caesar’s Expeditions to Britain]]
* Created page [[Flavius Belisarius]] porting the original page [[Belisarius]] and turning the original into a redirection page
* Created page [[Flavia Julia Helena Augusta]] as a stub
* Created page [[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus]] as a stub
* Later created page [[Justin (historian)]] as the main page and redirected [[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus]]
* Created page [[Valerius Maximus]] for improved reference quality, side effect of SEO Authority and Trust Signal improvement.
* Created page [[Athenaeus]]
* Created page [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]]
* Created page [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]] with [[Sulla]] redirection

===Religion, War & Politics===
* Created page [[Gallic Wars]]
* Created page [[Third Mithridatic War]]
* Created page [[Hasmonean Civil War]]
* Created page [[First Triumvirate]] as a redirection page to [[Triumvirate]]
* Created page [[Second Triumvirate]] as a redirection page to [[Triumvirate]]
* Created page [[First Jewish-Roman War]]

===Medievil Period===
* Created page [[Patrologia Latina]]
* Created page [[Patrologia Graeca]]
* Created page [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
* Created page [[Henrietta Maria]]

==Modern Period==
* Created page [[Thomas Moore]]
* Created page [[Austerity]]
* Created page [[Structural Adjustment Programs]]
* Created page [[Operation AJAX]]
* Created page [[Operation BOOT]]
* Created page [[5th Generation Warfare]]
* Created page [[Stratesec]]
* Created page [[Casus Belli]]
* Created page [[MQ-9 Reaper]]
* Created page [[Law of Guarantees]]
* Created page [[Bitchute]] with some programming examples for users
* Created page [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]]

==SEO - Search Engine Optimisation==
* Created page [[Search Engine Optimization]]
* Created page [[SEO Trust Signals]]
* Created page [[SEO Authority Signals]]
* Created page [[SEO E‑E‑A‑T Standard]]
* Created page [[SEO Checklist for Editors]]
* Created page [[Domain Authority]]
* Created page [[Internal Linking]]
* Created page [[Internal Links]] as a redirection to [[Internal Linking]]
* Created pages [[Authority signals]] and [[Trust signals]] as redriections to [[SEO Authority Signals]] and [[SEO Trust Signals]]

* Created page [[Conservapedia’s Original Source Project]] as a policy guide for active SEO improvement

==Geography==
* Created page [[Po Valley]]
* Created page [[Ionian Gulf]] as an explanation from the works of [[Arrian]].
* Created page [[Erythrean sea]]
* Created page [[Gallikos (river)]] with redirection pages of [[Galliko]], [[Cheidorus]] & [[Echidorus]] as redirection pages
* Created page [[Ister]] being an ancient name, as a redirection page to [[Danube]]
* Created page [[Vardar (river)]], and redirection pages of [[Axios (river)]]
* I ported [[River Vardar]]'s information before turning that page into a redirection, as well as including [[Vardar river]].
* Created pages [[Woolsthorpe]] and [[Woolsthorpe, UK]] as a redirection to [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]]
* Created page [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]]
* Created page [[Kensignton, UK]] with a feed redirection page [[Kensington]]
* Created page [[Cappadocia]]
* Created page [[Eisleben]]
* Created page [[Karlstadt, Germany]]

==Significant edits to date==
* More direct introduction to [[Liberal arts]]
* Added section "Education" to [[Alexander the Great]]
* Significant contributions to [[Kingdom of Judah]] - ''Later History''
* Significant contributions to [[Tower of Babel]]
* Reworked [[Nimrod]] with referencing
* Reworked [[Noah]]
* Modifications to [[Red Sea]]
* Reworked [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
* Significant addition of the Etymology section to [[Amal-Marduk]] and overal rework
* Significant rework of introduction and info-panel to [[Augustus Caesar]]
* Info panel for [[Alexander the Great]]
* New section inside [[International Monetary Fund]] on [[International Monetary Fund#Political Influence Over Governance|Political Influence]] and [[International Monetary Fund#Austerity Measures and Structural Adjustment Programs|SAPs / Austerity]].
* Added new section inside [[Osama Bin Laden]] entitled [[Osama Bin Laden#In Prophecy|''In Prophecy'']]
* Added new mini section [[Arab Spring#In Prophecy]] plus two images.
* Added new section to [[Libya#Ancient Libya]] detailing ancient usage
* Significant expansion of article [[Asymmetry]]
* Significant rewrite of [[Hosni Mubarak]]
* Demoted [[Justinian]] to a redirection page and ported to new page [[Justinain I]]

==Minor edits to date==
* added ancient name ''Ister'' to [[Danube]]
* expanded [[Battle of Chaeronea]]
* expanded [[Crucifixion]]
* Created [[Evil-Marduk]] and [[Awil-Marduk]] as a redirection pages]]
* Created [[Nergalsharezeror]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Laborosoarchodus]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Nebuchodonosor]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Evilmerodachus]] as a redirection page
* Create page [[Neriglissoorus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Nabonnedus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Evilmaluruchus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Neriglisares]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Kyros]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Gaius Octavius Thurinus]] as a redirection page
* Edited the Stub article "Historicism" to add section [[Historicism]] (Religious).
* Minor changes to [[Masoretic Text]]
* Created page [[The day the world changed]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Bush, George W]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[DCA]] as a redirection to [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]]
* Created page [[Al-Qauda]] as a redirect to [[Al Qaeda]]
* Demoted page [[Fifth-generation warfare]] to a redirection page to [[5th Generation Warfare]] ensuring to port its ideas and concepts
* Created page [[5GW]] as a redirection to [[5th Generation Warfare]]
* Created page [[Joseph Ratzinger]] as a redirection
* Created page [[Darius the Great]] as a redirection to [[Darius I the Great]]
* Created page [[Xerxes the Great]] as a redirection to [[Xerxes I The Great]]
* Created page [[Diodorus]] as a redirection to [[Diodorus Siculus]]
* Created page [[Consulship]] as a redirection ot [[Consul]]
* Created page [[Caesar's Invasion of Britain]] as a redirection to [[Caesar’s Expeditions to Britain]]
* Created page [[Caesar, Gaius Julius]] as a redirection to [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] for referencing purposes and SEO structure and trust signal improvement
* Created page [[Hieronymus]] as a redirection page to [[Jerome]]
* Created page [[Newton, Isaac]] as a redirection to [[Isaac Newton]] for referencing purposes and SEO structure and trust signal improvement
* Created page [[Philip III Arrhidaeus]] as a redirection to [[Philip III of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Demetrius the Besieger]] as a redirection to [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]]
* Created page [[Securacom]] as a redirection to [[Stratesec]]
* Created page [[Procopius]] as a redirection to [[Procopius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Appian]] as a redirection to [[Appian of Alexandria]]
* Created pages [[Pompey Carnifex]] and [[Pompey Magnus]] as redirection pages to [[Pompey the Great]]
* Created page [[Antiochus the Great]] as a redirection page to [[Antiochus III the Great]]
* Created page [[Aedileship]] as a redirection to [[Aedile]]
* Created page [[Pontifex maximus]] as a redirection to [[Pontifex Maximus]]

=Carts Produced=
[[File:Medo-Persia - Achaemid Family Tree - inc Otanes & Cyaxares II.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Manufactured in by myself in InDesign]]
[[File:Egypt - Government Debt to GDP Chart 1970-2024.png|300px|thumb|right]]
[[File:1,335, 1,290 & 1,260 Prophecies Timeline - RGB High 300ppi PD.png|300px|right]]

=Images Produced=
[[File:Arch of Titus reinterpreted in an oil painting style - 150ppi - RGB - PD.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Oil styled reinterpretation of the Menorah Relif on the [[Arch of Titus]]. Produced for [[Conservapedia]].]]
[[File:Battle of Raphia 217 BC - Elephants - Seleucid - Ptolemian - 150ppi RGB - PD.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Riots in the streets of Greek city of Alexandria, Egypt in 204 BC - 150ppi RGB - PD.jpg|350px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Stop - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Dog Everything - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Raise the Tines - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Lower the Tines - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Tines in Direction - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Mast Forward - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Mast Backward - RGM High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]

=Images Uploaded=
==Greek Period==
[[File:R9npZoqtD4HA 640x360.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Title slide for Daniel 11:2 video ported from Bitchute]]
[[File:0tMVCzzdoZkO 640x360.jpg|250px|thumb|right]Title slide for Daniel 11:2 video ported from Bitchute]]
[[File:Seleucus I Nicitor - commemorative coin by his son King Antiochus I - A - Horns on his Head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ported and reformatted from WikiMedia Commons|200px|right|Commemorative coin of Antiochus I depicting his now late father [[Seleucus I Nicitor]] with horns to depict him as a national hero.]]
[[File:Seleucus I Nicitor - commemorative coin by his son King Antiochus I - B - Apollo sitting on the Omphalos and holding his bow of Divine order.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Apollo sitting on the Omphalos an holding his bow of Divine order reading: "Antiochus"]]
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter Coin Side A Bust.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Ptolemy I Soter]] ported from [[WikiMedia Commons]].]]
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter - Coin - Side B - ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ - Eagle clutches Lightning.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Coin of [[Ptolemy I Soter]] depicing [[Zeus]] clutching his lightning.]]
[[File:Kingdoms of the Successors of Alexander - Library of Congress Call Number 2013593022 - Weller, Edward, London, 1884 - 72ppi.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Map of the domains of the four succeeding kingdoms of [[Alexander the Great]] taken from the [[Library of Congress]].]]
[[File:Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator period(BC280).png|200px|right|thumb|Map of the domains of the four succeeding kingdoms of [[Alexander the Great]] taken from the [[Library of Congress]].]]
[[File:Antiochos I Soter tetradrachm obverse.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Coin depicting head of [[Antiochus I Soter]].]]
[[File:Seleucus II Callinicus -Tetradrachm Coin - A - Head of Seleucus II Callinicus.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Tetradrachm coin showing head of Seleucus II Callicus]]
[[File:Seleucus II Callinicus -Tetradrachm Coin - B - Apollo Delphios standing beside the Tripod - Oracle of Prophecy - Arrow of Fate.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Tetradrachm coin showing Apollo resting upon the prophetic Oracle with the Arrow of Fate in his hand.]].
[[File:Ptolemy II Philadelphus - Bust - 96ppi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Bust generally believed to be [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]].]]
[[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes - Bronze Coin - A - Head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ptolemy III.]]
[[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes - Bronze Coin - B - Zeus as Eagle and Serpent as Agathos Daimon, the good spirit of Alexandria.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ptolemy III, icon of Zeus and the Serpent of Alexandria.]]
[[File:Coin - Anastasius I Dicorus - A - Bust of Anastasius wearing pearl diadem, draped, cuirassed bust right - D N ANASTA SIVS PP AVG - Dominus Noster Anastasius Perpetuus Augustus.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Anastasius I Dicorus - B - Victory advancing right, head left, holding wreath and cross on globe; star in right field - VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM - Victoria Augustorum.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Zeno - A - Bust of Zeno facing, helmeted with pearl-diadem, cuirassed, holding spear - D N ZENO PERP AVG - Dominus Noster Zeno Perpetuus Augustus.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Zeno - B - Winged Victory standing left, holding long jewelled cross with right hand - VICTORIA AVGGG I - Victoria Augustorum.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Gold Coin - Philip III Arrhidaios - A - Corinthian Helmeted Athena - Babylon mint either under Archon, Dokimos or Seleucus I - RGB Medium 150ppi PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Gold Coin - Philip III Arrhidaios - B - Winged Nike with Wreath & Stylus - Babylon mint either under Archon, Dokimos or Seleucus I - RGB Medium 150ppi PD.jpg|250px|right]]

==Roman Period==
[[File:Jacopo della Quercia - Rhea Silvia, Mother of Romulus and Remus - Santa Maria della Scala, Siena (from Fonte Gaia) - 2016 - RGB 960px - CC-BY-SA-4.0.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Statue of [[Romulus]] & [[Remus]] with their mother.]]
[[File:Author Unknown - Capitoline she-wolf - Capitoline Museums - MC1181 - RGB 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right]]

==Modern Period==
[[File:William Miller - Autograph - Public Domain.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Signed autograph of [[William Miller]].]]
[[File:William Miller - Illustrations of Miller's Views of the End of the World - Public Domain.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Printed pamphlet expressing the views of the [[Millerite Movement]].]]
[[File:Mihály Munkácsy - Christ before Pilate - Hugarian National Museum - Inventory 428886 - Museum Scan.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Pio IX Blessing Troops just before fall of Rome - Saint Peter Square 1870 MR.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Pope Pius IX blessing the troops just prior to the fall of Rome, 1870.]]
[[File:Carlo Ademollo - The breach of Porta Pia in Rome September 20 - MeisterDrucke-1119802-Public Domain since 1981.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Painting by Carlo Ademollo of the breach of Porta Pia in Rome, 20 Sep 1870.]]
[[File:Charles Chiniquy Portrait - 150ppi Sepia PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Charles Chiniquy signature noBG.png|250px|right]]
[[File:UN - Lima Treaty, Peru - Meetings & Events - UN7721844 - BW UN Photo Policy.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:UN - A resolution to establish a New International Economic Order - A RES 3201(S-VI)-EN page 1.png|250px|right]]
[[File:The Pulpit Commentary - Front Page - Funk & Wagnalls Company, London, 1909 - RGB PD.jpg|250px|right]]

==Medieval Period==
[[File:Pope Urban II Preaching the First Crusade by Francesco Hayez (1791-1882) - 350ppi PD 1982.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Pope Urban II preaching the First Crusade by Francesco Hayez.]]
[[File:Hermann Vogel - Belisarius attacking the Ostrogoths in Rome 536.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Belisarius]] attacking the [[Ostrogoths]] in Italy, 536 AD]]
[[File:Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger - Surrender of the Vandal Gelimer to Flavius Belisarius.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Vinzenz Katzler - Pope John I arriving to Constantinople, 525.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:John Cassell (1817–1865) Cassell's Illustrated History of England, Volume 1, p241 -Priests interceding with King Richard for the Bishop of Beauvais.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Edward Gibbon by Henry Walton cleaned 960x1230px.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Daniel 7 - Little Horn of Daniel 7 with identifying marks - pre 1964 editions of Pictorial Aid for Bible Study, Review and Herald Publishing Association.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Roman Marriage Relief - BM 241199003 - PD Mechanical Reproduction - Isolated.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Theodoric the Great - Manuscript Illustration.jpeg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Cesare Maccari (1840–1919) Cicero Denounces Catiline in the Roman Senate - PD 200ppi.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Gustave Boulanger (1824-1888), Jules-César arrivé au Rubicon, 1854, Musée Picardie.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus - Dressed as the Pontifex Maximus - National Roman Museum, Italy - 960x1455px.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Colosseum, Rome, Italy - Blue Night Sky - 1280px PD.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Roman Folding Curule Chair - Ivory Tusks.gif|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Flamines - frieze of the Ara Pacis - Galerus with Apex.png|200px|right]]
[[File:Head of Julius Caesar from Tusculum - Museum of Antiquities, Turin - inv2089 - 1 - 1920 x 2882px.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Thomas Moore - Portrait - 960 x 1237px PD.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Thomas Moore - Signature - 963 x 173px PD.png|200px|right]]
[[File:World Trade Center - Ground Zero - Firefighters assessing the situation - PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:World Trade Center - Ball of Fire - 01 - Legal Status Unknown.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Martyrdom of a Waldensian Woman - Samuel Morland - 1658.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Burning of the Waldensians, Toulon 1243.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Pope Gregory IX Approving the Decretals, on his throne -Enthroned 19 March 1227 -Raphaelo 1151.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:United States Congress - The Declaration of Independence - High 200ppi RGB PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Declaration of Independence]].]]
[[File:United States Congress - Declaration of Independence - Stone Cut Engraving - High 180ppi RGB PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[William J. Stone|William J. Stone's]] engraving of the [[Declaration of Independence]].]]
[[File:United States Congress - Bill of Rights - High 225ppi PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Bill of Rights]].]]
[[File:Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome - Ceiling Fresco - WikiMedia Commons - 960x1502px RGB CC.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome - Front - WikiMedia Commons - 960x1368px RGB CC.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Plutarch - Bust of - Generally believed to be - Archaeological Museum of Delphi - Wikimedia Commons - RGB PD.jpg|250px|right]]

Talk:Mystery:Did Jesus Build the Loretto Spiral Staircase?

2026-11-10T03:02:24Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: That's a mighty big claim

=That is mighty big claim=

The fact that it is a engineering marvel doesn't mean that someone didn't do it.

This boarders on Roman Catholic relic veneration and tourism (from which Rome has historically benefited immensly); at one point relic veneration and tourism single handedly saved the city after it had near vanished off the map with its population decimated by disease and economy in tatters).

<center>
"The Romans were attracted to the tombs of the martyrs and apostles; and the bishops of Rome converted the pious offerings of the pilgrims into a source of wealth and magnificence."

"The claims of superstition were transformed into the instruments of policy and interest; the object of religious pilgrims was to visit the tombs of the apostles and martyrs..."</center>

If we simply assert everything that should attract enquiry and scientific processes into a matter of faith, the mind is dulled by the abrigation of due processes. It is also sufficient at times to simply say: "I don't have enough data."

The question I would like to ask is: "Who benefits from this claim?" and the answer is vasty similar to the history above.

Regards, --[[User:AnthonyPvanDuyn|AnthonyPvanDuyn]] ([[User talk:AnthonyPvanDuyn|talk]]) 22:02, November 9, 2026 (EST)

User:AnthonyPvanDuyn

2026-11-10T02:33:48Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* Minor edits to date */

I am a history buff with a particular eye to prophetic interactions. My library is filled with original sources and my hobby is logically pouring over them and discussion that follows thereafter each discovery or challenge. I have basically taken the approach of adding references (mostly original source) to the list below as I go; if we all did that we would have some really great material and eventually have some great resources. We might even get some fresh insights ;)

I maintain my own BitChute channel "The New Loud Cry".

Compoundingly I have a family with six children. If that wasn't enough I have a bricks and mortar retail / service business on a significant city's waterfront esplanade in the tropical far north regions of Australia.

I started editing Conservapedia after a particular run-in with the editors at Wikipedia who were solely interested in maintaining their point of view regardless of the evidence and sources; meanwhile they would accuse my very well referenced work of being 'Original Research' while they maintained their position by twisting authors words to be different from what was written in context! Thus I decided it was pointless as the staff at ''The Ministry of Truth'' were too active in their use of the ''Memory Hole''.

=Major Edits to Date=
* Created page [[Ahasuerus]] with MAJOR work and referencing
* Created page [[Essay: Date of Jesus Crucifixion]]
* Created page [[Commentary: Daniel 11, Anthony's Historicist Study Aid]] (+25,000 words, lifetime of study)
* Created page [[Cambyses II]] as a stub
* Created page [[Belshazzar]] as a stub
* Created page [[Cyropaedia]]
* Created page [[Darius the Mede]] with significant work
* Created page [[Behistun (inscription)]]
* Created page [[Cyaxares I]] as a stub
* Created page [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]].
* Created page [[Nidintu-Bel]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Naditabaira]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Nebuchadnezzar III]] originally as a redirection but turned into main article
* Ported page [[Cyrus]] to [[Cyrus II the Great]]
* Created page [[Crestonaean]]
* Created page [[Sigynnae]]
* Created page [[Otanes]]
* Created page [[Triballi]]
* Majorly overhauled [[Gypsies]] and redirected page [[Sigynnae]] to [[Gypsies]]
* Created page [[Nabonidas]] as a stub then as a redirection to [[Nabonidus]]
* Created page [[Labynetus]] as a redirection to [[Nabonidus]]
* Created page [[Pope John I]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Philapator]] as a significant article
* Reworked the entire article for [[Arianism]]
* Created page [[Semiramis]] with significant content and references
* Created page [[Victoria (goddess)]]
* Created page [[Sisithrus]] as a redirection page to [[Noah]]
* Created page [[Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period]]
* Major rework and expansion of page [[Justin Martyr]]
* Created page [[Cochome]]
* Created page [[Cambridge Ancient History]]
* Created page [[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]
* Created page [[Oliver Cormwell]]
* Created page [[Duke of Savoy]]
* Created page [[Punctuation Guide]]
* Created pages [[Em-dash]], [[En-dash]] and [[Hyphen]] as feeds into the [[Punctuation Guide]]
* Created page [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Justus Jonas]]
* Created page [[Dionysius (disambiguation)]]
* Created page [[Dionysius the Areopagite]]
* Created page [[Esdras (disambiguation)]]
* Created page [[Andreas Karlstadt]]
* Created page [[National Archives and Records Administration]]
* Created page [[William J. Stone]]
* Created page [[Naaman]]
* Created page [[The Institute for the Works of Religion]] with redirection pages of [[IOR]] and [[Vatican Bank]]
* Created page [[Sol Invictus]]
* Created page [[Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius]]
* Created page [[Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation]]
* Created page [[Jakob Schenk]]
* Created page [[Chancel]]
* Created page [[Jean-Henri Merle d’Aubigné]]
* Created page [[The Table-Talk of Martin Luther]] and a redirection page [[Table Talk (Luther)]]
* Created page [[Zeno]] having ported away the original contents to [[Zeno of Elea]]
* Created page [[Anastasius I Dicorus]]
* Created page [[Battle of Raphia]]
* Created page [[Forklift Truck]] and matching redirection page [[Forklift]] with significant artwork generation.
* Created page [[Antipater I of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Antipater]]
* Created page [[Albert Barnes (theologian)]] with matching redirection page of [[Albert Barnes]]
* Created page [[Matthew Poole]]
* Created page [[Pulpit Commentary]]
* Created page [[Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges]]
* Created page [[Joseph Benson]]
* Created page [[Dianna (goddess)]]
* Created page [[Diadem]]
* Created page [[Erich S. Gruen]]
* Created page [[Justin I]]
* Created page [[Caesar's civil war]]
* Rewrote [[Transliteration]] as stub was competely wrong and added [[Transliterated]] and [[Transliterate]] as redirection pages.
* Created page [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
* Created page [[Harvard University Press]]
* Created page [[Loeb Classical Library]]
* Created page [[Perseus Digital Library]]
* Created page [[William Heinemann]]
* Created page [[Romulus[[
* Created page [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio]]

==Conservapedia's Original Source Project==
===Created Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel===
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 1]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 2]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 3]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 4]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 5]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 6]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 7]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 8]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 9]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 10]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 11]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 12]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 13]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 14]]

===Created Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk===
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 00]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 01]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 02]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 03]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 04]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 05]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 06]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 07]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 08]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 09]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 10]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 11]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 12]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 13]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 14]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 15]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 16]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 17]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 18]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 19]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 20]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 21]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 22]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 23]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 24]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 25]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 26]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 27]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 28]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 29]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 30]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 31]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 32]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 33]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 34]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 35]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 36]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 37]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 38]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 39]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 40]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 41]]

===Created Original Souce: United States Congress===
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Joint Resolution Proposing Twelve Amendments, 1789]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Bill of Rights]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Constitution of the United States]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Amendments to the Constitution]]

==Bible Related==
* Created page [[Syrian Regional Regnal Reckoning]]
* Created page [[James Strong (theologian)]]
* Created page [[Strong's Concordance]]
* Created page [[MT]] as a redirection to [[Masoretic Text]]

==Babylonian==
* Created page [[Dagon (god)]]
* Created page [[Nabuchodonosor]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Nabopollasar]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Belus (god)]] as a stub
* Created page [[Bel]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Labashi-Marduk]] as a stub with info pannel
* Created page [[Amal-Marduk]] porting and editing [[Evil-Merodach]] and turning that page into a redirection
* Created page [[Neriglissar]] as a stub with redirection pages [[Niglissar]] and [[Nergal-sharezer]]
* Created page [[Ninus]] as a redirection to [[Nimrod]]
* Significant edits and Original Source references added to [[Nimrod]]
* Created page [[Marduk]]
* Created page [[Bel]] as a redirection to [[Marduk]]

==Medo-Persian==
* Created page [[Croesus of Lydia]]
* Created page [[Second Persian Invasion of Greece]]
* Major overhaul to page [[Battle of Salamis]]
* Created page [[Darius I the Great]] porting the old [[Darius I]] contents unchanged to it
* Created page [[Artaxerxes III Ochus]] as a stub
* Created page [[Artaxerxes I Longimanus]] as a stub with image
* Created page [[Xerxes I The Great]] porting information from [[Xerxes]], turning that page into a disambiguation page.
* Created page [[Xerxes II and Sogdianus]] crafting to a nearly complete stage.
* Created page [[Darius II]] as a stub
* Created page [[Cyrus I]] as a stub
* Significant contributor to [[Darius I]]
* Created page [[Cyaxares II]] with major edits
* Expanded page [[Medes]].
* Created page [[Astyages]] with significant works.
* Created page [[Hystaspas]] with references
* Created page [[Smerdis]] with references and language text
* Created page [[False Smerdis]] with references and language text

==Ancient Greece==
===Personalities===
* Created page [[Cassander]] as stub
* Created page [[Wars of the Diadochi]] as a stub
* Significant contributor to [[Olympias]]
* Significant contributor to [[Ptolemy I Soter]]
* Significant contributor to [[Diadochi]]
* Created page [[Philip III of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]]
* Created page [[Battle of Salamis in Cyprus]]
* Created page [[Philip V of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Omphalos]]
* Created page [[Laodice I]]
* Created page [[Berenice Phernophorus]]
* Created page [[Lysippos]]
* Created page [[Lysimachus]]
* Created page [[Polyperchon]]
* Created page [[Agread Dynasty]]
* Created page [[Alexander IV of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Barsine]]
* Created page [[Heracles of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Antiochus I Soter]]
* Created page [[Antiochus II Theos]]
* Created page [[Antiochus III the Great]]
* Created page [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]]
* Created page [[Seleucus]] with significant edits, later turned to a redirection page.
* Created page [[Seleucus I Nicator]] as the final home for this data on Seleucus the Victor.
* Created page [[Seleucus II Callinicus]]
* Created page [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] as a stub
* Created page [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]]

===Culture===
* Created page [[Canon of Ptolemy]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Ptolemy's Canon]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Berossus the Chaldean]]
* Created page [[Megasthenes]]

==Ancient Rome==
===Culture===
* Created page [[Roman Imperial Cult]]
* Created page [[Cursus Honorum]]
* Created page [[Aedile]]
* Created page [[Curule Chair]]
* Created page [[Flamen]]
* Created page [[Agnomen]] as a complete product that should need no revision.
* Created page [[Cognomen]] as a complete product that should need no revision.
* Created page [[Nomen gentilicium]].
* Created page [[Gens]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Appian of Alexandria]]

===Personalities===
* Created page [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* Redirected [[Julius Caesar]] to [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] for greater accuracy.
* Major overhaul [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* Created page [[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus]] as a redirection page to [[Augustus Caesar]].
* Changed page [[Gaius Octavius]] from being a redirection to [[Augustus Caesar]] into a seperate page due to naming confusion to specify Octavian's biological father.
* Created page [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* Demoted page [[Crassus]] into a redirection page to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* Created page [[Procopius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)]]
* Created page [[Caesar’s Expeditions to Britain]]
* Created page [[Flavius Belisarius]] porting the original page [[Belisarius]] and turning the original into a redirection page
* Created page [[Flavia Julia Helena Augusta]] as a stub
* Created page [[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus]] as a stub
* Later created page [[Justin (historian)]] as the main page and redirected [[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus]]
* Created page [[Valerius Maximus]] for improved reference quality, side effect of SEO Authority and Trust Signal improvement.
* Created page [[Athenaeus]]
* Created page [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]]
* Created page [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]] with [[Sulla]] redirection

===Religion, War & Politics===
* Created page [[Gallic Wars]]
* Created page [[Third Mithridatic War]]
* Created page [[Hasmonean Civil War]]
* Created page [[First Triumvirate]] as a redirection page to [[Triumvirate]]
* Created page [[Second Triumvirate]] as a redirection page to [[Triumvirate]]
* Created page [[First Jewish-Roman War]]

===Medievil Period===
* Created page [[Patrologia Latina]]
* Created page [[Patrologia Graeca]]
* Created page [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
* Created page [[Henrietta Maria]]

==Modern Period==
* Created page [[Thomas Moore]]
* Created page [[Austerity]]
* Created page [[Structural Adjustment Programs]]
* Created page [[Operation AJAX]]
* Created page [[Operation BOOT]]
* Created page [[5th Generation Warfare]]
* Created page [[Stratesec]]
* Created page [[Casus Belli]]
* Created page [[MQ-9 Reaper]]
* Created page [[Law of Guarantees]]
* Created page [[Bitchute]] with some programming examples for users
* Created page [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]]

==SEO - Search Engine Optimisation==
* Created page [[Search Engine Optimization]]
* Created page [[SEO Trust Signals]]
* Created page [[SEO Authority Signals]]
* Created page [[SEO E‑E‑A‑T Standard]]
* Created page [[SEO Checklist for Editors]]
* Created page [[Domain Authority]]
* Created page [[Internal Linking]]
* Created page [[Internal Links]] as a redirection to [[Internal Linking]]
* Created pages [[Authority signals]] and [[Trust signals]] as redriections to [[SEO Authority Signals]] and [[SEO Trust Signals]]

* Created page [[Conservapedia’s Original Source Project]] as a policy guide for active SEO improvement

==Geography==
* Created page [[Po Valley]]
* Created page [[Ionian Gulf]] as an explanation from the works of [[Arrian]].
* Created page [[Erythrean sea]]
* Created page [[Gallikos (river)]] with redirection pages of [[Galliko]], [[Cheidorus]] & [[Echidorus]] as redirection pages
* Created page [[Ister]] being an ancient name, as a redirection page to [[Danube]]
* Created page [[Vardar (river)]], and redirection pages of [[Axios (river)]]
* I ported [[River Vardar]]'s information before turning that page into a redirection, as well as including [[Vardar river]].
* Created pages [[Woolsthorpe]] and [[Woolsthorpe, UK]] as a redirection to [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]]
* Created page [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]]
* Created page [[Kensignton, UK]] with a feed redirection page [[Kensington]]
* Created page [[Cappadocia]]
* Created page [[Eisleben]]
* Created page [[Karlstadt, Germany]]

==Significant edits to date==
* More direct introduction to [[Liberal arts]]
* Added section "Education" to [[Alexander the Great]]
* Significant contributions to [[Kingdom of Judah]] - ''Later History''
* Significant contributions to [[Tower of Babel]]
* Reworked [[Nimrod]] with referencing
* Reworked [[Noah]]
* Modifications to [[Red Sea]]
* Reworked [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
* Significant addition of the Etymology section to [[Amal-Marduk]] and overal rework
* Significant rework of introduction and info-panel to [[Augustus Caesar]]
* Info panel for [[Alexander the Great]]
* New section inside [[International Monetary Fund]] on [[International Monetary Fund#Political Influence Over Governance|Political Influence]] and [[International Monetary Fund#Austerity Measures and Structural Adjustment Programs|SAPs / Austerity]].
* Added new section inside [[Osama Bin Laden]] entitled [[Osama Bin Laden#In Prophecy|''In Prophecy'']]
* Added new mini section [[Arab Spring#In Prophecy]] plus two images.
* Added new section to [[Libya#Ancient Libya]] detailing ancient usage
* Significant expansion of article [[Asymmetry]]
* Significant rewrite of [[Hosni Mubarak]]
* Demoted [[Justinian]] to a redirection page and ported to new page [[Justinain I]]

==Minor edits to date==
* added ancient name ''Ister'' to [[Danube]]
* expanded [[Battle of Chaeronea]]
* expanded [[Crucifixion]]
* Created [[Evil-Marduk]] and [[Awil-Marduk]] as a redirection pages]]
* Created [[Nergalsharezeror]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Laborosoarchodus]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Nebuchodonosor]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Evilmerodachus]] as a redirection page
* Create page [[Neriglissoorus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Nabonnedus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Evilmaluruchus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Neriglisares]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Kyros]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Gaius Octavius Thurinus]] as a redirection page
* Edited the Stub article "Historicism" to add section [[Historicism]] (Religious).
* Minor changes to [[Masoretic Text]]
* Created page [[The day the world changed]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Bush, George W]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[DCA]] as a redirection to [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]]
* Created page [[Al-Qauda]] as a redirect to [[Al Qaeda]]
* Demoted page [[Fifth-generation warfare]] to a redirection page to [[5th Generation Warfare]] ensuring to port its ideas and concepts
* Created page [[5GW]] as a redirection to [[5th Generation Warfare]]
* Created page [[Joseph Ratzinger]] as a redirection
* Created page [[Darius the Great]] as a redirection to [[Darius I the Great]]
* Created page [[Xerxes the Great]] as a redirection to [[Xerxes I The Great]]
* Created page [[Diodorus]] as a redirection to [[Diodorus Siculus]]
* Created page [[Consulship]] as a redirection ot [[Consul]]
* Created page [[Caesar's Invasion of Britain]] as a redirection to [[Caesar’s Expeditions to Britain]]
* Created page [[Caesar, Gaius Julius]] as a redirection to [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] for referencing purposes and SEO structure and trust signal improvement
* Created page [[Hieronymus]] as a redirection page to [[Jerome]]
* Created page [[Newton, Isaac]] as a redirection to [[Isaac Newton]] for referencing purposes and SEO structure and trust signal improvement
* Created page [[Philip III Arrhidaeus]] as a redirection to [[Philip III of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Demetrius the Besieger]] as a redirection to [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]]
* Created page [[Securacom]] as a redirection to [[Stratesec]]
* Created page [[Procopius]] as a redirection to [[Procopius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Appian]] as a redirection to [[Appian of Alexandria]]
* Created pages [[Pompey Carnifex]] and [[Pompey Magnus]] as redirection pages to [[Pompey the Great]]
* Created page [[Antiochus the Great]] as a redirection page to [[Antiochus III the Great]]
* Created page [[Aedileship]] as a redirection to [[Aedile]]
* Created page [[Pontifex maximus]] as a redirection to [[Pontifex Maximus]]

=Carts Produced=
[[File:Medo-Persia - Achaemid Family Tree - inc Otanes & Cyaxares II.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Manufactured in by myself in InDesign]]
[[File:Egypt - Government Debt to GDP Chart 1970-2024.png|300px|thumb|right]]
[[File:1,335, 1,290 & 1,260 Prophecies Timeline - RGB High 300ppi PD.png|300px|right]]

=Images Produced=
[[File:Arch of Titus reinterpreted in an oil painting style - 150ppi - RGB - PD.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Oil styled reinterpretation of the Menorah Relif on the [[Arch of Titus]]. Produced for [[Conservapedia]].]]
[[File:Battle of Raphia 217 BC - Elephants - Seleucid - Ptolemian - 150ppi RGB - PD.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Riots in the streets of Greek city of Alexandria, Egypt in 204 BC - 150ppi RGB - PD.jpg|350px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Stop - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Dog Everything - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Raise the Tines - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Lower the Tines - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Tines in Direction - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Mast Forward - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Mast Backward - RGM High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]

=Images Uploaded=
==Greek Period==
[[File:R9npZoqtD4HA 640x360.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Title slide for Daniel 11:2 video ported from Bitchute]]
[[File:0tMVCzzdoZkO 640x360.jpg|250px|thumb|right]Title slide for Daniel 11:2 video ported from Bitchute]]
[[File:Seleucus I Nicitor - commemorative coin by his son King Antiochus I - A - Horns on his Head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ported and reformatted from WikiMedia Commons|200px|right|Commemorative coin of Antiochus I depicting his now late father [[Seleucus I Nicitor]] with horns to depict him as a national hero.]]
[[File:Seleucus I Nicitor - commemorative coin by his son King Antiochus I - B - Apollo sitting on the Omphalos and holding his bow of Divine order.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Apollo sitting on the Omphalos an holding his bow of Divine order reading: "Antiochus"]]
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter Coin Side A Bust.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Ptolemy I Soter]] ported from [[WikiMedia Commons]].]]
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter - Coin - Side B - ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ - Eagle clutches Lightning.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Coin of [[Ptolemy I Soter]] depicing [[Zeus]] clutching his lightning.]]
[[File:Kingdoms of the Successors of Alexander - Library of Congress Call Number 2013593022 - Weller, Edward, London, 1884 - 72ppi.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Map of the domains of the four succeeding kingdoms of [[Alexander the Great]] taken from the [[Library of Congress]].]]
[[File:Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator period(BC280).png|200px|right|thumb|Map of the domains of the four succeeding kingdoms of [[Alexander the Great]] taken from the [[Library of Congress]].]]
[[File:Antiochos I Soter tetradrachm obverse.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Coin depicting head of [[Antiochus I Soter]].]]
[[File:Seleucus II Callinicus -Tetradrachm Coin - A - Head of Seleucus II Callinicus.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Tetradrachm coin showing head of Seleucus II Callicus]]
[[File:Seleucus II Callinicus -Tetradrachm Coin - B - Apollo Delphios standing beside the Tripod - Oracle of Prophecy - Arrow of Fate.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Tetradrachm coin showing Apollo resting upon the prophetic Oracle with the Arrow of Fate in his hand.]].
[[File:Ptolemy II Philadelphus - Bust - 96ppi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Bust generally believed to be [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]].]]
[[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes - Bronze Coin - A - Head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ptolemy III.]]
[[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes - Bronze Coin - B - Zeus as Eagle and Serpent as Agathos Daimon, the good spirit of Alexandria.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ptolemy III, icon of Zeus and the Serpent of Alexandria.]]
[[File:Coin - Anastasius I Dicorus - A - Bust of Anastasius wearing pearl diadem, draped, cuirassed bust right - D N ANASTA SIVS PP AVG - Dominus Noster Anastasius Perpetuus Augustus.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Anastasius I Dicorus - B - Victory advancing right, head left, holding wreath and cross on globe; star in right field - VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM - Victoria Augustorum.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Zeno - A - Bust of Zeno facing, helmeted with pearl-diadem, cuirassed, holding spear - D N ZENO PERP AVG - Dominus Noster Zeno Perpetuus Augustus.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Zeno - B - Winged Victory standing left, holding long jewelled cross with right hand - VICTORIA AVGGG I - Victoria Augustorum.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Gold Coin - Philip III Arrhidaios - A - Corinthian Helmeted Athena - Babylon mint either under Archon, Dokimos or Seleucus I - RGB Medium 150ppi PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Gold Coin - Philip III Arrhidaios - B - Winged Nike with Wreath & Stylus - Babylon mint either under Archon, Dokimos or Seleucus I - RGB Medium 150ppi PD.jpg|250px|right]]

==Roman Period==
[[File:Jacopo della Quercia - Rhea Silvia, Mother of Romulus and Remus - Santa Maria della Scala, Siena (from Fonte Gaia) - 2016 - RGB 960px - CC-BY-SA-4.0.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Statue of [[Romulus]] & [[Remus]] with their mother.]]
[[File:Author Unknown - Capitoline she-wolf - Capitoline Museums - MC1181 - RGB 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right]]

==Modern Period==
[[File:William Miller - Autograph - Public Domain.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Signed autograph of [[William Miller]].]]
[[File:William Miller - Illustrations of Miller's Views of the End of the World - Public Domain.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Printed pamphlet expressing the views of the [[Millerite Movement]].]]
[[File:Mihály Munkácsy - Christ before Pilate - Hugarian National Museum - Inventory 428886 - Museum Scan.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Pio IX Blessing Troops just before fall of Rome - Saint Peter Square 1870 MR.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Pope Pius IX blessing the troops just prior to the fall of Rome, 1870.]]
[[File:Carlo Ademollo - The breach of Porta Pia in Rome September 20 - MeisterDrucke-1119802-Public Domain since 1981.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Painting by Carlo Ademollo of the breach of Porta Pia in Rome, 20 Sep 1870.]]
[[File:Charles Chiniquy Portrait - 150ppi Sepia PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Charles Chiniquy signature noBG.png|250px|right]]
[[File:UN - Lima Treaty, Peru - Meetings & Events - UN7721844 - BW UN Photo Policy.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:UN - A resolution to establish a New International Economic Order - A RES 3201(S-VI)-EN page 1.png|250px|right]]
[[File:The Pulpit Commentary - Front Page - Funk & Wagnalls Company, London, 1909 - RGB PD.jpg|250px|right]]

==Medieval Period==
[[File:Pope Urban II Preaching the First Crusade by Francesco Hayez (1791-1882) - 350ppi PD 1982.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Pope Urban II preaching the First Crusade by Francesco Hayez.]]
[[File:Hermann Vogel - Belisarius attacking the Ostrogoths in Rome 536.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Belisarius]] attacking the [[Ostrogoths]] in Italy, 536 AD]]
[[File:Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger - Surrender of the Vandal Gelimer to Flavius Belisarius.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Vinzenz Katzler - Pope John I arriving to Constantinople, 525.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:John Cassell (1817–1865) Cassell's Illustrated History of England, Volume 1, p241 -Priests interceding with King Richard for the Bishop of Beauvais.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Edward Gibbon by Henry Walton cleaned 960x1230px.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Daniel 7 - Little Horn of Daniel 7 with identifying marks - pre 1964 editions of Pictorial Aid for Bible Study, Review and Herald Publishing Association.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Roman Marriage Relief - BM 241199003 - PD Mechanical Reproduction - Isolated.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Theodoric the Great - Manuscript Illustration.jpeg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Cesare Maccari (1840–1919) Cicero Denounces Catiline in the Roman Senate - PD 200ppi.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Gustave Boulanger (1824-1888), Jules-César arrivé au Rubicon, 1854, Musée Picardie.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus - Dressed as the Pontifex Maximus - National Roman Museum, Italy - 960x1455px.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Colosseum, Rome, Italy - Blue Night Sky - 1280px PD.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Roman Folding Curule Chair - Ivory Tusks.gif|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Flamines - frieze of the Ara Pacis - Galerus with Apex.png|200px|right]]
[[File:Head of Julius Caesar from Tusculum - Museum of Antiquities, Turin - inv2089 - 1 - 1920 x 2882px.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Thomas Moore - Portrait - 960 x 1237px PD.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Thomas Moore - Signature - 963 x 173px PD.png|200px|right]]
[[File:World Trade Center - Ground Zero - Firefighters assessing the situation - PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:World Trade Center - Ball of Fire - 01 - Legal Status Unknown.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Martyrdom of a Waldensian Woman - Samuel Morland - 1658.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Burning of the Waldensians, Toulon 1243.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Pope Gregory IX Approving the Decretals, on his throne -Enthroned 19 March 1227 -Raphaelo 1151.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:United States Congress - The Declaration of Independence - High 200ppi RGB PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Declaration of Independence]].]]
[[File:United States Congress - Declaration of Independence - Stone Cut Engraving - High 180ppi RGB PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[William J. Stone|William J. Stone's]] engraving of the [[Declaration of Independence]].]]
[[File:United States Congress - Bill of Rights - High 225ppi PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Bill of Rights]].]]
[[File:Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome - Ceiling Fresco - WikiMedia Commons - 960x1502px RGB CC.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome - Front - WikiMedia Commons - 960x1368px RGB CC.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Plutarch - Bust of - Generally believed to be - Archaeological Museum of Delphi - Wikimedia Commons - RGB PD.jpg|250px|right]]

User:AnthonyPvanDuyn

2026-11-10T02:32:45Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* Minor edits to date */

I am a history buff with a particular eye to prophetic interactions. My library is filled with original sources and my hobby is logically pouring over them and discussion that follows thereafter each discovery or challenge. I have basically taken the approach of adding references (mostly original source) to the list below as I go; if we all did that we would have some really great material and eventually have some great resources. We might even get some fresh insights ;)

I maintain my own BitChute channel "The New Loud Cry".

Compoundingly I have a family with six children. If that wasn't enough I have a bricks and mortar retail / service business on a significant city's waterfront esplanade in the tropical far north regions of Australia.

I started editing Conservapedia after a particular run-in with the editors at Wikipedia who were solely interested in maintaining their point of view regardless of the evidence and sources; meanwhile they would accuse my very well referenced work of being 'Original Research' while they maintained their position by twisting authors words to be different from what was written in context! Thus I decided it was pointless as the staff at ''The Ministry of Truth'' were too active in their use of the ''Memory Hole''.

=Major Edits to Date=
* Created page [[Ahasuerus]] with MAJOR work and referencing
* Created page [[Essay: Date of Jesus Crucifixion]]
* Created page [[Commentary: Daniel 11, Anthony's Historicist Study Aid]] (+25,000 words, lifetime of study)
* Created page [[Cambyses II]] as a stub
* Created page [[Belshazzar]] as a stub
* Created page [[Cyropaedia]]
* Created page [[Darius the Mede]] with significant work
* Created page [[Behistun (inscription)]]
* Created page [[Cyaxares I]] as a stub
* Created page [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]].
* Created page [[Nidintu-Bel]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Naditabaira]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Nebuchadnezzar III]] originally as a redirection but turned into main article
* Ported page [[Cyrus]] to [[Cyrus II the Great]]
* Created page [[Crestonaean]]
* Created page [[Sigynnae]]
* Created page [[Otanes]]
* Created page [[Triballi]]
* Majorly overhauled [[Gypsies]] and redirected page [[Sigynnae]] to [[Gypsies]]
* Created page [[Nabonidas]] as a stub then as a redirection to [[Nabonidus]]
* Created page [[Labynetus]] as a redirection to [[Nabonidus]]
* Created page [[Pope John I]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Philapator]] as a significant article
* Reworked the entire article for [[Arianism]]
* Created page [[Semiramis]] with significant content and references
* Created page [[Victoria (goddess)]]
* Created page [[Sisithrus]] as a redirection page to [[Noah]]
* Created page [[Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period]]
* Major rework and expansion of page [[Justin Martyr]]
* Created page [[Cochome]]
* Created page [[Cambridge Ancient History]]
* Created page [[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]
* Created page [[Oliver Cormwell]]
* Created page [[Duke of Savoy]]
* Created page [[Punctuation Guide]]
* Created pages [[Em-dash]], [[En-dash]] and [[Hyphen]] as feeds into the [[Punctuation Guide]]
* Created page [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Justus Jonas]]
* Created page [[Dionysius (disambiguation)]]
* Created page [[Dionysius the Areopagite]]
* Created page [[Esdras (disambiguation)]]
* Created page [[Andreas Karlstadt]]
* Created page [[National Archives and Records Administration]]
* Created page [[William J. Stone]]
* Created page [[Naaman]]
* Created page [[The Institute for the Works of Religion]] with redirection pages of [[IOR]] and [[Vatican Bank]]
* Created page [[Sol Invictus]]
* Created page [[Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius]]
* Created page [[Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation]]
* Created page [[Jakob Schenk]]
* Created page [[Chancel]]
* Created page [[Jean-Henri Merle d’Aubigné]]
* Created page [[The Table-Talk of Martin Luther]] and a redirection page [[Table Talk (Luther)]]
* Created page [[Zeno]] having ported away the original contents to [[Zeno of Elea]]
* Created page [[Anastasius I Dicorus]]
* Created page [[Battle of Raphia]]
* Created page [[Forklift Truck]] and matching redirection page [[Forklift]] with significant artwork generation.
* Created page [[Antipater I of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Antipater]]
* Created page [[Albert Barnes (theologian)]] with matching redirection page of [[Albert Barnes]]
* Created page [[Matthew Poole]]
* Created page [[Pulpit Commentary]]
* Created page [[Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges]]
* Created page [[Joseph Benson]]
* Created page [[Dianna (goddess)]]
* Created page [[Diadem]]
* Created page [[Erich S. Gruen]]
* Created page [[Justin I]]
* Created page [[Caesar's civil war]]
* Rewrote [[Transliteration]] as stub was competely wrong and added [[Transliterated]] and [[Transliterate]] as redirection pages.
* Created page [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
* Created page [[Harvard University Press]]
* Created page [[Loeb Classical Library]]
* Created page [[Perseus Digital Library]]
* Created page [[William Heinemann]]
* Created page [[Romulus[[
* Created page [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio]]

==Conservapedia's Original Source Project==
===Created Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel===
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 1]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 2]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 3]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 4]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 5]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 6]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 7]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 8]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 9]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 10]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 11]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 12]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 13]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 14]]

===Created Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk===
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 00]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 01]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 02]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 03]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 04]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 05]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 06]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 07]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 08]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 09]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 10]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 11]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 12]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 13]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 14]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 15]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 16]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 17]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 18]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 19]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 20]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 21]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 22]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 23]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 24]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 25]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 26]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 27]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 28]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 29]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 30]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 31]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 32]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 33]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 34]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 35]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 36]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 37]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 38]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 39]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 40]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 41]]

===Created Original Souce: United States Congress===
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Joint Resolution Proposing Twelve Amendments, 1789]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Bill of Rights]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Constitution of the United States]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Amendments to the Constitution]]

==Bible Related==
* Created page [[Syrian Regional Regnal Reckoning]]
* Created page [[James Strong (theologian)]]
* Created page [[Strong's Concordance]]
* Created page [[MT]] as a redirection to [[Masoretic Text]]

==Babylonian==
* Created page [[Dagon (god)]]
* Created page [[Nabuchodonosor]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Nabopollasar]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Belus (god)]] as a stub
* Created page [[Bel]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Labashi-Marduk]] as a stub with info pannel
* Created page [[Amal-Marduk]] porting and editing [[Evil-Merodach]] and turning that page into a redirection
* Created page [[Neriglissar]] as a stub with redirection pages [[Niglissar]] and [[Nergal-sharezer]]
* Created page [[Ninus]] as a redirection to [[Nimrod]]
* Significant edits and Original Source references added to [[Nimrod]]
* Created page [[Marduk]]
* Created page [[Bel]] as a redirection to [[Marduk]]

==Medo-Persian==
* Created page [[Croesus of Lydia]]
* Created page [[Second Persian Invasion of Greece]]
* Major overhaul to page [[Battle of Salamis]]
* Created page [[Darius I the Great]] porting the old [[Darius I]] contents unchanged to it
* Created page [[Artaxerxes III Ochus]] as a stub
* Created page [[Artaxerxes I Longimanus]] as a stub with image
* Created page [[Xerxes I The Great]] porting information from [[Xerxes]], turning that page into a disambiguation page.
* Created page [[Xerxes II and Sogdianus]] crafting to a nearly complete stage.
* Created page [[Darius II]] as a stub
* Created page [[Cyrus I]] as a stub
* Significant contributor to [[Darius I]]
* Created page [[Cyaxares II]] with major edits
* Expanded page [[Medes]].
* Created page [[Astyages]] with significant works.
* Created page [[Hystaspas]] with references
* Created page [[Smerdis]] with references and language text
* Created page [[False Smerdis]] with references and language text

==Ancient Greece==
===Personalities===
* Created page [[Cassander]] as stub
* Created page [[Wars of the Diadochi]] as a stub
* Significant contributor to [[Olympias]]
* Significant contributor to [[Ptolemy I Soter]]
* Significant contributor to [[Diadochi]]
* Created page [[Philip III of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]]
* Created page [[Battle of Salamis in Cyprus]]
* Created page [[Philip V of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Omphalos]]
* Created page [[Laodice I]]
* Created page [[Berenice Phernophorus]]
* Created page [[Lysippos]]
* Created page [[Lysimachus]]
* Created page [[Polyperchon]]
* Created page [[Agread Dynasty]]
* Created page [[Alexander IV of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Barsine]]
* Created page [[Heracles of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Antiochus I Soter]]
* Created page [[Antiochus II Theos]]
* Created page [[Antiochus III the Great]]
* Created page [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]]
* Created page [[Seleucus]] with significant edits, later turned to a redirection page.
* Created page [[Seleucus I Nicator]] as the final home for this data on Seleucus the Victor.
* Created page [[Seleucus II Callinicus]]
* Created page [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] as a stub
* Created page [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]]

===Culture===
* Created page [[Canon of Ptolemy]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Ptolemy's Canon]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Berossus the Chaldean]]
* Created page [[Megasthenes]]

==Ancient Rome==
===Culture===
* Created page [[Roman Imperial Cult]]
* Created page [[Cursus Honorum]]
* Created page [[Aedile]]
* Created page [[Curule Chair]]
* Created page [[Flamen]]
* Created page [[Agnomen]] as a complete product that should need no revision.
* Created page [[Cognomen]] as a complete product that should need no revision.
* Created page [[Nomen gentilicium]].
* Created page [[Gens]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Appian of Alexandria]]

===Personalities===
* Created page [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* Redirected [[Julius Caesar]] to [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] for greater accuracy.
* Major overhaul [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* Created page [[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus]] as a redirection page to [[Augustus Caesar]].
* Changed page [[Gaius Octavius]] from being a redirection to [[Augustus Caesar]] into a seperate page due to naming confusion to specify Octavian's biological father.
* Created page [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* Demoted page [[Crassus]] into a redirection page to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* Created page [[Procopius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)]]
* Created page [[Caesar’s Expeditions to Britain]]
* Created page [[Flavius Belisarius]] porting the original page [[Belisarius]] and turning the original into a redirection page
* Created page [[Flavia Julia Helena Augusta]] as a stub
* Created page [[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus]] as a stub
* Later created page [[Justin (historian)]] as the main page and redirected [[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus]]
* Created page [[Valerius Maximus]] for improved reference quality, side effect of SEO Authority and Trust Signal improvement.
* Created page [[Athenaeus]]
* Created page [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]]
* Created page [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]] with [[Sulla]] redirection

===Religion, War & Politics===
* Created page [[Gallic Wars]]
* Created page [[Third Mithridatic War]]
* Created page [[Hasmonean Civil War]]
* Created page [[First Triumvirate]] as a redirection page to [[Triumvirate]]
* Created page [[Second Triumvirate]] as a redirection page to [[Triumvirate]]
* Created page [[First Jewish-Roman War]]

===Medievil Period===
* Created page [[Patrologia Latina]]
* Created page [[Patrologia Graeca]]
* Created page [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
* Created page [[Henrietta Maria]]

==Modern Period==
* Created page [[Thomas Moore]]
* Created page [[Austerity]]
* Created page [[Structural Adjustment Programs]]
* Created page [[Operation AJAX]]
* Created page [[Operation BOOT]]
* Created page [[5th Generation Warfare]]
* Created page [[Stratesec]]
* Created page [[Casus Belli]]
* Created page [[MQ-9 Reaper]]
* Created page [[Law of Guarantees]]
* Created page [[Bitchute]] with some programming examples for users
* Created page [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]]

==SEO - Search Engine Optimisation==
* Created page [[Search Engine Optimization]]
* Created page [[SEO Trust Signals]]
* Created page [[SEO Authority Signals]]
* Created page [[SEO E‑E‑A‑T Standard]]
* Created page [[SEO Checklist for Editors]]
* Created page [[Domain Authority]]
* Created page [[Internal Linking]]
* Created page [[Internal Links]] as a redirection to [[Internal Linking]]
* Created pages [[Authority signals]] and [[Trust signals]] as redriections to [[SEO Authority Signals]] and [[SEO Trust Signals]]

* Created page [[Conservapedia’s Original Source Project]] as a policy guide for active SEO improvement

==Geography==
* Created page [[Po Valley]]
* Created page [[Ionian Gulf]] as an explanation from the works of [[Arrian]].
* Created page [[Erythrean sea]]
* Created page [[Gallikos (river)]] with redirection pages of [[Galliko]], [[Cheidorus]] & [[Echidorus]] as redirection pages
* Created page [[Ister]] being an ancient name, as a redirection page to [[Danube]]
* Created page [[Vardar (river)]], and redirection pages of [[Axios (river)]]
* I ported [[River Vardar]]'s information before turning that page into a redirection, as well as including [[Vardar river]].
* Created pages [[Woolsthorpe]] and [[Woolsthorpe, UK]] as a redirection to [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]]
* Created page [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]]
* Created page [[Kensignton, UK]] with a feed redirection page [[Kensington]]
* Created page [[Cappadocia]]
* Created page [[Eisleben]]
* Created page [[Karlstadt, Germany]]

==Significant edits to date==
* More direct introduction to [[Liberal arts]]
* Added section "Education" to [[Alexander the Great]]
* Significant contributions to [[Kingdom of Judah]] - ''Later History''
* Significant contributions to [[Tower of Babel]]
* Reworked [[Nimrod]] with referencing
* Reworked [[Noah]]
* Modifications to [[Red Sea]]
* Reworked [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
* Significant addition of the Etymology section to [[Amal-Marduk]] and overal rework
* Significant rework of introduction and info-panel to [[Augustus Caesar]]
* Info panel for [[Alexander the Great]]
* New section inside [[International Monetary Fund]] on [[International Monetary Fund#Political Influence Over Governance|Political Influence]] and [[International Monetary Fund#Austerity Measures and Structural Adjustment Programs|SAPs / Austerity]].
* Added new section inside [[Osama Bin Laden]] entitled [[Osama Bin Laden#In Prophecy|''In Prophecy'']]
* Added new mini section [[Arab Spring#In Prophecy]] plus two images.
* Added new section to [[Libya#Ancient Libya]] detailing ancient usage
* Significant expansion of article [[Asymmetry]]
* Significant rewrite of [[Hosni Mubarak]]
* Demoted [[Justinian]] to a redirection page and ported to new page [[Justinain I]]

==Minor edits to date==
* added ancient name ''Ister'' to [[Danube]]
* expanded [[Battle of Chaeronea]]
* expanded [[Crucifixion]]
* Created [[Evil-Marduk]] and [[Awil-Marduk]] as a redirection pages]]
* Created [[Nergalsharezeror]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Laborosoarchodus]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Nebuchodonosor]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Evilmerodachus]] as a redirection page
* Create page [[Neriglissoorus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Nabonnedus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Evilmaluruchus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Neriglisares]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Kyros]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Gaius Octavius Thurinus]] as a redirection page
* Edited the Stub article "Historicism" to add section [[Historicism]] (Religious).
* Minor changes to [[Masoretic Text]]
* Created page [[The day the world changed]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Bush, George W]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[DCA]] as a redirection to [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]]
* Created page [[Al-Qauda]] as a redirect to [[Al Qaeda]]
* Demoted page [[Fifth-generation warfare]] to a redirection page to [[5th Generation Warfare]] ensuring to port its ideas and concepts
* Created page [[5GW]] as a redirection to [[5th Generation Warfare]]
* Created page [[Joseph Ratzinger]] as a redirection
* Created page [[Darius the Great]] as a redirection to [[Darius I the Great]]
* Created page [[Xerxes the Great]] as a redirection to [[Xerxes I The Great]]
* Created page [[Diodorus]] as a redirection to [[Diodorus Siculus]]
* Created page [[Consulship]] as a redirection ot [[Consul]]
* Created page [[Caesar's Invasion of Britain]] as a redirection to [[Caesar’s Expeditions to Britain]]
* Created page [[Caesar, Gaius Julius]] as a redirection to [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] for referencing purposes and SEO structure and trust signal improvement
* Created page [[Hieronymus]] as a redirection page to [[Jerome]]
* Created page [[Newton, Isaac]] as a redirection to [[Isaac Newton]] for referencing purposes and SEO structure and trust signal improvement
* Created page [[Philip III Arrhidaeus]] as a redirection to [[Philip III of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Demetrius the Besieger]] as a redirection to [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]]
* Created page [[Securacom]] as a redirection to [[Stratesec]]
* Created page [[Procopius]] as a redirection to [[Procopius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Appian]] as a redirection to [[Appian of Alexandria]]
* Created pages [[Pompey Carnifex]] and [[Pompey Magnus]] as redirection pages to [[Pompey the Great]]
* Created page [[Antiochus the Great]] as a redirection page to [[Antiochus III the Great]]
* Created page [[Aedileship]] as a redirection to [[Aedile]]

=Carts Produced=
[[File:Medo-Persia - Achaemid Family Tree - inc Otanes & Cyaxares II.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Manufactured in by myself in InDesign]]
[[File:Egypt - Government Debt to GDP Chart 1970-2024.png|300px|thumb|right]]
[[File:1,335, 1,290 & 1,260 Prophecies Timeline - RGB High 300ppi PD.png|300px|right]]

=Images Produced=
[[File:Arch of Titus reinterpreted in an oil painting style - 150ppi - RGB - PD.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Oil styled reinterpretation of the Menorah Relif on the [[Arch of Titus]]. Produced for [[Conservapedia]].]]
[[File:Battle of Raphia 217 BC - Elephants - Seleucid - Ptolemian - 150ppi RGB - PD.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Riots in the streets of Greek city of Alexandria, Egypt in 204 BC - 150ppi RGB - PD.jpg|350px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Stop - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Dog Everything - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Raise the Tines - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Lower the Tines - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Tines in Direction - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Mast Forward - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Mast Backward - RGM High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]

=Images Uploaded=
==Greek Period==
[[File:R9npZoqtD4HA 640x360.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Title slide for Daniel 11:2 video ported from Bitchute]]
[[File:0tMVCzzdoZkO 640x360.jpg|250px|thumb|right]Title slide for Daniel 11:2 video ported from Bitchute]]
[[File:Seleucus I Nicitor - commemorative coin by his son King Antiochus I - A - Horns on his Head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ported and reformatted from WikiMedia Commons|200px|right|Commemorative coin of Antiochus I depicting his now late father [[Seleucus I Nicitor]] with horns to depict him as a national hero.]]
[[File:Seleucus I Nicitor - commemorative coin by his son King Antiochus I - B - Apollo sitting on the Omphalos and holding his bow of Divine order.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Apollo sitting on the Omphalos an holding his bow of Divine order reading: "Antiochus"]]
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter Coin Side A Bust.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Ptolemy I Soter]] ported from [[WikiMedia Commons]].]]
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter - Coin - Side B - ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ - Eagle clutches Lightning.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Coin of [[Ptolemy I Soter]] depicing [[Zeus]] clutching his lightning.]]
[[File:Kingdoms of the Successors of Alexander - Library of Congress Call Number 2013593022 - Weller, Edward, London, 1884 - 72ppi.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Map of the domains of the four succeeding kingdoms of [[Alexander the Great]] taken from the [[Library of Congress]].]]
[[File:Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator period(BC280).png|200px|right|thumb|Map of the domains of the four succeeding kingdoms of [[Alexander the Great]] taken from the [[Library of Congress]].]]
[[File:Antiochos I Soter tetradrachm obverse.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Coin depicting head of [[Antiochus I Soter]].]]
[[File:Seleucus II Callinicus -Tetradrachm Coin - A - Head of Seleucus II Callinicus.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Tetradrachm coin showing head of Seleucus II Callicus]]
[[File:Seleucus II Callinicus -Tetradrachm Coin - B - Apollo Delphios standing beside the Tripod - Oracle of Prophecy - Arrow of Fate.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Tetradrachm coin showing Apollo resting upon the prophetic Oracle with the Arrow of Fate in his hand.]].
[[File:Ptolemy II Philadelphus - Bust - 96ppi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Bust generally believed to be [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]].]]
[[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes - Bronze Coin - A - Head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ptolemy III.]]
[[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes - Bronze Coin - B - Zeus as Eagle and Serpent as Agathos Daimon, the good spirit of Alexandria.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ptolemy III, icon of Zeus and the Serpent of Alexandria.]]
[[File:Coin - Anastasius I Dicorus - A - Bust of Anastasius wearing pearl diadem, draped, cuirassed bust right - D N ANASTA SIVS PP AVG - Dominus Noster Anastasius Perpetuus Augustus.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Anastasius I Dicorus - B - Victory advancing right, head left, holding wreath and cross on globe; star in right field - VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM - Victoria Augustorum.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Zeno - A - Bust of Zeno facing, helmeted with pearl-diadem, cuirassed, holding spear - D N ZENO PERP AVG - Dominus Noster Zeno Perpetuus Augustus.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Coin - Zeno - B - Winged Victory standing left, holding long jewelled cross with right hand - VICTORIA AVGGG I - Victoria Augustorum.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Gold Coin - Philip III Arrhidaios - A - Corinthian Helmeted Athena - Babylon mint either under Archon, Dokimos or Seleucus I - RGB Medium 150ppi PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Gold Coin - Philip III Arrhidaios - B - Winged Nike with Wreath & Stylus - Babylon mint either under Archon, Dokimos or Seleucus I - RGB Medium 150ppi PD.jpg|250px|right]]

==Roman Period==
[[File:Jacopo della Quercia - Rhea Silvia, Mother of Romulus and Remus - Santa Maria della Scala, Siena (from Fonte Gaia) - 2016 - RGB 960px - CC-BY-SA-4.0.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Statue of [[Romulus]] & [[Remus]] with their mother.]]
[[File:Author Unknown - Capitoline she-wolf - Capitoline Museums - MC1181 - RGB 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right]]

==Modern Period==
[[File:William Miller - Autograph - Public Domain.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Signed autograph of [[William Miller]].]]
[[File:William Miller - Illustrations of Miller's Views of the End of the World - Public Domain.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Printed pamphlet expressing the views of the [[Millerite Movement]].]]
[[File:Mihály Munkácsy - Christ before Pilate - Hugarian National Museum - Inventory 428886 - Museum Scan.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Pio IX Blessing Troops just before fall of Rome - Saint Peter Square 1870 MR.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Pope Pius IX blessing the troops just prior to the fall of Rome, 1870.]]
[[File:Carlo Ademollo - The breach of Porta Pia in Rome September 20 - MeisterDrucke-1119802-Public Domain since 1981.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Painting by Carlo Ademollo of the breach of Porta Pia in Rome, 20 Sep 1870.]]
[[File:Charles Chiniquy Portrait - 150ppi Sepia PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Charles Chiniquy signature noBG.png|250px|right]]
[[File:UN - Lima Treaty, Peru - Meetings & Events - UN7721844 - BW UN Photo Policy.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:UN - A resolution to establish a New International Economic Order - A RES 3201(S-VI)-EN page 1.png|250px|right]]
[[File:The Pulpit Commentary - Front Page - Funk & Wagnalls Company, London, 1909 - RGB PD.jpg|250px|right]]

==Medieval Period==
[[File:Pope Urban II Preaching the First Crusade by Francesco Hayez (1791-1882) - 350ppi PD 1982.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Pope Urban II preaching the First Crusade by Francesco Hayez.]]
[[File:Hermann Vogel - Belisarius attacking the Ostrogoths in Rome 536.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Belisarius]] attacking the [[Ostrogoths]] in Italy, 536 AD]]
[[File:Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger - Surrender of the Vandal Gelimer to Flavius Belisarius.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Vinzenz Katzler - Pope John I arriving to Constantinople, 525.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:John Cassell (1817–1865) Cassell's Illustrated History of England, Volume 1, p241 -Priests interceding with King Richard for the Bishop of Beauvais.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Edward Gibbon by Henry Walton cleaned 960x1230px.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Daniel 7 - Little Horn of Daniel 7 with identifying marks - pre 1964 editions of Pictorial Aid for Bible Study, Review and Herald Publishing Association.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Roman Marriage Relief - BM 241199003 - PD Mechanical Reproduction - Isolated.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Theodoric the Great - Manuscript Illustration.jpeg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Cesare Maccari (1840–1919) Cicero Denounces Catiline in the Roman Senate - PD 200ppi.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Gustave Boulanger (1824-1888), Jules-César arrivé au Rubicon, 1854, Musée Picardie.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus - Dressed as the Pontifex Maximus - National Roman Museum, Italy - 960x1455px.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Colosseum, Rome, Italy - Blue Night Sky - 1280px PD.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Roman Folding Curule Chair - Ivory Tusks.gif|200px|thumb|right]]
[[File:Flamines - frieze of the Ara Pacis - Galerus with Apex.png|200px|right]]
[[File:Head of Julius Caesar from Tusculum - Museum of Antiquities, Turin - inv2089 - 1 - 1920 x 2882px.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Thomas Moore - Portrait - 960 x 1237px PD.jpg|200px|right]]
[[File:Thomas Moore - Signature - 963 x 173px PD.png|200px|right]]
[[File:World Trade Center - Ground Zero - Firefighters assessing the situation - PD.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:World Trade Center - Ball of Fire - 01 - Legal Status Unknown.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Martyrdom of a Waldensian Woman - Samuel Morland - 1658.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Burning of the Waldensians, Toulon 1243.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Pope Gregory IX Approving the Decretals, on his throne -Enthroned 19 March 1227 -Raphaelo 1151.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:United States Congress - The Declaration of Independence - High 200ppi RGB PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Declaration of Independence]].]]
[[File:United States Congress - Declaration of Independence - Stone Cut Engraving - High 180ppi RGB PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[William J. Stone|William J. Stone's]] engraving of the [[Declaration of Independence]].]]
[[File:United States Congress - Bill of Rights - High 225ppi PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Bill of Rights]].]]
[[File:Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome - Ceiling Fresco - WikiMedia Commons - 960x1502px RGB CC.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome - Front - WikiMedia Commons - 960x1368px RGB CC.jpg|250px|right]]
[[File:Plutarch - Bust of - Generally believed to be - Archaeological Museum of Delphi - Wikimedia Commons - RGB PD.jpg|250px|right]]

Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar

2026-11-10T01:25:22Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* 7 */

{| style="float:right; width:350px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Plutarch - Lives - RGB 96ppi - PD.png|310px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;" | ''Life of Caesar''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|310px]]
|-
! Author
| [[Plutarch]]
|-
! Original Title
| Καῖσαρ
|-
! Work
| ''[[Parallel Lives|Lives]]''
|-
! Translator
| [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
|-
! Series
| [[Loeb Classical Library]]
|-
! Volume
| VII (No. 99)
|-
! Original Publication
| 1919
|-
! Publisher
| [[Harvard University Press]] (Cambridge); [[William Heinemann]] (London)
|-
! Languages
| Ancient Greek and English
|-
! Digital Source
| [[Perseus Digital Library]]
|-
! Text
| Greek text with facing English translation
|-
|}

This page is part of [[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]], which preserves public-domain primary texts in a structured yet academically referencable format that can be easily copy-and-pasted by users. All readers are actively encouraged to create internal links to [[Conservapedia|Conservapedia's]] related encyclopedic articles. Readers are also asked to add [[Internal Links|internal links]] and '''references''' from the encyclopedic articles back to these original source documents. [[Internal Links|Internal links]] aid user experience as they can jump directly to specific paragraphs, such as ''[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#7|"he kissed her and said: “Mother, today thou shalt see thy son either pontifex maximus or an exile.”"]]'' while strengthen [[SEO Trust Signals]]. While authorative references follow traditional academic style while also increasing the article's [[SEO Authority Signals]] provided the reference is to known sources. Your assistance is appreciated and please enjoy and make full use of the materials below.

===Publication Details===

'''Original Author:''' [[Plutarch]].

'''Original Work:''' [[Life of Caesar]]

'''English Translator:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]].

'''Source Work:''' ''[[Lives]]'', Volume VII: ''Demosthenes and Cicero; Alexander and Caesar''.

'''Source Publication Series:''' ''The Loeb Classical Library'', founded by James Loeb, Volume 99.

'''Source Publisher:''' [[Harvard University Press]], [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], in association with [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]], [[London]].

'''Source Publication History:''' First published in 1919. The particular English-text printing used for this digital edition is the 1967 reprint, as identified on its title page.

'''Digital Edition:''' [[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has prepared a digitally structured presentation of [[Plutarch|Plutarch's]] ''Lives'', using [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] established English translation as its English-language source. The text's chapters and section markers have been retained in accordance with the [[Loeb Classical Library]] numbering system, providing academic consistency and facilitating comparison with other scholarly editions. The digital presentation incorporates corresponding chapter navigation, paragraph alignment and internal links to related encyclopedic subjects, facilitating historical and biographical research.

The project additionally presents the original polytonic Greek text alongside the English translation in a parallel-reading format. The Greek text is presented in accordance with the original-language text of the [[Loeb Classical Library]] edition. The [[Logeion]] lexicon, provided by the [[University of Chicago]], serves as a supplementary linguistic research resource, assisting examination of the original Greek vocabulary and terminology.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project|Conservapedia's Original Source Project's]] contribution consists of the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of the historical texts. [[Bernadotte Perrin]] remains the credited English translator, and [[Harvard University Press]] and [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]] remain the credited publishers of the original [[Loeb Classical Library|Loeb]] edition.

===Legal Status===

'''English Translation:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]] (15 September 1847 – 31 August 1920) died aged 72 years, 11 months and 16 days. His English translation of Plutarch's ''Life of Caesar'' was published during his lifetime in 1919, as part of ''Lives'', Volume VII of the [[Loeb Classical Library]], Volume 99.

Under the applicable copyright laws, the translation has now entered the [[Public Domain]] in the following jurisdictions:

* '''[[European Union]] and [[United Kingdom]]:''' Copyright in literary works generally expires 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the author dies. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1991, following the expiry of copyright on 31 December 1990.

* '''[[United States]]:''' The 1919 publication falls well before the current public-domain cutoff for works published in the United States. Such works, published before 1 January 1931, are now in the public domain.

* '''[[Australia]]:''' The previous general copyright term of 50 years following the author's death expired on 31 December 1970. The subsequent extension to 70 years, effective from 1 January 2005, did not retrospectively restore copyright in works which had already entered the public domain.

* '''[[Canada]]:''' The former copyright term of 50 years following the author's death likewise expired on 31 December 1970. Canada's extension to 70 years, effective from 30 December 2022, expressly did not restore copyright in works whose protection had already expired before 1 January 2023.

* '''[[New Zealand]]:''' The general copyright term for literary works remains 50 years following the end of the calendar year in which the author died. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1971.

The original Greek composition of [[Plutarch]] is itself an ancient work outside modern copyright protection. The 1919 Loeb edition's translation and source texts are therefore available for public-domain reproduction in the jurisdictions identified above.

The 1967 reprint date does not renew or extend the expired copyright in Perrin's translation. This declaration concerns the original literary and historical texts and does not purport to establish the copyright status of any separately authored material, illustrations or other additions introduced in subsequent editions.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has independently undertaken the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of these public-domain materials.

=Illustradted English Edition ([[Bernadotte Perrin|Perrin]])=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#1|E01 - Caesar and Sulla]]==
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] list's the proscribed forcing young [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] to flee for his life.]]

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'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Rome]], and when [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] hatred of Sulla was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] father, was the wife of Marius the Elder, and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], who was therefore [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] cousin.

'''[2]''' Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription]]s, but he came before the people as candidate for a [[priesthood]], although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses.

'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, Cornelius, two [[talent]]s to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed to King [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]].

'''[4]''' With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#2|E02 - The Pirates]]==

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'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the pirates demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilician pirates|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking.

'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all.

'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as [[praetor]] of the province, to punish the captives.

'''[4]''' But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#3|E03 - Rhodes and Oratory]]==

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'''[1]''' After this, Sulla’s power being now on the wane, and Caesar’s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius]] the son of Molon, an illustrious [[rhetorician]] with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political [[oratory]], and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather,

'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero’s ''Cato,'' he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#4|E04 - Caesar the Advocate]]==

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'''[1]''' After his return to Rome he impeached [[Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] for maladministration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but Caesar, in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]].

'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes]] at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, Caesar won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, since he was ingratiating beyond his years.

'''[3]''' He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence, in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after, contempt of them has left them unobstructed.

'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of Caesar’s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely Cicero, said that in most of Caesar’s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose; “On the other hand,” said he, “when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman constitution]].” This, it is true, belongs to a later period.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#5|E05 - Caesar’s Popularity]]==

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'''[1]''' The first proof of the people’s good will towards him he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a [[military tribune|military tribuneship]] and was elected over him; a second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of Julia the deceased wife of Marius, he pronounced a splendid [[funeral oration|encomium]] upon her in the [[Forum Romanum|forum]], and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of Marius, which were then seen for the first time since the administration of Sulla, because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies.

'''[2]''' When, namely, some cried out against Caesar for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from [[Hades]], the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and Caesar was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling.

'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to Spain as [[quaestor]] under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by Cornelia a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]].

'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt.

'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his [[aedileship]], he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of [[gladiator]]s, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#6|E06 - Honours for Marius]]==

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'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of Sulla, which had been all powerful since his day, and that of Marius, which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party Caesar wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of Marius secretly made, together with trophy-bearing [[Victoria (mythology)|Victories]], and these he ordered to be carried by night and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]].

'''[2]''' At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri]]an successes of Marius) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together for the sight.

'''[3]''' But some cried out that Caesar was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and filled the Capitol with their applause.

'''[4]''' Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of Marius, and Caesar was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in Rome, rose up and denounced Caesar, uttering the memorable words: “No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government.” Caesar, however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#7|E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline]]==
[[File:Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus - Dressed as the Pontifex Maximus - National Roman Museum, Italy - 960x1455px.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Statue of [[Augustus Caesar]] dressed in the traditional garb of the [[Pontifex Maximus]].]]

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'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and Catulus were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, Caesar would not give way to them, but presented himself to the people as a rival candidate.

'''[2]''' The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar’s competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as Caesar’s mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: “Mother, today thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile.”

'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] prevailed, and thereby made the senate and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed Cicero for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him.

'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their punishment,

'''[5]''' the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of Italy as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#8|E08 - The Conspirators]]==

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'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. These warmly opposed Caesar’s proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner,

'''[2]''' and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice.

'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterward, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go.

'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that Cato, fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar’s power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#9|E09 - The Bona Dea]]==

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'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of Caesar’s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time.

'''[2]''' This man was in love with Pompeia the wife of Caesar, and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women’s apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar’s mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview.

'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character.

'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or praetor at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#10|E10 - Clodius and Pompeia]]==
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, Pompeia was celebrating this festival, and Clodius, who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret;

'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came.

'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia’s [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius.

'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed [[sacrilege]] and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods.

'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude.

'''[6]''' Caesar divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius.

'''[7]''' At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.

==E11 - Spain and Ambition==

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'''[1]''' Immediately after his praetorship Caesar received [[Spain]] as his province, and since he found it hard to arrange matters with his creditors, who obstructed his departure and were clamorous, he had recourse to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], the richest of the Romans, who had need of Caesar’s vigour and fire for his political campaign against [[Pompey the Great|Pompey]]. And it was only after Crassus had met the demands of the most importunate and inexorable of these creditors and given surety for eight hundred and thirty talents, that Caesar could go out to his province.

'''[2]''' We are told that, as he was crossing the [[Alps]] and passing by a barbarian village which had very few inhabitants and was a sorry sight, his companions asked with mirth and laughter, “Can it be that here too there are ambitious strifes for office, struggles for primacy, and mutual jealousies of powerful men?” Whereupon Caesar said to them in all seriousness, “I would rather be first here than second at Rome.”

'''[3]''' In like manner we are told again that, in Spain, when he was at leisure and was reading from the history of [[Alexander the Great]], he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. “Do you not think,” said he, “it is matter for sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?”

==E12 - Caesar in Spain==

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'''[1]''' At any rate, as soon as he reached Spain he set himself to work, and in a few days raised ten [[cohort]]s in addition to the twenty which were there before. Then he led his army against the [[Callaici]] and [[Lusitani]], overpowered them, and marched on as far as the outer sea, subduing the tribes which before were not obedient to Rome. After bringing the war to a successful close, he was equally happy in adjusting the problems of peace, by establishing concord between the cities, and particularly by healing the dissensions between debtors and creditors.

'''[2]''' For he ordained that the creditor should annually take two thirds of his debtor’s income, and that the owner of the property should use the rest, and so on until the debt was cancelled. In high repute for this administration he retired from the province; he had become wealthy himself, had enriched his soldiers from their campaigns, and had been saluted by them as [[Imperator]].

==E13 - Pompey and Crassus==

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'''[1]''' Now, since those who sued for the privilege of a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] must remain outside the city, while those who were candidates for the [[Roman consul|consulship]] must be present in the city, Caesar was in a great dilemma, and because he had reached home at the very time for the consular elections, he sent a request to the senate that he might be permitted to offer himself for the consulship ''in absentiâ'', through the agency of his friends. But since Cato began by insisting upon the law in opposition to Caesar’s request, and then, when he saw that many senators had been won over by Caesar’s attentions, staved the matter off by consuming the day in speaking, Caesar decided to give up the triumph and try for the consulship.

'''[2]''' So as soon as he entered the city he assumed a policy which deceived everyone except Cato. This policy was to reconcile Pompey and Crassus, the most influential men in the city. These men Caesar brought together in friendship after their quarrel, and by concentrating their united strength upon himself, succeeded, before men were aware of it, and by an act which could be called one of kindness, in changing the form of government.

'''[3]''' For it was not, as most men supposed, the quarrel between [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and Pompey that brought on the [[Caesar's civil war|civil wars]], but rather their friendship, since they worked together for the overthrow of the [[Roman aristocracy|aristocracy]] in the first place, and then, when this had been accomplished, they quarrelled with one another. And Cato, who often foretold what was to come of their alliance, got the reputation of a morose and troublesome fellow at the time, but afterwards that of a wise, though unfortunate, counsellor.

==E14 - Caesar’s Consulship==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, encompassed and protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey, entered the canvass for the consulship; and as soon as he had been triumphantly elected, along with [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Calpurnius Bibulus]], and had entered upon his office, he proposed laws which were becoming, not for a consul, but for a most radical tribune of the people; for to gratify the multitude he introduced sundry allotments and distributions of land.

'''[2]''' In the senate the opposition of men of the better sort gave him the pretext which he had long desired, and crying with loud adjurations that he was driven forth into the popular assembly against his wishes, and was compelled to court its favour by the insolence and obstinacy of the senate, he hastened before it, and stationing Crassus on one side of him and Pompey on the other, he asked them if they approved his laws.

'''[3]''' They declared that they did approve them, whereupon he urged them to give him their aid against those who threatened to oppose him with swords. They promised him such aid, and Pompey actually added that he would come up against swords with sword and buckler too. At this impulsive and mad speech, unworthy of the high esteem in which Pompey stood and unbecoming to the respect which was due to the senate, the nobility were distressed but the populace were delighted.

'''[4]''' Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] tried to avail himself still more of the influence of Pompey. He had a daughter, [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], who was betrothed to [[Servilius Caepio]]. This daughter he betrothed to Pompey, and said he would give Pompey’s daughter in marriage to Servilius, although she too was not unbetrothed, but had been promised to [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla|Faustus]], the son of Sulla.

'''[5]''' And a little while afterwards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]took [[Calpurnia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Calpurnia]] to wife, a daughter of Piso, and got Piso made consul for the coming year, although here too Cato vehemently protested, and cried out that it was intolerable to have the supreme power prostituted by marriage alliances and to see men helping one another to powers and armies and provinces by means of women.

'''[6]''' As for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] colleague, Bibulus, since he availed nothing by obstructing [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws, but often ran the risk with Cato of being killed in the [[Roman Forum|forum]], he shut himself up at home for the remainder of his term of office. Pompey, however, immediately after his marriage, filled the forum with armed men and helped the people to enact [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws and give him as his consular province [[Gaul]] on both sides of the Alps for five years, together with [[Illyricum]] and four [[Roman legion|legions]].

'''[7]''' Cato, of course, tried to speak against these measures, but Caesar had him led off to prison, supposing that he would appeal to the popular tribunes; but when Cato walked off without a word and Caesar saw not only that the most influential men were displeased, but also that the populace, out of respect for Cato’s virtue, were following him in silence and with downcast looks, he himself secretly asked one of the tribunes to take Cato out of arrest.

'''[8]''' Of the other senators, only a very few used to go with Caesar to the senate; the rest, in displeasure, stayed away. [[Considius]], a very aged senator, once told Caesar that his colleagues did not come together because they were afraid of the armed soldiers. “Why, then,” said Caesar, “dost thou too not stay at home out of the same fear?” To this Considius replied: “Because my old age makes me fearless; for the short span of life that is still left me does not require much anxious thought.”

'''[9]''' But the most disgraceful public measure of the time was thought to be the election to the tribuneship, during [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] consulate, of the notorious Clodius, who had trespassed upon his rights as a husband, and upon the secret nocturnal vigils. He was elected, however, for the overthrow of Cicero; and Caesar did not go forth upon his campaign until, with the help of Clodius, he had raised a successful faction against Cicero and driven him out of [[Italy]].

==E15 - Caesar’s Military Achievements==

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'''[1]''' Such, then, is said to have been the course of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s life before his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]]. But the period of the wars which he afterwards fought, and of the campaigns by which he subjugated [[Gaul]], as if he had made another beginning and entered upon a different path of life and one of new achievements, proved him to be inferior as soldier and commander to no one soever of those who have won most admiration for leadership and shown themselves greatest therein.

'''[2]''' Nay, if one compare him with such men as [[Fabii|Fabius]] and [[Scipiones|Scipio]] and [[Metelli|Metellus]], and with the men of his own time or a little before him, like [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], the two [[Luculli]], or even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, whose fame for every sort of military excellence was at this time flowering out and reaching to the skies, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] will be found to surpass them all in his achievements. One he surpassed in the difficulty of the regions where he waged his wars; another in the great extent of country which he acquired; another in the multitude and might of the enemies over whom he was victorious;

'''[3]''' another in the savage manners and perfidious dispositions of the people whom he conciliated; another in his reasonableness and mildness towards his captives; another still in the gifts and favours which he bestowed upon his soldiers; and all in the fact that he fought the most battles and killed the most enemies. For although it was not full ten years that he waged war in [[Gaul]], he took by storm more than eight hundred cities, subdued three hundred nations, and fought pitched battles at different times with three million men, of whom he slew one million in hand to hand fighting and took as many more prisoners.

==E16 - The Courage of Caesar’s Soldiers==

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'''[1]''' His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s fame. Such a man, for instance, was [[Gaius Acilius|Acilius]], who, in the sea-fight at [[Massalia]], boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces of his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vessel.

'''[2]''' Such a man, again, was [[Cassius Scaeva]], who, in the battle at [[Dyrrhachium]], had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accordingly, coming up, he lopped off the shoulder of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades.

'''[3]''' Again, in [[Britain]], when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost [[Centurion|centurions]], who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many conspicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the [[barbarian|Barbarians]] had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wading, got across. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield.

'''[4]''' Again, in [[Africa]], [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] captured a ship of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s in which [[Granius Petro]], who had been appointed [[quaestor]], was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. [[Granius Petro]], however, remarking that it was the custom with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword.

==E17 - Caesar’s Discipline and Endurance==

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'''[1]''' Such spirit and ambition [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself created and cultivated in his men, in the first place, because he showed, by his unsparing bestowal of rewards and honours, that he was not amassing wealth from his wars for his own luxury or for any life of ease, but that he treasured it up carefully as a common prize for deeds of valour, and had no greater share in the wealth than he offered to the deserving among his soldiers; and in the second place, by willingly undergoing every danger and refusing no toil.

'''[2]''' Now, at his love of danger his men were not astonished, knowing his ambition; but that he should undergo toils beyond his body's apparent power of endurance amazed them, because he was of a spare habit, had a soft and white skin, suffered from distemper in the head, and was subject to [[epilepsy|epileptic fits]], a trouble which first attacked him, we are told, in [[Corduba]]. Nevertheless, he did not make his feeble health an excuse for soft living, but rather his military service a cure for his feeble health, since by wearisome journeys, simple diet, continuously sleeping in the open air, and enduring hardships, he fought off his trouble and kept his body strong against its attacks.

'''[3]''' Most of his sleep, at least, he got in cars or litters, making his rest conduce to action, and in the day-time he would have himself conveyed to garrisons, cities, or camps, one slave who was accustomed to write from dictation as he travelled sitting by his side, and one soldier standing behind him with a sword. And he drove so rapidly that, on his first journey from [[Rome]] to [[Gaul]], he reached the [[Rhone River|Rhone]] in seven days.

'''[4]''' Horsemanship, moreover, had been easy for him from boyhood; for he was wont to put his hands behind his back and, holding them closely there, to ride his horse at full speed.

'''[5]''' And in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]] he practised dictating letters on horseback and keeping two scribes at once busy, or, as [[Oppius]] says, even more. We are told, moreover, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to devise intercourse with his friends by letter, since he could not wait for personal interviews on urgent matters owing to the multitude of his occupations and the great size of the city.

'''[6]''' Of his indifference in regard to his diet the following circumstance also is brought in proof. When the host who was entertaining him in [[Milan|Mediolanum]], [[Valerius Leo]], served up asparagus dressed with myrrh instead of olive oil, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ate of it without ado, and rebuked his friends when they showed displeasure. "Surely," said he, "it were enough not to eat what you don't like; but he who finds fault with ill-breeding like this is ill-bred himself." Once, too, upon a journey, he and his followers were driven by a storm into a poor man's hut, and when he found that it consisted of one room only, and that one barely able to accommodate a single person, he said to his friends that honours must be yielded to the strongest, but necessities to the weakest, and bade [[Oppius]] lie down there, while he himself with the rest of his company slept in the porch.

==E18 - The First Gallic War==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, the first of his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] was against the [[Helvetii]] and [[Tigurini]], who had set fire to their twelve cities and four hundred villages and were advancing through that part of [[Gaul]] which was subject to the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], as once the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] had done. To these they were thought to be not inferior in courage and of equal numbers, being three hundred thousand in all, of whom one hundred and ninety thousand were fighting men.

'''[2]''' The Tigurini were crushed at the [[Arar (river)|river Arar]], not by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, but by [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], his deputy; the Helvetii, however, unexpectedly attacked [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself on the march, as he was leading his forces towards a friendly city, but he succeeded in reaching a strong place of refuge. Here, after he had collected and arrayed his forces, a horse was brought to him. "This horse," said he, "I will use for the pursuit after my victory; but now let us go against the enemy," and accordingly led the charge on foot. After a long and hard struggle he routed the enemy's fighting men, but had the most trouble at their rampart of waggons, where not only did the men themselves make a stand and fight, but also their wives and children defended themselves to the death and were cut to pieces with the men. The battle was hardly over by midnight. To the noble work of victory [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] added a nobler still, that of settling those of the Barbarians who had escaped alive from the battle (there were more than one hundred thousand of them), and compelling them to resume the territory which they had abandoned and the cities which they had destroyed. He did this because he feared that if the territory became vacant the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]] would cross the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] and occupy it.

==E19 - The War with Ariovistus==

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'''[1]''' His second war, directly in defence of the [[Gauls]], was against the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], although previously, in [[Rome]], he had made their king [[Ariovistus]] an ally. But they were intolerable neighbours of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s subjects, and if an opportunity presented itself it was thought that they would not remain quietly in their present homes, but would encroach upon and occupy [[Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Seeing that his officers were inclined to be afraid, and particularly all the young men of high rank who had come out intending to make the campaign with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an opportunity for high living and money-making, he called them together and bade them be off, since they were so unmanly and effeminate, and not force themselves to face danger; as for himself, he said he would take the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]] alone and march against the Barbarians; the enemy would be no better fighters than the [[Cimbri]], and he himself was no worse a general than [[Gaius Marius|Marius]].

'''[3]''' Upon this the tenth legion sent a deputation to him, expressing their gratitude, while the other legions reviled their own commanders, and all the army, now full of impetuous eagerness, followed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on a march of many days, and at last encamped within two hundred furlongs of the enemy. Now, the very approach of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] somewhat shattered the purpose of [[Ariovistus]]. For he did not expect that the Romans would attack the Germans, whose onset he thought they could not withstand, and he was amazed at the boldness of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; besides, he saw that his own army was disturbed.

'''[4]''' Still more, too, was the spirit of the Germans blunted by the prophecies of their holy women, who used to foretell the future by observing the eddies in the rivers and by finding signs in the whirlings and splashings of the waters, and now forbade joining battle before a new moon gave its light.

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned this, and saw that the Germans kept quiet, he decided that it was a good plan to engage them while they were out of heart, rather than to sit still and wait for their time. So, by attacking their entrenchments and the hills on which they were encamped, he irritated them and incited them to come down in anger and fight the issue out. They were signally routed, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pursued them a distance of four hundred furlongs, as far as the [[Rhine river|Rhine]], and filled all the intervening plain with dead bodies and spoils. [[Ariovistus]], with a few followers, succeeded in crossing the Rhine; his dead are said to have been eighty thousand in number.

==E20 - The Belgae and the Nervii==

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'''[1]''' After this achievement, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left his forces among the [[Sequani]] to spend the winter, while he himself, desirous of giving attention to matters at [[Rome]], came down to [[Gaul]] along the [[Po River|Po]], which was a part of the province assigned to him; for the river called [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]] separates the rest of [[Italy]] from [[Cisalpine Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Here he fixed his quarters and carried on his political schemes. Many came to see him, and he gave each one what he wanted, and sent all away in actual possession of some of his favours and hoping for more. And during all the rest of the time of his campaigns in [[Gaul]], unnoticed by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], he was alternately subduing the enemy with the arms of the citizens, or capturing and subduing the citizens with the money which he got from the enemy.

'''[3]''' But when he heard that the [[Belgae]], who were the most powerful of the [[Gauls]] and occupied the third part of all their country, had revolted, and had assembled unknown myriads of armed men, he turned back at once and marched thither with great speed. He fell upon the enemy as they were plundering the Gauls that were in alliance with [[Rome]], and so routed and destroyed the least scattered and most numerous of them, after a disgraceful struggle on their part, that the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] could cross lakes and deep rivers for the multitude of dead bodies in them. All the rebels who dwelt along the ocean submitted without a battle;

'''[4]''' against the [[Nervii]], however, the most savage and warlike of the people in these parts, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led his forces. The Nervii, who dwelt in dense woods, and had placed their families and possessions in a recess of the forest at farthest remove from the enemy, at a time when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fortifying a camp and did not expect the battle, fell upon him suddenly, sixty thousand strong. They routed his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]], and surrounded the [[Roman legion|seventh]] and [[Roman legion|twelfth]] legions and slew all their [[Centurion|centurions]],

'''[5]''' and had not [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] snatched a shield, made his way through the combatants in front of him, and hurled himself upon the Barbarians; and had not the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]], at sight of his peril, run down from the heights and cut the ranks of the enemy to pieces, not a Roman, it is thought, would have survived. As it was, however, owing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s daring, they fought beyond their powers, as the saying is, and even then did not rout the Nervii, but cut them down as they defended themselves; for out of sixty thousand only five hundred are said to have come off alive, and only three of their senators out of four hundred.

==E21 - The Luca Conference==

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'''[1]''' The [[Roman Senate|Roman senate]], on learning of these successes, decreed sacrifices to the gods and cessation from business, with festival, for fifteen days, a greater number than for any victory before. For the danger was seen to have been great when so many nations at once had broken out in revolt, and because [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the victor, the good will of the multitude towards him made his victory more splendid. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, after settling matters in [[Gaul]], again spent the winter in the regions along the [[Po River|Po]], carrying out his plans at [[Rome]].

'''[2]''' For not only did the candidates for office there enjoy his assistance, and win their elections by corrupting the people with money from him, and do everything which was likely to enhance his power, but also most of the men of highest rank and greatest influence came to see him at [[Lucca|Luca]], including [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], [[Appius Claudius Pulcher|Appius]] the governor of [[Sardinia]], and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos|Nepos]] the proconsul of [[Spain]], so that there were a hundred and twenty [[Lictor|lictors]] in the place and more than two hundred [[Roman Senate|senators]].

'''[3]''' They held a council and settled matters on the following basis. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] were to be elected [[Roman consul|consuls]] for the ensuing year, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was to have money voted him, besides another five years in his [[Roman province|provincial command]]. This seemed very strange to men of understanding. For those who were getting so much money from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] urged the senate to give him money as if he had none, nay rather, they forced it to do so, though it groaned over its own decrees.

'''[4]''' [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], indeed, was not there, for he had purposely been sent out of the way on a mission to [[Cyprus]], and [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], who was an ardent follower of Cato, finding himself unable to accomplish anything by his opposition, bounded out of doors and clamoured to the populace. But no one gave heed to him, for some were in awe of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], and most wanted to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], lived in hopes of his favours, and so kept quiet.

==E22 - The Germans and the Rhine==

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'''[1]''' On returning to his forces in [[Gaul]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] found a considerable war in the country, since two great [[Germanic tribes|German nations]] had just crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] to possess the land, one called the [[Usipetes|Usipes]], the other the [[Tencteri|Tenteritae]].

'''[2]''' Concerning the battle which was fought with them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says in his "[[Commentaries on the Gallic War|Commentaries]]" that the [[Germanic tribes|Barbarians]], while treating with him under a truce, attacked on their march and therefore routed his five thousand [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] with their eight hundred, since his men were taken off their guard; that they then sent other [[Envoy|envoys]] to him who tried to deceive him again, but he held them fast and led his army against the Barbarians, considering that good faith towards such faithless breakers of truces was folly.

'''[3]''' But [[Tanusius Geminus|Tanusius]] says that when the senate voted sacrifices of rejoicing over the victory, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] pronounced the opinion that they ought to deliver up [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to the Barbarians, thus purging away the violation of the truce in behalf of the city, and turning the curse therefor on the guilty man. Of those who had crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] into [[Gaul]] four hundred thousand were cut to pieces, and the few who succeeded in making their way back were received by the [[Sugambri]],

'''[4]''' a [[Germanic tribes|German nation]]. This action [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made a ground of complaint against the Sugambri, and besides, he coveted the fame of being the first man to cross the Rhine with an army. He therefore began to bridge the river, although it was very broad, and at this point in its course especially swollen, rough, and impetuous, and with the trunks and branches of trees which it bore down stream kept smiting and tearing away the supports of his bridge.

'''[5]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] caught up these trunks and branches with bulwarks of great timbers planted across the stream, and having thus bridled and yoked the dashing current, he brought his bridge—sight beyond all credence—to completion in ten days.

==E23 - The Rhine and Britain==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] now threw his forces across the river. No one ventured to oppose him, but even the [[Suebi|Suevi]], who were the foremost nation of the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], bestowed themselves and their belongings in deep and woody defiles. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ravaged the country of the enemy with fire, gave encouragement to the constant friends of [[Rome]], and then retired again into [[Gaul]], having spent eighteen days in [[Germany]].

'''[2]''' His expedition against the [[Britons|Britanni]] was celebrated for its daring. For he was the first to launch a fleet upon the western [[Atlantic Ocean|ocean]] and to sail through the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic sea]] carrying an army to wage war. The island was of incredible magnitude, and furnished much matter of dispute to multitudes of writers, some of whom averred that its name and story had been fabricated, since it never had existed and did not then exist; and in his attempt to occupy it he carried the [[Roman Republic|Roman supremacy]] beyond the confines of the inhabited world.

'''[3]''' After twice crossing to the island from the opposite coast of [[Gaul]] and in many battles damaging the enemy rather than enriching his own men—for there was nothing worth taking from men who lived in poverty and wretchedness—he brought the war to an end which was not to his liking, it is true; still, he took hostages from the king, imposed tributes, and then sailed away from the island.

'''[4]''' In [[Gaul]] he found letters which were about to be sent across to him. They were from his friends in [[Rome]], and advised him of his daughter's death; she died in child-birth at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s house. Great was the grief of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and great the grief of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and their friends were greatly troubled too; they felt that the relationship which alone kept the distempered state in harmony and concord was now dissolved. For the babe also died presently, after surviving its mother a few days. Now [[Julia Caesaris|Julia]], in spite of the [[Tribune|tribunes]], was carried by the people to the [[Campus Martius]], where her funeral rites were held, and where she lies buried.

==E24 - Ambiorix and the Siege of Cicero==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s forces were now so large that he was forced to distribute them in many winter-quarters, while he himself, as his custom was, turned his steps towards [[Italy]]. Then all [[Gaul]] once more broke out in revolt, and great armies went about attacking the entrenchments and trying to destroy the winter-quarters of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. The most numerous and powerful of the rebels, under [[Ambiorix|Abriorix]], utterly destroyed [[Quintus Titurius Sabinus|Titurius]] and [[Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta|Cotta]], together with

'''[2]''' their army, while the legion under [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] was surrounded and besieged by sixty thousand of them, and narrowly escaped having its camp taken by storm, although all were wounded and went beyond their powers in the ardour of their defence.

'''[3]''' When tidings of these things reached [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who was far on his journey, he turned back quickly, got together seven thousand men in all, and hurried on to extricate [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] from the siege. But the besiegers became aware of his approach, and went to meet him with the purpose of cutting his forces off at once, despising their small numbers. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] deceived them by avoiding battle continually, and when he had found a place suitable for one who was fighting against many with few, fortified a camp, where he kept his men altogether from fighting and forced them to increase the height of their ramparts and the defences of their gates as though they were afraid. His strategy thus led the enemy to despise him, until at last, when their boldness led them to attack in scattered bands, he sallied out, routed them, and destroyed many of them.

==E25 - The Rising of Vercingetorix==

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'''[1]''' The numerous revolts of the [[Gaul|Gauls]] in those parts were quieted by this success, as well as by the fact that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, during the winter, went about in all directions and kept close watch on the disturbers of the peace. For there had come from [[Italy]] three [[Roman legion|legions]] to replace the men that he had lost, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] having lent two of those under his command, and one having been newly levied in [[Gaul]] about the [[Po River|Po]].

'''[2]''' But in remoter regions the germs of the greatest and most dangerous of the wars waged in those parts began to show themselves. They had for a long time been secretly sown and cultivated by the most influential men among the most warlike tribes, and derived strength from large bodies of young men assembled from all sides in arms, from great riches brought together, from strong cities,

'''[3]''' and from countries which were hard to invade. At that season of winter, too, frozen rivers, forests buried in snow, plains converted into lakes by winter torrents, in some parts paths obliterated by deep snow, and in others the great uncertainty of a march through swamps and streams diverted from their courses, all seemed to make it wholly impossible for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to oppose the plans of the rebels. Accordingly, many tribes had revolted, but the head and front of the revolt were the [[Arverni]] and [[Carnutes|Carnuntini]], and [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]] was chosen to have the entire authority in the war. His father the Gauls had put to death because they thought he was aiming at a tyranny.

==E26 - Caesar’s Winter Campaign==

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'''[1]''' This leader, then, after dividing his forces into many parts and putting many officers in command of them, was winning over all the country round about as far as the water-shed of the [[Arar (river)|Arar]]. He purposed, now that there was a coalition at [[Rome]] against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], at once to rouse all [[Gaul]] to war. If he had done this a little later, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was involved in the [[Caesar's civil war|civil war]], [[Italy]] would have been a prey to terrors no less acute than those aroused by the [[Cimbri]] of old.

'''[2]''' But as it was, the man endowed by nature to make the best use of all the arts of war, and particularly of its crucial moments, namely [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as soon as he learned of the revolt, set out and marched by the same roads over which he had previously come, and by the vigour and speed of his passage in so severe a winter showed the Barbarians that an unconquered and invincible army was coming against them. For where it was incredible that one of his messengers or letter-carriers could make his way in a long time, there he was seen with his whole army,

'''[3]''' at once ravaging their lands and destroying their strongholds, subduing cities, and receiving those who came over to his side, until the nation of the [[Aedui]] also entered the war against him. These up to this time had called themselves brethren of the [[Romans]] and had been conspicuously honoured, but now, by joining the rebels, they caused great dejection in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army.

'''[4]''' In consequence of this [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] removed from those parts and passed across the territory of the [[Lingones]], wishing to reach the country of the [[Sequani]], who were friends, and stood as a bulwark between [[Italy]] and the rest of [[Gaul]]. There the enemy fell upon him and surrounded him with many tens of thousands, so that he essayed to fight a decisive battle. In the main he got the best of the struggle, and after a long time and much slaughter overpowered the Barbarians; but it appears that at first he met with some reverse, and the [[Arverni]] show a short-sword hanging in a temple, which they say was captured from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself saw it, at a later time, he smiled, and though his friends urged him to have it taken down, he would not permit it, considering it sacred.

==E27 - The Siege of Alesia==

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'''[1]''' However, the most of the Barbarians who escaped at that time took refuge with their king in the city of [[Alesia]]. And while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was besieging

'''[2]''' this city, which was thought to be impregnable by reason of the great size of its walls and the number of their defenders, there fell upon him from outside the city a peril too great for words to depict. For all that was mightiest among the nations of [[Gaul]] assembled and came in arms to [[Alesia]], three hundred thousand strong; and the number of fighting men inside the city was not less than a hundred and seventy thousand. Thus [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], caught between so large hostile forces and besieged there, was compelled to build two walls for his protection, one looking towards the city, and the other towards those who had come up to relieve it; he felt that if the two forces should unite his cause was wholly lost.

'''[3]''' For many reasons, then, and naturally, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s peril at [[Alesia]] was famous, since it produced more deeds of skill and daring than any of his other struggles; but one must be amazed above all that he engaged and conquered so many tens of thousands outside the city without the knowledge of those inside, nay more, without the knowledge even of the [[Roman army|Romans]] who were guarding the wall that faced the city.

'''[4]''' For these did not learn of the victory until the wailing of the men in [[Alesia]] and the lamentations of the women were heard, as they beheld in the quarters of the enemy many shields adorned with gold and silver, many corselets smeared with blood, and also drinking cups and tents of Gallic fashion carried by the Romans into their camp. So quickly did so great a force, like a phantom or a dream, disperse and vanish out of sight, the greater part of them having fallen in the battle.

'''[5]''' Those who held [[Alesia]], too, after giving themselves and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no small trouble, finally surrendered. And the leader of the whole war, [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]], after putting on his most beautiful armour and decorating his horse, rode out through the gate. He made a circuit round [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who remained seated, and then leaped down from his horse, stripped off his suit of armour, and seating himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s feet remained motionless, until he was delivered up to be kept in custody for the [[Roman triumph|triumph]].

==E28 - Caesar and Pompey==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had long ago decided to put down [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], just as, of course, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] also had decided to put [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] down. For now that [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], who was only waiting for the issue of their struggle to engage the victor, had perished among the [[Parthia|Parthians]], it remained for him who would be greatest to put down him who was, and for him who was greatest, if he would not be put down, to take off in time the man he feared.

'''[2]''' This fear had only recently come upon [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who till then despised [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], feeling that it was no hard task to put down again the man whom he himself had raised on high.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had from the outset formed this design, and like an athlete had removed himself to a great distance from his antagonists, and by exercising himself in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] had practised his troops and increased his fame, lifting himself by his achievements to a height where he could vie with the successes of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. He laid hold of pretexts which were furnished partly by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, and partly by the times and the evil state of government at [[Rome]], by reason of which candidates for office set up counting-tables in public and shamelessly bribed the multitudes, while the people went down into the forum under pay, contending in behalf of their paymaster,

'''[4]''' not with votes, but with bows and arrows, swords, and slings. Often, too, they would defile the rostra with blood and corpses before they separated, leaving the city to anarchy like a ship drifting about without a steersman, so that men of understanding were content if matters issued in nothing worse for them than monarchy, after such madness and so great a tempest. And there were many who actually dared to say in public that nothing but monarchy could now cure the diseases of the state, and that this remedy ought to be adopted when offered by the gentlest of physicians, hinting at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[5]''' And when even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], although in words he affected to decline the honour, in fact did more than any one else to effect his appointment as dictator, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] saw through his design and persuaded the senate to appoint him sole consul, solacing him with a more legal monarchy that he might not force his way to the dictatorship. They also voted him additional time in which to hold his provinces; and he had two, [[Spain]] and all [[Africa]], which he managed by sending legates thither and maintaining armies there, for which he received from the public treasury a thousand talents annually.

==E29 - The Political Crisis==

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'''[1]''' Consequently, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] canvassed by proxy for a consulship, and likewise for an extension of time in which to hold his own provinces. At first, then, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] held his peace, while [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]] and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] opposed these plans; they hated [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on other grounds, and went beyond all bounds in their efforts to bring dishonour and abuse upon him.

'''[2]''' For instance, the inhabitants of [[Novum Comum]], a colony recently established by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in [[Gaul]], were deprived of citizenship by them; and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], while he was consul, beat with rods a senator of [[Novum Comum]] who had come to [[Rome]], telling him besides that he put these marks upon him to prove that he was not a Roman, and bade him go back and show them to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. But after the consulship of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] having now sent his Gallic wealth for all those in public life to draw from in copious streams,

'''[3]''' and having freed [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] the tribune from many debts, and having given [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)|Paulus]] the consul fifteen hundred talents, out of which he adorned the forum with the [[Basilica Aemilia|Basilica]], a famous monument, erected in place of the [[Basilica Fulvia|Fulvia]], under these circumstances [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] took fright at the coalition, and openly now, by his own efforts and those of his friends, tried to have a successor appointed to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in his government, and sent a demand to him for the return of the soldiers whom he had lent him for his Gallic contests. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent the soldiers back, after making a present to each man of two hundred and fifty drachmas.

'''[4]''' But the officers who brought these men to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] spread abroad among the multitude stories regarding [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] which were neither reasonable nor true, and ruined [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself with vain hopes. They told him that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army yearned for him, and that while he was with difficulty controlling affairs in the city owing to the disease of envy which festered in the body politic, the forces in [[Gaul]] were ready to serve him, and had but to cross into [[Italy]] when they would at once be on his side, so obnoxious to them had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] become by reason of the multitude of his campaigns,

'''[5]''' and so suspicious of him were they made by their fear of a monarchy. All this fed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s vanity, and he neglected to provide himself with soldiers, as though he had no fears; while with speeches and resolutions of the senate he was carrying the day against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he supposed, although he was merely getting measures rejected about which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cared naught. Nay, we are told that one of the centurions sent to [[Rome]] by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he stood in front of the senate-house and learned that the senate would not give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an extension of his term of command, slapped the handle of his sword and said: "But this will give it."

==E30 - Caesar’s Terms==

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'''[1]''' However, the demands which came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] certainly had a striking semblance of fairness. He demanded, namely, that if he himself laid down his arms, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should do the same, and that both, thus become private men, should find what favour they could with their fellow citizens; arguing that if they took away his forces from him, but confirmed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] in the possession of his, they would be accusing one of seeking a tyranny and making the other a tyrant.

'''[2]''' When [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] laid these proposals before the people in behalf of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], he was loudly applauded, and some actually cast garlands of flowers upon him as if he were a victorious athlete. [[Mark Antony|Antony]], too, who was a tribune, brought before the people a letter of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s on these matters which he had received, and read it aloud, in defiance of the consuls.

'''[3]''' But in the senate, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], the father-in-law of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], introduced a motion that if by a fixed day [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not lay down his arms he should be declared a public enemy. And when the consuls put the question whether [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should dismiss his soldiers, and again whether [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should, very few senators voted for the first, and all but a few for the second; but when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] again demanded that both should give up their commands, all with one accord assented. [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], however, made violent opposition, and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul cried out that against a robber there was need of arms, not votes; whereupon the senate broke up, and the senators put on the garb of mourning in view of the dissension.

==E31 - Caesar’s Final Proposals==

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'''[1]''' But presently letters came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in which he appeared to take a more moderate position, for he agreed to surrender everything else, but demanded that [[Cisalpine Gaul]] and [[Illyricum]] together with two [[Roman legion|legions]] should be given him until he stood for his second [[Roman consul|consulship]]. [[Cicero]] the orator, too, who had just returned from [[Cilicia]] and was busy with a reconciliation, tried to mollify [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who yielded everything else, but insisted on taking away [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s soldiers. [[Cicero]] also tried to persuade the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to compromise and come to a settlement on the basis of the provinces mentioned and only six thousand soldiers, and [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was ready to yield and grant so many. [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul, however, would not let him, but actually heaped insults upon [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] and drove them disgracefully from the [[Roman Senate|senate]], thus himself contriving for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] the most specious of his pretexts, and the one by means of which he most of all incited his soldiers, showing them men of repute and high office who had fled the city on hired carts and in the garb of slaves. For thus they had arrayed themselves in their fear and stolen out of [[Rome]].

==E32 - The Crossing of the Rubicon==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had with him not more than three hundred horsemen and five thousand [[Roman legion|legionaries]]; for the rest of his army had been left beyond the [[Alps]], and was to be brought up by those whom he had sent for the purpose.

'''[2]''' He saw, however, that the beginning of his enterprise and its initial step did not require a large force at present, but must take advantage of the golden moment by showing amazing boldness and speed, since he could strike terror into his enemies by an unexpected blow more easily than he could overwhelm them by an attack in full force. He therefore ordered his [[Centurion|centurions]] and other officers, taking their swords only, and without the rest of their arms, to occupy [[Ariminum]], a large city of [[Gaul]], avoiding commotion and bloodshed as far as possible; and he entrusted this force to [[Hortensius]].

'''[3]''' He himself spent the day in public, attending and watching the exercises of [[gladiator]]s; but a little before evening he bathed and dressed and went into the banqueting hall. Here he held brief converse with those who had been invited to supper, and just as it was getting dark rose and went away, after addressing courteously most of his guests and bidding them await his return.

'''[4]''' To a few of his friends, however, he had previously given directions to follow him, not all by the same route, but some by one way and some by another. He himself mounted one of his hired carts and drove at first along another road, then turned towards [[Ariminum]]. When he came to the river which separates [[Cisalpine Gaul]] from the rest of [[Italy]] (it is called the [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]]), and began to reflect, now that he drew nearer to the fearful step and was agitated by the magnitude of his ventures,

'''[5]''' he checked his speed. Then, halting in his course, he communed with himself a long time in silence as his resolution wavered back and forth, and his purpose then suffered change after change. For a long time, too, he discussed his perplexities with his friends who were present, among whom was [[Asinius Pollio]], estimating the great evils for all mankind which would follow their passage of the river, and the wide fame of it which they would leave to posterity.

'''[6]''' But finally, with a sort of passion, as if abandoning calculation and casting himself upon the future, and uttering the phrase with which men usually prelude their plunge into desperate and daring fortunes, "Let the die be cast," he hastened to cross the river; and going at full speed now for the rest of the time, before daybreak he dashed into [[Ariminum]] and took possession of it. It is said, moreover, that on the night before he crossed the river he had an unnatural dream: he thought, namely, that he was having incestuous intercourse with his own mother.

==E33 - The Flight from Rome==

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'''[1]''' After the seizure of [[Ariminum]], as if the war had opened with broad gates to cover the whole earth and sea alike, and the laws of the state were confounded along with the boundaries of the province, one would not have thought that men and women, as at other times, were hurrying through [[Italy]] in consternation, but that the very cities had

'''[2]''' risen up in flight and were rushing one through another; while [[Rome]] herself, deluged as it were by the inhabitants of the surrounding towns who were fleeing from their homes, neither readily obeying a magistrate nor listening to the voice of reason, in the surges of a mighty sea narrowly escaped being overturned by her own internal agitations.

'''[3]''' For conflicting emotions and violent disturbances prevailed everywhere. Those who rejoiced did not keep quiet, but in many places, as was natural in a great city, encountered those who were in fear and distress, and being filled with confidence as to the future came into strife with them; while [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, who was terror-stricken, was assailed on every side, being taken to task by some for having strengthened [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] against himself and the supreme power of the state, and denounced by others for having permitted [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] to insult [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] when he was ready to yield and was offering reasonable terms of settlement.

'''[4]''' [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]] bade him stamp on the ground for once; in a boastful speech to the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he told them to take no trouble or anxious thought about preparations for the war, since when it came he had but to stamp upon the earth to fill [[Italy]] with armies.

'''[5]''' However, even then [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s forces were more numerous than [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s; but no one would suffer him to exercise his own judgement and so, under the influence of many false and terrifying reports, believing that the war was already close at hand and prevailed everywhere, he gave way, was swept along with the universal tide, issued an edict declaring a state of anarchy, and forsook the city, commanding the senate to follow, and forbidding any one to remain who preferred country and freedom to tyranny.

==E34 - Caesar’s Clemency at Corfinium==

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'''[1]''' Accordingly, the [[Roman consul|consuls]] fled, without even making the sacrifices usual before departure; most of the senators also fled, after seizing, in a sort of robbery, whatever came to hand of their own possessions, as though it were the property of others. Some, too, who before this had vehemently espoused the cause of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], were now frightened out of their wits, and were carried along, when there was no need of it, by the sweep of the great tide.

'''[2]''' But most pitiful was the sight of the city, now that so great a tempest was bearing down upon her, carried along like a ship abandoned of her helmsmen to dash against whatever lay in her path. Still, although their removal was so pitiful a thing, for the sake of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] men considered exile to be their country, and abandoned [[Rome]] with the feeling that it was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s camp. For even [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s greatest friends, who had been his legate and had fought most zealously with him in all his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]], now ran away from him and came to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent to [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]] his money and his baggage. Against [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], however, who was holding [[Corfinium]] with thirty [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] under his command, he marched, and pitched his camp near by. [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], despairing of his enterprise, asked his physician, who was a slave, for a poison, and taking what was given him, drank it, intending to die.

'''[4]''' But after a little, hearing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] showed most wonderful clemency towards his prisoners, he bewailed his fate, and blamed the rashness of his purpose. Then his physician bade him be of good cheer, since what he had drunk was a sleeping-potion and not deadly; whereupon [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] rose up overjoyed and went to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], the pledge of whose right hand he received, only to desert him and go back to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When tidings of these things came to [[Rome]], men were made more cheerful, and some of the fugitives turned back.

==E35 - Caesar Takes Rome==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took over the troops of [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], as well as all the other levies of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] which he surprised in the various cities. Then, since his forces were already numerous and formidable, he marched against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, did not await his approach, but fled to [[Brundisium]], sent the consuls before him with an army to [[Dyrrhachium]], and shortly afterwards, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] drew near, sailed off himself, as shall be set forth circumstantially in his Life. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to pursue him at once, but was destitute of ships; so he turned back to [[Rome]], having in sixty days and without bloodshed become master of all [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He found the city more tranquil than he was expecting, and many senators in it. With these, therefore, he conferred in a gentle and affable manner, inviting them even to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] proposing suitable terms of agreement. But no one would listen to him, either because they feared [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], whom they had abandoned, or because they thought that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not mean what he said, but was indulging in specious talk.

'''[3]''' When the tribune [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] tried to prevent [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s taking money from the reserve funds of the state, and cited certain laws, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said that arms and laws had not the same season. "But if thou art displeased with what is going on, for the present get out of the way, since war has no use for free speech; when, however, I have come to terms and laid down my arms, then thou shalt come before the people with thy harangues. And in saying this I waive my own just rights; for thou art mine, thou and all of the faction hostile to me whom I have caught."

'''[4]''' After this speech to [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] walked towards the door of the treasury, and when the keys were not to be found, he sent for smiths and ordered them to break in the door. [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] once more opposed him, and was commended by some for so doing; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], raising his voice, threatened to kill him if he did not cease his troublesome interference. "And thou surely knowest, young man," said he, "that it is more unpleasant for me to say this than to do it." Then [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], in consequence of this speech, went off in a fright, and henceforth everything was speedily and easily furnished to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for the war.

==E36 - The Campaign in Spain==

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'''[1]''' So he made an expedition into [[Spain]], having resolved first to drive out from there [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s legates, and bring their forces there and the provinces into his power, and then to march against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], leaving not an enemy in his rear. And though his life was often in peril from ambuscades, and his army most of all from hunger, he did not cease from pursuing, challenging, and besieging the men until he had made himself by main force master of their camps and their forces. The leaders, however, made their escape to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

==E37 - Caesar’s Winter Expedition==

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'''[1]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]], [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]], his father-in-law, urged him to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] with proposals for a settlement; but [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], opposed the project. So, having been made [[Roman dictator|dictator]] by the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he brought home exiles, restored to civic rights the children of those who had suffered in the time of [[Sulla]], relieved the burdens of the debtor-class by a certain adjustment of interest, took in hand a few other public measures of like character, and within eleven days abdicated the sole power, had himself declared [[Roman consul|consul]] with [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], and entered upon his campaign.

'''[2]''' The rest of his forces he passed by in a forced march, and with six hundred picked horsemen and five legions, at the time of the winter solstice, in the early part of January (this month answers nearly to the Athenian Poseideon), put to sea, and after crossing the [[Ionian Gulf]] took [[Oricum]] and [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], and sent his transports back again to [[Brundisium]] for the soldiers who had been belated on their march.

'''[3]''' These, as long as they were on the road, since they were now past their physical prime and worn out with their multitudinous wars, murmured against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. "Whither, pray, and to what end will this man bring us, hurrying us about and treating us like tireless and lifeless things? Even a sword gets tired out with smiting, and shield and breastplate are spared a little after so long a time of service."

'''[4]''' Will not even our wounds, then, convince [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he commands mortal men, and that we are mortal in the endurance of pain and suffering? Surely the wintry season and the occasion of a storm at sea not even a god can constrain; yet this man takes risks as though he were not pursuing, but flying from, enemies.

'''[5]''' With such words as these they marched in a leisurely way to [[Brundisium]]. But when they got there and found that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had put to sea, they quickly changed their tone and reviled themselves as traitors to the [[Imperator]]; they reviled their officers, too, for not having quickened their march. Then, sitting on the cliffs, they looked oft towards the open sea and [[Epirus]], watching for the ships which were to carry them across to their commander.

==E38 - Caesar’s Attempt to Cross the Aous==

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'''[1]''' At [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], since the force which he had with him was not a match for the enemy and the delay of his troops on the other side caused him perplexity and distress, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] conceived the dangerous plan of embarking in a twelve-oared boat, without any one's knowledge, and going over to [[Brundisium]], though the sea was encompassed by such large armaments of the enemy.

'''[2]''' At night, accordingly, after disguising himself in the dress of a slave, he went on board, threw himself down as one of no account, and kept quiet. While the river [[Aous River|Aous]] was carrying the boat down towards the sea, the early morning breeze, which at that time usually made the mouth of the river calm by driving back the waves, was quelled by a strong wind which blew from the sea during the night;

'''[3]''' the river therefore chafed against the inflow of the sea and the opposition of its billows, and was rough, being beaten back with a great din and violent eddies, so that it was impossible for the master of the boat to force his way along. He therefore ordered the sailors to come about in order to retrace his course. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], perceiving this, disclosed himself, took the master of the boat by the hand, who was terrified at sight of him, and said: "Come, good man, be bold and fear naught; thou carryest [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] fortune in thy boat."

'''[4]''' The sailors forgot the storm, and laying to their oars, tried with all alacrity to force their way down the river. But since it was impossible, after taking much water and running great hazard at the mouth of the river, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] very reluctantly suffered the captain to put about. When he came back, his soldiers met him in throngs, finding much fault and sore displeased with him because he did not believe that even with them alone he was able to conquer, but was troubled, and risked his life for the sake of the absent as though distrusting those who were present.

==E39 - The Setback Against Pompey==

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'''[1]''' After this, [[Mark Antony|Antony]] put in from [[Brundisium]] with his forces, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was emboldened to challenge [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] to battle. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was well posted and drew ample supplies both from land and sea; while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had no great abundance at first, and afterwards was actually hard pressed for want of provisions. But his soldiers dug up a certain root, mixed it with milk, and ate it.

'''[2]''' Once, too, they made loaves of it, and running up to the enemy's outposts, threw the loaves inside or tossed them to one another, adding by way of comment that as long as the earth produced such roots, they would not stop besieging [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, would not allow either the loaves or these words to reach the main body of his army. For his soldiers were dejected, fearing the ferocity and hardiness of their enemies, who were like wild beasts in their eyes.

'''[3]''' There were constant skirmishings about the fortifications of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and in all of them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] got the better except one, where there was a great rout of his men and he was in danger of losing his camp.

'''[4]''' For when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] attacked not one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s men stood his ground, but the moats were filled with the slain, and others were falling at their own ramparts and walls, whither they had been driven in headlong flight. And though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] met the fugitives and tried to turn them back, he availed nothing, nay, when he tried to lay hold of the standards the bearers threw them away, so that the enemy captured thirty-two of them. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, too, narrowly escaped being killed.

'''[5]''' For as a tall and sturdy man was running away past him, he laid his hand upon him and bade him stay and face about upon the enemy; and the fellow, full of panic at the threatening danger, raised his sword to smite [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but before he could do so [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s shield-bearer lopped off his arm at the shoulder. So completely had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] given up his cause for lost that, when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], either from excessive caution or by some chance, did not follow up his great success, but withdrew after he had shut up the fugitives within their entrenchments, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said to his friends as he left them: "To-day victory had been with the enemy, if they had had a victor in command."

'''[6]''' Then going by himself to his tent and lying down, he spent that most distressful of all nights in vain reflections, convinced that he had shown bad generalship. For while a fertile country lay waiting for him, and the prosperous cities of [[Macedonia]] and [[Thessaly]], he had neglected to carry the war thither, and had posted himself here by the sea, which his enemies controlled with their fleets, being thus held in siege by lack of provisions rather than besieging with his arms.

'''[7]''' Thus his despondent thoughts of the difficulty and perplexity of his situation kept him tossing upon his couch, and in the morning he broke camp, resolved to lead his army into [[Macedonia]] against [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]]; for he would then either draw [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] after him to a place where he would give battle without drawing his supplies as he now did from the sea, or [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] would be left alone and he would overwhelm him.

==E40 - Pompey’s Strategy==

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'''[1]''' This emboldened the soldiers of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and the leaders by whom he was surrounded to keep close to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], whom they thought defeated and in flight. For [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was cautious about hazarding a battle for so great a stake, and since he was most excellently provided with everything necessary for a long war, he thought it best to wear out and quench the vigour of the enemy, which must be short-lived.

'''[2]''' For the best fighting men in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army had experience, it is true, and a daring which was irresistible in combat; but what with their long marches and frequent encampments and siege-warfare and night-watches, they were beginning to give out by reason of age, and were too unwieldy for labour, having lost their ardour from weakness. At that time, too, a kind of pestilential disease, occasioned by the strangeness of their diet, was said to be prevalent in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army. And what was most important of all, since [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was neither strong in funds nor well supplied with provisions, it was thought that within a short time his army would break up of itself.

==E41 - Pompey Is Pressed into Battle==

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'''[1]''' For these reasons [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] did not wish to fight, but [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] was the only one to commend his course, and this from a desire to spare the lives of his fellow citizens;

'''[2]''' for when he saw even those of the enemy who had fallen in the battle, to the number of a thousand, he burst into tears, muffled up his head, and went away.

'''[3]''' All the rest, however, reviled [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] for trying to avoid a battle, and sought to goad him on by calling him [[Agamemnon]] and King of Kings, implying that he did not wish to lay aside his sole authority, but plumed himself on having so many commanders dependent upon him and coming constantly to his tent. And [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], affecting [[Cato the Younger|Cato]]'s boldness of speech, complained like a mad man because that year also they would be unable to enjoy the figs of [[Tusculum]] because of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s love of command. [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]], too, who had lately come from [[Spain]], where he had shown bad generalship, when accused of betraying his army for a bribe, asked why they did not fight with the merchant who had bought the provinces from him. Driven on by all these importunities, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] reluctantly sought a battle and pursued [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] accomplished most of his march with difficulty, since no one would sell him provisions, and everybody despised him on account of his recent defeat; but after he had taken [[Gomphi]], a city of [[Thessaly]], he not only provided food for his soldiers, but also relieved them of their disease unexpectedly. For they fell in with plenty of wine, and after drinking freely of it, and then revelling and rioting on their march, by means of their drunkenness they drove away and got rid of their trouble, since they brought their bodies into a different habit.

==E42 - The Armies at Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But when both armies entered the plain of [[Pharsalus]] and encamped there, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s mind reverted again to its former reasoning, and besides, there befell him unlucky appearances and a vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that he saw himself in his theatre applauded by the [[Romans]], . . .

'''[2]''' Those about him, however, were so confident, and so hopefully anticipated the victory, that [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Spinther]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] disputed earnestly with one another over [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s office of [[Pontifex Maximus]], and many sent agents to [[Rome]] to hire and take possession of houses suitable for [[Praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]], assuming that they would immediately hold these offices after the war. And most of all were his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] impatient for the battle, since they had a splendid array of shining armour, well-fed horses, and handsome persons, and were in high spirits too on account of their numbers, which were seven thousand to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s one thousand. The numbers of the infantry also were unequal, since forty-five thousand were arrayed against twenty-two thousand.

==E43 - The Portents Before Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] called his soldiers together, and after telling them that [[Cornificius|Corfinius]] was near with two [[Roman legion|legions]] for him, and that fifteen [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] besides under [[Quintus Fufius Calenus|Calenus]] were stationed at [[Athens]] and [[Megara]], asked them whether they wished to wait for these troops, or to hazard the issue by themselves. Then the soldiers besought him with loud cries not to wait for the troops, but rather to contrive and manoeuvre to come to close quarters with the enemy as soon as possible.

'''[2]''' As he was holding a lustration and review of his forces and had sacrificed the first victim, the seer at once told him that within three days there would be a decisive battle with the enemy. And when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] asked him whether he also saw in the victims any favourable signs of the issue, "Thou thyself," said the seer, "canst better answer this question for thyself. For the gods indicate a great change and revolution of the present status to the opposite. Therefore, if thou thinkest thyself well off as matters stand, expect the worse fortune; if badly off, the better."

'''[3]''' Moreover, on the night before the battle, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was making the round of his sentries about midnight, a fiery torch was seen in the heavens, which seemed to be carried over his camp, blazing out brightly, and then to fall into [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s. And during the morning watch it was noticed that there was actually a panic confusion among the enemy. However, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not expect to fight on that day, but began to break camp for a march to [[Scotussa]].

==E44 - The Battle of Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But just as the tents had been struck, his scouts rode up to him with tidings that the enemy were coming down into the plain for battle. At this he was overjoyed, and after prayers and vows to the gods, drew up his [[Roman legion|legionaries]] in three divisions. Over the centre he put [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius Calvinus]], while of the wings [[Mark Antony|Antony]] had one and he himself the right, where he intended to fight with the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]].

'''[2]''' But seeing that the enemy's cavalry were arraying themselves over against this point, and fearing their brilliant appearance and their numbers, he ordered six cohorts from the furthermost lines to come round to him unobserved, and stationed them behind his right wing, teaching them what they were to do when the enemy's horsemen attacked.

'''[3]''' [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] had one of his wings himself, and [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] the left, while [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s father-in-law, commanded the centre. But his horsemen all crowded to the left wing, intending to encircle the enemy's right and make a complete rout about the commander himself; for they thought that no legionary array, however deep, could resist them, but that when so many horsemen made an onset together the enemy would be utterly broken and crushed.

'''[4]''' When both sides were about to sound the charge, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] ordered his legionaries to stand with arms at the ready and await in close array the onset of the enemy until they were within javelin cast. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says that here too [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] made a mistake, not knowing that the initial clash with all the impetus of running adds force to the blows and fires the courage, which everything then conspires to fan.

'''[5]''' As [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was about to move his lines of legionaries, and was already going forward into action, he saw first one of his [[Centurion|centurions]], a man experienced in war and faithful to him, encouraging his men and challenging them to vie with him in prowess.

'''[6]''' Him [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] addressed by name and said: "Caius Crassinius, what are our hopes, and how does our confidence stand?" Then Crassinius, stretching forth his right hand, said with a loud voice: "We shall win a glorious victory, O Caesar, and thou shalt praise me to-day, whether I am alive or dead." So saying, he plunged foremost into the enemy at full speed, carrying along with him the one hundred and twenty soldiers under his command. But after cutting his way through the first rank, and while he was forging onwards with great slaughter, he was beaten back by the thrust of a sword through his mouth, and the point of the sword actually came out at the back of his neck.

==E45 - The Defeat of Pompey's Cavalry==

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'''[1]''' When the infantry had thus clashed together in the centre and were fighting, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s cavalry rode proudly up from the wing and deployed their squadrons to envelope the enemy's right; and before they could attack, the cohorts ran out from where [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was posted,

'''[2]''' not hurling their javelins, as usual, nor yet stabbing the thighs and legs of their enemies with them, but aiming them at their eyes and wounding their faces. They had been instructed to do this by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who expected that men little conversant with wars or wounds, but young, and pluming themselves on their youthful beauty, would dread such wounds especially, and would not stand their ground, fearing not only their present danger, but also their future disfigurement.

'''[3]''' And this was what actually came to pass; for they could not endure the upward thrust of the javelins, nor did they even venture to look the weapon in the face, but turned their heads away and covered them up to spare their faces. And finally, having thus thrown themselves into confusion, they turned and fled most shamefully, thereby ruining everything. For the conquerors of the horsemen at once encircled the infantry, fell upon their rear, and began to cut them to pieces.

'''[4]''' When [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], on the other wing, saw his horsemen scattered in flight, he was no longer the same man, nor remembered that he was [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]], but more like one whom Heaven has robbed of his wits than anything else, he went off without a word to his tent, sat down there, and awaited what was to come, until his forces were all routed and the enemy were assailing his ramparts and fighting with their defenders.

'''[5]''' Then he came to his senses, as it were, and with this one ejaculation, as they say, "What, even to my quarters?" took off his fighting and general's dress, put on one suitable for a fugitive, and stole away. What his subsequent fortunes were, and how he delivered himself into the hands of the [[Egyptians]] and was murdered, I shall tell in his Life.

==E46 - Caesar's Clemency==

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'''[1]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], when he reached [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] ramparts and saw those of the enemy who were already lying dead there and those who were still falling, said with a groan: "They would have it so; they brought me to such a pass that if I, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caius Caesar]], after waging successfully the greatest wars, had dismissed my forces, I should have been condemned in their courts."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]] says that these words, which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote down in [[Greek language|Greek]], were uttered by him in [[Latin language|Latin]] at the time; he also says that most of the slain were servants who were killed at the taking of the camp, and that not more than six thousand soldiers fell.

'''[3]''' Most of those who were taken alive [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] incorporated in his legions, and to many men of prominence he granted immunity. One of these was [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], who afterwards slew him. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was distressed, we are told, when Brutus was not to be found, but when he was brought into his presence safe and sound, was pleased beyond measure.

==E47 - Omens of Victory==

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'''[1]''' There were many portents of the victory, but the most remarkable one on record is that which was seen at [[Tralles]]. In that city's temple of Victory there stood a statue of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and the ground around it was itself naturally firm, and was paved with hard stone; yet from this it is said that a palm-tree shot up at the base of the statue.

'''[2]''' Moreover, at [[Patavium]], [[Gaius Cornelius (augur)|Caius Cornelius]], a man in repute as a seer, a fellow citizen and acquaintance of [[Livy]] the historian, chanced that day to be sitting in the place of augury. And to begin with, according to Livy, he discerned the time of the battle, and said to those present that even then the event was in progress and the men were going into action. And when he looked again and observed the signs, he sprang up in a rapture crying: "Thou art victorious, O [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]!" The bystanders being amazed, he took the chaplet from his head and declared with an oath that he would not put it on again until the event had borne witness to his art. At any rate, Livy insists that this was so.

==E48 - Caesar in Asia and Egypt==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave the [[Thessaly|Thessalians]] their freedom, to commemorate his victory, and then pursued [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When he reached [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] he made the [[Cnidus|Cnidians]] also free, to please [[Theopompus of Chios|Theopompus]] the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] remitted a third of their taxes. Arriving at [[Alexandria]] just after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] death, he turned away in horror from [[Theodotus of Chios|Theodotus]] as he presented the head of Pompey, but he accepted Pompey's seal-ring, and shed tears over it.

'''[2]''' Moreover, all the companions and intimates of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] who had been captured by the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] as they wandered over the country, he treated with kindness and attached them to himself. And to his friends in [[Rome]] he wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory, namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him.

'''[3]''' As for the war in [[Egypt]], some say that it was not necessary, but due to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] passion for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], and that it was inglorious and full of peril for him. But others blame the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king's]] party for it, and especially the eunuch [[Pothinus|Potheinus]], who had most influence at court, and had recently killed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]; he had also driven [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country, and was now secretly plotting against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. On this account they say that from this time on [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] passed whole nights at drinking parties in order to protect himself.

'''[4]''' But in his open acts also [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] was unbearable, since he said and did many things that were invidious and insulting to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For instance, when the soldiers had the oldest and worst grain measured out to them, he bade them put up with it and be content, since they were eating what belonged to others; and at the state suppers he used wooden and earthen dishes, on the ground that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had taken all the gold and silver ware in payment of a debt. For the [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|father of the present king]] owed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seventeen million five hundred thousand drachmas, of which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had formerly remitted a part to his children, but now demanded payment of ten millions for the support of his army.

'''[5]''' When, however, [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] bade him go away now and attend to his great affairs, assuring him that later he would get his money with thanks, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] replied that he had no need whatever of Egyptians as advisers, and secretly sent for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country.

==E49 - Cleopatra and the Alexandrian War==

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'''[1]''' So [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], taking only [[Apollodorus the Sicilian]] from among her friends, embarked in a little skiff and landed at the palace when it was already getting dark; and as it was impossible to escape notice otherwise, she stretched herself at full length inside a bed-sack, while [[Apollodorus the Sicilian|Apollodorus]] tied the bed-sack up with a cord and carried it indoors to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]].

'''[2]''' It was by this device of [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]], it is said, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was first captivated, for she showed herself to be a bold coquette, and succumbing to the charm of further intercourse with her, he reconciled her to [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|her brother]] on the basis of a joint share with him in the royal power.

'''[3]''' Then, as everybody was feasting to celebrate the reconciliation, a slave of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]], his barber, who left nothing unscrutinized, owing to a timidity in which he had no equal, but kept his ears open and was here, there, and everywhere, perceived that [[Achillas]] the general and [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] the eunuch were hatching a plot against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. After [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had found them out, he set a guard about the banqueting-hall, and put [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] to death; [[Achillas]], however, escaped to his camp, and raised about [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] a war grievous and difficult for one who was defending himself with so few followers against so large a city and army.

'''[4]''' In this war, to begin with, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] encountered the peril of being shut off from water, since the canals were dammed up by the enemy; in the second place, when the enemy tried to cut off his fleet, he was forced to repel the danger by using fire, and this spread from the dockyards and destroyed the [[Library of Alexandria|great library]]; and thirdly, when a battle arose at [[Pharos]], he sprang from the mole into a small boat and tried to go to the aid of his men in their struggle, but the [[Egyptians]] sailed up against him from every side, so that he threw himself into the sea and with great difficulty escaped by swimming. At this time, too, it is said that he was holding many papers in his hand and would not let them go, though missiles were flying at him and he was immersed in the sea, but held them above water with one hand and swam with the other; his little boat had been sunk at the outset.

'''[5]''' But finally, after the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] had gone away to the enemy, he marched against him and conquered him in a battle where many fell and the king himself disappeared. Then, leaving [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] on the throne of [[Egypt]] (a little later she had a son by him whom the [[Alexandria|Alexandrians]] called [[Caesarion]]), he set out for [[Syria]].

==E50 - The Defeat of Pharnaces==

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'''[1]''' On leaving that country and traversing [[Asia]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned that [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius]] had been defeated by [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]] the son of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]] and had fled from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] with a few followers; also that [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]], using his victory without stint, and occupying [[Bithynia]] and [[Cappadocia]], was aiming to secure the country called [[Lesser Armenia]], and was rousing to revolt all the princes and tetrarchs there. At once, therefore, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] marched against him with three legions, fought a great battle with him near the city of [[Zela]], drove him in flight out of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], and annihilated his army.

'''[2]''' In announcing the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at [[Rome]], [[Amantius]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wrote three words: "Came, saw, conquered." In [[Latin language|Latin]], however, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity which is most impressive.

==E51 - Caesar's Return to Rome==

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'''[1]''' After this, he crossed to [[Italy]] and went up to [[Rome]], at the close of the year for which he had a second time been chosen [[Roman dictator|dictator]], though that office had never before been for a whole year; then for the following year he was proclaimed [[Roman consul|consul]]. Men spoke ill of him because, after his soldiers had mutinied and killed two men of praetorian rank, [[Galba]] and [[Cosconius]], he censured them only so far as to call them "citizens" when he addressed them, instead of "soldiers," and then gave each man a thousand drachmas and much allotted land in [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He was also calumniated for the madness of [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]], the greed of [[Amantius]], the drunkenness of [[Mark Antony|Antony]], and for the fact that [[Corfinius]] built over and refurnished the house of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] on the ground that it was not good enough for him. For at all these things the [[Romans]] were displeased. But owing to the political situation, though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not ignorant of these things and did not like them, he was compelled to make use of such assistants.

==E52 - The African Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After the battle at [[Pharsalus]], [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made their escape to [[Africa]], and there, with the aid of [[Juba I of Numidia|King Juba]], collected considerable forces. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] therefore resolved to make an expedition against them. So, about the time of the winter solstice, he crossed into [[Sicily]], and wishing to cut off at once in the minds of his officers all hope of delaying there and wasting time, he pitched his own tent on the sea-beach. When a favouring wind arose, he embarked and put to sea with three thousand infantry and a few horsemen. Then, after landing these unobserved, he put to sea again, being full of fears for the larger part of his force, and meeting them after they were already at sea, he conducted all into camp.

'''[2]''' On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the [[Scipio Africanus|Scipios]] to conquer in [[Africa]], he either flouted in pleasantry the [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] who commanded the enemy, or else tried in good earnest to appropriate to himself the omen, it is hard to say which.

'''[3]''' He had under him, namely, a man who otherwise was a contemptible nobody, but belonged to the family of the Africani, and was called [[Scipio Sallustio]]. This man [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] put in the forefront of his battles as if commander of the army, being compelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the fighting.

'''[4]''' For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of burden, nay, they were forced to feed their horses on sea-weed, which they washed free of its salt and mixed with a little grass to sweeten it. For the [[Numidians]] showed themselves everywhere in great numbers and speedy, and controlled the country.

'''[5]''' Indeed, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] horsemen were once off duty (a [[Libya|Libyan]] was showing them how he could dance and play the flute at the same time in an astonishing manner, and they had committed their horses to the slaves and were sitting delighted on the ground), the enemy suddenly surrounded and attacked them, killed some of them,

'''[6]''' and followed hard upon the heels of the rest as they were driven headlong into camp. And if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, and with him [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]], had not come from the ramparts to their aid and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion, too, in another battle, the enemy got the advantage in the encounter, and here it is said that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seized by the neck the fugitive standard-bearer, faced him about, and said: "Yonder is the enemy."

==E53 - The Battle of Thapsus==

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'''[1]''' However, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] was encouraged by these advantages to hazard a decisive battle, so, leaving [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] encamped separately at a short distance apart, he himself began fortifying a camp beyond a lake near the city of [[Thapsus]], that it might serve the whole army as a place from which to sally out to the battle, and as a place of refuge.

'''[2]''' But while he was busy with this project, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made his way with inconceivable speed through woody regions which afford unknown access to the spot, outflanked some of the enemy, and attacked others in front. Then, after routing these, he took advantage of the favourable instant and of the impetus of fortune, and thereby captured the camp of [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] at the first onset, and at the first onset sacked the camp of the [[Numidians]], from which [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] fled. Thus in a brief portion of one day he made himself master of three camps and slew fifty thousand of the enemy, without losing as many as fifty of his own men.

'''[3]''' This is the account which some give of the battle; others, however, say that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was not in the action, but that, as he was marshalling and arraying his army, his usual sickness laid hold of him, and he, at once aware that it was beginning, before his already wavering senses were altogether confounded and overpowered by the malady, was carried to a neighbouring tower, where he stayed quietly during the battle. Of the men of consular and praetorial rank who escaped from the battle, some slew themselves at the moment of their capture, and others were put to death by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] after capture.

==E54 - Cato's Death and the Anti-Cato==

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'''[1]''' Being eager to take [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] alive, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] hastened towards [[Utica]], for Cato was guarding that city, and took no part in the battle. But he learned that Cato had made away with himself, and he was clearly annoyed, though for what reason is uncertain. At any rate, he said: "Cato, I begrudge thee thy death; for thou didst begrudge me the preservation of thy life."

'''[2]''' Now, the treatise which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote against Cato when he was dead, does not seem to prove that he was in a gentle or reconcilable mood. For how could he have spared Cato alive, when he poured out against him after death so great a cup of wrath? And yet from his considerate treatment of [[Cicero]] and [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and thousands more who had fought against him, it is inferred that even this treatise was not composed out of hatred, but from political ambition, for reasons which follow.

'''[3]''' [[Cicero]] had written an encomium on Cato which he entitled "Cato"; and the discourse was eagerly read by many, as was natural, since it was composed by the ablest of orators on the noblest of themes. This annoyed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who thought that [[Cicero's]] praise of the dead Cato was a denunciation of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself. Accordingly, he wrote a treatise in which he got together countless charges against Cato and the work is entitled "Anti-Cato." Both treatises have many eager readers, as well on account of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as of Cato.

==E55 - Caesar's African Triumph==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]] from [[Africa]], to begin with, he made a boastful speech to the people concerning his victory, asserting that he had subdued a country large enough to furnish annually for the public treasury two hundred thousand [[Attic]] bushels of grain, and three million pounds of olive oil. Next, he celebrated triumphs, an Egyptian, a Pontic, and an African, the last not for his victory over [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], but ostensibly over [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] the king. On this occasion, too, [[Juba II|Juba]], a son of the king, a mere infant, was carried along in the triumphal procession, the most fortunate captive ever taken, since from being a [[Barbarian]] and a [[Numidia]]n, he came to be enrolled among the most learned historians of [[Ancient Greece|Hellas]]. After the triumphs, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave his soldiers large gifts and entertained the people with banquets and spectacles, feasting them all at one time on twenty thousand dining-couches, and furnishing spectacles of [[gladiator]]ial and naval combats in honour of his daughter [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], long since dead.

'''[2]''' After the spectacles, a census of the people was taken, and instead of the three hundred and twenty thousand of the preceding lists there were enrolled only one hundred and fifty thousand. So great was the calamity which the civil wars had wrought, and so large a portion of the people of [[Rome]] had they consumed away, to say nothing of the misfortunes that possessed the rest of [[Italy]] and the provinces.

==E56 - Caesar's Spanish Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After these matters had been finished and he had been declared consul for the fourth time, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made an expedition into [[Spain]] against the sons of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. These were still young, but had collected an army of amazing numbers and displayed a boldness which justified their claims to leadership, so that they beset [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] with the greatest peril.

'''[2]''' The great battle was joined near the city of [[Munda]], and here [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], seeing his own men hard pressed and making a feeble resistance, asked in a loud voice as he ran through the armed ranks whether they felt no shame to take him and put him in the hands of those boys. With difficulty and after much strenuous effort he repulsed the enemy and slew over thirty thousand of them, but he lost one thousand of his own men, and those the very best.

'''[3]''' As he was going away after the battle he said to his friends that he had often striven for victory, but now first for his life. He fought this victorious battle on the day of the festival of [[Bacchus]], on which day also it is said that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]] had gone forth to the war; a period of four years intervened. As for [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] sons, the younger made his escape, but after a few days the head of the elder was brought in by [[Deidius]].

'''[4]''' This was the last war that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] waged; and the triumph that was celebrated for it vexed the [[Romans]] as nothing else had done. For it commemorated no victory over foreign commanders or barbarian kings, but the utter annihilation of the sons and the family of the mightiest of the [[Romans]], who had fallen upon misfortune; and it was not meet for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to celebrate a triumph for the calamities of his country, priding himself upon actions which had no defence before gods or men except that they had been done under necessity, and that too although previously he had sent neither messenger nor letters to announce to the people a victory in the civil wars, but had scrupulously put from him the fame arising therefrom.

==E57 - Caesar Appointed Dictator for Life==

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'''[1]''' However, the [[Romans]] gave way before the good fortune of the man and accepted the bit, and regarding the monarchy as a respite from the evils of the civil wars, they appointed him [[Roman dictator|dictator for life]]. This was confessedly a tyranny, since the monarchy, besides the element of irresponsibility, now took on that of permanence.

'''[2]''' It was [[Cicero]] who proposed the first honours for him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], and their magnitude was, after all, not too great for a man; but others added excessive honours and vied with one another in proposing them, thus rendering [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] odious and obnoxious even to the mildest citizens because of the pretension and extravagance of what was decreed for him. It is thought, too, that the enemies of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no less than his flatterers helped to force these measures through, in order that they might have as many pretexts as possible against him and might be thought to have the best reasons for attempting his life.

'''[3]''' For in all other ways, at least, after the civil wars were over, he showed himself blameless; and certainly it is thought not inappropriate that the [[Temple of Clemency]] was decreed as a thank-offering in view of his mildness.

'''[4]''' For he pardoned many of those who had fought against him, and to some he even gave honours and offices besides, as to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], both of whom were now [[Roman praetor|praetors]]. The statues of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], too, which had been thrown down, he would not suffer to remain so, but set them up again, at which [[Cicero]] said that in setting up [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] statues [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] firmly fixed his own.

'''[5]''' When his friends thought it best that he should have a body-guard, and many of them volunteered for this service, he would not consent, saying that it was better to die once for all than to be always expecting death. In the effort to surround himself with men's good will as the fairest and at the same time the securest protection, he again courted the people with banquets and distributions of grain, and his soldiers with newly planted colonies, the most conspicuous of which were [[Carthage]] and [[Corinth]]. The earlier capture of both these cities, as well as their present restoration, chanced to fall at one and the same time.

==E58 - Caesar's Ambitions and Public Works==

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'''[1]''' As for the nobles, to some of them he promised consulships and praetorships in the future, others he appeased with sundry other powers and honours, and in all he implanted hopes, since he ardently desired to rule over willing subjects. Therefore, when [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 BC)|Maximus]] the consul died, he appointed [[Gaius Caninius Rebilus|Caninius Revilius]] consul for the one day still remaining of the term of office. To him, as we are told, many were going with congratulations and offers of escort, whereupon [[Cicero]] said: "Let us make haste, or else the man's consulship will have expired."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] many successes, however, did not divert his natural spirit of enterprise and ambition to the enjoyment of what he had laboriously achieved, but served as fuel and incentive for future achievements, and begat in him plans for greater deeds and a passion for fresh glory, as though he had used up what he already had. What he felt was therefore nothing else than emulation of himself, as if he had been another man, and a sort of rivalry between what he had done and what he purposed to do.

'''[3]''' For he planned and prepared to make an expedition against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] and after subduing these and marching around the [[Black Sea|Euxine]] by way of [[Hyrcania]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and the [[Caucasus]], to invade [[Scythia]]; and after overrunning the countries bordering on [[Germany]] and [[Germany]] itself, to come back by way of [[Gaul]] to [[Italy]], and so to complete this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the [[Ocean]].

'''[4]''' During this expedition, moreover, he intended to dig through the [[Isthmus of Corinth]], and had already put [[Anienus]] in charge of this work; he intended also to divert the [[Tiber]] just below the city into a deep channel, give it a bend towards [[Circeii|Circeium]], and make it empty into the sea at [[Terracina]], thus contriving for merchantmen a safe as well as an easy passage to [[Rome]];

'''[5]''' and besides this, to convert the marshes about [[Pomptine Marshes|Pomentinum]] and [[Setia]] into a plain which many thousands of men could cultivate; further, to build moles which should barricade the sea where it was nearest to [[Rome]], to clear away the hidden dangers on the shore of [[Ostia]], and then construct harbours and roadsteads sufficient for the great fleets that would visit them. And all these things were in preparation.

==E59 - The Julian Calendar==

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'''[1]''' The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the computation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility.

'''[2]''' For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the [[Romans]], so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year; the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called [[Mercedonius]]. [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] the king is said to have been the first to intercalate this month, thus devising a slight and short-lived remedy for the error in regard to the sidereal and solar cycles, as I have said in his Life.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and out of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any. This the [[Romans]] use down to the present time, and are thought to be less in error than other peoples as regards the inequality between the lunar and solar years. However, even this furnished occasion for blame to those who envied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and disliked his power. At any rate, [[Cicero]] the orator, we are told, when some one remarked that [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]] would rise on the morrow, said: "Yes, by decree," implying that men were compelled to accept even this dispensation.

==E60 - The Growing Hatred of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' But the most open and deadly hatred towards him was produced by his passion for the royal power. For the multitude this was a first cause of hatred, and for those who had long smothered their hate, a most specious pretext for it. And yet those who were advocating this honour for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually spread abroad among the people a report that from the [[Sibylline Books|Sibylline books]] it appeared that [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] could be taken if the [[Romans]] went up against it with a king,

'''[2]''' but otherwise could not be assailed; and as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was coming down from [[Alba]] into the city they ventured to hail him as king. But at this the people were confounded, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], disturbed in mind, said that his name was not King, but Caesar, and seeing that his words produced a universal silence, he passed on with no very cheerful or contented looks.

'''[3]''' Moreover, after sundry extravagant honours had been voted him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], it chanced that he was sitting above the [[Rostra]], and as the [[Roman praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]] drew near, with the whole senate following them, he did not rise to receive them, but as if he were dealing with mere private persons, replied that his honours needed curtailment rather than enlargement.

'''[4]''' This vexed not only the senate, but also the people, who felt that in the persons of the senators the state was insulted, and in a terrible dejection they went away at once, all who were not obliged to remain, so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] too, when he was aware of his mistake, immediately turned to go home, and drawing back his [[toga]] from his neck, cried in loud tones to his friends that he was ready to offer his throat to any one who wished to kill him.

'''[5]''' But afterwards he made his disease an excuse for his behaviour, saying that the senses of those who are thus afflicted do not usually remain steady when they address a multitude standing, but are speedily shaken and whirled about, bringing on giddiness and insensibility. However, what he said was not true; on the contrary, he was very desirous of rising to receive the senate, but one of his friends, as they say, or rather one of his flatterers, [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus|Cornelius Balbus]], restrained him, saying: "Remember that thou art Caesar, and permit thyself to be courted as a superior."

==E61 - The Lupercalia==

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'''[1]''' There was added to these causes of offence his insult to the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes]]. It was, namely, the festival of the [[Lupercalia]], of which many write that it was anciently celebrated by shepherds, and has also some connection with the [[Arcadian Lycaea]].

'''[2]''' At this time many of the noble youths and of the magistrates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs. And many women of rank also purposely get in their way, and like children at school present their hands to be struck, believing that the pregnant will thus be helped to an easy delivery, and the barren to pregnancy.

'''[3]''' These ceremonies [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was witnessing, seated upon the [[Rostra|rostra]] on a golden throne, arrayed in triumphal attire. And [[Mark Antony|Antony]] was one of the runners in the sacred race; for he was [[Roman consul|consul]].

'''[4]''' Accordingly, after he had dashed into the [[Roman Forum|forum]] and the crowd had made way for him, he carried a diadem, round which a wreath of laurel was tied, and held it out to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. Then there was applause, not loud, but slight and preconcerted. But when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pushed away the diadem, all the people applauded; and when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] offered it again, few, and when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] declined it again, all, applauded.

'''[5]''' The experiment having thus failed, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] rose from his seat, after ordering the wreath to be carried up to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]; but then his statues were seen to have been decked with royal diadems. So two of the tribunes, [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] and [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]], went up to them and pulled off the diadems, and after discovering those who had first hailed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as king, led them off to prison. Moreover, the people followed the tribunes with applause and called them [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutuses]], because [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was the man who put an end to the royal succession and brought the power into the hands of the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and people instead of a sole ruler. At this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was greatly vexed, and deprived [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]] and [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] of their office, while in his denunciation of them, although he at the same time insulted the people, he called them repeatedly [[Brutus|Brutes]] and [[Cymaeans]].

==E62 - Brutus and the Conspiracy==

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'''[1]''' Under these circumstances the multitude turned their thoughts towards [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Marcus Brutus]], who was thought to be a descendant of the elder [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] on his father's side, on his mother's side belonged to the [[Servilia gens|Servilii]], another illustrious house, and was a son-in-law and nephew of [[Cato the Younger|Cato]].

'''[2]''' The desires which [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] felt to attempt of his own accord the abolition of the monarchy were blunted by the favours and honours that he had received from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For not only had his life been spared at [[Pharsalus]] after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] flight, and the lives of many of his friends at his entreaty, but also he had great credit with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. He had received the most honourable of the [[Roman praetor|praetorships]] for the current year, and was to be [[Roman consul|consul]] three years later, having been preferred to [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], who was a rival candidate. For [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as we are told, said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] urged the juster claims to the office, but that for his own part he could not pass [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] by.

'''[3]''' Once, too, when certain persons were actually accusing [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] to him, the conspiracy being already on foot, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not heed them, but laying his hand upon his body said to the accusers: "Brutus will wait for this shrivelled skin," implying that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was worthy to rule because of his virtue, but that for the sake of ruling he would not become a thankless villain.

'''[4]''' Those, however, who were eager for the change, and fixed their eyes on [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] alone, or on him first, did not venture to talk with him directly, but by night they covered his praetorial tribune and chair with writings, most of which were of this sort: "Thou art asleep, Brutus," or, "Thou art not Brutus."

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] perceived that the ambition of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was somewhat stirred by these things, he was more urgent with him than before, and pricked him on, having himself also some private grounds for hating [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; these I have mentioned in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]]. Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually suspected him, so that he once said to his friends: "What, think ye, doth [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] want? I like him not over much, for he is much too pale." And again, we are told that when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] were accused to him of plotting revolution, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said: "I am not much in fear of these fat, long-haired fellows, but rather of those pale, thin ones," meaning [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]].

==E63 - Omens of Caesar's Death==

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'''[1]''' But destiny, it would seem, is not so much unexpected as it is unavoidable, since they say that amazing signs and apparitions were seen. Now, as for lights in the heavens, crashing sounds borne all about by night, and birds of omen coming down into the [[Roman Forum|forum]], it is perhaps not worth while to mention these precursors of so great an event;

'''[2]''' but [[Strabo]] the philosopher says that multitudes of men all on fire were seen rushing up, and a soldier's slave threw from his hand a copious flame and seemed to the spectators to be burning, but when the flame ceased the man was uninjured; he says, moreover, that when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was sacrificing, the heart of the victim was not to be found, and the prodigy caused fear, since in the course of nature, certainly, an animal without a heart could not exist.

'''[3]''' The following story, too, is told by many. A certain seer warned [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to be on his guard against a great peril on the day of the month of [[March]] which the [[Romans]] call the [[Ides of March]]; and when the day had come and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was on his way to the [[Roman Senate|senate-house]], he greeted the seer with a jest and said: "Well, the Ides of March are come," and the seer said to him softly: "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone."

'''[4]''' Moreover, on the day before, when [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Marcus Lepidus]] was entertaining him at supper, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] chanced to be signing letters, as his custom was, while reclining at table, and the discourse turned suddenly upon the question what sort of death was the best; before any one else could answer [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cried out: "That which is unexpected."

'''[5]''' After this, while he was sleeping as usual by the side of his wife, all the windows and doors of the chamber flew open at once, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], confounded by the noise and the light of the moon shining down upon him, noticed that [[Calpurnia]] was in a deep slumber, but was uttering indistinct words and inarticulate groans in her sleep; for she dreamed, as it proved, that she was holding her murdered husband in her arms and bewailing him.

'''[6]''' Some, however, say that this was not the vision which the woman had; but that there was attached to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] house to give it adornment and distinction, by vote of the senate, a gable-ornament, as [[Livy]] says, and it was this which [[Calpurnia]] in her dreams saw torn down, and therefore, as she thought, wailed and wept.

'''[7]''' At all events, when day came, she begged [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], if it was possible, not to go out, but to postpone the meeting of the senate; if, however, he had no concern at all for her dreams, she besought him to enquire by other modes of divination and by sacrifices concerning the future. And [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] also, as it would appear, was in some suspicion and fear. For never before had he perceived in [[Calpurnia]] any womanish superstition, but now he saw that she was in great distress. And when the seers also, after many sacrifices, told him that the omens were unfavourable, he resolved to send [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and dismiss the senate.

==E64 - Decimus Brutus Urges Caesar to Attend==

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'''[1]''' But at this juncture [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Decimus Brutus]], surnamed Albinus, who was so trusted by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he was entered in his will as his second heir, but was partner in the conspiracy of the other [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], fearing that if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should elude that day, their undertaking would become known,

'''[2]''' ridiculed the seers and chided [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for laying himself open to malicious charges on the part of the senators, who would think themselves mocked at; for they had met at his bidding, and were ready and willing to vote as one man that he should be declared king of the provinces outside of [[Italy]], and might wear a diadem when he went anywhere else by land or sea.

'''[3]''' But if some one should tell them at their session to be gone now, but to come back again when [[Calpurnia]] should have better dreams, what speeches would be made by his enemies, or who would listen to his friends when they tried to show that this was not slavery and tyranny?

'''[4]''' But if he was fully resolved, [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Albinus]] said, to regard the day as inauspicious, it was better that he should go in person and address the senate, and then postpone its business. While saying these things [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus]] took [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] by the hand and began to lead him along. And he had gone but a little way from his door when a slave belonging to some one else, eager to get at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but unable to do so for the press of numbers about him, forced his way into the house, gave himself into the hands of [[Calpurnia]], and bade her keep him secure until [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back, since he had important matters to report to him.

==E65 - Artemidorus's Warning==

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'''[1]''' Furthermore, [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]], [[Cnidus|Cnidian]] by birth, a teacher of [[Greek philosophy]], and on this account brought into intimacy with some of the followers of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], so that he also knew most of what they were doing, came bringing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in a small roll the disclosures which he was going to make; but seeing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took all such rolls and handed them to his attendants, he came quite near, and said: "Read this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], by thyself, and speedily; for it contains matters of importance and of concern to thee."

'''[2]''' Accordingly, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took the roll and would have read it, but was prevented by the multitude of people who engaged his attention, although he set out to do so many times, and holding in his hand and retaining that roll alone, he passed on into the senate. Some, however, say that another person gave him this roll, and that [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]] did not get to him at all, but was crowded away all along the route.

==E66 - The Assassination of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' So far, perhaps, these things may have happened of their own accord; the place, however, which was the scene of that struggle and murder, and in which the senate was then assembled, since it contained a statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and had been dedicated by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] as an additional ornament to his theatre, made it wholly clear that it was the work of some heavenly power which was calling and guiding the action thither.

'''[2]''' Indeed, it is also said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], turning his eyes toward the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] before the attack began, invoked it silently, although he was much addicted to the doctrines of [[Epicureanism|Epicurus]]; but the crisis, as it would seem, when the dreadful attempt was now close at hand, replaced his former cool calculations with divinely inspired emotion.

'''[3]''' Well, then, [[Mark Antony|Antony]], who was a friend of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] and a robust man, was detained outside by [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus Albinus]], who purposely engaged him in a lengthy conversation; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] went in, and the senate rose in his honour. Some of the partisans of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] took their places round the back of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] chair, while others went to meet him, as though they would support the petition which [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius Cimber]] presented to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in behalf of his exiled brother, and they joined their entreaties to his and accompanied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] up to his chair.

'''[4]''' But when, after taking his seat, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] continued to repulse their petitions, and, as they pressed upon him with greater importunity, began to show anger towards one and another of them, [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius]] seized his toga with both hands and pulled it down from his neck. This was the signal for the assault. It was [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]] who gave him the first blow with his dagger, in the neck, not a mortal wound, nor even a deep one, for which he was too much confused, as was natural at the beginning of a deed of great daring;

'''[5]''' so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] turned about, grasped the knife, and held it fast.

'''[6]''' At almost the same instant both cried out, the smitten man in [[Latin language|Latin]]: "Accursed [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]], what doest thou?" and the smiter, in [[Greek language|Greek]], to his brother: "Brother, help!" So the affair began, and those who were not privy to the plot were filled with consternation and horror at what was going on; they dared not fly, nor go to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] help, nay, nor even utter a word. But those who had prepared themselves for the murder bared each of them his dagger, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], hemmed in on all sides, whichever way he turned confronting blows of weapons aimed at his face and eyes, driven hither and thither like a wild beast, was entangled in the hands of all; for all had to take part in the sacrifice and taste of the slaughter.

'''[7]''' Therefore [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] also gave him one blow in the groin. And it is said by some writers that although [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] defended himself against the rest and darted this way and that and cried aloud, when he saw that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] had drawn his dagger, he pulled his toga down over his head and sank, either by chance or because pushed there by his murderers, against the pedestal on which the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] stood. And the pedestal was drenched with his blood, so that one might have thought that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was presiding over this vengeance upon his enemy, who now lay prostrate at his feet, quivering from a multitude of wounds. For it is said that he received twenty-three; and many of the conspirators were wounded by one another, as they struggled to plant all those blows in one body.

==E67 - The Immediate Aftermath==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] thus done to death, the senators, although [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came forward as if to say something about what had been done, would not wait to hear him, but burst out of doors and fled, thus filling the people with confusion and helpless fear, so that some of them closed their houses, while others left their counters and places of business and ran, first to the place to see what had happened, then away from the place when they had seen. [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidus]], the chief friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], stole away and took refuge in the houses of others. But [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans, just as they were, still warm from the slaughter, displaying their daggers bare, went all in a body out of the senate-house and marched to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]], not like fugitives, but with glad faces and full of confidence, summoning the multitude to freedom, and welcoming into their ranks the most distinguished of those who met them.

'''[2]''' Some also joined their number and went up with them as though they had shared in the deed, and laid claim to the glory of it, of whom were [[Gaius Octavius (conspirator)|Caius Octavius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Lentulus Spinther]]. These men, then, paid the penalty for their imposture later, when they were put to death by [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and the young [[Augustus|Caesar]], without even enjoying the fame for the sake of which they died, owing to the disbelief of their fellow men. For even those who punished them did not exact a penalty for what they did, but for what they wished they had done.

'''[3]''' On the next day [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came down and held a discourse, and the people listened to what was said without either expressing resentment at what had been done or appearing to approve of it; they showed, however, by their deep silence, that while they pitied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], they respected [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

'''[4]''' The senate, too, trying to make a general amnesty and reconciliation, voted to give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divine honours and not to disturb even the most insignificant measure which he had adopted when in power; while to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans it distributed provinces and gave suitable honours, so that everybody thought that matters were decided and settled in the best possible manner.

==E68 - Caesar's Funeral and the Riot==

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'''[1]''' But when the will of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was opened and it was found that he had given every [[Roman citizen]] a considerable gift, and when the multitude saw his body carried through the [[Roman Forum|forum]] all disfigured with its wounds, they no longer kept themselves within the restraints of order and discipline, but after heaping round the body benches, railings, and tables from the forum, they set fire to them and burned it there; then, lifting blazing brands on high, they ran to the houses of the murderers with intent to burn them down, while others went every whither through the city seeking to seize the men themselves and tear them to pieces. Not one of these came in their way, but all were well barricaded.

'''[2]''' There was a certain [[Gaius Helvius Cinna|Cinna]], however, one of the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who chanced, as they say, to have seen during the previous night a strange vision. He dreamed, that is, that he was invited to supper by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and that when he excused himself, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led him along by the hand, although he did not wish to go, but resisted. Now, when he heard that they were burning the body of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in the forum, he rose up and went thither out of respect, although he had misgivings arising from his vision, and was at the same time in a fever.

'''[3]''' At sight of him, one of the multitude told his name to another who asked him what it was, and he to another, and at once word ran through the whole throng that this man was one of the murderers of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For there was among the conspirators a man who bore this same name of [[Cinna (conspirator)|Cinna]], and assuming that this man was he, the crowd rushed upon him and tore him in pieces among them.

'''[4]''' This more than anything else made [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] afraid, and not many days afterwards they withdrew from the city. What they did and suffered before they died, has been told in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

==E69 - The Death of Brutus and the Avenging of Caesar==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' At the time of his death [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fully fifty-six years old, but he had survived [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] not much more than four years, while of the power and dominion which he had sought all his life at so great risks, and barely achieved at last, of this he had reaped no fruit but the name of it only, and a glory which had awakened envy on the part of his fellow citizens.

'''[2]''' However, the great guardian-genius of the man, whose help he had enjoyed through life, followed upon him even after death as an avenger of his murder, driving and tracking down his slayers over every land and sea until not one of them was left, but even those who in any way soever either put hand to the deed or took part in the plot were punished.

'''[3]''' Among events of man's ordering, the most amazing was that which befell [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]]; for after his defeat at [[Philippi]] he slew himself with that very dagger which he had used against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; and among events of divine ordering, there was the great [[Comet|comet]], which showed itself in great splendour for seven nights after [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] murder, and then disappeared;

'''[4]''' also, the obscuration of the sun's rays. For during all that year its orb rose pale and without radiance, while the heat that came down from it was slight and ineffectual, so that the air in its circulation was dark and heavy owing to the feebleness of the warmth that penetrated it, and the fruits, imperfect and half ripe, withered away and shrivelled up on account of the coldness of the atmosphere.

'''[5]''' But more than anything else the phantom that appeared to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] showed that the murder of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not pleasing to the gods; and it was on this wise.

'''[6]''' As he was about to take his army across from [[Abydos]] to the other continent, he was lying down at night, as his custom was, in his tent, not sleeping, but thinking of the future; for it is said that of all generals [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was least given to sleep, and that he naturally remained awake a longer time than anybody else. And now he thought he heard a noise at the door, and looking towards the light of the lamp, which was slowly going out, he saw a fearful vision of a man of unnatural size and harsh aspect. At first he was terrified, but when he saw that the visitor neither did nor said anything, but stood in silence by his couch, he asked him who he was.

'''[7]''' Then the phantom answered him: "I am thy evil genius, Brutus, and thou shalt see me at [[Philippi]]." At the time, then, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] said courageously: "I shall see thee"; and the heavenly visitor at once went away.

'''[8]''' Subsequently, however, when arrayed against [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Augustus|Caesar]] at [[Philippi]], in the first battle he conquered the enemy in his front, routed and scattered them, and sacked the camp of [[Augustus|Caesar]]; but as he was about to fight the second battle, the same phantom visited him again at night, and though it said nothing to him, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] understood his fate, and plunged headlong into danger. He did not fall in battle, however, but after the rout retired to a crest of ground, put his naked sword to his breast (while a certain friend, as they say, helped to drive the blow home), and so died.

<center><big>The End</big></center>

=Καῖσαρ (Caesar)=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E01 - Caesar and Sulla|1]]==


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'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τὴν Τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κίνναν Κίνναν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοναρχήσαντος μοναρχήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυγατέρα θυγατέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνηλίαν Κορνηλίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεκράτησε ἐπεκράτησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλας Σύλλας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔτε οὔτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλπίσιν ἐλπίσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔτε οὔτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβῳ φόβῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνηθεὶς δυνηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποσπάσαι ἀποσπάσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐδήμευσε ἐδήμευσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φερνήν φερνήν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτία αἰτία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλαν Σύλλαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεχθείας ἀπεχθείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάριον Μάριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκειότης οἰκειότης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰουλίᾳ Ἰουλίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πατρὸς πατρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφῇ ἀδελφῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρεσβύτερος πρεσβύτερος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνῴκει συνῴκει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάριος Μάριος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἧς ἧς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγεγόνει ἐγεγόνει] 
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'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίους Μαρίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορῶσι ἐνορῶσι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτης ταύτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῆς φωνῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνενεχθείσης ἀνενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συχνὸν συχνὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέν μέν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνον χρόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανώμενος πλανώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σαβίνοις Σαβίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκλεπτεν ἔκλεπτεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτόν ἑαυτόν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διʼ διʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρρωστίαν ἀρρωστίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑτέραν ἑτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετακομιζόμενος μετακομιζόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτα νύκτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτει περιπίπτει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιώταις στρατιώταις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διερευνωμένοις διερευνωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκεῖνα ἐκεῖνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χωρία χωρία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένους κεκρυμμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συλλαμβάνουσιν συλλαμβάνουσιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμόνα ἡγεμόνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνήλιον Κορνήλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείσας πείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσὶ δυσὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντοις ταλάντοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάλατταν θάλατταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπλευσεν ἐξέπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βιθυνίαν Βιθυνίαν] 
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| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and when [[Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for Caesar's hatred of Sulla was Caesar's relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of Caesar's father, was the wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius the Elder]], and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], 
'''[2]''' who was therefore Caesar's cousin. Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription|proscriptions]], but he came before the people as candidate for a priesthood, although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses. 
'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, [[Cornelius (soldier of Sulla)|Cornelius]], two talents to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed 
'''[4]''' to [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|King Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]]. With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[Cilician pirates|pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E02 - The Pirates|2]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πρῶτον Πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτηθεὶς αἰτηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τάλαντα τάλαντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεγέλασεν κατεγέλασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰδότων εἰδότων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾑρήκοιεν ᾑρήκοιεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡμολόγησε ὡμολόγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δώσειν δώσειν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλον ἄλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλην ἄλλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπέμψας διαπέμψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρημάτων χρημάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πορισμόν πορισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώποις ἀνθρώποις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φονικωτάτοις φονικωτάτοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κίλιξι Κίλιξι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑνὸς ἑνὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φίλου φίλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυοῖν δυοῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκολούθοιν ἀκολούθοιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολελειμμένος ἀπολελειμμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονητικῶς καταφρονητικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πέμπων πέμπων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁσάκις ὁσάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναπαύοιτο ἀναπαύοιτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέταττεν προσέταττεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιωπᾶν σιωπᾶν]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραις ἡμέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τεσσαράκοντα τεσσαράκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυεῖν δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεούσαις δεούσαις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούμενος φρουρούμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δορυφορούμενος δορυφορούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδείας ἀδείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέπαιζε συνέπαιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεγυμνάζετο συνεγυμνάζετο]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιήματα ποιήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράφων γράφων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰς τινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκροαταῖς ἀκροαταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνοις ἐκείνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχρῆτο ἐχρῆτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντας θαυμάζοντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιδεύτους ἀπαιδεύτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαρβάρους βαρβάρους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεκάλει ἀπεκάλει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σὺν σὺν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γέλωτι γέλωτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠπείλησε ἠπείλησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρεμᾶν κρεμᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτούς αὐτούς]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχαιρον ἔχαιρον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφελείᾳ ἀφελείᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὶ τινὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾷ παιδιᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρρησίαν παρρησίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέμοντες νέμοντες]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἧκον ἧκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλήτου Μιλήτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοὺς δοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλοῖα πλοῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πληρώσας πληρώσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλησίων Μιλησίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λιμένος λιμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνήγετο ἀνήγετο]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταλαβὼν καταλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ναυλοχοῦντας ναυλοχοῦντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λείαν λείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποιήσατο ἐποιήσατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Περγάμῳ Περγάμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταθέμενος καταθέμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεσμωτήριον δεσμωτήριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέποντα διέποντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀσίαν Ἀσίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰούνιον Ἰούνιον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσῆκον προσῆκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντι ὄντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῷ στρατηγῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσαι κολάσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαλωκότας ἑαλωκότας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποφθαλμιῶντος ἐποφθαλμιῶντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγα ὀλίγα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰχμαλώτων αἰχμαλώτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκέψεσθαι σκέψεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φάσκοντος φάσκοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολῆς σχολῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαίρειν χαίρειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐάσας ἐάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πέργαμον Πέργαμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾤχετο ᾤχετο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προαγαγὼν προαγαγὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπαντας ἅπαντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεσταύρωσεν ἀνεσταύρωσεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προειρήκει προειρήκει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the [[Cilician pirates|pirates]] demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilicia|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking. 
'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarian|Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all. 
'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as praetor of the province, to 
'''[4]''' punish the captives. But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E03 - Rhodes and Oratory|3]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐκ Ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτου τούτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαραινομένης μαραινομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκοι οἴκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλούντων καλούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπλευσεν ἔπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥόδον Ῥόδον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀπολλώνιον Ἀπολλώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μόλωνος Μόλωνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠκρόατο ἠκρόατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σοφιστεύοντος σοφιστεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανῶς ἐπιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρόπον τρόπον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιεικοῦς ἐπιεικοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκοῦντος δοκοῦντος]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῦναι φῦναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτικοὺς πολιτικοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπονῆσαι διαπονῆσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμότατα φιλοτιμότατα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσιν φύσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτερεῖα δευτερεῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηρίτως ἀδηρίτως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεῖον πρωτεῖον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμει δυνάμει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπλοις ὅπλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσχοληθείς ἀσχοληθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπερ ὅπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσις φύσις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφηγεῖτο ὑφηγεῖτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγειν λέγειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητος δεινότητος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατειῶν στρατειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεκτήσατο κατεκτήσατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξικόμενος ἐξικόμενος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιγραφῇ ἀντιγραφῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραιτεῖται παραιτεῖται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιωτικοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρὸς ἀνδρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντεξετάζειν ἀντεξετάζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥήτορος ῥήτορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐφυοῦς εὐφυοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴν πολλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄγοντος ἄγοντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After this, [[Sulla]]'s power being now on the wane, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius the son of Molon]], an illustrious rhetorician with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political oratory, and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather, 
'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero's ''Cato'', he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E04 - Caesar the Advocate|4]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐπανελθὼν Ἐπανελθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμην Ῥώμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλαν Δολοβέλλαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκρινε ἔκρινε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακώσεως κακώσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπαρχίας ἐπαρχίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλαὶ πολλαὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδος Ἑλλάδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεων πόλεων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρτυρίας μαρτυρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχον παρέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλας Δολοβέλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέφυγε ἀπέφυγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμειβόμενος ἀμειβόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδα Ἑλλάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθυμίας προθυμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγόρησεν συνηγόρησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιον Πόπλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διωκούσῃ διωκούσῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δωροδοκίας δωροδοκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλου Λευκούλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάρκου Μάρκου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μακεδονίας Μακεδονίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦ στρατηγοῦ]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοσούτον τοσούτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσχυσεν ἴσχυσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικαλέσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχους δημάρχους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηψάμενον σκηψάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσον ἴσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδι Ἑλλάδι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνας Ἕλληνας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμῃ Ῥώμῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγορίας συνηγορίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάρις χάρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέλαμπε ἐξέλαμπε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξιώσεις δεξιώσεις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμιλίας ὁμιλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοφροσύνης φιλοφροσύνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὔνοια εὔνοια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημοτῶν δημοτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπήντα ἀπήντα], 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπευτικοῦ θεραπευτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρʼ παρʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡλικίαν ἡλικίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δέ δέ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δείπνων δείπνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τραπέζης τραπέζης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίαιταν δίαιταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρότητος λαμπρότητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐξανομένη αὐξανομένη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρὸν μικρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δύναμις δύναμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φθονοῦντες φθονοῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενοι οἰόμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιλιπόντων ἐπιλιπόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκζηλον ἔκζηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσεσθαι ἔσεσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεώρων περιεώρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθοῦσαν ἀνθοῦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀψὲ ὀψὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾔσθοντο ᾔσθοντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλης μεγάλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσαντρέπτου δυσαντρέπτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαδιζούσης βαδιζούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλων ὅλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβολήν μεταβολήν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδεμίαν οὐδεμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματος πράγματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγητέον ἡγητέον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικράν μικράν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιεῖ ποιεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλην μεγάλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνδελεχὲς ἐνδελεχὲς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονηθῆναι καταφρονηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κωλυθῆναι κωλυθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβοῦσαν λαβοῦσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γοῦν γοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποδέσθαι ὑποδέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθῆναι φοβηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαλάττης θαλάττης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγελῶντα διαγελῶντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπῳ φιλανθρώπῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱλαρῷ ἱλαρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένην κεκρυμμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαθὼν καταμαθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλεγε ἔλεγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπασιν ἅπασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιβουλεύμασιν ἐπιβουλεύμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύμασι πολιτεύμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννικὴν τυραννικὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορᾶν ἐνορᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διάνοιαν διάνοιαν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κόμην κόμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακειμένην διακειμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴδω ἴδω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κἀκεῖνον κἀκεῖνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δακτύλῳ δακτύλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κνώμενον κνώμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοι μοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νοῦν νοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμβαλέσθαι ἐμβαλέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηλικοῦτον τηλικοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακόν κακόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναίρεσιν ἀναίρεσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After his return to [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] he impeached [[Dolabella]] for mal-administration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]]. 
'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the tribunes at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, 
'''[3]''' since he was ingratiating beyond his years. He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on, when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after contempt of them has left them unobstructed. 
'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely [[Cicero]], said that in most of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose. "On the other hand," said he, "when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman Republic|Roman constitution]]." This, it is true, belongs to a later period.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E05 - Caesar’s Popularity|5]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦ Τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμου δήμου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρώτην πρώτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόδειξιν ἀπόδειξιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐνοίας εὐνοίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλαβεν ἔλαβεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γάιον Γάιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ποπλίον Ποπλίον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρίσας ἐρίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὲρ ὑπὲρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλιαρχίας χιλιαρχίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρότερος πρότερος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνηγορεύθη ἀνηγορεύθη]· 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτέραν δευτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανεστέραν καταφανεστέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰουλίας Ἰουλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφιδούς ἀδελφιδούς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὢν ὢν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκώμιόν ἐγκώμιόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρὸν λαμπρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορᾷ ἀγορᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκφορὰν ἐκφορὰν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐτόλμησεν ἐτόλμησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθέσθαι προθέσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφθείσας ὀφθείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολεμίων πολεμίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κριθέντων κριθέντων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνίων ἐνίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβοησάντων καταβοησάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντήχησε ἀντήχησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρῶς λαμπρῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξάμενος δεξάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάσας θαυμάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾍδου ᾍδου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνων χρόνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῶν πολλῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγοντα ἀνάγοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναιξὶ γυναιξὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρεσβυτέραις πρεσβυτέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιταφίους ἐπιταφίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεξιέναι διεξιέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέαις νέαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὂν ὂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔθει ἔθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤνεγκεν ἤνεγκεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάριν χάριν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰ τινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεδημαγώγησε συνεδημαγώγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάθει πάθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὺς πολλοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμερον ἥμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περίμεστον περίμεστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγαπᾶν ἀγαπᾶν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Θάψας Θάψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίας ταμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰβηρίαν Ἰβηρίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῶν στρατηγῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βέτερι Βέτερι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεξῆλθεν συνεξῆλθεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμῶν τιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διετέλεσε διετέλεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρχων ἄρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίαν ταμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησε ἐποίησε]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχῆς ἀρχῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρίτην τρίτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠγάγετο ἠγάγετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχων ἔχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνηλίας Κορνηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυγατέρα θυγατέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίῳ Πομπηίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάγνῳ Μάγνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γαμηθεῖσαν γαμηθεῖσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρώμενος χρώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάναις δαπάναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφειδῶς ἀφειδῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐφήμερον ἐφήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βραχεῖαν βραχεῖαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλων μεγάλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόξαν δόξαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὠνούμενος ὠνούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθείαις ἀληθείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρῶν μικρῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὶν πρὶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχήν ἀρχήν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθίστασθαι καθίστασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλίων χιλίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακοσίων τριακοσίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρεωφειλέτης χρεωφειλέτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντων ταλάντων]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁδοῦ ὁδοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀππίας Ἀππίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειχθεὶς ἀποδειχθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιμελητὴς ἐπιμελητὴς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάμπολλα πάμπολλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσανάλωσε προσανάλωσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομῶν ἀγορανομῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζεύγη ζεύγη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μονομάχων μονομάχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακόσια τριακόσια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλαις ἄλλαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέατρα θέατρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πομπὰς πομπὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεῖπνα δεῖπνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χορηγίαις χορηγίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολυτελείαις πολυτελείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέκλυσε κατέκλυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέθηκε διέθηκε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὰς ἀρχὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητεῖν ζητεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕκαστον ἕκαστον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἷς αἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμείψαιντο ἀμείψαιντο].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The first proof of the people's good will towards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|him]] he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a military tribuneship and was elected over him. 
'''[2]''' A second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]] the deceased wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], he pronounced a splendid encomium upon her in the forum, and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which were then seen for the first time since the administration of [[Sulla]], because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies. When, namely, some cried out against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from Hades, the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling. 
'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to [[Spain]] as quaestor under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]] a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]]. 
'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt. 
'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his aedileship, he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of gladiators, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E06 - Honours for Marius|6]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δυεῖν Δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐσῶν οὐσῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στάσεων στάσεων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένης δυναμένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανῆς Μαριανῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣ ἣ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεπτήχει κατεπτήχει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέσπαστο διέσπαστο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κομιδῇ κομιδῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταπεινὰ ταπεινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράττουσα πράττουσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναρρῶσαι ἀναρρῶσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσαγαγέσθαι προσαγαγέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλόμενος βουλόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομικαῖς ἀγορανομικαῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκμὴν ἀκμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχούσας ἐχούσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησατο ἐποίησατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρυφᾷ κρυφᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Νίκας Νίκας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τροπαιοφόρους τροπαιοφόρους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φέρων φέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτός νυκτός] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνέστησεν ἀνέστησεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεασαμένους θεασαμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρμαίροντα μαρμαίροντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρυσῷ χρυσῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τέχνῃ τέχνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεσκευασμένα κατεσκευασμένα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεδήλου διεδήλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κιμβρικὰ Κιμβρικὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορθώματα κατορθώματα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάμβος θάμβος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσχε ἔσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τόλμης τόλμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναθέντος ἀναθέντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλος ἄδηλος]), [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιιὼν περιιὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθροιζε ἤθροιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντας πάντας] 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώπους ἀνθρώπους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐβόων ἐβόων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννίδα τυραννίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύεσθαι πολιτεύεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νόμοις νόμοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόγμασι δόγμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορωρυγμένας κατορωρυγμένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπανιστάντα ἐπανιστάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμάς τιμάς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεῖραν πεῖραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προμαλαττόμενον προμαλαττόμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τετιθάσευται τετιθάσευται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίδωσι δίδωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοιαῦτα τοιαῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινοτομεῖν καινοτομεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανοὶ Μαριανοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραθαρρύναντες παραθαρρύναντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθει πλήθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμαστοὶ θαυμαστοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅσοι ὅσοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεφάνησαν διεφάνησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξαίφνης ἐξαίφνης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατείχον κατείχον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δάκρυα δάκρυα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεωμένοις θεωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφʼ ὑφʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡδονῆς ἡδονῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγας μέγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκωμίοις ἐγκωμίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρόμενος αἱρόμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντὶ ἀντὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄξιος ἄξιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγγενείας συγγενείας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συναχθείσης συναχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λουτάτιος Λουτάτιος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐδοκιμῶν εὐδοκιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατηγορήσας κατηγορήσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεφθέγξατο ἐπεφθέγξατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μνημονευόμενον μνημονευόμενον]· «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐκέτι Οὐκέτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονόμοις ὑπονόμοις],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηχαναῖς μηχαναῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρεῖ αἱρεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογησάμενος ἀπολογησάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντες θαυμάζοντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπήρθησαν ἐπήρθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεκελεύοντο παρεκελεύοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδενὶ μηδενὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονήματος φρονήματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφίεσθαι ὑφίεσθαι]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκόντι ἑκόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέσεσθαι περιέσεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεύσειν πρωτεύσειν].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of [[Sulla]], which had been all powerful since his day, and that of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] secretly made, together with trophy-bearing Victories, and these he ordered to be carried by night 
'''[2]''' and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]. At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri|Cimbrian]] successes of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together 
'''[3]''' for the sight. But some cried out that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and 
'''[4]''' filled the Capitol with their applause. Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], rose up and denounced [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], uttering the memorable words: "No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government." [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline|7]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐν Ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μετέλλου Μετέλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέως ἀρχιερέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελευτήσαντος τελευτήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερωσύνην ἱερωσύνην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμάχητον περιμάχητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖσαν οὖσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰσαυρικοῦ Ἰσαυρικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλου Κάτλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετιόντων μετιόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανεστάτων ἐπιφανεστάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγίστων μεγίστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένων δυναμένων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐχ οὐχ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπείξεν ὑπείξεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγχωμάλλου ἀγχωμάλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδῆς σπουδῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φαινομένης φαινομένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μείζονος μείζονος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξίας ἀξίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀρρωδῶν ὀρρωδῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηλότητα ἀδηλότητα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέπεμπε προσέπεμπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείθων πείθων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποστῆναι ἀποστῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείω πλείω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσδανεισάμενος προσδανεισάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγωνιεῖσθαι διαγωνιεῖσθαι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τῆς Τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνστάσης ἐνστάσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητρὸς μητρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδακρυτὶ ἀδακρυτὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προπεμπούσης προπεμπούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσπασάμενος ἀσπασάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτήν αὐτήν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὦ Ὦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῆτερ μῆτερ],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τήμερον τήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέα ἀρχιερέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυγάδα φυγάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψει ὄψει].» 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διενεχθείσης διενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψήφου ψήφου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμιλλης ἅμιλλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θρασύτητος θρασύτητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προάξων προάξων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πείσωνα Πείσωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλων Κάτλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾐτιῶντο ᾐτιῶντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φεισάμενον φεισάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίναν Κατιλίναν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβὴν λαβὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντος παρασχόντος]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβαλεῖν μεταβαλεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλην ὅλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνελεῖν ἀνελεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματα πράγματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγχεῖν συγχεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διανοηθείς διανοηθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπεσε ἐξέπεσε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπταίσας περιπταίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλάττοσιν ἐλάττοσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλέγχοις ἐλέγχοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτας ἐσχάτας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὰς βουλὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἀποκαλυφθῆναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λέντλον Λέντλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κέθηγον Κέθηγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαδόχους διαδόχους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέλιπε ἀπέλιπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνωμοσίας συνωμοσίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἷς οἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρύφα κρύφα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεῖχε παρεῖχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάρσους θάρσους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλον ἄδηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστιν ἐστιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κράτος κράτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελεγχθέντων ἐξελεγχθέντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπάτου ὑπάτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρωτῶντος ἐρωτῶντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσεως κολάσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοι ἄλλοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θανατοῦν θανατοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκέλευον ἐκέλευον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφροντισμένον πεφροντισμένον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκτεῖναι ἀποκτεῖναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκρίτους ἀκρίτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξιώματι ἀξιώματι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπροὺς λαμπροὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκαιον δίκαιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτης ἐσχάτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγκης ἀνάγκης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουροῖντο φρουροῖντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεθέντες δεθέντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεσι πόλεσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰταλίας Ἰταλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕληται ἕληται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπολεμηθῇ καταπολεμηθῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρήνῃ εἰρήνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡσυχίαν ἡσυχίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνῶναι γνῶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέξει παρέξει].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus]] were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not give way to them, but 
'''[2]''' presented himself to the people as a rival candidate. The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar's competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Caesar's mother]] accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: "Mother, to-day thou shalt see thy son either ''[[pontifex maximus]]'' or an exile." 
'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken Caesar prevailed, and thereby made the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him. 
'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far-reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their 
'''[5]''' punishment, the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of [[Italy]] as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E08 - The Conspirators|8]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὕτω Οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμης γνώμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπου φιλανθρώπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανείσης φανείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατῶς δυνατῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥηθέντος ῥηθέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτον τοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνιστάμενοι ἀνιστάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσετίθεντο προσετίθεντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρημένας εἰρημένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπειπάμενοι ἀπειπάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετέστησαν μετέστησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕως ἕως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνα Κάτωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλον Κάτλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῆλθε περιῆλθε]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανικῶς νεανικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐναντιωθέντων ἐναντιωθέντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπόνοιαν ὑπόνοιαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεπερείσαντος συνεπερείσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκατεξαναστάντος συγκατεξαναστάντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρρωμένως ἐρρωμένως], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρες ἄνδρες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούμενοι ἀποθανούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεδόθησαν παρεδόθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξιόντι ἐξιόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούντων φρουρούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέων νέων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυμνὰ γυμνὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ξίφη ξίφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνδραμόντες συνδραμόντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπέσχον ἐπέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κουρίων Κουρίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηβέννῳ τηβέννῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβαλὼν περιβαλὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπεξαγαγεῖν ὑπεξαγαγεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτός αὐτός] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανίσκοι νεανίσκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέβλεψαν προσέβλεψαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνανεῦσαι ἀνανεῦσαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόνον φόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδικον ἄδικον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παράνομον παράνομον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγούμενος ἡγούμενος]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦτο Τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶδα οἶδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴπερ εἴπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθές ἀληθές], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατείας ὑπατείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγραψεν ἔγραψεν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτίαν αἰτίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντι παρασχόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρησάμενος χρησάμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειλιάσας ἀποδειλιάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπερφυῶς ὑπερφυῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεχόμενον περιεχόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅς ὅς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γε γε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετʼ μετʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγας ὀλίγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὴν βουλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσελθόντος εἰσελθόντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποψίαις ὑποψίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογουμένου ἀπολογουμένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτοντος περιπίπτοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θορύβοις θορύβοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πονηροῖς πονηροῖς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπειδὴ ἐπειδὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείων πλείων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνήθους συνήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγίγνετο ἐγίγνετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθέζομένης καθέζομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπῆλθε ἐπῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῆς κραυγῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέστη περιέστη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιτῶν ἀπαιτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύων κελεύων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὸ διὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτων Κάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόρων ἀπόρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεωτερισμόν νεωτερισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παντὸς παντὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπέκκαυμα ὑπέκκαυμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθους πλήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλπίδας ἐλπίδας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχοντες ἔχοντες], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπονείμαι ἀπονείμαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιτηρέσιον σιτηρέσιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔμμηνον ἔμμηνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάνης δαπάνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑπτακόσιαι ἑπτακόσιαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μυριάδες μυριάδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνιαύσιοι ἐνιαύσιοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσεγίγνοντο προσεγίγνοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλώμασι ἀναλώμασι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέντοι μέντοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγαν μέγαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρόντι παρόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσβεσε ἔσβεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφανῶς περιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολίτευμα πολίτευμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλεῖστον πλεῖστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέρριψε ἀπέρριψε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεσκέδασεν διεσκέδασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγεῖν στρατηγεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέλλοντος μέλλοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβερωτέρου φοβερωτέρου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. 
'''[2]''' These warmly opposed Caesar's proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner, and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice. 
'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterwards, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go. 
'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar's power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E09 - The Bona Dea|9]]==


{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; border-collapse:collapse; border:0; background:transparent;"
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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐ Οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴν μὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέβη ἀπέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταραχώδες ταραχώδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπʼ ἀπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τύχη τύχη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄχαρις ἄχαρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέβη συνέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶκον οἶκον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιος Πόπλιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐπατρίδης εὐπατρίδης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλούτῳ πλούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρός λαμπρός], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβόητων περιβόητων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδενὸς οὐδενὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεύτερος δεύτερος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤρα ἤρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκούσης ἀκούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυλακαί φυλακαί] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικωνίτιδος γυναικωνίτιδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκριβείς ἀκριβείς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥ ἥ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτηρ μήτηρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σώφρων σώφρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέπουσα περιέπουσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαλεπὴν χαλεπὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακεκινδυνευμένην παρακεκινδυνευμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίει ἐποίει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔντευξιν ἔντευξιν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἔστι Ἔστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεὸς θεὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀγαθὴν Ἀγαθὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀνομάζουσιν ὀνομάζουσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γυναικείαν Γυναικείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φρύγες Φρύγες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκειούμενοι οἰκειούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μίδα Μίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρα μητέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βασιλέως βασιλέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φασί φασί], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δρυάδα Δρυάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φαύνῳ Φαύνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνοικήσασαν συνοικήσασαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Διονύσου Διονύσου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρων μητέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρητον ἄρρητον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμπελίνοις ἀμπελίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηνὰς σκηνὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κλήμασιν κλήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτάζουσαι ἑορτάζουσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατερέφουσι κατερέφουσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δράκων δράκων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερὸς ἱερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακαθίδρυται παρακαθίδρυται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεῷ θεῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῦθον μῦθον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσελθεῖν προσελθεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέμις θέμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδʼ οὐδʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίας οἰκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερῶν ἱερῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀργιαζομένων ὀργιαζομένων]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐταὶ αὐταὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὰς ἑαυτὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὰ πολλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὀρφικοῖς Ὀρφικοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμολογοῦντα ὁμολογοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δρᾶν δρᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγονται λέγονται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερουργίαν ἱερουργίαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτῆς ἑορτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθήκῃ καθήκῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατεύοντος ὑπατεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦντος στρατηγοῦντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρός ἀνδρός], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξίσταται ἐξίσταται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρεν ἄρρεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραλαβοῦσα παραλαβοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακοσμεῖ διακοσμεῖ]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτωρ νύκτωρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελεῖται τελεῖται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾶς παιδιᾶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναμεμιγμένης ἀναμεμιγμένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παννυχίσι παννυχίσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μουσικῆς μουσικῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρούσης παρούσης].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, 
'''[2]''' but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time. This man was in love with [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] the wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women's apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar's mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview. 
'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character. 
'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or [[praetor]] at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E10 - Clodius and Pompeia|10]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταύτην Ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτὴν ἑορτὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτελούσης ἐπιτελούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔπω οὔπω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενειῶν γενειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λήσειν λήσειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενος οἰόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσθῆτα ἐσθῆτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκευὴν σκευὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψαλτρίας ψαλτρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλαβὼν ἀναλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔρχεται ἔρχεται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέα νέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὶ γυναικὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκώς εἰκώς]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύραις θύραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτυχὼν ἐπιτυχὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεῳγμέναις ἀνεῳγμέναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσήχθη εἰσήχθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδεῶς ἀδεῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνειδυίας συνειδυίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπαινίδος θεραπαινίδος], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προδραμούσης προδραμούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίᾳ Πομπηίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φράσειε φράσειε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διατριβῆς διατριβῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένει περιμένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπου ὅπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατελείφθη κατελείφθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καρτεροῦντι καρτεροῦντι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανωμένῳ πλανωμένῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίᾳ οἰκίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλῃ μεγάλῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφεύγοντι περιφεύγοντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσπεσοῦσα προσπεσοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλίας Αὐρηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίξειν παίξειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προὐκαλεῖτο προὐκαλεῖτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλομένου βουλομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέσον μέσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷλκε εἷλκε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τίς τίς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστι ἐστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόθεν πόθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπυνθάνετο ἐπυνθάνετο]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φήσαντος φήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἄβραν Ἄβραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένειν περιμένειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸ αὐτὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλουμένην καλουμένην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῇ φωνῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένου γενομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανοῦς καταφανοῦς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπήδησε ἀπεπήδησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῇ κραυγῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄχλον ὄχλον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφωρακέναι πεφωρακέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βοῶσα βοῶσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπτοηθείσων διαπτοηθείσων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄργια ὄργια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῦ θεοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέπαυσε κατέπαυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεκάλυψε συνεκάλυψε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὴ αὐτὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκλεῖσαι ἀποκλεῖσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύσασα κελεύσασα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῄει περιῄει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπάδων λαμπάδων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητοῦσα ζητοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὑρίσκεται εὑρίσκεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκημα οἴκημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδίσκης παιδίσκης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεισῆλθε συνεισῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπεφευγώς καταπεφευγώς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανερὸς φανερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελαύνεται ἐξελαύνεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυρῶν θυρῶν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτὸς νυκτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπιοῦσαι ἀπιοῦσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὑτῶν αὑτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφραζον ἔφραζον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδράσι ἀνδράσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραν ἡμέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεως πόλεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀθεσμοῖς ἀθεσμοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικεχειρηκότος ἐπικεχειρηκότος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑβρισμένοις ὑβρισμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῖς θεοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφείλοντος ὀφείλοντος]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγράψατο ἐγράψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷς εἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχων δημάρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσεβείας ἀσεβείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέστησαν συνέστησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατώτατοι δυνατώτατοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλας ἄλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινὰς δεινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσελγείας ἀσελγείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαρτυροῦντες καταμαρτυροῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοιχείαν μοιχείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφῆς ἀδελφῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλῳ Λευκούλλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνῴκει συνῴκει]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδὰς σπουδὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιτάξας ἀντιτάξας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὸν ἑαυτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμυνε ἥμυνε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστὰς δικαστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄφελος ὄφελος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκπεπληγμένους ἐκπεπληγμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεδοικότας δεδοικότας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλῆθος πλῆθος]. 
'''[6]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψατο ἀπεπέμψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάρτυς μάρτυς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κληθεὶς κληθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲν οὐδὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λεγομένων λεγομένων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γινώσκειν γινώσκειν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραδόξου παραδόξου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανέντος φανέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατήγορος κατήγορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠρώτησε ἠρώτησε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πῶς Πῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψω ἀπεπέμψω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα];» «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὅτι Ὅτι],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμὴν ἐμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠξίου ἠξίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδὲ μηδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονοηθῆναι ὑπονοηθῆναι].» 
'''[7]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταῦτα Ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονοῦντα φρονοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγουσιν λέγουσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰπεῖν εἰπεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαριζόμενον χαριζόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡρμημένον ὡρμημένον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σῴζειν σῴζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποφεύγει ἀποφεύγει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγκλημα ἔγκλημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστῶν δικαστῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκεχυμένοις συγκεχυμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδιδόντων ἀποδιδόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακινδυνεύσωσιν παρακινδυνεύσωσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταψηφισάμενοι καταψηφισάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολύσαντες ἀπολύσαντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδοξήσωσι ἀδοξήσωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] was celebrating this festival, and [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodius]], who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret; 
'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came. 
'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia's [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius. 
'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed sacrilege and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods. 
'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude. 
'''[6]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” 
'''[7]''' Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius. At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him, nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.
|}

Life of Caesar (Plutarch)

2026-11-09T19:19:47Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn:

Life of Caesar (Plutarch)

2026-11-09T19:12:49Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: Added Info panel

Life of Caesar (Plutarch)

2026-11-09T19:01:21Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: Page Creation

The '''Life of Caesar''' is an ancient Greek biography of [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] written by the Greek historian and biographer [[Plutarch]] of Chaeronea. It forms part of Plutarch's ''[[Parallel Lives]]'', a collection of paired biographies comparing distinguished Greek and Roman historical figures. The ''Life of Caesar'' is paired with Plutarch's ''[[Life of Alexander]]'', which examines the career of [[Alexander the Great]].

The biography recounts Caesar's rise from a young Roman aristocrat to the dominant political and military figure of the [[Roman Republic]], including his struggles under [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], his capture by pirates, his political alliances, the conquest of [[Gaul]], the civil war against [[Pompey]], his dictatorship and his assassination on March 15, 44 BC.

The work is particularly important for its portrayal of Caesar's personality, ambitions, political relationships and leadership. Plutarch deliberately approaches his subject as a biographer rather than as a comprehensive historian, selecting anecdotes, personal characteristics and particular incidents which he considers revealing of Caesar's character.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] maintains the arguably best original source edtition available. Featuring both an illustrated English translation and a polytonic Greek with paralell English making for high quality references. [[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar|It can be found here]].

==Place in the Parallel Lives==

Plutarch's ''Parallel Lives'' was organised around comparisons between prominent Greek and Roman individuals. The pairing of Alexander and Caesar brings together two military commanders whose conquests profoundly altered the political order of their respective worlds.

The introductory statement to the pair appears at the beginning of the ''Life of Alexander''. Plutarch explains that he is writing biographies rather than comprehensive histories, and consequently does not intend to recount every celebrated achievement or describe every military operation in detail. He observes that relatively minor incidents, casual remarks and personal anecdotes can sometimes reveal more about an individual's character than major battles and political events.

Plutarch compares his task to that of a portrait painter, who concentrates on the face and expression rather than attempting to reproduce every physical detail. His purpose is to illuminate the virtues and failings of his subjects and create a portrait of their character.<ref>[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Alexander#G01|Plutarch, ''Life of Alexander'', 1]], the introductory statement to the paired biographies.</ref>

The comparison between Alexander and Caesar is particularly interesting because both men achieved extraordinary military success and accumulated unprecedented personal power. Both also became objects of political opposition, and their careers ended in circumstances which profoundly affected the subsequent history of their respective states.

Although the two biographies form a pair, the formal comparative essay, or ''synkrisis'', which accompanies most of Plutarch's other pairs does not survive for Alexander and Caesar.<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''[[Parallel Lives]]''; see also the surviving catalogue of the biographies and their comparisons.</ref>

==Contents and narrative==

===Caesar's early life and political beginnings===

The surviving text begins with Caesar's marriage to [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]], daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]]. Plutarch describes Caesar's refusal to divorce Cornelia when ordered to do so by [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], which resulted in the confiscation of her dowry and placed Caesar in danger during Sulla's dictatorship.

The opening chapters recount Caesar's early political difficulties, his association with the supporters of [[Gaius Marius]], and his growing reputation. One of the most famous episodes is his capture by pirates while travelling in the eastern Mediterranean. According to Plutarch, Caesar treated his captors with remarkable confidence and contempt, raised the ransom demanded for his release, and subsequently returned to punish them.<ref>[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#G02|Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'', 2]].</ref>

The biography subsequently traces his advancement through Roman public life, his military service, political offices and growing influence.

===The conquest of Gaul and the First Triumvirate===

Plutarch describes Caesar's participation in Roman political affairs and his association with [[Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]. Their political alliance, conventionally known as the [[First Triumvirate]], helped Caesar secure the consulship in 59 BC and subsequently command in Gaul.

The Gallic campaigns occupy an important position in the biography. Caesar's victories expanded Roman territorial control, increased his wealth and military reputation, and strengthened the loyalty of his legions.

Plutarch also discusses Caesar's political rivalry with his opponents in Rome and the growing conflict between Caesar and Pompey. The breakdown of their alliance contributed to the crisis which ultimately brought the Roman Republic into civil war.

===The Civil War===

The biography recounts Caesar's decision to cross the [[Rubicon]] in 49 BC, initiating open conflict with the forces loyal to Pompey and the Roman Senate.

Plutarch follows the progress of the [[Roman Civil War]], including the campaigns in Italy, Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, and Caesar's decisive victory over Pompey at the [[Battle of Pharsalus]] in 48 BC.

The narrative continues through the subsequent events in [[Egypt]], where Caesar became involved in the conflict surrounding [[Cleopatra VII]], and his further military campaigns against the remaining forces opposed to him.

===Dictatorship and assassination===

The latter portion of the biography examines Caesar's accumulation of political authority, his dictatorship and the increasing hostility of sections of the Roman aristocracy.

Plutarch describes Caesar's honours, public position, political behaviour and the growing conspiracy against him. He recounts the involvement of [[Marcus Junius Brutus]], [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] and other conspirators in the plot which culminated in Caesar's assassination in the Senate on March 15, 44 BC, the [[Ides of March]].

The concluding chapter considers Caesar's death and the subsequent fate of those involved in his assassination. Plutarch also records the appearance of a remarkable comet following the murder, interpreting the events as evidence of divine retribution against Caesar's killers.<ref>[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#G69|Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'', 69]].</ref>

==Historical importance==

The ''Life of Caesar'' is one of the principal surviving ancient biographies of [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]. It provides important evidence concerning Roman political institutions, aristocratic relationships, military leadership, the collapse of republican government and the personalities involved in the final decades of the [[Roman Republic]].

Plutarch wrote considerably later than the events he describes. His account therefore represents a later ancient interpretation of Caesar's life rather than a contemporary eyewitness narrative. Nevertheless, Plutarch drew upon earlier historical traditions and presents numerous details which are valuable for understanding how Caesar was remembered in antiquity.

His emphasis on personal character also makes the work particularly useful. Rather than simply listing Caesar's military victories and political offices, Plutarch considers the qualities which contributed to his success, including ambition, confidence, courage, generosity, political calculation and the pursuit of personal power.

The biography should be considered alongside Caesar's own ''[[Commentaries on the Gallic War]]'' and ''[[Commentaries on the Civil War]]'', as well as the surviving accounts of [[Suetonius]], [[Appian]] and [[Cassius Dio]].

==Textual transmission and modern editions==

The Greek text of the ''Life of Caesar'' has been transmitted through the manuscript tradition of Plutarch's ''Parallel Lives'' and has been published in numerous scholarly editions and translations.

The surviving text is conventionally divided into 69 chapters. An important textual qualification concerns its beginning. The first surviving chapter opens with an account of Caesar's marriage to Cornelia and his conflict with Sulla. The editorial notes accompanying the Loeb Classical Library edition observe that the opening paragraphs, which presumably described Caesar's birth and boyhood, are thought by many scholars to have been lost.<ref name="Perrin">Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'', translated by [[Bernadotte Perrin]], in ''Plutarch's Lives'', Volume VII, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, 1919), pp. 441–609, editorial note to chapter 1.</ref>

===Loeb Classical Library edition===

A particularly important modern edition is the seventh volume of the ''Loeb Classical Library'', published by [[Harvard University Press]] in 1919, with an English translation by Bernadotte Perrin.

The volume contains four biographies:

* ''Demosthenes''
* ''Cicero''
* ''Alexander''
* ''Caesar''

The original edition presents the ancient Greek text alongside Perrin's English translation on facing pages. The ''Life of Caesar'' occupies pages 441–609 of the volume.<ref name="Perseus">[[Perseus Digital Library]], catalog record for Plutarch, ''Caesar'', ''Plutarch's Lives'', Volume VII, Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1919. [https://catalog.perseus.tufts.edu/catalog/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg048.perseus-eng1 Catalog record].</ref>

The Original Source Project has reproduced the work in a bilingual presentation, preserving the original Greek and providing Perrin's English translation for comparison. This arrangement enables readers to examine the ancient text directly while consulting a recognised scholarly English translation.

The original source is available at:

* [[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar]]

==Influence on later literature==

Plutarch's biographies exerted considerable influence on European literature and historical writing, particularly during the Renaissance.

The English translation of the ''Parallel Lives'' by [[Thomas North]], first published in 1579, became a principal source for [[William Shakespeare]]'s historical tragedy ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]''.

Shakespeare drew upon Plutarch's accounts of Caesar, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Mark Antony]]. The events surrounding Caesar's assassination, the political conflicts following his death and the characters of the principal participants provided much of the historical material for the play.<ref>[[Folger Shakespeare Library]], [https://www.folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/julius-caesar/further-reading/ ''Julius Caesar: Further Reading''].</ref>

The continuing influence of Plutarch's account demonstrates the importance of the ''Life of Caesar'' not only as a historical source but also as a major work of classical biography.

==See also==

* [[Plutarch]]
* [[Parallel Lives]]
* [[Life of Alexander]]
* [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]]
* [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]]
* [[Pompey]]
* [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* [[Marcus Junius Brutus]]
* [[Roman Republic]]
* [[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar]]

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Plutarch]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek literature]]
[[Category:Ancient biographies]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman history]]
[[Category:Books about Julius Caesar]]

Appian Way

2026-11-09T18:44:58Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn:

The '''Appian Way''' (Latin: ''Via Appia'') was one of the most important roads of ancient [[Rome]] and the oldest of the great Roman military highways. Constructed beginning in 312 BC under the direction of the Roman censor [[Appius Claudius Caecus]], it originally connected Rome with [[Capua]] in [[Campania]]. It was subsequently extended through southern Italy to [[Brundisium]] (modern [[Brindisi]]), providing a major route for military movements, commercial transportation and communications with [[Greece]] and the eastern Mediterranean.

Known to the Romans as the ''Regina Viarum'' (Queen of Roads), the Appian Way became one of the most celebrated achievements of Roman civil engineering. Its construction helped consolidate Roman control over southern Italy and facilitated the expansion of Roman influence throughout the Mediterranean. The road also became associated with important historical events, including the suppression of the [[Spartacus|Spartacan revolt]] in 71 BC, when thousands of captured slaves were crucified along its length.

In 2024, the Appian Way was inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage List under the designation ''Via Appia. Regina Viarum'', in recognition of its exceptional historical, engineering and cultural significance.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1708/ |title=Via Appia. Regina Viarum |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=November 10, 2026}}</ref>

==History==

===Construction and early development===

The construction of the Appian Way began in 312 BC during the censorship of Appius Claudius Caecus. Rome was engaged in the [[Samnite Wars]], and the establishment of a dependable road connecting the capital with Campania was of considerable strategic importance. The original road extended from Rome to Capua, enabling Roman troops and supplies to move more efficiently into southern Italy.

Appius Claudius Caecus was also responsible for the construction of the [[Aqua Appia]], Rome's first aqueduct. His public works formed part of a broader programme of infrastructure development during a period of Roman territorial expansion.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

The road was progressively extended southwards as Roman power expanded. It reached Beneventum (modern [[Benevento]]), continued through Venusia (modern Venosa), and eventually connected with Tarentum (modern [[Taranto]]) and Brundisium. By the early second century BC, Brundisium had become an important terminus, providing access to maritime routes across the [[Adriatic Sea]] towards Greece and the eastern Mediterranean.

The Greek geographer [[Strabo]] described the route in the first century BC, recording its passage through Tarentum, Venusia, Beneventum and Capua. He gave the total distance between Rome and Brundisium as 360 Roman miles.<ref name="Strabo">[[Strabo]], ''[[Geography (Strabo)|Geography]]'', 6.3.7. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+6.3.7 Text and translation, Perseus Digital Library].</ref>

===Military and commercial importance===

The Appian Way was initially constructed primarily to serve military purposes, allowing Roman armies to move rapidly between Rome and the territories of southern Italy. Its development was closely associated with the expansion and consolidation of Roman authority throughout the Italian peninsula.

As Roman control became established, the road acquired increasing commercial importance. Merchants, government officials, travellers and private citizens used it to move between the capital and the important settlements of southern Italy. Its connection with the port of Brundisium made it particularly valuable for communications with Greece and the eastern provinces.

The road also encouraged the development of settlements and agricultural estates along its route. Its importance extended beyond transportation, contributing to the economic and administrative integration of the territories under Roman government.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

===Roman engineering===

The Appian Way demonstrated the advanced engineering capabilities of the Roman Republic. Its construction involved the preparation of a carefully engineered roadbed, drainage arrangements and durable paving.

The roadway was constructed using successive layers of compacted materials, with large stone blocks forming the upper surface in its most substantial paved sections. The characteristic paving stones, known as ''basoli'', were frequently made from volcanic basalt, a particularly durable material.

The road was designed to provide a relatively direct and dependable route across difficult terrain. Engineering works were necessary to overcome marshland, rivers and other natural obstacles. Bridges, embankments and drainage systems formed part of the wider infrastructure.

Milestones provided information about distances, while fountains and stopping places assisted travellers and their animals. These facilities demonstrate that the Appian Way was not merely a military construction but a sophisticated transportation system serving a variety of civilian purposes.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

==Historical significance==

===The crucifixion of Spartacus' followers===

One of the most notorious episodes associated with the Appian Way followed the defeat of [[Spartacus]] and his slave army in 71 BC.

After the suppression of the revolt, the Roman general [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] ordered the crucifixion of approximately 6,000 surviving captured rebels along the road between Capua and Rome. The executions were intended as a public warning against further rebellion and demonstrated the severity with which Roman authorities punished those who challenged their power.

The Greek historian [[Appian]] recorded the event in his ''Civil Wars'', describing how the prisoners were crucified along the entire road from Capua to Rome.<ref name="Appian">[[Appian]], ''[[Civil Wars (Appian)|Civil Wars]]'', 1.120. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html English translation].</ref>

The episode remains one of the most infamous examples of Roman public punishment.

===The road to the East===

Brundisium became a major point of departure for travellers crossing the Adriatic towards Greece and the eastern Mediterranean. The Appian Way consequently formed an important component of Rome's communications network between the capital and its overseas territories.

The importance of this connection is illustrated by Strabo, who noted that travellers arriving from Greece and Asia frequently disembarked at Brundisium before continuing overland to Rome. He also distinguished the Appian route through Tarentum from an alternative route through the territories of the Peucetii and Daunians.<ref name="Strabo"/>

In AD 109, Emperor [[Trajan]] inaugurated the Via Traiana, a new road connecting Beneventum with Brundisium by a more direct route along the Adriatic side of the peninsula. The Via Traiana provided an alternative to the traditional Appian route through Tarentum.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

==Later history and preservation==

The Appian Way continued to be used long after the decline of the Western Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, portions of the road and its surrounding monuments were repurposed, while other sections deteriorated. Some ancient tombs and buildings were converted into defensive structures or incorporated into later settlements.

The road also acquired religious significance through its association with early Christianity. Its proximity to the Christian catacombs outside Rome made it an important route for pilgrims. Later travellers heading towards the Holy Land also used the road to reach the port of Brundisium.

During the Renaissance, renewed interest in classical antiquity encouraged the study and preservation of its monuments. Archaeologists, scholars and artists documented the surviving structures, contributing to the historical appreciation of the ancient highway.

In the nineteenth century, further efforts were made to preserve the archaeological landscape surrounding the road. Today, substantial remains of the ancient paving, funerary monuments, villas, catacombs and other structures survive, particularly along the section extending south-east from Rome.

==World Heritage status==

On July 27, 2024, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed the Appian Way on the World Heritage List as ''Via Appia. Regina Viarum''.

The inscription recognised the road under three criteria:

* '''Criterion (iii):''' The road provides exceptional testimony to Roman civilisation and its engineering and technical achievements.
* '''Criterion (iv):''' It represents an outstanding example of Roman infrastructure, demonstrating the organisational and administrative capabilities of the Roman state.
* '''Criterion (vi):''' It played an important role in the transmission of ideas, beliefs and cultural influences, including the spread of Christianity and the movement of pilgrims.

The World Heritage property comprises component sections of the historic road and associated archaeological monuments across the Italian regions of [[Lazio]], [[Campania]], [[Basilicata]] and [[Apulia]].<ref name="UNESCO"/>

==See also==

* [[Ancient Rome]]
* [[Roman roads]]
* [[Appius Claudius Caecus]]
* [[Spartacus]]
* [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* [[Trajan]]
* [[Roman engineering]]
* [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Italy]]

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Roman roads]]
[[Category:Roman engineering]]
[[Category:History of Italy]]
[[Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Italy]]

Appian Way

2026-11-09T18:44:36Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: Page Creation

=Appian Way=

The '''Appian Way''' (Latin: ''Via Appia'') was one of the most important roads of ancient [[Rome]] and the oldest of the great Roman military highways. Constructed beginning in 312 BC under the direction of the Roman censor [[Appius Claudius Caecus]], it originally connected Rome with [[Capua]] in [[Campania]]. It was subsequently extended through southern Italy to [[Brundisium]] (modern [[Brindisi]]), providing a major route for military movements, commercial transportation and communications with [[Greece]] and the eastern Mediterranean.

Known to the Romans as the ''Regina Viarum'' (Queen of Roads), the Appian Way became one of the most celebrated achievements of Roman civil engineering. Its construction helped consolidate Roman control over southern Italy and facilitated the expansion of Roman influence throughout the Mediterranean. The road also became associated with important historical events, including the suppression of the [[Spartacus|Spartacan revolt]] in 71 BC, when thousands of captured slaves were crucified along its length.

In 2024, the Appian Way was inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage List under the designation ''Via Appia. Regina Viarum'', in recognition of its exceptional historical, engineering and cultural significance.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1708/ |title=Via Appia. Regina Viarum |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=November 10, 2026}}</ref>

==History==

===Construction and early development===

The construction of the Appian Way began in 312 BC during the censorship of Appius Claudius Caecus. Rome was engaged in the [[Samnite Wars]], and the establishment of a dependable road connecting the capital with Campania was of considerable strategic importance. The original road extended from Rome to Capua, enabling Roman troops and supplies to move more efficiently into southern Italy.

Appius Claudius Caecus was also responsible for the construction of the [[Aqua Appia]], Rome's first aqueduct. His public works formed part of a broader programme of infrastructure development during a period of Roman territorial expansion.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

The road was progressively extended southwards as Roman power expanded. It reached Beneventum (modern [[Benevento]]), continued through Venusia (modern Venosa), and eventually connected with Tarentum (modern [[Taranto]]) and Brundisium. By the early second century BC, Brundisium had become an important terminus, providing access to maritime routes across the [[Adriatic Sea]] towards Greece and the eastern Mediterranean.

The Greek geographer [[Strabo]] described the route in the first century BC, recording its passage through Tarentum, Venusia, Beneventum and Capua. He gave the total distance between Rome and Brundisium as 360 Roman miles.<ref name="Strabo">[[Strabo]], ''[[Geography (Strabo)|Geography]]'', 6.3.7. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+6.3.7 Text and translation, Perseus Digital Library].</ref>

===Military and commercial importance===

The Appian Way was initially constructed primarily to serve military purposes, allowing Roman armies to move rapidly between Rome and the territories of southern Italy. Its development was closely associated with the expansion and consolidation of Roman authority throughout the Italian peninsula.

As Roman control became established, the road acquired increasing commercial importance. Merchants, government officials, travellers and private citizens used it to move between the capital and the important settlements of southern Italy. Its connection with the port of Brundisium made it particularly valuable for communications with Greece and the eastern provinces.

The road also encouraged the development of settlements and agricultural estates along its route. Its importance extended beyond transportation, contributing to the economic and administrative integration of the territories under Roman government.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

===Roman engineering===

The Appian Way demonstrated the advanced engineering capabilities of the Roman Republic. Its construction involved the preparation of a carefully engineered roadbed, drainage arrangements and durable paving.

The roadway was constructed using successive layers of compacted materials, with large stone blocks forming the upper surface in its most substantial paved sections. The characteristic paving stones, known as ''basoli'', were frequently made from volcanic basalt, a particularly durable material.

The road was designed to provide a relatively direct and dependable route across difficult terrain. Engineering works were necessary to overcome marshland, rivers and other natural obstacles. Bridges, embankments and drainage systems formed part of the wider infrastructure.

Milestones provided information about distances, while fountains and stopping places assisted travellers and their animals. These facilities demonstrate that the Appian Way was not merely a military construction but a sophisticated transportation system serving a variety of civilian purposes.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

==Historical significance==

===The crucifixion of Spartacus' followers===

One of the most notorious episodes associated with the Appian Way followed the defeat of [[Spartacus]] and his slave army in 71 BC.

After the suppression of the revolt, the Roman general [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] ordered the crucifixion of approximately 6,000 surviving captured rebels along the road between Capua and Rome. The executions were intended as a public warning against further rebellion and demonstrated the severity with which Roman authorities punished those who challenged their power.

The Greek historian [[Appian]] recorded the event in his ''Civil Wars'', describing how the prisoners were crucified along the entire road from Capua to Rome.<ref name="Appian">[[Appian]], ''[[Civil Wars (Appian)|Civil Wars]]'', 1.120. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html English translation].</ref>

The episode remains one of the most infamous examples of Roman public punishment.

===The road to the East===

Brundisium became a major point of departure for travellers crossing the Adriatic towards Greece and the eastern Mediterranean. The Appian Way consequently formed an important component of Rome's communications network between the capital and its overseas territories.

The importance of this connection is illustrated by Strabo, who noted that travellers arriving from Greece and Asia frequently disembarked at Brundisium before continuing overland to Rome. He also distinguished the Appian route through Tarentum from an alternative route through the territories of the Peucetii and Daunians.<ref name="Strabo"/>

In AD 109, Emperor [[Trajan]] inaugurated the Via Traiana, a new road connecting Beneventum with Brundisium by a more direct route along the Adriatic side of the peninsula. The Via Traiana provided an alternative to the traditional Appian route through Tarentum.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

==Later history and preservation==

The Appian Way continued to be used long after the decline of the Western Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, portions of the road and its surrounding monuments were repurposed, while other sections deteriorated. Some ancient tombs and buildings were converted into defensive structures or incorporated into later settlements.

The road also acquired religious significance through its association with early Christianity. Its proximity to the Christian catacombs outside Rome made it an important route for pilgrims. Later travellers heading towards the Holy Land also used the road to reach the port of Brundisium.

During the Renaissance, renewed interest in classical antiquity encouraged the study and preservation of its monuments. Archaeologists, scholars and artists documented the surviving structures, contributing to the historical appreciation of the ancient highway.

In the nineteenth century, further efforts were made to preserve the archaeological landscape surrounding the road. Today, substantial remains of the ancient paving, funerary monuments, villas, catacombs and other structures survive, particularly along the section extending south-east from Rome.

==World Heritage status==

On July 27, 2024, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed the Appian Way on the World Heritage List as ''Via Appia. Regina Viarum''.

The inscription recognised the road under three criteria:

* '''Criterion (iii):''' The road provides exceptional testimony to Roman civilisation and its engineering and technical achievements.
* '''Criterion (iv):''' It represents an outstanding example of Roman infrastructure, demonstrating the organisational and administrative capabilities of the Roman state.
* '''Criterion (vi):''' It played an important role in the transmission of ideas, beliefs and cultural influences, including the spread of Christianity and the movement of pilgrims.

The World Heritage property comprises component sections of the historic road and associated archaeological monuments across the Italian regions of [[Lazio]], [[Campania]], [[Basilicata]] and [[Apulia]].<ref name="UNESCO"/>

==See also==

* [[Ancient Rome]]
* [[Roman roads]]
* [[Appius Claudius Caecus]]
* [[Spartacus]]
* [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* [[Trajan]]
* [[Roman engineering]]
* [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Italy]]

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Roman roads]]
[[Category:Roman engineering]]
[[Category:History of Italy]]
[[Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Italy]]

Aedileship

2026-11-09T18:38:24Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: Created as a redirection page

#REDIRECT [[Aedile]]

Pontifex maximus

2026-11-09T18:34:55Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: typo

#REDIRECT [[Pontifex Maximus]]

Pontifex maximus

2026-11-09T18:34:35Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: Created as a redirection page

#REDIRECT [[Pontifexx Maximus]]

Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar

2026-11-09T18:32:52Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline */

{| style="float:right; width:350px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Plutarch - Lives - RGB 96ppi - PD.png|310px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;" | ''Life of Caesar''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|310px]]
|-
! Author
| [[Plutarch]]
|-
! Original Title
| Καῖσαρ
|-
! Work
| ''[[Parallel Lives|Lives]]''
|-
! Translator
| [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
|-
! Series
| [[Loeb Classical Library]]
|-
! Volume
| VII (No. 99)
|-
! Original Publication
| 1919
|-
! Publisher
| [[Harvard University Press]] (Cambridge); [[William Heinemann]] (London)
|-
! Languages
| Ancient Greek and English
|-
! Digital Source
| [[Perseus Digital Library]]
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! Text
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===Publication Details===

'''Original Author:''' [[Plutarch]].

'''Original Work:''' [[Life of Caesar]]

'''English Translator:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]].

'''Source Work:''' ''[[Lives]]'', Volume VII: ''Demosthenes and Cicero; Alexander and Caesar''.

'''Source Publication Series:''' ''The Loeb Classical Library'', founded by James Loeb, Volume 99.

'''Source Publisher:''' [[Harvard University Press]], [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], in association with [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]], [[London]].

'''Source Publication History:''' First published in 1919. The particular English-text printing used for this digital edition is the 1967 reprint, as identified on its title page.

'''Digital Edition:''' [[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has prepared a digitally structured presentation of [[Plutarch|Plutarch's]] ''Lives'', using [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] established English translation as its English-language source. The text's chapters and section markers have been retained in accordance with the [[Loeb Classical Library]] numbering system, providing academic consistency and facilitating comparison with other scholarly editions. The digital presentation incorporates corresponding chapter navigation, paragraph alignment and internal links to related encyclopedic subjects, facilitating historical and biographical research.

The project additionally presents the original polytonic Greek text alongside the English translation in a parallel-reading format. The Greek text is presented in accordance with the original-language text of the [[Loeb Classical Library]] edition. The [[Logeion]] lexicon, provided by the [[University of Chicago]], serves as a supplementary linguistic research resource, assisting examination of the original Greek vocabulary and terminology.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project|Conservapedia's Original Source Project's]] contribution consists of the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of the historical texts. [[Bernadotte Perrin]] remains the credited English translator, and [[Harvard University Press]] and [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]] remain the credited publishers of the original [[Loeb Classical Library|Loeb]] edition.

===Legal Status===

'''English Translation:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]] (15 September 1847 – 31 August 1920) died aged 72 years, 11 months and 16 days. His English translation of Plutarch's ''Life of Caesar'' was published during his lifetime in 1919, as part of ''Lives'', Volume VII of the [[Loeb Classical Library]], Volume 99.

Under the applicable copyright laws, the translation has now entered the [[Public Domain]] in the following jurisdictions:

* '''[[European Union]] and [[United Kingdom]]:''' Copyright in literary works generally expires 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the author dies. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1991, following the expiry of copyright on 31 December 1990.

* '''[[United States]]:''' The 1919 publication falls well before the current public-domain cutoff for works published in the United States. Such works, published before 1 January 1931, are now in the public domain.

* '''[[Australia]]:''' The previous general copyright term of 50 years following the author's death expired on 31 December 1970. The subsequent extension to 70 years, effective from 1 January 2005, did not retrospectively restore copyright in works which had already entered the public domain.

* '''[[Canada]]:''' The former copyright term of 50 years following the author's death likewise expired on 31 December 1970. Canada's extension to 70 years, effective from 30 December 2022, expressly did not restore copyright in works whose protection had already expired before 1 January 2023.

* '''[[New Zealand]]:''' The general copyright term for literary works remains 50 years following the end of the calendar year in which the author died. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1971.

The original Greek composition of [[Plutarch]] is itself an ancient work outside modern copyright protection. The 1919 Loeb edition's translation and source texts are therefore available for public-domain reproduction in the jurisdictions identified above.

The 1967 reprint date does not renew or extend the expired copyright in Perrin's translation. This declaration concerns the original literary and historical texts and does not purport to establish the copyright status of any separately authored material, illustrations or other additions introduced in subsequent editions.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has independently undertaken the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of these public-domain materials.

=Illustradted English Edition ([[Bernadotte Perrin|Perrin]])=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#1|E01 - Caesar and Sulla]]==
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] list's the proscribed forcing young [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] to flee for his life.]]

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'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Rome]], and when [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] hatred of Sulla was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] father, was the wife of Marius the Elder, and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], who was therefore [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] cousin.

'''[2]''' Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription]]s, but he came before the people as candidate for a [[priesthood]], although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses.

'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, Cornelius, two [[talent]]s to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed to King [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]].

'''[4]''' With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#2|E02 - The Pirates]]==

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'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the pirates demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilician pirates|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking.

'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all.

'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as [[praetor]] of the province, to punish the captives.

'''[4]''' But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#3|E03 - Rhodes and Oratory]]==

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'''[1]''' After this, Sulla’s power being now on the wane, and Caesar’s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius]] the son of Molon, an illustrious [[rhetorician]] with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political [[oratory]], and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather,

'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero’s ''Cato,'' he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#4|E04 - Caesar the Advocate]]==

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'''[1]''' After his return to Rome he impeached [[Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] for maladministration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but Caesar, in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]].

'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes]] at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, Caesar won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, since he was ingratiating beyond his years.

'''[3]''' He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence, in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after, contempt of them has left them unobstructed.

'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of Caesar’s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely Cicero, said that in most of Caesar’s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose; “On the other hand,” said he, “when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman constitution]].” This, it is true, belongs to a later period.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#5|E05 - Caesar’s Popularity]]==

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'''[1]''' The first proof of the people’s good will towards him he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a [[military tribune|military tribuneship]] and was elected over him; a second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of Julia the deceased wife of Marius, he pronounced a splendid [[funeral oration|encomium]] upon her in the [[Forum Romanum|forum]], and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of Marius, which were then seen for the first time since the administration of Sulla, because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies.

'''[2]''' When, namely, some cried out against Caesar for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from [[Hades]], the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and Caesar was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling.

'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to Spain as [[quaestor]] under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by Cornelia a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]].

'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt.

'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his [[aedileship]], he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of [[gladiator]]s, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#6|E06 - Honours for Marius]]==

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'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of Sulla, which had been all powerful since his day, and that of Marius, which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party Caesar wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of Marius secretly made, together with trophy-bearing [[Victoria (mythology)|Victories]], and these he ordered to be carried by night and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]].

'''[2]''' At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri]]an successes of Marius) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together for the sight.

'''[3]''' But some cried out that Caesar was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and filled the Capitol with their applause.

'''[4]''' Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of Marius, and Caesar was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in Rome, rose up and denounced Caesar, uttering the memorable words: “No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government.” Caesar, however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#7|E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline]]==
[[File:Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus - Dressed as the Pontifex Maximus - National Roman Museum, Italy - 960x1455px.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Statue of [[Augustus Caesar]] dressed in the traditional garb of the [[Pontifex Maximus]].]]

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'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and Catulus were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, Caesar would not give way to them, but presented himself to the people as a rival candidate.

'''[2]''' The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar’s competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as Caesar’s mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: “Mother, today thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile.”

'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] prevailed, and thereby made the senate and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed Cicero for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him.

'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their punishment,

'''[5]''' the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of Italy as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#8|E08 - The Conspirators]]==

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'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. These warmly opposed Caesar’s proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner,

'''[2]''' and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice.

'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterward, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go.

'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that Cato, fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar’s power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#9|E09 - The Bona Dea]]==

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'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of Caesar’s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time.

'''[2]''' This man was in love with Pompeia the wife of Caesar, and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women’s apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar’s mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview.

'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character.

'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or praetor at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#10|E10 - Clodius and Pompeia]]==
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, Pompeia was celebrating this festival, and Clodius, who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret;

'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came.

'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia’s [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius.

'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed [[sacrilege]] and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods.

'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude.

'''[6]''' Caesar divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius.

'''[7]''' At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.

==E11 - Spain and Ambition==

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'''[1]''' Immediately after his praetorship Caesar received [[Spain]] as his province, and since he found it hard to arrange matters with his creditors, who obstructed his departure and were clamorous, he had recourse to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], the richest of the Romans, who had need of Caesar’s vigour and fire for his political campaign against [[Pompey the Great|Pompey]]. And it was only after Crassus had met the demands of the most importunate and inexorable of these creditors and given surety for eight hundred and thirty talents, that Caesar could go out to his province.

'''[2]''' We are told that, as he was crossing the [[Alps]] and passing by a barbarian village which had very few inhabitants and was a sorry sight, his companions asked with mirth and laughter, “Can it be that here too there are ambitious strifes for office, struggles for primacy, and mutual jealousies of powerful men?” Whereupon Caesar said to them in all seriousness, “I would rather be first here than second at Rome.”

'''[3]''' In like manner we are told again that, in Spain, when he was at leisure and was reading from the history of [[Alexander the Great]], he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. “Do you not think,” said he, “it is matter for sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?”

==E12 - Caesar in Spain==

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'''[1]''' At any rate, as soon as he reached Spain he set himself to work, and in a few days raised ten [[cohort]]s in addition to the twenty which were there before. Then he led his army against the [[Callaici]] and [[Lusitani]], overpowered them, and marched on as far as the outer sea, subduing the tribes which before were not obedient to Rome. After bringing the war to a successful close, he was equally happy in adjusting the problems of peace, by establishing concord between the cities, and particularly by healing the dissensions between debtors and creditors.

'''[2]''' For he ordained that the creditor should annually take two thirds of his debtor’s income, and that the owner of the property should use the rest, and so on until the debt was cancelled. In high repute for this administration he retired from the province; he had become wealthy himself, had enriched his soldiers from their campaigns, and had been saluted by them as [[Imperator]].

==E13 - Pompey and Crassus==

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'''[1]''' Now, since those who sued for the privilege of a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] must remain outside the city, while those who were candidates for the [[Roman consul|consulship]] must be present in the city, Caesar was in a great dilemma, and because he had reached home at the very time for the consular elections, he sent a request to the senate that he might be permitted to offer himself for the consulship ''in absentiâ'', through the agency of his friends. But since Cato began by insisting upon the law in opposition to Caesar’s request, and then, when he saw that many senators had been won over by Caesar’s attentions, staved the matter off by consuming the day in speaking, Caesar decided to give up the triumph and try for the consulship.

'''[2]''' So as soon as he entered the city he assumed a policy which deceived everyone except Cato. This policy was to reconcile Pompey and Crassus, the most influential men in the city. These men Caesar brought together in friendship after their quarrel, and by concentrating their united strength upon himself, succeeded, before men were aware of it, and by an act which could be called one of kindness, in changing the form of government.

'''[3]''' For it was not, as most men supposed, the quarrel between [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and Pompey that brought on the [[Caesar's civil war|civil wars]], but rather their friendship, since they worked together for the overthrow of the [[Roman aristocracy|aristocracy]] in the first place, and then, when this had been accomplished, they quarrelled with one another. And Cato, who often foretold what was to come of their alliance, got the reputation of a morose and troublesome fellow at the time, but afterwards that of a wise, though unfortunate, counsellor.

==E14 - Caesar’s Consulship==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, encompassed and protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey, entered the canvass for the consulship; and as soon as he had been triumphantly elected, along with [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Calpurnius Bibulus]], and had entered upon his office, he proposed laws which were becoming, not for a consul, but for a most radical tribune of the people; for to gratify the multitude he introduced sundry allotments and distributions of land.

'''[2]''' In the senate the opposition of men of the better sort gave him the pretext which he had long desired, and crying with loud adjurations that he was driven forth into the popular assembly against his wishes, and was compelled to court its favour by the insolence and obstinacy of the senate, he hastened before it, and stationing Crassus on one side of him and Pompey on the other, he asked them if they approved his laws.

'''[3]''' They declared that they did approve them, whereupon he urged them to give him their aid against those who threatened to oppose him with swords. They promised him such aid, and Pompey actually added that he would come up against swords with sword and buckler too. At this impulsive and mad speech, unworthy of the high esteem in which Pompey stood and unbecoming to the respect which was due to the senate, the nobility were distressed but the populace were delighted.

'''[4]''' Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] tried to avail himself still more of the influence of Pompey. He had a daughter, [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], who was betrothed to [[Servilius Caepio]]. This daughter he betrothed to Pompey, and said he would give Pompey’s daughter in marriage to Servilius, although she too was not unbetrothed, but had been promised to [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla|Faustus]], the son of Sulla.

'''[5]''' And a little while afterwards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]took [[Calpurnia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Calpurnia]] to wife, a daughter of Piso, and got Piso made consul for the coming year, although here too Cato vehemently protested, and cried out that it was intolerable to have the supreme power prostituted by marriage alliances and to see men helping one another to powers and armies and provinces by means of women.

'''[6]''' As for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] colleague, Bibulus, since he availed nothing by obstructing [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws, but often ran the risk with Cato of being killed in the [[Roman Forum|forum]], he shut himself up at home for the remainder of his term of office. Pompey, however, immediately after his marriage, filled the forum with armed men and helped the people to enact [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws and give him as his consular province [[Gaul]] on both sides of the Alps for five years, together with [[Illyricum]] and four [[Roman legion|legions]].

'''[7]''' Cato, of course, tried to speak against these measures, but Caesar had him led off to prison, supposing that he would appeal to the popular tribunes; but when Cato walked off without a word and Caesar saw not only that the most influential men were displeased, but also that the populace, out of respect for Cato’s virtue, were following him in silence and with downcast looks, he himself secretly asked one of the tribunes to take Cato out of arrest.

'''[8]''' Of the other senators, only a very few used to go with Caesar to the senate; the rest, in displeasure, stayed away. [[Considius]], a very aged senator, once told Caesar that his colleagues did not come together because they were afraid of the armed soldiers. “Why, then,” said Caesar, “dost thou too not stay at home out of the same fear?” To this Considius replied: “Because my old age makes me fearless; for the short span of life that is still left me does not require much anxious thought.”

'''[9]''' But the most disgraceful public measure of the time was thought to be the election to the tribuneship, during [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] consulate, of the notorious Clodius, who had trespassed upon his rights as a husband, and upon the secret nocturnal vigils. He was elected, however, for the overthrow of Cicero; and Caesar did not go forth upon his campaign until, with the help of Clodius, he had raised a successful faction against Cicero and driven him out of [[Italy]].

==E15 - Caesar’s Military Achievements==

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'''[1]''' Such, then, is said to have been the course of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s life before his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]]. But the period of the wars which he afterwards fought, and of the campaigns by which he subjugated [[Gaul]], as if he had made another beginning and entered upon a different path of life and one of new achievements, proved him to be inferior as soldier and commander to no one soever of those who have won most admiration for leadership and shown themselves greatest therein.

'''[2]''' Nay, if one compare him with such men as [[Fabii|Fabius]] and [[Scipiones|Scipio]] and [[Metelli|Metellus]], and with the men of his own time or a little before him, like [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], the two [[Luculli]], or even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, whose fame for every sort of military excellence was at this time flowering out and reaching to the skies, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] will be found to surpass them all in his achievements. One he surpassed in the difficulty of the regions where he waged his wars; another in the great extent of country which he acquired; another in the multitude and might of the enemies over whom he was victorious;

'''[3]''' another in the savage manners and perfidious dispositions of the people whom he conciliated; another in his reasonableness and mildness towards his captives; another still in the gifts and favours which he bestowed upon his soldiers; and all in the fact that he fought the most battles and killed the most enemies. For although it was not full ten years that he waged war in [[Gaul]], he took by storm more than eight hundred cities, subdued three hundred nations, and fought pitched battles at different times with three million men, of whom he slew one million in hand to hand fighting and took as many more prisoners.

==E16 - The Courage of Caesar’s Soldiers==

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'''[1]''' His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s fame. Such a man, for instance, was [[Gaius Acilius|Acilius]], who, in the sea-fight at [[Massalia]], boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces of his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vessel.

'''[2]''' Such a man, again, was [[Cassius Scaeva]], who, in the battle at [[Dyrrhachium]], had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accordingly, coming up, he lopped off the shoulder of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades.

'''[3]''' Again, in [[Britain]], when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost [[Centurion|centurions]], who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many conspicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the [[barbarian|Barbarians]] had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wading, got across. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield.

'''[4]''' Again, in [[Africa]], [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] captured a ship of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s in which [[Granius Petro]], who had been appointed [[quaestor]], was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. [[Granius Petro]], however, remarking that it was the custom with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword.

==E17 - Caesar’s Discipline and Endurance==

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'''[1]''' Such spirit and ambition [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself created and cultivated in his men, in the first place, because he showed, by his unsparing bestowal of rewards and honours, that he was not amassing wealth from his wars for his own luxury or for any life of ease, but that he treasured it up carefully as a common prize for deeds of valour, and had no greater share in the wealth than he offered to the deserving among his soldiers; and in the second place, by willingly undergoing every danger and refusing no toil.

'''[2]''' Now, at his love of danger his men were not astonished, knowing his ambition; but that he should undergo toils beyond his body's apparent power of endurance amazed them, because he was of a spare habit, had a soft and white skin, suffered from distemper in the head, and was subject to [[epilepsy|epileptic fits]], a trouble which first attacked him, we are told, in [[Corduba]]. Nevertheless, he did not make his feeble health an excuse for soft living, but rather his military service a cure for his feeble health, since by wearisome journeys, simple diet, continuously sleeping in the open air, and enduring hardships, he fought off his trouble and kept his body strong against its attacks.

'''[3]''' Most of his sleep, at least, he got in cars or litters, making his rest conduce to action, and in the day-time he would have himself conveyed to garrisons, cities, or camps, one slave who was accustomed to write from dictation as he travelled sitting by his side, and one soldier standing behind him with a sword. And he drove so rapidly that, on his first journey from [[Rome]] to [[Gaul]], he reached the [[Rhone River|Rhone]] in seven days.

'''[4]''' Horsemanship, moreover, had been easy for him from boyhood; for he was wont to put his hands behind his back and, holding them closely there, to ride his horse at full speed.

'''[5]''' And in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]] he practised dictating letters on horseback and keeping two scribes at once busy, or, as [[Oppius]] says, even more. We are told, moreover, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to devise intercourse with his friends by letter, since he could not wait for personal interviews on urgent matters owing to the multitude of his occupations and the great size of the city.

'''[6]''' Of his indifference in regard to his diet the following circumstance also is brought in proof. When the host who was entertaining him in [[Milan|Mediolanum]], [[Valerius Leo]], served up asparagus dressed with myrrh instead of olive oil, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ate of it without ado, and rebuked his friends when they showed displeasure. "Surely," said he, "it were enough not to eat what you don't like; but he who finds fault with ill-breeding like this is ill-bred himself." Once, too, upon a journey, he and his followers were driven by a storm into a poor man's hut, and when he found that it consisted of one room only, and that one barely able to accommodate a single person, he said to his friends that honours must be yielded to the strongest, but necessities to the weakest, and bade [[Oppius]] lie down there, while he himself with the rest of his company slept in the porch.

==E18 - The First Gallic War==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, the first of his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] was against the [[Helvetii]] and [[Tigurini]], who had set fire to their twelve cities and four hundred villages and were advancing through that part of [[Gaul]] which was subject to the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], as once the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] had done. To these they were thought to be not inferior in courage and of equal numbers, being three hundred thousand in all, of whom one hundred and ninety thousand were fighting men.

'''[2]''' The Tigurini were crushed at the [[Arar (river)|river Arar]], not by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, but by [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], his deputy; the Helvetii, however, unexpectedly attacked [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself on the march, as he was leading his forces towards a friendly city, but he succeeded in reaching a strong place of refuge. Here, after he had collected and arrayed his forces, a horse was brought to him. "This horse," said he, "I will use for the pursuit after my victory; but now let us go against the enemy," and accordingly led the charge on foot. After a long and hard struggle he routed the enemy's fighting men, but had the most trouble at their rampart of waggons, where not only did the men themselves make a stand and fight, but also their wives and children defended themselves to the death and were cut to pieces with the men. The battle was hardly over by midnight. To the noble work of victory [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] added a nobler still, that of settling those of the Barbarians who had escaped alive from the battle (there were more than one hundred thousand of them), and compelling them to resume the territory which they had abandoned and the cities which they had destroyed. He did this because he feared that if the territory became vacant the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]] would cross the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] and occupy it.

==E19 - The War with Ariovistus==

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'''[1]''' His second war, directly in defence of the [[Gauls]], was against the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], although previously, in [[Rome]], he had made their king [[Ariovistus]] an ally. But they were intolerable neighbours of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s subjects, and if an opportunity presented itself it was thought that they would not remain quietly in their present homes, but would encroach upon and occupy [[Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Seeing that his officers were inclined to be afraid, and particularly all the young men of high rank who had come out intending to make the campaign with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an opportunity for high living and money-making, he called them together and bade them be off, since they were so unmanly and effeminate, and not force themselves to face danger; as for himself, he said he would take the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]] alone and march against the Barbarians; the enemy would be no better fighters than the [[Cimbri]], and he himself was no worse a general than [[Gaius Marius|Marius]].

'''[3]''' Upon this the tenth legion sent a deputation to him, expressing their gratitude, while the other legions reviled their own commanders, and all the army, now full of impetuous eagerness, followed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on a march of many days, and at last encamped within two hundred furlongs of the enemy. Now, the very approach of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] somewhat shattered the purpose of [[Ariovistus]]. For he did not expect that the Romans would attack the Germans, whose onset he thought they could not withstand, and he was amazed at the boldness of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; besides, he saw that his own army was disturbed.

'''[4]''' Still more, too, was the spirit of the Germans blunted by the prophecies of their holy women, who used to foretell the future by observing the eddies in the rivers and by finding signs in the whirlings and splashings of the waters, and now forbade joining battle before a new moon gave its light.

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned this, and saw that the Germans kept quiet, he decided that it was a good plan to engage them while they were out of heart, rather than to sit still and wait for their time. So, by attacking their entrenchments and the hills on which they were encamped, he irritated them and incited them to come down in anger and fight the issue out. They were signally routed, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pursued them a distance of four hundred furlongs, as far as the [[Rhine river|Rhine]], and filled all the intervening plain with dead bodies and spoils. [[Ariovistus]], with a few followers, succeeded in crossing the Rhine; his dead are said to have been eighty thousand in number.

==E20 - The Belgae and the Nervii==

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'''[1]''' After this achievement, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left his forces among the [[Sequani]] to spend the winter, while he himself, desirous of giving attention to matters at [[Rome]], came down to [[Gaul]] along the [[Po River|Po]], which was a part of the province assigned to him; for the river called [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]] separates the rest of [[Italy]] from [[Cisalpine Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Here he fixed his quarters and carried on his political schemes. Many came to see him, and he gave each one what he wanted, and sent all away in actual possession of some of his favours and hoping for more. And during all the rest of the time of his campaigns in [[Gaul]], unnoticed by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], he was alternately subduing the enemy with the arms of the citizens, or capturing and subduing the citizens with the money which he got from the enemy.

'''[3]''' But when he heard that the [[Belgae]], who were the most powerful of the [[Gauls]] and occupied the third part of all their country, had revolted, and had assembled unknown myriads of armed men, he turned back at once and marched thither with great speed. He fell upon the enemy as they were plundering the Gauls that were in alliance with [[Rome]], and so routed and destroyed the least scattered and most numerous of them, after a disgraceful struggle on their part, that the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] could cross lakes and deep rivers for the multitude of dead bodies in them. All the rebels who dwelt along the ocean submitted without a battle;

'''[4]''' against the [[Nervii]], however, the most savage and warlike of the people in these parts, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led his forces. The Nervii, who dwelt in dense woods, and had placed their families and possessions in a recess of the forest at farthest remove from the enemy, at a time when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fortifying a camp and did not expect the battle, fell upon him suddenly, sixty thousand strong. They routed his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]], and surrounded the [[Roman legion|seventh]] and [[Roman legion|twelfth]] legions and slew all their [[Centurion|centurions]],

'''[5]''' and had not [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] snatched a shield, made his way through the combatants in front of him, and hurled himself upon the Barbarians; and had not the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]], at sight of his peril, run down from the heights and cut the ranks of the enemy to pieces, not a Roman, it is thought, would have survived. As it was, however, owing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s daring, they fought beyond their powers, as the saying is, and even then did not rout the Nervii, but cut them down as they defended themselves; for out of sixty thousand only five hundred are said to have come off alive, and only three of their senators out of four hundred.

==E21 - The Luca Conference==

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'''[1]''' The [[Roman Senate|Roman senate]], on learning of these successes, decreed sacrifices to the gods and cessation from business, with festival, for fifteen days, a greater number than for any victory before. For the danger was seen to have been great when so many nations at once had broken out in revolt, and because [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the victor, the good will of the multitude towards him made his victory more splendid. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, after settling matters in [[Gaul]], again spent the winter in the regions along the [[Po River|Po]], carrying out his plans at [[Rome]].

'''[2]''' For not only did the candidates for office there enjoy his assistance, and win their elections by corrupting the people with money from him, and do everything which was likely to enhance his power, but also most of the men of highest rank and greatest influence came to see him at [[Lucca|Luca]], including [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], [[Appius Claudius Pulcher|Appius]] the governor of [[Sardinia]], and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos|Nepos]] the proconsul of [[Spain]], so that there were a hundred and twenty [[Lictor|lictors]] in the place and more than two hundred [[Roman Senate|senators]].

'''[3]''' They held a council and settled matters on the following basis. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] were to be elected [[Roman consul|consuls]] for the ensuing year, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was to have money voted him, besides another five years in his [[Roman province|provincial command]]. This seemed very strange to men of understanding. For those who were getting so much money from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] urged the senate to give him money as if he had none, nay rather, they forced it to do so, though it groaned over its own decrees.

'''[4]''' [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], indeed, was not there, for he had purposely been sent out of the way on a mission to [[Cyprus]], and [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], who was an ardent follower of Cato, finding himself unable to accomplish anything by his opposition, bounded out of doors and clamoured to the populace. But no one gave heed to him, for some were in awe of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], and most wanted to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], lived in hopes of his favours, and so kept quiet.

==E22 - The Germans and the Rhine==

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'''[1]''' On returning to his forces in [[Gaul]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] found a considerable war in the country, since two great [[Germanic tribes|German nations]] had just crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] to possess the land, one called the [[Usipetes|Usipes]], the other the [[Tencteri|Tenteritae]].

'''[2]''' Concerning the battle which was fought with them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says in his "[[Commentaries on the Gallic War|Commentaries]]" that the [[Germanic tribes|Barbarians]], while treating with him under a truce, attacked on their march and therefore routed his five thousand [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] with their eight hundred, since his men were taken off their guard; that they then sent other [[Envoy|envoys]] to him who tried to deceive him again, but he held them fast and led his army against the Barbarians, considering that good faith towards such faithless breakers of truces was folly.

'''[3]''' But [[Tanusius Geminus|Tanusius]] says that when the senate voted sacrifices of rejoicing over the victory, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] pronounced the opinion that they ought to deliver up [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to the Barbarians, thus purging away the violation of the truce in behalf of the city, and turning the curse therefor on the guilty man. Of those who had crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] into [[Gaul]] four hundred thousand were cut to pieces, and the few who succeeded in making their way back were received by the [[Sugambri]],

'''[4]''' a [[Germanic tribes|German nation]]. This action [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made a ground of complaint against the Sugambri, and besides, he coveted the fame of being the first man to cross the Rhine with an army. He therefore began to bridge the river, although it was very broad, and at this point in its course especially swollen, rough, and impetuous, and with the trunks and branches of trees which it bore down stream kept smiting and tearing away the supports of his bridge.

'''[5]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] caught up these trunks and branches with bulwarks of great timbers planted across the stream, and having thus bridled and yoked the dashing current, he brought his bridge—sight beyond all credence—to completion in ten days.

==E23 - The Rhine and Britain==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] now threw his forces across the river. No one ventured to oppose him, but even the [[Suebi|Suevi]], who were the foremost nation of the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], bestowed themselves and their belongings in deep and woody defiles. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ravaged the country of the enemy with fire, gave encouragement to the constant friends of [[Rome]], and then retired again into [[Gaul]], having spent eighteen days in [[Germany]].

'''[2]''' His expedition against the [[Britons|Britanni]] was celebrated for its daring. For he was the first to launch a fleet upon the western [[Atlantic Ocean|ocean]] and to sail through the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic sea]] carrying an army to wage war. The island was of incredible magnitude, and furnished much matter of dispute to multitudes of writers, some of whom averred that its name and story had been fabricated, since it never had existed and did not then exist; and in his attempt to occupy it he carried the [[Roman Republic|Roman supremacy]] beyond the confines of the inhabited world.

'''[3]''' After twice crossing to the island from the opposite coast of [[Gaul]] and in many battles damaging the enemy rather than enriching his own men—for there was nothing worth taking from men who lived in poverty and wretchedness—he brought the war to an end which was not to his liking, it is true; still, he took hostages from the king, imposed tributes, and then sailed away from the island.

'''[4]''' In [[Gaul]] he found letters which were about to be sent across to him. They were from his friends in [[Rome]], and advised him of his daughter's death; she died in child-birth at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s house. Great was the grief of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and great the grief of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and their friends were greatly troubled too; they felt that the relationship which alone kept the distempered state in harmony and concord was now dissolved. For the babe also died presently, after surviving its mother a few days. Now [[Julia Caesaris|Julia]], in spite of the [[Tribune|tribunes]], was carried by the people to the [[Campus Martius]], where her funeral rites were held, and where she lies buried.

==E24 - Ambiorix and the Siege of Cicero==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s forces were now so large that he was forced to distribute them in many winter-quarters, while he himself, as his custom was, turned his steps towards [[Italy]]. Then all [[Gaul]] once more broke out in revolt, and great armies went about attacking the entrenchments and trying to destroy the winter-quarters of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. The most numerous and powerful of the rebels, under [[Ambiorix|Abriorix]], utterly destroyed [[Quintus Titurius Sabinus|Titurius]] and [[Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta|Cotta]], together with

'''[2]''' their army, while the legion under [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] was surrounded and besieged by sixty thousand of them, and narrowly escaped having its camp taken by storm, although all were wounded and went beyond their powers in the ardour of their defence.

'''[3]''' When tidings of these things reached [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who was far on his journey, he turned back quickly, got together seven thousand men in all, and hurried on to extricate [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] from the siege. But the besiegers became aware of his approach, and went to meet him with the purpose of cutting his forces off at once, despising their small numbers. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] deceived them by avoiding battle continually, and when he had found a place suitable for one who was fighting against many with few, fortified a camp, where he kept his men altogether from fighting and forced them to increase the height of their ramparts and the defences of their gates as though they were afraid. His strategy thus led the enemy to despise him, until at last, when their boldness led them to attack in scattered bands, he sallied out, routed them, and destroyed many of them.

==E25 - The Rising of Vercingetorix==

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'''[1]''' The numerous revolts of the [[Gaul|Gauls]] in those parts were quieted by this success, as well as by the fact that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, during the winter, went about in all directions and kept close watch on the disturbers of the peace. For there had come from [[Italy]] three [[Roman legion|legions]] to replace the men that he had lost, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] having lent two of those under his command, and one having been newly levied in [[Gaul]] about the [[Po River|Po]].

'''[2]''' But in remoter regions the germs of the greatest and most dangerous of the wars waged in those parts began to show themselves. They had for a long time been secretly sown and cultivated by the most influential men among the most warlike tribes, and derived strength from large bodies of young men assembled from all sides in arms, from great riches brought together, from strong cities,

'''[3]''' and from countries which were hard to invade. At that season of winter, too, frozen rivers, forests buried in snow, plains converted into lakes by winter torrents, in some parts paths obliterated by deep snow, and in others the great uncertainty of a march through swamps and streams diverted from their courses, all seemed to make it wholly impossible for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to oppose the plans of the rebels. Accordingly, many tribes had revolted, but the head and front of the revolt were the [[Arverni]] and [[Carnutes|Carnuntini]], and [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]] was chosen to have the entire authority in the war. His father the Gauls had put to death because they thought he was aiming at a tyranny.

==E26 - Caesar’s Winter Campaign==

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'''[1]''' This leader, then, after dividing his forces into many parts and putting many officers in command of them, was winning over all the country round about as far as the water-shed of the [[Arar (river)|Arar]]. He purposed, now that there was a coalition at [[Rome]] against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], at once to rouse all [[Gaul]] to war. If he had done this a little later, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was involved in the [[Caesar's civil war|civil war]], [[Italy]] would have been a prey to terrors no less acute than those aroused by the [[Cimbri]] of old.

'''[2]''' But as it was, the man endowed by nature to make the best use of all the arts of war, and particularly of its crucial moments, namely [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as soon as he learned of the revolt, set out and marched by the same roads over which he had previously come, and by the vigour and speed of his passage in so severe a winter showed the Barbarians that an unconquered and invincible army was coming against them. For where it was incredible that one of his messengers or letter-carriers could make his way in a long time, there he was seen with his whole army,

'''[3]''' at once ravaging their lands and destroying their strongholds, subduing cities, and receiving those who came over to his side, until the nation of the [[Aedui]] also entered the war against him. These up to this time had called themselves brethren of the [[Romans]] and had been conspicuously honoured, but now, by joining the rebels, they caused great dejection in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army.

'''[4]''' In consequence of this [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] removed from those parts and passed across the territory of the [[Lingones]], wishing to reach the country of the [[Sequani]], who were friends, and stood as a bulwark between [[Italy]] and the rest of [[Gaul]]. There the enemy fell upon him and surrounded him with many tens of thousands, so that he essayed to fight a decisive battle. In the main he got the best of the struggle, and after a long time and much slaughter overpowered the Barbarians; but it appears that at first he met with some reverse, and the [[Arverni]] show a short-sword hanging in a temple, which they say was captured from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself saw it, at a later time, he smiled, and though his friends urged him to have it taken down, he would not permit it, considering it sacred.

==E27 - The Siege of Alesia==

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'''[1]''' However, the most of the Barbarians who escaped at that time took refuge with their king in the city of [[Alesia]]. And while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was besieging

'''[2]''' this city, which was thought to be impregnable by reason of the great size of its walls and the number of their defenders, there fell upon him from outside the city a peril too great for words to depict. For all that was mightiest among the nations of [[Gaul]] assembled and came in arms to [[Alesia]], three hundred thousand strong; and the number of fighting men inside the city was not less than a hundred and seventy thousand. Thus [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], caught between so large hostile forces and besieged there, was compelled to build two walls for his protection, one looking towards the city, and the other towards those who had come up to relieve it; he felt that if the two forces should unite his cause was wholly lost.

'''[3]''' For many reasons, then, and naturally, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s peril at [[Alesia]] was famous, since it produced more deeds of skill and daring than any of his other struggles; but one must be amazed above all that he engaged and conquered so many tens of thousands outside the city without the knowledge of those inside, nay more, without the knowledge even of the [[Roman army|Romans]] who were guarding the wall that faced the city.

'''[4]''' For these did not learn of the victory until the wailing of the men in [[Alesia]] and the lamentations of the women were heard, as they beheld in the quarters of the enemy many shields adorned with gold and silver, many corselets smeared with blood, and also drinking cups and tents of Gallic fashion carried by the Romans into their camp. So quickly did so great a force, like a phantom or a dream, disperse and vanish out of sight, the greater part of them having fallen in the battle.

'''[5]''' Those who held [[Alesia]], too, after giving themselves and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no small trouble, finally surrendered. And the leader of the whole war, [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]], after putting on his most beautiful armour and decorating his horse, rode out through the gate. He made a circuit round [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who remained seated, and then leaped down from his horse, stripped off his suit of armour, and seating himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s feet remained motionless, until he was delivered up to be kept in custody for the [[Roman triumph|triumph]].

==E28 - Caesar and Pompey==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had long ago decided to put down [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], just as, of course, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] also had decided to put [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] down. For now that [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], who was only waiting for the issue of their struggle to engage the victor, had perished among the [[Parthia|Parthians]], it remained for him who would be greatest to put down him who was, and for him who was greatest, if he would not be put down, to take off in time the man he feared.

'''[2]''' This fear had only recently come upon [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who till then despised [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], feeling that it was no hard task to put down again the man whom he himself had raised on high.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had from the outset formed this design, and like an athlete had removed himself to a great distance from his antagonists, and by exercising himself in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] had practised his troops and increased his fame, lifting himself by his achievements to a height where he could vie with the successes of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. He laid hold of pretexts which were furnished partly by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, and partly by the times and the evil state of government at [[Rome]], by reason of which candidates for office set up counting-tables in public and shamelessly bribed the multitudes, while the people went down into the forum under pay, contending in behalf of their paymaster,

'''[4]''' not with votes, but with bows and arrows, swords, and slings. Often, too, they would defile the rostra with blood and corpses before they separated, leaving the city to anarchy like a ship drifting about without a steersman, so that men of understanding were content if matters issued in nothing worse for them than monarchy, after such madness and so great a tempest. And there were many who actually dared to say in public that nothing but monarchy could now cure the diseases of the state, and that this remedy ought to be adopted when offered by the gentlest of physicians, hinting at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[5]''' And when even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], although in words he affected to decline the honour, in fact did more than any one else to effect his appointment as dictator, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] saw through his design and persuaded the senate to appoint him sole consul, solacing him with a more legal monarchy that he might not force his way to the dictatorship. They also voted him additional time in which to hold his provinces; and he had two, [[Spain]] and all [[Africa]], which he managed by sending legates thither and maintaining armies there, for which he received from the public treasury a thousand talents annually.

==E29 - The Political Crisis==

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'''[1]''' Consequently, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] canvassed by proxy for a consulship, and likewise for an extension of time in which to hold his own provinces. At first, then, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] held his peace, while [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]] and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] opposed these plans; they hated [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on other grounds, and went beyond all bounds in their efforts to bring dishonour and abuse upon him.

'''[2]''' For instance, the inhabitants of [[Novum Comum]], a colony recently established by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in [[Gaul]], were deprived of citizenship by them; and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], while he was consul, beat with rods a senator of [[Novum Comum]] who had come to [[Rome]], telling him besides that he put these marks upon him to prove that he was not a Roman, and bade him go back and show them to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. But after the consulship of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] having now sent his Gallic wealth for all those in public life to draw from in copious streams,

'''[3]''' and having freed [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] the tribune from many debts, and having given [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)|Paulus]] the consul fifteen hundred talents, out of which he adorned the forum with the [[Basilica Aemilia|Basilica]], a famous monument, erected in place of the [[Basilica Fulvia|Fulvia]], under these circumstances [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] took fright at the coalition, and openly now, by his own efforts and those of his friends, tried to have a successor appointed to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in his government, and sent a demand to him for the return of the soldiers whom he had lent him for his Gallic contests. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent the soldiers back, after making a present to each man of two hundred and fifty drachmas.

'''[4]''' But the officers who brought these men to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] spread abroad among the multitude stories regarding [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] which were neither reasonable nor true, and ruined [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself with vain hopes. They told him that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army yearned for him, and that while he was with difficulty controlling affairs in the city owing to the disease of envy which festered in the body politic, the forces in [[Gaul]] were ready to serve him, and had but to cross into [[Italy]] when they would at once be on his side, so obnoxious to them had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] become by reason of the multitude of his campaigns,

'''[5]''' and so suspicious of him were they made by their fear of a monarchy. All this fed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s vanity, and he neglected to provide himself with soldiers, as though he had no fears; while with speeches and resolutions of the senate he was carrying the day against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he supposed, although he was merely getting measures rejected about which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cared naught. Nay, we are told that one of the centurions sent to [[Rome]] by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he stood in front of the senate-house and learned that the senate would not give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an extension of his term of command, slapped the handle of his sword and said: "But this will give it."

==E30 - Caesar’s Terms==

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'''[1]''' However, the demands which came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] certainly had a striking semblance of fairness. He demanded, namely, that if he himself laid down his arms, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should do the same, and that both, thus become private men, should find what favour they could with their fellow citizens; arguing that if they took away his forces from him, but confirmed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] in the possession of his, they would be accusing one of seeking a tyranny and making the other a tyrant.

'''[2]''' When [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] laid these proposals before the people in behalf of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], he was loudly applauded, and some actually cast garlands of flowers upon him as if he were a victorious athlete. [[Mark Antony|Antony]], too, who was a tribune, brought before the people a letter of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s on these matters which he had received, and read it aloud, in defiance of the consuls.

'''[3]''' But in the senate, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], the father-in-law of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], introduced a motion that if by a fixed day [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not lay down his arms he should be declared a public enemy. And when the consuls put the question whether [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should dismiss his soldiers, and again whether [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should, very few senators voted for the first, and all but a few for the second; but when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] again demanded that both should give up their commands, all with one accord assented. [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], however, made violent opposition, and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul cried out that against a robber there was need of arms, not votes; whereupon the senate broke up, and the senators put on the garb of mourning in view of the dissension.

==E31 - Caesar’s Final Proposals==

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'''[1]''' But presently letters came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in which he appeared to take a more moderate position, for he agreed to surrender everything else, but demanded that [[Cisalpine Gaul]] and [[Illyricum]] together with two [[Roman legion|legions]] should be given him until he stood for his second [[Roman consul|consulship]]. [[Cicero]] the orator, too, who had just returned from [[Cilicia]] and was busy with a reconciliation, tried to mollify [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who yielded everything else, but insisted on taking away [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s soldiers. [[Cicero]] also tried to persuade the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to compromise and come to a settlement on the basis of the provinces mentioned and only six thousand soldiers, and [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was ready to yield and grant so many. [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul, however, would not let him, but actually heaped insults upon [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] and drove them disgracefully from the [[Roman Senate|senate]], thus himself contriving for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] the most specious of his pretexts, and the one by means of which he most of all incited his soldiers, showing them men of repute and high office who had fled the city on hired carts and in the garb of slaves. For thus they had arrayed themselves in their fear and stolen out of [[Rome]].

==E32 - The Crossing of the Rubicon==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had with him not more than three hundred horsemen and five thousand [[Roman legion|legionaries]]; for the rest of his army had been left beyond the [[Alps]], and was to be brought up by those whom he had sent for the purpose.

'''[2]''' He saw, however, that the beginning of his enterprise and its initial step did not require a large force at present, but must take advantage of the golden moment by showing amazing boldness and speed, since he could strike terror into his enemies by an unexpected blow more easily than he could overwhelm them by an attack in full force. He therefore ordered his [[Centurion|centurions]] and other officers, taking their swords only, and without the rest of their arms, to occupy [[Ariminum]], a large city of [[Gaul]], avoiding commotion and bloodshed as far as possible; and he entrusted this force to [[Hortensius]].

'''[3]''' He himself spent the day in public, attending and watching the exercises of [[gladiator]]s; but a little before evening he bathed and dressed and went into the banqueting hall. Here he held brief converse with those who had been invited to supper, and just as it was getting dark rose and went away, after addressing courteously most of his guests and bidding them await his return.

'''[4]''' To a few of his friends, however, he had previously given directions to follow him, not all by the same route, but some by one way and some by another. He himself mounted one of his hired carts and drove at first along another road, then turned towards [[Ariminum]]. When he came to the river which separates [[Cisalpine Gaul]] from the rest of [[Italy]] (it is called the [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]]), and began to reflect, now that he drew nearer to the fearful step and was agitated by the magnitude of his ventures,

'''[5]''' he checked his speed. Then, halting in his course, he communed with himself a long time in silence as his resolution wavered back and forth, and his purpose then suffered change after change. For a long time, too, he discussed his perplexities with his friends who were present, among whom was [[Asinius Pollio]], estimating the great evils for all mankind which would follow their passage of the river, and the wide fame of it which they would leave to posterity.

'''[6]''' But finally, with a sort of passion, as if abandoning calculation and casting himself upon the future, and uttering the phrase with which men usually prelude their plunge into desperate and daring fortunes, "Let the die be cast," he hastened to cross the river; and going at full speed now for the rest of the time, before daybreak he dashed into [[Ariminum]] and took possession of it. It is said, moreover, that on the night before he crossed the river he had an unnatural dream: he thought, namely, that he was having incestuous intercourse with his own mother.

==E33 - The Flight from Rome==

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'''[1]''' After the seizure of [[Ariminum]], as if the war had opened with broad gates to cover the whole earth and sea alike, and the laws of the state were confounded along with the boundaries of the province, one would not have thought that men and women, as at other times, were hurrying through [[Italy]] in consternation, but that the very cities had

'''[2]''' risen up in flight and were rushing one through another; while [[Rome]] herself, deluged as it were by the inhabitants of the surrounding towns who were fleeing from their homes, neither readily obeying a magistrate nor listening to the voice of reason, in the surges of a mighty sea narrowly escaped being overturned by her own internal agitations.

'''[3]''' For conflicting emotions and violent disturbances prevailed everywhere. Those who rejoiced did not keep quiet, but in many places, as was natural in a great city, encountered those who were in fear and distress, and being filled with confidence as to the future came into strife with them; while [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, who was terror-stricken, was assailed on every side, being taken to task by some for having strengthened [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] against himself and the supreme power of the state, and denounced by others for having permitted [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] to insult [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] when he was ready to yield and was offering reasonable terms of settlement.

'''[4]''' [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]] bade him stamp on the ground for once; in a boastful speech to the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he told them to take no trouble or anxious thought about preparations for the war, since when it came he had but to stamp upon the earth to fill [[Italy]] with armies.

'''[5]''' However, even then [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s forces were more numerous than [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s; but no one would suffer him to exercise his own judgement and so, under the influence of many false and terrifying reports, believing that the war was already close at hand and prevailed everywhere, he gave way, was swept along with the universal tide, issued an edict declaring a state of anarchy, and forsook the city, commanding the senate to follow, and forbidding any one to remain who preferred country and freedom to tyranny.

==E34 - Caesar’s Clemency at Corfinium==

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'''[1]''' Accordingly, the [[Roman consul|consuls]] fled, without even making the sacrifices usual before departure; most of the senators also fled, after seizing, in a sort of robbery, whatever came to hand of their own possessions, as though it were the property of others. Some, too, who before this had vehemently espoused the cause of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], were now frightened out of their wits, and were carried along, when there was no need of it, by the sweep of the great tide.

'''[2]''' But most pitiful was the sight of the city, now that so great a tempest was bearing down upon her, carried along like a ship abandoned of her helmsmen to dash against whatever lay in her path. Still, although their removal was so pitiful a thing, for the sake of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] men considered exile to be their country, and abandoned [[Rome]] with the feeling that it was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s camp. For even [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s greatest friends, who had been his legate and had fought most zealously with him in all his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]], now ran away from him and came to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent to [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]] his money and his baggage. Against [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], however, who was holding [[Corfinium]] with thirty [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] under his command, he marched, and pitched his camp near by. [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], despairing of his enterprise, asked his physician, who was a slave, for a poison, and taking what was given him, drank it, intending to die.

'''[4]''' But after a little, hearing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] showed most wonderful clemency towards his prisoners, he bewailed his fate, and blamed the rashness of his purpose. Then his physician bade him be of good cheer, since what he had drunk was a sleeping-potion and not deadly; whereupon [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] rose up overjoyed and went to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], the pledge of whose right hand he received, only to desert him and go back to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When tidings of these things came to [[Rome]], men were made more cheerful, and some of the fugitives turned back.

==E35 - Caesar Takes Rome==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took over the troops of [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], as well as all the other levies of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] which he surprised in the various cities. Then, since his forces were already numerous and formidable, he marched against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, did not await his approach, but fled to [[Brundisium]], sent the consuls before him with an army to [[Dyrrhachium]], and shortly afterwards, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] drew near, sailed off himself, as shall be set forth circumstantially in his Life. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to pursue him at once, but was destitute of ships; so he turned back to [[Rome]], having in sixty days and without bloodshed become master of all [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He found the city more tranquil than he was expecting, and many senators in it. With these, therefore, he conferred in a gentle and affable manner, inviting them even to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] proposing suitable terms of agreement. But no one would listen to him, either because they feared [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], whom they had abandoned, or because they thought that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not mean what he said, but was indulging in specious talk.

'''[3]''' When the tribune [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] tried to prevent [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s taking money from the reserve funds of the state, and cited certain laws, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said that arms and laws had not the same season. "But if thou art displeased with what is going on, for the present get out of the way, since war has no use for free speech; when, however, I have come to terms and laid down my arms, then thou shalt come before the people with thy harangues. And in saying this I waive my own just rights; for thou art mine, thou and all of the faction hostile to me whom I have caught."

'''[4]''' After this speech to [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] walked towards the door of the treasury, and when the keys were not to be found, he sent for smiths and ordered them to break in the door. [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] once more opposed him, and was commended by some for so doing; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], raising his voice, threatened to kill him if he did not cease his troublesome interference. "And thou surely knowest, young man," said he, "that it is more unpleasant for me to say this than to do it." Then [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], in consequence of this speech, went off in a fright, and henceforth everything was speedily and easily furnished to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for the war.

==E36 - The Campaign in Spain==

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'''[1]''' So he made an expedition into [[Spain]], having resolved first to drive out from there [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s legates, and bring their forces there and the provinces into his power, and then to march against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], leaving not an enemy in his rear. And though his life was often in peril from ambuscades, and his army most of all from hunger, he did not cease from pursuing, challenging, and besieging the men until he had made himself by main force master of their camps and their forces. The leaders, however, made their escape to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

==E37 - Caesar’s Winter Expedition==

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'''[1]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]], [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]], his father-in-law, urged him to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] with proposals for a settlement; but [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], opposed the project. So, having been made [[Roman dictator|dictator]] by the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he brought home exiles, restored to civic rights the children of those who had suffered in the time of [[Sulla]], relieved the burdens of the debtor-class by a certain adjustment of interest, took in hand a few other public measures of like character, and within eleven days abdicated the sole power, had himself declared [[Roman consul|consul]] with [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], and entered upon his campaign.

'''[2]''' The rest of his forces he passed by in a forced march, and with six hundred picked horsemen and five legions, at the time of the winter solstice, in the early part of January (this month answers nearly to the Athenian Poseideon), put to sea, and after crossing the [[Ionian Gulf]] took [[Oricum]] and [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], and sent his transports back again to [[Brundisium]] for the soldiers who had been belated on their march.

'''[3]''' These, as long as they were on the road, since they were now past their physical prime and worn out with their multitudinous wars, murmured against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. "Whither, pray, and to what end will this man bring us, hurrying us about and treating us like tireless and lifeless things? Even a sword gets tired out with smiting, and shield and breastplate are spared a little after so long a time of service."

'''[4]''' Will not even our wounds, then, convince [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he commands mortal men, and that we are mortal in the endurance of pain and suffering? Surely the wintry season and the occasion of a storm at sea not even a god can constrain; yet this man takes risks as though he were not pursuing, but flying from, enemies.

'''[5]''' With such words as these they marched in a leisurely way to [[Brundisium]]. But when they got there and found that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had put to sea, they quickly changed their tone and reviled themselves as traitors to the [[Imperator]]; they reviled their officers, too, for not having quickened their march. Then, sitting on the cliffs, they looked oft towards the open sea and [[Epirus]], watching for the ships which were to carry them across to their commander.

==E38 - Caesar’s Attempt to Cross the Aous==

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'''[1]''' At [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], since the force which he had with him was not a match for the enemy and the delay of his troops on the other side caused him perplexity and distress, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] conceived the dangerous plan of embarking in a twelve-oared boat, without any one's knowledge, and going over to [[Brundisium]], though the sea was encompassed by such large armaments of the enemy.

'''[2]''' At night, accordingly, after disguising himself in the dress of a slave, he went on board, threw himself down as one of no account, and kept quiet. While the river [[Aous River|Aous]] was carrying the boat down towards the sea, the early morning breeze, which at that time usually made the mouth of the river calm by driving back the waves, was quelled by a strong wind which blew from the sea during the night;

'''[3]''' the river therefore chafed against the inflow of the sea and the opposition of its billows, and was rough, being beaten back with a great din and violent eddies, so that it was impossible for the master of the boat to force his way along. He therefore ordered the sailors to come about in order to retrace his course. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], perceiving this, disclosed himself, took the master of the boat by the hand, who was terrified at sight of him, and said: "Come, good man, be bold and fear naught; thou carryest [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] fortune in thy boat."

'''[4]''' The sailors forgot the storm, and laying to their oars, tried with all alacrity to force their way down the river. But since it was impossible, after taking much water and running great hazard at the mouth of the river, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] very reluctantly suffered the captain to put about. When he came back, his soldiers met him in throngs, finding much fault and sore displeased with him because he did not believe that even with them alone he was able to conquer, but was troubled, and risked his life for the sake of the absent as though distrusting those who were present.

==E39 - The Setback Against Pompey==

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'''[1]''' After this, [[Mark Antony|Antony]] put in from [[Brundisium]] with his forces, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was emboldened to challenge [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] to battle. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was well posted and drew ample supplies both from land and sea; while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had no great abundance at first, and afterwards was actually hard pressed for want of provisions. But his soldiers dug up a certain root, mixed it with milk, and ate it.

'''[2]''' Once, too, they made loaves of it, and running up to the enemy's outposts, threw the loaves inside or tossed them to one another, adding by way of comment that as long as the earth produced such roots, they would not stop besieging [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, would not allow either the loaves or these words to reach the main body of his army. For his soldiers were dejected, fearing the ferocity and hardiness of their enemies, who were like wild beasts in their eyes.

'''[3]''' There were constant skirmishings about the fortifications of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and in all of them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] got the better except one, where there was a great rout of his men and he was in danger of losing his camp.

'''[4]''' For when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] attacked not one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s men stood his ground, but the moats were filled with the slain, and others were falling at their own ramparts and walls, whither they had been driven in headlong flight. And though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] met the fugitives and tried to turn them back, he availed nothing, nay, when he tried to lay hold of the standards the bearers threw them away, so that the enemy captured thirty-two of them. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, too, narrowly escaped being killed.

'''[5]''' For as a tall and sturdy man was running away past him, he laid his hand upon him and bade him stay and face about upon the enemy; and the fellow, full of panic at the threatening danger, raised his sword to smite [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but before he could do so [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s shield-bearer lopped off his arm at the shoulder. So completely had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] given up his cause for lost that, when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], either from excessive caution or by some chance, did not follow up his great success, but withdrew after he had shut up the fugitives within their entrenchments, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said to his friends as he left them: "To-day victory had been with the enemy, if they had had a victor in command."

'''[6]''' Then going by himself to his tent and lying down, he spent that most distressful of all nights in vain reflections, convinced that he had shown bad generalship. For while a fertile country lay waiting for him, and the prosperous cities of [[Macedonia]] and [[Thessaly]], he had neglected to carry the war thither, and had posted himself here by the sea, which his enemies controlled with their fleets, being thus held in siege by lack of provisions rather than besieging with his arms.

'''[7]''' Thus his despondent thoughts of the difficulty and perplexity of his situation kept him tossing upon his couch, and in the morning he broke camp, resolved to lead his army into [[Macedonia]] against [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]]; for he would then either draw [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] after him to a place where he would give battle without drawing his supplies as he now did from the sea, or [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] would be left alone and he would overwhelm him.

==E40 - Pompey’s Strategy==

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'''[1]''' This emboldened the soldiers of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and the leaders by whom he was surrounded to keep close to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], whom they thought defeated and in flight. For [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was cautious about hazarding a battle for so great a stake, and since he was most excellently provided with everything necessary for a long war, he thought it best to wear out and quench the vigour of the enemy, which must be short-lived.

'''[2]''' For the best fighting men in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army had experience, it is true, and a daring which was irresistible in combat; but what with their long marches and frequent encampments and siege-warfare and night-watches, they were beginning to give out by reason of age, and were too unwieldy for labour, having lost their ardour from weakness. At that time, too, a kind of pestilential disease, occasioned by the strangeness of their diet, was said to be prevalent in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army. And what was most important of all, since [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was neither strong in funds nor well supplied with provisions, it was thought that within a short time his army would break up of itself.

==E41 - Pompey Is Pressed into Battle==

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'''[1]''' For these reasons [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] did not wish to fight, but [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] was the only one to commend his course, and this from a desire to spare the lives of his fellow citizens;

'''[2]''' for when he saw even those of the enemy who had fallen in the battle, to the number of a thousand, he burst into tears, muffled up his head, and went away.

'''[3]''' All the rest, however, reviled [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] for trying to avoid a battle, and sought to goad him on by calling him [[Agamemnon]] and King of Kings, implying that he did not wish to lay aside his sole authority, but plumed himself on having so many commanders dependent upon him and coming constantly to his tent. And [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], affecting [[Cato the Younger|Cato]]'s boldness of speech, complained like a mad man because that year also they would be unable to enjoy the figs of [[Tusculum]] because of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s love of command. [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]], too, who had lately come from [[Spain]], where he had shown bad generalship, when accused of betraying his army for a bribe, asked why they did not fight with the merchant who had bought the provinces from him. Driven on by all these importunities, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] reluctantly sought a battle and pursued [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] accomplished most of his march with difficulty, since no one would sell him provisions, and everybody despised him on account of his recent defeat; but after he had taken [[Gomphi]], a city of [[Thessaly]], he not only provided food for his soldiers, but also relieved them of their disease unexpectedly. For they fell in with plenty of wine, and after drinking freely of it, and then revelling and rioting on their march, by means of their drunkenness they drove away and got rid of their trouble, since they brought their bodies into a different habit.

==E42 - The Armies at Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But when both armies entered the plain of [[Pharsalus]] and encamped there, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s mind reverted again to its former reasoning, and besides, there befell him unlucky appearances and a vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that he saw himself in his theatre applauded by the [[Romans]], . . .

'''[2]''' Those about him, however, were so confident, and so hopefully anticipated the victory, that [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Spinther]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] disputed earnestly with one another over [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s office of [[Pontifex Maximus]], and many sent agents to [[Rome]] to hire and take possession of houses suitable for [[Praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]], assuming that they would immediately hold these offices after the war. And most of all were his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] impatient for the battle, since they had a splendid array of shining armour, well-fed horses, and handsome persons, and were in high spirits too on account of their numbers, which were seven thousand to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s one thousand. The numbers of the infantry also were unequal, since forty-five thousand were arrayed against twenty-two thousand.

==E43 - The Portents Before Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] called his soldiers together, and after telling them that [[Cornificius|Corfinius]] was near with two [[Roman legion|legions]] for him, and that fifteen [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] besides under [[Quintus Fufius Calenus|Calenus]] were stationed at [[Athens]] and [[Megara]], asked them whether they wished to wait for these troops, or to hazard the issue by themselves. Then the soldiers besought him with loud cries not to wait for the troops, but rather to contrive and manoeuvre to come to close quarters with the enemy as soon as possible.

'''[2]''' As he was holding a lustration and review of his forces and had sacrificed the first victim, the seer at once told him that within three days there would be a decisive battle with the enemy. And when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] asked him whether he also saw in the victims any favourable signs of the issue, "Thou thyself," said the seer, "canst better answer this question for thyself. For the gods indicate a great change and revolution of the present status to the opposite. Therefore, if thou thinkest thyself well off as matters stand, expect the worse fortune; if badly off, the better."

'''[3]''' Moreover, on the night before the battle, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was making the round of his sentries about midnight, a fiery torch was seen in the heavens, which seemed to be carried over his camp, blazing out brightly, and then to fall into [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s. And during the morning watch it was noticed that there was actually a panic confusion among the enemy. However, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not expect to fight on that day, but began to break camp for a march to [[Scotussa]].

==E44 - The Battle of Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But just as the tents had been struck, his scouts rode up to him with tidings that the enemy were coming down into the plain for battle. At this he was overjoyed, and after prayers and vows to the gods, drew up his [[Roman legion|legionaries]] in three divisions. Over the centre he put [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius Calvinus]], while of the wings [[Mark Antony|Antony]] had one and he himself the right, where he intended to fight with the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]].

'''[2]''' But seeing that the enemy's cavalry were arraying themselves over against this point, and fearing their brilliant appearance and their numbers, he ordered six cohorts from the furthermost lines to come round to him unobserved, and stationed them behind his right wing, teaching them what they were to do when the enemy's horsemen attacked.

'''[3]''' [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] had one of his wings himself, and [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] the left, while [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s father-in-law, commanded the centre. But his horsemen all crowded to the left wing, intending to encircle the enemy's right and make a complete rout about the commander himself; for they thought that no legionary array, however deep, could resist them, but that when so many horsemen made an onset together the enemy would be utterly broken and crushed.

'''[4]''' When both sides were about to sound the charge, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] ordered his legionaries to stand with arms at the ready and await in close array the onset of the enemy until they were within javelin cast. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says that here too [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] made a mistake, not knowing that the initial clash with all the impetus of running adds force to the blows and fires the courage, which everything then conspires to fan.

'''[5]''' As [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was about to move his lines of legionaries, and was already going forward into action, he saw first one of his [[Centurion|centurions]], a man experienced in war and faithful to him, encouraging his men and challenging them to vie with him in prowess.

'''[6]''' Him [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] addressed by name and said: "Caius Crassinius, what are our hopes, and how does our confidence stand?" Then Crassinius, stretching forth his right hand, said with a loud voice: "We shall win a glorious victory, O Caesar, and thou shalt praise me to-day, whether I am alive or dead." So saying, he plunged foremost into the enemy at full speed, carrying along with him the one hundred and twenty soldiers under his command. But after cutting his way through the first rank, and while he was forging onwards with great slaughter, he was beaten back by the thrust of a sword through his mouth, and the point of the sword actually came out at the back of his neck.

==E45 - The Defeat of Pompey's Cavalry==

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'''[1]''' When the infantry had thus clashed together in the centre and were fighting, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s cavalry rode proudly up from the wing and deployed their squadrons to envelope the enemy's right; and before they could attack, the cohorts ran out from where [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was posted,

'''[2]''' not hurling their javelins, as usual, nor yet stabbing the thighs and legs of their enemies with them, but aiming them at their eyes and wounding their faces. They had been instructed to do this by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who expected that men little conversant with wars or wounds, but young, and pluming themselves on their youthful beauty, would dread such wounds especially, and would not stand their ground, fearing not only their present danger, but also their future disfigurement.

'''[3]''' And this was what actually came to pass; for they could not endure the upward thrust of the javelins, nor did they even venture to look the weapon in the face, but turned their heads away and covered them up to spare their faces. And finally, having thus thrown themselves into confusion, they turned and fled most shamefully, thereby ruining everything. For the conquerors of the horsemen at once encircled the infantry, fell upon their rear, and began to cut them to pieces.

'''[4]''' When [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], on the other wing, saw his horsemen scattered in flight, he was no longer the same man, nor remembered that he was [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]], but more like one whom Heaven has robbed of his wits than anything else, he went off without a word to his tent, sat down there, and awaited what was to come, until his forces were all routed and the enemy were assailing his ramparts and fighting with their defenders.

'''[5]''' Then he came to his senses, as it were, and with this one ejaculation, as they say, "What, even to my quarters?" took off his fighting and general's dress, put on one suitable for a fugitive, and stole away. What his subsequent fortunes were, and how he delivered himself into the hands of the [[Egyptians]] and was murdered, I shall tell in his Life.

==E46 - Caesar's Clemency==

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'''[1]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], when he reached [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] ramparts and saw those of the enemy who were already lying dead there and those who were still falling, said with a groan: "They would have it so; they brought me to such a pass that if I, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caius Caesar]], after waging successfully the greatest wars, had dismissed my forces, I should have been condemned in their courts."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]] says that these words, which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote down in [[Greek language|Greek]], were uttered by him in [[Latin language|Latin]] at the time; he also says that most of the slain were servants who were killed at the taking of the camp, and that not more than six thousand soldiers fell.

'''[3]''' Most of those who were taken alive [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] incorporated in his legions, and to many men of prominence he granted immunity. One of these was [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], who afterwards slew him. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was distressed, we are told, when Brutus was not to be found, but when he was brought into his presence safe and sound, was pleased beyond measure.

==E47 - Omens of Victory==

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'''[1]''' There were many portents of the victory, but the most remarkable one on record is that which was seen at [[Tralles]]. In that city's temple of Victory there stood a statue of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and the ground around it was itself naturally firm, and was paved with hard stone; yet from this it is said that a palm-tree shot up at the base of the statue.

'''[2]''' Moreover, at [[Patavium]], [[Gaius Cornelius (augur)|Caius Cornelius]], a man in repute as a seer, a fellow citizen and acquaintance of [[Livy]] the historian, chanced that day to be sitting in the place of augury. And to begin with, according to Livy, he discerned the time of the battle, and said to those present that even then the event was in progress and the men were going into action. And when he looked again and observed the signs, he sprang up in a rapture crying: "Thou art victorious, O [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]!" The bystanders being amazed, he took the chaplet from his head and declared with an oath that he would not put it on again until the event had borne witness to his art. At any rate, Livy insists that this was so.

==E48 - Caesar in Asia and Egypt==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave the [[Thessaly|Thessalians]] their freedom, to commemorate his victory, and then pursued [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When he reached [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] he made the [[Cnidus|Cnidians]] also free, to please [[Theopompus of Chios|Theopompus]] the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] remitted a third of their taxes. Arriving at [[Alexandria]] just after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] death, he turned away in horror from [[Theodotus of Chios|Theodotus]] as he presented the head of Pompey, but he accepted Pompey's seal-ring, and shed tears over it.

'''[2]''' Moreover, all the companions and intimates of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] who had been captured by the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] as they wandered over the country, he treated with kindness and attached them to himself. And to his friends in [[Rome]] he wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory, namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him.

'''[3]''' As for the war in [[Egypt]], some say that it was not necessary, but due to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] passion for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], and that it was inglorious and full of peril for him. But others blame the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king's]] party for it, and especially the eunuch [[Pothinus|Potheinus]], who had most influence at court, and had recently killed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]; he had also driven [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country, and was now secretly plotting against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. On this account they say that from this time on [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] passed whole nights at drinking parties in order to protect himself.

'''[4]''' But in his open acts also [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] was unbearable, since he said and did many things that were invidious and insulting to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For instance, when the soldiers had the oldest and worst grain measured out to them, he bade them put up with it and be content, since they were eating what belonged to others; and at the state suppers he used wooden and earthen dishes, on the ground that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had taken all the gold and silver ware in payment of a debt. For the [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|father of the present king]] owed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seventeen million five hundred thousand drachmas, of which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had formerly remitted a part to his children, but now demanded payment of ten millions for the support of his army.

'''[5]''' When, however, [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] bade him go away now and attend to his great affairs, assuring him that later he would get his money with thanks, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] replied that he had no need whatever of Egyptians as advisers, and secretly sent for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country.

==E49 - Cleopatra and the Alexandrian War==

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'''[1]''' So [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], taking only [[Apollodorus the Sicilian]] from among her friends, embarked in a little skiff and landed at the palace when it was already getting dark; and as it was impossible to escape notice otherwise, she stretched herself at full length inside a bed-sack, while [[Apollodorus the Sicilian|Apollodorus]] tied the bed-sack up with a cord and carried it indoors to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]].

'''[2]''' It was by this device of [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]], it is said, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was first captivated, for she showed herself to be a bold coquette, and succumbing to the charm of further intercourse with her, he reconciled her to [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|her brother]] on the basis of a joint share with him in the royal power.

'''[3]''' Then, as everybody was feasting to celebrate the reconciliation, a slave of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]], his barber, who left nothing unscrutinized, owing to a timidity in which he had no equal, but kept his ears open and was here, there, and everywhere, perceived that [[Achillas]] the general and [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] the eunuch were hatching a plot against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. After [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had found them out, he set a guard about the banqueting-hall, and put [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] to death; [[Achillas]], however, escaped to his camp, and raised about [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] a war grievous and difficult for one who was defending himself with so few followers against so large a city and army.

'''[4]''' In this war, to begin with, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] encountered the peril of being shut off from water, since the canals were dammed up by the enemy; in the second place, when the enemy tried to cut off his fleet, he was forced to repel the danger by using fire, and this spread from the dockyards and destroyed the [[Library of Alexandria|great library]]; and thirdly, when a battle arose at [[Pharos]], he sprang from the mole into a small boat and tried to go to the aid of his men in their struggle, but the [[Egyptians]] sailed up against him from every side, so that he threw himself into the sea and with great difficulty escaped by swimming. At this time, too, it is said that he was holding many papers in his hand and would not let them go, though missiles were flying at him and he was immersed in the sea, but held them above water with one hand and swam with the other; his little boat had been sunk at the outset.

'''[5]''' But finally, after the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] had gone away to the enemy, he marched against him and conquered him in a battle where many fell and the king himself disappeared. Then, leaving [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] on the throne of [[Egypt]] (a little later she had a son by him whom the [[Alexandria|Alexandrians]] called [[Caesarion]]), he set out for [[Syria]].

==E50 - The Defeat of Pharnaces==

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'''[1]''' On leaving that country and traversing [[Asia]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned that [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius]] had been defeated by [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]] the son of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]] and had fled from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] with a few followers; also that [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]], using his victory without stint, and occupying [[Bithynia]] and [[Cappadocia]], was aiming to secure the country called [[Lesser Armenia]], and was rousing to revolt all the princes and tetrarchs there. At once, therefore, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] marched against him with three legions, fought a great battle with him near the city of [[Zela]], drove him in flight out of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], and annihilated his army.

'''[2]''' In announcing the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at [[Rome]], [[Amantius]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wrote three words: "Came, saw, conquered." In [[Latin language|Latin]], however, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity which is most impressive.

==E51 - Caesar's Return to Rome==

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'''[1]''' After this, he crossed to [[Italy]] and went up to [[Rome]], at the close of the year for which he had a second time been chosen [[Roman dictator|dictator]], though that office had never before been for a whole year; then for the following year he was proclaimed [[Roman consul|consul]]. Men spoke ill of him because, after his soldiers had mutinied and killed two men of praetorian rank, [[Galba]] and [[Cosconius]], he censured them only so far as to call them "citizens" when he addressed them, instead of "soldiers," and then gave each man a thousand drachmas and much allotted land in [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He was also calumniated for the madness of [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]], the greed of [[Amantius]], the drunkenness of [[Mark Antony|Antony]], and for the fact that [[Corfinius]] built over and refurnished the house of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] on the ground that it was not good enough for him. For at all these things the [[Romans]] were displeased. But owing to the political situation, though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not ignorant of these things and did not like them, he was compelled to make use of such assistants.

==E52 - The African Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After the battle at [[Pharsalus]], [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made their escape to [[Africa]], and there, with the aid of [[Juba I of Numidia|King Juba]], collected considerable forces. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] therefore resolved to make an expedition against them. So, about the time of the winter solstice, he crossed into [[Sicily]], and wishing to cut off at once in the minds of his officers all hope of delaying there and wasting time, he pitched his own tent on the sea-beach. When a favouring wind arose, he embarked and put to sea with three thousand infantry and a few horsemen. Then, after landing these unobserved, he put to sea again, being full of fears for the larger part of his force, and meeting them after they were already at sea, he conducted all into camp.

'''[2]''' On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the [[Scipio Africanus|Scipios]] to conquer in [[Africa]], he either flouted in pleasantry the [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] who commanded the enemy, or else tried in good earnest to appropriate to himself the omen, it is hard to say which.

'''[3]''' He had under him, namely, a man who otherwise was a contemptible nobody, but belonged to the family of the Africani, and was called [[Scipio Sallustio]]. This man [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] put in the forefront of his battles as if commander of the army, being compelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the fighting.

'''[4]''' For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of burden, nay, they were forced to feed their horses on sea-weed, which they washed free of its salt and mixed with a little grass to sweeten it. For the [[Numidians]] showed themselves everywhere in great numbers and speedy, and controlled the country.

'''[5]''' Indeed, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] horsemen were once off duty (a [[Libya|Libyan]] was showing them how he could dance and play the flute at the same time in an astonishing manner, and they had committed their horses to the slaves and were sitting delighted on the ground), the enemy suddenly surrounded and attacked them, killed some of them,

'''[6]''' and followed hard upon the heels of the rest as they were driven headlong into camp. And if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, and with him [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]], had not come from the ramparts to their aid and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion, too, in another battle, the enemy got the advantage in the encounter, and here it is said that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seized by the neck the fugitive standard-bearer, faced him about, and said: "Yonder is the enemy."

==E53 - The Battle of Thapsus==

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'''[1]''' However, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] was encouraged by these advantages to hazard a decisive battle, so, leaving [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] encamped separately at a short distance apart, he himself began fortifying a camp beyond a lake near the city of [[Thapsus]], that it might serve the whole army as a place from which to sally out to the battle, and as a place of refuge.

'''[2]''' But while he was busy with this project, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made his way with inconceivable speed through woody regions which afford unknown access to the spot, outflanked some of the enemy, and attacked others in front. Then, after routing these, he took advantage of the favourable instant and of the impetus of fortune, and thereby captured the camp of [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] at the first onset, and at the first onset sacked the camp of the [[Numidians]], from which [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] fled. Thus in a brief portion of one day he made himself master of three camps and slew fifty thousand of the enemy, without losing as many as fifty of his own men.

'''[3]''' This is the account which some give of the battle; others, however, say that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was not in the action, but that, as he was marshalling and arraying his army, his usual sickness laid hold of him, and he, at once aware that it was beginning, before his already wavering senses were altogether confounded and overpowered by the malady, was carried to a neighbouring tower, where he stayed quietly during the battle. Of the men of consular and praetorial rank who escaped from the battle, some slew themselves at the moment of their capture, and others were put to death by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] after capture.

==E54 - Cato's Death and the Anti-Cato==

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'''[1]''' Being eager to take [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] alive, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] hastened towards [[Utica]], for Cato was guarding that city, and took no part in the battle. But he learned that Cato had made away with himself, and he was clearly annoyed, though for what reason is uncertain. At any rate, he said: "Cato, I begrudge thee thy death; for thou didst begrudge me the preservation of thy life."

'''[2]''' Now, the treatise which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote against Cato when he was dead, does not seem to prove that he was in a gentle or reconcilable mood. For how could he have spared Cato alive, when he poured out against him after death so great a cup of wrath? And yet from his considerate treatment of [[Cicero]] and [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and thousands more who had fought against him, it is inferred that even this treatise was not composed out of hatred, but from political ambition, for reasons which follow.

'''[3]''' [[Cicero]] had written an encomium on Cato which he entitled "Cato"; and the discourse was eagerly read by many, as was natural, since it was composed by the ablest of orators on the noblest of themes. This annoyed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who thought that [[Cicero's]] praise of the dead Cato was a denunciation of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself. Accordingly, he wrote a treatise in which he got together countless charges against Cato and the work is entitled "Anti-Cato." Both treatises have many eager readers, as well on account of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as of Cato.

==E55 - Caesar's African Triumph==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]] from [[Africa]], to begin with, he made a boastful speech to the people concerning his victory, asserting that he had subdued a country large enough to furnish annually for the public treasury two hundred thousand [[Attic]] bushels of grain, and three million pounds of olive oil. Next, he celebrated triumphs, an Egyptian, a Pontic, and an African, the last not for his victory over [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], but ostensibly over [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] the king. On this occasion, too, [[Juba II|Juba]], a son of the king, a mere infant, was carried along in the triumphal procession, the most fortunate captive ever taken, since from being a [[Barbarian]] and a [[Numidia]]n, he came to be enrolled among the most learned historians of [[Ancient Greece|Hellas]]. After the triumphs, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave his soldiers large gifts and entertained the people with banquets and spectacles, feasting them all at one time on twenty thousand dining-couches, and furnishing spectacles of [[gladiator]]ial and naval combats in honour of his daughter [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], long since dead.

'''[2]''' After the spectacles, a census of the people was taken, and instead of the three hundred and twenty thousand of the preceding lists there were enrolled only one hundred and fifty thousand. So great was the calamity which the civil wars had wrought, and so large a portion of the people of [[Rome]] had they consumed away, to say nothing of the misfortunes that possessed the rest of [[Italy]] and the provinces.

==E56 - Caesar's Spanish Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After these matters had been finished and he had been declared consul for the fourth time, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made an expedition into [[Spain]] against the sons of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. These were still young, but had collected an army of amazing numbers and displayed a boldness which justified their claims to leadership, so that they beset [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] with the greatest peril.

'''[2]''' The great battle was joined near the city of [[Munda]], and here [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], seeing his own men hard pressed and making a feeble resistance, asked in a loud voice as he ran through the armed ranks whether they felt no shame to take him and put him in the hands of those boys. With difficulty and after much strenuous effort he repulsed the enemy and slew over thirty thousand of them, but he lost one thousand of his own men, and those the very best.

'''[3]''' As he was going away after the battle he said to his friends that he had often striven for victory, but now first for his life. He fought this victorious battle on the day of the festival of [[Bacchus]], on which day also it is said that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]] had gone forth to the war; a period of four years intervened. As for [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] sons, the younger made his escape, but after a few days the head of the elder was brought in by [[Deidius]].

'''[4]''' This was the last war that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] waged; and the triumph that was celebrated for it vexed the [[Romans]] as nothing else had done. For it commemorated no victory over foreign commanders or barbarian kings, but the utter annihilation of the sons and the family of the mightiest of the [[Romans]], who had fallen upon misfortune; and it was not meet for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to celebrate a triumph for the calamities of his country, priding himself upon actions which had no defence before gods or men except that they had been done under necessity, and that too although previously he had sent neither messenger nor letters to announce to the people a victory in the civil wars, but had scrupulously put from him the fame arising therefrom.

==E57 - Caesar Appointed Dictator for Life==

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'''[1]''' However, the [[Romans]] gave way before the good fortune of the man and accepted the bit, and regarding the monarchy as a respite from the evils of the civil wars, they appointed him [[Roman dictator|dictator for life]]. This was confessedly a tyranny, since the monarchy, besides the element of irresponsibility, now took on that of permanence.

'''[2]''' It was [[Cicero]] who proposed the first honours for him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], and their magnitude was, after all, not too great for a man; but others added excessive honours and vied with one another in proposing them, thus rendering [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] odious and obnoxious even to the mildest citizens because of the pretension and extravagance of what was decreed for him. It is thought, too, that the enemies of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no less than his flatterers helped to force these measures through, in order that they might have as many pretexts as possible against him and might be thought to have the best reasons for attempting his life.

'''[3]''' For in all other ways, at least, after the civil wars were over, he showed himself blameless; and certainly it is thought not inappropriate that the [[Temple of Clemency]] was decreed as a thank-offering in view of his mildness.

'''[4]''' For he pardoned many of those who had fought against him, and to some he even gave honours and offices besides, as to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], both of whom were now [[Roman praetor|praetors]]. The statues of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], too, which had been thrown down, he would not suffer to remain so, but set them up again, at which [[Cicero]] said that in setting up [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] statues [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] firmly fixed his own.

'''[5]''' When his friends thought it best that he should have a body-guard, and many of them volunteered for this service, he would not consent, saying that it was better to die once for all than to be always expecting death. In the effort to surround himself with men's good will as the fairest and at the same time the securest protection, he again courted the people with banquets and distributions of grain, and his soldiers with newly planted colonies, the most conspicuous of which were [[Carthage]] and [[Corinth]]. The earlier capture of both these cities, as well as their present restoration, chanced to fall at one and the same time.

==E58 - Caesar's Ambitions and Public Works==

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'''[1]''' As for the nobles, to some of them he promised consulships and praetorships in the future, others he appeased with sundry other powers and honours, and in all he implanted hopes, since he ardently desired to rule over willing subjects. Therefore, when [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 BC)|Maximus]] the consul died, he appointed [[Gaius Caninius Rebilus|Caninius Revilius]] consul for the one day still remaining of the term of office. To him, as we are told, many were going with congratulations and offers of escort, whereupon [[Cicero]] said: "Let us make haste, or else the man's consulship will have expired."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] many successes, however, did not divert his natural spirit of enterprise and ambition to the enjoyment of what he had laboriously achieved, but served as fuel and incentive for future achievements, and begat in him plans for greater deeds and a passion for fresh glory, as though he had used up what he already had. What he felt was therefore nothing else than emulation of himself, as if he had been another man, and a sort of rivalry between what he had done and what he purposed to do.

'''[3]''' For he planned and prepared to make an expedition against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] and after subduing these and marching around the [[Black Sea|Euxine]] by way of [[Hyrcania]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and the [[Caucasus]], to invade [[Scythia]]; and after overrunning the countries bordering on [[Germany]] and [[Germany]] itself, to come back by way of [[Gaul]] to [[Italy]], and so to complete this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the [[Ocean]].

'''[4]''' During this expedition, moreover, he intended to dig through the [[Isthmus of Corinth]], and had already put [[Anienus]] in charge of this work; he intended also to divert the [[Tiber]] just below the city into a deep channel, give it a bend towards [[Circeii|Circeium]], and make it empty into the sea at [[Terracina]], thus contriving for merchantmen a safe as well as an easy passage to [[Rome]];

'''[5]''' and besides this, to convert the marshes about [[Pomptine Marshes|Pomentinum]] and [[Setia]] into a plain which many thousands of men could cultivate; further, to build moles which should barricade the sea where it was nearest to [[Rome]], to clear away the hidden dangers on the shore of [[Ostia]], and then construct harbours and roadsteads sufficient for the great fleets that would visit them. And all these things were in preparation.

==E59 - The Julian Calendar==

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'''[1]''' The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the computation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility.

'''[2]''' For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the [[Romans]], so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year; the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called [[Mercedonius]]. [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] the king is said to have been the first to intercalate this month, thus devising a slight and short-lived remedy for the error in regard to the sidereal and solar cycles, as I have said in his Life.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and out of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any. This the [[Romans]] use down to the present time, and are thought to be less in error than other peoples as regards the inequality between the lunar and solar years. However, even this furnished occasion for blame to those who envied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and disliked his power. At any rate, [[Cicero]] the orator, we are told, when some one remarked that [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]] would rise on the morrow, said: "Yes, by decree," implying that men were compelled to accept even this dispensation.

==E60 - The Growing Hatred of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' But the most open and deadly hatred towards him was produced by his passion for the royal power. For the multitude this was a first cause of hatred, and for those who had long smothered their hate, a most specious pretext for it. And yet those who were advocating this honour for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually spread abroad among the people a report that from the [[Sibylline Books|Sibylline books]] it appeared that [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] could be taken if the [[Romans]] went up against it with a king,

'''[2]''' but otherwise could not be assailed; and as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was coming down from [[Alba]] into the city they ventured to hail him as king. But at this the people were confounded, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], disturbed in mind, said that his name was not King, but Caesar, and seeing that his words produced a universal silence, he passed on with no very cheerful or contented looks.

'''[3]''' Moreover, after sundry extravagant honours had been voted him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], it chanced that he was sitting above the [[Rostra]], and as the [[Roman praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]] drew near, with the whole senate following them, he did not rise to receive them, but as if he were dealing with mere private persons, replied that his honours needed curtailment rather than enlargement.

'''[4]''' This vexed not only the senate, but also the people, who felt that in the persons of the senators the state was insulted, and in a terrible dejection they went away at once, all who were not obliged to remain, so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] too, when he was aware of his mistake, immediately turned to go home, and drawing back his [[toga]] from his neck, cried in loud tones to his friends that he was ready to offer his throat to any one who wished to kill him.

'''[5]''' But afterwards he made his disease an excuse for his behaviour, saying that the senses of those who are thus afflicted do not usually remain steady when they address a multitude standing, but are speedily shaken and whirled about, bringing on giddiness and insensibility. However, what he said was not true; on the contrary, he was very desirous of rising to receive the senate, but one of his friends, as they say, or rather one of his flatterers, [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus|Cornelius Balbus]], restrained him, saying: "Remember that thou art Caesar, and permit thyself to be courted as a superior."

==E61 - The Lupercalia==

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'''[1]''' There was added to these causes of offence his insult to the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes]]. It was, namely, the festival of the [[Lupercalia]], of which many write that it was anciently celebrated by shepherds, and has also some connection with the [[Arcadian Lycaea]].

'''[2]''' At this time many of the noble youths and of the magistrates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs. And many women of rank also purposely get in their way, and like children at school present their hands to be struck, believing that the pregnant will thus be helped to an easy delivery, and the barren to pregnancy.

'''[3]''' These ceremonies [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was witnessing, seated upon the [[Rostra|rostra]] on a golden throne, arrayed in triumphal attire. And [[Mark Antony|Antony]] was one of the runners in the sacred race; for he was [[Roman consul|consul]].

'''[4]''' Accordingly, after he had dashed into the [[Roman Forum|forum]] and the crowd had made way for him, he carried a diadem, round which a wreath of laurel was tied, and held it out to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. Then there was applause, not loud, but slight and preconcerted. But when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pushed away the diadem, all the people applauded; and when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] offered it again, few, and when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] declined it again, all, applauded.

'''[5]''' The experiment having thus failed, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] rose from his seat, after ordering the wreath to be carried up to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]; but then his statues were seen to have been decked with royal diadems. So two of the tribunes, [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] and [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]], went up to them and pulled off the diadems, and after discovering those who had first hailed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as king, led them off to prison. Moreover, the people followed the tribunes with applause and called them [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutuses]], because [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was the man who put an end to the royal succession and brought the power into the hands of the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and people instead of a sole ruler. At this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was greatly vexed, and deprived [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]] and [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] of their office, while in his denunciation of them, although he at the same time insulted the people, he called them repeatedly [[Brutus|Brutes]] and [[Cymaeans]].

==E62 - Brutus and the Conspiracy==

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'''[1]''' Under these circumstances the multitude turned their thoughts towards [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Marcus Brutus]], who was thought to be a descendant of the elder [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] on his father's side, on his mother's side belonged to the [[Servilia gens|Servilii]], another illustrious house, and was a son-in-law and nephew of [[Cato the Younger|Cato]].

'''[2]''' The desires which [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] felt to attempt of his own accord the abolition of the monarchy were blunted by the favours and honours that he had received from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For not only had his life been spared at [[Pharsalus]] after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] flight, and the lives of many of his friends at his entreaty, but also he had great credit with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. He had received the most honourable of the [[Roman praetor|praetorships]] for the current year, and was to be [[Roman consul|consul]] three years later, having been preferred to [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], who was a rival candidate. For [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as we are told, said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] urged the juster claims to the office, but that for his own part he could not pass [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] by.

'''[3]''' Once, too, when certain persons were actually accusing [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] to him, the conspiracy being already on foot, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not heed them, but laying his hand upon his body said to the accusers: "Brutus will wait for this shrivelled skin," implying that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was worthy to rule because of his virtue, but that for the sake of ruling he would not become a thankless villain.

'''[4]''' Those, however, who were eager for the change, and fixed their eyes on [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] alone, or on him first, did not venture to talk with him directly, but by night they covered his praetorial tribune and chair with writings, most of which were of this sort: "Thou art asleep, Brutus," or, "Thou art not Brutus."

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] perceived that the ambition of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was somewhat stirred by these things, he was more urgent with him than before, and pricked him on, having himself also some private grounds for hating [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; these I have mentioned in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]]. Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually suspected him, so that he once said to his friends: "What, think ye, doth [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] want? I like him not over much, for he is much too pale." And again, we are told that when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] were accused to him of plotting revolution, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said: "I am not much in fear of these fat, long-haired fellows, but rather of those pale, thin ones," meaning [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]].

==E63 - Omens of Caesar's Death==

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'''[1]''' But destiny, it would seem, is not so much unexpected as it is unavoidable, since they say that amazing signs and apparitions were seen. Now, as for lights in the heavens, crashing sounds borne all about by night, and birds of omen coming down into the [[Roman Forum|forum]], it is perhaps not worth while to mention these precursors of so great an event;

'''[2]''' but [[Strabo]] the philosopher says that multitudes of men all on fire were seen rushing up, and a soldier's slave threw from his hand a copious flame and seemed to the spectators to be burning, but when the flame ceased the man was uninjured; he says, moreover, that when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was sacrificing, the heart of the victim was not to be found, and the prodigy caused fear, since in the course of nature, certainly, an animal without a heart could not exist.

'''[3]''' The following story, too, is told by many. A certain seer warned [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to be on his guard against a great peril on the day of the month of [[March]] which the [[Romans]] call the [[Ides of March]]; and when the day had come and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was on his way to the [[Roman Senate|senate-house]], he greeted the seer with a jest and said: "Well, the Ides of March are come," and the seer said to him softly: "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone."

'''[4]''' Moreover, on the day before, when [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Marcus Lepidus]] was entertaining him at supper, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] chanced to be signing letters, as his custom was, while reclining at table, and the discourse turned suddenly upon the question what sort of death was the best; before any one else could answer [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cried out: "That which is unexpected."

'''[5]''' After this, while he was sleeping as usual by the side of his wife, all the windows and doors of the chamber flew open at once, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], confounded by the noise and the light of the moon shining down upon him, noticed that [[Calpurnia]] was in a deep slumber, but was uttering indistinct words and inarticulate groans in her sleep; for she dreamed, as it proved, that she was holding her murdered husband in her arms and bewailing him.

'''[6]''' Some, however, say that this was not the vision which the woman had; but that there was attached to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] house to give it adornment and distinction, by vote of the senate, a gable-ornament, as [[Livy]] says, and it was this which [[Calpurnia]] in her dreams saw torn down, and therefore, as she thought, wailed and wept.

'''[7]''' At all events, when day came, she begged [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], if it was possible, not to go out, but to postpone the meeting of the senate; if, however, he had no concern at all for her dreams, she besought him to enquire by other modes of divination and by sacrifices concerning the future. And [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] also, as it would appear, was in some suspicion and fear. For never before had he perceived in [[Calpurnia]] any womanish superstition, but now he saw that she was in great distress. And when the seers also, after many sacrifices, told him that the omens were unfavourable, he resolved to send [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and dismiss the senate.

==E64 - Decimus Brutus Urges Caesar to Attend==

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'''[1]''' But at this juncture [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Decimus Brutus]], surnamed Albinus, who was so trusted by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he was entered in his will as his second heir, but was partner in the conspiracy of the other [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], fearing that if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should elude that day, their undertaking would become known,

'''[2]''' ridiculed the seers and chided [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for laying himself open to malicious charges on the part of the senators, who would think themselves mocked at; for they had met at his bidding, and were ready and willing to vote as one man that he should be declared king of the provinces outside of [[Italy]], and might wear a diadem when he went anywhere else by land or sea.

'''[3]''' But if some one should tell them at their session to be gone now, but to come back again when [[Calpurnia]] should have better dreams, what speeches would be made by his enemies, or who would listen to his friends when they tried to show that this was not slavery and tyranny?

'''[4]''' But if he was fully resolved, [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Albinus]] said, to regard the day as inauspicious, it was better that he should go in person and address the senate, and then postpone its business. While saying these things [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus]] took [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] by the hand and began to lead him along. And he had gone but a little way from his door when a slave belonging to some one else, eager to get at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but unable to do so for the press of numbers about him, forced his way into the house, gave himself into the hands of [[Calpurnia]], and bade her keep him secure until [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back, since he had important matters to report to him.

==E65 - Artemidorus's Warning==

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'''[1]''' Furthermore, [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]], [[Cnidus|Cnidian]] by birth, a teacher of [[Greek philosophy]], and on this account brought into intimacy with some of the followers of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], so that he also knew most of what they were doing, came bringing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in a small roll the disclosures which he was going to make; but seeing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took all such rolls and handed them to his attendants, he came quite near, and said: "Read this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], by thyself, and speedily; for it contains matters of importance and of concern to thee."

'''[2]''' Accordingly, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took the roll and would have read it, but was prevented by the multitude of people who engaged his attention, although he set out to do so many times, and holding in his hand and retaining that roll alone, he passed on into the senate. Some, however, say that another person gave him this roll, and that [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]] did not get to him at all, but was crowded away all along the route.

==E66 - The Assassination of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' So far, perhaps, these things may have happened of their own accord; the place, however, which was the scene of that struggle and murder, and in which the senate was then assembled, since it contained a statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and had been dedicated by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] as an additional ornament to his theatre, made it wholly clear that it was the work of some heavenly power which was calling and guiding the action thither.

'''[2]''' Indeed, it is also said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], turning his eyes toward the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] before the attack began, invoked it silently, although he was much addicted to the doctrines of [[Epicureanism|Epicurus]]; but the crisis, as it would seem, when the dreadful attempt was now close at hand, replaced his former cool calculations with divinely inspired emotion.

'''[3]''' Well, then, [[Mark Antony|Antony]], who was a friend of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] and a robust man, was detained outside by [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus Albinus]], who purposely engaged him in a lengthy conversation; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] went in, and the senate rose in his honour. Some of the partisans of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] took their places round the back of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] chair, while others went to meet him, as though they would support the petition which [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius Cimber]] presented to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in behalf of his exiled brother, and they joined their entreaties to his and accompanied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] up to his chair.

'''[4]''' But when, after taking his seat, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] continued to repulse their petitions, and, as they pressed upon him with greater importunity, began to show anger towards one and another of them, [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius]] seized his toga with both hands and pulled it down from his neck. This was the signal for the assault. It was [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]] who gave him the first blow with his dagger, in the neck, not a mortal wound, nor even a deep one, for which he was too much confused, as was natural at the beginning of a deed of great daring;

'''[5]''' so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] turned about, grasped the knife, and held it fast.

'''[6]''' At almost the same instant both cried out, the smitten man in [[Latin language|Latin]]: "Accursed [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]], what doest thou?" and the smiter, in [[Greek language|Greek]], to his brother: "Brother, help!" So the affair began, and those who were not privy to the plot were filled with consternation and horror at what was going on; they dared not fly, nor go to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] help, nay, nor even utter a word. But those who had prepared themselves for the murder bared each of them his dagger, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], hemmed in on all sides, whichever way he turned confronting blows of weapons aimed at his face and eyes, driven hither and thither like a wild beast, was entangled in the hands of all; for all had to take part in the sacrifice and taste of the slaughter.

'''[7]''' Therefore [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] also gave him one blow in the groin. And it is said by some writers that although [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] defended himself against the rest and darted this way and that and cried aloud, when he saw that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] had drawn his dagger, he pulled his toga down over his head and sank, either by chance or because pushed there by his murderers, against the pedestal on which the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] stood. And the pedestal was drenched with his blood, so that one might have thought that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was presiding over this vengeance upon his enemy, who now lay prostrate at his feet, quivering from a multitude of wounds. For it is said that he received twenty-three; and many of the conspirators were wounded by one another, as they struggled to plant all those blows in one body.

==E67 - The Immediate Aftermath==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] thus done to death, the senators, although [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came forward as if to say something about what had been done, would not wait to hear him, but burst out of doors and fled, thus filling the people with confusion and helpless fear, so that some of them closed their houses, while others left their counters and places of business and ran, first to the place to see what had happened, then away from the place when they had seen. [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidus]], the chief friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], stole away and took refuge in the houses of others. But [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans, just as they were, still warm from the slaughter, displaying their daggers bare, went all in a body out of the senate-house and marched to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]], not like fugitives, but with glad faces and full of confidence, summoning the multitude to freedom, and welcoming into their ranks the most distinguished of those who met them.

'''[2]''' Some also joined their number and went up with them as though they had shared in the deed, and laid claim to the glory of it, of whom were [[Gaius Octavius (conspirator)|Caius Octavius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Lentulus Spinther]]. These men, then, paid the penalty for their imposture later, when they were put to death by [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and the young [[Augustus|Caesar]], without even enjoying the fame for the sake of which they died, owing to the disbelief of their fellow men. For even those who punished them did not exact a penalty for what they did, but for what they wished they had done.

'''[3]''' On the next day [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came down and held a discourse, and the people listened to what was said without either expressing resentment at what had been done or appearing to approve of it; they showed, however, by their deep silence, that while they pitied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], they respected [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

'''[4]''' The senate, too, trying to make a general amnesty and reconciliation, voted to give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divine honours and not to disturb even the most insignificant measure which he had adopted when in power; while to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans it distributed provinces and gave suitable honours, so that everybody thought that matters were decided and settled in the best possible manner.

==E68 - Caesar's Funeral and the Riot==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' But when the will of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was opened and it was found that he had given every [[Roman citizen]] a considerable gift, and when the multitude saw his body carried through the [[Roman Forum|forum]] all disfigured with its wounds, they no longer kept themselves within the restraints of order and discipline, but after heaping round the body benches, railings, and tables from the forum, they set fire to them and burned it there; then, lifting blazing brands on high, they ran to the houses of the murderers with intent to burn them down, while others went every whither through the city seeking to seize the men themselves and tear them to pieces. Not one of these came in their way, but all were well barricaded.

'''[2]''' There was a certain [[Gaius Helvius Cinna|Cinna]], however, one of the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who chanced, as they say, to have seen during the previous night a strange vision. He dreamed, that is, that he was invited to supper by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and that when he excused himself, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led him along by the hand, although he did not wish to go, but resisted. Now, when he heard that they were burning the body of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in the forum, he rose up and went thither out of respect, although he had misgivings arising from his vision, and was at the same time in a fever.

'''[3]''' At sight of him, one of the multitude told his name to another who asked him what it was, and he to another, and at once word ran through the whole throng that this man was one of the murderers of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For there was among the conspirators a man who bore this same name of [[Cinna (conspirator)|Cinna]], and assuming that this man was he, the crowd rushed upon him and tore him in pieces among them.

'''[4]''' This more than anything else made [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] afraid, and not many days afterwards they withdrew from the city. What they did and suffered before they died, has been told in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

==E69 - The Death of Brutus and the Avenging of Caesar==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' At the time of his death [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fully fifty-six years old, but he had survived [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] not much more than four years, while of the power and dominion which he had sought all his life at so great risks, and barely achieved at last, of this he had reaped no fruit but the name of it only, and a glory which had awakened envy on the part of his fellow citizens.

'''[2]''' However, the great guardian-genius of the man, whose help he had enjoyed through life, followed upon him even after death as an avenger of his murder, driving and tracking down his slayers over every land and sea until not one of them was left, but even those who in any way soever either put hand to the deed or took part in the plot were punished.

'''[3]''' Among events of man's ordering, the most amazing was that which befell [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]]; for after his defeat at [[Philippi]] he slew himself with that very dagger which he had used against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; and among events of divine ordering, there was the great [[Comet|comet]], which showed itself in great splendour for seven nights after [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] murder, and then disappeared;

'''[4]''' also, the obscuration of the sun's rays. For during all that year its orb rose pale and without radiance, while the heat that came down from it was slight and ineffectual, so that the air in its circulation was dark and heavy owing to the feebleness of the warmth that penetrated it, and the fruits, imperfect and half ripe, withered away and shrivelled up on account of the coldness of the atmosphere.

'''[5]''' But more than anything else the phantom that appeared to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] showed that the murder of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not pleasing to the gods; and it was on this wise.

'''[6]''' As he was about to take his army across from [[Abydos]] to the other continent, he was lying down at night, as his custom was, in his tent, not sleeping, but thinking of the future; for it is said that of all generals [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was least given to sleep, and that he naturally remained awake a longer time than anybody else. And now he thought he heard a noise at the door, and looking towards the light of the lamp, which was slowly going out, he saw a fearful vision of a man of unnatural size and harsh aspect. At first he was terrified, but when he saw that the visitor neither did nor said anything, but stood in silence by his couch, he asked him who he was.

'''[7]''' Then the phantom answered him: "I am thy evil genius, Brutus, and thou shalt see me at [[Philippi]]." At the time, then, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] said courageously: "I shall see thee"; and the heavenly visitor at once went away.

'''[8]''' Subsequently, however, when arrayed against [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Augustus|Caesar]] at [[Philippi]], in the first battle he conquered the enemy in his front, routed and scattered them, and sacked the camp of [[Augustus|Caesar]]; but as he was about to fight the second battle, the same phantom visited him again at night, and though it said nothing to him, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] understood his fate, and plunged headlong into danger. He did not fall in battle, however, but after the rout retired to a crest of ground, put his naked sword to his breast (while a certain friend, as they say, helped to drive the blow home), and so died.

<center><big>The End</big></center>

=Καῖσαρ (Caesar)=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E01 - Caesar and Sulla|1]]==


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| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and when [[Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for Caesar's hatred of Sulla was Caesar's relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of Caesar's father, was the wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius the Elder]], and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], 
'''[2]''' who was therefore Caesar's cousin. Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription|proscriptions]], but he came before the people as candidate for a priesthood, although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses. 
'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, [[Cornelius (soldier of Sulla)|Cornelius]], two talents to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed 
'''[4]''' to [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|King Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]]. With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[Cilician pirates|pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E02 - The Pirates|2]]==


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'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πρῶτον Πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτηθεὶς αἰτηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τάλαντα τάλαντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεγέλασεν κατεγέλασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰδότων εἰδότων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾑρήκοιεν ᾑρήκοιεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡμολόγησε ὡμολόγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δώσειν δώσειν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλον ἄλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλην ἄλλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπέμψας διαπέμψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρημάτων χρημάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πορισμόν πορισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώποις ἀνθρώποις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φονικωτάτοις φονικωτάτοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κίλιξι Κίλιξι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑνὸς ἑνὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φίλου φίλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυοῖν δυοῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκολούθοιν ἀκολούθοιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολελειμμένος ἀπολελειμμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονητικῶς καταφρονητικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πέμπων πέμπων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁσάκις ὁσάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναπαύοιτο ἀναπαύοιτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέταττεν προσέταττεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιωπᾶν σιωπᾶν]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραις ἡμέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τεσσαράκοντα τεσσαράκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυεῖν δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεούσαις δεούσαις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούμενος φρουρούμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δορυφορούμενος δορυφορούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδείας ἀδείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέπαιζε συνέπαιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεγυμνάζετο συνεγυμνάζετο]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιήματα ποιήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράφων γράφων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰς τινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκροαταῖς ἀκροαταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνοις ἐκείνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχρῆτο ἐχρῆτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντας θαυμάζοντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιδεύτους ἀπαιδεύτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαρβάρους βαρβάρους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεκάλει ἀπεκάλει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σὺν σὺν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γέλωτι γέλωτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠπείλησε ἠπείλησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρεμᾶν κρεμᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτούς αὐτούς]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχαιρον ἔχαιρον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφελείᾳ ἀφελείᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὶ τινὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾷ παιδιᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρρησίαν παρρησίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέμοντες νέμοντες]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἧκον ἧκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλήτου Μιλήτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοὺς δοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλοῖα πλοῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πληρώσας πληρώσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλησίων Μιλησίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λιμένος λιμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνήγετο ἀνήγετο]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταλαβὼν καταλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ναυλοχοῦντας ναυλοχοῦντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λείαν λείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποιήσατο ἐποιήσατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Περγάμῳ Περγάμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταθέμενος καταθέμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεσμωτήριον δεσμωτήριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέποντα διέποντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀσίαν Ἀσίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰούνιον Ἰούνιον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσῆκον προσῆκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντι ὄντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῷ στρατηγῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσαι κολάσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαλωκότας ἑαλωκότας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποφθαλμιῶντος ἐποφθαλμιῶντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγα ὀλίγα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰχμαλώτων αἰχμαλώτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκέψεσθαι σκέψεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φάσκοντος φάσκοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολῆς σχολῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαίρειν χαίρειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐάσας ἐάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πέργαμον Πέργαμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾤχετο ᾤχετο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προαγαγὼν προαγαγὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπαντας ἅπαντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεσταύρωσεν ἀνεσταύρωσεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προειρήκει προειρήκει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the [[Cilician pirates|pirates]] demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilicia|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking. 
'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarian|Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all. 
'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as praetor of the province, to 
'''[4]''' punish the captives. But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E03 - Rhodes and Oratory|3]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐκ Ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτου τούτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαραινομένης μαραινομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκοι οἴκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλούντων καλούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπλευσεν ἔπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥόδον Ῥόδον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀπολλώνιον Ἀπολλώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μόλωνος Μόλωνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠκρόατο ἠκρόατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σοφιστεύοντος σοφιστεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανῶς ἐπιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρόπον τρόπον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιεικοῦς ἐπιεικοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκοῦντος δοκοῦντος]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῦναι φῦναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτικοὺς πολιτικοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπονῆσαι διαπονῆσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμότατα φιλοτιμότατα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσιν φύσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτερεῖα δευτερεῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηρίτως ἀδηρίτως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεῖον πρωτεῖον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμει δυνάμει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπλοις ὅπλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσχοληθείς ἀσχοληθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπερ ὅπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσις φύσις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφηγεῖτο ὑφηγεῖτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγειν λέγειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητος δεινότητος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατειῶν στρατειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεκτήσατο κατεκτήσατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξικόμενος ἐξικόμενος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιγραφῇ ἀντιγραφῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραιτεῖται παραιτεῖται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιωτικοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρὸς ἀνδρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντεξετάζειν ἀντεξετάζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥήτορος ῥήτορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐφυοῦς εὐφυοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴν πολλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄγοντος ἄγοντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After this, [[Sulla]]'s power being now on the wane, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius the son of Molon]], an illustrious rhetorician with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political oratory, and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather, 
'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero's ''Cato'', he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E04 - Caesar the Advocate|4]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐπανελθὼν Ἐπανελθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμην Ῥώμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλαν Δολοβέλλαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκρινε ἔκρινε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακώσεως κακώσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπαρχίας ἐπαρχίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλαὶ πολλαὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδος Ἑλλάδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεων πόλεων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρτυρίας μαρτυρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχον παρέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλας Δολοβέλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέφυγε ἀπέφυγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμειβόμενος ἀμειβόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδα Ἑλλάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθυμίας προθυμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγόρησεν συνηγόρησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιον Πόπλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διωκούσῃ διωκούσῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δωροδοκίας δωροδοκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλου Λευκούλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάρκου Μάρκου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μακεδονίας Μακεδονίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦ στρατηγοῦ]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοσούτον τοσούτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσχυσεν ἴσχυσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικαλέσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχους δημάρχους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηψάμενον σκηψάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσον ἴσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδι Ἑλλάδι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνας Ἕλληνας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμῃ Ῥώμῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγορίας συνηγορίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάρις χάρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέλαμπε ἐξέλαμπε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξιώσεις δεξιώσεις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμιλίας ὁμιλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοφροσύνης φιλοφροσύνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὔνοια εὔνοια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημοτῶν δημοτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπήντα ἀπήντα], 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπευτικοῦ θεραπευτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρʼ παρʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡλικίαν ἡλικίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δέ δέ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δείπνων δείπνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τραπέζης τραπέζης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίαιταν δίαιταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρότητος λαμπρότητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐξανομένη αὐξανομένη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρὸν μικρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δύναμις δύναμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φθονοῦντες φθονοῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενοι οἰόμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιλιπόντων ἐπιλιπόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκζηλον ἔκζηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσεσθαι ἔσεσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεώρων περιεώρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθοῦσαν ἀνθοῦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀψὲ ὀψὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾔσθοντο ᾔσθοντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλης μεγάλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσαντρέπτου δυσαντρέπτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαδιζούσης βαδιζούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλων ὅλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβολήν μεταβολήν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδεμίαν οὐδεμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματος πράγματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγητέον ἡγητέον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικράν μικράν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιεῖ ποιεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλην μεγάλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνδελεχὲς ἐνδελεχὲς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονηθῆναι καταφρονηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κωλυθῆναι κωλυθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβοῦσαν λαβοῦσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γοῦν γοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποδέσθαι ὑποδέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθῆναι φοβηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαλάττης θαλάττης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγελῶντα διαγελῶντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπῳ φιλανθρώπῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱλαρῷ ἱλαρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένην κεκρυμμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαθὼν καταμαθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλεγε ἔλεγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπασιν ἅπασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιβουλεύμασιν ἐπιβουλεύμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύμασι πολιτεύμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννικὴν τυραννικὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορᾶν ἐνορᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διάνοιαν διάνοιαν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κόμην κόμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακειμένην διακειμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴδω ἴδω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κἀκεῖνον κἀκεῖνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δακτύλῳ δακτύλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κνώμενον κνώμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοι μοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νοῦν νοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμβαλέσθαι ἐμβαλέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηλικοῦτον τηλικοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακόν κακόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναίρεσιν ἀναίρεσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After his return to [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] he impeached [[Dolabella]] for mal-administration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]]. 
'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the tribunes at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, 
'''[3]''' since he was ingratiating beyond his years. He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on, when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after contempt of them has left them unobstructed. 
'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely [[Cicero]], said that in most of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose. "On the other hand," said he, "when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman Republic|Roman constitution]]." This, it is true, belongs to a later period.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E05 - Caesar’s Popularity|5]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦ Τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμου δήμου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρώτην πρώτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόδειξιν ἀπόδειξιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐνοίας εὐνοίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλαβεν ἔλαβεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γάιον Γάιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ποπλίον Ποπλίον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρίσας ἐρίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὲρ ὑπὲρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλιαρχίας χιλιαρχίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρότερος πρότερος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνηγορεύθη ἀνηγορεύθη]· 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτέραν δευτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανεστέραν καταφανεστέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰουλίας Ἰουλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφιδούς ἀδελφιδούς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὢν ὢν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκώμιόν ἐγκώμιόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρὸν λαμπρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορᾷ ἀγορᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκφορὰν ἐκφορὰν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐτόλμησεν ἐτόλμησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθέσθαι προθέσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφθείσας ὀφθείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολεμίων πολεμίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κριθέντων κριθέντων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνίων ἐνίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβοησάντων καταβοησάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντήχησε ἀντήχησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρῶς λαμπρῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξάμενος δεξάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάσας θαυμάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾍδου ᾍδου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνων χρόνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῶν πολλῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγοντα ἀνάγοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναιξὶ γυναιξὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρεσβυτέραις πρεσβυτέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιταφίους ἐπιταφίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεξιέναι διεξιέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέαις νέαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὂν ὂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔθει ἔθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤνεγκεν ἤνεγκεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάριν χάριν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰ τινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεδημαγώγησε συνεδημαγώγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάθει πάθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὺς πολλοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμερον ἥμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περίμεστον περίμεστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγαπᾶν ἀγαπᾶν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Θάψας Θάψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίας ταμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰβηρίαν Ἰβηρίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῶν στρατηγῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βέτερι Βέτερι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεξῆλθεν συνεξῆλθεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμῶν τιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διετέλεσε διετέλεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρχων ἄρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίαν ταμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησε ἐποίησε]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχῆς ἀρχῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρίτην τρίτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠγάγετο ἠγάγετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχων ἔχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνηλίας Κορνηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυγατέρα θυγατέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίῳ Πομπηίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάγνῳ Μάγνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γαμηθεῖσαν γαμηθεῖσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρώμενος χρώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάναις δαπάναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφειδῶς ἀφειδῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐφήμερον ἐφήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βραχεῖαν βραχεῖαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλων μεγάλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόξαν δόξαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὠνούμενος ὠνούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθείαις ἀληθείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρῶν μικρῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὶν πρὶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχήν ἀρχήν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθίστασθαι καθίστασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλίων χιλίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακοσίων τριακοσίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρεωφειλέτης χρεωφειλέτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντων ταλάντων]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁδοῦ ὁδοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀππίας Ἀππίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειχθεὶς ἀποδειχθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιμελητὴς ἐπιμελητὴς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάμπολλα πάμπολλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσανάλωσε προσανάλωσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομῶν ἀγορανομῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζεύγη ζεύγη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μονομάχων μονομάχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακόσια τριακόσια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλαις ἄλλαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέατρα θέατρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πομπὰς πομπὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεῖπνα δεῖπνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χορηγίαις χορηγίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολυτελείαις πολυτελείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέκλυσε κατέκλυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέθηκε διέθηκε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὰς ἀρχὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητεῖν ζητεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕκαστον ἕκαστον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἷς αἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμείψαιντο ἀμείψαιντο].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The first proof of the people's good will towards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|him]] he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a military tribuneship and was elected over him. 
'''[2]''' A second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]] the deceased wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], he pronounced a splendid encomium upon her in the forum, and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which were then seen for the first time since the administration of [[Sulla]], because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies. When, namely, some cried out against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from Hades, the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling. 
'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to [[Spain]] as quaestor under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]] a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]]. 
'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt. 
'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his aedileship, he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of gladiators, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E06 - Honours for Marius|6]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δυεῖν Δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐσῶν οὐσῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στάσεων στάσεων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένης δυναμένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανῆς Μαριανῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣ ἣ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεπτήχει κατεπτήχει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέσπαστο διέσπαστο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κομιδῇ κομιδῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταπεινὰ ταπεινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράττουσα πράττουσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναρρῶσαι ἀναρρῶσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσαγαγέσθαι προσαγαγέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλόμενος βουλόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομικαῖς ἀγορανομικαῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκμὴν ἀκμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχούσας ἐχούσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησατο ἐποίησατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρυφᾷ κρυφᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Νίκας Νίκας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τροπαιοφόρους τροπαιοφόρους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φέρων φέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτός νυκτός] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνέστησεν ἀνέστησεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεασαμένους θεασαμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρμαίροντα μαρμαίροντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρυσῷ χρυσῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τέχνῃ τέχνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεσκευασμένα κατεσκευασμένα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεδήλου διεδήλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κιμβρικὰ Κιμβρικὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορθώματα κατορθώματα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάμβος θάμβος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσχε ἔσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τόλμης τόλμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναθέντος ἀναθέντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλος ἄδηλος]), [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιιὼν περιιὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθροιζε ἤθροιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντας πάντας] 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώπους ἀνθρώπους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐβόων ἐβόων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννίδα τυραννίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύεσθαι πολιτεύεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νόμοις νόμοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόγμασι δόγμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορωρυγμένας κατορωρυγμένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπανιστάντα ἐπανιστάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμάς τιμάς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεῖραν πεῖραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προμαλαττόμενον προμαλαττόμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τετιθάσευται τετιθάσευται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίδωσι δίδωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοιαῦτα τοιαῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινοτομεῖν καινοτομεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανοὶ Μαριανοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραθαρρύναντες παραθαρρύναντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθει πλήθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμαστοὶ θαυμαστοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅσοι ὅσοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεφάνησαν διεφάνησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξαίφνης ἐξαίφνης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατείχον κατείχον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δάκρυα δάκρυα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεωμένοις θεωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφʼ ὑφʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡδονῆς ἡδονῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγας μέγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκωμίοις ἐγκωμίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρόμενος αἱρόμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντὶ ἀντὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄξιος ἄξιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγγενείας συγγενείας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συναχθείσης συναχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λουτάτιος Λουτάτιος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐδοκιμῶν εὐδοκιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατηγορήσας κατηγορήσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεφθέγξατο ἐπεφθέγξατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μνημονευόμενον μνημονευόμενον]· «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐκέτι Οὐκέτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονόμοις ὑπονόμοις],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηχαναῖς μηχαναῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρεῖ αἱρεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογησάμενος ἀπολογησάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντες θαυμάζοντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπήρθησαν ἐπήρθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεκελεύοντο παρεκελεύοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδενὶ μηδενὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονήματος φρονήματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφίεσθαι ὑφίεσθαι]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκόντι ἑκόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέσεσθαι περιέσεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεύσειν πρωτεύσειν].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of [[Sulla]], which had been all powerful since his day, and that of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] secretly made, together with trophy-bearing Victories, and these he ordered to be carried by night 
'''[2]''' and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]. At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri|Cimbrian]] successes of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together 
'''[3]''' for the sight. But some cried out that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and 
'''[4]''' filled the Capitol with their applause. Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], rose up and denounced [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], uttering the memorable words: "No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government." [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline|7]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐν Ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μετέλλου Μετέλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέως ἀρχιερέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελευτήσαντος τελευτήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερωσύνην ἱερωσύνην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμάχητον περιμάχητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖσαν οὖσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰσαυρικοῦ Ἰσαυρικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλου Κάτλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετιόντων μετιόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανεστάτων ἐπιφανεστάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγίστων μεγίστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένων δυναμένων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐχ οὐχ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπείξεν ὑπείξεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγχωμάλλου ἀγχωμάλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδῆς σπουδῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φαινομένης φαινομένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μείζονος μείζονος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξίας ἀξίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀρρωδῶν ὀρρωδῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηλότητα ἀδηλότητα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέπεμπε προσέπεμπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείθων πείθων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποστῆναι ἀποστῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείω πλείω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσδανεισάμενος προσδανεισάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγωνιεῖσθαι διαγωνιεῖσθαι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τῆς Τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνστάσης ἐνστάσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητρὸς μητρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδακρυτὶ ἀδακρυτὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προπεμπούσης προπεμπούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσπασάμενος ἀσπασάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτήν αὐτήν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὦ Ὦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῆτερ μῆτερ],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τήμερον τήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέα ἀρχιερέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυγάδα φυγάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψει ὄψει].» 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διενεχθείσης διενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψήφου ψήφου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμιλλης ἅμιλλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θρασύτητος θρασύτητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προάξων προάξων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πείσωνα Πείσωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλων Κάτλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾐτιῶντο ᾐτιῶντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φεισάμενον φεισάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίναν Κατιλίναν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβὴν λαβὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντος παρασχόντος]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβαλεῖν μεταβαλεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλην ὅλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνελεῖν ἀνελεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματα πράγματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγχεῖν συγχεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διανοηθείς διανοηθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπεσε ἐξέπεσε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπταίσας περιπταίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλάττοσιν ἐλάττοσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλέγχοις ἐλέγχοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτας ἐσχάτας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὰς βουλὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἀποκαλυφθῆναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λέντλον Λέντλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κέθηγον Κέθηγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαδόχους διαδόχους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέλιπε ἀπέλιπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνωμοσίας συνωμοσίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἷς οἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρύφα κρύφα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεῖχε παρεῖχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάρσους θάρσους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλον ἄδηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστιν ἐστιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κράτος κράτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελεγχθέντων ἐξελεγχθέντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπάτου ὑπάτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρωτῶντος ἐρωτῶντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσεως κολάσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοι ἄλλοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θανατοῦν θανατοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκέλευον ἐκέλευον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφροντισμένον πεφροντισμένον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκτεῖναι ἀποκτεῖναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκρίτους ἀκρίτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξιώματι ἀξιώματι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπροὺς λαμπροὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκαιον δίκαιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτης ἐσχάτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγκης ἀνάγκης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουροῖντο φρουροῖντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεθέντες δεθέντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεσι πόλεσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰταλίας Ἰταλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕληται ἕληται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπολεμηθῇ καταπολεμηθῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρήνῃ εἰρήνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡσυχίαν ἡσυχίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνῶναι γνῶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέξει παρέξει].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus]] were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not give way to them, but 
'''[2]''' presented himself to the people as a rival candidate. The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar's competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Caesar's mother]] accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: "Mother, to-day thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile." 
'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken Caesar prevailed, and thereby made the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him. 
'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far-reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their 
'''[5]''' punishment, the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of [[Italy]] as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E08 - The Conspirators|8]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὕτω Οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμης γνώμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπου φιλανθρώπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανείσης φανείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατῶς δυνατῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥηθέντος ῥηθέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτον τοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνιστάμενοι ἀνιστάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσετίθεντο προσετίθεντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρημένας εἰρημένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπειπάμενοι ἀπειπάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετέστησαν μετέστησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕως ἕως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνα Κάτωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλον Κάτλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῆλθε περιῆλθε]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανικῶς νεανικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐναντιωθέντων ἐναντιωθέντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπόνοιαν ὑπόνοιαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεπερείσαντος συνεπερείσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκατεξαναστάντος συγκατεξαναστάντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρρωμένως ἐρρωμένως], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρες ἄνδρες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούμενοι ἀποθανούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεδόθησαν παρεδόθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξιόντι ἐξιόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούντων φρουρούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέων νέων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυμνὰ γυμνὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ξίφη ξίφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνδραμόντες συνδραμόντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπέσχον ἐπέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κουρίων Κουρίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηβέννῳ τηβέννῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβαλὼν περιβαλὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπεξαγαγεῖν ὑπεξαγαγεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτός αὐτός] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανίσκοι νεανίσκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέβλεψαν προσέβλεψαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνανεῦσαι ἀνανεῦσαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόνον φόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδικον ἄδικον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παράνομον παράνομον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγούμενος ἡγούμενος]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦτο Τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶδα οἶδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴπερ εἴπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθές ἀληθές], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατείας ὑπατείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγραψεν ἔγραψεν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτίαν αἰτίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντι παρασχόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρησάμενος χρησάμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειλιάσας ἀποδειλιάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπερφυῶς ὑπερφυῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεχόμενον περιεχόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅς ὅς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γε γε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετʼ μετʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγας ὀλίγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὴν βουλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσελθόντος εἰσελθόντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποψίαις ὑποψίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογουμένου ἀπολογουμένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτοντος περιπίπτοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θορύβοις θορύβοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πονηροῖς πονηροῖς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπειδὴ ἐπειδὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείων πλείων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνήθους συνήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγίγνετο ἐγίγνετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθέζομένης καθέζομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπῆλθε ἐπῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῆς κραυγῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέστη περιέστη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιτῶν ἀπαιτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύων κελεύων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὸ διὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτων Κάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόρων ἀπόρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεωτερισμόν νεωτερισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παντὸς παντὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπέκκαυμα ὑπέκκαυμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθους πλήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλπίδας ἐλπίδας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχοντες ἔχοντες], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπονείμαι ἀπονείμαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιτηρέσιον σιτηρέσιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔμμηνον ἔμμηνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάνης δαπάνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑπτακόσιαι ἑπτακόσιαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μυριάδες μυριάδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνιαύσιοι ἐνιαύσιοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσεγίγνοντο προσεγίγνοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλώμασι ἀναλώμασι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέντοι μέντοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγαν μέγαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρόντι παρόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσβεσε ἔσβεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφανῶς περιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολίτευμα πολίτευμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλεῖστον πλεῖστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέρριψε ἀπέρριψε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεσκέδασεν διεσκέδασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγεῖν στρατηγεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέλλοντος μέλλοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβερωτέρου φοβερωτέρου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. 
'''[2]''' These warmly opposed Caesar's proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner, and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice. 
'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterwards, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go. 
'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar's power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E09 - The Bona Dea|9]]==


{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; border-collapse:collapse; border:0; background:transparent;"
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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐ Οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴν μὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέβη ἀπέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταραχώδες ταραχώδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπʼ ἀπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τύχη τύχη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄχαρις ἄχαρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέβη συνέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶκον οἶκον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιος Πόπλιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐπατρίδης εὐπατρίδης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλούτῳ πλούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρός λαμπρός], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβόητων περιβόητων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδενὸς οὐδενὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεύτερος δεύτερος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤρα ἤρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκούσης ἀκούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυλακαί φυλακαί] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικωνίτιδος γυναικωνίτιδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκριβείς ἀκριβείς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥ ἥ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτηρ μήτηρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σώφρων σώφρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέπουσα περιέπουσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαλεπὴν χαλεπὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακεκινδυνευμένην παρακεκινδυνευμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίει ἐποίει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔντευξιν ἔντευξιν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἔστι Ἔστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεὸς θεὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀγαθὴν Ἀγαθὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀνομάζουσιν ὀνομάζουσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γυναικείαν Γυναικείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φρύγες Φρύγες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκειούμενοι οἰκειούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μίδα Μίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρα μητέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βασιλέως βασιλέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φασί φασί], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δρυάδα Δρυάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φαύνῳ Φαύνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνοικήσασαν συνοικήσασαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Διονύσου Διονύσου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρων μητέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρητον ἄρρητον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμπελίνοις ἀμπελίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηνὰς σκηνὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κλήμασιν κλήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτάζουσαι ἑορτάζουσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατερέφουσι κατερέφουσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δράκων δράκων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερὸς ἱερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακαθίδρυται παρακαθίδρυται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεῷ θεῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῦθον μῦθον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσελθεῖν προσελθεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέμις θέμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδʼ οὐδʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίας οἰκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερῶν ἱερῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀργιαζομένων ὀργιαζομένων]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐταὶ αὐταὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὰς ἑαυτὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὰ πολλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὀρφικοῖς Ὀρφικοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμολογοῦντα ὁμολογοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δρᾶν δρᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγονται λέγονται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερουργίαν ἱερουργίαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτῆς ἑορτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθήκῃ καθήκῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατεύοντος ὑπατεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦντος στρατηγοῦντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρός ἀνδρός], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξίσταται ἐξίσταται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρεν ἄρρεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραλαβοῦσα παραλαβοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακοσμεῖ διακοσμεῖ]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτωρ νύκτωρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελεῖται τελεῖται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾶς παιδιᾶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναμεμιγμένης ἀναμεμιγμένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παννυχίσι παννυχίσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μουσικῆς μουσικῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρούσης παρούσης].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, 
'''[2]''' but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time. This man was in love with [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] the wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women's apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar's mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview. 
'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character. 
'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or [[praetor]] at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E10 - Clodius and Pompeia|10]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταύτην Ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτὴν ἑορτὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτελούσης ἐπιτελούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔπω οὔπω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενειῶν γενειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λήσειν λήσειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενος οἰόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσθῆτα ἐσθῆτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκευὴν σκευὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψαλτρίας ψαλτρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλαβὼν ἀναλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔρχεται ἔρχεται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέα νέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὶ γυναικὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκώς εἰκώς]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύραις θύραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτυχὼν ἐπιτυχὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεῳγμέναις ἀνεῳγμέναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσήχθη εἰσήχθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδεῶς ἀδεῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνειδυίας συνειδυίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπαινίδος θεραπαινίδος], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προδραμούσης προδραμούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίᾳ Πομπηίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φράσειε φράσειε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διατριβῆς διατριβῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένει περιμένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπου ὅπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατελείφθη κατελείφθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καρτεροῦντι καρτεροῦντι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανωμένῳ πλανωμένῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίᾳ οἰκίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλῃ μεγάλῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφεύγοντι περιφεύγοντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσπεσοῦσα προσπεσοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλίας Αὐρηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίξειν παίξειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προὐκαλεῖτο προὐκαλεῖτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλομένου βουλομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέσον μέσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷλκε εἷλκε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τίς τίς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστι ἐστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόθεν πόθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπυνθάνετο ἐπυνθάνετο]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φήσαντος φήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἄβραν Ἄβραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένειν περιμένειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸ αὐτὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλουμένην καλουμένην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῇ φωνῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένου γενομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανοῦς καταφανοῦς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπήδησε ἀπεπήδησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῇ κραυγῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄχλον ὄχλον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφωρακέναι πεφωρακέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βοῶσα βοῶσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπτοηθείσων διαπτοηθείσων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄργια ὄργια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῦ θεοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέπαυσε κατέπαυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεκάλυψε συνεκάλυψε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὴ αὐτὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκλεῖσαι ἀποκλεῖσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύσασα κελεύσασα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῄει περιῄει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπάδων λαμπάδων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητοῦσα ζητοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὑρίσκεται εὑρίσκεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκημα οἴκημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδίσκης παιδίσκης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεισῆλθε συνεισῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπεφευγώς καταπεφευγώς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανερὸς φανερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελαύνεται ἐξελαύνεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυρῶν θυρῶν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτὸς νυκτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπιοῦσαι ἀπιοῦσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὑτῶν αὑτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφραζον ἔφραζον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδράσι ἀνδράσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραν ἡμέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεως πόλεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀθεσμοῖς ἀθεσμοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικεχειρηκότος ἐπικεχειρηκότος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑβρισμένοις ὑβρισμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῖς θεοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφείλοντος ὀφείλοντος]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγράψατο ἐγράψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷς εἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχων δημάρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσεβείας ἀσεβείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέστησαν συνέστησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατώτατοι δυνατώτατοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλας ἄλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινὰς δεινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσελγείας ἀσελγείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαρτυροῦντες καταμαρτυροῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοιχείαν μοιχείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφῆς ἀδελφῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλῳ Λευκούλλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνῴκει συνῴκει]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδὰς σπουδὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιτάξας ἀντιτάξας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὸν ἑαυτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμυνε ἥμυνε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστὰς δικαστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄφελος ὄφελος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκπεπληγμένους ἐκπεπληγμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεδοικότας δεδοικότας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλῆθος πλῆθος]. 
'''[6]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψατο ἀπεπέμψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάρτυς μάρτυς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κληθεὶς κληθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲν οὐδὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λεγομένων λεγομένων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γινώσκειν γινώσκειν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραδόξου παραδόξου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανέντος φανέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατήγορος κατήγορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠρώτησε ἠρώτησε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πῶς Πῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψω ἀπεπέμψω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα];» «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὅτι Ὅτι],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμὴν ἐμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠξίου ἠξίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδὲ μηδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονοηθῆναι ὑπονοηθῆναι].» 
'''[7]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταῦτα Ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονοῦντα φρονοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγουσιν λέγουσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰπεῖν εἰπεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαριζόμενον χαριζόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡρμημένον ὡρμημένον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σῴζειν σῴζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποφεύγει ἀποφεύγει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγκλημα ἔγκλημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστῶν δικαστῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκεχυμένοις συγκεχυμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδιδόντων ἀποδιδόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακινδυνεύσωσιν παρακινδυνεύσωσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταψηφισάμενοι καταψηφισάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολύσαντες ἀπολύσαντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδοξήσωσι ἀδοξήσωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] was celebrating this festival, and [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodius]], who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret; 
'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came. 
'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia's [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius. 
'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed sacrilege and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods. 
'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude. 
'''[6]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” 
'''[7]''' Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius. At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him, nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.
|}

Sulla

2026-11-09T13:10:17Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: Demoted to redirection page

#REDIRECT [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]]

User:AnthonyPvanDuyn

2026-11-09T13:09:15Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* Personalities */

I am a history buff with a particular eye to prophetic interactions. My library is filled with original sources and my hobby is logically pouring over them and discussion that follows thereafter each discovery or challenge. I have basically taken the approach of adding references (mostly original source) to the list below as I go; if we all did that we would have some really great material and eventually have some great resources. We might even get some fresh insights ;)

I maintain my own BitChute channel "The New Loud Cry".

Compoundingly I have a family with six children. If that wasn't enough I have a bricks and mortar retail / service business on a significant city's waterfront esplanade in the tropical far north regions of Australia.

I started editing Conservapedia after a particular run-in with the editors at Wikipedia who were solely interested in maintaining their point of view regardless of the evidence and sources; meanwhile they would accuse my very well referenced work of being 'Original Research' while they maintained their position by twisting authors words to be different from what was written in context! Thus I decided it was pointless as the staff at ''The Ministry of Truth'' were too active in their use of the ''Memory Hole''.

=Major Edits to Date=
* Created page [[Ahasuerus]] with MAJOR work and referencing
* Created page [[Essay: Date of Jesus Crucifixion]]
* Created page [[Commentary: Daniel 11, Anthony's Historicist Study Aid]] (+25,000 words, lifetime of study)
* Created page [[Cambyses II]] as a stub
* Created page [[Belshazzar]] as a stub
* Created page [[Cyropaedia]]
* Created page [[Darius the Mede]] with significant work
* Created page [[Behistun (inscription)]]
* Created page [[Cyaxares I]] as a stub
* Created page [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]].
* Created page [[Nidintu-Bel]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Naditabaira]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Nebuchadnezzar III]] originally as a redirection but turned into main article
* Ported page [[Cyrus]] to [[Cyrus II the Great]]
* Created page [[Crestonaean]]
* Created page [[Sigynnae]]
* Created page [[Otanes]]
* Created page [[Triballi]]
* Majorly overhauled [[Gypsies]] and redirected page [[Sigynnae]] to [[Gypsies]]
* Created page [[Nabonidas]] as a stub then as a redirection to [[Nabonidus]]
* Created page [[Labynetus]] as a redirection to [[Nabonidus]]
* Created page [[Pope John I]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Philapator]] as a significant article
* Reworked the entire article for [[Arianism]]
* Created page [[Semiramis]] with significant content and references
* Created page [[Victoria (goddess)]]
* Created page [[Sisithrus]] as a redirection page to [[Noah]]
* Created page [[Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period]]
* Major rework and expansion of page [[Justin Martyr]]
* Created page [[Cochome]]
* Created page [[Cambridge Ancient History]]
* Created page [[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]
* Created page [[Oliver Cormwell]]
* Created page [[Duke of Savoy]]
* Created page [[Punctuation Guide]]
* Created pages [[Em-dash]], [[En-dash]] and [[Hyphen]] as feeds into the [[Punctuation Guide]]
* Created page [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Justus Jonas]]
* Created page [[Dionysius (disambiguation)]]
* Created page [[Dionysius the Areopagite]]
* Created page [[Esdras (disambiguation)]]
* Created page [[Andreas Karlstadt]]
* Created page [[National Archives and Records Administration]]
* Created page [[William J. Stone]]
* Created page [[Naaman]]
* Created page [[The Institute for the Works of Religion]] with redirection pages of [[IOR]] and [[Vatican Bank]]
* Created page [[Sol Invictus]]
* Created page [[Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius]]
* Created page [[Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation]]
* Created page [[Jakob Schenk]]
* Created page [[Chancel]]
* Created page [[Jean-Henri Merle d’Aubigné]]
* Created page [[The Table-Talk of Martin Luther]] and a redirection page [[Table Talk (Luther)]]
* Created page [[Zeno]] having ported away the original contents to [[Zeno of Elea]]
* Created page [[Anastasius I Dicorus]]
* Created page [[Battle of Raphia]]
* Created page [[Forklift Truck]] and matching redirection page [[Forklift]] with significant artwork generation.
* Created page [[Antipater I of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Antipater]]
* Created page [[Albert Barnes (theologian)]] with matching redirection page of [[Albert Barnes]]
* Created page [[Matthew Poole]]
* Created page [[Pulpit Commentary]]
* Created page [[Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges]]
* Created page [[Joseph Benson]]
* Created page [[Dianna (goddess)]]
* Created page [[Diadem]]
* Created page [[Erich S. Gruen]]
* Created page [[Justin I]]
* Created page [[Caesar's civil war]]
* Rewrote [[Transliteration]] as stub was competely wrong and added [[Transliterated]] and [[Transliterate]] as redirection pages.
* Created page [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
* Created page [[Harvard University Press]]
* Created page [[Loeb Classical Library]]
* Created page [[Perseus Digital Library]]
* Created page [[William Heinemann]]
* Created page [[Romulus[[
* Created page [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio]]

==Conservapedia's Original Source Project==
===Created Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel===
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 1]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 2]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 3]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 4]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 5]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 6]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 7]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 8]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 9]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 10]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 11]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 12]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 13]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Sir Isaac Newton - Observations on Daniel, Chapter 14]]

===Created Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk===
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 00]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 01]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 02]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 03]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 04]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 05]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 06]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 07]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 08]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 09]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 10]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 11]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 12]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 13]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 14]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 15]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 16]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 17]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 18]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 19]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 20]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 21]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 22]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 23]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 24]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 25]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 26]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 27]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 28]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 29]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 30]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 31]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 32]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 33]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 34]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 35]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 36]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 37]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 38]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 39]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 40]]
* Created page [[Original Source: Dr. Martin Luther - Table Talk, Chapter 41]]

===Created Original Souce: United States Congress===
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Joint Resolution Proposing Twelve Amendments, 1789]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Bill of Rights]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Constitution of the United States]]
* Created page [[Original Source: United States Congress - Amendments to the Constitution]]

==Bible Related==
* Created page [[Syrian Regional Regnal Reckoning]]
* Created page [[James Strong (theologian)]]
* Created page [[Strong's Concordance]]
* Created page [[MT]] as a redirection to [[Masoretic Text]]

==Babylonian==
* Created page [[Dagon (god)]]
* Created page [[Nabuchodonosor]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Nabopollasar]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Belus (god)]] as a stub
* Created page [[Bel]] as a redirect page
* Created page [[Labashi-Marduk]] as a stub with info pannel
* Created page [[Amal-Marduk]] porting and editing [[Evil-Merodach]] and turning that page into a redirection
* Created page [[Neriglissar]] as a stub with redirection pages [[Niglissar]] and [[Nergal-sharezer]]
* Created page [[Ninus]] as a redirection to [[Nimrod]]
* Significant edits and Original Source references added to [[Nimrod]]
* Created page [[Marduk]]
* Created page [[Bel]] as a redirection to [[Marduk]]

==Medo-Persian==
* Created page [[Croesus of Lydia]]
* Created page [[Second Persian Invasion of Greece]]
* Major overhaul to page [[Battle of Salamis]]
* Created page [[Darius I the Great]] porting the old [[Darius I]] contents unchanged to it
* Created page [[Artaxerxes III Ochus]] as a stub
* Created page [[Artaxerxes I Longimanus]] as a stub with image
* Created page [[Xerxes I The Great]] porting information from [[Xerxes]], turning that page into a disambiguation page.
* Created page [[Xerxes II and Sogdianus]] crafting to a nearly complete stage.
* Created page [[Darius II]] as a stub
* Created page [[Cyrus I]] as a stub
* Significant contributor to [[Darius I]]
* Created page [[Cyaxares II]] with major edits
* Expanded page [[Medes]].
* Created page [[Astyages]] with significant works.
* Created page [[Hystaspas]] with references
* Created page [[Smerdis]] with references and language text
* Created page [[False Smerdis]] with references and language text

==Ancient Greece==
===Personalities===
* Created page [[Cassander]] as stub
* Created page [[Wars of the Diadochi]] as a stub
* Significant contributor to [[Olympias]]
* Significant contributor to [[Ptolemy I Soter]]
* Significant contributor to [[Diadochi]]
* Created page [[Philip III of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]]
* Created page [[Battle of Salamis in Cyprus]]
* Created page [[Philip V of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Omphalos]]
* Created page [[Laodice I]]
* Created page [[Berenice Phernophorus]]
* Created page [[Lysippos]]
* Created page [[Lysimachus]]
* Created page [[Polyperchon]]
* Created page [[Agread Dynasty]]
* Created page [[Alexander IV of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Barsine]]
* Created page [[Heracles of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Antiochus I Soter]]
* Created page [[Antiochus II Theos]]
* Created page [[Antiochus III the Great]]
* Created page [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]]
* Created page [[Seleucus]] with significant edits, later turned to a redirection page.
* Created page [[Seleucus I Nicator]] as the final home for this data on Seleucus the Victor.
* Created page [[Seleucus II Callinicus]]
* Created page [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] as a stub
* Created page [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]]

===Culture===
* Created page [[Canon of Ptolemy]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Ptolemy's Canon]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Berossus the Chaldean]]
* Created page [[Megasthenes]]

==Ancient Rome==
===Culture===
* Created page [[Roman Imperial Cult]]
* Created page [[Cursus Honorum]]
* Created page [[Aedile]]
* Created page [[Curule Chair]]
* Created page [[Flamen]]
* Created page [[Agnomen]] as a complete product that should need no revision.
* Created page [[Cognomen]] as a complete product that should need no revision.
* Created page [[Nomen gentilicium]].
* Created page [[Gens]] as a stub article
* Created page [[Appian of Alexandria]]

===Personalities===
* Created page [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* Redirected [[Julius Caesar]] to [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] for greater accuracy.
* Major overhaul [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* Created page [[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus]] as a redirection page to [[Augustus Caesar]].
* Changed page [[Gaius Octavius]] from being a redirection to [[Augustus Caesar]] into a seperate page due to naming confusion to specify Octavian's biological father.
* Created page [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* Demoted page [[Crassus]] into a redirection page to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]
* Created page [[Procopius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)]]
* Created page [[Caesar’s Expeditions to Britain]]
* Created page [[Flavius Belisarius]] porting the original page [[Belisarius]] and turning the original into a redirection page
* Created page [[Flavia Julia Helena Augusta]] as a stub
* Created page [[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus]] as a stub
* Later created page [[Justin (historian)]] as the main page and redirected [[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus]]
* Created page [[Valerius Maximus]] for improved reference quality, side effect of SEO Authority and Trust Signal improvement.
* Created page [[Athenaeus]]
* Created page [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]]
* Created page [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]] with [[Sulla]] redirection

===Religion, War & Politics===
* Created page [[Gallic Wars]]
* Created page [[Third Mithridatic War]]
* Created page [[Hasmonean Civil War]]
* Created page [[First Triumvirate]] as a redirection page to [[Triumvirate]]
* Created page [[Second Triumvirate]] as a redirection page to [[Triumvirate]]
* Created page [[First Jewish-Roman War]]

===Medievil Period===
* Created page [[Patrologia Latina]]
* Created page [[Patrologia Graeca]]
* Created page [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
* Created page [[Henrietta Maria]]

==Modern Period==
* Created page [[Thomas Moore]]
* Created page [[Austerity]]
* Created page [[Structural Adjustment Programs]]
* Created page [[Operation AJAX]]
* Created page [[Operation BOOT]]
* Created page [[5th Generation Warfare]]
* Created page [[Stratesec]]
* Created page [[Casus Belli]]
* Created page [[MQ-9 Reaper]]
* Created page [[Law of Guarantees]]
* Created page [[Bitchute]] with some programming examples for users
* Created page [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]]

==SEO - Search Engine Optimisation==
* Created page [[Search Engine Optimization]]
* Created page [[SEO Trust Signals]]
* Created page [[SEO Authority Signals]]
* Created page [[SEO E‑E‑A‑T Standard]]
* Created page [[SEO Checklist for Editors]]
* Created page [[Domain Authority]]
* Created page [[Internal Linking]]
* Created page [[Internal Links]] as a redirection to [[Internal Linking]]
* Created pages [[Authority signals]] and [[Trust signals]] as redriections to [[SEO Authority Signals]] and [[SEO Trust Signals]]

* Created page [[Conservapedia’s Original Source Project]] as a policy guide for active SEO improvement

==Geography==
* Created page [[Po Valley]]
* Created page [[Ionian Gulf]] as an explanation from the works of [[Arrian]].
* Created page [[Erythrean sea]]
* Created page [[Gallikos (river)]] with redirection pages of [[Galliko]], [[Cheidorus]] & [[Echidorus]] as redirection pages
* Created page [[Ister]] being an ancient name, as a redirection page to [[Danube]]
* Created page [[Vardar (river)]], and redirection pages of [[Axios (river)]]
* I ported [[River Vardar]]'s information before turning that page into a redirection, as well as including [[Vardar river]].
* Created pages [[Woolsthorpe]] and [[Woolsthorpe, UK]] as a redirection to [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]]
* Created page [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]]
* Created page [[Kensignton, UK]] with a feed redirection page [[Kensington]]
* Created page [[Cappadocia]]
* Created page [[Eisleben]]
* Created page [[Karlstadt, Germany]]

==Significant edits to date==
* More direct introduction to [[Liberal arts]]
* Added section "Education" to [[Alexander the Great]]
* Significant contributions to [[Kingdom of Judah]] - ''Later History''
* Significant contributions to [[Tower of Babel]]
* Reworked [[Nimrod]] with referencing
* Reworked [[Noah]]
* Modifications to [[Red Sea]]
* Reworked [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
* Significant addition of the Etymology section to [[Amal-Marduk]] and overal rework
* Significant rework of introduction and info-panel to [[Augustus Caesar]]
* Info panel for [[Alexander the Great]]
* New section inside [[International Monetary Fund]] on [[International Monetary Fund#Political Influence Over Governance|Political Influence]] and [[International Monetary Fund#Austerity Measures and Structural Adjustment Programs|SAPs / Austerity]].
* Added new section inside [[Osama Bin Laden]] entitled [[Osama Bin Laden#In Prophecy|''In Prophecy'']]
* Added new mini section [[Arab Spring#In Prophecy]] plus two images.
* Added new section to [[Libya#Ancient Libya]] detailing ancient usage
* Significant expansion of article [[Asymmetry]]
* Significant rewrite of [[Hosni Mubarak]]
* Demoted [[Justinian]] to a redirection page and ported to new page [[Justinain I]]

==Minor edits to date==
* added ancient name ''Ister'' to [[Danube]]
* expanded [[Battle of Chaeronea]]
* expanded [[Crucifixion]]
* Created [[Evil-Marduk]] and [[Awil-Marduk]] as a redirection pages]]
* Created [[Nergalsharezeror]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Laborosoarchodus]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Nebuchodonosor]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Evilmerodachus]] as a redirection page
* Create page [[Neriglissoorus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Nabonnedus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Evilmaluruchus]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Neriglisares]] as a redirection page
* Created [[Kyros]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Gaius Octavius Thurinus]] as a redirection page
* Edited the Stub article "Historicism" to add section [[Historicism]] (Religious).
* Minor changes to [[Masoretic Text]]
* Created page [[The day the world changed]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[Bush, George W]] as a redirection page
* Created page [[DCA]] as a redirection to [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]]
* Created page [[Al-Qauda]] as a redirect to [[Al Qaeda]]
* Demoted page [[Fifth-generation warfare]] to a redirection page to [[5th Generation Warfare]] ensuring to port its ideas and concepts
* Created page [[5GW]] as a redirection to [[5th Generation Warfare]]
* Created page [[Joseph Ratzinger]] as a redirection
* Created page [[Darius the Great]] as a redirection to [[Darius I the Great]]
* Created page [[Xerxes the Great]] as a redirection to [[Xerxes I The Great]]
* Created page [[Diodorus]] as a redirection to [[Diodorus Siculus]]
* Created page [[Consulship]] as a redirection ot [[Consul]]
* Created page [[Caesar's Invasion of Britain]] as a redirection to [[Caesar’s Expeditions to Britain]]
* Created page [[Caesar, Gaius Julius]] as a redirection to [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] for referencing purposes and SEO structure and trust signal improvement
* Created page [[Hieronymus]] as a redirection page to [[Jerome]]
* Created page [[Newton, Isaac]] as a redirection to [[Isaac Newton]] for referencing purposes and SEO structure and trust signal improvement
* Created page [[Philip III Arrhidaeus]] as a redirection to [[Philip III of Macedon]]
* Created page [[Demetrius the Besieger]] as a redirection to [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]]
* Created page [[Securacom]] as a redirection to [[Stratesec]]
* Created page [[Procopius]] as a redirection to [[Procopius of Caesarea]]
* Created page [[Appian]] as a redirection to [[Appian of Alexandria]]
* Created pages [[Pompey Carnifex]] and [[Pompey Magnus]] as redirection pages to [[Pompey the Great]]
* Created page [[Antiochus the Great]] as a redirection page to [[Antiochus III the Great]]

=Carts Produced=
[[File:Medo-Persia - Achaemid Family Tree - inc Otanes & Cyaxares II.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Manufactured in by myself in InDesign]]
[[File:Egypt - Government Debt to GDP Chart 1970-2024.png|300px|thumb|right]]
[[File:1,335, 1,290 & 1,260 Prophecies Timeline - RGB High 300ppi PD.png|300px|right]]

=Images Produced=
[[File:Arch of Titus reinterpreted in an oil painting style - 150ppi - RGB - PD.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Oil styled reinterpretation of the Menorah Relif on the [[Arch of Titus]]. Produced for [[Conservapedia]].]]
[[File:Battle of Raphia 217 BC - Elephants - Seleucid - Ptolemian - 150ppi RGB - PD.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Riots in the streets of Greek city of Alexandria, Egypt in 204 BC - 150ppi RGB - PD.jpg|350px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Stop - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Dog Everything - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Raise the Tines - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Lower the Tines - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Tines in Direction - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Mast Forward - RGB High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]
[[File:Hand Signs - Forklift - Mast Backward - RGM High 96ppi CC.jpg|300px|right]]

=Images Uploaded=
==Greek Period==
[[File:R9npZoqtD4HA 640x360.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Title slide for Daniel 11:2 video ported from Bitchute]]
[[File:0tMVCzzdoZkO 640x360.jpg|250px|thumb|right]Title slide for Daniel 11:2 video ported from Bitchute]]
[[File:Seleucus I Nicitor - commemorative coin by his son King Antiochus I - A - Horns on his Head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ported and reformatted from WikiMedia Commons|200px|right|Commemorative coin of Antiochus I depicting his now late father [[Seleucus I Nicitor]] with horns to depict him as a national hero.]]
[[File:Seleucus I Nicitor - commemorative coin by his son King Antiochus I - B - Apollo sitting on the Omphalos and holding his bow of Divine order.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Apollo sitting on the Omphalos an holding his bow of Divine order reading: "Antiochus"]]
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter Coin Side A Bust.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Ptolemy I Soter]] ported from [[WikiMedia Commons]].]]
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter - Coin - Side B - ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ - Eagle clutches Lightning.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Coin of [[Ptolemy I Soter]] depicing [[Zeus]] clutching his lightning.]]
[[File:Kingdoms of the Successors of Alexander - Library of Congress Call Number 2013593022 - Weller, Edward, London, 1884 - 72ppi.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Map of the domains of the four succeeding kingdoms of [[Alexander the Great]] taken from the [[Library of Congress]].]]
[[File:Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator period(BC280).png|200px|right|thumb|Map of the domains of the four succeeding kingdoms of [[Alexander the Great]] taken from the [[Library of Congress]].]]
[[File:Antiochos I Soter tetradrachm obverse.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Coin depicting head of [[Antiochus I Soter]].]]
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[[File:Ptolemy II Philadelphus - Bust - 96ppi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Bust generally believed to be [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]].]]
[[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes - Bronze Coin - A - Head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ptolemy III.]]
[[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes - Bronze Coin - B - Zeus as Eagle and Serpent as Agathos Daimon, the good spirit of Alexandria.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ptolemy III, icon of Zeus and the Serpent of Alexandria.]]
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==Roman Period==
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==Modern Period==
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[[File:Pio IX Blessing Troops just before fall of Rome - Saint Peter Square 1870 MR.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Pope Pius IX blessing the troops just prior to the fall of Rome, 1870.]]
[[File:Carlo Ademollo - The breach of Porta Pia in Rome September 20 - MeisterDrucke-1119802-Public Domain since 1981.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Painting by Carlo Ademollo of the breach of Porta Pia in Rome, 20 Sep 1870.]]
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[[File:United States Congress - Bill of Rights - High 225ppi PD.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Bill of Rights]].]]
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Lucius Cornelius Cinna

2026-11-09T13:08:01Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: Page Creation

'''Lucius Cornelius Cinna''' (died 84 BC) was a Roman politician and military commander who served as [[Roman consul|consul]] for four successive years, from 87 to 84 BC. A prominent supporter of [[Gaius Marius]] and opponent of [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], he became the dominant political figure in the [[Roman Republic]] during Sulla's absence in the East. After being expelled from Rome during his first consulship, Cinna raised an army in Italy, allied himself with Marius, and returned to capture the capital. His subsequent government, commonly known as the Cinnan regime, attempted to restore political stability and address the economic and constitutional problems arising from the [[Social War]] and the preceding civil conflicts. He was the father of [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]], who married [[Gaius Julius Caesar]], and of the later praetor [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna (praetor 44 BC)]].<ref>Ernst Badian, "Cornelius Cinna (1), Lucius, Roman consul, 87 BCE," ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', 2016; Michael Lovano, ''The Age of Cinna: Crucible of Late Republican Rome'' (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002).</ref>

{| style="float:right; width:350px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; padding:8px;" | Lucius Cornelius Cinna
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-style:italic; padding:4px;" | Roman statesman and military commander
|-
! style="width:34%; text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Born
| Unknown
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Died
| 84 BC, during an army mutiny
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Family
| [[Gens Cornelia]] (patrician)
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Political allies
| [[Gaius Marius]], [[Quintus Sertorius]], [[Gnaeus Papirius Carbo]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Political opponents
| [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], [[Gnaeus Octavius]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Occupation
| Politician, military commander
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Office
| Consul, 87, 86, 85 and 84 BC
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Known for
| Leadership of the Marian faction and the Cinnan regime
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Children
| [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]]; [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna (praetor 44 BC)]]
|}

==Early Life and Military Career==

Cinna belonged to the patrician [[gens Cornelia]], one of the established aristocratic families of the Roman Republic. Although his family possessed patrician status, it had not recently achieved particular political distinction. The surviving historical record provides little information concerning his childhood or early personal life.

Cinna first appears prominently during the [[Social War]] (91–88 BC), when Rome fought against its Italian allies seeking Roman citizenship and greater political equality. He served as a military commander of praetorian rank and was successful in campaigns against the Italian forces. Livy's surviving epitome records that the Roman commanders Cinna and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius]] defeated the [[Marsi]], compelling them to seek peace.<ref>Livy, ''Periochae'', 76.4; Ernst Badian, "Cornelius Cinna (1), Lucius, Roman consul, 87 BCE," ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'' (2016).</ref>

The experience of the Social War was important in shaping the political circumstances of Cinna's subsequent career. The conflict had resulted in the extension of Roman citizenship to large sections of the Italian population, but questions concerning their registration and voting rights remained unresolved.

Cinna eventually became associated with the political faction led by [[Gaius Marius]], whose earlier military successes had made him one of the most influential figures in Roman politics.

==First Consulship and Conflict with Octavius==

In 87 BC, Cinna was elected consul alongside [[Gnaeus Octavius]]. The political circumstances were exceptionally unstable. The preceding year, [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] had marched his legions upon Rome, establishing control over the capital before departing for the East to conduct the [[First Mithridatic War]] against [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]].

Sulla had imposed a series of political measures designed to strengthen the authority of the Senate and reverse the reforms promoted by his opponents. According to [[Plutarch]], Cinna had sworn before Sulla's departure that he would respect these arrangements. Plutarch relates that Cinna even took a stone in his hand during the oath, declaring that he should be expelled from Rome like the stone if he broke his promise. Nevertheless, shortly after entering office, Cinna began promoting the reversal of Sulla's political settlement.<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Sulla'', 10.3–4.</ref>

One of Cinna's principal objectives was to secure more equitable political representation for the Italian citizens who had recently acquired Roman citizenship. Although these Italians had formally become Roman citizens, their allocation among the voting tribes substantially restricted their influence in electoral assemblies. Cinna sought to distribute the new citizens among all 35 tribes, thereby giving them a more meaningful share in Roman political life. His proposals also included the redistribution of freedmen among the tribes and the recall of political exiles associated with the Marian faction.<ref>Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.64–66; T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. II (1952), entry for 87 BC.</ref>

These proposals encountered determined opposition from his consular colleague Octavius, who supported Sulla's constitutional arrangements and the existing distribution of political power.

The disagreement developed into armed confrontation in the Roman Forum. Appian describes how supporters of Cinna and the new citizens attempted to occupy the Forum, while Octavius gathered his own supporters and drove them from the public assembly. Cinna subsequently left Rome and appealed to the Italian communities for military and financial assistance.

The Senate declared that Cinna had forfeited his citizenship and consulship, and appointed [[Lucius Cornelius Merula]], the Flamen Dialis, as his replacement. Cinna, however, refused to recognise his deposition and continued to claim legitimate authority as consul.<ref>Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.64–66; Livy, ''Periochae'', 79.1.</ref>

==Alliance with Marius and Capture of Rome==

Having been expelled from Rome, Cinna travelled through the Italian communities recruiting soldiers and gathering financial support. He secured the assistance of Roman military forces stationed in Campania and attracted prominent political supporters, including [[Quintus Sertorius]] and [[Gnaeus Papirius Carbo]].

He also invited [[Gaius Marius]] to return from exile in Africa. Marius had been driven from Rome by Sulla in 88 BC and had subsequently taken refuge in North Africa. Recognising the importance of Marius's military reputation and political following, Cinna accepted him as an ally and gave him authority to assist in the campaign against the government in Rome.<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Marius'', 41–42; Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.65–67.</ref>

The forces of Cinna and Marius gradually surrounded Rome. Their armies operated under several commanders, including Sertorius and Carbo, while Marius used naval forces to disrupt the city's food supplies. Cinna also occupied important positions in northern Italy, including [[Ariminum]], to prevent reinforcements arriving from the north.

The government in Rome attempted to organise resistance. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo]], father of [[Pompey the Great]], and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius]] were among those called upon to defend the capital. However, Pompeius Strabo died during the campaign, and the remaining resistance progressively disintegrated.

The Senate eventually sought an accommodation with Cinna and Marius. Cinna agreed to enter Rome as consul and assured the Senate that he would not willingly cause the death of its citizens. Nevertheless, the return of the Marian faction was followed by extensive political violence.<ref>Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.68–71; Plutarch, ''Life of Marius'', 42–43; Livy, ''Periochae'', 79–80.</ref>

==The Massacres of 87 BC==

The capture of Rome was accompanied by a series of executions and reprisals against leading supporters of Sulla and members of the opposing aristocratic faction.

Among the victims was Cinna's former consular colleague, [[Gnaeus Octavius]], who was killed while still wearing the insignia of his office. His severed head was displayed publicly in the Forum, establishing a particularly notorious precedent for the subsequent political massacres of the late Republic.

Other victims included the distinguished orator [[Marcus Antonius (orator)]], the former consul [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus]], and members of the [[gens Julia|Julian family]], including [[Lucius Julius Caesar (consul 90 BC)]]. Several other prominent Romans were killed, while others committed suicide rather than fall into the hands of their enemies.<ref>Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.71–74; Plutarch, ''Life of Marius'', 43–44; Livy, ''Periochae'', 80.6–7.</ref>

The precise division of responsibility between Cinna and Marius is difficult to establish. Plutarch presents Marius as the principal instigator of the killings, describing how his armed followers executed men who failed to receive his favour. Cinna, however, was one of the two dominant political leaders and cannot be separated from the government that presided over the reprisals.

Plutarch also records that Cinna eventually became troubled by the continuing bloodshed. Together with Sertorius, he ordered the destruction of an undisciplined armed contingent of freed slaves whose members had been conducting murders and robberies independently. Appian similarly records that Cinna attempted to suppress the excesses of these forces after repeated warnings had failed.<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Marius'', 43.4–44.6; Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.74; Badian, ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', "Cornelius Cinna (1)".</ref>

The ancient accounts therefore present a complicated picture. Cinna participated in the violent overthrow of the Sullan government and presided over its aftermath, but the sources also distinguish his conduct from the more openly vengeful actions of Marius and the undisciplined elements of their forces.

==The Cinnan Government, 86–84 BC==

Following the capture of Rome, Cinna and Marius established themselves as consuls for 86 BC. Their appointment was not conducted through a normal electoral process. Livy's epitome specifically records that they declared themselves consuls without holding the customary elections.<ref>Livy, ''Periochae'', 80.8; Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.74–75.</ref>

Marius died on 13 January 86 BC, only seventeen days after beginning his seventh consulship. Cinna remained the dominant political authority and arranged for [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] to succeed Marius as suffect consul.

Flaccus was subsequently sent to the East with an army to conduct operations against [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] and to prevent Sulla from monopolising the Roman military position in the region. However, Flaccus was murdered by his subordinate [[Gaius Flavius Fimbria]], whose mutinous forces assumed control of the expedition.<ref>Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.75; Plutarch, ''Life of Sulla'', 20.1; T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. II, entry for 86 BC.</ref>

Cinna continued as consul in 85 and 84 BC, sharing the office with [[Gnaeus Papirius Carbo]]. These successive consulships effectively maintained his control of the Roman government during the period of uncertainty created by Sulla's impending return from the East.

Although the Cinnan government was established through civil war and the removal of its opponents, it also attempted to restore administrative order and address the economic difficulties that had followed the Social War and the disruption of normal commercial activity.

===Financial and Economic Measures===

The Cinnan government undertook several significant financial measures.

In 86 BC, the suffect consul Lucius Valerius Flaccus introduced the ''Lex Valeria de aere alieno'', a debt-relief measure allowing debtors to settle their obligations by paying one-quarter of the original principal. The remaining three-quarters were effectively cancelled. Although the measure was controversial among creditors, it addressed the serious debt crisis that had developed during the preceding years of warfare.<ref>Velleius Paterculus, ''Roman History'', 2.23.2; Cicero, ''Pro Fonteio'', 1.1; T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. II, entry for 86 BC.</ref>

Another important measure concerned the Roman currency, whose value had become unstable following the debasement of the coinage.

The praetor [[Marcus Marius Gratidianus]] became particularly associated with a currency reform designed to establish a more reliable standard of monetary value and identify debased coins. Cicero relates that the praetors and tribunes had jointly agreed upon a measure, but Gratidianus publicly announced it himself before the others could appear together. The resulting popular acclaim was considerable, with statues of Gratidianus reportedly erected throughout Rome's neighbourhoods.<ref>Cicero, ''De Officiis'', 3.80–81; Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', 34.27; Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. II, entry for 85 BC.</ref>

These initiatives demonstrate that the Cinnan government was not concerned exclusively with military survival. It also attempted to restore confidence in Roman commerce, address private indebtedness and obtain the support of the equestrian order and the wider population.

===Italian Citizenship and Political Moderation===

Cinna's original political programme had included the more equitable distribution of the newly enfranchised Italian citizens throughout the 35 voting tribes.

The extent to which this objective was fully achieved during his government remains a subject of scholarly debate. The surviving evidence concerning the census of 86 BC and the subsequent allocation of Italian citizens is incomplete, and historians have differed over how far the Cinnan government implemented the proposed redistribution.<ref>Andrew Swidzinski, "Italian Aims in the First Civil War 87–82 BC," ''Hirundo'', 2006–2007; Arthur Keaveney, ''Rome and the Unification of Italy'' (Liverpool University Press, 2005).</ref>

Nevertheless, Cinna's willingness to work with the newly enfranchised Italians was an important element of his political position. He also sought the cooperation of established Roman politicians and members of the equestrian order through a more moderate approach to government and a return to traditional Roman political conventions.

The modern historian Ernst Badian notes that Cinna gained support through moderation and a restoration of the ''mos maiorum'', or ancestral custom, although the continuing economic disruption caused by the Social War and subsequent civil conflicts could not be entirely overcome.<ref>Ernst Badian, "Cornelius Cinna (1), Lucius, Roman consul, 87 BCE," ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', 2016.</ref>

==Conflict with Sulla and Death==

By 84 BC, the situation had become increasingly dangerous for Cinna's government. Sulla had concluded his eastern campaign against Mithridates and was preparing to return to Italy with his victorious and experienced army.

Cinna and Carbo began organising military preparations against the anticipated invasion. They recruited additional forces, collected supplies and arranged for troops to be transported across the Adriatic Sea to [[Liburnia]], which was intended to serve as a military base for operations against Sulla.

However, the expedition was disrupted by unrest among the soldiers. The troops were reluctant to embark on a campaign against their fellow Romans, and dissatisfaction grew when Cinna attempted to compel them to continue the preparations.<ref>Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.76–78; Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. II, entry for 84 BC.</ref>

According to [[Appian]], the immediate outbreak of violence followed an altercation in which one of Cinna's lictors struck a soldier who was obstructing the way. Another soldier retaliated by striking the lictor. Cinna ordered the offender to be arrested, provoking an uproar among the assembled troops. Stones were thrown and Cinna was stabbed to death.

[[Plutarch]] provides a somewhat different account in his ''Life of Pompey''. He relates that the young [[Pompey the Great]] had visited Cinna's camp but withdrew secretly after becoming fearful of an accusation against him. A rumour subsequently circulated that Cinna had murdered Pompey, provoking an outbreak of violence among soldiers who already resented his authority. Cinna attempted to flee but was overtaken and killed by a centurion.<ref>Appian, ''Civil Wars'', 1.78; Plutarch, ''Life of Pompey'', 5.1–2.</ref>

Cinna's death in 84 BC deprived the Marian coalition of its dominant political leader shortly before Sulla's return to Italy. [[Gnaeus Papirius Carbo]] continued the resistance, but the political and military position of the Cinnan government gradually deteriorated. Sulla subsequently invaded Italy and defeated the remaining Marian forces in the Second Civil War, culminating in his establishment of the dictatorship in 82 BC.

==Family and Historical Legacy==

Cinna's family remained politically significant after his death.

His daughter [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]] married [[Gaius Julius Caesar]], connecting Caesar directly with the family of one of Sulla's principal political opponents. Caesar's refusal to divorce Cornelia, despite Sulla's demands, subsequently became an important episode in his early political career.<ref>Suetonius, ''Divus Julius'', 1.1–3; Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'', 1.1–2.</ref>

Cinna's son, [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna (praetor 44 BC)]], later returned to Roman public life and became praetor in 44 BC. Despite being the brother-in-law of Caesar, he publicly supported the assassination of Caesar and expressed approval of the conspirators. This later Cinna must be distinguished from his father, who had died sixty years earlier.<ref>Ernst Badian, "Cornelius Cinna (2), Lucius, Roman praetor, 44 BCE," ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', 2015.</ref>

Cinna's political career remains one of the most important episodes in the history of the late Roman Republic. His four successive consulships demonstrated the extent to which traditional republican institutions had become subordinated to military power and factional competition.

His government also illustrates that the Marian coalition was not merely a military movement directed against Sulla. It attempted to address the consequences of the Social War, the political integration of the Italian population and the severe financial instability of the Roman state.

The historical assessment of Cinna is complicated by the character of the surviving sources. Many of the ancient accounts were written after Sulla's victory and reflect the political outlook of his supporters or of those who abandoned Cinna's faction. Ernst Badian specifically cautions that the uniformly hostile accounts of Cinna derive from Sullan writers or men who deserted him for the victorious Sulla. Michael Lovano's modern study, ''The Age of Cinna'', accordingly reassesses the Cinnan government in the wider context of the political and economic problems confronting the Republic.<ref>Ernst Badian, "Cornelius Cinna (1), Lucius, Roman consul, 87 BCE," ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', 2016; Michael Lovano, ''The Age of Cinna: Crucible of Late Republican Rome'' (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002).</ref>

Cinna was therefore a major political figure in the final decades of the Roman Republic, whose influence extended well beyond his personal military and political career.

==References==

<references />

==Further Reading==

* Appian, ''[[The Civil Wars]]'', Book I, sections 64–79.
* Plutarch, ''[[Life of Marius]]'', chapters 41–46.
* Plutarch, ''[[Life of Sulla]]'', chapters 10 and 20–22.
* Plutarch, ''[[Life of Pompey]]'', chapters 3–5.
* Plutarch, ''[[Life of Sertorius]]'', chapters 4–6.
* Livy, ''History of Rome'', ''Periochae'', Books 76–80.
* T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', Volume II, American Philological Association, 1952.
* Michael Lovano, ''The Age of Cinna: Crucible of Late Republican Rome'', Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002.
* Ernst Badian, "Cornelius Cinna (1), Lucius, Roman consul, 87 BCE," ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', 2016.

==See also==

* [[Gaius Marius]]
* [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]]
* [[Gnaeus Octavius]]
* [[Lucius Cornelius Merula]]
* [[Quintus Sertorius]]
* [[Gnaeus Papirius Carbo]]
* [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus]]
* [[Marcus Marius Gratidianus]]
* [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)]]
* [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* [[Social War]]
* [[First Mithridatic War]]
* [[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar]]

[[Category:Ancient Roman politicians]]
[[Category:Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Roman generals]]
[[Category:Roman Republic]]

Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar

2026-11-09T13:06:38Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline */

{| style="float:right; width:350px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Plutarch - Lives - RGB 96ppi - PD.png|310px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;" | ''Life of Caesar''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|310px]]
|-
! Author
| [[Plutarch]]
|-
! Original Title
| Καῖσαρ
|-
! Work
| ''[[Parallel Lives|Lives]]''
|-
! Translator
| [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
|-
! Series
| [[Loeb Classical Library]]
|-
! Volume
| VII (No. 99)
|-
! Original Publication
| 1919
|-
! Publisher
| [[Harvard University Press]] (Cambridge); [[William Heinemann]] (London)
|-
! Languages
| Ancient Greek and English
|-
! Digital Source
| [[Perseus Digital Library]]
|-
! Text
| Greek text with facing English translation
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===Publication Details===

'''Original Author:''' [[Plutarch]].

'''Original Work:''' [[Life of Caesar]]

'''English Translator:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]].

'''Source Work:''' ''[[Lives]]'', Volume VII: ''Demosthenes and Cicero; Alexander and Caesar''.

'''Source Publication Series:''' ''The Loeb Classical Library'', founded by James Loeb, Volume 99.

'''Source Publisher:''' [[Harvard University Press]], [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], in association with [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]], [[London]].

'''Source Publication History:''' First published in 1919. The particular English-text printing used for this digital edition is the 1967 reprint, as identified on its title page.

'''Digital Edition:''' [[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has prepared a digitally structured presentation of [[Plutarch|Plutarch's]] ''Lives'', using [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] established English translation as its English-language source. The text's chapters and section markers have been retained in accordance with the [[Loeb Classical Library]] numbering system, providing academic consistency and facilitating comparison with other scholarly editions. The digital presentation incorporates corresponding chapter navigation, paragraph alignment and internal links to related encyclopedic subjects, facilitating historical and biographical research.

The project additionally presents the original polytonic Greek text alongside the English translation in a parallel-reading format. The Greek text is presented in accordance with the original-language text of the [[Loeb Classical Library]] edition. The [[Logeion]] lexicon, provided by the [[University of Chicago]], serves as a supplementary linguistic research resource, assisting examination of the original Greek vocabulary and terminology.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project|Conservapedia's Original Source Project's]] contribution consists of the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of the historical texts. [[Bernadotte Perrin]] remains the credited English translator, and [[Harvard University Press]] and [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]] remain the credited publishers of the original [[Loeb Classical Library|Loeb]] edition.

===Legal Status===

'''English Translation:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]] (15 September 1847 – 31 August 1920) died aged 72 years, 11 months and 16 days. His English translation of Plutarch's ''Life of Caesar'' was published during his lifetime in 1919, as part of ''Lives'', Volume VII of the [[Loeb Classical Library]], Volume 99.

Under the applicable copyright laws, the translation has now entered the [[Public Domain]] in the following jurisdictions:

* '''[[European Union]] and [[United Kingdom]]:''' Copyright in literary works generally expires 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the author dies. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1991, following the expiry of copyright on 31 December 1990.

* '''[[United States]]:''' The 1919 publication falls well before the current public-domain cutoff for works published in the United States. Such works, published before 1 January 1931, are now in the public domain.

* '''[[Australia]]:''' The previous general copyright term of 50 years following the author's death expired on 31 December 1970. The subsequent extension to 70 years, effective from 1 January 2005, did not retrospectively restore copyright in works which had already entered the public domain.

* '''[[Canada]]:''' The former copyright term of 50 years following the author's death likewise expired on 31 December 1970. Canada's extension to 70 years, effective from 30 December 2022, expressly did not restore copyright in works whose protection had already expired before 1 January 2023.

* '''[[New Zealand]]:''' The general copyright term for literary works remains 50 years following the end of the calendar year in which the author died. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1971.

The original Greek composition of [[Plutarch]] is itself an ancient work outside modern copyright protection. The 1919 Loeb edition's translation and source texts are therefore available for public-domain reproduction in the jurisdictions identified above.

The 1967 reprint date does not renew or extend the expired copyright in Perrin's translation. This declaration concerns the original literary and historical texts and does not purport to establish the copyright status of any separately authored material, illustrations or other additions introduced in subsequent editions.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has independently undertaken the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of these public-domain materials.

=Illustradted English Edition ([[Bernadotte Perrin|Perrin]])=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#1|E01 - Caesar and Sulla]]==
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] list's the proscribed forcing young [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] to flee for his life.]]

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'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Rome]], and when [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] hatred of Sulla was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] father, was the wife of Marius the Elder, and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], who was therefore [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] cousin.

'''[2]''' Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription]]s, but he came before the people as candidate for a [[priesthood]], although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses.

'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, Cornelius, two [[talent]]s to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed to King [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]].

'''[4]''' With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#2|E02 - The Pirates]]==

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'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the pirates demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilician pirates|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking.

'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all.

'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as [[praetor]] of the province, to punish the captives.

'''[4]''' But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#3|E03 - Rhodes and Oratory]]==

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'''[1]''' After this, Sulla’s power being now on the wane, and Caesar’s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius]] the son of Molon, an illustrious [[rhetorician]] with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political [[oratory]], and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather,

'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero’s ''Cato,'' he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#4|E04 - Caesar the Advocate]]==

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'''[1]''' After his return to Rome he impeached [[Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] for maladministration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but Caesar, in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]].

'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes]] at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, Caesar won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, since he was ingratiating beyond his years.

'''[3]''' He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence, in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after, contempt of them has left them unobstructed.

'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of Caesar’s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely Cicero, said that in most of Caesar’s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose; “On the other hand,” said he, “when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman constitution]].” This, it is true, belongs to a later period.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#5|E05 - Caesar’s Popularity]]==

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'''[1]''' The first proof of the people’s good will towards him he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a [[military tribune|military tribuneship]] and was elected over him; a second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of Julia the deceased wife of Marius, he pronounced a splendid [[funeral oration|encomium]] upon her in the [[Forum Romanum|forum]], and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of Marius, which were then seen for the first time since the administration of Sulla, because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies.

'''[2]''' When, namely, some cried out against Caesar for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from [[Hades]], the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and Caesar was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling.

'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to Spain as [[quaestor]] under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by Cornelia a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]].

'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt.

'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his [[aedileship]], he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of [[gladiator]]s, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#6|E06 - Honours for Marius]]==

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'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of Sulla, which had been all powerful since his day, and that of Marius, which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party Caesar wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of Marius secretly made, together with trophy-bearing [[Victoria (mythology)|Victories]], and these he ordered to be carried by night and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]].

'''[2]''' At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri]]an successes of Marius) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together for the sight.

'''[3]''' But some cried out that Caesar was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and filled the Capitol with their applause.

'''[4]''' Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of Marius, and Caesar was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in Rome, rose up and denounced Caesar, uttering the memorable words: “No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government.” Caesar, however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#7|E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline]]==

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'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and Catulus were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, Caesar would not give way to them, but presented himself to the people as a rival candidate.

'''[2]''' The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar’s competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as Caesar’s mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: “Mother, today thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile.”

'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] prevailed, and thereby made the senate and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed Cicero for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him.

'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their punishment,

'''[5]''' the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of Italy as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#8|E08 - The Conspirators]]==

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'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. These warmly opposed Caesar’s proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner,

'''[2]''' and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice.

'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterward, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go.

'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that Cato, fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar’s power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#9|E09 - The Bona Dea]]==

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'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of Caesar’s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time.

'''[2]''' This man was in love with Pompeia the wife of Caesar, and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women’s apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar’s mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview.

'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character.

'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or praetor at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#10|E10 - Clodius and Pompeia]]==
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, Pompeia was celebrating this festival, and Clodius, who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret;

'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came.

'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia’s [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius.

'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed [[sacrilege]] and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods.

'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude.

'''[6]''' Caesar divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius.

'''[7]''' At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.

==E11 - Spain and Ambition==

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'''[1]''' Immediately after his praetorship Caesar received [[Spain]] as his province, and since he found it hard to arrange matters with his creditors, who obstructed his departure and were clamorous, he had recourse to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], the richest of the Romans, who had need of Caesar’s vigour and fire for his political campaign against [[Pompey the Great|Pompey]]. And it was only after Crassus had met the demands of the most importunate and inexorable of these creditors and given surety for eight hundred and thirty talents, that Caesar could go out to his province.

'''[2]''' We are told that, as he was crossing the [[Alps]] and passing by a barbarian village which had very few inhabitants and was a sorry sight, his companions asked with mirth and laughter, “Can it be that here too there are ambitious strifes for office, struggles for primacy, and mutual jealousies of powerful men?” Whereupon Caesar said to them in all seriousness, “I would rather be first here than second at Rome.”

'''[3]''' In like manner we are told again that, in Spain, when he was at leisure and was reading from the history of [[Alexander the Great]], he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. “Do you not think,” said he, “it is matter for sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?”

==E12 - Caesar in Spain==

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'''[1]''' At any rate, as soon as he reached Spain he set himself to work, and in a few days raised ten [[cohort]]s in addition to the twenty which were there before. Then he led his army against the [[Callaici]] and [[Lusitani]], overpowered them, and marched on as far as the outer sea, subduing the tribes which before were not obedient to Rome. After bringing the war to a successful close, he was equally happy in adjusting the problems of peace, by establishing concord between the cities, and particularly by healing the dissensions between debtors and creditors.

'''[2]''' For he ordained that the creditor should annually take two thirds of his debtor’s income, and that the owner of the property should use the rest, and so on until the debt was cancelled. In high repute for this administration he retired from the province; he had become wealthy himself, had enriched his soldiers from their campaigns, and had been saluted by them as [[Imperator]].

==E13 - Pompey and Crassus==

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'''[1]''' Now, since those who sued for the privilege of a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] must remain outside the city, while those who were candidates for the [[Roman consul|consulship]] must be present in the city, Caesar was in a great dilemma, and because he had reached home at the very time for the consular elections, he sent a request to the senate that he might be permitted to offer himself for the consulship ''in absentiâ'', through the agency of his friends. But since Cato began by insisting upon the law in opposition to Caesar’s request, and then, when he saw that many senators had been won over by Caesar’s attentions, staved the matter off by consuming the day in speaking, Caesar decided to give up the triumph and try for the consulship.

'''[2]''' So as soon as he entered the city he assumed a policy which deceived everyone except Cato. This policy was to reconcile Pompey and Crassus, the most influential men in the city. These men Caesar brought together in friendship after their quarrel, and by concentrating their united strength upon himself, succeeded, before men were aware of it, and by an act which could be called one of kindness, in changing the form of government.

'''[3]''' For it was not, as most men supposed, the quarrel between [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and Pompey that brought on the [[Caesar's civil war|civil wars]], but rather their friendship, since they worked together for the overthrow of the [[Roman aristocracy|aristocracy]] in the first place, and then, when this had been accomplished, they quarrelled with one another. And Cato, who often foretold what was to come of their alliance, got the reputation of a morose and troublesome fellow at the time, but afterwards that of a wise, though unfortunate, counsellor.

==E14 - Caesar’s Consulship==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, encompassed and protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey, entered the canvass for the consulship; and as soon as he had been triumphantly elected, along with [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Calpurnius Bibulus]], and had entered upon his office, he proposed laws which were becoming, not for a consul, but for a most radical tribune of the people; for to gratify the multitude he introduced sundry allotments and distributions of land.

'''[2]''' In the senate the opposition of men of the better sort gave him the pretext which he had long desired, and crying with loud adjurations that he was driven forth into the popular assembly against his wishes, and was compelled to court its favour by the insolence and obstinacy of the senate, he hastened before it, and stationing Crassus on one side of him and Pompey on the other, he asked them if they approved his laws.

'''[3]''' They declared that they did approve them, whereupon he urged them to give him their aid against those who threatened to oppose him with swords. They promised him such aid, and Pompey actually added that he would come up against swords with sword and buckler too. At this impulsive and mad speech, unworthy of the high esteem in which Pompey stood and unbecoming to the respect which was due to the senate, the nobility were distressed but the populace were delighted.

'''[4]''' Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] tried to avail himself still more of the influence of Pompey. He had a daughter, [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], who was betrothed to [[Servilius Caepio]]. This daughter he betrothed to Pompey, and said he would give Pompey’s daughter in marriage to Servilius, although she too was not unbetrothed, but had been promised to [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla|Faustus]], the son of Sulla.

'''[5]''' And a little while afterwards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]took [[Calpurnia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Calpurnia]] to wife, a daughter of Piso, and got Piso made consul for the coming year, although here too Cato vehemently protested, and cried out that it was intolerable to have the supreme power prostituted by marriage alliances and to see men helping one another to powers and armies and provinces by means of women.

'''[6]''' As for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] colleague, Bibulus, since he availed nothing by obstructing [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws, but often ran the risk with Cato of being killed in the [[Roman Forum|forum]], he shut himself up at home for the remainder of his term of office. Pompey, however, immediately after his marriage, filled the forum with armed men and helped the people to enact [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws and give him as his consular province [[Gaul]] on both sides of the Alps for five years, together with [[Illyricum]] and four [[Roman legion|legions]].

'''[7]''' Cato, of course, tried to speak against these measures, but Caesar had him led off to prison, supposing that he would appeal to the popular tribunes; but when Cato walked off without a word and Caesar saw not only that the most influential men were displeased, but also that the populace, out of respect for Cato’s virtue, were following him in silence and with downcast looks, he himself secretly asked one of the tribunes to take Cato out of arrest.

'''[8]''' Of the other senators, only a very few used to go with Caesar to the senate; the rest, in displeasure, stayed away. [[Considius]], a very aged senator, once told Caesar that his colleagues did not come together because they were afraid of the armed soldiers. “Why, then,” said Caesar, “dost thou too not stay at home out of the same fear?” To this Considius replied: “Because my old age makes me fearless; for the short span of life that is still left me does not require much anxious thought.”

'''[9]''' But the most disgraceful public measure of the time was thought to be the election to the tribuneship, during [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] consulate, of the notorious Clodius, who had trespassed upon his rights as a husband, and upon the secret nocturnal vigils. He was elected, however, for the overthrow of Cicero; and Caesar did not go forth upon his campaign until, with the help of Clodius, he had raised a successful faction against Cicero and driven him out of [[Italy]].

==E15 - Caesar’s Military Achievements==

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'''[1]''' Such, then, is said to have been the course of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s life before his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]]. But the period of the wars which he afterwards fought, and of the campaigns by which he subjugated [[Gaul]], as if he had made another beginning and entered upon a different path of life and one of new achievements, proved him to be inferior as soldier and commander to no one soever of those who have won most admiration for leadership and shown themselves greatest therein.

'''[2]''' Nay, if one compare him with such men as [[Fabii|Fabius]] and [[Scipiones|Scipio]] and [[Metelli|Metellus]], and with the men of his own time or a little before him, like [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], the two [[Luculli]], or even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, whose fame for every sort of military excellence was at this time flowering out and reaching to the skies, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] will be found to surpass them all in his achievements. One he surpassed in the difficulty of the regions where he waged his wars; another in the great extent of country which he acquired; another in the multitude and might of the enemies over whom he was victorious;

'''[3]''' another in the savage manners and perfidious dispositions of the people whom he conciliated; another in his reasonableness and mildness towards his captives; another still in the gifts and favours which he bestowed upon his soldiers; and all in the fact that he fought the most battles and killed the most enemies. For although it was not full ten years that he waged war in [[Gaul]], he took by storm more than eight hundred cities, subdued three hundred nations, and fought pitched battles at different times with three million men, of whom he slew one million in hand to hand fighting and took as many more prisoners.

==E16 - The Courage of Caesar’s Soldiers==

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'''[1]''' His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s fame. Such a man, for instance, was [[Gaius Acilius|Acilius]], who, in the sea-fight at [[Massalia]], boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces of his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vessel.

'''[2]''' Such a man, again, was [[Cassius Scaeva]], who, in the battle at [[Dyrrhachium]], had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accordingly, coming up, he lopped off the shoulder of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades.

'''[3]''' Again, in [[Britain]], when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost [[Centurion|centurions]], who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many conspicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the [[barbarian|Barbarians]] had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wading, got across. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield.

'''[4]''' Again, in [[Africa]], [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] captured a ship of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s in which [[Granius Petro]], who had been appointed [[quaestor]], was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. [[Granius Petro]], however, remarking that it was the custom with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword.

==E17 - Caesar’s Discipline and Endurance==

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'''[1]''' Such spirit and ambition [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself created and cultivated in his men, in the first place, because he showed, by his unsparing bestowal of rewards and honours, that he was not amassing wealth from his wars for his own luxury or for any life of ease, but that he treasured it up carefully as a common prize for deeds of valour, and had no greater share in the wealth than he offered to the deserving among his soldiers; and in the second place, by willingly undergoing every danger and refusing no toil.

'''[2]''' Now, at his love of danger his men were not astonished, knowing his ambition; but that he should undergo toils beyond his body's apparent power of endurance amazed them, because he was of a spare habit, had a soft and white skin, suffered from distemper in the head, and was subject to [[epilepsy|epileptic fits]], a trouble which first attacked him, we are told, in [[Corduba]]. Nevertheless, he did not make his feeble health an excuse for soft living, but rather his military service a cure for his feeble health, since by wearisome journeys, simple diet, continuously sleeping in the open air, and enduring hardships, he fought off his trouble and kept his body strong against its attacks.

'''[3]''' Most of his sleep, at least, he got in cars or litters, making his rest conduce to action, and in the day-time he would have himself conveyed to garrisons, cities, or camps, one slave who was accustomed to write from dictation as he travelled sitting by his side, and one soldier standing behind him with a sword. And he drove so rapidly that, on his first journey from [[Rome]] to [[Gaul]], he reached the [[Rhone River|Rhone]] in seven days.

'''[4]''' Horsemanship, moreover, had been easy for him from boyhood; for he was wont to put his hands behind his back and, holding them closely there, to ride his horse at full speed.

'''[5]''' And in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]] he practised dictating letters on horseback and keeping two scribes at once busy, or, as [[Oppius]] says, even more. We are told, moreover, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to devise intercourse with his friends by letter, since he could not wait for personal interviews on urgent matters owing to the multitude of his occupations and the great size of the city.

'''[6]''' Of his indifference in regard to his diet the following circumstance also is brought in proof. When the host who was entertaining him in [[Milan|Mediolanum]], [[Valerius Leo]], served up asparagus dressed with myrrh instead of olive oil, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ate of it without ado, and rebuked his friends when they showed displeasure. "Surely," said he, "it were enough not to eat what you don't like; but he who finds fault with ill-breeding like this is ill-bred himself." Once, too, upon a journey, he and his followers were driven by a storm into a poor man's hut, and when he found that it consisted of one room only, and that one barely able to accommodate a single person, he said to his friends that honours must be yielded to the strongest, but necessities to the weakest, and bade [[Oppius]] lie down there, while he himself with the rest of his company slept in the porch.

==E18 - The First Gallic War==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, the first of his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] was against the [[Helvetii]] and [[Tigurini]], who had set fire to their twelve cities and four hundred villages and were advancing through that part of [[Gaul]] which was subject to the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], as once the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] had done. To these they were thought to be not inferior in courage and of equal numbers, being three hundred thousand in all, of whom one hundred and ninety thousand were fighting men.

'''[2]''' The Tigurini were crushed at the [[Arar (river)|river Arar]], not by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, but by [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], his deputy; the Helvetii, however, unexpectedly attacked [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself on the march, as he was leading his forces towards a friendly city, but he succeeded in reaching a strong place of refuge. Here, after he had collected and arrayed his forces, a horse was brought to him. "This horse," said he, "I will use for the pursuit after my victory; but now let us go against the enemy," and accordingly led the charge on foot. After a long and hard struggle he routed the enemy's fighting men, but had the most trouble at their rampart of waggons, where not only did the men themselves make a stand and fight, but also their wives and children defended themselves to the death and were cut to pieces with the men. The battle was hardly over by midnight. To the noble work of victory [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] added a nobler still, that of settling those of the Barbarians who had escaped alive from the battle (there were more than one hundred thousand of them), and compelling them to resume the territory which they had abandoned and the cities which they had destroyed. He did this because he feared that if the territory became vacant the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]] would cross the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] and occupy it.

==E19 - The War with Ariovistus==

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'''[1]''' His second war, directly in defence of the [[Gauls]], was against the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], although previously, in [[Rome]], he had made their king [[Ariovistus]] an ally. But they were intolerable neighbours of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s subjects, and if an opportunity presented itself it was thought that they would not remain quietly in their present homes, but would encroach upon and occupy [[Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Seeing that his officers were inclined to be afraid, and particularly all the young men of high rank who had come out intending to make the campaign with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an opportunity for high living and money-making, he called them together and bade them be off, since they were so unmanly and effeminate, and not force themselves to face danger; as for himself, he said he would take the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]] alone and march against the Barbarians; the enemy would be no better fighters than the [[Cimbri]], and he himself was no worse a general than [[Gaius Marius|Marius]].

'''[3]''' Upon this the tenth legion sent a deputation to him, expressing their gratitude, while the other legions reviled their own commanders, and all the army, now full of impetuous eagerness, followed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on a march of many days, and at last encamped within two hundred furlongs of the enemy. Now, the very approach of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] somewhat shattered the purpose of [[Ariovistus]]. For he did not expect that the Romans would attack the Germans, whose onset he thought they could not withstand, and he was amazed at the boldness of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; besides, he saw that his own army was disturbed.

'''[4]''' Still more, too, was the spirit of the Germans blunted by the prophecies of their holy women, who used to foretell the future by observing the eddies in the rivers and by finding signs in the whirlings and splashings of the waters, and now forbade joining battle before a new moon gave its light.

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned this, and saw that the Germans kept quiet, he decided that it was a good plan to engage them while they were out of heart, rather than to sit still and wait for their time. So, by attacking their entrenchments and the hills on which they were encamped, he irritated them and incited them to come down in anger and fight the issue out. They were signally routed, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pursued them a distance of four hundred furlongs, as far as the [[Rhine river|Rhine]], and filled all the intervening plain with dead bodies and spoils. [[Ariovistus]], with a few followers, succeeded in crossing the Rhine; his dead are said to have been eighty thousand in number.

==E20 - The Belgae and the Nervii==

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'''[1]''' After this achievement, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left his forces among the [[Sequani]] to spend the winter, while he himself, desirous of giving attention to matters at [[Rome]], came down to [[Gaul]] along the [[Po River|Po]], which was a part of the province assigned to him; for the river called [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]] separates the rest of [[Italy]] from [[Cisalpine Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Here he fixed his quarters and carried on his political schemes. Many came to see him, and he gave each one what he wanted, and sent all away in actual possession of some of his favours and hoping for more. And during all the rest of the time of his campaigns in [[Gaul]], unnoticed by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], he was alternately subduing the enemy with the arms of the citizens, or capturing and subduing the citizens with the money which he got from the enemy.

'''[3]''' But when he heard that the [[Belgae]], who were the most powerful of the [[Gauls]] and occupied the third part of all their country, had revolted, and had assembled unknown myriads of armed men, he turned back at once and marched thither with great speed. He fell upon the enemy as they were plundering the Gauls that were in alliance with [[Rome]], and so routed and destroyed the least scattered and most numerous of them, after a disgraceful struggle on their part, that the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] could cross lakes and deep rivers for the multitude of dead bodies in them. All the rebels who dwelt along the ocean submitted without a battle;

'''[4]''' against the [[Nervii]], however, the most savage and warlike of the people in these parts, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led his forces. The Nervii, who dwelt in dense woods, and had placed their families and possessions in a recess of the forest at farthest remove from the enemy, at a time when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fortifying a camp and did not expect the battle, fell upon him suddenly, sixty thousand strong. They routed his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]], and surrounded the [[Roman legion|seventh]] and [[Roman legion|twelfth]] legions and slew all their [[Centurion|centurions]],

'''[5]''' and had not [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] snatched a shield, made his way through the combatants in front of him, and hurled himself upon the Barbarians; and had not the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]], at sight of his peril, run down from the heights and cut the ranks of the enemy to pieces, not a Roman, it is thought, would have survived. As it was, however, owing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s daring, they fought beyond their powers, as the saying is, and even then did not rout the Nervii, but cut them down as they defended themselves; for out of sixty thousand only five hundred are said to have come off alive, and only three of their senators out of four hundred.

==E21 - The Luca Conference==

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'''[1]''' The [[Roman Senate|Roman senate]], on learning of these successes, decreed sacrifices to the gods and cessation from business, with festival, for fifteen days, a greater number than for any victory before. For the danger was seen to have been great when so many nations at once had broken out in revolt, and because [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the victor, the good will of the multitude towards him made his victory more splendid. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, after settling matters in [[Gaul]], again spent the winter in the regions along the [[Po River|Po]], carrying out his plans at [[Rome]].

'''[2]''' For not only did the candidates for office there enjoy his assistance, and win their elections by corrupting the people with money from him, and do everything which was likely to enhance his power, but also most of the men of highest rank and greatest influence came to see him at [[Lucca|Luca]], including [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], [[Appius Claudius Pulcher|Appius]] the governor of [[Sardinia]], and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos|Nepos]] the proconsul of [[Spain]], so that there were a hundred and twenty [[Lictor|lictors]] in the place and more than two hundred [[Roman Senate|senators]].

'''[3]''' They held a council and settled matters on the following basis. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] were to be elected [[Roman consul|consuls]] for the ensuing year, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was to have money voted him, besides another five years in his [[Roman province|provincial command]]. This seemed very strange to men of understanding. For those who were getting so much money from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] urged the senate to give him money as if he had none, nay rather, they forced it to do so, though it groaned over its own decrees.

'''[4]''' [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], indeed, was not there, for he had purposely been sent out of the way on a mission to [[Cyprus]], and [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], who was an ardent follower of Cato, finding himself unable to accomplish anything by his opposition, bounded out of doors and clamoured to the populace. But no one gave heed to him, for some were in awe of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], and most wanted to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], lived in hopes of his favours, and so kept quiet.

==E22 - The Germans and the Rhine==

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'''[1]''' On returning to his forces in [[Gaul]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] found a considerable war in the country, since two great [[Germanic tribes|German nations]] had just crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] to possess the land, one called the [[Usipetes|Usipes]], the other the [[Tencteri|Tenteritae]].

'''[2]''' Concerning the battle which was fought with them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says in his "[[Commentaries on the Gallic War|Commentaries]]" that the [[Germanic tribes|Barbarians]], while treating with him under a truce, attacked on their march and therefore routed his five thousand [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] with their eight hundred, since his men were taken off their guard; that they then sent other [[Envoy|envoys]] to him who tried to deceive him again, but he held them fast and led his army against the Barbarians, considering that good faith towards such faithless breakers of truces was folly.

'''[3]''' But [[Tanusius Geminus|Tanusius]] says that when the senate voted sacrifices of rejoicing over the victory, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] pronounced the opinion that they ought to deliver up [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to the Barbarians, thus purging away the violation of the truce in behalf of the city, and turning the curse therefor on the guilty man. Of those who had crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] into [[Gaul]] four hundred thousand were cut to pieces, and the few who succeeded in making their way back were received by the [[Sugambri]],

'''[4]''' a [[Germanic tribes|German nation]]. This action [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made a ground of complaint against the Sugambri, and besides, he coveted the fame of being the first man to cross the Rhine with an army. He therefore began to bridge the river, although it was very broad, and at this point in its course especially swollen, rough, and impetuous, and with the trunks and branches of trees which it bore down stream kept smiting and tearing away the supports of his bridge.

'''[5]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] caught up these trunks and branches with bulwarks of great timbers planted across the stream, and having thus bridled and yoked the dashing current, he brought his bridge—sight beyond all credence—to completion in ten days.

==E23 - The Rhine and Britain==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] now threw his forces across the river. No one ventured to oppose him, but even the [[Suebi|Suevi]], who were the foremost nation of the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], bestowed themselves and their belongings in deep and woody defiles. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ravaged the country of the enemy with fire, gave encouragement to the constant friends of [[Rome]], and then retired again into [[Gaul]], having spent eighteen days in [[Germany]].

'''[2]''' His expedition against the [[Britons|Britanni]] was celebrated for its daring. For he was the first to launch a fleet upon the western [[Atlantic Ocean|ocean]] and to sail through the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic sea]] carrying an army to wage war. The island was of incredible magnitude, and furnished much matter of dispute to multitudes of writers, some of whom averred that its name and story had been fabricated, since it never had existed and did not then exist; and in his attempt to occupy it he carried the [[Roman Republic|Roman supremacy]] beyond the confines of the inhabited world.

'''[3]''' After twice crossing to the island from the opposite coast of [[Gaul]] and in many battles damaging the enemy rather than enriching his own men—for there was nothing worth taking from men who lived in poverty and wretchedness—he brought the war to an end which was not to his liking, it is true; still, he took hostages from the king, imposed tributes, and then sailed away from the island.

'''[4]''' In [[Gaul]] he found letters which were about to be sent across to him. They were from his friends in [[Rome]], and advised him of his daughter's death; she died in child-birth at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s house. Great was the grief of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and great the grief of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and their friends were greatly troubled too; they felt that the relationship which alone kept the distempered state in harmony and concord was now dissolved. For the babe also died presently, after surviving its mother a few days. Now [[Julia Caesaris|Julia]], in spite of the [[Tribune|tribunes]], was carried by the people to the [[Campus Martius]], where her funeral rites were held, and where she lies buried.

==E24 - Ambiorix and the Siege of Cicero==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s forces were now so large that he was forced to distribute them in many winter-quarters, while he himself, as his custom was, turned his steps towards [[Italy]]. Then all [[Gaul]] once more broke out in revolt, and great armies went about attacking the entrenchments and trying to destroy the winter-quarters of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. The most numerous and powerful of the rebels, under [[Ambiorix|Abriorix]], utterly destroyed [[Quintus Titurius Sabinus|Titurius]] and [[Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta|Cotta]], together with

'''[2]''' their army, while the legion under [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] was surrounded and besieged by sixty thousand of them, and narrowly escaped having its camp taken by storm, although all were wounded and went beyond their powers in the ardour of their defence.

'''[3]''' When tidings of these things reached [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who was far on his journey, he turned back quickly, got together seven thousand men in all, and hurried on to extricate [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] from the siege. But the besiegers became aware of his approach, and went to meet him with the purpose of cutting his forces off at once, despising their small numbers. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] deceived them by avoiding battle continually, and when he had found a place suitable for one who was fighting against many with few, fortified a camp, where he kept his men altogether from fighting and forced them to increase the height of their ramparts and the defences of their gates as though they were afraid. His strategy thus led the enemy to despise him, until at last, when their boldness led them to attack in scattered bands, he sallied out, routed them, and destroyed many of them.

==E25 - The Rising of Vercingetorix==

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'''[1]''' The numerous revolts of the [[Gaul|Gauls]] in those parts were quieted by this success, as well as by the fact that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, during the winter, went about in all directions and kept close watch on the disturbers of the peace. For there had come from [[Italy]] three [[Roman legion|legions]] to replace the men that he had lost, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] having lent two of those under his command, and one having been newly levied in [[Gaul]] about the [[Po River|Po]].

'''[2]''' But in remoter regions the germs of the greatest and most dangerous of the wars waged in those parts began to show themselves. They had for a long time been secretly sown and cultivated by the most influential men among the most warlike tribes, and derived strength from large bodies of young men assembled from all sides in arms, from great riches brought together, from strong cities,

'''[3]''' and from countries which were hard to invade. At that season of winter, too, frozen rivers, forests buried in snow, plains converted into lakes by winter torrents, in some parts paths obliterated by deep snow, and in others the great uncertainty of a march through swamps and streams diverted from their courses, all seemed to make it wholly impossible for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to oppose the plans of the rebels. Accordingly, many tribes had revolted, but the head and front of the revolt were the [[Arverni]] and [[Carnutes|Carnuntini]], and [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]] was chosen to have the entire authority in the war. His father the Gauls had put to death because they thought he was aiming at a tyranny.

==E26 - Caesar’s Winter Campaign==

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'''[1]''' This leader, then, after dividing his forces into many parts and putting many officers in command of them, was winning over all the country round about as far as the water-shed of the [[Arar (river)|Arar]]. He purposed, now that there was a coalition at [[Rome]] against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], at once to rouse all [[Gaul]] to war. If he had done this a little later, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was involved in the [[Caesar's civil war|civil war]], [[Italy]] would have been a prey to terrors no less acute than those aroused by the [[Cimbri]] of old.

'''[2]''' But as it was, the man endowed by nature to make the best use of all the arts of war, and particularly of its crucial moments, namely [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as soon as he learned of the revolt, set out and marched by the same roads over which he had previously come, and by the vigour and speed of his passage in so severe a winter showed the Barbarians that an unconquered and invincible army was coming against them. For where it was incredible that one of his messengers or letter-carriers could make his way in a long time, there he was seen with his whole army,

'''[3]''' at once ravaging their lands and destroying their strongholds, subduing cities, and receiving those who came over to his side, until the nation of the [[Aedui]] also entered the war against him. These up to this time had called themselves brethren of the [[Romans]] and had been conspicuously honoured, but now, by joining the rebels, they caused great dejection in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army.

'''[4]''' In consequence of this [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] removed from those parts and passed across the territory of the [[Lingones]], wishing to reach the country of the [[Sequani]], who were friends, and stood as a bulwark between [[Italy]] and the rest of [[Gaul]]. There the enemy fell upon him and surrounded him with many tens of thousands, so that he essayed to fight a decisive battle. In the main he got the best of the struggle, and after a long time and much slaughter overpowered the Barbarians; but it appears that at first he met with some reverse, and the [[Arverni]] show a short-sword hanging in a temple, which they say was captured from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself saw it, at a later time, he smiled, and though his friends urged him to have it taken down, he would not permit it, considering it sacred.

==E27 - The Siege of Alesia==

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'''[1]''' However, the most of the Barbarians who escaped at that time took refuge with their king in the city of [[Alesia]]. And while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was besieging

'''[2]''' this city, which was thought to be impregnable by reason of the great size of its walls and the number of their defenders, there fell upon him from outside the city a peril too great for words to depict. For all that was mightiest among the nations of [[Gaul]] assembled and came in arms to [[Alesia]], three hundred thousand strong; and the number of fighting men inside the city was not less than a hundred and seventy thousand. Thus [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], caught between so large hostile forces and besieged there, was compelled to build two walls for his protection, one looking towards the city, and the other towards those who had come up to relieve it; he felt that if the two forces should unite his cause was wholly lost.

'''[3]''' For many reasons, then, and naturally, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s peril at [[Alesia]] was famous, since it produced more deeds of skill and daring than any of his other struggles; but one must be amazed above all that he engaged and conquered so many tens of thousands outside the city without the knowledge of those inside, nay more, without the knowledge even of the [[Roman army|Romans]] who were guarding the wall that faced the city.

'''[4]''' For these did not learn of the victory until the wailing of the men in [[Alesia]] and the lamentations of the women were heard, as they beheld in the quarters of the enemy many shields adorned with gold and silver, many corselets smeared with blood, and also drinking cups and tents of Gallic fashion carried by the Romans into their camp. So quickly did so great a force, like a phantom or a dream, disperse and vanish out of sight, the greater part of them having fallen in the battle.

'''[5]''' Those who held [[Alesia]], too, after giving themselves and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no small trouble, finally surrendered. And the leader of the whole war, [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]], after putting on his most beautiful armour and decorating his horse, rode out through the gate. He made a circuit round [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who remained seated, and then leaped down from his horse, stripped off his suit of armour, and seating himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s feet remained motionless, until he was delivered up to be kept in custody for the [[Roman triumph|triumph]].

==E28 - Caesar and Pompey==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had long ago decided to put down [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], just as, of course, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] also had decided to put [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] down. For now that [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], who was only waiting for the issue of their struggle to engage the victor, had perished among the [[Parthia|Parthians]], it remained for him who would be greatest to put down him who was, and for him who was greatest, if he would not be put down, to take off in time the man he feared.

'''[2]''' This fear had only recently come upon [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who till then despised [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], feeling that it was no hard task to put down again the man whom he himself had raised on high.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had from the outset formed this design, and like an athlete had removed himself to a great distance from his antagonists, and by exercising himself in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] had practised his troops and increased his fame, lifting himself by his achievements to a height where he could vie with the successes of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. He laid hold of pretexts which were furnished partly by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, and partly by the times and the evil state of government at [[Rome]], by reason of which candidates for office set up counting-tables in public and shamelessly bribed the multitudes, while the people went down into the forum under pay, contending in behalf of their paymaster,

'''[4]''' not with votes, but with bows and arrows, swords, and slings. Often, too, they would defile the rostra with blood and corpses before they separated, leaving the city to anarchy like a ship drifting about without a steersman, so that men of understanding were content if matters issued in nothing worse for them than monarchy, after such madness and so great a tempest. And there were many who actually dared to say in public that nothing but monarchy could now cure the diseases of the state, and that this remedy ought to be adopted when offered by the gentlest of physicians, hinting at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[5]''' And when even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], although in words he affected to decline the honour, in fact did more than any one else to effect his appointment as dictator, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] saw through his design and persuaded the senate to appoint him sole consul, solacing him with a more legal monarchy that he might not force his way to the dictatorship. They also voted him additional time in which to hold his provinces; and he had two, [[Spain]] and all [[Africa]], which he managed by sending legates thither and maintaining armies there, for which he received from the public treasury a thousand talents annually.

==E29 - The Political Crisis==

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'''[1]''' Consequently, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] canvassed by proxy for a consulship, and likewise for an extension of time in which to hold his own provinces. At first, then, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] held his peace, while [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]] and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] opposed these plans; they hated [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on other grounds, and went beyond all bounds in their efforts to bring dishonour and abuse upon him.

'''[2]''' For instance, the inhabitants of [[Novum Comum]], a colony recently established by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in [[Gaul]], were deprived of citizenship by them; and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], while he was consul, beat with rods a senator of [[Novum Comum]] who had come to [[Rome]], telling him besides that he put these marks upon him to prove that he was not a Roman, and bade him go back and show them to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. But after the consulship of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] having now sent his Gallic wealth for all those in public life to draw from in copious streams,

'''[3]''' and having freed [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] the tribune from many debts, and having given [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)|Paulus]] the consul fifteen hundred talents, out of which he adorned the forum with the [[Basilica Aemilia|Basilica]], a famous monument, erected in place of the [[Basilica Fulvia|Fulvia]], under these circumstances [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] took fright at the coalition, and openly now, by his own efforts and those of his friends, tried to have a successor appointed to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in his government, and sent a demand to him for the return of the soldiers whom he had lent him for his Gallic contests. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent the soldiers back, after making a present to each man of two hundred and fifty drachmas.

'''[4]''' But the officers who brought these men to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] spread abroad among the multitude stories regarding [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] which were neither reasonable nor true, and ruined [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself with vain hopes. They told him that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army yearned for him, and that while he was with difficulty controlling affairs in the city owing to the disease of envy which festered in the body politic, the forces in [[Gaul]] were ready to serve him, and had but to cross into [[Italy]] when they would at once be on his side, so obnoxious to them had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] become by reason of the multitude of his campaigns,

'''[5]''' and so suspicious of him were they made by their fear of a monarchy. All this fed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s vanity, and he neglected to provide himself with soldiers, as though he had no fears; while with speeches and resolutions of the senate he was carrying the day against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he supposed, although he was merely getting measures rejected about which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cared naught. Nay, we are told that one of the centurions sent to [[Rome]] by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he stood in front of the senate-house and learned that the senate would not give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an extension of his term of command, slapped the handle of his sword and said: "But this will give it."

==E30 - Caesar’s Terms==

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'''[1]''' However, the demands which came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] certainly had a striking semblance of fairness. He demanded, namely, that if he himself laid down his arms, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should do the same, and that both, thus become private men, should find what favour they could with their fellow citizens; arguing that if they took away his forces from him, but confirmed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] in the possession of his, they would be accusing one of seeking a tyranny and making the other a tyrant.

'''[2]''' When [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] laid these proposals before the people in behalf of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], he was loudly applauded, and some actually cast garlands of flowers upon him as if he were a victorious athlete. [[Mark Antony|Antony]], too, who was a tribune, brought before the people a letter of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s on these matters which he had received, and read it aloud, in defiance of the consuls.

'''[3]''' But in the senate, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], the father-in-law of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], introduced a motion that if by a fixed day [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not lay down his arms he should be declared a public enemy. And when the consuls put the question whether [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should dismiss his soldiers, and again whether [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should, very few senators voted for the first, and all but a few for the second; but when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] again demanded that both should give up their commands, all with one accord assented. [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], however, made violent opposition, and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul cried out that against a robber there was need of arms, not votes; whereupon the senate broke up, and the senators put on the garb of mourning in view of the dissension.

==E31 - Caesar’s Final Proposals==

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'''[1]''' But presently letters came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in which he appeared to take a more moderate position, for he agreed to surrender everything else, but demanded that [[Cisalpine Gaul]] and [[Illyricum]] together with two [[Roman legion|legions]] should be given him until he stood for his second [[Roman consul|consulship]]. [[Cicero]] the orator, too, who had just returned from [[Cilicia]] and was busy with a reconciliation, tried to mollify [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who yielded everything else, but insisted on taking away [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s soldiers. [[Cicero]] also tried to persuade the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to compromise and come to a settlement on the basis of the provinces mentioned and only six thousand soldiers, and [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was ready to yield and grant so many. [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul, however, would not let him, but actually heaped insults upon [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] and drove them disgracefully from the [[Roman Senate|senate]], thus himself contriving for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] the most specious of his pretexts, and the one by means of which he most of all incited his soldiers, showing them men of repute and high office who had fled the city on hired carts and in the garb of slaves. For thus they had arrayed themselves in their fear and stolen out of [[Rome]].

==E32 - The Crossing of the Rubicon==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had with him not more than three hundred horsemen and five thousand [[Roman legion|legionaries]]; for the rest of his army had been left beyond the [[Alps]], and was to be brought up by those whom he had sent for the purpose.

'''[2]''' He saw, however, that the beginning of his enterprise and its initial step did not require a large force at present, but must take advantage of the golden moment by showing amazing boldness and speed, since he could strike terror into his enemies by an unexpected blow more easily than he could overwhelm them by an attack in full force. He therefore ordered his [[Centurion|centurions]] and other officers, taking their swords only, and without the rest of their arms, to occupy [[Ariminum]], a large city of [[Gaul]], avoiding commotion and bloodshed as far as possible; and he entrusted this force to [[Hortensius]].

'''[3]''' He himself spent the day in public, attending and watching the exercises of [[gladiator]]s; but a little before evening he bathed and dressed and went into the banqueting hall. Here he held brief converse with those who had been invited to supper, and just as it was getting dark rose and went away, after addressing courteously most of his guests and bidding them await his return.

'''[4]''' To a few of his friends, however, he had previously given directions to follow him, not all by the same route, but some by one way and some by another. He himself mounted one of his hired carts and drove at first along another road, then turned towards [[Ariminum]]. When he came to the river which separates [[Cisalpine Gaul]] from the rest of [[Italy]] (it is called the [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]]), and began to reflect, now that he drew nearer to the fearful step and was agitated by the magnitude of his ventures,

'''[5]''' he checked his speed. Then, halting in his course, he communed with himself a long time in silence as his resolution wavered back and forth, and his purpose then suffered change after change. For a long time, too, he discussed his perplexities with his friends who were present, among whom was [[Asinius Pollio]], estimating the great evils for all mankind which would follow their passage of the river, and the wide fame of it which they would leave to posterity.

'''[6]''' But finally, with a sort of passion, as if abandoning calculation and casting himself upon the future, and uttering the phrase with which men usually prelude their plunge into desperate and daring fortunes, "Let the die be cast," he hastened to cross the river; and going at full speed now for the rest of the time, before daybreak he dashed into [[Ariminum]] and took possession of it. It is said, moreover, that on the night before he crossed the river he had an unnatural dream: he thought, namely, that he was having incestuous intercourse with his own mother.

==E33 - The Flight from Rome==

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'''[1]''' After the seizure of [[Ariminum]], as if the war had opened with broad gates to cover the whole earth and sea alike, and the laws of the state were confounded along with the boundaries of the province, one would not have thought that men and women, as at other times, were hurrying through [[Italy]] in consternation, but that the very cities had

'''[2]''' risen up in flight and were rushing one through another; while [[Rome]] herself, deluged as it were by the inhabitants of the surrounding towns who were fleeing from their homes, neither readily obeying a magistrate nor listening to the voice of reason, in the surges of a mighty sea narrowly escaped being overturned by her own internal agitations.

'''[3]''' For conflicting emotions and violent disturbances prevailed everywhere. Those who rejoiced did not keep quiet, but in many places, as was natural in a great city, encountered those who were in fear and distress, and being filled with confidence as to the future came into strife with them; while [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, who was terror-stricken, was assailed on every side, being taken to task by some for having strengthened [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] against himself and the supreme power of the state, and denounced by others for having permitted [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] to insult [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] when he was ready to yield and was offering reasonable terms of settlement.

'''[4]''' [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]] bade him stamp on the ground for once; in a boastful speech to the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he told them to take no trouble or anxious thought about preparations for the war, since when it came he had but to stamp upon the earth to fill [[Italy]] with armies.

'''[5]''' However, even then [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s forces were more numerous than [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s; but no one would suffer him to exercise his own judgement and so, under the influence of many false and terrifying reports, believing that the war was already close at hand and prevailed everywhere, he gave way, was swept along with the universal tide, issued an edict declaring a state of anarchy, and forsook the city, commanding the senate to follow, and forbidding any one to remain who preferred country and freedom to tyranny.

==E34 - Caesar’s Clemency at Corfinium==

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'''[1]''' Accordingly, the [[Roman consul|consuls]] fled, without even making the sacrifices usual before departure; most of the senators also fled, after seizing, in a sort of robbery, whatever came to hand of their own possessions, as though it were the property of others. Some, too, who before this had vehemently espoused the cause of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], were now frightened out of their wits, and were carried along, when there was no need of it, by the sweep of the great tide.

'''[2]''' But most pitiful was the sight of the city, now that so great a tempest was bearing down upon her, carried along like a ship abandoned of her helmsmen to dash against whatever lay in her path. Still, although their removal was so pitiful a thing, for the sake of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] men considered exile to be their country, and abandoned [[Rome]] with the feeling that it was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s camp. For even [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s greatest friends, who had been his legate and had fought most zealously with him in all his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]], now ran away from him and came to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent to [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]] his money and his baggage. Against [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], however, who was holding [[Corfinium]] with thirty [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] under his command, he marched, and pitched his camp near by. [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], despairing of his enterprise, asked his physician, who was a slave, for a poison, and taking what was given him, drank it, intending to die.

'''[4]''' But after a little, hearing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] showed most wonderful clemency towards his prisoners, he bewailed his fate, and blamed the rashness of his purpose. Then his physician bade him be of good cheer, since what he had drunk was a sleeping-potion and not deadly; whereupon [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] rose up overjoyed and went to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], the pledge of whose right hand he received, only to desert him and go back to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When tidings of these things came to [[Rome]], men were made more cheerful, and some of the fugitives turned back.

==E35 - Caesar Takes Rome==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took over the troops of [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], as well as all the other levies of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] which he surprised in the various cities. Then, since his forces were already numerous and formidable, he marched against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, did not await his approach, but fled to [[Brundisium]], sent the consuls before him with an army to [[Dyrrhachium]], and shortly afterwards, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] drew near, sailed off himself, as shall be set forth circumstantially in his Life. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to pursue him at once, but was destitute of ships; so he turned back to [[Rome]], having in sixty days and without bloodshed become master of all [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He found the city more tranquil than he was expecting, and many senators in it. With these, therefore, he conferred in a gentle and affable manner, inviting them even to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] proposing suitable terms of agreement. But no one would listen to him, either because they feared [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], whom they had abandoned, or because they thought that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not mean what he said, but was indulging in specious talk.

'''[3]''' When the tribune [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] tried to prevent [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s taking money from the reserve funds of the state, and cited certain laws, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said that arms and laws had not the same season. "But if thou art displeased with what is going on, for the present get out of the way, since war has no use for free speech; when, however, I have come to terms and laid down my arms, then thou shalt come before the people with thy harangues. And in saying this I waive my own just rights; for thou art mine, thou and all of the faction hostile to me whom I have caught."

'''[4]''' After this speech to [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] walked towards the door of the treasury, and when the keys were not to be found, he sent for smiths and ordered them to break in the door. [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] once more opposed him, and was commended by some for so doing; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], raising his voice, threatened to kill him if he did not cease his troublesome interference. "And thou surely knowest, young man," said he, "that it is more unpleasant for me to say this than to do it." Then [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], in consequence of this speech, went off in a fright, and henceforth everything was speedily and easily furnished to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for the war.

==E36 - The Campaign in Spain==

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'''[1]''' So he made an expedition into [[Spain]], having resolved first to drive out from there [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s legates, and bring their forces there and the provinces into his power, and then to march against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], leaving not an enemy in his rear. And though his life was often in peril from ambuscades, and his army most of all from hunger, he did not cease from pursuing, challenging, and besieging the men until he had made himself by main force master of their camps and their forces. The leaders, however, made their escape to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

==E37 - Caesar’s Winter Expedition==

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'''[1]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]], [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]], his father-in-law, urged him to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] with proposals for a settlement; but [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], opposed the project. So, having been made [[Roman dictator|dictator]] by the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he brought home exiles, restored to civic rights the children of those who had suffered in the time of [[Sulla]], relieved the burdens of the debtor-class by a certain adjustment of interest, took in hand a few other public measures of like character, and within eleven days abdicated the sole power, had himself declared [[Roman consul|consul]] with [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], and entered upon his campaign.

'''[2]''' The rest of his forces he passed by in a forced march, and with six hundred picked horsemen and five legions, at the time of the winter solstice, in the early part of January (this month answers nearly to the Athenian Poseideon), put to sea, and after crossing the [[Ionian Gulf]] took [[Oricum]] and [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], and sent his transports back again to [[Brundisium]] for the soldiers who had been belated on their march.

'''[3]''' These, as long as they were on the road, since they were now past their physical prime and worn out with their multitudinous wars, murmured against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. "Whither, pray, and to what end will this man bring us, hurrying us about and treating us like tireless and lifeless things? Even a sword gets tired out with smiting, and shield and breastplate are spared a little after so long a time of service."

'''[4]''' Will not even our wounds, then, convince [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he commands mortal men, and that we are mortal in the endurance of pain and suffering? Surely the wintry season and the occasion of a storm at sea not even a god can constrain; yet this man takes risks as though he were not pursuing, but flying from, enemies.

'''[5]''' With such words as these they marched in a leisurely way to [[Brundisium]]. But when they got there and found that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had put to sea, they quickly changed their tone and reviled themselves as traitors to the [[Imperator]]; they reviled their officers, too, for not having quickened their march. Then, sitting on the cliffs, they looked oft towards the open sea and [[Epirus]], watching for the ships which were to carry them across to their commander.

==E38 - Caesar’s Attempt to Cross the Aous==

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'''[1]''' At [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], since the force which he had with him was not a match for the enemy and the delay of his troops on the other side caused him perplexity and distress, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] conceived the dangerous plan of embarking in a twelve-oared boat, without any one's knowledge, and going over to [[Brundisium]], though the sea was encompassed by such large armaments of the enemy.

'''[2]''' At night, accordingly, after disguising himself in the dress of a slave, he went on board, threw himself down as one of no account, and kept quiet. While the river [[Aous River|Aous]] was carrying the boat down towards the sea, the early morning breeze, which at that time usually made the mouth of the river calm by driving back the waves, was quelled by a strong wind which blew from the sea during the night;

'''[3]''' the river therefore chafed against the inflow of the sea and the opposition of its billows, and was rough, being beaten back with a great din and violent eddies, so that it was impossible for the master of the boat to force his way along. He therefore ordered the sailors to come about in order to retrace his course. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], perceiving this, disclosed himself, took the master of the boat by the hand, who was terrified at sight of him, and said: "Come, good man, be bold and fear naught; thou carryest [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] fortune in thy boat."

'''[4]''' The sailors forgot the storm, and laying to their oars, tried with all alacrity to force their way down the river. But since it was impossible, after taking much water and running great hazard at the mouth of the river, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] very reluctantly suffered the captain to put about. When he came back, his soldiers met him in throngs, finding much fault and sore displeased with him because he did not believe that even with them alone he was able to conquer, but was troubled, and risked his life for the sake of the absent as though distrusting those who were present.

==E39 - The Setback Against Pompey==

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'''[1]''' After this, [[Mark Antony|Antony]] put in from [[Brundisium]] with his forces, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was emboldened to challenge [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] to battle. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was well posted and drew ample supplies both from land and sea; while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had no great abundance at first, and afterwards was actually hard pressed for want of provisions. But his soldiers dug up a certain root, mixed it with milk, and ate it.

'''[2]''' Once, too, they made loaves of it, and running up to the enemy's outposts, threw the loaves inside or tossed them to one another, adding by way of comment that as long as the earth produced such roots, they would not stop besieging [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, would not allow either the loaves or these words to reach the main body of his army. For his soldiers were dejected, fearing the ferocity and hardiness of their enemies, who were like wild beasts in their eyes.

'''[3]''' There were constant skirmishings about the fortifications of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and in all of them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] got the better except one, where there was a great rout of his men and he was in danger of losing his camp.

'''[4]''' For when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] attacked not one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s men stood his ground, but the moats were filled with the slain, and others were falling at their own ramparts and walls, whither they had been driven in headlong flight. And though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] met the fugitives and tried to turn them back, he availed nothing, nay, when he tried to lay hold of the standards the bearers threw them away, so that the enemy captured thirty-two of them. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, too, narrowly escaped being killed.

'''[5]''' For as a tall and sturdy man was running away past him, he laid his hand upon him and bade him stay and face about upon the enemy; and the fellow, full of panic at the threatening danger, raised his sword to smite [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but before he could do so [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s shield-bearer lopped off his arm at the shoulder. So completely had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] given up his cause for lost that, when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], either from excessive caution or by some chance, did not follow up his great success, but withdrew after he had shut up the fugitives within their entrenchments, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said to his friends as he left them: "To-day victory had been with the enemy, if they had had a victor in command."

'''[6]''' Then going by himself to his tent and lying down, he spent that most distressful of all nights in vain reflections, convinced that he had shown bad generalship. For while a fertile country lay waiting for him, and the prosperous cities of [[Macedonia]] and [[Thessaly]], he had neglected to carry the war thither, and had posted himself here by the sea, which his enemies controlled with their fleets, being thus held in siege by lack of provisions rather than besieging with his arms.

'''[7]''' Thus his despondent thoughts of the difficulty and perplexity of his situation kept him tossing upon his couch, and in the morning he broke camp, resolved to lead his army into [[Macedonia]] against [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]]; for he would then either draw [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] after him to a place where he would give battle without drawing his supplies as he now did from the sea, or [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] would be left alone and he would overwhelm him.

==E40 - Pompey’s Strategy==

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'''[1]''' This emboldened the soldiers of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and the leaders by whom he was surrounded to keep close to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], whom they thought defeated and in flight. For [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was cautious about hazarding a battle for so great a stake, and since he was most excellently provided with everything necessary for a long war, he thought it best to wear out and quench the vigour of the enemy, which must be short-lived.

'''[2]''' For the best fighting men in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army had experience, it is true, and a daring which was irresistible in combat; but what with their long marches and frequent encampments and siege-warfare and night-watches, they were beginning to give out by reason of age, and were too unwieldy for labour, having lost their ardour from weakness. At that time, too, a kind of pestilential disease, occasioned by the strangeness of their diet, was said to be prevalent in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army. And what was most important of all, since [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was neither strong in funds nor well supplied with provisions, it was thought that within a short time his army would break up of itself.

==E41 - Pompey Is Pressed into Battle==

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'''[1]''' For these reasons [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] did not wish to fight, but [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] was the only one to commend his course, and this from a desire to spare the lives of his fellow citizens;

'''[2]''' for when he saw even those of the enemy who had fallen in the battle, to the number of a thousand, he burst into tears, muffled up his head, and went away.

'''[3]''' All the rest, however, reviled [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] for trying to avoid a battle, and sought to goad him on by calling him [[Agamemnon]] and King of Kings, implying that he did not wish to lay aside his sole authority, but plumed himself on having so many commanders dependent upon him and coming constantly to his tent. And [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], affecting [[Cato the Younger|Cato]]'s boldness of speech, complained like a mad man because that year also they would be unable to enjoy the figs of [[Tusculum]] because of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s love of command. [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]], too, who had lately come from [[Spain]], where he had shown bad generalship, when accused of betraying his army for a bribe, asked why they did not fight with the merchant who had bought the provinces from him. Driven on by all these importunities, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] reluctantly sought a battle and pursued [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] accomplished most of his march with difficulty, since no one would sell him provisions, and everybody despised him on account of his recent defeat; but after he had taken [[Gomphi]], a city of [[Thessaly]], he not only provided food for his soldiers, but also relieved them of their disease unexpectedly. For they fell in with plenty of wine, and after drinking freely of it, and then revelling and rioting on their march, by means of their drunkenness they drove away and got rid of their trouble, since they brought their bodies into a different habit.

==E42 - The Armies at Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But when both armies entered the plain of [[Pharsalus]] and encamped there, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s mind reverted again to its former reasoning, and besides, there befell him unlucky appearances and a vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that he saw himself in his theatre applauded by the [[Romans]], . . .

'''[2]''' Those about him, however, were so confident, and so hopefully anticipated the victory, that [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Spinther]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] disputed earnestly with one another over [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s office of [[Pontifex Maximus]], and many sent agents to [[Rome]] to hire and take possession of houses suitable for [[Praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]], assuming that they would immediately hold these offices after the war. And most of all were his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] impatient for the battle, since they had a splendid array of shining armour, well-fed horses, and handsome persons, and were in high spirits too on account of their numbers, which were seven thousand to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s one thousand. The numbers of the infantry also were unequal, since forty-five thousand were arrayed against twenty-two thousand.

==E43 - The Portents Before Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] called his soldiers together, and after telling them that [[Cornificius|Corfinius]] was near with two [[Roman legion|legions]] for him, and that fifteen [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] besides under [[Quintus Fufius Calenus|Calenus]] were stationed at [[Athens]] and [[Megara]], asked them whether they wished to wait for these troops, or to hazard the issue by themselves. Then the soldiers besought him with loud cries not to wait for the troops, but rather to contrive and manoeuvre to come to close quarters with the enemy as soon as possible.

'''[2]''' As he was holding a lustration and review of his forces and had sacrificed the first victim, the seer at once told him that within three days there would be a decisive battle with the enemy. And when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] asked him whether he also saw in the victims any favourable signs of the issue, "Thou thyself," said the seer, "canst better answer this question for thyself. For the gods indicate a great change and revolution of the present status to the opposite. Therefore, if thou thinkest thyself well off as matters stand, expect the worse fortune; if badly off, the better."

'''[3]''' Moreover, on the night before the battle, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was making the round of his sentries about midnight, a fiery torch was seen in the heavens, which seemed to be carried over his camp, blazing out brightly, and then to fall into [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s. And during the morning watch it was noticed that there was actually a panic confusion among the enemy. However, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not expect to fight on that day, but began to break camp for a march to [[Scotussa]].

==E44 - The Battle of Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But just as the tents had been struck, his scouts rode up to him with tidings that the enemy were coming down into the plain for battle. At this he was overjoyed, and after prayers and vows to the gods, drew up his [[Roman legion|legionaries]] in three divisions. Over the centre he put [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius Calvinus]], while of the wings [[Mark Antony|Antony]] had one and he himself the right, where he intended to fight with the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]].

'''[2]''' But seeing that the enemy's cavalry were arraying themselves over against this point, and fearing their brilliant appearance and their numbers, he ordered six cohorts from the furthermost lines to come round to him unobserved, and stationed them behind his right wing, teaching them what they were to do when the enemy's horsemen attacked.

'''[3]''' [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] had one of his wings himself, and [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] the left, while [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s father-in-law, commanded the centre. But his horsemen all crowded to the left wing, intending to encircle the enemy's right and make a complete rout about the commander himself; for they thought that no legionary array, however deep, could resist them, but that when so many horsemen made an onset together the enemy would be utterly broken and crushed.

'''[4]''' When both sides were about to sound the charge, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] ordered his legionaries to stand with arms at the ready and await in close array the onset of the enemy until they were within javelin cast. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says that here too [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] made a mistake, not knowing that the initial clash with all the impetus of running adds force to the blows and fires the courage, which everything then conspires to fan.

'''[5]''' As [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was about to move his lines of legionaries, and was already going forward into action, he saw first one of his [[Centurion|centurions]], a man experienced in war and faithful to him, encouraging his men and challenging them to vie with him in prowess.

'''[6]''' Him [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] addressed by name and said: "Caius Crassinius, what are our hopes, and how does our confidence stand?" Then Crassinius, stretching forth his right hand, said with a loud voice: "We shall win a glorious victory, O Caesar, and thou shalt praise me to-day, whether I am alive or dead." So saying, he plunged foremost into the enemy at full speed, carrying along with him the one hundred and twenty soldiers under his command. But after cutting his way through the first rank, and while he was forging onwards with great slaughter, he was beaten back by the thrust of a sword through his mouth, and the point of the sword actually came out at the back of his neck.

==E45 - The Defeat of Pompey's Cavalry==

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'''[1]''' When the infantry had thus clashed together in the centre and were fighting, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s cavalry rode proudly up from the wing and deployed their squadrons to envelope the enemy's right; and before they could attack, the cohorts ran out from where [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was posted,

'''[2]''' not hurling their javelins, as usual, nor yet stabbing the thighs and legs of their enemies with them, but aiming them at their eyes and wounding their faces. They had been instructed to do this by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who expected that men little conversant with wars or wounds, but young, and pluming themselves on their youthful beauty, would dread such wounds especially, and would not stand their ground, fearing not only their present danger, but also their future disfigurement.

'''[3]''' And this was what actually came to pass; for they could not endure the upward thrust of the javelins, nor did they even venture to look the weapon in the face, but turned their heads away and covered them up to spare their faces. And finally, having thus thrown themselves into confusion, they turned and fled most shamefully, thereby ruining everything. For the conquerors of the horsemen at once encircled the infantry, fell upon their rear, and began to cut them to pieces.

'''[4]''' When [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], on the other wing, saw his horsemen scattered in flight, he was no longer the same man, nor remembered that he was [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]], but more like one whom Heaven has robbed of his wits than anything else, he went off without a word to his tent, sat down there, and awaited what was to come, until his forces were all routed and the enemy were assailing his ramparts and fighting with their defenders.

'''[5]''' Then he came to his senses, as it were, and with this one ejaculation, as they say, "What, even to my quarters?" took off his fighting and general's dress, put on one suitable for a fugitive, and stole away. What his subsequent fortunes were, and how he delivered himself into the hands of the [[Egyptians]] and was murdered, I shall tell in his Life.

==E46 - Caesar's Clemency==

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'''[1]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], when he reached [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] ramparts and saw those of the enemy who were already lying dead there and those who were still falling, said with a groan: "They would have it so; they brought me to such a pass that if I, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caius Caesar]], after waging successfully the greatest wars, had dismissed my forces, I should have been condemned in their courts."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]] says that these words, which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote down in [[Greek language|Greek]], were uttered by him in [[Latin language|Latin]] at the time; he also says that most of the slain were servants who were killed at the taking of the camp, and that not more than six thousand soldiers fell.

'''[3]''' Most of those who were taken alive [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] incorporated in his legions, and to many men of prominence he granted immunity. One of these was [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], who afterwards slew him. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was distressed, we are told, when Brutus was not to be found, but when he was brought into his presence safe and sound, was pleased beyond measure.

==E47 - Omens of Victory==

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'''[1]''' There were many portents of the victory, but the most remarkable one on record is that which was seen at [[Tralles]]. In that city's temple of Victory there stood a statue of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and the ground around it was itself naturally firm, and was paved with hard stone; yet from this it is said that a palm-tree shot up at the base of the statue.

'''[2]''' Moreover, at [[Patavium]], [[Gaius Cornelius (augur)|Caius Cornelius]], a man in repute as a seer, a fellow citizen and acquaintance of [[Livy]] the historian, chanced that day to be sitting in the place of augury. And to begin with, according to Livy, he discerned the time of the battle, and said to those present that even then the event was in progress and the men were going into action. And when he looked again and observed the signs, he sprang up in a rapture crying: "Thou art victorious, O [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]!" The bystanders being amazed, he took the chaplet from his head and declared with an oath that he would not put it on again until the event had borne witness to his art. At any rate, Livy insists that this was so.

==E48 - Caesar in Asia and Egypt==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave the [[Thessaly|Thessalians]] their freedom, to commemorate his victory, and then pursued [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When he reached [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] he made the [[Cnidus|Cnidians]] also free, to please [[Theopompus of Chios|Theopompus]] the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] remitted a third of their taxes. Arriving at [[Alexandria]] just after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] death, he turned away in horror from [[Theodotus of Chios|Theodotus]] as he presented the head of Pompey, but he accepted Pompey's seal-ring, and shed tears over it.

'''[2]''' Moreover, all the companions and intimates of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] who had been captured by the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] as they wandered over the country, he treated with kindness and attached them to himself. And to his friends in [[Rome]] he wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory, namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him.

'''[3]''' As for the war in [[Egypt]], some say that it was not necessary, but due to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] passion for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], and that it was inglorious and full of peril for him. But others blame the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king's]] party for it, and especially the eunuch [[Pothinus|Potheinus]], who had most influence at court, and had recently killed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]; he had also driven [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country, and was now secretly plotting against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. On this account they say that from this time on [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] passed whole nights at drinking parties in order to protect himself.

'''[4]''' But in his open acts also [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] was unbearable, since he said and did many things that were invidious and insulting to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For instance, when the soldiers had the oldest and worst grain measured out to them, he bade them put up with it and be content, since they were eating what belonged to others; and at the state suppers he used wooden and earthen dishes, on the ground that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had taken all the gold and silver ware in payment of a debt. For the [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|father of the present king]] owed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seventeen million five hundred thousand drachmas, of which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had formerly remitted a part to his children, but now demanded payment of ten millions for the support of his army.

'''[5]''' When, however, [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] bade him go away now and attend to his great affairs, assuring him that later he would get his money with thanks, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] replied that he had no need whatever of Egyptians as advisers, and secretly sent for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country.

==E49 - Cleopatra and the Alexandrian War==

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'''[1]''' So [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], taking only [[Apollodorus the Sicilian]] from among her friends, embarked in a little skiff and landed at the palace when it was already getting dark; and as it was impossible to escape notice otherwise, she stretched herself at full length inside a bed-sack, while [[Apollodorus the Sicilian|Apollodorus]] tied the bed-sack up with a cord and carried it indoors to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]].

'''[2]''' It was by this device of [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]], it is said, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was first captivated, for she showed herself to be a bold coquette, and succumbing to the charm of further intercourse with her, he reconciled her to [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|her brother]] on the basis of a joint share with him in the royal power.

'''[3]''' Then, as everybody was feasting to celebrate the reconciliation, a slave of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]], his barber, who left nothing unscrutinized, owing to a timidity in which he had no equal, but kept his ears open and was here, there, and everywhere, perceived that [[Achillas]] the general and [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] the eunuch were hatching a plot against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. After [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had found them out, he set a guard about the banqueting-hall, and put [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] to death; [[Achillas]], however, escaped to his camp, and raised about [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] a war grievous and difficult for one who was defending himself with so few followers against so large a city and army.

'''[4]''' In this war, to begin with, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] encountered the peril of being shut off from water, since the canals were dammed up by the enemy; in the second place, when the enemy tried to cut off his fleet, he was forced to repel the danger by using fire, and this spread from the dockyards and destroyed the [[Library of Alexandria|great library]]; and thirdly, when a battle arose at [[Pharos]], he sprang from the mole into a small boat and tried to go to the aid of his men in their struggle, but the [[Egyptians]] sailed up against him from every side, so that he threw himself into the sea and with great difficulty escaped by swimming. At this time, too, it is said that he was holding many papers in his hand and would not let them go, though missiles were flying at him and he was immersed in the sea, but held them above water with one hand and swam with the other; his little boat had been sunk at the outset.

'''[5]''' But finally, after the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] had gone away to the enemy, he marched against him and conquered him in a battle where many fell and the king himself disappeared. Then, leaving [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] on the throne of [[Egypt]] (a little later she had a son by him whom the [[Alexandria|Alexandrians]] called [[Caesarion]]), he set out for [[Syria]].

==E50 - The Defeat of Pharnaces==

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'''[1]''' On leaving that country and traversing [[Asia]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned that [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius]] had been defeated by [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]] the son of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]] and had fled from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] with a few followers; also that [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]], using his victory without stint, and occupying [[Bithynia]] and [[Cappadocia]], was aiming to secure the country called [[Lesser Armenia]], and was rousing to revolt all the princes and tetrarchs there. At once, therefore, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] marched against him with three legions, fought a great battle with him near the city of [[Zela]], drove him in flight out of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], and annihilated his army.

'''[2]''' In announcing the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at [[Rome]], [[Amantius]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wrote three words: "Came, saw, conquered." In [[Latin language|Latin]], however, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity which is most impressive.

==E51 - Caesar's Return to Rome==

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'''[1]''' After this, he crossed to [[Italy]] and went up to [[Rome]], at the close of the year for which he had a second time been chosen [[Roman dictator|dictator]], though that office had never before been for a whole year; then for the following year he was proclaimed [[Roman consul|consul]]. Men spoke ill of him because, after his soldiers had mutinied and killed two men of praetorian rank, [[Galba]] and [[Cosconius]], he censured them only so far as to call them "citizens" when he addressed them, instead of "soldiers," and then gave each man a thousand drachmas and much allotted land in [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He was also calumniated for the madness of [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]], the greed of [[Amantius]], the drunkenness of [[Mark Antony|Antony]], and for the fact that [[Corfinius]] built over and refurnished the house of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] on the ground that it was not good enough for him. For at all these things the [[Romans]] were displeased. But owing to the political situation, though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not ignorant of these things and did not like them, he was compelled to make use of such assistants.

==E52 - The African Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After the battle at [[Pharsalus]], [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made their escape to [[Africa]], and there, with the aid of [[Juba I of Numidia|King Juba]], collected considerable forces. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] therefore resolved to make an expedition against them. So, about the time of the winter solstice, he crossed into [[Sicily]], and wishing to cut off at once in the minds of his officers all hope of delaying there and wasting time, he pitched his own tent on the sea-beach. When a favouring wind arose, he embarked and put to sea with three thousand infantry and a few horsemen. Then, after landing these unobserved, he put to sea again, being full of fears for the larger part of his force, and meeting them after they were already at sea, he conducted all into camp.

'''[2]''' On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the [[Scipio Africanus|Scipios]] to conquer in [[Africa]], he either flouted in pleasantry the [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] who commanded the enemy, or else tried in good earnest to appropriate to himself the omen, it is hard to say which.

'''[3]''' He had under him, namely, a man who otherwise was a contemptible nobody, but belonged to the family of the Africani, and was called [[Scipio Sallustio]]. This man [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] put in the forefront of his battles as if commander of the army, being compelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the fighting.

'''[4]''' For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of burden, nay, they were forced to feed their horses on sea-weed, which they washed free of its salt and mixed with a little grass to sweeten it. For the [[Numidians]] showed themselves everywhere in great numbers and speedy, and controlled the country.

'''[5]''' Indeed, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] horsemen were once off duty (a [[Libya|Libyan]] was showing them how he could dance and play the flute at the same time in an astonishing manner, and they had committed their horses to the slaves and were sitting delighted on the ground), the enemy suddenly surrounded and attacked them, killed some of them,

'''[6]''' and followed hard upon the heels of the rest as they were driven headlong into camp. And if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, and with him [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]], had not come from the ramparts to their aid and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion, too, in another battle, the enemy got the advantage in the encounter, and here it is said that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seized by the neck the fugitive standard-bearer, faced him about, and said: "Yonder is the enemy."

==E53 - The Battle of Thapsus==

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'''[1]''' However, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] was encouraged by these advantages to hazard a decisive battle, so, leaving [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] encamped separately at a short distance apart, he himself began fortifying a camp beyond a lake near the city of [[Thapsus]], that it might serve the whole army as a place from which to sally out to the battle, and as a place of refuge.

'''[2]''' But while he was busy with this project, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made his way with inconceivable speed through woody regions which afford unknown access to the spot, outflanked some of the enemy, and attacked others in front. Then, after routing these, he took advantage of the favourable instant and of the impetus of fortune, and thereby captured the camp of [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] at the first onset, and at the first onset sacked the camp of the [[Numidians]], from which [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] fled. Thus in a brief portion of one day he made himself master of three camps and slew fifty thousand of the enemy, without losing as many as fifty of his own men.

'''[3]''' This is the account which some give of the battle; others, however, say that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was not in the action, but that, as he was marshalling and arraying his army, his usual sickness laid hold of him, and he, at once aware that it was beginning, before his already wavering senses were altogether confounded and overpowered by the malady, was carried to a neighbouring tower, where he stayed quietly during the battle. Of the men of consular and praetorial rank who escaped from the battle, some slew themselves at the moment of their capture, and others were put to death by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] after capture.

==E54 - Cato's Death and the Anti-Cato==

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'''[1]''' Being eager to take [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] alive, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] hastened towards [[Utica]], for Cato was guarding that city, and took no part in the battle. But he learned that Cato had made away with himself, and he was clearly annoyed, though for what reason is uncertain. At any rate, he said: "Cato, I begrudge thee thy death; for thou didst begrudge me the preservation of thy life."

'''[2]''' Now, the treatise which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote against Cato when he was dead, does not seem to prove that he was in a gentle or reconcilable mood. For how could he have spared Cato alive, when he poured out against him after death so great a cup of wrath? And yet from his considerate treatment of [[Cicero]] and [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and thousands more who had fought against him, it is inferred that even this treatise was not composed out of hatred, but from political ambition, for reasons which follow.

'''[3]''' [[Cicero]] had written an encomium on Cato which he entitled "Cato"; and the discourse was eagerly read by many, as was natural, since it was composed by the ablest of orators on the noblest of themes. This annoyed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who thought that [[Cicero's]] praise of the dead Cato was a denunciation of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself. Accordingly, he wrote a treatise in which he got together countless charges against Cato and the work is entitled "Anti-Cato." Both treatises have many eager readers, as well on account of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as of Cato.

==E55 - Caesar's African Triumph==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]] from [[Africa]], to begin with, he made a boastful speech to the people concerning his victory, asserting that he had subdued a country large enough to furnish annually for the public treasury two hundred thousand [[Attic]] bushels of grain, and three million pounds of olive oil. Next, he celebrated triumphs, an Egyptian, a Pontic, and an African, the last not for his victory over [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], but ostensibly over [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] the king. On this occasion, too, [[Juba II|Juba]], a son of the king, a mere infant, was carried along in the triumphal procession, the most fortunate captive ever taken, since from being a [[Barbarian]] and a [[Numidia]]n, he came to be enrolled among the most learned historians of [[Ancient Greece|Hellas]]. After the triumphs, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave his soldiers large gifts and entertained the people with banquets and spectacles, feasting them all at one time on twenty thousand dining-couches, and furnishing spectacles of [[gladiator]]ial and naval combats in honour of his daughter [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], long since dead.

'''[2]''' After the spectacles, a census of the people was taken, and instead of the three hundred and twenty thousand of the preceding lists there were enrolled only one hundred and fifty thousand. So great was the calamity which the civil wars had wrought, and so large a portion of the people of [[Rome]] had they consumed away, to say nothing of the misfortunes that possessed the rest of [[Italy]] and the provinces.

==E56 - Caesar's Spanish Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After these matters had been finished and he had been declared consul for the fourth time, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made an expedition into [[Spain]] against the sons of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. These were still young, but had collected an army of amazing numbers and displayed a boldness which justified their claims to leadership, so that they beset [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] with the greatest peril.

'''[2]''' The great battle was joined near the city of [[Munda]], and here [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], seeing his own men hard pressed and making a feeble resistance, asked in a loud voice as he ran through the armed ranks whether they felt no shame to take him and put him in the hands of those boys. With difficulty and after much strenuous effort he repulsed the enemy and slew over thirty thousand of them, but he lost one thousand of his own men, and those the very best.

'''[3]''' As he was going away after the battle he said to his friends that he had often striven for victory, but now first for his life. He fought this victorious battle on the day of the festival of [[Bacchus]], on which day also it is said that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]] had gone forth to the war; a period of four years intervened. As for [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] sons, the younger made his escape, but after a few days the head of the elder was brought in by [[Deidius]].

'''[4]''' This was the last war that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] waged; and the triumph that was celebrated for it vexed the [[Romans]] as nothing else had done. For it commemorated no victory over foreign commanders or barbarian kings, but the utter annihilation of the sons and the family of the mightiest of the [[Romans]], who had fallen upon misfortune; and it was not meet for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to celebrate a triumph for the calamities of his country, priding himself upon actions which had no defence before gods or men except that they had been done under necessity, and that too although previously he had sent neither messenger nor letters to announce to the people a victory in the civil wars, but had scrupulously put from him the fame arising therefrom.

==E57 - Caesar Appointed Dictator for Life==

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'''[1]''' However, the [[Romans]] gave way before the good fortune of the man and accepted the bit, and regarding the monarchy as a respite from the evils of the civil wars, they appointed him [[Roman dictator|dictator for life]]. This was confessedly a tyranny, since the monarchy, besides the element of irresponsibility, now took on that of permanence.

'''[2]''' It was [[Cicero]] who proposed the first honours for him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], and their magnitude was, after all, not too great for a man; but others added excessive honours and vied with one another in proposing them, thus rendering [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] odious and obnoxious even to the mildest citizens because of the pretension and extravagance of what was decreed for him. It is thought, too, that the enemies of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no less than his flatterers helped to force these measures through, in order that they might have as many pretexts as possible against him and might be thought to have the best reasons for attempting his life.

'''[3]''' For in all other ways, at least, after the civil wars were over, he showed himself blameless; and certainly it is thought not inappropriate that the [[Temple of Clemency]] was decreed as a thank-offering in view of his mildness.

'''[4]''' For he pardoned many of those who had fought against him, and to some he even gave honours and offices besides, as to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], both of whom were now [[Roman praetor|praetors]]. The statues of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], too, which had been thrown down, he would not suffer to remain so, but set them up again, at which [[Cicero]] said that in setting up [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] statues [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] firmly fixed his own.

'''[5]''' When his friends thought it best that he should have a body-guard, and many of them volunteered for this service, he would not consent, saying that it was better to die once for all than to be always expecting death. In the effort to surround himself with men's good will as the fairest and at the same time the securest protection, he again courted the people with banquets and distributions of grain, and his soldiers with newly planted colonies, the most conspicuous of which were [[Carthage]] and [[Corinth]]. The earlier capture of both these cities, as well as their present restoration, chanced to fall at one and the same time.

==E58 - Caesar's Ambitions and Public Works==

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'''[1]''' As for the nobles, to some of them he promised consulships and praetorships in the future, others he appeased with sundry other powers and honours, and in all he implanted hopes, since he ardently desired to rule over willing subjects. Therefore, when [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 BC)|Maximus]] the consul died, he appointed [[Gaius Caninius Rebilus|Caninius Revilius]] consul for the one day still remaining of the term of office. To him, as we are told, many were going with congratulations and offers of escort, whereupon [[Cicero]] said: "Let us make haste, or else the man's consulship will have expired."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] many successes, however, did not divert his natural spirit of enterprise and ambition to the enjoyment of what he had laboriously achieved, but served as fuel and incentive for future achievements, and begat in him plans for greater deeds and a passion for fresh glory, as though he had used up what he already had. What he felt was therefore nothing else than emulation of himself, as if he had been another man, and a sort of rivalry between what he had done and what he purposed to do.

'''[3]''' For he planned and prepared to make an expedition against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] and after subduing these and marching around the [[Black Sea|Euxine]] by way of [[Hyrcania]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and the [[Caucasus]], to invade [[Scythia]]; and after overrunning the countries bordering on [[Germany]] and [[Germany]] itself, to come back by way of [[Gaul]] to [[Italy]], and so to complete this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the [[Ocean]].

'''[4]''' During this expedition, moreover, he intended to dig through the [[Isthmus of Corinth]], and had already put [[Anienus]] in charge of this work; he intended also to divert the [[Tiber]] just below the city into a deep channel, give it a bend towards [[Circeii|Circeium]], and make it empty into the sea at [[Terracina]], thus contriving for merchantmen a safe as well as an easy passage to [[Rome]];

'''[5]''' and besides this, to convert the marshes about [[Pomptine Marshes|Pomentinum]] and [[Setia]] into a plain which many thousands of men could cultivate; further, to build moles which should barricade the sea where it was nearest to [[Rome]], to clear away the hidden dangers on the shore of [[Ostia]], and then construct harbours and roadsteads sufficient for the great fleets that would visit them. And all these things were in preparation.

==E59 - The Julian Calendar==

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'''[1]''' The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the computation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility.

'''[2]''' For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the [[Romans]], so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year; the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called [[Mercedonius]]. [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] the king is said to have been the first to intercalate this month, thus devising a slight and short-lived remedy for the error in regard to the sidereal and solar cycles, as I have said in his Life.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and out of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any. This the [[Romans]] use down to the present time, and are thought to be less in error than other peoples as regards the inequality between the lunar and solar years. However, even this furnished occasion for blame to those who envied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and disliked his power. At any rate, [[Cicero]] the orator, we are told, when some one remarked that [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]] would rise on the morrow, said: "Yes, by decree," implying that men were compelled to accept even this dispensation.

==E60 - The Growing Hatred of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' But the most open and deadly hatred towards him was produced by his passion for the royal power. For the multitude this was a first cause of hatred, and for those who had long smothered their hate, a most specious pretext for it. And yet those who were advocating this honour for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually spread abroad among the people a report that from the [[Sibylline Books|Sibylline books]] it appeared that [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] could be taken if the [[Romans]] went up against it with a king,

'''[2]''' but otherwise could not be assailed; and as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was coming down from [[Alba]] into the city they ventured to hail him as king. But at this the people were confounded, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], disturbed in mind, said that his name was not King, but Caesar, and seeing that his words produced a universal silence, he passed on with no very cheerful or contented looks.

'''[3]''' Moreover, after sundry extravagant honours had been voted him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], it chanced that he was sitting above the [[Rostra]], and as the [[Roman praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]] drew near, with the whole senate following them, he did not rise to receive them, but as if he were dealing with mere private persons, replied that his honours needed curtailment rather than enlargement.

'''[4]''' This vexed not only the senate, but also the people, who felt that in the persons of the senators the state was insulted, and in a terrible dejection they went away at once, all who were not obliged to remain, so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] too, when he was aware of his mistake, immediately turned to go home, and drawing back his [[toga]] from his neck, cried in loud tones to his friends that he was ready to offer his throat to any one who wished to kill him.

'''[5]''' But afterwards he made his disease an excuse for his behaviour, saying that the senses of those who are thus afflicted do not usually remain steady when they address a multitude standing, but are speedily shaken and whirled about, bringing on giddiness and insensibility. However, what he said was not true; on the contrary, he was very desirous of rising to receive the senate, but one of his friends, as they say, or rather one of his flatterers, [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus|Cornelius Balbus]], restrained him, saying: "Remember that thou art Caesar, and permit thyself to be courted as a superior."

==E61 - The Lupercalia==

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'''[1]''' There was added to these causes of offence his insult to the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes]]. It was, namely, the festival of the [[Lupercalia]], of which many write that it was anciently celebrated by shepherds, and has also some connection with the [[Arcadian Lycaea]].

'''[2]''' At this time many of the noble youths and of the magistrates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs. And many women of rank also purposely get in their way, and like children at school present their hands to be struck, believing that the pregnant will thus be helped to an easy delivery, and the barren to pregnancy.

'''[3]''' These ceremonies [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was witnessing, seated upon the [[Rostra|rostra]] on a golden throne, arrayed in triumphal attire. And [[Mark Antony|Antony]] was one of the runners in the sacred race; for he was [[Roman consul|consul]].

'''[4]''' Accordingly, after he had dashed into the [[Roman Forum|forum]] and the crowd had made way for him, he carried a diadem, round which a wreath of laurel was tied, and held it out to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. Then there was applause, not loud, but slight and preconcerted. But when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pushed away the diadem, all the people applauded; and when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] offered it again, few, and when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] declined it again, all, applauded.

'''[5]''' The experiment having thus failed, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] rose from his seat, after ordering the wreath to be carried up to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]; but then his statues were seen to have been decked with royal diadems. So two of the tribunes, [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] and [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]], went up to them and pulled off the diadems, and after discovering those who had first hailed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as king, led them off to prison. Moreover, the people followed the tribunes with applause and called them [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutuses]], because [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was the man who put an end to the royal succession and brought the power into the hands of the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and people instead of a sole ruler. At this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was greatly vexed, and deprived [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]] and [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] of their office, while in his denunciation of them, although he at the same time insulted the people, he called them repeatedly [[Brutus|Brutes]] and [[Cymaeans]].

==E62 - Brutus and the Conspiracy==

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'''[1]''' Under these circumstances the multitude turned their thoughts towards [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Marcus Brutus]], who was thought to be a descendant of the elder [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] on his father's side, on his mother's side belonged to the [[Servilia gens|Servilii]], another illustrious house, and was a son-in-law and nephew of [[Cato the Younger|Cato]].

'''[2]''' The desires which [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] felt to attempt of his own accord the abolition of the monarchy were blunted by the favours and honours that he had received from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For not only had his life been spared at [[Pharsalus]] after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] flight, and the lives of many of his friends at his entreaty, but also he had great credit with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. He had received the most honourable of the [[Roman praetor|praetorships]] for the current year, and was to be [[Roman consul|consul]] three years later, having been preferred to [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], who was a rival candidate. For [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as we are told, said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] urged the juster claims to the office, but that for his own part he could not pass [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] by.

'''[3]''' Once, too, when certain persons were actually accusing [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] to him, the conspiracy being already on foot, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not heed them, but laying his hand upon his body said to the accusers: "Brutus will wait for this shrivelled skin," implying that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was worthy to rule because of his virtue, but that for the sake of ruling he would not become a thankless villain.

'''[4]''' Those, however, who were eager for the change, and fixed their eyes on [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] alone, or on him first, did not venture to talk with him directly, but by night they covered his praetorial tribune and chair with writings, most of which were of this sort: "Thou art asleep, Brutus," or, "Thou art not Brutus."

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] perceived that the ambition of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was somewhat stirred by these things, he was more urgent with him than before, and pricked him on, having himself also some private grounds for hating [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; these I have mentioned in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]]. Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually suspected him, so that he once said to his friends: "What, think ye, doth [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] want? I like him not over much, for he is much too pale." And again, we are told that when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] were accused to him of plotting revolution, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said: "I am not much in fear of these fat, long-haired fellows, but rather of those pale, thin ones," meaning [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]].

==E63 - Omens of Caesar's Death==

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'''[1]''' But destiny, it would seem, is not so much unexpected as it is unavoidable, since they say that amazing signs and apparitions were seen. Now, as for lights in the heavens, crashing sounds borne all about by night, and birds of omen coming down into the [[Roman Forum|forum]], it is perhaps not worth while to mention these precursors of so great an event;

'''[2]''' but [[Strabo]] the philosopher says that multitudes of men all on fire were seen rushing up, and a soldier's slave threw from his hand a copious flame and seemed to the spectators to be burning, but when the flame ceased the man was uninjured; he says, moreover, that when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was sacrificing, the heart of the victim was not to be found, and the prodigy caused fear, since in the course of nature, certainly, an animal without a heart could not exist.

'''[3]''' The following story, too, is told by many. A certain seer warned [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to be on his guard against a great peril on the day of the month of [[March]] which the [[Romans]] call the [[Ides of March]]; and when the day had come and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was on his way to the [[Roman Senate|senate-house]], he greeted the seer with a jest and said: "Well, the Ides of March are come," and the seer said to him softly: "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone."

'''[4]''' Moreover, on the day before, when [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Marcus Lepidus]] was entertaining him at supper, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] chanced to be signing letters, as his custom was, while reclining at table, and the discourse turned suddenly upon the question what sort of death was the best; before any one else could answer [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cried out: "That which is unexpected."

'''[5]''' After this, while he was sleeping as usual by the side of his wife, all the windows and doors of the chamber flew open at once, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], confounded by the noise and the light of the moon shining down upon him, noticed that [[Calpurnia]] was in a deep slumber, but was uttering indistinct words and inarticulate groans in her sleep; for she dreamed, as it proved, that she was holding her murdered husband in her arms and bewailing him.

'''[6]''' Some, however, say that this was not the vision which the woman had; but that there was attached to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] house to give it adornment and distinction, by vote of the senate, a gable-ornament, as [[Livy]] says, and it was this which [[Calpurnia]] in her dreams saw torn down, and therefore, as she thought, wailed and wept.

'''[7]''' At all events, when day came, she begged [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], if it was possible, not to go out, but to postpone the meeting of the senate; if, however, he had no concern at all for her dreams, she besought him to enquire by other modes of divination and by sacrifices concerning the future. And [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] also, as it would appear, was in some suspicion and fear. For never before had he perceived in [[Calpurnia]] any womanish superstition, but now he saw that she was in great distress. And when the seers also, after many sacrifices, told him that the omens were unfavourable, he resolved to send [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and dismiss the senate.

==E64 - Decimus Brutus Urges Caesar to Attend==

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'''[1]''' But at this juncture [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Decimus Brutus]], surnamed Albinus, who was so trusted by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he was entered in his will as his second heir, but was partner in the conspiracy of the other [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], fearing that if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should elude that day, their undertaking would become known,

'''[2]''' ridiculed the seers and chided [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for laying himself open to malicious charges on the part of the senators, who would think themselves mocked at; for they had met at his bidding, and were ready and willing to vote as one man that he should be declared king of the provinces outside of [[Italy]], and might wear a diadem when he went anywhere else by land or sea.

'''[3]''' But if some one should tell them at their session to be gone now, but to come back again when [[Calpurnia]] should have better dreams, what speeches would be made by his enemies, or who would listen to his friends when they tried to show that this was not slavery and tyranny?

'''[4]''' But if he was fully resolved, [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Albinus]] said, to regard the day as inauspicious, it was better that he should go in person and address the senate, and then postpone its business. While saying these things [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus]] took [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] by the hand and began to lead him along. And he had gone but a little way from his door when a slave belonging to some one else, eager to get at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but unable to do so for the press of numbers about him, forced his way into the house, gave himself into the hands of [[Calpurnia]], and bade her keep him secure until [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back, since he had important matters to report to him.

==E65 - Artemidorus's Warning==

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'''[1]''' Furthermore, [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]], [[Cnidus|Cnidian]] by birth, a teacher of [[Greek philosophy]], and on this account brought into intimacy with some of the followers of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], so that he also knew most of what they were doing, came bringing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in a small roll the disclosures which he was going to make; but seeing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took all such rolls and handed them to his attendants, he came quite near, and said: "Read this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], by thyself, and speedily; for it contains matters of importance and of concern to thee."

'''[2]''' Accordingly, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took the roll and would have read it, but was prevented by the multitude of people who engaged his attention, although he set out to do so many times, and holding in his hand and retaining that roll alone, he passed on into the senate. Some, however, say that another person gave him this roll, and that [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]] did not get to him at all, but was crowded away all along the route.

==E66 - The Assassination of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' So far, perhaps, these things may have happened of their own accord; the place, however, which was the scene of that struggle and murder, and in which the senate was then assembled, since it contained a statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and had been dedicated by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] as an additional ornament to his theatre, made it wholly clear that it was the work of some heavenly power which was calling and guiding the action thither.

'''[2]''' Indeed, it is also said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], turning his eyes toward the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] before the attack began, invoked it silently, although he was much addicted to the doctrines of [[Epicureanism|Epicurus]]; but the crisis, as it would seem, when the dreadful attempt was now close at hand, replaced his former cool calculations with divinely inspired emotion.

'''[3]''' Well, then, [[Mark Antony|Antony]], who was a friend of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] and a robust man, was detained outside by [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus Albinus]], who purposely engaged him in a lengthy conversation; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] went in, and the senate rose in his honour. Some of the partisans of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] took their places round the back of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] chair, while others went to meet him, as though they would support the petition which [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius Cimber]] presented to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in behalf of his exiled brother, and they joined their entreaties to his and accompanied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] up to his chair.

'''[4]''' But when, after taking his seat, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] continued to repulse their petitions, and, as they pressed upon him with greater importunity, began to show anger towards one and another of them, [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius]] seized his toga with both hands and pulled it down from his neck. This was the signal for the assault. It was [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]] who gave him the first blow with his dagger, in the neck, not a mortal wound, nor even a deep one, for which he was too much confused, as was natural at the beginning of a deed of great daring;

'''[5]''' so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] turned about, grasped the knife, and held it fast.

'''[6]''' At almost the same instant both cried out, the smitten man in [[Latin language|Latin]]: "Accursed [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]], what doest thou?" and the smiter, in [[Greek language|Greek]], to his brother: "Brother, help!" So the affair began, and those who were not privy to the plot were filled with consternation and horror at what was going on; they dared not fly, nor go to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] help, nay, nor even utter a word. But those who had prepared themselves for the murder bared each of them his dagger, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], hemmed in on all sides, whichever way he turned confronting blows of weapons aimed at his face and eyes, driven hither and thither like a wild beast, was entangled in the hands of all; for all had to take part in the sacrifice and taste of the slaughter.

'''[7]''' Therefore [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] also gave him one blow in the groin. And it is said by some writers that although [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] defended himself against the rest and darted this way and that and cried aloud, when he saw that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] had drawn his dagger, he pulled his toga down over his head and sank, either by chance or because pushed there by his murderers, against the pedestal on which the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] stood. And the pedestal was drenched with his blood, so that one might have thought that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was presiding over this vengeance upon his enemy, who now lay prostrate at his feet, quivering from a multitude of wounds. For it is said that he received twenty-three; and many of the conspirators were wounded by one another, as they struggled to plant all those blows in one body.

==E67 - The Immediate Aftermath==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] thus done to death, the senators, although [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came forward as if to say something about what had been done, would not wait to hear him, but burst out of doors and fled, thus filling the people with confusion and helpless fear, so that some of them closed their houses, while others left their counters and places of business and ran, first to the place to see what had happened, then away from the place when they had seen. [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidus]], the chief friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], stole away and took refuge in the houses of others. But [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans, just as they were, still warm from the slaughter, displaying their daggers bare, went all in a body out of the senate-house and marched to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]], not like fugitives, but with glad faces and full of confidence, summoning the multitude to freedom, and welcoming into their ranks the most distinguished of those who met them.

'''[2]''' Some also joined their number and went up with them as though they had shared in the deed, and laid claim to the glory of it, of whom were [[Gaius Octavius (conspirator)|Caius Octavius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Lentulus Spinther]]. These men, then, paid the penalty for their imposture later, when they were put to death by [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and the young [[Augustus|Caesar]], without even enjoying the fame for the sake of which they died, owing to the disbelief of their fellow men. For even those who punished them did not exact a penalty for what they did, but for what they wished they had done.

'''[3]''' On the next day [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came down and held a discourse, and the people listened to what was said without either expressing resentment at what had been done or appearing to approve of it; they showed, however, by their deep silence, that while they pitied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], they respected [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

'''[4]''' The senate, too, trying to make a general amnesty and reconciliation, voted to give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divine honours and not to disturb even the most insignificant measure which he had adopted when in power; while to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans it distributed provinces and gave suitable honours, so that everybody thought that matters were decided and settled in the best possible manner.

==E68 - Caesar's Funeral and the Riot==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' But when the will of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was opened and it was found that he had given every [[Roman citizen]] a considerable gift, and when the multitude saw his body carried through the [[Roman Forum|forum]] all disfigured with its wounds, they no longer kept themselves within the restraints of order and discipline, but after heaping round the body benches, railings, and tables from the forum, they set fire to them and burned it there; then, lifting blazing brands on high, they ran to the houses of the murderers with intent to burn them down, while others went every whither through the city seeking to seize the men themselves and tear them to pieces. Not one of these came in their way, but all were well barricaded.

'''[2]''' There was a certain [[Gaius Helvius Cinna|Cinna]], however, one of the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who chanced, as they say, to have seen during the previous night a strange vision. He dreamed, that is, that he was invited to supper by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and that when he excused himself, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led him along by the hand, although he did not wish to go, but resisted. Now, when he heard that they were burning the body of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in the forum, he rose up and went thither out of respect, although he had misgivings arising from his vision, and was at the same time in a fever.

'''[3]''' At sight of him, one of the multitude told his name to another who asked him what it was, and he to another, and at once word ran through the whole throng that this man was one of the murderers of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For there was among the conspirators a man who bore this same name of [[Cinna (conspirator)|Cinna]], and assuming that this man was he, the crowd rushed upon him and tore him in pieces among them.

'''[4]''' This more than anything else made [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] afraid, and not many days afterwards they withdrew from the city. What they did and suffered before they died, has been told in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

==E69 - The Death of Brutus and the Avenging of Caesar==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' At the time of his death [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fully fifty-six years old, but he had survived [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] not much more than four years, while of the power and dominion which he had sought all his life at so great risks, and barely achieved at last, of this he had reaped no fruit but the name of it only, and a glory which had awakened envy on the part of his fellow citizens.

'''[2]''' However, the great guardian-genius of the man, whose help he had enjoyed through life, followed upon him even after death as an avenger of his murder, driving and tracking down his slayers over every land and sea until not one of them was left, but even those who in any way soever either put hand to the deed or took part in the plot were punished.

'''[3]''' Among events of man's ordering, the most amazing was that which befell [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]]; for after his defeat at [[Philippi]] he slew himself with that very dagger which he had used against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; and among events of divine ordering, there was the great [[Comet|comet]], which showed itself in great splendour for seven nights after [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] murder, and then disappeared;

'''[4]''' also, the obscuration of the sun's rays. For during all that year its orb rose pale and without radiance, while the heat that came down from it was slight and ineffectual, so that the air in its circulation was dark and heavy owing to the feebleness of the warmth that penetrated it, and the fruits, imperfect and half ripe, withered away and shrivelled up on account of the coldness of the atmosphere.

'''[5]''' But more than anything else the phantom that appeared to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] showed that the murder of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not pleasing to the gods; and it was on this wise.

'''[6]''' As he was about to take his army across from [[Abydos]] to the other continent, he was lying down at night, as his custom was, in his tent, not sleeping, but thinking of the future; for it is said that of all generals [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was least given to sleep, and that he naturally remained awake a longer time than anybody else. And now he thought he heard a noise at the door, and looking towards the light of the lamp, which was slowly going out, he saw a fearful vision of a man of unnatural size and harsh aspect. At first he was terrified, but when he saw that the visitor neither did nor said anything, but stood in silence by his couch, he asked him who he was.

'''[7]''' Then the phantom answered him: "I am thy evil genius, Brutus, and thou shalt see me at [[Philippi]]." At the time, then, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] said courageously: "I shall see thee"; and the heavenly visitor at once went away.

'''[8]''' Subsequently, however, when arrayed against [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Augustus|Caesar]] at [[Philippi]], in the first battle he conquered the enemy in his front, routed and scattered them, and sacked the camp of [[Augustus|Caesar]]; but as he was about to fight the second battle, the same phantom visited him again at night, and though it said nothing to him, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] understood his fate, and plunged headlong into danger. He did not fall in battle, however, but after the rout retired to a crest of ground, put his naked sword to his breast (while a certain friend, as they say, helped to drive the blow home), and so died.

<center><big>The End</big></center>

=Καῖσαρ (Caesar)=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E01 - Caesar and Sulla|1]]==


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| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and when [[Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for Caesar's hatred of Sulla was Caesar's relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of Caesar's father, was the wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius the Elder]], and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], 
'''[2]''' who was therefore Caesar's cousin. Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription|proscriptions]], but he came before the people as candidate for a priesthood, although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses. 
'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, [[Cornelius (soldier of Sulla)|Cornelius]], two talents to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed 
'''[4]''' to [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|King Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]]. With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[Cilician pirates|pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E02 - The Pirates|2]]==


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'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πρῶτον Πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτηθεὶς αἰτηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τάλαντα τάλαντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεγέλασεν κατεγέλασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰδότων εἰδότων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾑρήκοιεν ᾑρήκοιεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡμολόγησε ὡμολόγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δώσειν δώσειν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλον ἄλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλην ἄλλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπέμψας διαπέμψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρημάτων χρημάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πορισμόν πορισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώποις ἀνθρώποις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φονικωτάτοις φονικωτάτοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κίλιξι Κίλιξι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑνὸς ἑνὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φίλου φίλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυοῖν δυοῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκολούθοιν ἀκολούθοιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολελειμμένος ἀπολελειμμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονητικῶς καταφρονητικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πέμπων πέμπων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁσάκις ὁσάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναπαύοιτο ἀναπαύοιτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέταττεν προσέταττεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιωπᾶν σιωπᾶν]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραις ἡμέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τεσσαράκοντα τεσσαράκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυεῖν δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεούσαις δεούσαις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούμενος φρουρούμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δορυφορούμενος δορυφορούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδείας ἀδείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέπαιζε συνέπαιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεγυμνάζετο συνεγυμνάζετο]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιήματα ποιήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράφων γράφων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰς τινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκροαταῖς ἀκροαταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνοις ἐκείνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχρῆτο ἐχρῆτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντας θαυμάζοντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιδεύτους ἀπαιδεύτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαρβάρους βαρβάρους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεκάλει ἀπεκάλει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σὺν σὺν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γέλωτι γέλωτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠπείλησε ἠπείλησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρεμᾶν κρεμᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτούς αὐτούς]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχαιρον ἔχαιρον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφελείᾳ ἀφελείᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὶ τινὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾷ παιδιᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρρησίαν παρρησίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέμοντες νέμοντες]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἧκον ἧκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλήτου Μιλήτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοὺς δοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλοῖα πλοῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πληρώσας πληρώσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλησίων Μιλησίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λιμένος λιμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνήγετο ἀνήγετο]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταλαβὼν καταλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ναυλοχοῦντας ναυλοχοῦντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λείαν λείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποιήσατο ἐποιήσατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Περγάμῳ Περγάμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταθέμενος καταθέμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεσμωτήριον δεσμωτήριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέποντα διέποντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀσίαν Ἀσίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰούνιον Ἰούνιον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσῆκον προσῆκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντι ὄντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῷ στρατηγῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσαι κολάσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαλωκότας ἑαλωκότας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποφθαλμιῶντος ἐποφθαλμιῶντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγα ὀλίγα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰχμαλώτων αἰχμαλώτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκέψεσθαι σκέψεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φάσκοντος φάσκοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολῆς σχολῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαίρειν χαίρειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐάσας ἐάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πέργαμον Πέργαμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾤχετο ᾤχετο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προαγαγὼν προαγαγὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπαντας ἅπαντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεσταύρωσεν ἀνεσταύρωσεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προειρήκει προειρήκει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the [[Cilician pirates|pirates]] demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilicia|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking. 
'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarian|Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all. 
'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as praetor of the province, to 
'''[4]''' punish the captives. But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E03 - Rhodes and Oratory|3]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐκ Ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτου τούτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαραινομένης μαραινομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκοι οἴκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλούντων καλούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπλευσεν ἔπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥόδον Ῥόδον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀπολλώνιον Ἀπολλώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μόλωνος Μόλωνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠκρόατο ἠκρόατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σοφιστεύοντος σοφιστεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανῶς ἐπιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρόπον τρόπον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιεικοῦς ἐπιεικοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκοῦντος δοκοῦντος]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῦναι φῦναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτικοὺς πολιτικοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπονῆσαι διαπονῆσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμότατα φιλοτιμότατα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσιν φύσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτερεῖα δευτερεῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηρίτως ἀδηρίτως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεῖον πρωτεῖον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμει δυνάμει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπλοις ὅπλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσχοληθείς ἀσχοληθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπερ ὅπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσις φύσις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφηγεῖτο ὑφηγεῖτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγειν λέγειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητος δεινότητος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατειῶν στρατειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεκτήσατο κατεκτήσατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξικόμενος ἐξικόμενος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιγραφῇ ἀντιγραφῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραιτεῖται παραιτεῖται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιωτικοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρὸς ἀνδρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντεξετάζειν ἀντεξετάζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥήτορος ῥήτορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐφυοῦς εὐφυοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴν πολλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄγοντος ἄγοντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After this, [[Sulla]]'s power being now on the wane, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius the son of Molon]], an illustrious rhetorician with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political oratory, and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather, 
'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero's ''Cato'', he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E04 - Caesar the Advocate|4]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐπανελθὼν Ἐπανελθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμην Ῥώμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλαν Δολοβέλλαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκρινε ἔκρινε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακώσεως κακώσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπαρχίας ἐπαρχίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλαὶ πολλαὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδος Ἑλλάδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεων πόλεων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρτυρίας μαρτυρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχον παρέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλας Δολοβέλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέφυγε ἀπέφυγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμειβόμενος ἀμειβόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδα Ἑλλάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθυμίας προθυμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγόρησεν συνηγόρησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιον Πόπλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διωκούσῃ διωκούσῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δωροδοκίας δωροδοκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλου Λευκούλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάρκου Μάρκου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μακεδονίας Μακεδονίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦ στρατηγοῦ]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοσούτον τοσούτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσχυσεν ἴσχυσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικαλέσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχους δημάρχους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηψάμενον σκηψάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσον ἴσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδι Ἑλλάδι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνας Ἕλληνας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμῃ Ῥώμῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγορίας συνηγορίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάρις χάρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέλαμπε ἐξέλαμπε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξιώσεις δεξιώσεις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμιλίας ὁμιλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοφροσύνης φιλοφροσύνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὔνοια εὔνοια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημοτῶν δημοτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπήντα ἀπήντα], 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπευτικοῦ θεραπευτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρʼ παρʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡλικίαν ἡλικίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δέ δέ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δείπνων δείπνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τραπέζης τραπέζης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίαιταν δίαιταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρότητος λαμπρότητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐξανομένη αὐξανομένη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρὸν μικρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δύναμις δύναμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φθονοῦντες φθονοῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενοι οἰόμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιλιπόντων ἐπιλιπόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκζηλον ἔκζηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσεσθαι ἔσεσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεώρων περιεώρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθοῦσαν ἀνθοῦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀψὲ ὀψὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾔσθοντο ᾔσθοντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλης μεγάλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσαντρέπτου δυσαντρέπτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαδιζούσης βαδιζούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλων ὅλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβολήν μεταβολήν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδεμίαν οὐδεμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματος πράγματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγητέον ἡγητέον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικράν μικράν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιεῖ ποιεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλην μεγάλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνδελεχὲς ἐνδελεχὲς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονηθῆναι καταφρονηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κωλυθῆναι κωλυθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβοῦσαν λαβοῦσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γοῦν γοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποδέσθαι ὑποδέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθῆναι φοβηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαλάττης θαλάττης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγελῶντα διαγελῶντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπῳ φιλανθρώπῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱλαρῷ ἱλαρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένην κεκρυμμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαθὼν καταμαθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλεγε ἔλεγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπασιν ἅπασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιβουλεύμασιν ἐπιβουλεύμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύμασι πολιτεύμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννικὴν τυραννικὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορᾶν ἐνορᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διάνοιαν διάνοιαν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κόμην κόμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακειμένην διακειμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴδω ἴδω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κἀκεῖνον κἀκεῖνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δακτύλῳ δακτύλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κνώμενον κνώμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοι μοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νοῦν νοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμβαλέσθαι ἐμβαλέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηλικοῦτον τηλικοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακόν κακόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναίρεσιν ἀναίρεσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After his return to [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] he impeached [[Dolabella]] for mal-administration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]]. 
'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the tribunes at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, 
'''[3]''' since he was ingratiating beyond his years. He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on, when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after contempt of them has left them unobstructed. 
'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely [[Cicero]], said that in most of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose. "On the other hand," said he, "when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman Republic|Roman constitution]]." This, it is true, belongs to a later period.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E05 - Caesar’s Popularity|5]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦ Τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμου δήμου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρώτην πρώτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόδειξιν ἀπόδειξιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐνοίας εὐνοίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλαβεν ἔλαβεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γάιον Γάιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ποπλίον Ποπλίον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρίσας ἐρίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὲρ ὑπὲρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλιαρχίας χιλιαρχίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρότερος πρότερος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνηγορεύθη ἀνηγορεύθη]· 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτέραν δευτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανεστέραν καταφανεστέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰουλίας Ἰουλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφιδούς ἀδελφιδούς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὢν ὢν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκώμιόν ἐγκώμιόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρὸν λαμπρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορᾷ ἀγορᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκφορὰν ἐκφορὰν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐτόλμησεν ἐτόλμησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθέσθαι προθέσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφθείσας ὀφθείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολεμίων πολεμίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κριθέντων κριθέντων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνίων ἐνίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβοησάντων καταβοησάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντήχησε ἀντήχησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρῶς λαμπρῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξάμενος δεξάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάσας θαυμάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾍδου ᾍδου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνων χρόνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῶν πολλῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγοντα ἀνάγοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναιξὶ γυναιξὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρεσβυτέραις πρεσβυτέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιταφίους ἐπιταφίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεξιέναι διεξιέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέαις νέαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὂν ὂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔθει ἔθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤνεγκεν ἤνεγκεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάριν χάριν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰ τινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεδημαγώγησε συνεδημαγώγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάθει πάθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὺς πολλοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμερον ἥμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περίμεστον περίμεστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγαπᾶν ἀγαπᾶν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Θάψας Θάψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίας ταμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰβηρίαν Ἰβηρίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῶν στρατηγῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βέτερι Βέτερι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεξῆλθεν συνεξῆλθεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμῶν τιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διετέλεσε διετέλεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρχων ἄρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίαν ταμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησε ἐποίησε]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχῆς ἀρχῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρίτην τρίτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠγάγετο ἠγάγετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχων ἔχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνηλίας Κορνηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυγατέρα θυγατέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίῳ Πομπηίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάγνῳ Μάγνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γαμηθεῖσαν γαμηθεῖσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρώμενος χρώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάναις δαπάναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφειδῶς ἀφειδῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐφήμερον ἐφήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βραχεῖαν βραχεῖαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλων μεγάλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόξαν δόξαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὠνούμενος ὠνούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθείαις ἀληθείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρῶν μικρῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὶν πρὶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχήν ἀρχήν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθίστασθαι καθίστασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλίων χιλίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακοσίων τριακοσίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρεωφειλέτης χρεωφειλέτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντων ταλάντων]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁδοῦ ὁδοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀππίας Ἀππίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειχθεὶς ἀποδειχθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιμελητὴς ἐπιμελητὴς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάμπολλα πάμπολλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσανάλωσε προσανάλωσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομῶν ἀγορανομῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζεύγη ζεύγη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μονομάχων μονομάχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακόσια τριακόσια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλαις ἄλλαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέατρα θέατρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πομπὰς πομπὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεῖπνα δεῖπνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χορηγίαις χορηγίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολυτελείαις πολυτελείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέκλυσε κατέκλυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέθηκε διέθηκε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὰς ἀρχὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητεῖν ζητεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕκαστον ἕκαστον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἷς αἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμείψαιντο ἀμείψαιντο].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The first proof of the people's good will towards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|him]] he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a military tribuneship and was elected over him. 
'''[2]''' A second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]] the deceased wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], he pronounced a splendid encomium upon her in the forum, and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which were then seen for the first time since the administration of [[Sulla]], because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies. When, namely, some cried out against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from Hades, the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling. 
'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to [[Spain]] as quaestor under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]] a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]]. 
'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt. 
'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his aedileship, he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of gladiators, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E06 - Honours for Marius|6]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δυεῖν Δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐσῶν οὐσῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στάσεων στάσεων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένης δυναμένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανῆς Μαριανῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣ ἣ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεπτήχει κατεπτήχει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέσπαστο διέσπαστο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κομιδῇ κομιδῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταπεινὰ ταπεινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράττουσα πράττουσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναρρῶσαι ἀναρρῶσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσαγαγέσθαι προσαγαγέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλόμενος βουλόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομικαῖς ἀγορανομικαῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκμὴν ἀκμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχούσας ἐχούσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησατο ἐποίησατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρυφᾷ κρυφᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Νίκας Νίκας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τροπαιοφόρους τροπαιοφόρους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φέρων φέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτός νυκτός] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνέστησεν ἀνέστησεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεασαμένους θεασαμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρμαίροντα μαρμαίροντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρυσῷ χρυσῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τέχνῃ τέχνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεσκευασμένα κατεσκευασμένα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεδήλου διεδήλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κιμβρικὰ Κιμβρικὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορθώματα κατορθώματα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάμβος θάμβος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσχε ἔσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τόλμης τόλμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναθέντος ἀναθέντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλος ἄδηλος]), [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιιὼν περιιὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθροιζε ἤθροιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντας πάντας] 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώπους ἀνθρώπους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐβόων ἐβόων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννίδα τυραννίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύεσθαι πολιτεύεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νόμοις νόμοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόγμασι δόγμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορωρυγμένας κατορωρυγμένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπανιστάντα ἐπανιστάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμάς τιμάς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεῖραν πεῖραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προμαλαττόμενον προμαλαττόμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τετιθάσευται τετιθάσευται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίδωσι δίδωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοιαῦτα τοιαῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινοτομεῖν καινοτομεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανοὶ Μαριανοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραθαρρύναντες παραθαρρύναντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθει πλήθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμαστοὶ θαυμαστοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅσοι ὅσοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεφάνησαν διεφάνησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξαίφνης ἐξαίφνης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατείχον κατείχον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δάκρυα δάκρυα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεωμένοις θεωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφʼ ὑφʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡδονῆς ἡδονῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγας μέγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκωμίοις ἐγκωμίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρόμενος αἱρόμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντὶ ἀντὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄξιος ἄξιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγγενείας συγγενείας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συναχθείσης συναχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λουτάτιος Λουτάτιος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐδοκιμῶν εὐδοκιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατηγορήσας κατηγορήσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεφθέγξατο ἐπεφθέγξατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μνημονευόμενον μνημονευόμενον]· «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐκέτι Οὐκέτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονόμοις ὑπονόμοις],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηχαναῖς μηχαναῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρεῖ αἱρεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογησάμενος ἀπολογησάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντες θαυμάζοντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπήρθησαν ἐπήρθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεκελεύοντο παρεκελεύοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδενὶ μηδενὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονήματος φρονήματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφίεσθαι ὑφίεσθαι]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκόντι ἑκόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέσεσθαι περιέσεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεύσειν πρωτεύσειν].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of [[Sulla]], which had been all powerful since his day, and that of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] secretly made, together with trophy-bearing Victories, and these he ordered to be carried by night 
'''[2]''' and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]. At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri|Cimbrian]] successes of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together 
'''[3]''' for the sight. But some cried out that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and 
'''[4]''' filled the Capitol with their applause. Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], rose up and denounced [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], uttering the memorable words: "No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government." [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline|7]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐν Ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μετέλλου Μετέλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέως ἀρχιερέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελευτήσαντος τελευτήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερωσύνην ἱερωσύνην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμάχητον περιμάχητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖσαν οὖσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰσαυρικοῦ Ἰσαυρικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλου Κάτλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετιόντων μετιόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανεστάτων ἐπιφανεστάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγίστων μεγίστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένων δυναμένων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐχ οὐχ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπείξεν ὑπείξεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγχωμάλλου ἀγχωμάλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδῆς σπουδῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φαινομένης φαινομένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μείζονος μείζονος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξίας ἀξίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀρρωδῶν ὀρρωδῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηλότητα ἀδηλότητα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέπεμπε προσέπεμπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείθων πείθων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποστῆναι ἀποστῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείω πλείω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσδανεισάμενος προσδανεισάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγωνιεῖσθαι διαγωνιεῖσθαι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τῆς Τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνστάσης ἐνστάσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητρὸς μητρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδακρυτὶ ἀδακρυτὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προπεμπούσης προπεμπούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσπασάμενος ἀσπασάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτήν αὐτήν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὦ Ὦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῆτερ μῆτερ],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τήμερον τήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέα ἀρχιερέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυγάδα φυγάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψει ὄψει].» 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διενεχθείσης διενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψήφου ψήφου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμιλλης ἅμιλλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θρασύτητος θρασύτητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προάξων προάξων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πείσωνα Πείσωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλων Κάτλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾐτιῶντο ᾐτιῶντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φεισάμενον φεισάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίναν Κατιλίναν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβὴν λαβὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντος παρασχόντος]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβαλεῖν μεταβαλεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλην ὅλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνελεῖν ἀνελεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματα πράγματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγχεῖν συγχεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διανοηθείς διανοηθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπεσε ἐξέπεσε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπταίσας περιπταίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλάττοσιν ἐλάττοσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλέγχοις ἐλέγχοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτας ἐσχάτας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὰς βουλὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἀποκαλυφθῆναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λέντλον Λέντλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κέθηγον Κέθηγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαδόχους διαδόχους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέλιπε ἀπέλιπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνωμοσίας συνωμοσίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἷς οἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρύφα κρύφα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεῖχε παρεῖχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάρσους θάρσους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλον ἄδηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστιν ἐστιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κράτος κράτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελεγχθέντων ἐξελεγχθέντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπάτου ὑπάτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρωτῶντος ἐρωτῶντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσεως κολάσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοι ἄλλοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θανατοῦν θανατοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκέλευον ἐκέλευον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφροντισμένον πεφροντισμένον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκτεῖναι ἀποκτεῖναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκρίτους ἀκρίτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξιώματι ἀξιώματι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπροὺς λαμπροὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκαιον δίκαιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτης ἐσχάτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγκης ἀνάγκης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουροῖντο φρουροῖντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεθέντες δεθέντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεσι πόλεσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰταλίας Ἰταλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕληται ἕληται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπολεμηθῇ καταπολεμηθῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρήνῃ εἰρήνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡσυχίαν ἡσυχίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνῶναι γνῶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέξει παρέξει].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus]] were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not give way to them, but 
'''[2]''' presented himself to the people as a rival candidate. The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar's competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Caesar's mother]] accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: "Mother, to-day thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile." 
'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken Caesar prevailed, and thereby made the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him. 
'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far-reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their 
'''[5]''' punishment, the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of [[Italy]] as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E08 - The Conspirators|8]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὕτω Οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμης γνώμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπου φιλανθρώπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανείσης φανείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατῶς δυνατῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥηθέντος ῥηθέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτον τοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνιστάμενοι ἀνιστάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσετίθεντο προσετίθεντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρημένας εἰρημένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπειπάμενοι ἀπειπάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετέστησαν μετέστησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕως ἕως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνα Κάτωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλον Κάτλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῆλθε περιῆλθε]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανικῶς νεανικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐναντιωθέντων ἐναντιωθέντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπόνοιαν ὑπόνοιαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεπερείσαντος συνεπερείσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκατεξαναστάντος συγκατεξαναστάντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρρωμένως ἐρρωμένως], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρες ἄνδρες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούμενοι ἀποθανούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεδόθησαν παρεδόθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξιόντι ἐξιόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούντων φρουρούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέων νέων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυμνὰ γυμνὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ξίφη ξίφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνδραμόντες συνδραμόντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπέσχον ἐπέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κουρίων Κουρίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηβέννῳ τηβέννῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβαλὼν περιβαλὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπεξαγαγεῖν ὑπεξαγαγεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτός αὐτός] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανίσκοι νεανίσκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέβλεψαν προσέβλεψαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνανεῦσαι ἀνανεῦσαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόνον φόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδικον ἄδικον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παράνομον παράνομον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγούμενος ἡγούμενος]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦτο Τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶδα οἶδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴπερ εἴπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθές ἀληθές], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατείας ὑπατείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγραψεν ἔγραψεν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτίαν αἰτίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντι παρασχόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρησάμενος χρησάμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειλιάσας ἀποδειλιάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπερφυῶς ὑπερφυῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεχόμενον περιεχόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅς ὅς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γε γε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετʼ μετʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγας ὀλίγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὴν βουλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσελθόντος εἰσελθόντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποψίαις ὑποψίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογουμένου ἀπολογουμένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτοντος περιπίπτοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θορύβοις θορύβοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πονηροῖς πονηροῖς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπειδὴ ἐπειδὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείων πλείων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνήθους συνήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγίγνετο ἐγίγνετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθέζομένης καθέζομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπῆλθε ἐπῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῆς κραυγῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέστη περιέστη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιτῶν ἀπαιτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύων κελεύων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὸ διὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτων Κάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόρων ἀπόρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεωτερισμόν νεωτερισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παντὸς παντὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπέκκαυμα ὑπέκκαυμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθους πλήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλπίδας ἐλπίδας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχοντες ἔχοντες], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπονείμαι ἀπονείμαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιτηρέσιον σιτηρέσιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔμμηνον ἔμμηνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάνης δαπάνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑπτακόσιαι ἑπτακόσιαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μυριάδες μυριάδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνιαύσιοι ἐνιαύσιοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσεγίγνοντο προσεγίγνοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλώμασι ἀναλώμασι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέντοι μέντοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγαν μέγαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρόντι παρόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσβεσε ἔσβεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφανῶς περιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολίτευμα πολίτευμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλεῖστον πλεῖστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέρριψε ἀπέρριψε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεσκέδασεν διεσκέδασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγεῖν στρατηγεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέλλοντος μέλλοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβερωτέρου φοβερωτέρου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. 
'''[2]''' These warmly opposed Caesar's proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner, and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice. 
'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterwards, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go. 
'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar's power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E09 - The Bona Dea|9]]==


{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; border-collapse:collapse; border:0; background:transparent;"
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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐ Οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴν μὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέβη ἀπέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταραχώδες ταραχώδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπʼ ἀπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τύχη τύχη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄχαρις ἄχαρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέβη συνέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶκον οἶκον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιος Πόπλιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐπατρίδης εὐπατρίδης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλούτῳ πλούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρός λαμπρός], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβόητων περιβόητων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδενὸς οὐδενὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεύτερος δεύτερος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤρα ἤρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκούσης ἀκούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυλακαί φυλακαί] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικωνίτιδος γυναικωνίτιδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκριβείς ἀκριβείς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥ ἥ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτηρ μήτηρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σώφρων σώφρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέπουσα περιέπουσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαλεπὴν χαλεπὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακεκινδυνευμένην παρακεκινδυνευμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίει ἐποίει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔντευξιν ἔντευξιν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἔστι Ἔστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεὸς θεὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀγαθὴν Ἀγαθὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀνομάζουσιν ὀνομάζουσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γυναικείαν Γυναικείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φρύγες Φρύγες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκειούμενοι οἰκειούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μίδα Μίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρα μητέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βασιλέως βασιλέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φασί φασί], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δρυάδα Δρυάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φαύνῳ Φαύνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνοικήσασαν συνοικήσασαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Διονύσου Διονύσου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρων μητέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρητον ἄρρητον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμπελίνοις ἀμπελίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηνὰς σκηνὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κλήμασιν κλήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτάζουσαι ἑορτάζουσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατερέφουσι κατερέφουσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δράκων δράκων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερὸς ἱερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακαθίδρυται παρακαθίδρυται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεῷ θεῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῦθον μῦθον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσελθεῖν προσελθεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέμις θέμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδʼ οὐδʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίας οἰκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερῶν ἱερῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀργιαζομένων ὀργιαζομένων]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐταὶ αὐταὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὰς ἑαυτὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὰ πολλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὀρφικοῖς Ὀρφικοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμολογοῦντα ὁμολογοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δρᾶν δρᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγονται λέγονται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερουργίαν ἱερουργίαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτῆς ἑορτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθήκῃ καθήκῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατεύοντος ὑπατεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦντος στρατηγοῦντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρός ἀνδρός], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξίσταται ἐξίσταται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρεν ἄρρεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραλαβοῦσα παραλαβοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακοσμεῖ διακοσμεῖ]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτωρ νύκτωρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελεῖται τελεῖται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾶς παιδιᾶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναμεμιγμένης ἀναμεμιγμένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παννυχίσι παννυχίσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μουσικῆς μουσικῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρούσης παρούσης].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, 
'''[2]''' but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time. This man was in love with [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] the wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women's apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar's mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview. 
'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character. 
'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or [[praetor]] at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E10 - Clodius and Pompeia|10]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταύτην Ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτὴν ἑορτὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτελούσης ἐπιτελούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔπω οὔπω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενειῶν γενειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λήσειν λήσειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενος οἰόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσθῆτα ἐσθῆτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκευὴν σκευὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψαλτρίας ψαλτρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλαβὼν ἀναλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔρχεται ἔρχεται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέα νέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὶ γυναικὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκώς εἰκώς]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύραις θύραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτυχὼν ἐπιτυχὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεῳγμέναις ἀνεῳγμέναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσήχθη εἰσήχθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδεῶς ἀδεῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνειδυίας συνειδυίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπαινίδος θεραπαινίδος], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προδραμούσης προδραμούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίᾳ Πομπηίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φράσειε φράσειε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διατριβῆς διατριβῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένει περιμένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπου ὅπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατελείφθη κατελείφθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καρτεροῦντι καρτεροῦντι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανωμένῳ πλανωμένῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίᾳ οἰκίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλῃ μεγάλῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφεύγοντι περιφεύγοντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσπεσοῦσα προσπεσοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλίας Αὐρηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίξειν παίξειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προὐκαλεῖτο προὐκαλεῖτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλομένου βουλομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέσον μέσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷλκε εἷλκε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τίς τίς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστι ἐστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόθεν πόθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπυνθάνετο ἐπυνθάνετο]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φήσαντος φήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἄβραν Ἄβραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένειν περιμένειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸ αὐτὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλουμένην καλουμένην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῇ φωνῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένου γενομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανοῦς καταφανοῦς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπήδησε ἀπεπήδησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῇ κραυγῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄχλον ὄχλον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφωρακέναι πεφωρακέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βοῶσα βοῶσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπτοηθείσων διαπτοηθείσων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄργια ὄργια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῦ θεοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέπαυσε κατέπαυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεκάλυψε συνεκάλυψε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὴ αὐτὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκλεῖσαι ἀποκλεῖσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύσασα κελεύσασα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῄει περιῄει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπάδων λαμπάδων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητοῦσα ζητοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὑρίσκεται εὑρίσκεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκημα οἴκημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδίσκης παιδίσκης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεισῆλθε συνεισῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπεφευγώς καταπεφευγώς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανερὸς φανερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελαύνεται ἐξελαύνεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυρῶν θυρῶν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτὸς νυκτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπιοῦσαι ἀπιοῦσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὑτῶν αὑτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφραζον ἔφραζον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδράσι ἀνδράσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραν ἡμέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεως πόλεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀθεσμοῖς ἀθεσμοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικεχειρηκότος ἐπικεχειρηκότος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑβρισμένοις ὑβρισμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῖς θεοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφείλοντος ὀφείλοντος]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγράψατο ἐγράψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷς εἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχων δημάρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσεβείας ἀσεβείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέστησαν συνέστησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατώτατοι δυνατώτατοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλας ἄλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινὰς δεινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσελγείας ἀσελγείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαρτυροῦντες καταμαρτυροῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοιχείαν μοιχείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφῆς ἀδελφῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλῳ Λευκούλλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνῴκει συνῴκει]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδὰς σπουδὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιτάξας ἀντιτάξας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὸν ἑαυτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμυνε ἥμυνε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστὰς δικαστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄφελος ὄφελος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκπεπληγμένους ἐκπεπληγμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεδοικότας δεδοικότας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλῆθος πλῆθος]. 
'''[6]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψατο ἀπεπέμψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάρτυς μάρτυς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κληθεὶς κληθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲν οὐδὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λεγομένων λεγομένων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γινώσκειν γινώσκειν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραδόξου παραδόξου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανέντος φανέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατήγορος κατήγορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠρώτησε ἠρώτησε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πῶς Πῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψω ἀπεπέμψω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα];» «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὅτι Ὅτι],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμὴν ἐμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠξίου ἠξίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδὲ μηδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονοηθῆναι ὑπονοηθῆναι].» 
'''[7]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταῦτα Ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονοῦντα φρονοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγουσιν λέγουσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰπεῖν εἰπεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαριζόμενον χαριζόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡρμημένον ὡρμημένον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σῴζειν σῴζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποφεύγει ἀποφεύγει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγκλημα ἔγκλημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστῶν δικαστῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκεχυμένοις συγκεχυμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδιδόντων ἀποδιδόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακινδυνεύσωσιν παρακινδυνεύσωσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταψηφισάμενοι καταψηφισάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολύσαντες ἀπολύσαντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδοξήσωσι ἀδοξήσωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] was celebrating this festival, and [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodius]], who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret; 
'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came. 
'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia's [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius. 
'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed sacrilege and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods. 
'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude. 
'''[6]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” 
'''[7]''' Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius. At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him, nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.
|}

Cornelia (wife of Caesar)

2026-11-09T13:04:46Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: Page Creation

'''Cornelia''' (died c. 69 BC), daughter of the Roman statesman [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]], was the first wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] and the mother of his daughter [[Julia (daughter of Caesar)]]. Her marriage to Caesar became politically significant during the dictatorship of [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], who attempted to force Caesar to divorce her because of her family's political associations. Caesar refused, suffering the confiscation of his wife's dowry and the loss of his priesthood and family property. Cornelia is also remembered for the funeral oration Caesar delivered in her honour.

{| style="float:right; width:350px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; padding:8px;" | Cornelia
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-style:italic; padding:4px;" | Wife of Gaius Julius Caesar
|-
! style="width:35%; text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Born
| Unknown
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Died
| c. 69 BC (sometimes dated to 68 BC)
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Father
| [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Spouse
| [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Children
| [[Julia (daughter of Caesar)]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; padding:5px;" | Known for
| First wife of Caesar; refusal of Sulla's divorce demand; mother of Julia
|}

==Family and Marriage==

Cornelia was the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]], a leading Roman politician and supporter of [[Gaius Marius]]. Cinna had held the consulship four times and exercised dominant political influence in Rome during the period following Marius's return to power. His political position made his family closely associated with the Marian faction during the civil conflicts of the late Roman Republic.<ref>Suetonius, ''[[The Twelve Caesars]]'', ''Divus Julius'', 1.1; Plutarch, ''[[Life of Caesar]]'', 1.1. See also T. P. Wiseman, "Caesar [Gaius Julius Caesar]: (100–44 bc), politician, author, and military commander," ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', 2004.</ref>

Following the death of his father, Caesar broke off his earlier engagement to [[Cossutia]], a wealthy woman from the Roman equestrian order, and married Cornelia. The marriage is generally placed in the mid-80s BC, when Caesar was still a young man. According to [[Suetonius]], Cornelia subsequently gave birth to their daughter [[Julia (daughter of Caesar)]].<ref>Suetonius, ''Divus Julius'', 1.1; T. P. Wiseman, "Caesar [Gaius Julius Caesar]," ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.</ref>

The marriage established a direct family connection between Caesar and Cinna, whose political influence and association with Marius would become especially important during the subsequent ascendancy of Sulla.

==Conflict with Sulla==

Following his victory in the civil war, [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] sought to consolidate his political authority and suppress the remaining influence of the Marian faction. Caesar's family connections, both through his aunt [[Julia (wife of Marius)|Julia]], who had married Marius, and through his marriage to Cornelia, placed him in an uncomfortable political position.

Sulla demanded that Caesar divorce Cornelia. Caesar refused, despite the threats and financial consequences. According to [[Plutarch]], Sulla was unable to induce Caesar to put away his wife either by promises or threats, and consequently confiscated her dowry.<ref>Plutarch, ''[[Life of Caesar]]'', 1.1, trans. [[Bernadotte Perrin]], ''Plutarch's Lives'', Volume VII (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1919).</ref>

[[Suetonius]] provides further details of the consequences. Caesar lost his priesthood, his wife's dowry and his family inheritance. He was also regarded as a political opponent of the new regime and was forced into hiding, moving between various hiding places to evade Sulla's agents. Suetonius records that Caesar eventually secured forgiveness through the intervention of the [[Vestal Virgins]] and influential family connections.<ref>Suetonius, ''Divus Julius'', 1.1–3. [https://lexundria.com/suet_jul/1/r Online text].</ref>

Plutarch similarly records that Caesar took refuge in the countryside of the Sabines. When Sulla's soldiers eventually encountered him, Caesar's situation remained precarious. His relatives and influential supporters intervened on his behalf. The episode became associated with Sulla's reported observation that there were many Mariuses in the young Caesar.<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'', 1.1–2; Suetonius, ''Divus Julius'', 1.2–3.</ref>

Caesar's refusal to abandon Cornelia consequently became an important episode in his early career, demonstrating his determination to maintain his family relationships despite the considerable political and financial risks.

==Daughter and Family==

Cornelia and Caesar had one known daughter, [[Julia (daughter of Caesar)]], who subsequently became an important figure in Roman political history.

Julia married [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]] in 59 BC, creating a family connection between Pompey and Caesar that helped strengthen their political alliance. Their marriage became an important personal bond between the two leading men of the [[First Triumvirate]]. Julia died in childbirth in 54 BC, and the death of both Julia and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] contributed to the eventual breakdown of the political alliance between Caesar and Pompey.<ref>Guy Edward Farquhar Chilver, "Iulia (2), daughter of Iulius Caesar (2), d. 54 BCE," ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics'', Oxford University Press, 2015.</ref>

Cornelia's daughter therefore became a significant figure in the political history of the late Roman Republic, although she died long before Julia's marriage to Pompey.

==Death and Funeral Oration==

Cornelia died during the early part of Caesar's political career, before his departure to Spain as quaestor. Her death is generally dated to approximately 69 BC, although some chronological accounts place it in 68 BC.

Both [[Plutarch]] and [[Suetonius]] record that Caesar delivered a public funeral oration in her honour. Suetonius states that, during his quaestorship, Caesar pronounced funeral speeches from the rostra in praise of both his aunt [[Julia (wife of Marius)|Julia]] and his wife Cornelia.<ref>Suetonius, ''Divus Julius'', 6.1. [https://adfonteslibrary.org/work-suetonius-julius Online Latin text and English translation].</ref>

Plutarch provides a particularly interesting observation concerning the circumstances. It was customary among the Romans to deliver public funeral orations for elderly women, but this was not normally done for younger women. Caesar was therefore the first to make such an oration for his own young wife. Plutarch records that this action won Caesar considerable popular affection, presenting him as a man of gentleness and feeling.<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'', 5.2–3, trans. Bernadotte Perrin. See also [[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar]].</ref>

Following Cornelia's death, Caesar subsequently married [[Pompeia]], granddaughter of Sulla, whom he later divorced. He eventually married [[Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)|Calpurnia]], who remained his wife until his assassination in 44 BC.<ref>Suetonius, ''Divus Julius'', 6.1; Macquarie University, "Caesar: A Historical Overview," Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies.</ref>

==Historical Significance==

Although comparatively little is known about Cornelia's personal life, her marriage to Caesar provides an important insight into the political divisions of the late Roman Republic.

Her father, Cinna, had been one of the principal political opponents of Sulla, while Caesar's own family was connected to Marius through his aunt Julia. Caesar's refusal to divorce Cornelia illustrates the importance of these family relationships in the political struggles of the period.

The ancient accounts also preserve an unusual indication of Caesar's personal attachment to his wife. His decision to deliver a public funeral oration for Cornelia, despite the fact that such speeches were not customary for younger women, was remembered by both Plutarch and Suetonius.

Cornelia is consequently significant not only as Caesar's first wife and the mother of Julia, but also as a figure associated with the political circumstances that shaped Caesar's early career.

==References==

<references />

==See also==

* [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]
* [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]]
* [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]]
* [[Gaius Marius]]
* [[Julia (daughter of Caesar)]]
* [[Pompey the Great]]
* [[Pompeia]]
* [[Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)]]
* [[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar]]

[[Category:Ancient Roman women]]
[[Category:Roman Republic]]
[[Category:Wives of Julius Caesar]]

Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar

2026-11-09T11:35:41Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* Publication Details */ much more specific legal qualifications

{| style="float:right; width:350px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Plutarch - Lives - RGB 96ppi - PD.png|310px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;" | ''Life of Caesar''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|310px]]
|-
! Author
| [[Plutarch]]
|-
! Original Title
| Καῖσαρ
|-
! Work
| ''[[Parallel Lives|Lives]]''
|-
! Translator
| [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
|-
! Series
| [[Loeb Classical Library]]
|-
! Volume
| VII (No. 99)
|-
! Original Publication
| 1919
|-
! Publisher
| [[Harvard University Press]] (Cambridge); [[William Heinemann]] (London)
|-
! Languages
| Ancient Greek and English
|-
! Digital Source
| [[Perseus Digital Library]]
|-
! Text
| Greek text with facing English translation
|-
|}

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===Publication Details===

'''Original Author:''' [[Plutarch]].

'''Original Work:''' [[Life of Caesar]]

'''English Translator:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]].

'''Source Work:''' ''[[Lives]]'', Volume VII: ''Demosthenes and Cicero; Alexander and Caesar''.

'''Source Publication Series:''' ''The Loeb Classical Library'', founded by James Loeb, Volume 99.

'''Source Publisher:''' [[Harvard University Press]], [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], in association with [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]], [[London]].

'''Source Publication History:''' First published in 1919. The particular English-text printing used for this digital edition is the 1967 reprint, as identified on its title page.

'''Digital Edition:''' [[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has prepared a digitally structured presentation of [[Plutarch|Plutarch's]] ''Lives'', using [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] established English translation as its English-language source. The text's chapters and section markers have been retained in accordance with the [[Loeb Classical Library]] numbering system, providing academic consistency and facilitating comparison with other scholarly editions. The digital presentation incorporates corresponding chapter navigation, paragraph alignment and internal links to related encyclopedic subjects, facilitating historical and biographical research.

The project additionally presents the original polytonic Greek text alongside the English translation in a parallel-reading format. The Greek text is presented in accordance with the original-language text of the [[Loeb Classical Library]] edition. The [[Logeion]] lexicon, provided by the [[University of Chicago]], serves as a supplementary linguistic research resource, assisting examination of the original Greek vocabulary and terminology.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project|Conservapedia's Original Source Project's]] contribution consists of the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of the historical texts. [[Bernadotte Perrin]] remains the credited English translator, and [[Harvard University Press]] and [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]] remain the credited publishers of the original [[Loeb Classical Library|Loeb]] edition.

===Legal Status===

'''English Translation:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]] (15 September 1847 – 31 August 1920) died aged 72 years, 11 months and 16 days. His English translation of Plutarch's ''Life of Caesar'' was published during his lifetime in 1919, as part of ''Lives'', Volume VII of the [[Loeb Classical Library]], Volume 99.

Under the applicable copyright laws, the translation has now entered the [[Public Domain]] in the following jurisdictions:

* '''[[European Union]] and [[United Kingdom]]:''' Copyright in literary works generally expires 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the author dies. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1991, following the expiry of copyright on 31 December 1990.

* '''[[United States]]:''' The 1919 publication falls well before the current public-domain cutoff for works published in the United States. Such works, published before 1 January 1931, are now in the public domain.

* '''[[Australia]]:''' The previous general copyright term of 50 years following the author's death expired on 31 December 1970. The subsequent extension to 70 years, effective from 1 January 2005, did not retrospectively restore copyright in works which had already entered the public domain.

* '''[[Canada]]:''' The former copyright term of 50 years following the author's death likewise expired on 31 December 1970. Canada's extension to 70 years, effective from 30 December 2022, expressly did not restore copyright in works whose protection had already expired before 1 January 2023.

* '''[[New Zealand]]:''' The general copyright term for literary works remains 50 years following the end of the calendar year in which the author died. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1971.

The original Greek composition of [[Plutarch]] is itself an ancient work outside modern copyright protection. The 1919 Loeb edition's translation and source texts are therefore available for public-domain reproduction in the jurisdictions identified above.

The 1967 reprint date does not renew or extend the expired copyright in Perrin's translation. This declaration concerns the original literary and historical texts and does not purport to establish the copyright status of any separately authored material, illustrations or other additions introduced in subsequent editions.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has independently undertaken the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of these public-domain materials.

=Illustradted English Edition ([[Bernadotte Perrin|Perrin]])=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#1|E01 - Caesar and Sulla]]==
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] list's the proscribed forcing young [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] to flee for his life.]]

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Rome]], and when [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] hatred of Sulla was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] father, was the wife of Marius the Elder, and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], who was therefore [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] cousin.

'''[2]''' Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription]]s, but he came before the people as candidate for a [[priesthood]], although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses.

'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, Cornelius, two [[talent]]s to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed to King [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]].

'''[4]''' With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#2|E02 - The Pirates]]==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the pirates demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilician pirates|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking.

'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all.

'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as [[praetor]] of the province, to punish the captives.

'''[4]''' But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#3|E03 - Rhodes and Oratory]]==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' After this, Sulla’s power being now on the wane, and Caesar’s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius]] the son of Molon, an illustrious [[rhetorician]] with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political [[oratory]], and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather,

'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero’s ''Cato,'' he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#4|E04 - Caesar the Advocate]]==

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'''[1]''' After his return to Rome he impeached [[Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] for maladministration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but Caesar, in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]].

'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes]] at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, Caesar won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, since he was ingratiating beyond his years.

'''[3]''' He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence, in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after, contempt of them has left them unobstructed.

'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of Caesar’s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely Cicero, said that in most of Caesar’s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose; “On the other hand,” said he, “when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman constitution]].” This, it is true, belongs to a later period.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#5|E05 - Caesar’s Popularity]]==

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'''[1]''' The first proof of the people’s good will towards him he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a [[military tribune|military tribuneship]] and was elected over him; a second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of Julia the deceased wife of Marius, he pronounced a splendid [[funeral oration|encomium]] upon her in the [[Forum Romanum|forum]], and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of Marius, which were then seen for the first time since the administration of Sulla, because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies.

'''[2]''' When, namely, some cried out against Caesar for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from [[Hades]], the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and Caesar was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling.

'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to Spain as [[quaestor]] under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by Cornelia a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]].

'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt.

'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his [[aedileship]], he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of [[gladiator]]s, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#6|E06 - Honours for Marius]]==

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'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of Sulla, which had been all powerful since his day, and that of Marius, which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party Caesar wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of Marius secretly made, together with trophy-bearing [[Victoria (mythology)|Victories]], and these he ordered to be carried by night and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]].

'''[2]''' At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri]]an successes of Marius) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together for the sight.

'''[3]''' But some cried out that Caesar was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and filled the Capitol with their applause.

'''[4]''' Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of Marius, and Caesar was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in Rome, rose up and denounced Caesar, uttering the memorable words: “No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government.” Caesar, however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#7|E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline]]==

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'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and Catulus were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, Caesar would not give way to them, but presented himself to the people as a rival candidate.

'''[2]''' The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar’s competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as Caesar’s mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: “Mother, today thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile.”

'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] prevailed, and thereby made the senate and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed Cicero for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him.

'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their punishment,

'''[5]''' the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of Italy as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#8|E08 - The Conspirators]]==

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'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. These warmly opposed Caesar’s proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner,

'''[2]''' and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice.

'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterward, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go.

'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that Cato, fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar’s power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#9|E09 - The Bona Dea]]==

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'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of Caesar’s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time.

'''[2]''' This man was in love with Pompeia the wife of Caesar, and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women’s apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar’s mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview.

'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character.

'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or praetor at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#10|E10 - Clodius and Pompeia]]==
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, Pompeia was celebrating this festival, and Clodius, who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret;

'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came.

'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia’s [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius.

'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed [[sacrilege]] and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods.

'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude.

'''[6]''' Caesar divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius.

'''[7]''' At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.

==E11 - Spain and Ambition==

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'''[1]''' Immediately after his praetorship Caesar received [[Spain]] as his province, and since he found it hard to arrange matters with his creditors, who obstructed his departure and were clamorous, he had recourse to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], the richest of the Romans, who had need of Caesar’s vigour and fire for his political campaign against [[Pompey the Great|Pompey]]. And it was only after Crassus had met the demands of the most importunate and inexorable of these creditors and given surety for eight hundred and thirty talents, that Caesar could go out to his province.

'''[2]''' We are told that, as he was crossing the [[Alps]] and passing by a barbarian village which had very few inhabitants and was a sorry sight, his companions asked with mirth and laughter, “Can it be that here too there are ambitious strifes for office, struggles for primacy, and mutual jealousies of powerful men?” Whereupon Caesar said to them in all seriousness, “I would rather be first here than second at Rome.”

'''[3]''' In like manner we are told again that, in Spain, when he was at leisure and was reading from the history of [[Alexander the Great]], he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. “Do you not think,” said he, “it is matter for sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?”

==E12 - Caesar in Spain==

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'''[1]''' At any rate, as soon as he reached Spain he set himself to work, and in a few days raised ten [[cohort]]s in addition to the twenty which were there before. Then he led his army against the [[Callaici]] and [[Lusitani]], overpowered them, and marched on as far as the outer sea, subduing the tribes which before were not obedient to Rome. After bringing the war to a successful close, he was equally happy in adjusting the problems of peace, by establishing concord between the cities, and particularly by healing the dissensions between debtors and creditors.

'''[2]''' For he ordained that the creditor should annually take two thirds of his debtor’s income, and that the owner of the property should use the rest, and so on until the debt was cancelled. In high repute for this administration he retired from the province; he had become wealthy himself, had enriched his soldiers from their campaigns, and had been saluted by them as [[Imperator]].

==E13 - Pompey and Crassus==

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'''[1]''' Now, since those who sued for the privilege of a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] must remain outside the city, while those who were candidates for the [[Roman consul|consulship]] must be present in the city, Caesar was in a great dilemma, and because he had reached home at the very time for the consular elections, he sent a request to the senate that he might be permitted to offer himself for the consulship ''in absentiâ'', through the agency of his friends. But since Cato began by insisting upon the law in opposition to Caesar’s request, and then, when he saw that many senators had been won over by Caesar’s attentions, staved the matter off by consuming the day in speaking, Caesar decided to give up the triumph and try for the consulship.

'''[2]''' So as soon as he entered the city he assumed a policy which deceived everyone except Cato. This policy was to reconcile Pompey and Crassus, the most influential men in the city. These men Caesar brought together in friendship after their quarrel, and by concentrating their united strength upon himself, succeeded, before men were aware of it, and by an act which could be called one of kindness, in changing the form of government.

'''[3]''' For it was not, as most men supposed, the quarrel between [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and Pompey that brought on the [[Caesar's civil war|civil wars]], but rather their friendship, since they worked together for the overthrow of the [[Roman aristocracy|aristocracy]] in the first place, and then, when this had been accomplished, they quarrelled with one another. And Cato, who often foretold what was to come of their alliance, got the reputation of a morose and troublesome fellow at the time, but afterwards that of a wise, though unfortunate, counsellor.

==E14 - Caesar’s Consulship==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, encompassed and protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey, entered the canvass for the consulship; and as soon as he had been triumphantly elected, along with [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Calpurnius Bibulus]], and had entered upon his office, he proposed laws which were becoming, not for a consul, but for a most radical tribune of the people; for to gratify the multitude he introduced sundry allotments and distributions of land.

'''[2]''' In the senate the opposition of men of the better sort gave him the pretext which he had long desired, and crying with loud adjurations that he was driven forth into the popular assembly against his wishes, and was compelled to court its favour by the insolence and obstinacy of the senate, he hastened before it, and stationing Crassus on one side of him and Pompey on the other, he asked them if they approved his laws.

'''[3]''' They declared that they did approve them, whereupon he urged them to give him their aid against those who threatened to oppose him with swords. They promised him such aid, and Pompey actually added that he would come up against swords with sword and buckler too. At this impulsive and mad speech, unworthy of the high esteem in which Pompey stood and unbecoming to the respect which was due to the senate, the nobility were distressed but the populace were delighted.

'''[4]''' Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] tried to avail himself still more of the influence of Pompey. He had a daughter, [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], who was betrothed to [[Servilius Caepio]]. This daughter he betrothed to Pompey, and said he would give Pompey’s daughter in marriage to Servilius, although she too was not unbetrothed, but had been promised to [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla|Faustus]], the son of Sulla.

'''[5]''' And a little while afterwards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]took [[Calpurnia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Calpurnia]] to wife, a daughter of Piso, and got Piso made consul for the coming year, although here too Cato vehemently protested, and cried out that it was intolerable to have the supreme power prostituted by marriage alliances and to see men helping one another to powers and armies and provinces by means of women.

'''[6]''' As for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] colleague, Bibulus, since he availed nothing by obstructing [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws, but often ran the risk with Cato of being killed in the [[Roman Forum|forum]], he shut himself up at home for the remainder of his term of office. Pompey, however, immediately after his marriage, filled the forum with armed men and helped the people to enact [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws and give him as his consular province [[Gaul]] on both sides of the Alps for five years, together with [[Illyricum]] and four [[Roman legion|legions]].

'''[7]''' Cato, of course, tried to speak against these measures, but Caesar had him led off to prison, supposing that he would appeal to the popular tribunes; but when Cato walked off without a word and Caesar saw not only that the most influential men were displeased, but also that the populace, out of respect for Cato’s virtue, were following him in silence and with downcast looks, he himself secretly asked one of the tribunes to take Cato out of arrest.

'''[8]''' Of the other senators, only a very few used to go with Caesar to the senate; the rest, in displeasure, stayed away. [[Considius]], a very aged senator, once told Caesar that his colleagues did not come together because they were afraid of the armed soldiers. “Why, then,” said Caesar, “dost thou too not stay at home out of the same fear?” To this Considius replied: “Because my old age makes me fearless; for the short span of life that is still left me does not require much anxious thought.”

'''[9]''' But the most disgraceful public measure of the time was thought to be the election to the tribuneship, during [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] consulate, of the notorious Clodius, who had trespassed upon his rights as a husband, and upon the secret nocturnal vigils. He was elected, however, for the overthrow of Cicero; and Caesar did not go forth upon his campaign until, with the help of Clodius, he had raised a successful faction against Cicero and driven him out of [[Italy]].

==E15 - Caesar’s Military Achievements==

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'''[1]''' Such, then, is said to have been the course of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s life before his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]]. But the period of the wars which he afterwards fought, and of the campaigns by which he subjugated [[Gaul]], as if he had made another beginning and entered upon a different path of life and one of new achievements, proved him to be inferior as soldier and commander to no one soever of those who have won most admiration for leadership and shown themselves greatest therein.

'''[2]''' Nay, if one compare him with such men as [[Fabii|Fabius]] and [[Scipiones|Scipio]] and [[Metelli|Metellus]], and with the men of his own time or a little before him, like [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], the two [[Luculli]], or even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, whose fame for every sort of military excellence was at this time flowering out and reaching to the skies, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] will be found to surpass them all in his achievements. One he surpassed in the difficulty of the regions where he waged his wars; another in the great extent of country which he acquired; another in the multitude and might of the enemies over whom he was victorious;

'''[3]''' another in the savage manners and perfidious dispositions of the people whom he conciliated; another in his reasonableness and mildness towards his captives; another still in the gifts and favours which he bestowed upon his soldiers; and all in the fact that he fought the most battles and killed the most enemies. For although it was not full ten years that he waged war in [[Gaul]], he took by storm more than eight hundred cities, subdued three hundred nations, and fought pitched battles at different times with three million men, of whom he slew one million in hand to hand fighting and took as many more prisoners.

==E16 - The Courage of Caesar’s Soldiers==

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'''[1]''' His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s fame. Such a man, for instance, was [[Gaius Acilius|Acilius]], who, in the sea-fight at [[Massalia]], boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces of his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vessel.

'''[2]''' Such a man, again, was [[Cassius Scaeva]], who, in the battle at [[Dyrrhachium]], had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accordingly, coming up, he lopped off the shoulder of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades.

'''[3]''' Again, in [[Britain]], when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost [[Centurion|centurions]], who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many conspicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the [[barbarian|Barbarians]] had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wading, got across. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield.

'''[4]''' Again, in [[Africa]], [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] captured a ship of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s in which [[Granius Petro]], who had been appointed [[quaestor]], was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. [[Granius Petro]], however, remarking that it was the custom with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword.

==E17 - Caesar’s Discipline and Endurance==

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'''[1]''' Such spirit and ambition [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself created and cultivated in his men, in the first place, because he showed, by his unsparing bestowal of rewards and honours, that he was not amassing wealth from his wars for his own luxury or for any life of ease, but that he treasured it up carefully as a common prize for deeds of valour, and had no greater share in the wealth than he offered to the deserving among his soldiers; and in the second place, by willingly undergoing every danger and refusing no toil.

'''[2]''' Now, at his love of danger his men were not astonished, knowing his ambition; but that he should undergo toils beyond his body's apparent power of endurance amazed them, because he was of a spare habit, had a soft and white skin, suffered from distemper in the head, and was subject to [[epilepsy|epileptic fits]], a trouble which first attacked him, we are told, in [[Corduba]]. Nevertheless, he did not make his feeble health an excuse for soft living, but rather his military service a cure for his feeble health, since by wearisome journeys, simple diet, continuously sleeping in the open air, and enduring hardships, he fought off his trouble and kept his body strong against its attacks.

'''[3]''' Most of his sleep, at least, he got in cars or litters, making his rest conduce to action, and in the day-time he would have himself conveyed to garrisons, cities, or camps, one slave who was accustomed to write from dictation as he travelled sitting by his side, and one soldier standing behind him with a sword. And he drove so rapidly that, on his first journey from [[Rome]] to [[Gaul]], he reached the [[Rhone River|Rhone]] in seven days.

'''[4]''' Horsemanship, moreover, had been easy for him from boyhood; for he was wont to put his hands behind his back and, holding them closely there, to ride his horse at full speed.

'''[5]''' And in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]] he practised dictating letters on horseback and keeping two scribes at once busy, or, as [[Oppius]] says, even more. We are told, moreover, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to devise intercourse with his friends by letter, since he could not wait for personal interviews on urgent matters owing to the multitude of his occupations and the great size of the city.

'''[6]''' Of his indifference in regard to his diet the following circumstance also is brought in proof. When the host who was entertaining him in [[Milan|Mediolanum]], [[Valerius Leo]], served up asparagus dressed with myrrh instead of olive oil, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ate of it without ado, and rebuked his friends when they showed displeasure. "Surely," said he, "it were enough not to eat what you don't like; but he who finds fault with ill-breeding like this is ill-bred himself." Once, too, upon a journey, he and his followers were driven by a storm into a poor man's hut, and when he found that it consisted of one room only, and that one barely able to accommodate a single person, he said to his friends that honours must be yielded to the strongest, but necessities to the weakest, and bade [[Oppius]] lie down there, while he himself with the rest of his company slept in the porch.

==E18 - The First Gallic War==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, the first of his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] was against the [[Helvetii]] and [[Tigurini]], who had set fire to their twelve cities and four hundred villages and were advancing through that part of [[Gaul]] which was subject to the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], as once the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] had done. To these they were thought to be not inferior in courage and of equal numbers, being three hundred thousand in all, of whom one hundred and ninety thousand were fighting men.

'''[2]''' The Tigurini were crushed at the [[Arar (river)|river Arar]], not by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, but by [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], his deputy; the Helvetii, however, unexpectedly attacked [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself on the march, as he was leading his forces towards a friendly city, but he succeeded in reaching a strong place of refuge. Here, after he had collected and arrayed his forces, a horse was brought to him. "This horse," said he, "I will use for the pursuit after my victory; but now let us go against the enemy," and accordingly led the charge on foot. After a long and hard struggle he routed the enemy's fighting men, but had the most trouble at their rampart of waggons, where not only did the men themselves make a stand and fight, but also their wives and children defended themselves to the death and were cut to pieces with the men. The battle was hardly over by midnight. To the noble work of victory [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] added a nobler still, that of settling those of the Barbarians who had escaped alive from the battle (there were more than one hundred thousand of them), and compelling them to resume the territory which they had abandoned and the cities which they had destroyed. He did this because he feared that if the territory became vacant the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]] would cross the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] and occupy it.

==E19 - The War with Ariovistus==

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'''[1]''' His second war, directly in defence of the [[Gauls]], was against the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], although previously, in [[Rome]], he had made their king [[Ariovistus]] an ally. But they were intolerable neighbours of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s subjects, and if an opportunity presented itself it was thought that they would not remain quietly in their present homes, but would encroach upon and occupy [[Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Seeing that his officers were inclined to be afraid, and particularly all the young men of high rank who had come out intending to make the campaign with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an opportunity for high living and money-making, he called them together and bade them be off, since they were so unmanly and effeminate, and not force themselves to face danger; as for himself, he said he would take the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]] alone and march against the Barbarians; the enemy would be no better fighters than the [[Cimbri]], and he himself was no worse a general than [[Gaius Marius|Marius]].

'''[3]''' Upon this the tenth legion sent a deputation to him, expressing their gratitude, while the other legions reviled their own commanders, and all the army, now full of impetuous eagerness, followed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on a march of many days, and at last encamped within two hundred furlongs of the enemy. Now, the very approach of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] somewhat shattered the purpose of [[Ariovistus]]. For he did not expect that the Romans would attack the Germans, whose onset he thought they could not withstand, and he was amazed at the boldness of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; besides, he saw that his own army was disturbed.

'''[4]''' Still more, too, was the spirit of the Germans blunted by the prophecies of their holy women, who used to foretell the future by observing the eddies in the rivers and by finding signs in the whirlings and splashings of the waters, and now forbade joining battle before a new moon gave its light.

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned this, and saw that the Germans kept quiet, he decided that it was a good plan to engage them while they were out of heart, rather than to sit still and wait for their time. So, by attacking their entrenchments and the hills on which they were encamped, he irritated them and incited them to come down in anger and fight the issue out. They were signally routed, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pursued them a distance of four hundred furlongs, as far as the [[Rhine river|Rhine]], and filled all the intervening plain with dead bodies and spoils. [[Ariovistus]], with a few followers, succeeded in crossing the Rhine; his dead are said to have been eighty thousand in number.

==E20 - The Belgae and the Nervii==

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'''[1]''' After this achievement, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left his forces among the [[Sequani]] to spend the winter, while he himself, desirous of giving attention to matters at [[Rome]], came down to [[Gaul]] along the [[Po River|Po]], which was a part of the province assigned to him; for the river called [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]] separates the rest of [[Italy]] from [[Cisalpine Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Here he fixed his quarters and carried on his political schemes. Many came to see him, and he gave each one what he wanted, and sent all away in actual possession of some of his favours and hoping for more. And during all the rest of the time of his campaigns in [[Gaul]], unnoticed by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], he was alternately subduing the enemy with the arms of the citizens, or capturing and subduing the citizens with the money which he got from the enemy.

'''[3]''' But when he heard that the [[Belgae]], who were the most powerful of the [[Gauls]] and occupied the third part of all their country, had revolted, and had assembled unknown myriads of armed men, he turned back at once and marched thither with great speed. He fell upon the enemy as they were plundering the Gauls that were in alliance with [[Rome]], and so routed and destroyed the least scattered and most numerous of them, after a disgraceful struggle on their part, that the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] could cross lakes and deep rivers for the multitude of dead bodies in them. All the rebels who dwelt along the ocean submitted without a battle;

'''[4]''' against the [[Nervii]], however, the most savage and warlike of the people in these parts, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led his forces. The Nervii, who dwelt in dense woods, and had placed their families and possessions in a recess of the forest at farthest remove from the enemy, at a time when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fortifying a camp and did not expect the battle, fell upon him suddenly, sixty thousand strong. They routed his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]], and surrounded the [[Roman legion|seventh]] and [[Roman legion|twelfth]] legions and slew all their [[Centurion|centurions]],

'''[5]''' and had not [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] snatched a shield, made his way through the combatants in front of him, and hurled himself upon the Barbarians; and had not the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]], at sight of his peril, run down from the heights and cut the ranks of the enemy to pieces, not a Roman, it is thought, would have survived. As it was, however, owing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s daring, they fought beyond their powers, as the saying is, and even then did not rout the Nervii, but cut them down as they defended themselves; for out of sixty thousand only five hundred are said to have come off alive, and only three of their senators out of four hundred.

==E21 - The Luca Conference==

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'''[1]''' The [[Roman Senate|Roman senate]], on learning of these successes, decreed sacrifices to the gods and cessation from business, with festival, for fifteen days, a greater number than for any victory before. For the danger was seen to have been great when so many nations at once had broken out in revolt, and because [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the victor, the good will of the multitude towards him made his victory more splendid. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, after settling matters in [[Gaul]], again spent the winter in the regions along the [[Po River|Po]], carrying out his plans at [[Rome]].

'''[2]''' For not only did the candidates for office there enjoy his assistance, and win their elections by corrupting the people with money from him, and do everything which was likely to enhance his power, but also most of the men of highest rank and greatest influence came to see him at [[Lucca|Luca]], including [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], [[Appius Claudius Pulcher|Appius]] the governor of [[Sardinia]], and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos|Nepos]] the proconsul of [[Spain]], so that there were a hundred and twenty [[Lictor|lictors]] in the place and more than two hundred [[Roman Senate|senators]].

'''[3]''' They held a council and settled matters on the following basis. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] were to be elected [[Roman consul|consuls]] for the ensuing year, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was to have money voted him, besides another five years in his [[Roman province|provincial command]]. This seemed very strange to men of understanding. For those who were getting so much money from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] urged the senate to give him money as if he had none, nay rather, they forced it to do so, though it groaned over its own decrees.

'''[4]''' [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], indeed, was not there, for he had purposely been sent out of the way on a mission to [[Cyprus]], and [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], who was an ardent follower of Cato, finding himself unable to accomplish anything by his opposition, bounded out of doors and clamoured to the populace. But no one gave heed to him, for some were in awe of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], and most wanted to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], lived in hopes of his favours, and so kept quiet.

==E22 - The Germans and the Rhine==

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'''[1]''' On returning to his forces in [[Gaul]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] found a considerable war in the country, since two great [[Germanic tribes|German nations]] had just crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] to possess the land, one called the [[Usipetes|Usipes]], the other the [[Tencteri|Tenteritae]].

'''[2]''' Concerning the battle which was fought with them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says in his "[[Commentaries on the Gallic War|Commentaries]]" that the [[Germanic tribes|Barbarians]], while treating with him under a truce, attacked on their march and therefore routed his five thousand [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] with their eight hundred, since his men were taken off their guard; that they then sent other [[Envoy|envoys]] to him who tried to deceive him again, but he held them fast and led his army against the Barbarians, considering that good faith towards such faithless breakers of truces was folly.

'''[3]''' But [[Tanusius Geminus|Tanusius]] says that when the senate voted sacrifices of rejoicing over the victory, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] pronounced the opinion that they ought to deliver up [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to the Barbarians, thus purging away the violation of the truce in behalf of the city, and turning the curse therefor on the guilty man. Of those who had crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] into [[Gaul]] four hundred thousand were cut to pieces, and the few who succeeded in making their way back were received by the [[Sugambri]],

'''[4]''' a [[Germanic tribes|German nation]]. This action [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made a ground of complaint against the Sugambri, and besides, he coveted the fame of being the first man to cross the Rhine with an army. He therefore began to bridge the river, although it was very broad, and at this point in its course especially swollen, rough, and impetuous, and with the trunks and branches of trees which it bore down stream kept smiting and tearing away the supports of his bridge.

'''[5]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] caught up these trunks and branches with bulwarks of great timbers planted across the stream, and having thus bridled and yoked the dashing current, he brought his bridge—sight beyond all credence—to completion in ten days.

==E23 - The Rhine and Britain==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] now threw his forces across the river. No one ventured to oppose him, but even the [[Suebi|Suevi]], who were the foremost nation of the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], bestowed themselves and their belongings in deep and woody defiles. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ravaged the country of the enemy with fire, gave encouragement to the constant friends of [[Rome]], and then retired again into [[Gaul]], having spent eighteen days in [[Germany]].

'''[2]''' His expedition against the [[Britons|Britanni]] was celebrated for its daring. For he was the first to launch a fleet upon the western [[Atlantic Ocean|ocean]] and to sail through the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic sea]] carrying an army to wage war. The island was of incredible magnitude, and furnished much matter of dispute to multitudes of writers, some of whom averred that its name and story had been fabricated, since it never had existed and did not then exist; and in his attempt to occupy it he carried the [[Roman Republic|Roman supremacy]] beyond the confines of the inhabited world.

'''[3]''' After twice crossing to the island from the opposite coast of [[Gaul]] and in many battles damaging the enemy rather than enriching his own men—for there was nothing worth taking from men who lived in poverty and wretchedness—he brought the war to an end which was not to his liking, it is true; still, he took hostages from the king, imposed tributes, and then sailed away from the island.

'''[4]''' In [[Gaul]] he found letters which were about to be sent across to him. They were from his friends in [[Rome]], and advised him of his daughter's death; she died in child-birth at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s house. Great was the grief of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and great the grief of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and their friends were greatly troubled too; they felt that the relationship which alone kept the distempered state in harmony and concord was now dissolved. For the babe also died presently, after surviving its mother a few days. Now [[Julia Caesaris|Julia]], in spite of the [[Tribune|tribunes]], was carried by the people to the [[Campus Martius]], where her funeral rites were held, and where she lies buried.

==E24 - Ambiorix and the Siege of Cicero==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s forces were now so large that he was forced to distribute them in many winter-quarters, while he himself, as his custom was, turned his steps towards [[Italy]]. Then all [[Gaul]] once more broke out in revolt, and great armies went about attacking the entrenchments and trying to destroy the winter-quarters of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. The most numerous and powerful of the rebels, under [[Ambiorix|Abriorix]], utterly destroyed [[Quintus Titurius Sabinus|Titurius]] and [[Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta|Cotta]], together with

'''[2]''' their army, while the legion under [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] was surrounded and besieged by sixty thousand of them, and narrowly escaped having its camp taken by storm, although all were wounded and went beyond their powers in the ardour of their defence.

'''[3]''' When tidings of these things reached [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who was far on his journey, he turned back quickly, got together seven thousand men in all, and hurried on to extricate [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] from the siege. But the besiegers became aware of his approach, and went to meet him with the purpose of cutting his forces off at once, despising their small numbers. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] deceived them by avoiding battle continually, and when he had found a place suitable for one who was fighting against many with few, fortified a camp, where he kept his men altogether from fighting and forced them to increase the height of their ramparts and the defences of their gates as though they were afraid. His strategy thus led the enemy to despise him, until at last, when their boldness led them to attack in scattered bands, he sallied out, routed them, and destroyed many of them.

==E25 - The Rising of Vercingetorix==

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'''[1]''' The numerous revolts of the [[Gaul|Gauls]] in those parts were quieted by this success, as well as by the fact that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, during the winter, went about in all directions and kept close watch on the disturbers of the peace. For there had come from [[Italy]] three [[Roman legion|legions]] to replace the men that he had lost, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] having lent two of those under his command, and one having been newly levied in [[Gaul]] about the [[Po River|Po]].

'''[2]''' But in remoter regions the germs of the greatest and most dangerous of the wars waged in those parts began to show themselves. They had for a long time been secretly sown and cultivated by the most influential men among the most warlike tribes, and derived strength from large bodies of young men assembled from all sides in arms, from great riches brought together, from strong cities,

'''[3]''' and from countries which were hard to invade. At that season of winter, too, frozen rivers, forests buried in snow, plains converted into lakes by winter torrents, in some parts paths obliterated by deep snow, and in others the great uncertainty of a march through swamps and streams diverted from their courses, all seemed to make it wholly impossible for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to oppose the plans of the rebels. Accordingly, many tribes had revolted, but the head and front of the revolt were the [[Arverni]] and [[Carnutes|Carnuntini]], and [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]] was chosen to have the entire authority in the war. His father the Gauls had put to death because they thought he was aiming at a tyranny.

==E26 - Caesar’s Winter Campaign==

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'''[1]''' This leader, then, after dividing his forces into many parts and putting many officers in command of them, was winning over all the country round about as far as the water-shed of the [[Arar (river)|Arar]]. He purposed, now that there was a coalition at [[Rome]] against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], at once to rouse all [[Gaul]] to war. If he had done this a little later, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was involved in the [[Caesar's civil war|civil war]], [[Italy]] would have been a prey to terrors no less acute than those aroused by the [[Cimbri]] of old.

'''[2]''' But as it was, the man endowed by nature to make the best use of all the arts of war, and particularly of its crucial moments, namely [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as soon as he learned of the revolt, set out and marched by the same roads over which he had previously come, and by the vigour and speed of his passage in so severe a winter showed the Barbarians that an unconquered and invincible army was coming against them. For where it was incredible that one of his messengers or letter-carriers could make his way in a long time, there he was seen with his whole army,

'''[3]''' at once ravaging their lands and destroying their strongholds, subduing cities, and receiving those who came over to his side, until the nation of the [[Aedui]] also entered the war against him. These up to this time had called themselves brethren of the [[Romans]] and had been conspicuously honoured, but now, by joining the rebels, they caused great dejection in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army.

'''[4]''' In consequence of this [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] removed from those parts and passed across the territory of the [[Lingones]], wishing to reach the country of the [[Sequani]], who were friends, and stood as a bulwark between [[Italy]] and the rest of [[Gaul]]. There the enemy fell upon him and surrounded him with many tens of thousands, so that he essayed to fight a decisive battle. In the main he got the best of the struggle, and after a long time and much slaughter overpowered the Barbarians; but it appears that at first he met with some reverse, and the [[Arverni]] show a short-sword hanging in a temple, which they say was captured from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself saw it, at a later time, he smiled, and though his friends urged him to have it taken down, he would not permit it, considering it sacred.

==E27 - The Siege of Alesia==

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'''[1]''' However, the most of the Barbarians who escaped at that time took refuge with their king in the city of [[Alesia]]. And while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was besieging

'''[2]''' this city, which was thought to be impregnable by reason of the great size of its walls and the number of their defenders, there fell upon him from outside the city a peril too great for words to depict. For all that was mightiest among the nations of [[Gaul]] assembled and came in arms to [[Alesia]], three hundred thousand strong; and the number of fighting men inside the city was not less than a hundred and seventy thousand. Thus [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], caught between so large hostile forces and besieged there, was compelled to build two walls for his protection, one looking towards the city, and the other towards those who had come up to relieve it; he felt that if the two forces should unite his cause was wholly lost.

'''[3]''' For many reasons, then, and naturally, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s peril at [[Alesia]] was famous, since it produced more deeds of skill and daring than any of his other struggles; but one must be amazed above all that he engaged and conquered so many tens of thousands outside the city without the knowledge of those inside, nay more, without the knowledge even of the [[Roman army|Romans]] who were guarding the wall that faced the city.

'''[4]''' For these did not learn of the victory until the wailing of the men in [[Alesia]] and the lamentations of the women were heard, as they beheld in the quarters of the enemy many shields adorned with gold and silver, many corselets smeared with blood, and also drinking cups and tents of Gallic fashion carried by the Romans into their camp. So quickly did so great a force, like a phantom or a dream, disperse and vanish out of sight, the greater part of them having fallen in the battle.

'''[5]''' Those who held [[Alesia]], too, after giving themselves and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no small trouble, finally surrendered. And the leader of the whole war, [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]], after putting on his most beautiful armour and decorating his horse, rode out through the gate. He made a circuit round [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who remained seated, and then leaped down from his horse, stripped off his suit of armour, and seating himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s feet remained motionless, until he was delivered up to be kept in custody for the [[Roman triumph|triumph]].

==E28 - Caesar and Pompey==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had long ago decided to put down [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], just as, of course, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] also had decided to put [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] down. For now that [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], who was only waiting for the issue of their struggle to engage the victor, had perished among the [[Parthia|Parthians]], it remained for him who would be greatest to put down him who was, and for him who was greatest, if he would not be put down, to take off in time the man he feared.

'''[2]''' This fear had only recently come upon [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who till then despised [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], feeling that it was no hard task to put down again the man whom he himself had raised on high.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had from the outset formed this design, and like an athlete had removed himself to a great distance from his antagonists, and by exercising himself in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] had practised his troops and increased his fame, lifting himself by his achievements to a height where he could vie with the successes of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. He laid hold of pretexts which were furnished partly by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, and partly by the times and the evil state of government at [[Rome]], by reason of which candidates for office set up counting-tables in public and shamelessly bribed the multitudes, while the people went down into the forum under pay, contending in behalf of their paymaster,

'''[4]''' not with votes, but with bows and arrows, swords, and slings. Often, too, they would defile the rostra with blood and corpses before they separated, leaving the city to anarchy like a ship drifting about without a steersman, so that men of understanding were content if matters issued in nothing worse for them than monarchy, after such madness and so great a tempest. And there were many who actually dared to say in public that nothing but monarchy could now cure the diseases of the state, and that this remedy ought to be adopted when offered by the gentlest of physicians, hinting at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[5]''' And when even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], although in words he affected to decline the honour, in fact did more than any one else to effect his appointment as dictator, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] saw through his design and persuaded the senate to appoint him sole consul, solacing him with a more legal monarchy that he might not force his way to the dictatorship. They also voted him additional time in which to hold his provinces; and he had two, [[Spain]] and all [[Africa]], which he managed by sending legates thither and maintaining armies there, for which he received from the public treasury a thousand talents annually.

==E29 - The Political Crisis==

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'''[1]''' Consequently, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] canvassed by proxy for a consulship, and likewise for an extension of time in which to hold his own provinces. At first, then, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] held his peace, while [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]] and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] opposed these plans; they hated [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on other grounds, and went beyond all bounds in their efforts to bring dishonour and abuse upon him.

'''[2]''' For instance, the inhabitants of [[Novum Comum]], a colony recently established by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in [[Gaul]], were deprived of citizenship by them; and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], while he was consul, beat with rods a senator of [[Novum Comum]] who had come to [[Rome]], telling him besides that he put these marks upon him to prove that he was not a Roman, and bade him go back and show them to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. But after the consulship of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] having now sent his Gallic wealth for all those in public life to draw from in copious streams,

'''[3]''' and having freed [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] the tribune from many debts, and having given [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)|Paulus]] the consul fifteen hundred talents, out of which he adorned the forum with the [[Basilica Aemilia|Basilica]], a famous monument, erected in place of the [[Basilica Fulvia|Fulvia]], under these circumstances [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] took fright at the coalition, and openly now, by his own efforts and those of his friends, tried to have a successor appointed to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in his government, and sent a demand to him for the return of the soldiers whom he had lent him for his Gallic contests. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent the soldiers back, after making a present to each man of two hundred and fifty drachmas.

'''[4]''' But the officers who brought these men to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] spread abroad among the multitude stories regarding [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] which were neither reasonable nor true, and ruined [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself with vain hopes. They told him that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army yearned for him, and that while he was with difficulty controlling affairs in the city owing to the disease of envy which festered in the body politic, the forces in [[Gaul]] were ready to serve him, and had but to cross into [[Italy]] when they would at once be on his side, so obnoxious to them had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] become by reason of the multitude of his campaigns,

'''[5]''' and so suspicious of him were they made by their fear of a monarchy. All this fed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s vanity, and he neglected to provide himself with soldiers, as though he had no fears; while with speeches and resolutions of the senate he was carrying the day against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he supposed, although he was merely getting measures rejected about which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cared naught. Nay, we are told that one of the centurions sent to [[Rome]] by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he stood in front of the senate-house and learned that the senate would not give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an extension of his term of command, slapped the handle of his sword and said: "But this will give it."

==E30 - Caesar’s Terms==

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'''[1]''' However, the demands which came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] certainly had a striking semblance of fairness. He demanded, namely, that if he himself laid down his arms, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should do the same, and that both, thus become private men, should find what favour they could with their fellow citizens; arguing that if they took away his forces from him, but confirmed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] in the possession of his, they would be accusing one of seeking a tyranny and making the other a tyrant.

'''[2]''' When [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] laid these proposals before the people in behalf of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], he was loudly applauded, and some actually cast garlands of flowers upon him as if he were a victorious athlete. [[Mark Antony|Antony]], too, who was a tribune, brought before the people a letter of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s on these matters which he had received, and read it aloud, in defiance of the consuls.

'''[3]''' But in the senate, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], the father-in-law of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], introduced a motion that if by a fixed day [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not lay down his arms he should be declared a public enemy. And when the consuls put the question whether [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should dismiss his soldiers, and again whether [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should, very few senators voted for the first, and all but a few for the second; but when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] again demanded that both should give up their commands, all with one accord assented. [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], however, made violent opposition, and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul cried out that against a robber there was need of arms, not votes; whereupon the senate broke up, and the senators put on the garb of mourning in view of the dissension.

==E31 - Caesar’s Final Proposals==

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'''[1]''' But presently letters came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in which he appeared to take a more moderate position, for he agreed to surrender everything else, but demanded that [[Cisalpine Gaul]] and [[Illyricum]] together with two [[Roman legion|legions]] should be given him until he stood for his second [[Roman consul|consulship]]. [[Cicero]] the orator, too, who had just returned from [[Cilicia]] and was busy with a reconciliation, tried to mollify [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who yielded everything else, but insisted on taking away [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s soldiers. [[Cicero]] also tried to persuade the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to compromise and come to a settlement on the basis of the provinces mentioned and only six thousand soldiers, and [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was ready to yield and grant so many. [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul, however, would not let him, but actually heaped insults upon [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] and drove them disgracefully from the [[Roman Senate|senate]], thus himself contriving for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] the most specious of his pretexts, and the one by means of which he most of all incited his soldiers, showing them men of repute and high office who had fled the city on hired carts and in the garb of slaves. For thus they had arrayed themselves in their fear and stolen out of [[Rome]].

==E32 - The Crossing of the Rubicon==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had with him not more than three hundred horsemen and five thousand [[Roman legion|legionaries]]; for the rest of his army had been left beyond the [[Alps]], and was to be brought up by those whom he had sent for the purpose.

'''[2]''' He saw, however, that the beginning of his enterprise and its initial step did not require a large force at present, but must take advantage of the golden moment by showing amazing boldness and speed, since he could strike terror into his enemies by an unexpected blow more easily than he could overwhelm them by an attack in full force. He therefore ordered his [[Centurion|centurions]] and other officers, taking their swords only, and without the rest of their arms, to occupy [[Ariminum]], a large city of [[Gaul]], avoiding commotion and bloodshed as far as possible; and he entrusted this force to [[Hortensius]].

'''[3]''' He himself spent the day in public, attending and watching the exercises of [[gladiator]]s; but a little before evening he bathed and dressed and went into the banqueting hall. Here he held brief converse with those who had been invited to supper, and just as it was getting dark rose and went away, after addressing courteously most of his guests and bidding them await his return.

'''[4]''' To a few of his friends, however, he had previously given directions to follow him, not all by the same route, but some by one way and some by another. He himself mounted one of his hired carts and drove at first along another road, then turned towards [[Ariminum]]. When he came to the river which separates [[Cisalpine Gaul]] from the rest of [[Italy]] (it is called the [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]]), and began to reflect, now that he drew nearer to the fearful step and was agitated by the magnitude of his ventures,

'''[5]''' he checked his speed. Then, halting in his course, he communed with himself a long time in silence as his resolution wavered back and forth, and his purpose then suffered change after change. For a long time, too, he discussed his perplexities with his friends who were present, among whom was [[Asinius Pollio]], estimating the great evils for all mankind which would follow their passage of the river, and the wide fame of it which they would leave to posterity.

'''[6]''' But finally, with a sort of passion, as if abandoning calculation and casting himself upon the future, and uttering the phrase with which men usually prelude their plunge into desperate and daring fortunes, "Let the die be cast," he hastened to cross the river; and going at full speed now for the rest of the time, before daybreak he dashed into [[Ariminum]] and took possession of it. It is said, moreover, that on the night before he crossed the river he had an unnatural dream: he thought, namely, that he was having incestuous intercourse with his own mother.

==E33 - The Flight from Rome==

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'''[1]''' After the seizure of [[Ariminum]], as if the war had opened with broad gates to cover the whole earth and sea alike, and the laws of the state were confounded along with the boundaries of the province, one would not have thought that men and women, as at other times, were hurrying through [[Italy]] in consternation, but that the very cities had

'''[2]''' risen up in flight and were rushing one through another; while [[Rome]] herself, deluged as it were by the inhabitants of the surrounding towns who were fleeing from their homes, neither readily obeying a magistrate nor listening to the voice of reason, in the surges of a mighty sea narrowly escaped being overturned by her own internal agitations.

'''[3]''' For conflicting emotions and violent disturbances prevailed everywhere. Those who rejoiced did not keep quiet, but in many places, as was natural in a great city, encountered those who were in fear and distress, and being filled with confidence as to the future came into strife with them; while [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, who was terror-stricken, was assailed on every side, being taken to task by some for having strengthened [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] against himself and the supreme power of the state, and denounced by others for having permitted [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] to insult [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] when he was ready to yield and was offering reasonable terms of settlement.

'''[4]''' [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]] bade him stamp on the ground for once; in a boastful speech to the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he told them to take no trouble or anxious thought about preparations for the war, since when it came he had but to stamp upon the earth to fill [[Italy]] with armies.

'''[5]''' However, even then [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s forces were more numerous than [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s; but no one would suffer him to exercise his own judgement and so, under the influence of many false and terrifying reports, believing that the war was already close at hand and prevailed everywhere, he gave way, was swept along with the universal tide, issued an edict declaring a state of anarchy, and forsook the city, commanding the senate to follow, and forbidding any one to remain who preferred country and freedom to tyranny.

==E34 - Caesar’s Clemency at Corfinium==

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'''[1]''' Accordingly, the [[Roman consul|consuls]] fled, without even making the sacrifices usual before departure; most of the senators also fled, after seizing, in a sort of robbery, whatever came to hand of their own possessions, as though it were the property of others. Some, too, who before this had vehemently espoused the cause of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], were now frightened out of their wits, and were carried along, when there was no need of it, by the sweep of the great tide.

'''[2]''' But most pitiful was the sight of the city, now that so great a tempest was bearing down upon her, carried along like a ship abandoned of her helmsmen to dash against whatever lay in her path. Still, although their removal was so pitiful a thing, for the sake of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] men considered exile to be their country, and abandoned [[Rome]] with the feeling that it was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s camp. For even [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s greatest friends, who had been his legate and had fought most zealously with him in all his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]], now ran away from him and came to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent to [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]] his money and his baggage. Against [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], however, who was holding [[Corfinium]] with thirty [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] under his command, he marched, and pitched his camp near by. [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], despairing of his enterprise, asked his physician, who was a slave, for a poison, and taking what was given him, drank it, intending to die.

'''[4]''' But after a little, hearing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] showed most wonderful clemency towards his prisoners, he bewailed his fate, and blamed the rashness of his purpose. Then his physician bade him be of good cheer, since what he had drunk was a sleeping-potion and not deadly; whereupon [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] rose up overjoyed and went to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], the pledge of whose right hand he received, only to desert him and go back to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When tidings of these things came to [[Rome]], men were made more cheerful, and some of the fugitives turned back.

==E35 - Caesar Takes Rome==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took over the troops of [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], as well as all the other levies of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] which he surprised in the various cities. Then, since his forces were already numerous and formidable, he marched against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, did not await his approach, but fled to [[Brundisium]], sent the consuls before him with an army to [[Dyrrhachium]], and shortly afterwards, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] drew near, sailed off himself, as shall be set forth circumstantially in his Life. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to pursue him at once, but was destitute of ships; so he turned back to [[Rome]], having in sixty days and without bloodshed become master of all [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He found the city more tranquil than he was expecting, and many senators in it. With these, therefore, he conferred in a gentle and affable manner, inviting them even to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] proposing suitable terms of agreement. But no one would listen to him, either because they feared [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], whom they had abandoned, or because they thought that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not mean what he said, but was indulging in specious talk.

'''[3]''' When the tribune [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] tried to prevent [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s taking money from the reserve funds of the state, and cited certain laws, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said that arms and laws had not the same season. "But if thou art displeased with what is going on, for the present get out of the way, since war has no use for free speech; when, however, I have come to terms and laid down my arms, then thou shalt come before the people with thy harangues. And in saying this I waive my own just rights; for thou art mine, thou and all of the faction hostile to me whom I have caught."

'''[4]''' After this speech to [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] walked towards the door of the treasury, and when the keys were not to be found, he sent for smiths and ordered them to break in the door. [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] once more opposed him, and was commended by some for so doing; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], raising his voice, threatened to kill him if he did not cease his troublesome interference. "And thou surely knowest, young man," said he, "that it is more unpleasant for me to say this than to do it." Then [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], in consequence of this speech, went off in a fright, and henceforth everything was speedily and easily furnished to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for the war.

==E36 - The Campaign in Spain==

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'''[1]''' So he made an expedition into [[Spain]], having resolved first to drive out from there [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s legates, and bring their forces there and the provinces into his power, and then to march against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], leaving not an enemy in his rear. And though his life was often in peril from ambuscades, and his army most of all from hunger, he did not cease from pursuing, challenging, and besieging the men until he had made himself by main force master of their camps and their forces. The leaders, however, made their escape to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

==E37 - Caesar’s Winter Expedition==

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'''[1]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]], [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]], his father-in-law, urged him to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] with proposals for a settlement; but [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], opposed the project. So, having been made [[Roman dictator|dictator]] by the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he brought home exiles, restored to civic rights the children of those who had suffered in the time of [[Sulla]], relieved the burdens of the debtor-class by a certain adjustment of interest, took in hand a few other public measures of like character, and within eleven days abdicated the sole power, had himself declared [[Roman consul|consul]] with [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], and entered upon his campaign.

'''[2]''' The rest of his forces he passed by in a forced march, and with six hundred picked horsemen and five legions, at the time of the winter solstice, in the early part of January (this month answers nearly to the Athenian Poseideon), put to sea, and after crossing the [[Ionian Gulf]] took [[Oricum]] and [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], and sent his transports back again to [[Brundisium]] for the soldiers who had been belated on their march.

'''[3]''' These, as long as they were on the road, since they were now past their physical prime and worn out with their multitudinous wars, murmured against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. "Whither, pray, and to what end will this man bring us, hurrying us about and treating us like tireless and lifeless things? Even a sword gets tired out with smiting, and shield and breastplate are spared a little after so long a time of service."

'''[4]''' Will not even our wounds, then, convince [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he commands mortal men, and that we are mortal in the endurance of pain and suffering? Surely the wintry season and the occasion of a storm at sea not even a god can constrain; yet this man takes risks as though he were not pursuing, but flying from, enemies.

'''[5]''' With such words as these they marched in a leisurely way to [[Brundisium]]. But when they got there and found that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had put to sea, they quickly changed their tone and reviled themselves as traitors to the [[Imperator]]; they reviled their officers, too, for not having quickened their march. Then, sitting on the cliffs, they looked oft towards the open sea and [[Epirus]], watching for the ships which were to carry them across to their commander.

==E38 - Caesar’s Attempt to Cross the Aous==

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'''[1]''' At [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], since the force which he had with him was not a match for the enemy and the delay of his troops on the other side caused him perplexity and distress, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] conceived the dangerous plan of embarking in a twelve-oared boat, without any one's knowledge, and going over to [[Brundisium]], though the sea was encompassed by such large armaments of the enemy.

'''[2]''' At night, accordingly, after disguising himself in the dress of a slave, he went on board, threw himself down as one of no account, and kept quiet. While the river [[Aous River|Aous]] was carrying the boat down towards the sea, the early morning breeze, which at that time usually made the mouth of the river calm by driving back the waves, was quelled by a strong wind which blew from the sea during the night;

'''[3]''' the river therefore chafed against the inflow of the sea and the opposition of its billows, and was rough, being beaten back with a great din and violent eddies, so that it was impossible for the master of the boat to force his way along. He therefore ordered the sailors to come about in order to retrace his course. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], perceiving this, disclosed himself, took the master of the boat by the hand, who was terrified at sight of him, and said: "Come, good man, be bold and fear naught; thou carryest [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] fortune in thy boat."

'''[4]''' The sailors forgot the storm, and laying to their oars, tried with all alacrity to force their way down the river. But since it was impossible, after taking much water and running great hazard at the mouth of the river, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] very reluctantly suffered the captain to put about. When he came back, his soldiers met him in throngs, finding much fault and sore displeased with him because he did not believe that even with them alone he was able to conquer, but was troubled, and risked his life for the sake of the absent as though distrusting those who were present.

==E39 - The Setback Against Pompey==

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'''[1]''' After this, [[Mark Antony|Antony]] put in from [[Brundisium]] with his forces, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was emboldened to challenge [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] to battle. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was well posted and drew ample supplies both from land and sea; while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had no great abundance at first, and afterwards was actually hard pressed for want of provisions. But his soldiers dug up a certain root, mixed it with milk, and ate it.

'''[2]''' Once, too, they made loaves of it, and running up to the enemy's outposts, threw the loaves inside or tossed them to one another, adding by way of comment that as long as the earth produced such roots, they would not stop besieging [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, would not allow either the loaves or these words to reach the main body of his army. For his soldiers were dejected, fearing the ferocity and hardiness of their enemies, who were like wild beasts in their eyes.

'''[3]''' There were constant skirmishings about the fortifications of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and in all of them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] got the better except one, where there was a great rout of his men and he was in danger of losing his camp.

'''[4]''' For when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] attacked not one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s men stood his ground, but the moats were filled with the slain, and others were falling at their own ramparts and walls, whither they had been driven in headlong flight. And though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] met the fugitives and tried to turn them back, he availed nothing, nay, when he tried to lay hold of the standards the bearers threw them away, so that the enemy captured thirty-two of them. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, too, narrowly escaped being killed.

'''[5]''' For as a tall and sturdy man was running away past him, he laid his hand upon him and bade him stay and face about upon the enemy; and the fellow, full of panic at the threatening danger, raised his sword to smite [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but before he could do so [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s shield-bearer lopped off his arm at the shoulder. So completely had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] given up his cause for lost that, when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], either from excessive caution or by some chance, did not follow up his great success, but withdrew after he had shut up the fugitives within their entrenchments, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said to his friends as he left them: "To-day victory had been with the enemy, if they had had a victor in command."

'''[6]''' Then going by himself to his tent and lying down, he spent that most distressful of all nights in vain reflections, convinced that he had shown bad generalship. For while a fertile country lay waiting for him, and the prosperous cities of [[Macedonia]] and [[Thessaly]], he had neglected to carry the war thither, and had posted himself here by the sea, which his enemies controlled with their fleets, being thus held in siege by lack of provisions rather than besieging with his arms.

'''[7]''' Thus his despondent thoughts of the difficulty and perplexity of his situation kept him tossing upon his couch, and in the morning he broke camp, resolved to lead his army into [[Macedonia]] against [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]]; for he would then either draw [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] after him to a place where he would give battle without drawing his supplies as he now did from the sea, or [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] would be left alone and he would overwhelm him.

==E40 - Pompey’s Strategy==

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'''[1]''' This emboldened the soldiers of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and the leaders by whom he was surrounded to keep close to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], whom they thought defeated and in flight. For [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was cautious about hazarding a battle for so great a stake, and since he was most excellently provided with everything necessary for a long war, he thought it best to wear out and quench the vigour of the enemy, which must be short-lived.

'''[2]''' For the best fighting men in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army had experience, it is true, and a daring which was irresistible in combat; but what with their long marches and frequent encampments and siege-warfare and night-watches, they were beginning to give out by reason of age, and were too unwieldy for labour, having lost their ardour from weakness. At that time, too, a kind of pestilential disease, occasioned by the strangeness of their diet, was said to be prevalent in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army. And what was most important of all, since [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was neither strong in funds nor well supplied with provisions, it was thought that within a short time his army would break up of itself.

==E41 - Pompey Is Pressed into Battle==

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'''[1]''' For these reasons [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] did not wish to fight, but [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] was the only one to commend his course, and this from a desire to spare the lives of his fellow citizens;

'''[2]''' for when he saw even those of the enemy who had fallen in the battle, to the number of a thousand, he burst into tears, muffled up his head, and went away.

'''[3]''' All the rest, however, reviled [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] for trying to avoid a battle, and sought to goad him on by calling him [[Agamemnon]] and King of Kings, implying that he did not wish to lay aside his sole authority, but plumed himself on having so many commanders dependent upon him and coming constantly to his tent. And [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], affecting [[Cato the Younger|Cato]]'s boldness of speech, complained like a mad man because that year also they would be unable to enjoy the figs of [[Tusculum]] because of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s love of command. [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]], too, who had lately come from [[Spain]], where he had shown bad generalship, when accused of betraying his army for a bribe, asked why they did not fight with the merchant who had bought the provinces from him. Driven on by all these importunities, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] reluctantly sought a battle and pursued [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] accomplished most of his march with difficulty, since no one would sell him provisions, and everybody despised him on account of his recent defeat; but after he had taken [[Gomphi]], a city of [[Thessaly]], he not only provided food for his soldiers, but also relieved them of their disease unexpectedly. For they fell in with plenty of wine, and after drinking freely of it, and then revelling and rioting on their march, by means of their drunkenness they drove away and got rid of their trouble, since they brought their bodies into a different habit.

==E42 - The Armies at Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But when both armies entered the plain of [[Pharsalus]] and encamped there, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s mind reverted again to its former reasoning, and besides, there befell him unlucky appearances and a vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that he saw himself in his theatre applauded by the [[Romans]], . . .

'''[2]''' Those about him, however, were so confident, and so hopefully anticipated the victory, that [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Spinther]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] disputed earnestly with one another over [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s office of [[Pontifex Maximus]], and many sent agents to [[Rome]] to hire and take possession of houses suitable for [[Praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]], assuming that they would immediately hold these offices after the war. And most of all were his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] impatient for the battle, since they had a splendid array of shining armour, well-fed horses, and handsome persons, and were in high spirits too on account of their numbers, which were seven thousand to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s one thousand. The numbers of the infantry also were unequal, since forty-five thousand were arrayed against twenty-two thousand.

==E43 - The Portents Before Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] called his soldiers together, and after telling them that [[Cornificius|Corfinius]] was near with two [[Roman legion|legions]] for him, and that fifteen [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] besides under [[Quintus Fufius Calenus|Calenus]] were stationed at [[Athens]] and [[Megara]], asked them whether they wished to wait for these troops, or to hazard the issue by themselves. Then the soldiers besought him with loud cries not to wait for the troops, but rather to contrive and manoeuvre to come to close quarters with the enemy as soon as possible.

'''[2]''' As he was holding a lustration and review of his forces and had sacrificed the first victim, the seer at once told him that within three days there would be a decisive battle with the enemy. And when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] asked him whether he also saw in the victims any favourable signs of the issue, "Thou thyself," said the seer, "canst better answer this question for thyself. For the gods indicate a great change and revolution of the present status to the opposite. Therefore, if thou thinkest thyself well off as matters stand, expect the worse fortune; if badly off, the better."

'''[3]''' Moreover, on the night before the battle, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was making the round of his sentries about midnight, a fiery torch was seen in the heavens, which seemed to be carried over his camp, blazing out brightly, and then to fall into [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s. And during the morning watch it was noticed that there was actually a panic confusion among the enemy. However, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not expect to fight on that day, but began to break camp for a march to [[Scotussa]].

==E44 - The Battle of Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But just as the tents had been struck, his scouts rode up to him with tidings that the enemy were coming down into the plain for battle. At this he was overjoyed, and after prayers and vows to the gods, drew up his [[Roman legion|legionaries]] in three divisions. Over the centre he put [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius Calvinus]], while of the wings [[Mark Antony|Antony]] had one and he himself the right, where he intended to fight with the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]].

'''[2]''' But seeing that the enemy's cavalry were arraying themselves over against this point, and fearing their brilliant appearance and their numbers, he ordered six cohorts from the furthermost lines to come round to him unobserved, and stationed them behind his right wing, teaching them what they were to do when the enemy's horsemen attacked.

'''[3]''' [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] had one of his wings himself, and [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] the left, while [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s father-in-law, commanded the centre. But his horsemen all crowded to the left wing, intending to encircle the enemy's right and make a complete rout about the commander himself; for they thought that no legionary array, however deep, could resist them, but that when so many horsemen made an onset together the enemy would be utterly broken and crushed.

'''[4]''' When both sides were about to sound the charge, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] ordered his legionaries to stand with arms at the ready and await in close array the onset of the enemy until they were within javelin cast. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says that here too [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] made a mistake, not knowing that the initial clash with all the impetus of running adds force to the blows and fires the courage, which everything then conspires to fan.

'''[5]''' As [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was about to move his lines of legionaries, and was already going forward into action, he saw first one of his [[Centurion|centurions]], a man experienced in war and faithful to him, encouraging his men and challenging them to vie with him in prowess.

'''[6]''' Him [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] addressed by name and said: "Caius Crassinius, what are our hopes, and how does our confidence stand?" Then Crassinius, stretching forth his right hand, said with a loud voice: "We shall win a glorious victory, O Caesar, and thou shalt praise me to-day, whether I am alive or dead." So saying, he plunged foremost into the enemy at full speed, carrying along with him the one hundred and twenty soldiers under his command. But after cutting his way through the first rank, and while he was forging onwards with great slaughter, he was beaten back by the thrust of a sword through his mouth, and the point of the sword actually came out at the back of his neck.

==E45 - The Defeat of Pompey's Cavalry==

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'''[1]''' When the infantry had thus clashed together in the centre and were fighting, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s cavalry rode proudly up from the wing and deployed their squadrons to envelope the enemy's right; and before they could attack, the cohorts ran out from where [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was posted,

'''[2]''' not hurling their javelins, as usual, nor yet stabbing the thighs and legs of their enemies with them, but aiming them at their eyes and wounding their faces. They had been instructed to do this by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who expected that men little conversant with wars or wounds, but young, and pluming themselves on their youthful beauty, would dread such wounds especially, and would not stand their ground, fearing not only their present danger, but also their future disfigurement.

'''[3]''' And this was what actually came to pass; for they could not endure the upward thrust of the javelins, nor did they even venture to look the weapon in the face, but turned their heads away and covered them up to spare their faces. And finally, having thus thrown themselves into confusion, they turned and fled most shamefully, thereby ruining everything. For the conquerors of the horsemen at once encircled the infantry, fell upon their rear, and began to cut them to pieces.

'''[4]''' When [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], on the other wing, saw his horsemen scattered in flight, he was no longer the same man, nor remembered that he was [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]], but more like one whom Heaven has robbed of his wits than anything else, he went off without a word to his tent, sat down there, and awaited what was to come, until his forces were all routed and the enemy were assailing his ramparts and fighting with their defenders.

'''[5]''' Then he came to his senses, as it were, and with this one ejaculation, as they say, "What, even to my quarters?" took off his fighting and general's dress, put on one suitable for a fugitive, and stole away. What his subsequent fortunes were, and how he delivered himself into the hands of the [[Egyptians]] and was murdered, I shall tell in his Life.

==E46 - Caesar's Clemency==

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'''[1]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], when he reached [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] ramparts and saw those of the enemy who were already lying dead there and those who were still falling, said with a groan: "They would have it so; they brought me to such a pass that if I, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caius Caesar]], after waging successfully the greatest wars, had dismissed my forces, I should have been condemned in their courts."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]] says that these words, which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote down in [[Greek language|Greek]], were uttered by him in [[Latin language|Latin]] at the time; he also says that most of the slain were servants who were killed at the taking of the camp, and that not more than six thousand soldiers fell.

'''[3]''' Most of those who were taken alive [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] incorporated in his legions, and to many men of prominence he granted immunity. One of these was [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], who afterwards slew him. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was distressed, we are told, when Brutus was not to be found, but when he was brought into his presence safe and sound, was pleased beyond measure.

==E47 - Omens of Victory==

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'''[1]''' There were many portents of the victory, but the most remarkable one on record is that which was seen at [[Tralles]]. In that city's temple of Victory there stood a statue of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and the ground around it was itself naturally firm, and was paved with hard stone; yet from this it is said that a palm-tree shot up at the base of the statue.

'''[2]''' Moreover, at [[Patavium]], [[Gaius Cornelius (augur)|Caius Cornelius]], a man in repute as a seer, a fellow citizen and acquaintance of [[Livy]] the historian, chanced that day to be sitting in the place of augury. And to begin with, according to Livy, he discerned the time of the battle, and said to those present that even then the event was in progress and the men were going into action. And when he looked again and observed the signs, he sprang up in a rapture crying: "Thou art victorious, O [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]!" The bystanders being amazed, he took the chaplet from his head and declared with an oath that he would not put it on again until the event had borne witness to his art. At any rate, Livy insists that this was so.

==E48 - Caesar in Asia and Egypt==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave the [[Thessaly|Thessalians]] their freedom, to commemorate his victory, and then pursued [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When he reached [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] he made the [[Cnidus|Cnidians]] also free, to please [[Theopompus of Chios|Theopompus]] the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] remitted a third of their taxes. Arriving at [[Alexandria]] just after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] death, he turned away in horror from [[Theodotus of Chios|Theodotus]] as he presented the head of Pompey, but he accepted Pompey's seal-ring, and shed tears over it.

'''[2]''' Moreover, all the companions and intimates of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] who had been captured by the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] as they wandered over the country, he treated with kindness and attached them to himself. And to his friends in [[Rome]] he wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory, namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him.

'''[3]''' As for the war in [[Egypt]], some say that it was not necessary, but due to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] passion for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], and that it was inglorious and full of peril for him. But others blame the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king's]] party for it, and especially the eunuch [[Pothinus|Potheinus]], who had most influence at court, and had recently killed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]; he had also driven [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country, and was now secretly plotting against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. On this account they say that from this time on [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] passed whole nights at drinking parties in order to protect himself.

'''[4]''' But in his open acts also [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] was unbearable, since he said and did many things that were invidious and insulting to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For instance, when the soldiers had the oldest and worst grain measured out to them, he bade them put up with it and be content, since they were eating what belonged to others; and at the state suppers he used wooden and earthen dishes, on the ground that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had taken all the gold and silver ware in payment of a debt. For the [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|father of the present king]] owed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seventeen million five hundred thousand drachmas, of which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had formerly remitted a part to his children, but now demanded payment of ten millions for the support of his army.

'''[5]''' When, however, [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] bade him go away now and attend to his great affairs, assuring him that later he would get his money with thanks, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] replied that he had no need whatever of Egyptians as advisers, and secretly sent for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country.

==E49 - Cleopatra and the Alexandrian War==

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'''[1]''' So [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], taking only [[Apollodorus the Sicilian]] from among her friends, embarked in a little skiff and landed at the palace when it was already getting dark; and as it was impossible to escape notice otherwise, she stretched herself at full length inside a bed-sack, while [[Apollodorus the Sicilian|Apollodorus]] tied the bed-sack up with a cord and carried it indoors to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]].

'''[2]''' It was by this device of [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]], it is said, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was first captivated, for she showed herself to be a bold coquette, and succumbing to the charm of further intercourse with her, he reconciled her to [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|her brother]] on the basis of a joint share with him in the royal power.

'''[3]''' Then, as everybody was feasting to celebrate the reconciliation, a slave of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]], his barber, who left nothing unscrutinized, owing to a timidity in which he had no equal, but kept his ears open and was here, there, and everywhere, perceived that [[Achillas]] the general and [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] the eunuch were hatching a plot against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. After [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had found them out, he set a guard about the banqueting-hall, and put [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] to death; [[Achillas]], however, escaped to his camp, and raised about [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] a war grievous and difficult for one who was defending himself with so few followers against so large a city and army.

'''[4]''' In this war, to begin with, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] encountered the peril of being shut off from water, since the canals were dammed up by the enemy; in the second place, when the enemy tried to cut off his fleet, he was forced to repel the danger by using fire, and this spread from the dockyards and destroyed the [[Library of Alexandria|great library]]; and thirdly, when a battle arose at [[Pharos]], he sprang from the mole into a small boat and tried to go to the aid of his men in their struggle, but the [[Egyptians]] sailed up against him from every side, so that he threw himself into the sea and with great difficulty escaped by swimming. At this time, too, it is said that he was holding many papers in his hand and would not let them go, though missiles were flying at him and he was immersed in the sea, but held them above water with one hand and swam with the other; his little boat had been sunk at the outset.

'''[5]''' But finally, after the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] had gone away to the enemy, he marched against him and conquered him in a battle where many fell and the king himself disappeared. Then, leaving [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] on the throne of [[Egypt]] (a little later she had a son by him whom the [[Alexandria|Alexandrians]] called [[Caesarion]]), he set out for [[Syria]].

==E50 - The Defeat of Pharnaces==

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'''[1]''' On leaving that country and traversing [[Asia]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned that [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius]] had been defeated by [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]] the son of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]] and had fled from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] with a few followers; also that [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]], using his victory without stint, and occupying [[Bithynia]] and [[Cappadocia]], was aiming to secure the country called [[Lesser Armenia]], and was rousing to revolt all the princes and tetrarchs there. At once, therefore, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] marched against him with three legions, fought a great battle with him near the city of [[Zela]], drove him in flight out of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], and annihilated his army.

'''[2]''' In announcing the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at [[Rome]], [[Amantius]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wrote three words: "Came, saw, conquered." In [[Latin language|Latin]], however, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity which is most impressive.

==E51 - Caesar's Return to Rome==

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'''[1]''' After this, he crossed to [[Italy]] and went up to [[Rome]], at the close of the year for which he had a second time been chosen [[Roman dictator|dictator]], though that office had never before been for a whole year; then for the following year he was proclaimed [[Roman consul|consul]]. Men spoke ill of him because, after his soldiers had mutinied and killed two men of praetorian rank, [[Galba]] and [[Cosconius]], he censured them only so far as to call them "citizens" when he addressed them, instead of "soldiers," and then gave each man a thousand drachmas and much allotted land in [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He was also calumniated for the madness of [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]], the greed of [[Amantius]], the drunkenness of [[Mark Antony|Antony]], and for the fact that [[Corfinius]] built over and refurnished the house of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] on the ground that it was not good enough for him. For at all these things the [[Romans]] were displeased. But owing to the political situation, though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not ignorant of these things and did not like them, he was compelled to make use of such assistants.

==E52 - The African Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After the battle at [[Pharsalus]], [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made their escape to [[Africa]], and there, with the aid of [[Juba I of Numidia|King Juba]], collected considerable forces. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] therefore resolved to make an expedition against them. So, about the time of the winter solstice, he crossed into [[Sicily]], and wishing to cut off at once in the minds of his officers all hope of delaying there and wasting time, he pitched his own tent on the sea-beach. When a favouring wind arose, he embarked and put to sea with three thousand infantry and a few horsemen. Then, after landing these unobserved, he put to sea again, being full of fears for the larger part of his force, and meeting them after they were already at sea, he conducted all into camp.

'''[2]''' On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the [[Scipio Africanus|Scipios]] to conquer in [[Africa]], he either flouted in pleasantry the [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] who commanded the enemy, or else tried in good earnest to appropriate to himself the omen, it is hard to say which.

'''[3]''' He had under him, namely, a man who otherwise was a contemptible nobody, but belonged to the family of the Africani, and was called [[Scipio Sallustio]]. This man [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] put in the forefront of his battles as if commander of the army, being compelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the fighting.

'''[4]''' For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of burden, nay, they were forced to feed their horses on sea-weed, which they washed free of its salt and mixed with a little grass to sweeten it. For the [[Numidians]] showed themselves everywhere in great numbers and speedy, and controlled the country.

'''[5]''' Indeed, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] horsemen were once off duty (a [[Libya|Libyan]] was showing them how he could dance and play the flute at the same time in an astonishing manner, and they had committed their horses to the slaves and were sitting delighted on the ground), the enemy suddenly surrounded and attacked them, killed some of them,

'''[6]''' and followed hard upon the heels of the rest as they were driven headlong into camp. And if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, and with him [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]], had not come from the ramparts to their aid and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion, too, in another battle, the enemy got the advantage in the encounter, and here it is said that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seized by the neck the fugitive standard-bearer, faced him about, and said: "Yonder is the enemy."

==E53 - The Battle of Thapsus==

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'''[1]''' However, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] was encouraged by these advantages to hazard a decisive battle, so, leaving [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] encamped separately at a short distance apart, he himself began fortifying a camp beyond a lake near the city of [[Thapsus]], that it might serve the whole army as a place from which to sally out to the battle, and as a place of refuge.

'''[2]''' But while he was busy with this project, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made his way with inconceivable speed through woody regions which afford unknown access to the spot, outflanked some of the enemy, and attacked others in front. Then, after routing these, he took advantage of the favourable instant and of the impetus of fortune, and thereby captured the camp of [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] at the first onset, and at the first onset sacked the camp of the [[Numidians]], from which [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] fled. Thus in a brief portion of one day he made himself master of three camps and slew fifty thousand of the enemy, without losing as many as fifty of his own men.

'''[3]''' This is the account which some give of the battle; others, however, say that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was not in the action, but that, as he was marshalling and arraying his army, his usual sickness laid hold of him, and he, at once aware that it was beginning, before his already wavering senses were altogether confounded and overpowered by the malady, was carried to a neighbouring tower, where he stayed quietly during the battle. Of the men of consular and praetorial rank who escaped from the battle, some slew themselves at the moment of their capture, and others were put to death by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] after capture.

==E54 - Cato's Death and the Anti-Cato==

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'''[1]''' Being eager to take [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] alive, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] hastened towards [[Utica]], for Cato was guarding that city, and took no part in the battle. But he learned that Cato had made away with himself, and he was clearly annoyed, though for what reason is uncertain. At any rate, he said: "Cato, I begrudge thee thy death; for thou didst begrudge me the preservation of thy life."

'''[2]''' Now, the treatise which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote against Cato when he was dead, does not seem to prove that he was in a gentle or reconcilable mood. For how could he have spared Cato alive, when he poured out against him after death so great a cup of wrath? And yet from his considerate treatment of [[Cicero]] and [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and thousands more who had fought against him, it is inferred that even this treatise was not composed out of hatred, but from political ambition, for reasons which follow.

'''[3]''' [[Cicero]] had written an encomium on Cato which he entitled "Cato"; and the discourse was eagerly read by many, as was natural, since it was composed by the ablest of orators on the noblest of themes. This annoyed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who thought that [[Cicero's]] praise of the dead Cato was a denunciation of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself. Accordingly, he wrote a treatise in which he got together countless charges against Cato and the work is entitled "Anti-Cato." Both treatises have many eager readers, as well on account of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as of Cato.

==E55 - Caesar's African Triumph==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]] from [[Africa]], to begin with, he made a boastful speech to the people concerning his victory, asserting that he had subdued a country large enough to furnish annually for the public treasury two hundred thousand [[Attic]] bushels of grain, and three million pounds of olive oil. Next, he celebrated triumphs, an Egyptian, a Pontic, and an African, the last not for his victory over [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], but ostensibly over [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] the king. On this occasion, too, [[Juba II|Juba]], a son of the king, a mere infant, was carried along in the triumphal procession, the most fortunate captive ever taken, since from being a [[Barbarian]] and a [[Numidia]]n, he came to be enrolled among the most learned historians of [[Ancient Greece|Hellas]]. After the triumphs, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave his soldiers large gifts and entertained the people with banquets and spectacles, feasting them all at one time on twenty thousand dining-couches, and furnishing spectacles of [[gladiator]]ial and naval combats in honour of his daughter [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], long since dead.

'''[2]''' After the spectacles, a census of the people was taken, and instead of the three hundred and twenty thousand of the preceding lists there were enrolled only one hundred and fifty thousand. So great was the calamity which the civil wars had wrought, and so large a portion of the people of [[Rome]] had they consumed away, to say nothing of the misfortunes that possessed the rest of [[Italy]] and the provinces.

==E56 - Caesar's Spanish Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After these matters had been finished and he had been declared consul for the fourth time, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made an expedition into [[Spain]] against the sons of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. These were still young, but had collected an army of amazing numbers and displayed a boldness which justified their claims to leadership, so that they beset [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] with the greatest peril.

'''[2]''' The great battle was joined near the city of [[Munda]], and here [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], seeing his own men hard pressed and making a feeble resistance, asked in a loud voice as he ran through the armed ranks whether they felt no shame to take him and put him in the hands of those boys. With difficulty and after much strenuous effort he repulsed the enemy and slew over thirty thousand of them, but he lost one thousand of his own men, and those the very best.

'''[3]''' As he was going away after the battle he said to his friends that he had often striven for victory, but now first for his life. He fought this victorious battle on the day of the festival of [[Bacchus]], on which day also it is said that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]] had gone forth to the war; a period of four years intervened. As for [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] sons, the younger made his escape, but after a few days the head of the elder was brought in by [[Deidius]].

'''[4]''' This was the last war that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] waged; and the triumph that was celebrated for it vexed the [[Romans]] as nothing else had done. For it commemorated no victory over foreign commanders or barbarian kings, but the utter annihilation of the sons and the family of the mightiest of the [[Romans]], who had fallen upon misfortune; and it was not meet for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to celebrate a triumph for the calamities of his country, priding himself upon actions which had no defence before gods or men except that they had been done under necessity, and that too although previously he had sent neither messenger nor letters to announce to the people a victory in the civil wars, but had scrupulously put from him the fame arising therefrom.

==E57 - Caesar Appointed Dictator for Life==

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'''[1]''' However, the [[Romans]] gave way before the good fortune of the man and accepted the bit, and regarding the monarchy as a respite from the evils of the civil wars, they appointed him [[Roman dictator|dictator for life]]. This was confessedly a tyranny, since the monarchy, besides the element of irresponsibility, now took on that of permanence.

'''[2]''' It was [[Cicero]] who proposed the first honours for him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], and their magnitude was, after all, not too great for a man; but others added excessive honours and vied with one another in proposing them, thus rendering [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] odious and obnoxious even to the mildest citizens because of the pretension and extravagance of what was decreed for him. It is thought, too, that the enemies of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no less than his flatterers helped to force these measures through, in order that they might have as many pretexts as possible against him and might be thought to have the best reasons for attempting his life.

'''[3]''' For in all other ways, at least, after the civil wars were over, he showed himself blameless; and certainly it is thought not inappropriate that the [[Temple of Clemency]] was decreed as a thank-offering in view of his mildness.

'''[4]''' For he pardoned many of those who had fought against him, and to some he even gave honours and offices besides, as to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], both of whom were now [[Roman praetor|praetors]]. The statues of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], too, which had been thrown down, he would not suffer to remain so, but set them up again, at which [[Cicero]] said that in setting up [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] statues [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] firmly fixed his own.

'''[5]''' When his friends thought it best that he should have a body-guard, and many of them volunteered for this service, he would not consent, saying that it was better to die once for all than to be always expecting death. In the effort to surround himself with men's good will as the fairest and at the same time the securest protection, he again courted the people with banquets and distributions of grain, and his soldiers with newly planted colonies, the most conspicuous of which were [[Carthage]] and [[Corinth]]. The earlier capture of both these cities, as well as their present restoration, chanced to fall at one and the same time.

==E58 - Caesar's Ambitions and Public Works==

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'''[1]''' As for the nobles, to some of them he promised consulships and praetorships in the future, others he appeased with sundry other powers and honours, and in all he implanted hopes, since he ardently desired to rule over willing subjects. Therefore, when [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 BC)|Maximus]] the consul died, he appointed [[Gaius Caninius Rebilus|Caninius Revilius]] consul for the one day still remaining of the term of office. To him, as we are told, many were going with congratulations and offers of escort, whereupon [[Cicero]] said: "Let us make haste, or else the man's consulship will have expired."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] many successes, however, did not divert his natural spirit of enterprise and ambition to the enjoyment of what he had laboriously achieved, but served as fuel and incentive for future achievements, and begat in him plans for greater deeds and a passion for fresh glory, as though he had used up what he already had. What he felt was therefore nothing else than emulation of himself, as if he had been another man, and a sort of rivalry between what he had done and what he purposed to do.

'''[3]''' For he planned and prepared to make an expedition against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] and after subduing these and marching around the [[Black Sea|Euxine]] by way of [[Hyrcania]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and the [[Caucasus]], to invade [[Scythia]]; and after overrunning the countries bordering on [[Germany]] and [[Germany]] itself, to come back by way of [[Gaul]] to [[Italy]], and so to complete this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the [[Ocean]].

'''[4]''' During this expedition, moreover, he intended to dig through the [[Isthmus of Corinth]], and had already put [[Anienus]] in charge of this work; he intended also to divert the [[Tiber]] just below the city into a deep channel, give it a bend towards [[Circeii|Circeium]], and make it empty into the sea at [[Terracina]], thus contriving for merchantmen a safe as well as an easy passage to [[Rome]];

'''[5]''' and besides this, to convert the marshes about [[Pomptine Marshes|Pomentinum]] and [[Setia]] into a plain which many thousands of men could cultivate; further, to build moles which should barricade the sea where it was nearest to [[Rome]], to clear away the hidden dangers on the shore of [[Ostia]], and then construct harbours and roadsteads sufficient for the great fleets that would visit them. And all these things were in preparation.

==E59 - The Julian Calendar==

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'''[1]''' The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the computation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility.

'''[2]''' For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the [[Romans]], so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year; the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called [[Mercedonius]]. [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] the king is said to have been the first to intercalate this month, thus devising a slight and short-lived remedy for the error in regard to the sidereal and solar cycles, as I have said in his Life.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and out of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any. This the [[Romans]] use down to the present time, and are thought to be less in error than other peoples as regards the inequality between the lunar and solar years. However, even this furnished occasion for blame to those who envied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and disliked his power. At any rate, [[Cicero]] the orator, we are told, when some one remarked that [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]] would rise on the morrow, said: "Yes, by decree," implying that men were compelled to accept even this dispensation.

==E60 - The Growing Hatred of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' But the most open and deadly hatred towards him was produced by his passion for the royal power. For the multitude this was a first cause of hatred, and for those who had long smothered their hate, a most specious pretext for it. And yet those who were advocating this honour for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually spread abroad among the people a report that from the [[Sibylline Books|Sibylline books]] it appeared that [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] could be taken if the [[Romans]] went up against it with a king,

'''[2]''' but otherwise could not be assailed; and as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was coming down from [[Alba]] into the city they ventured to hail him as king. But at this the people were confounded, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], disturbed in mind, said that his name was not King, but Caesar, and seeing that his words produced a universal silence, he passed on with no very cheerful or contented looks.

'''[3]''' Moreover, after sundry extravagant honours had been voted him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], it chanced that he was sitting above the [[Rostra]], and as the [[Roman praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]] drew near, with the whole senate following them, he did not rise to receive them, but as if he were dealing with mere private persons, replied that his honours needed curtailment rather than enlargement.

'''[4]''' This vexed not only the senate, but also the people, who felt that in the persons of the senators the state was insulted, and in a terrible dejection they went away at once, all who were not obliged to remain, so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] too, when he was aware of his mistake, immediately turned to go home, and drawing back his [[toga]] from his neck, cried in loud tones to his friends that he was ready to offer his throat to any one who wished to kill him.

'''[5]''' But afterwards he made his disease an excuse for his behaviour, saying that the senses of those who are thus afflicted do not usually remain steady when they address a multitude standing, but are speedily shaken and whirled about, bringing on giddiness and insensibility. However, what he said was not true; on the contrary, he was very desirous of rising to receive the senate, but one of his friends, as they say, or rather one of his flatterers, [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus|Cornelius Balbus]], restrained him, saying: "Remember that thou art Caesar, and permit thyself to be courted as a superior."

==E61 - The Lupercalia==

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'''[1]''' There was added to these causes of offence his insult to the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes]]. It was, namely, the festival of the [[Lupercalia]], of which many write that it was anciently celebrated by shepherds, and has also some connection with the [[Arcadian Lycaea]].

'''[2]''' At this time many of the noble youths and of the magistrates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs. And many women of rank also purposely get in their way, and like children at school present their hands to be struck, believing that the pregnant will thus be helped to an easy delivery, and the barren to pregnancy.

'''[3]''' These ceremonies [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was witnessing, seated upon the [[Rostra|rostra]] on a golden throne, arrayed in triumphal attire. And [[Mark Antony|Antony]] was one of the runners in the sacred race; for he was [[Roman consul|consul]].

'''[4]''' Accordingly, after he had dashed into the [[Roman Forum|forum]] and the crowd had made way for him, he carried a diadem, round which a wreath of laurel was tied, and held it out to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. Then there was applause, not loud, but slight and preconcerted. But when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pushed away the diadem, all the people applauded; and when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] offered it again, few, and when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] declined it again, all, applauded.

'''[5]''' The experiment having thus failed, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] rose from his seat, after ordering the wreath to be carried up to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]; but then his statues were seen to have been decked with royal diadems. So two of the tribunes, [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] and [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]], went up to them and pulled off the diadems, and after discovering those who had first hailed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as king, led them off to prison. Moreover, the people followed the tribunes with applause and called them [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutuses]], because [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was the man who put an end to the royal succession and brought the power into the hands of the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and people instead of a sole ruler. At this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was greatly vexed, and deprived [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]] and [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] of their office, while in his denunciation of them, although he at the same time insulted the people, he called them repeatedly [[Brutus|Brutes]] and [[Cymaeans]].

==E62 - Brutus and the Conspiracy==

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'''[1]''' Under these circumstances the multitude turned their thoughts towards [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Marcus Brutus]], who was thought to be a descendant of the elder [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] on his father's side, on his mother's side belonged to the [[Servilia gens|Servilii]], another illustrious house, and was a son-in-law and nephew of [[Cato the Younger|Cato]].

'''[2]''' The desires which [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] felt to attempt of his own accord the abolition of the monarchy were blunted by the favours and honours that he had received from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For not only had his life been spared at [[Pharsalus]] after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] flight, and the lives of many of his friends at his entreaty, but also he had great credit with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. He had received the most honourable of the [[Roman praetor|praetorships]] for the current year, and was to be [[Roman consul|consul]] three years later, having been preferred to [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], who was a rival candidate. For [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as we are told, said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] urged the juster claims to the office, but that for his own part he could not pass [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] by.

'''[3]''' Once, too, when certain persons were actually accusing [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] to him, the conspiracy being already on foot, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not heed them, but laying his hand upon his body said to the accusers: "Brutus will wait for this shrivelled skin," implying that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was worthy to rule because of his virtue, but that for the sake of ruling he would not become a thankless villain.

'''[4]''' Those, however, who were eager for the change, and fixed their eyes on [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] alone, or on him first, did not venture to talk with him directly, but by night they covered his praetorial tribune and chair with writings, most of which were of this sort: "Thou art asleep, Brutus," or, "Thou art not Brutus."

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] perceived that the ambition of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was somewhat stirred by these things, he was more urgent with him than before, and pricked him on, having himself also some private grounds for hating [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; these I have mentioned in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]]. Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually suspected him, so that he once said to his friends: "What, think ye, doth [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] want? I like him not over much, for he is much too pale." And again, we are told that when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] were accused to him of plotting revolution, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said: "I am not much in fear of these fat, long-haired fellows, but rather of those pale, thin ones," meaning [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]].

==E63 - Omens of Caesar's Death==

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'''[1]''' But destiny, it would seem, is not so much unexpected as it is unavoidable, since they say that amazing signs and apparitions were seen. Now, as for lights in the heavens, crashing sounds borne all about by night, and birds of omen coming down into the [[Roman Forum|forum]], it is perhaps not worth while to mention these precursors of so great an event;

'''[2]''' but [[Strabo]] the philosopher says that multitudes of men all on fire were seen rushing up, and a soldier's slave threw from his hand a copious flame and seemed to the spectators to be burning, but when the flame ceased the man was uninjured; he says, moreover, that when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was sacrificing, the heart of the victim was not to be found, and the prodigy caused fear, since in the course of nature, certainly, an animal without a heart could not exist.

'''[3]''' The following story, too, is told by many. A certain seer warned [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to be on his guard against a great peril on the day of the month of [[March]] which the [[Romans]] call the [[Ides of March]]; and when the day had come and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was on his way to the [[Roman Senate|senate-house]], he greeted the seer with a jest and said: "Well, the Ides of March are come," and the seer said to him softly: "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone."

'''[4]''' Moreover, on the day before, when [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Marcus Lepidus]] was entertaining him at supper, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] chanced to be signing letters, as his custom was, while reclining at table, and the discourse turned suddenly upon the question what sort of death was the best; before any one else could answer [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cried out: "That which is unexpected."

'''[5]''' After this, while he was sleeping as usual by the side of his wife, all the windows and doors of the chamber flew open at once, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], confounded by the noise and the light of the moon shining down upon him, noticed that [[Calpurnia]] was in a deep slumber, but was uttering indistinct words and inarticulate groans in her sleep; for she dreamed, as it proved, that she was holding her murdered husband in her arms and bewailing him.

'''[6]''' Some, however, say that this was not the vision which the woman had; but that there was attached to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] house to give it adornment and distinction, by vote of the senate, a gable-ornament, as [[Livy]] says, and it was this which [[Calpurnia]] in her dreams saw torn down, and therefore, as she thought, wailed and wept.

'''[7]''' At all events, when day came, she begged [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], if it was possible, not to go out, but to postpone the meeting of the senate; if, however, he had no concern at all for her dreams, she besought him to enquire by other modes of divination and by sacrifices concerning the future. And [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] also, as it would appear, was in some suspicion and fear. For never before had he perceived in [[Calpurnia]] any womanish superstition, but now he saw that she was in great distress. And when the seers also, after many sacrifices, told him that the omens were unfavourable, he resolved to send [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and dismiss the senate.

==E64 - Decimus Brutus Urges Caesar to Attend==

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'''[1]''' But at this juncture [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Decimus Brutus]], surnamed Albinus, who was so trusted by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he was entered in his will as his second heir, but was partner in the conspiracy of the other [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], fearing that if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should elude that day, their undertaking would become known,

'''[2]''' ridiculed the seers and chided [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for laying himself open to malicious charges on the part of the senators, who would think themselves mocked at; for they had met at his bidding, and were ready and willing to vote as one man that he should be declared king of the provinces outside of [[Italy]], and might wear a diadem when he went anywhere else by land or sea.

'''[3]''' But if some one should tell them at their session to be gone now, but to come back again when [[Calpurnia]] should have better dreams, what speeches would be made by his enemies, or who would listen to his friends when they tried to show that this was not slavery and tyranny?

'''[4]''' But if he was fully resolved, [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Albinus]] said, to regard the day as inauspicious, it was better that he should go in person and address the senate, and then postpone its business. While saying these things [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus]] took [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] by the hand and began to lead him along. And he had gone but a little way from his door when a slave belonging to some one else, eager to get at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but unable to do so for the press of numbers about him, forced his way into the house, gave himself into the hands of [[Calpurnia]], and bade her keep him secure until [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back, since he had important matters to report to him.

==E65 - Artemidorus's Warning==

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'''[1]''' Furthermore, [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]], [[Cnidus|Cnidian]] by birth, a teacher of [[Greek philosophy]], and on this account brought into intimacy with some of the followers of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], so that he also knew most of what they were doing, came bringing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in a small roll the disclosures which he was going to make; but seeing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took all such rolls and handed them to his attendants, he came quite near, and said: "Read this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], by thyself, and speedily; for it contains matters of importance and of concern to thee."

'''[2]''' Accordingly, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took the roll and would have read it, but was prevented by the multitude of people who engaged his attention, although he set out to do so many times, and holding in his hand and retaining that roll alone, he passed on into the senate. Some, however, say that another person gave him this roll, and that [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]] did not get to him at all, but was crowded away all along the route.

==E66 - The Assassination of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' So far, perhaps, these things may have happened of their own accord; the place, however, which was the scene of that struggle and murder, and in which the senate was then assembled, since it contained a statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and had been dedicated by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] as an additional ornament to his theatre, made it wholly clear that it was the work of some heavenly power which was calling and guiding the action thither.

'''[2]''' Indeed, it is also said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], turning his eyes toward the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] before the attack began, invoked it silently, although he was much addicted to the doctrines of [[Epicureanism|Epicurus]]; but the crisis, as it would seem, when the dreadful attempt was now close at hand, replaced his former cool calculations with divinely inspired emotion.

'''[3]''' Well, then, [[Mark Antony|Antony]], who was a friend of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] and a robust man, was detained outside by [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus Albinus]], who purposely engaged him in a lengthy conversation; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] went in, and the senate rose in his honour. Some of the partisans of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] took their places round the back of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] chair, while others went to meet him, as though they would support the petition which [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius Cimber]] presented to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in behalf of his exiled brother, and they joined their entreaties to his and accompanied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] up to his chair.

'''[4]''' But when, after taking his seat, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] continued to repulse their petitions, and, as they pressed upon him with greater importunity, began to show anger towards one and another of them, [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius]] seized his toga with both hands and pulled it down from his neck. This was the signal for the assault. It was [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]] who gave him the first blow with his dagger, in the neck, not a mortal wound, nor even a deep one, for which he was too much confused, as was natural at the beginning of a deed of great daring;

'''[5]''' so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] turned about, grasped the knife, and held it fast.

'''[6]''' At almost the same instant both cried out, the smitten man in [[Latin language|Latin]]: "Accursed [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]], what doest thou?" and the smiter, in [[Greek language|Greek]], to his brother: "Brother, help!" So the affair began, and those who were not privy to the plot were filled with consternation and horror at what was going on; they dared not fly, nor go to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] help, nay, nor even utter a word. But those who had prepared themselves for the murder bared each of them his dagger, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], hemmed in on all sides, whichever way he turned confronting blows of weapons aimed at his face and eyes, driven hither and thither like a wild beast, was entangled in the hands of all; for all had to take part in the sacrifice and taste of the slaughter.

'''[7]''' Therefore [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] also gave him one blow in the groin. And it is said by some writers that although [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] defended himself against the rest and darted this way and that and cried aloud, when he saw that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] had drawn his dagger, he pulled his toga down over his head and sank, either by chance or because pushed there by his murderers, against the pedestal on which the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] stood. And the pedestal was drenched with his blood, so that one might have thought that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was presiding over this vengeance upon his enemy, who now lay prostrate at his feet, quivering from a multitude of wounds. For it is said that he received twenty-three; and many of the conspirators were wounded by one another, as they struggled to plant all those blows in one body.

==E67 - The Immediate Aftermath==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] thus done to death, the senators, although [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came forward as if to say something about what had been done, would not wait to hear him, but burst out of doors and fled, thus filling the people with confusion and helpless fear, so that some of them closed their houses, while others left their counters and places of business and ran, first to the place to see what had happened, then away from the place when they had seen. [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidus]], the chief friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], stole away and took refuge in the houses of others. But [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans, just as they were, still warm from the slaughter, displaying their daggers bare, went all in a body out of the senate-house and marched to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]], not like fugitives, but with glad faces and full of confidence, summoning the multitude to freedom, and welcoming into their ranks the most distinguished of those who met them.

'''[2]''' Some also joined their number and went up with them as though they had shared in the deed, and laid claim to the glory of it, of whom were [[Gaius Octavius (conspirator)|Caius Octavius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Lentulus Spinther]]. These men, then, paid the penalty for their imposture later, when they were put to death by [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and the young [[Augustus|Caesar]], without even enjoying the fame for the sake of which they died, owing to the disbelief of their fellow men. For even those who punished them did not exact a penalty for what they did, but for what they wished they had done.

'''[3]''' On the next day [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came down and held a discourse, and the people listened to what was said without either expressing resentment at what had been done or appearing to approve of it; they showed, however, by their deep silence, that while they pitied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], they respected [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

'''[4]''' The senate, too, trying to make a general amnesty and reconciliation, voted to give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divine honours and not to disturb even the most insignificant measure which he had adopted when in power; while to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans it distributed provinces and gave suitable honours, so that everybody thought that matters were decided and settled in the best possible manner.

==E68 - Caesar's Funeral and the Riot==

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'''[1]''' But when the will of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was opened and it was found that he had given every [[Roman citizen]] a considerable gift, and when the multitude saw his body carried through the [[Roman Forum|forum]] all disfigured with its wounds, they no longer kept themselves within the restraints of order and discipline, but after heaping round the body benches, railings, and tables from the forum, they set fire to them and burned it there; then, lifting blazing brands on high, they ran to the houses of the murderers with intent to burn them down, while others went every whither through the city seeking to seize the men themselves and tear them to pieces. Not one of these came in their way, but all were well barricaded.

'''[2]''' There was a certain [[Gaius Helvius Cinna|Cinna]], however, one of the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who chanced, as they say, to have seen during the previous night a strange vision. He dreamed, that is, that he was invited to supper by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and that when he excused himself, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led him along by the hand, although he did not wish to go, but resisted. Now, when he heard that they were burning the body of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in the forum, he rose up and went thither out of respect, although he had misgivings arising from his vision, and was at the same time in a fever.

'''[3]''' At sight of him, one of the multitude told his name to another who asked him what it was, and he to another, and at once word ran through the whole throng that this man was one of the murderers of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For there was among the conspirators a man who bore this same name of [[Cinna (conspirator)|Cinna]], and assuming that this man was he, the crowd rushed upon him and tore him in pieces among them.

'''[4]''' This more than anything else made [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] afraid, and not many days afterwards they withdrew from the city. What they did and suffered before they died, has been told in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

==E69 - The Death of Brutus and the Avenging of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' At the time of his death [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fully fifty-six years old, but he had survived [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] not much more than four years, while of the power and dominion which he had sought all his life at so great risks, and barely achieved at last, of this he had reaped no fruit but the name of it only, and a glory which had awakened envy on the part of his fellow citizens.

'''[2]''' However, the great guardian-genius of the man, whose help he had enjoyed through life, followed upon him even after death as an avenger of his murder, driving and tracking down his slayers over every land and sea until not one of them was left, but even those who in any way soever either put hand to the deed or took part in the plot were punished.

'''[3]''' Among events of man's ordering, the most amazing was that which befell [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]]; for after his defeat at [[Philippi]] he slew himself with that very dagger which he had used against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; and among events of divine ordering, there was the great [[Comet|comet]], which showed itself in great splendour for seven nights after [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] murder, and then disappeared;

'''[4]''' also, the obscuration of the sun's rays. For during all that year its orb rose pale and without radiance, while the heat that came down from it was slight and ineffectual, so that the air in its circulation was dark and heavy owing to the feebleness of the warmth that penetrated it, and the fruits, imperfect and half ripe, withered away and shrivelled up on account of the coldness of the atmosphere.

'''[5]''' But more than anything else the phantom that appeared to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] showed that the murder of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not pleasing to the gods; and it was on this wise.

'''[6]''' As he was about to take his army across from [[Abydos]] to the other continent, he was lying down at night, as his custom was, in his tent, not sleeping, but thinking of the future; for it is said that of all generals [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was least given to sleep, and that he naturally remained awake a longer time than anybody else. And now he thought he heard a noise at the door, and looking towards the light of the lamp, which was slowly going out, he saw a fearful vision of a man of unnatural size and harsh aspect. At first he was terrified, but when he saw that the visitor neither did nor said anything, but stood in silence by his couch, he asked him who he was.

'''[7]''' Then the phantom answered him: "I am thy evil genius, Brutus, and thou shalt see me at [[Philippi]]." At the time, then, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] said courageously: "I shall see thee"; and the heavenly visitor at once went away.

'''[8]''' Subsequently, however, when arrayed against [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Augustus|Caesar]] at [[Philippi]], in the first battle he conquered the enemy in his front, routed and scattered them, and sacked the camp of [[Augustus|Caesar]]; but as he was about to fight the second battle, the same phantom visited him again at night, and though it said nothing to him, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] understood his fate, and plunged headlong into danger. He did not fall in battle, however, but after the rout retired to a crest of ground, put his naked sword to his breast (while a certain friend, as they say, helped to drive the blow home), and so died.

<center><big>The End</big></center>

=Καῖσαρ (Caesar)=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E01 - Caesar and Sulla|1]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τὴν Τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κίνναν Κίνναν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοναρχήσαντος μοναρχήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυγατέρα θυγατέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνηλίαν Κορνηλίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεκράτησε ἐπεκράτησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλας Σύλλας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔτε οὔτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλπίσιν ἐλπίσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔτε οὔτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβῳ φόβῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνηθεὶς δυνηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποσπάσαι ἀποσπάσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐδήμευσε ἐδήμευσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φερνήν φερνήν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτία αἰτία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλαν Σύλλαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεχθείας ἀπεχθείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάριον Μάριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκειότης οἰκειότης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰουλίᾳ Ἰουλίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πατρὸς πατρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφῇ ἀδελφῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρεσβύτερος πρεσβύτερος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνῴκει συνῴκει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάριος Μάριος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἧς ἧς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγεγόνει ἐγεγόνει] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάριος Μάριος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεώτερος νεώτερος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεψιὸς ἀνεψιὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὢν ὢν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθους πλήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόνων φόνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχῇ ἀρχῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διʼ διʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσχολίας ἀσχολίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρορώμενος παρορώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠγάπησεν ἠγάπησεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετιὼν μετιὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερωσύνην ἱερωσύνην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προῆλθεν προῆλθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔπω οὔπω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάνυ πάνυ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μειράκιον μειράκιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὤν ὤν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτης ταύτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκπεσεῖν ἐκπεσεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπεναντιωθεὶς ὑπεναντιωθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλας Σύλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεσκεύασε παρεσκεύασε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναιρέσεως ἀναιρέσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλευόμενος βουλευόμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνίων ἐνίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λεγόντων λεγόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχοι ἔχοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκτιννύναι ἀποκτιννύναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παῖδα παῖδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηλικοῦτον τηλικοῦτον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νοῦν νοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτούς αὐτούς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὺς πολλοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδί παιδί] 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίους Μαρίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορῶσι ἐνορῶσι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτης ταύτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῆς φωνῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνενεχθείσης ἀνενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συχνὸν συχνὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέν μέν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνον χρόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανώμενος πλανώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σαβίνοις Σαβίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκλεπτεν ἔκλεπτεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτόν ἑαυτόν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διʼ διʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρρωστίαν ἀρρωστίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑτέραν ἑτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετακομιζόμενος μετακομιζόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτα νύκτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτει περιπίπτει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιώταις στρατιώταις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διερευνωμένοις διερευνωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκεῖνα ἐκεῖνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χωρία χωρία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένους κεκρυμμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συλλαμβάνουσιν συλλαμβάνουσιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμόνα ἡγεμόνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνήλιον Κορνήλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείσας πείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσὶ δυσὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντοις ταλάντοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάλατταν θάλατταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπλευσεν ἐξέπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βιθυνίαν Βιθυνίαν] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Νικομήδην Νικομήδην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βασιλέα βασιλέα]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρʼ παρʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾧ ᾧ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διατρίψας διατρίψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνον χρόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολύν πολύν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶτα εἶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποπλέων ἀποπλέων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἁλίσκεται ἁλίσκεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φαρμακοῦσσαν Φαρμακοῦσσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νῆσον νῆσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πειρατῶν πειρατῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στόλοις στόλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλοις μεγάλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκάφεσιν σκάφεσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπλέτοις ἀπλέτοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεχόντων κατεχόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάλατταν θάλατταν].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and when [[Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for Caesar's hatred of Sulla was Caesar's relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of Caesar's father, was the wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius the Elder]], and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], 
'''[2]''' who was therefore Caesar's cousin. Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription|proscriptions]], but he came before the people as candidate for a priesthood, although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses. 
'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, [[Cornelius (soldier of Sulla)|Cornelius]], two talents to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed 
'''[4]''' to [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|King Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]]. With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[Cilician pirates|pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E02 - The Pirates|2]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πρῶτον Πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτηθεὶς αἰτηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τάλαντα τάλαντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεγέλασεν κατεγέλασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰδότων εἰδότων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾑρήκοιεν ᾑρήκοιεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡμολόγησε ὡμολόγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δώσειν δώσειν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλον ἄλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλην ἄλλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπέμψας διαπέμψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρημάτων χρημάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πορισμόν πορισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώποις ἀνθρώποις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φονικωτάτοις φονικωτάτοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κίλιξι Κίλιξι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑνὸς ἑνὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φίλου φίλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυοῖν δυοῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκολούθοιν ἀκολούθοιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολελειμμένος ἀπολελειμμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονητικῶς καταφρονητικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πέμπων πέμπων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁσάκις ὁσάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναπαύοιτο ἀναπαύοιτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέταττεν προσέταττεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιωπᾶν σιωπᾶν]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραις ἡμέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τεσσαράκοντα τεσσαράκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυεῖν δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεούσαις δεούσαις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούμενος φρουρούμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δορυφορούμενος δορυφορούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδείας ἀδείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέπαιζε συνέπαιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεγυμνάζετο συνεγυμνάζετο]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιήματα ποιήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράφων γράφων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰς τινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκροαταῖς ἀκροαταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνοις ἐκείνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχρῆτο ἐχρῆτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντας θαυμάζοντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιδεύτους ἀπαιδεύτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαρβάρους βαρβάρους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεκάλει ἀπεκάλει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σὺν σὺν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γέλωτι γέλωτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠπείλησε ἠπείλησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρεμᾶν κρεμᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτούς αὐτούς]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχαιρον ἔχαιρον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφελείᾳ ἀφελείᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὶ τινὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾷ παιδιᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρρησίαν παρρησίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέμοντες νέμοντες]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἧκον ἧκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλήτου Μιλήτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοὺς δοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλοῖα πλοῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πληρώσας πληρώσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλησίων Μιλησίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λιμένος λιμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνήγετο ἀνήγετο]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταλαβὼν καταλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ναυλοχοῦντας ναυλοχοῦντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λείαν λείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποιήσατο ἐποιήσατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Περγάμῳ Περγάμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταθέμενος καταθέμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεσμωτήριον δεσμωτήριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέποντα διέποντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀσίαν Ἀσίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰούνιον Ἰούνιον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσῆκον προσῆκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντι ὄντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῷ στρατηγῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσαι κολάσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαλωκότας ἑαλωκότας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποφθαλμιῶντος ἐποφθαλμιῶντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγα ὀλίγα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰχμαλώτων αἰχμαλώτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκέψεσθαι σκέψεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φάσκοντος φάσκοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολῆς σχολῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαίρειν χαίρειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐάσας ἐάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πέργαμον Πέργαμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾤχετο ᾤχετο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προαγαγὼν προαγαγὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπαντας ἅπαντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεσταύρωσεν ἀνεσταύρωσεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προειρήκει προειρήκει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the [[Cilician pirates|pirates]] demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilicia|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking. 
'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarian|Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all. 
'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as praetor of the province, to 
'''[4]''' punish the captives. But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E03 - Rhodes and Oratory|3]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐκ Ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτου τούτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαραινομένης μαραινομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκοι οἴκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλούντων καλούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπλευσεν ἔπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥόδον Ῥόδον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀπολλώνιον Ἀπολλώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μόλωνος Μόλωνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠκρόατο ἠκρόατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σοφιστεύοντος σοφιστεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανῶς ἐπιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρόπον τρόπον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιεικοῦς ἐπιεικοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκοῦντος δοκοῦντος]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῦναι φῦναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτικοὺς πολιτικοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπονῆσαι διαπονῆσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμότατα φιλοτιμότατα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσιν φύσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτερεῖα δευτερεῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηρίτως ἀδηρίτως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεῖον πρωτεῖον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμει δυνάμει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπλοις ὅπλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσχοληθείς ἀσχοληθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπερ ὅπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσις φύσις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφηγεῖτο ὑφηγεῖτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγειν λέγειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητος δεινότητος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατειῶν στρατειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεκτήσατο κατεκτήσατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξικόμενος ἐξικόμενος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιγραφῇ ἀντιγραφῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραιτεῖται παραιτεῖται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιωτικοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρὸς ἀνδρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντεξετάζειν ἀντεξετάζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥήτορος ῥήτορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐφυοῦς εὐφυοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴν πολλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄγοντος ἄγοντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After this, [[Sulla]]'s power being now on the wane, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius the son of Molon]], an illustrious rhetorician with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political oratory, and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather, 
'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero's ''Cato'', he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E04 - Caesar the Advocate|4]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐπανελθὼν Ἐπανελθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμην Ῥώμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλαν Δολοβέλλαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκρινε ἔκρινε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακώσεως κακώσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπαρχίας ἐπαρχίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλαὶ πολλαὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδος Ἑλλάδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεων πόλεων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρτυρίας μαρτυρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχον παρέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλας Δολοβέλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέφυγε ἀπέφυγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμειβόμενος ἀμειβόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδα Ἑλλάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθυμίας προθυμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγόρησεν συνηγόρησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιον Πόπλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διωκούσῃ διωκούσῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δωροδοκίας δωροδοκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλου Λευκούλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάρκου Μάρκου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μακεδονίας Μακεδονίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦ στρατηγοῦ]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοσούτον τοσούτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσχυσεν ἴσχυσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικαλέσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχους δημάρχους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηψάμενον σκηψάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσον ἴσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδι Ἑλλάδι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνας Ἕλληνας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμῃ Ῥώμῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγορίας συνηγορίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάρις χάρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέλαμπε ἐξέλαμπε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξιώσεις δεξιώσεις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμιλίας ὁμιλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοφροσύνης φιλοφροσύνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὔνοια εὔνοια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημοτῶν δημοτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπήντα ἀπήντα], 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπευτικοῦ θεραπευτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρʼ παρʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡλικίαν ἡλικίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δέ δέ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δείπνων δείπνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τραπέζης τραπέζης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίαιταν δίαιταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρότητος λαμπρότητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐξανομένη αὐξανομένη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρὸν μικρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δύναμις δύναμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φθονοῦντες φθονοῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενοι οἰόμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιλιπόντων ἐπιλιπόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκζηλον ἔκζηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσεσθαι ἔσεσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεώρων περιεώρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθοῦσαν ἀνθοῦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀψὲ ὀψὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾔσθοντο ᾔσθοντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλης μεγάλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσαντρέπτου δυσαντρέπτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαδιζούσης βαδιζούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλων ὅλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβολήν μεταβολήν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδεμίαν οὐδεμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματος πράγματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγητέον ἡγητέον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικράν μικράν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιεῖ ποιεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλην μεγάλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνδελεχὲς ἐνδελεχὲς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονηθῆναι καταφρονηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κωλυθῆναι κωλυθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβοῦσαν λαβοῦσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γοῦν γοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποδέσθαι ὑποδέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθῆναι φοβηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαλάττης θαλάττης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγελῶντα διαγελῶντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπῳ φιλανθρώπῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱλαρῷ ἱλαρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένην κεκρυμμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαθὼν καταμαθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλεγε ἔλεγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπασιν ἅπασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιβουλεύμασιν ἐπιβουλεύμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύμασι πολιτεύμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννικὴν τυραννικὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορᾶν ἐνορᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διάνοιαν διάνοιαν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κόμην κόμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακειμένην διακειμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴδω ἴδω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κἀκεῖνον κἀκεῖνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δακτύλῳ δακτύλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κνώμενον κνώμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοι μοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νοῦν νοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμβαλέσθαι ἐμβαλέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηλικοῦτον τηλικοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακόν κακόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναίρεσιν ἀναίρεσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After his return to [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] he impeached [[Dolabella]] for mal-administration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]]. 
'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the tribunes at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, 
'''[3]''' since he was ingratiating beyond his years. He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on, when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after contempt of them has left them unobstructed. 
'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely [[Cicero]], said that in most of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose. "On the other hand," said he, "when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman Republic|Roman constitution]]." This, it is true, belongs to a later period.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E05 - Caesar’s Popularity|5]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦ Τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμου δήμου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρώτην πρώτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόδειξιν ἀπόδειξιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐνοίας εὐνοίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλαβεν ἔλαβεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γάιον Γάιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ποπλίον Ποπλίον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρίσας ἐρίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὲρ ὑπὲρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλιαρχίας χιλιαρχίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρότερος πρότερος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνηγορεύθη ἀνηγορεύθη]· 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτέραν δευτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανεστέραν καταφανεστέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰουλίας Ἰουλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφιδούς ἀδελφιδούς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὢν ὢν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκώμιόν ἐγκώμιόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρὸν λαμπρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορᾷ ἀγορᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκφορὰν ἐκφορὰν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐτόλμησεν ἐτόλμησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθέσθαι προθέσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφθείσας ὀφθείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολεμίων πολεμίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κριθέντων κριθέντων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνίων ἐνίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβοησάντων καταβοησάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντήχησε ἀντήχησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρῶς λαμπρῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξάμενος δεξάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάσας θαυμάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾍδου ᾍδου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνων χρόνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῶν πολλῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγοντα ἀνάγοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναιξὶ γυναιξὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρεσβυτέραις πρεσβυτέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιταφίους ἐπιταφίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεξιέναι διεξιέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέαις νέαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὂν ὂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔθει ἔθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤνεγκεν ἤνεγκεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάριν χάριν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰ τινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεδημαγώγησε συνεδημαγώγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάθει πάθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὺς πολλοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμερον ἥμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περίμεστον περίμεστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγαπᾶν ἀγαπᾶν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Θάψας Θάψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίας ταμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰβηρίαν Ἰβηρίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῶν στρατηγῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βέτερι Βέτερι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεξῆλθεν συνεξῆλθεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμῶν τιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διετέλεσε διετέλεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρχων ἄρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίαν ταμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησε ἐποίησε]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχῆς ἀρχῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρίτην τρίτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠγάγετο ἠγάγετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχων ἔχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνηλίας Κορνηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυγατέρα θυγατέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίῳ Πομπηίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάγνῳ Μάγνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γαμηθεῖσαν γαμηθεῖσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρώμενος χρώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάναις δαπάναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφειδῶς ἀφειδῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐφήμερον ἐφήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βραχεῖαν βραχεῖαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλων μεγάλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόξαν δόξαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὠνούμενος ὠνούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθείαις ἀληθείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρῶν μικρῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὶν πρὶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχήν ἀρχήν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθίστασθαι καθίστασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλίων χιλίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακοσίων τριακοσίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρεωφειλέτης χρεωφειλέτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντων ταλάντων]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁδοῦ ὁδοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀππίας Ἀππίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειχθεὶς ἀποδειχθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιμελητὴς ἐπιμελητὴς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάμπολλα πάμπολλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσανάλωσε προσανάλωσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομῶν ἀγορανομῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζεύγη ζεύγη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μονομάχων μονομάχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακόσια τριακόσια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλαις ἄλλαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέατρα θέατρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πομπὰς πομπὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεῖπνα δεῖπνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χορηγίαις χορηγίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολυτελείαις πολυτελείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέκλυσε κατέκλυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέθηκε διέθηκε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὰς ἀρχὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητεῖν ζητεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕκαστον ἕκαστον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἷς αἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμείψαιντο ἀμείψαιντο].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The first proof of the people's good will towards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|him]] he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a military tribuneship and was elected over him. 
'''[2]''' A second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]] the deceased wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], he pronounced a splendid encomium upon her in the forum, and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which were then seen for the first time since the administration of [[Sulla]], because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies. When, namely, some cried out against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from Hades, the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling. 
'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to [[Spain]] as quaestor under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]] a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]]. 
'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt. 
'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his aedileship, he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of gladiators, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E06 - Honours for Marius|6]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δυεῖν Δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐσῶν οὐσῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στάσεων στάσεων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένης δυναμένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανῆς Μαριανῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣ ἣ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεπτήχει κατεπτήχει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέσπαστο διέσπαστο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κομιδῇ κομιδῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταπεινὰ ταπεινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράττουσα πράττουσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναρρῶσαι ἀναρρῶσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσαγαγέσθαι προσαγαγέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλόμενος βουλόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομικαῖς ἀγορανομικαῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκμὴν ἀκμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχούσας ἐχούσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησατο ἐποίησατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρυφᾷ κρυφᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Νίκας Νίκας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τροπαιοφόρους τροπαιοφόρους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φέρων φέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτός νυκτός] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνέστησεν ἀνέστησεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεασαμένους θεασαμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρμαίροντα μαρμαίροντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρυσῷ χρυσῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τέχνῃ τέχνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεσκευασμένα κατεσκευασμένα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεδήλου διεδήλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κιμβρικὰ Κιμβρικὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορθώματα κατορθώματα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάμβος θάμβος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσχε ἔσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τόλμης τόλμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναθέντος ἀναθέντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλος ἄδηλος]), [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιιὼν περιιὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθροιζε ἤθροιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντας πάντας] 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώπους ἀνθρώπους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐβόων ἐβόων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννίδα τυραννίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύεσθαι πολιτεύεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νόμοις νόμοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόγμασι δόγμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορωρυγμένας κατορωρυγμένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπανιστάντα ἐπανιστάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμάς τιμάς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεῖραν πεῖραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προμαλαττόμενον προμαλαττόμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τετιθάσευται τετιθάσευται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίδωσι δίδωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοιαῦτα τοιαῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινοτομεῖν καινοτομεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανοὶ Μαριανοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραθαρρύναντες παραθαρρύναντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθει πλήθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμαστοὶ θαυμαστοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅσοι ὅσοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεφάνησαν διεφάνησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξαίφνης ἐξαίφνης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατείχον κατείχον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δάκρυα δάκρυα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεωμένοις θεωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφʼ ὑφʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡδονῆς ἡδονῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγας μέγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκωμίοις ἐγκωμίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρόμενος αἱρόμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντὶ ἀντὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄξιος ἄξιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγγενείας συγγενείας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συναχθείσης συναχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λουτάτιος Λουτάτιος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐδοκιμῶν εὐδοκιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατηγορήσας κατηγορήσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεφθέγξατο ἐπεφθέγξατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μνημονευόμενον μνημονευόμενον]· «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐκέτι Οὐκέτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονόμοις ὑπονόμοις],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηχαναῖς μηχαναῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρεῖ αἱρεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογησάμενος ἀπολογησάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντες θαυμάζοντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπήρθησαν ἐπήρθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεκελεύοντο παρεκελεύοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδενὶ μηδενὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονήματος φρονήματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφίεσθαι ὑφίεσθαι]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκόντι ἑκόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέσεσθαι περιέσεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεύσειν πρωτεύσειν].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of [[Sulla]], which had been all powerful since his day, and that of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] secretly made, together with trophy-bearing Victories, and these he ordered to be carried by night 
'''[2]''' and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]. At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri|Cimbrian]] successes of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together 
'''[3]''' for the sight. But some cried out that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and 
'''[4]''' filled the Capitol with their applause. Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], rose up and denounced [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], uttering the memorable words: "No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government." [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline|7]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐν Ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μετέλλου Μετέλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέως ἀρχιερέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελευτήσαντος τελευτήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερωσύνην ἱερωσύνην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμάχητον περιμάχητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖσαν οὖσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰσαυρικοῦ Ἰσαυρικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλου Κάτλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετιόντων μετιόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανεστάτων ἐπιφανεστάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγίστων μεγίστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένων δυναμένων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐχ οὐχ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπείξεν ὑπείξεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγχωμάλλου ἀγχωμάλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδῆς σπουδῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φαινομένης φαινομένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μείζονος μείζονος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξίας ἀξίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀρρωδῶν ὀρρωδῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηλότητα ἀδηλότητα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέπεμπε προσέπεμπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείθων πείθων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποστῆναι ἀποστῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείω πλείω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσδανεισάμενος προσδανεισάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγωνιεῖσθαι διαγωνιεῖσθαι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τῆς Τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνστάσης ἐνστάσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητρὸς μητρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδακρυτὶ ἀδακρυτὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προπεμπούσης προπεμπούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσπασάμενος ἀσπασάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτήν αὐτήν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὦ Ὦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῆτερ μῆτερ],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τήμερον τήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέα ἀρχιερέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυγάδα φυγάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψει ὄψει].» 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διενεχθείσης διενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψήφου ψήφου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμιλλης ἅμιλλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θρασύτητος θρασύτητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προάξων προάξων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πείσωνα Πείσωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλων Κάτλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾐτιῶντο ᾐτιῶντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φεισάμενον φεισάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίναν Κατιλίναν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβὴν λαβὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντος παρασχόντος]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβαλεῖν μεταβαλεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλην ὅλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνελεῖν ἀνελεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματα πράγματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγχεῖν συγχεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διανοηθείς διανοηθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπεσε ἐξέπεσε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπταίσας περιπταίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλάττοσιν ἐλάττοσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλέγχοις ἐλέγχοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτας ἐσχάτας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὰς βουλὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἀποκαλυφθῆναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λέντλον Λέντλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κέθηγον Κέθηγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαδόχους διαδόχους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέλιπε ἀπέλιπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνωμοσίας συνωμοσίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἷς οἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρύφα κρύφα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεῖχε παρεῖχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάρσους θάρσους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλον ἄδηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστιν ἐστιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κράτος κράτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελεγχθέντων ἐξελεγχθέντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπάτου ὑπάτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρωτῶντος ἐρωτῶντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσεως κολάσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοι ἄλλοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θανατοῦν θανατοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκέλευον ἐκέλευον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφροντισμένον πεφροντισμένον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκτεῖναι ἀποκτεῖναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκρίτους ἀκρίτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξιώματι ἀξιώματι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπροὺς λαμπροὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκαιον δίκαιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτης ἐσχάτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγκης ἀνάγκης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουροῖντο φρουροῖντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεθέντες δεθέντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεσι πόλεσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰταλίας Ἰταλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕληται ἕληται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπολεμηθῇ καταπολεμηθῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρήνῃ εἰρήνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡσυχίαν ἡσυχίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνῶναι γνῶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέξει παρέξει].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus]] were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not give way to them, but 
'''[2]''' presented himself to the people as a rival candidate. The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar's competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Caesar's mother]] accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: "Mother, to-day thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile." 
'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken Caesar prevailed, and thereby made the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him. 
'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far-reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their 
'''[5]''' punishment, the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of [[Italy]] as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E08 - The Conspirators|8]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὕτω Οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμης γνώμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπου φιλανθρώπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανείσης φανείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατῶς δυνατῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥηθέντος ῥηθέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτον τοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνιστάμενοι ἀνιστάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσετίθεντο προσετίθεντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρημένας εἰρημένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπειπάμενοι ἀπειπάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετέστησαν μετέστησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕως ἕως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνα Κάτωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλον Κάτλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῆλθε περιῆλθε]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανικῶς νεανικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐναντιωθέντων ἐναντιωθέντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπόνοιαν ὑπόνοιαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεπερείσαντος συνεπερείσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκατεξαναστάντος συγκατεξαναστάντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρρωμένως ἐρρωμένως], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρες ἄνδρες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούμενοι ἀποθανούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεδόθησαν παρεδόθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξιόντι ἐξιόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούντων φρουρούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέων νέων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυμνὰ γυμνὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ξίφη ξίφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνδραμόντες συνδραμόντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπέσχον ἐπέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κουρίων Κουρίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηβέννῳ τηβέννῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβαλὼν περιβαλὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπεξαγαγεῖν ὑπεξαγαγεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτός αὐτός] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανίσκοι νεανίσκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέβλεψαν προσέβλεψαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνανεῦσαι ἀνανεῦσαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόνον φόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδικον ἄδικον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παράνομον παράνομον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγούμενος ἡγούμενος]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦτο Τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶδα οἶδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴπερ εἴπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθές ἀληθές], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατείας ὑπατείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγραψεν ἔγραψεν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτίαν αἰτίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντι παρασχόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρησάμενος χρησάμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειλιάσας ἀποδειλιάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπερφυῶς ὑπερφυῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεχόμενον περιεχόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅς ὅς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γε γε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετʼ μετʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγας ὀλίγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὴν βουλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσελθόντος εἰσελθόντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποψίαις ὑποψίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογουμένου ἀπολογουμένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτοντος περιπίπτοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θορύβοις θορύβοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πονηροῖς πονηροῖς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπειδὴ ἐπειδὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείων πλείων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνήθους συνήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγίγνετο ἐγίγνετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθέζομένης καθέζομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπῆλθε ἐπῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῆς κραυγῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέστη περιέστη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιτῶν ἀπαιτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύων κελεύων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὸ διὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτων Κάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόρων ἀπόρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεωτερισμόν νεωτερισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παντὸς παντὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπέκκαυμα ὑπέκκαυμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθους πλήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλπίδας ἐλπίδας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχοντες ἔχοντες], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπονείμαι ἀπονείμαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιτηρέσιον σιτηρέσιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔμμηνον ἔμμηνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάνης δαπάνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑπτακόσιαι ἑπτακόσιαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μυριάδες μυριάδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνιαύσιοι ἐνιαύσιοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσεγίγνοντο προσεγίγνοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλώμασι ἀναλώμασι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέντοι μέντοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγαν μέγαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρόντι παρόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσβεσε ἔσβεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφανῶς περιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολίτευμα πολίτευμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλεῖστον πλεῖστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέρριψε ἀπέρριψε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεσκέδασεν διεσκέδασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγεῖν στρατηγεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέλλοντος μέλλοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβερωτέρου φοβερωτέρου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. 
'''[2]''' These warmly opposed Caesar's proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner, and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice. 
'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterwards, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go. 
'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar's power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E09 - The Bona Dea|9]]==


{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; border-collapse:collapse; border:0; background:transparent;"
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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐ Οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴν μὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέβη ἀπέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταραχώδες ταραχώδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπʼ ἀπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τύχη τύχη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄχαρις ἄχαρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέβη συνέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶκον οἶκον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιος Πόπλιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐπατρίδης εὐπατρίδης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλούτῳ πλούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρός λαμπρός], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβόητων περιβόητων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδενὸς οὐδενὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεύτερος δεύτερος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤρα ἤρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκούσης ἀκούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυλακαί φυλακαί] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικωνίτιδος γυναικωνίτιδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκριβείς ἀκριβείς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥ ἥ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτηρ μήτηρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σώφρων σώφρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέπουσα περιέπουσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαλεπὴν χαλεπὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακεκινδυνευμένην παρακεκινδυνευμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίει ἐποίει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔντευξιν ἔντευξιν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἔστι Ἔστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεὸς θεὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀγαθὴν Ἀγαθὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀνομάζουσιν ὀνομάζουσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γυναικείαν Γυναικείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φρύγες Φρύγες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκειούμενοι οἰκειούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μίδα Μίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρα μητέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βασιλέως βασιλέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φασί φασί], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δρυάδα Δρυάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φαύνῳ Φαύνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνοικήσασαν συνοικήσασαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Διονύσου Διονύσου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρων μητέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρητον ἄρρητον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμπελίνοις ἀμπελίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηνὰς σκηνὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κλήμασιν κλήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτάζουσαι ἑορτάζουσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατερέφουσι κατερέφουσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δράκων δράκων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερὸς ἱερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακαθίδρυται παρακαθίδρυται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεῷ θεῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῦθον μῦθον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσελθεῖν προσελθεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέμις θέμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδʼ οὐδʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίας οἰκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερῶν ἱερῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀργιαζομένων ὀργιαζομένων]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐταὶ αὐταὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὰς ἑαυτὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὰ πολλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὀρφικοῖς Ὀρφικοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμολογοῦντα ὁμολογοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δρᾶν δρᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγονται λέγονται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερουργίαν ἱερουργίαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτῆς ἑορτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθήκῃ καθήκῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατεύοντος ὑπατεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦντος στρατηγοῦντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρός ἀνδρός], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξίσταται ἐξίσταται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρεν ἄρρεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραλαβοῦσα παραλαβοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακοσμεῖ διακοσμεῖ]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτωρ νύκτωρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελεῖται τελεῖται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾶς παιδιᾶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναμεμιγμένης ἀναμεμιγμένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παννυχίσι παννυχίσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μουσικῆς μουσικῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρούσης παρούσης].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, 
'''[2]''' but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time. This man was in love with [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] the wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women's apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar's mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview. 
'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character. 
'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or [[praetor]] at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E10 - Clodius and Pompeia|10]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταύτην Ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτὴν ἑορτὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτελούσης ἐπιτελούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔπω οὔπω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενειῶν γενειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λήσειν λήσειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενος οἰόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσθῆτα ἐσθῆτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκευὴν σκευὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψαλτρίας ψαλτρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλαβὼν ἀναλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔρχεται ἔρχεται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέα νέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὶ γυναικὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκώς εἰκώς]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύραις θύραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτυχὼν ἐπιτυχὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεῳγμέναις ἀνεῳγμέναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσήχθη εἰσήχθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδεῶς ἀδεῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνειδυίας συνειδυίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπαινίδος θεραπαινίδος], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προδραμούσης προδραμούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίᾳ Πομπηίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φράσειε φράσειε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διατριβῆς διατριβῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένει περιμένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπου ὅπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατελείφθη κατελείφθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καρτεροῦντι καρτεροῦντι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανωμένῳ πλανωμένῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίᾳ οἰκίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλῃ μεγάλῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφεύγοντι περιφεύγοντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσπεσοῦσα προσπεσοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλίας Αὐρηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίξειν παίξειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προὐκαλεῖτο προὐκαλεῖτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλομένου βουλομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέσον μέσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷλκε εἷλκε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τίς τίς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστι ἐστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόθεν πόθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπυνθάνετο ἐπυνθάνετο]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φήσαντος φήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἄβραν Ἄβραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένειν περιμένειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸ αὐτὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλουμένην καλουμένην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῇ φωνῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένου γενομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανοῦς καταφανοῦς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπήδησε ἀπεπήδησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῇ κραυγῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄχλον ὄχλον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφωρακέναι πεφωρακέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βοῶσα βοῶσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπτοηθείσων διαπτοηθείσων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄργια ὄργια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῦ θεοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέπαυσε κατέπαυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεκάλυψε συνεκάλυψε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὴ αὐτὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκλεῖσαι ἀποκλεῖσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύσασα κελεύσασα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῄει περιῄει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπάδων λαμπάδων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητοῦσα ζητοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὑρίσκεται εὑρίσκεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκημα οἴκημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδίσκης παιδίσκης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεισῆλθε συνεισῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπεφευγώς καταπεφευγώς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανερὸς φανερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελαύνεται ἐξελαύνεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυρῶν θυρῶν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτὸς νυκτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπιοῦσαι ἀπιοῦσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὑτῶν αὑτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφραζον ἔφραζον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδράσι ἀνδράσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραν ἡμέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεως πόλεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀθεσμοῖς ἀθεσμοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικεχειρηκότος ἐπικεχειρηκότος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑβρισμένοις ὑβρισμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῖς θεοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφείλοντος ὀφείλοντος]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγράψατο ἐγράψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷς εἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχων δημάρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσεβείας ἀσεβείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέστησαν συνέστησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατώτατοι δυνατώτατοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλας ἄλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινὰς δεινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσελγείας ἀσελγείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαρτυροῦντες καταμαρτυροῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοιχείαν μοιχείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφῆς ἀδελφῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλῳ Λευκούλλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνῴκει συνῴκει]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδὰς σπουδὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιτάξας ἀντιτάξας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὸν ἑαυτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμυνε ἥμυνε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστὰς δικαστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄφελος ὄφελος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκπεπληγμένους ἐκπεπληγμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεδοικότας δεδοικότας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλῆθος πλῆθος]. 
'''[6]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψατο ἀπεπέμψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάρτυς μάρτυς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κληθεὶς κληθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲν οὐδὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λεγομένων λεγομένων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γινώσκειν γινώσκειν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραδόξου παραδόξου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανέντος φανέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατήγορος κατήγορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠρώτησε ἠρώτησε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πῶς Πῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψω ἀπεπέμψω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα];» «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὅτι Ὅτι],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμὴν ἐμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠξίου ἠξίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδὲ μηδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονοηθῆναι ὑπονοηθῆναι].» 
'''[7]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταῦτα Ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονοῦντα φρονοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγουσιν λέγουσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰπεῖν εἰπεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαριζόμενον χαριζόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡρμημένον ὡρμημένον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σῴζειν σῴζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποφεύγει ἀποφεύγει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγκλημα ἔγκλημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστῶν δικαστῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκεχυμένοις συγκεχυμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδιδόντων ἀποδιδόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακινδυνεύσωσιν παρακινδυνεύσωσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταψηφισάμενοι καταψηφισάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολύσαντες ἀπολύσαντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδοξήσωσι ἀδοξήσωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] was celebrating this festival, and [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodius]], who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret; 
'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came. 
'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia's [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius. 
'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed sacrilege and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods. 
'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude. 
'''[6]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” 
'''[7]''' Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius. At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him, nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.
|}

Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar

2026-11-09T11:32:48Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* Legal Status */

{| style="float:right; width:350px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Plutarch - Lives - RGB 96ppi - PD.png|310px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;" | ''Life of Caesar''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|310px]]
|-
! Author
| [[Plutarch]]
|-
! Original Title
| Καῖσαρ
|-
! Work
| ''[[Parallel Lives|Lives]]''
|-
! Translator
| [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
|-
! Series
| [[Loeb Classical Library]]
|-
! Volume
| VII (No. 99)
|-
! Original Publication
| 1919
|-
! Publisher
| [[Harvard University Press]] (Cambridge); [[William Heinemann]] (London)
|-
! Languages
| Ancient Greek and English
|-
! Digital Source
| [[Perseus Digital Library]]
|-
! Text
| Greek text with facing English translation
|-
|}

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===Publication Details===

'''Original Author:''' [[Plutarch]].

'''Original Work:''' [[Life of Caesar]]

'''English Translator:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]].

'''Source Work:''' ''[[Lives]]'', Volume VII: ''Demosthenes and Cicero; Alexander and Caesar''.

'''Source Publication Series:''' ''The Loeb Classical Library'', founded by James Loeb, Volume 99.

'''Source Publisher:''' [[Harvard University Press]], [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], in association with [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]], [[London]].

'''Source Publication History:''' First published in 1919. The particular English-text printing used for this digital edition is the 1967 reprint, as identified on its title page.

'''Digital Edition:''' [[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has prepared a digitally structured presentation of [[Plutarch|Plutarch's]] ''Lives'', using [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] established English translation as its English-language source. The text's chapters and section markers have remained true to the Loeb numbering system for academic consistency, with corresponding chapter navigation, paragraph alignment and internal links to related encyclopedic subjects granting historical and biographical examination.

The project additionally presents the original polytonic Greek text alongside [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] English translation in a parallel-reading format. The Greek text was also derived from the [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] work for the [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Although it has been significantly enhanced by the [[Logeion]] lexicon provided the [[University of Chicago]].

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project|Conservapedia's Original Source Project's]] contribution consists of the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of the historical texts. [[Bernadotte Perrin]] remains the credited English translator, and [[Harvard University Press]] and [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]] remain the credited publishers of the original [[Loeb Classical Library|Loeb]] edition.

===Legal Status===

'''English Translation:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]] (15 September 1847 – 31 August 1920) died aged 72 years, 11 months and 16 days. His English translation of Plutarch's ''Life of Caesar'' was published during his lifetime in 1919, as part of ''Lives'', Volume VII of the [[Loeb Classical Library]], Volume 99.

Under the applicable copyright laws, the translation has now entered the [[Public Domain]] in the following jurisdictions:

* '''[[European Union]] and [[United Kingdom]]:''' Copyright in literary works generally expires 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the author dies. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1991, following the expiry of copyright on 31 December 1990.

* '''[[United States]]:''' The 1919 publication falls well before the current public-domain cutoff for works published in the United States. Such works, published before 1 January 1931, are now in the public domain.

* '''[[Australia]]:''' The previous general copyright term of 50 years following the author's death expired on 31 December 1970. The subsequent extension to 70 years, effective from 1 January 2005, did not retrospectively restore copyright in works which had already entered the public domain.

* '''[[Canada]]:''' The former copyright term of 50 years following the author's death likewise expired on 31 December 1970. Canada's extension to 70 years, effective from 30 December 2022, expressly did not restore copyright in works whose protection had already expired before 1 January 2023.

* '''[[New Zealand]]:''' The general copyright term for literary works remains 50 years following the end of the calendar year in which the author died. Perrin's translation therefore entered the public domain on 1 January 1971.

The original Greek composition of [[Plutarch]] is itself an ancient work outside modern copyright protection. The 1919 Loeb edition's translation and source texts are therefore available for public-domain reproduction in the jurisdictions identified above.

The 1967 reprint date does not renew or extend the expired copyright in Perrin's translation. This declaration concerns the original literary and historical texts and does not purport to establish the copyright status of any separately authored material, illustrations or other additions introduced in subsequent editions.

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has independently undertaken the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of these public-domain materials.

=Illustradted English Edition ([[Bernadotte Perrin|Perrin]])=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#1|E01 - Caesar and Sulla]]==
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] list's the proscribed forcing young [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] to flee for his life.]]

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Rome]], and when [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] hatred of Sulla was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] father, was the wife of Marius the Elder, and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], who was therefore [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] cousin.

'''[2]''' Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription]]s, but he came before the people as candidate for a [[priesthood]], although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses.

'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, Cornelius, two [[talent]]s to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed to King [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]].

'''[4]''' With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#2|E02 - The Pirates]]==

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'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the pirates demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilician pirates|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking.

'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all.

'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as [[praetor]] of the province, to punish the captives.

'''[4]''' But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#3|E03 - Rhodes and Oratory]]==

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'''[1]''' After this, Sulla’s power being now on the wane, and Caesar’s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius]] the son of Molon, an illustrious [[rhetorician]] with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political [[oratory]], and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather,

'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero’s ''Cato,'' he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#4|E04 - Caesar the Advocate]]==

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'''[1]''' After his return to Rome he impeached [[Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] for maladministration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but Caesar, in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]].

'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes]] at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, Caesar won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, since he was ingratiating beyond his years.

'''[3]''' He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence, in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after, contempt of them has left them unobstructed.

'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of Caesar’s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely Cicero, said that in most of Caesar’s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose; “On the other hand,” said he, “when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman constitution]].” This, it is true, belongs to a later period.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#5|E05 - Caesar’s Popularity]]==

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'''[1]''' The first proof of the people’s good will towards him he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a [[military tribune|military tribuneship]] and was elected over him; a second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of Julia the deceased wife of Marius, he pronounced a splendid [[funeral oration|encomium]] upon her in the [[Forum Romanum|forum]], and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of Marius, which were then seen for the first time since the administration of Sulla, because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies.

'''[2]''' When, namely, some cried out against Caesar for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from [[Hades]], the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and Caesar was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling.

'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to Spain as [[quaestor]] under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by Cornelia a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]].

'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt.

'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his [[aedileship]], he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of [[gladiator]]s, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#6|E06 - Honours for Marius]]==

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'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of Sulla, which had been all powerful since his day, and that of Marius, which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party Caesar wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of Marius secretly made, together with trophy-bearing [[Victoria (mythology)|Victories]], and these he ordered to be carried by night and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]].

'''[2]''' At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri]]an successes of Marius) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together for the sight.

'''[3]''' But some cried out that Caesar was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and filled the Capitol with their applause.

'''[4]''' Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of Marius, and Caesar was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in Rome, rose up and denounced Caesar, uttering the memorable words: “No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government.” Caesar, however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#7|E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline]]==

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'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and Catulus were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, Caesar would not give way to them, but presented himself to the people as a rival candidate.

'''[2]''' The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar’s competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as Caesar’s mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: “Mother, today thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile.”

'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] prevailed, and thereby made the senate and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed Cicero for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him.

'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their punishment,

'''[5]''' the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of Italy as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#8|E08 - The Conspirators]]==

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'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. These warmly opposed Caesar’s proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner,

'''[2]''' and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice.

'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterward, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go.

'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that Cato, fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar’s power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#9|E09 - The Bona Dea]]==

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'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of Caesar’s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time.

'''[2]''' This man was in love with Pompeia the wife of Caesar, and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women’s apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar’s mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview.

'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character.

'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or praetor at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#10|E10 - Clodius and Pompeia]]==
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, Pompeia was celebrating this festival, and Clodius, who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret;

'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came.

'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia’s [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius.

'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed [[sacrilege]] and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods.

'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude.

'''[6]''' Caesar divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius.

'''[7]''' At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.

==E11 - Spain and Ambition==

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'''[1]''' Immediately after his praetorship Caesar received [[Spain]] as his province, and since he found it hard to arrange matters with his creditors, who obstructed his departure and were clamorous, he had recourse to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], the richest of the Romans, who had need of Caesar’s vigour and fire for his political campaign against [[Pompey the Great|Pompey]]. And it was only after Crassus had met the demands of the most importunate and inexorable of these creditors and given surety for eight hundred and thirty talents, that Caesar could go out to his province.

'''[2]''' We are told that, as he was crossing the [[Alps]] and passing by a barbarian village which had very few inhabitants and was a sorry sight, his companions asked with mirth and laughter, “Can it be that here too there are ambitious strifes for office, struggles for primacy, and mutual jealousies of powerful men?” Whereupon Caesar said to them in all seriousness, “I would rather be first here than second at Rome.”

'''[3]''' In like manner we are told again that, in Spain, when he was at leisure and was reading from the history of [[Alexander the Great]], he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. “Do you not think,” said he, “it is matter for sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?”

==E12 - Caesar in Spain==

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'''[1]''' At any rate, as soon as he reached Spain he set himself to work, and in a few days raised ten [[cohort]]s in addition to the twenty which were there before. Then he led his army against the [[Callaici]] and [[Lusitani]], overpowered them, and marched on as far as the outer sea, subduing the tribes which before were not obedient to Rome. After bringing the war to a successful close, he was equally happy in adjusting the problems of peace, by establishing concord between the cities, and particularly by healing the dissensions between debtors and creditors.

'''[2]''' For he ordained that the creditor should annually take two thirds of his debtor’s income, and that the owner of the property should use the rest, and so on until the debt was cancelled. In high repute for this administration he retired from the province; he had become wealthy himself, had enriched his soldiers from their campaigns, and had been saluted by them as [[Imperator]].

==E13 - Pompey and Crassus==

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'''[1]''' Now, since those who sued for the privilege of a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] must remain outside the city, while those who were candidates for the [[Roman consul|consulship]] must be present in the city, Caesar was in a great dilemma, and because he had reached home at the very time for the consular elections, he sent a request to the senate that he might be permitted to offer himself for the consulship ''in absentiâ'', through the agency of his friends. But since Cato began by insisting upon the law in opposition to Caesar’s request, and then, when he saw that many senators had been won over by Caesar’s attentions, staved the matter off by consuming the day in speaking, Caesar decided to give up the triumph and try for the consulship.

'''[2]''' So as soon as he entered the city he assumed a policy which deceived everyone except Cato. This policy was to reconcile Pompey and Crassus, the most influential men in the city. These men Caesar brought together in friendship after their quarrel, and by concentrating their united strength upon himself, succeeded, before men were aware of it, and by an act which could be called one of kindness, in changing the form of government.

'''[3]''' For it was not, as most men supposed, the quarrel between [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and Pompey that brought on the [[Caesar's civil war|civil wars]], but rather their friendship, since they worked together for the overthrow of the [[Roman aristocracy|aristocracy]] in the first place, and then, when this had been accomplished, they quarrelled with one another. And Cato, who often foretold what was to come of their alliance, got the reputation of a morose and troublesome fellow at the time, but afterwards that of a wise, though unfortunate, counsellor.

==E14 - Caesar’s Consulship==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, encompassed and protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey, entered the canvass for the consulship; and as soon as he had been triumphantly elected, along with [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Calpurnius Bibulus]], and had entered upon his office, he proposed laws which were becoming, not for a consul, but for a most radical tribune of the people; for to gratify the multitude he introduced sundry allotments and distributions of land.

'''[2]''' In the senate the opposition of men of the better sort gave him the pretext which he had long desired, and crying with loud adjurations that he was driven forth into the popular assembly against his wishes, and was compelled to court its favour by the insolence and obstinacy of the senate, he hastened before it, and stationing Crassus on one side of him and Pompey on the other, he asked them if they approved his laws.

'''[3]''' They declared that they did approve them, whereupon he urged them to give him their aid against those who threatened to oppose him with swords. They promised him such aid, and Pompey actually added that he would come up against swords with sword and buckler too. At this impulsive and mad speech, unworthy of the high esteem in which Pompey stood and unbecoming to the respect which was due to the senate, the nobility were distressed but the populace were delighted.

'''[4]''' Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] tried to avail himself still more of the influence of Pompey. He had a daughter, [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], who was betrothed to [[Servilius Caepio]]. This daughter he betrothed to Pompey, and said he would give Pompey’s daughter in marriage to Servilius, although she too was not unbetrothed, but had been promised to [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla|Faustus]], the son of Sulla.

'''[5]''' And a little while afterwards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]took [[Calpurnia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Calpurnia]] to wife, a daughter of Piso, and got Piso made consul for the coming year, although here too Cato vehemently protested, and cried out that it was intolerable to have the supreme power prostituted by marriage alliances and to see men helping one another to powers and armies and provinces by means of women.

'''[6]''' As for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] colleague, Bibulus, since he availed nothing by obstructing [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws, but often ran the risk with Cato of being killed in the [[Roman Forum|forum]], he shut himself up at home for the remainder of his term of office. Pompey, however, immediately after his marriage, filled the forum with armed men and helped the people to enact [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws and give him as his consular province [[Gaul]] on both sides of the Alps for five years, together with [[Illyricum]] and four [[Roman legion|legions]].

'''[7]''' Cato, of course, tried to speak against these measures, but Caesar had him led off to prison, supposing that he would appeal to the popular tribunes; but when Cato walked off without a word and Caesar saw not only that the most influential men were displeased, but also that the populace, out of respect for Cato’s virtue, were following him in silence and with downcast looks, he himself secretly asked one of the tribunes to take Cato out of arrest.

'''[8]''' Of the other senators, only a very few used to go with Caesar to the senate; the rest, in displeasure, stayed away. [[Considius]], a very aged senator, once told Caesar that his colleagues did not come together because they were afraid of the armed soldiers. “Why, then,” said Caesar, “dost thou too not stay at home out of the same fear?” To this Considius replied: “Because my old age makes me fearless; for the short span of life that is still left me does not require much anxious thought.”

'''[9]''' But the most disgraceful public measure of the time was thought to be the election to the tribuneship, during [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] consulate, of the notorious Clodius, who had trespassed upon his rights as a husband, and upon the secret nocturnal vigils. He was elected, however, for the overthrow of Cicero; and Caesar did not go forth upon his campaign until, with the help of Clodius, he had raised a successful faction against Cicero and driven him out of [[Italy]].

==E15 - Caesar’s Military Achievements==

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'''[1]''' Such, then, is said to have been the course of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s life before his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]]. But the period of the wars which he afterwards fought, and of the campaigns by which he subjugated [[Gaul]], as if he had made another beginning and entered upon a different path of life and one of new achievements, proved him to be inferior as soldier and commander to no one soever of those who have won most admiration for leadership and shown themselves greatest therein.

'''[2]''' Nay, if one compare him with such men as [[Fabii|Fabius]] and [[Scipiones|Scipio]] and [[Metelli|Metellus]], and with the men of his own time or a little before him, like [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], the two [[Luculli]], or even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, whose fame for every sort of military excellence was at this time flowering out and reaching to the skies, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] will be found to surpass them all in his achievements. One he surpassed in the difficulty of the regions where he waged his wars; another in the great extent of country which he acquired; another in the multitude and might of the enemies over whom he was victorious;

'''[3]''' another in the savage manners and perfidious dispositions of the people whom he conciliated; another in his reasonableness and mildness towards his captives; another still in the gifts and favours which he bestowed upon his soldiers; and all in the fact that he fought the most battles and killed the most enemies. For although it was not full ten years that he waged war in [[Gaul]], he took by storm more than eight hundred cities, subdued three hundred nations, and fought pitched battles at different times with three million men, of whom he slew one million in hand to hand fighting and took as many more prisoners.

==E16 - The Courage of Caesar’s Soldiers==

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'''[1]''' His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s fame. Such a man, for instance, was [[Gaius Acilius|Acilius]], who, in the sea-fight at [[Massalia]], boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces of his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vessel.

'''[2]''' Such a man, again, was [[Cassius Scaeva]], who, in the battle at [[Dyrrhachium]], had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accordingly, coming up, he lopped off the shoulder of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades.

'''[3]''' Again, in [[Britain]], when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost [[Centurion|centurions]], who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many conspicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the [[barbarian|Barbarians]] had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wading, got across. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield.

'''[4]''' Again, in [[Africa]], [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] captured a ship of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s in which [[Granius Petro]], who had been appointed [[quaestor]], was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. [[Granius Petro]], however, remarking that it was the custom with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword.

==E17 - Caesar’s Discipline and Endurance==

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'''[1]''' Such spirit and ambition [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself created and cultivated in his men, in the first place, because he showed, by his unsparing bestowal of rewards and honours, that he was not amassing wealth from his wars for his own luxury or for any life of ease, but that he treasured it up carefully as a common prize for deeds of valour, and had no greater share in the wealth than he offered to the deserving among his soldiers; and in the second place, by willingly undergoing every danger and refusing no toil.

'''[2]''' Now, at his love of danger his men were not astonished, knowing his ambition; but that he should undergo toils beyond his body's apparent power of endurance amazed them, because he was of a spare habit, had a soft and white skin, suffered from distemper in the head, and was subject to [[epilepsy|epileptic fits]], a trouble which first attacked him, we are told, in [[Corduba]]. Nevertheless, he did not make his feeble health an excuse for soft living, but rather his military service a cure for his feeble health, since by wearisome journeys, simple diet, continuously sleeping in the open air, and enduring hardships, he fought off his trouble and kept his body strong against its attacks.

'''[3]''' Most of his sleep, at least, he got in cars or litters, making his rest conduce to action, and in the day-time he would have himself conveyed to garrisons, cities, or camps, one slave who was accustomed to write from dictation as he travelled sitting by his side, and one soldier standing behind him with a sword. And he drove so rapidly that, on his first journey from [[Rome]] to [[Gaul]], he reached the [[Rhone River|Rhone]] in seven days.

'''[4]''' Horsemanship, moreover, had been easy for him from boyhood; for he was wont to put his hands behind his back and, holding them closely there, to ride his horse at full speed.

'''[5]''' And in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]] he practised dictating letters on horseback and keeping two scribes at once busy, or, as [[Oppius]] says, even more. We are told, moreover, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to devise intercourse with his friends by letter, since he could not wait for personal interviews on urgent matters owing to the multitude of his occupations and the great size of the city.

'''[6]''' Of his indifference in regard to his diet the following circumstance also is brought in proof. When the host who was entertaining him in [[Milan|Mediolanum]], [[Valerius Leo]], served up asparagus dressed with myrrh instead of olive oil, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ate of it without ado, and rebuked his friends when they showed displeasure. "Surely," said he, "it were enough not to eat what you don't like; but he who finds fault with ill-breeding like this is ill-bred himself." Once, too, upon a journey, he and his followers were driven by a storm into a poor man's hut, and when he found that it consisted of one room only, and that one barely able to accommodate a single person, he said to his friends that honours must be yielded to the strongest, but necessities to the weakest, and bade [[Oppius]] lie down there, while he himself with the rest of his company slept in the porch.

==E18 - The First Gallic War==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, the first of his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] was against the [[Helvetii]] and [[Tigurini]], who had set fire to their twelve cities and four hundred villages and were advancing through that part of [[Gaul]] which was subject to the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], as once the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] had done. To these they were thought to be not inferior in courage and of equal numbers, being three hundred thousand in all, of whom one hundred and ninety thousand were fighting men.

'''[2]''' The Tigurini were crushed at the [[Arar (river)|river Arar]], not by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, but by [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], his deputy; the Helvetii, however, unexpectedly attacked [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself on the march, as he was leading his forces towards a friendly city, but he succeeded in reaching a strong place of refuge. Here, after he had collected and arrayed his forces, a horse was brought to him. "This horse," said he, "I will use for the pursuit after my victory; but now let us go against the enemy," and accordingly led the charge on foot. After a long and hard struggle he routed the enemy's fighting men, but had the most trouble at their rampart of waggons, where not only did the men themselves make a stand and fight, but also their wives and children defended themselves to the death and were cut to pieces with the men. The battle was hardly over by midnight. To the noble work of victory [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] added a nobler still, that of settling those of the Barbarians who had escaped alive from the battle (there were more than one hundred thousand of them), and compelling them to resume the territory which they had abandoned and the cities which they had destroyed. He did this because he feared that if the territory became vacant the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]] would cross the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] and occupy it.

==E19 - The War with Ariovistus==

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'''[1]''' His second war, directly in defence of the [[Gauls]], was against the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], although previously, in [[Rome]], he had made their king [[Ariovistus]] an ally. But they were intolerable neighbours of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s subjects, and if an opportunity presented itself it was thought that they would not remain quietly in their present homes, but would encroach upon and occupy [[Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Seeing that his officers were inclined to be afraid, and particularly all the young men of high rank who had come out intending to make the campaign with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an opportunity for high living and money-making, he called them together and bade them be off, since they were so unmanly and effeminate, and not force themselves to face danger; as for himself, he said he would take the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]] alone and march against the Barbarians; the enemy would be no better fighters than the [[Cimbri]], and he himself was no worse a general than [[Gaius Marius|Marius]].

'''[3]''' Upon this the tenth legion sent a deputation to him, expressing their gratitude, while the other legions reviled their own commanders, and all the army, now full of impetuous eagerness, followed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on a march of many days, and at last encamped within two hundred furlongs of the enemy. Now, the very approach of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] somewhat shattered the purpose of [[Ariovistus]]. For he did not expect that the Romans would attack the Germans, whose onset he thought they could not withstand, and he was amazed at the boldness of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; besides, he saw that his own army was disturbed.

'''[4]''' Still more, too, was the spirit of the Germans blunted by the prophecies of their holy women, who used to foretell the future by observing the eddies in the rivers and by finding signs in the whirlings and splashings of the waters, and now forbade joining battle before a new moon gave its light.

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned this, and saw that the Germans kept quiet, he decided that it was a good plan to engage them while they were out of heart, rather than to sit still and wait for their time. So, by attacking their entrenchments and the hills on which they were encamped, he irritated them and incited them to come down in anger and fight the issue out. They were signally routed, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pursued them a distance of four hundred furlongs, as far as the [[Rhine river|Rhine]], and filled all the intervening plain with dead bodies and spoils. [[Ariovistus]], with a few followers, succeeded in crossing the Rhine; his dead are said to have been eighty thousand in number.

==E20 - The Belgae and the Nervii==

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'''[1]''' After this achievement, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left his forces among the [[Sequani]] to spend the winter, while he himself, desirous of giving attention to matters at [[Rome]], came down to [[Gaul]] along the [[Po River|Po]], which was a part of the province assigned to him; for the river called [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]] separates the rest of [[Italy]] from [[Cisalpine Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Here he fixed his quarters and carried on his political schemes. Many came to see him, and he gave each one what he wanted, and sent all away in actual possession of some of his favours and hoping for more. And during all the rest of the time of his campaigns in [[Gaul]], unnoticed by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], he was alternately subduing the enemy with the arms of the citizens, or capturing and subduing the citizens with the money which he got from the enemy.

'''[3]''' But when he heard that the [[Belgae]], who were the most powerful of the [[Gauls]] and occupied the third part of all their country, had revolted, and had assembled unknown myriads of armed men, he turned back at once and marched thither with great speed. He fell upon the enemy as they were plundering the Gauls that were in alliance with [[Rome]], and so routed and destroyed the least scattered and most numerous of them, after a disgraceful struggle on their part, that the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] could cross lakes and deep rivers for the multitude of dead bodies in them. All the rebels who dwelt along the ocean submitted without a battle;

'''[4]''' against the [[Nervii]], however, the most savage and warlike of the people in these parts, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led his forces. The Nervii, who dwelt in dense woods, and had placed their families and possessions in a recess of the forest at farthest remove from the enemy, at a time when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fortifying a camp and did not expect the battle, fell upon him suddenly, sixty thousand strong. They routed his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]], and surrounded the [[Roman legion|seventh]] and [[Roman legion|twelfth]] legions and slew all their [[Centurion|centurions]],

'''[5]''' and had not [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] snatched a shield, made his way through the combatants in front of him, and hurled himself upon the Barbarians; and had not the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]], at sight of his peril, run down from the heights and cut the ranks of the enemy to pieces, not a Roman, it is thought, would have survived. As it was, however, owing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s daring, they fought beyond their powers, as the saying is, and even then did not rout the Nervii, but cut them down as they defended themselves; for out of sixty thousand only five hundred are said to have come off alive, and only three of their senators out of four hundred.

==E21 - The Luca Conference==

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'''[1]''' The [[Roman Senate|Roman senate]], on learning of these successes, decreed sacrifices to the gods and cessation from business, with festival, for fifteen days, a greater number than for any victory before. For the danger was seen to have been great when so many nations at once had broken out in revolt, and because [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the victor, the good will of the multitude towards him made his victory more splendid. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, after settling matters in [[Gaul]], again spent the winter in the regions along the [[Po River|Po]], carrying out his plans at [[Rome]].

'''[2]''' For not only did the candidates for office there enjoy his assistance, and win their elections by corrupting the people with money from him, and do everything which was likely to enhance his power, but also most of the men of highest rank and greatest influence came to see him at [[Lucca|Luca]], including [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], [[Appius Claudius Pulcher|Appius]] the governor of [[Sardinia]], and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos|Nepos]] the proconsul of [[Spain]], so that there were a hundred and twenty [[Lictor|lictors]] in the place and more than two hundred [[Roman Senate|senators]].

'''[3]''' They held a council and settled matters on the following basis. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] were to be elected [[Roman consul|consuls]] for the ensuing year, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was to have money voted him, besides another five years in his [[Roman province|provincial command]]. This seemed very strange to men of understanding. For those who were getting so much money from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] urged the senate to give him money as if he had none, nay rather, they forced it to do so, though it groaned over its own decrees.

'''[4]''' [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], indeed, was not there, for he had purposely been sent out of the way on a mission to [[Cyprus]], and [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], who was an ardent follower of Cato, finding himself unable to accomplish anything by his opposition, bounded out of doors and clamoured to the populace. But no one gave heed to him, for some were in awe of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], and most wanted to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], lived in hopes of his favours, and so kept quiet.

==E22 - The Germans and the Rhine==

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'''[1]''' On returning to his forces in [[Gaul]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] found a considerable war in the country, since two great [[Germanic tribes|German nations]] had just crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] to possess the land, one called the [[Usipetes|Usipes]], the other the [[Tencteri|Tenteritae]].

'''[2]''' Concerning the battle which was fought with them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says in his "[[Commentaries on the Gallic War|Commentaries]]" that the [[Germanic tribes|Barbarians]], while treating with him under a truce, attacked on their march and therefore routed his five thousand [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] with their eight hundred, since his men were taken off their guard; that they then sent other [[Envoy|envoys]] to him who tried to deceive him again, but he held them fast and led his army against the Barbarians, considering that good faith towards such faithless breakers of truces was folly.

'''[3]''' But [[Tanusius Geminus|Tanusius]] says that when the senate voted sacrifices of rejoicing over the victory, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] pronounced the opinion that they ought to deliver up [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to the Barbarians, thus purging away the violation of the truce in behalf of the city, and turning the curse therefor on the guilty man. Of those who had crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] into [[Gaul]] four hundred thousand were cut to pieces, and the few who succeeded in making their way back were received by the [[Sugambri]],

'''[4]''' a [[Germanic tribes|German nation]]. This action [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made a ground of complaint against the Sugambri, and besides, he coveted the fame of being the first man to cross the Rhine with an army. He therefore began to bridge the river, although it was very broad, and at this point in its course especially swollen, rough, and impetuous, and with the trunks and branches of trees which it bore down stream kept smiting and tearing away the supports of his bridge.

'''[5]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] caught up these trunks and branches with bulwarks of great timbers planted across the stream, and having thus bridled and yoked the dashing current, he brought his bridge—sight beyond all credence—to completion in ten days.

==E23 - The Rhine and Britain==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] now threw his forces across the river. No one ventured to oppose him, but even the [[Suebi|Suevi]], who were the foremost nation of the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], bestowed themselves and their belongings in deep and woody defiles. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ravaged the country of the enemy with fire, gave encouragement to the constant friends of [[Rome]], and then retired again into [[Gaul]], having spent eighteen days in [[Germany]].

'''[2]''' His expedition against the [[Britons|Britanni]] was celebrated for its daring. For he was the first to launch a fleet upon the western [[Atlantic Ocean|ocean]] and to sail through the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic sea]] carrying an army to wage war. The island was of incredible magnitude, and furnished much matter of dispute to multitudes of writers, some of whom averred that its name and story had been fabricated, since it never had existed and did not then exist; and in his attempt to occupy it he carried the [[Roman Republic|Roman supremacy]] beyond the confines of the inhabited world.

'''[3]''' After twice crossing to the island from the opposite coast of [[Gaul]] and in many battles damaging the enemy rather than enriching his own men—for there was nothing worth taking from men who lived in poverty and wretchedness—he brought the war to an end which was not to his liking, it is true; still, he took hostages from the king, imposed tributes, and then sailed away from the island.

'''[4]''' In [[Gaul]] he found letters which were about to be sent across to him. They were from his friends in [[Rome]], and advised him of his daughter's death; she died in child-birth at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s house. Great was the grief of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and great the grief of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and their friends were greatly troubled too; they felt that the relationship which alone kept the distempered state in harmony and concord was now dissolved. For the babe also died presently, after surviving its mother a few days. Now [[Julia Caesaris|Julia]], in spite of the [[Tribune|tribunes]], was carried by the people to the [[Campus Martius]], where her funeral rites were held, and where she lies buried.

==E24 - Ambiorix and the Siege of Cicero==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s forces were now so large that he was forced to distribute them in many winter-quarters, while he himself, as his custom was, turned his steps towards [[Italy]]. Then all [[Gaul]] once more broke out in revolt, and great armies went about attacking the entrenchments and trying to destroy the winter-quarters of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. The most numerous and powerful of the rebels, under [[Ambiorix|Abriorix]], utterly destroyed [[Quintus Titurius Sabinus|Titurius]] and [[Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta|Cotta]], together with

'''[2]''' their army, while the legion under [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] was surrounded and besieged by sixty thousand of them, and narrowly escaped having its camp taken by storm, although all were wounded and went beyond their powers in the ardour of their defence.

'''[3]''' When tidings of these things reached [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who was far on his journey, he turned back quickly, got together seven thousand men in all, and hurried on to extricate [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] from the siege. But the besiegers became aware of his approach, and went to meet him with the purpose of cutting his forces off at once, despising their small numbers. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] deceived them by avoiding battle continually, and when he had found a place suitable for one who was fighting against many with few, fortified a camp, where he kept his men altogether from fighting and forced them to increase the height of their ramparts and the defences of their gates as though they were afraid. His strategy thus led the enemy to despise him, until at last, when their boldness led them to attack in scattered bands, he sallied out, routed them, and destroyed many of them.

==E25 - The Rising of Vercingetorix==

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'''[1]''' The numerous revolts of the [[Gaul|Gauls]] in those parts were quieted by this success, as well as by the fact that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, during the winter, went about in all directions and kept close watch on the disturbers of the peace. For there had come from [[Italy]] three [[Roman legion|legions]] to replace the men that he had lost, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] having lent two of those under his command, and one having been newly levied in [[Gaul]] about the [[Po River|Po]].

'''[2]''' But in remoter regions the germs of the greatest and most dangerous of the wars waged in those parts began to show themselves. They had for a long time been secretly sown and cultivated by the most influential men among the most warlike tribes, and derived strength from large bodies of young men assembled from all sides in arms, from great riches brought together, from strong cities,

'''[3]''' and from countries which were hard to invade. At that season of winter, too, frozen rivers, forests buried in snow, plains converted into lakes by winter torrents, in some parts paths obliterated by deep snow, and in others the great uncertainty of a march through swamps and streams diverted from their courses, all seemed to make it wholly impossible for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to oppose the plans of the rebels. Accordingly, many tribes had revolted, but the head and front of the revolt were the [[Arverni]] and [[Carnutes|Carnuntini]], and [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]] was chosen to have the entire authority in the war. His father the Gauls had put to death because they thought he was aiming at a tyranny.

==E26 - Caesar’s Winter Campaign==

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'''[1]''' This leader, then, after dividing his forces into many parts and putting many officers in command of them, was winning over all the country round about as far as the water-shed of the [[Arar (river)|Arar]]. He purposed, now that there was a coalition at [[Rome]] against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], at once to rouse all [[Gaul]] to war. If he had done this a little later, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was involved in the [[Caesar's civil war|civil war]], [[Italy]] would have been a prey to terrors no less acute than those aroused by the [[Cimbri]] of old.

'''[2]''' But as it was, the man endowed by nature to make the best use of all the arts of war, and particularly of its crucial moments, namely [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as soon as he learned of the revolt, set out and marched by the same roads over which he had previously come, and by the vigour and speed of his passage in so severe a winter showed the Barbarians that an unconquered and invincible army was coming against them. For where it was incredible that one of his messengers or letter-carriers could make his way in a long time, there he was seen with his whole army,

'''[3]''' at once ravaging their lands and destroying their strongholds, subduing cities, and receiving those who came over to his side, until the nation of the [[Aedui]] also entered the war against him. These up to this time had called themselves brethren of the [[Romans]] and had been conspicuously honoured, but now, by joining the rebels, they caused great dejection in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army.

'''[4]''' In consequence of this [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] removed from those parts and passed across the territory of the [[Lingones]], wishing to reach the country of the [[Sequani]], who were friends, and stood as a bulwark between [[Italy]] and the rest of [[Gaul]]. There the enemy fell upon him and surrounded him with many tens of thousands, so that he essayed to fight a decisive battle. In the main he got the best of the struggle, and after a long time and much slaughter overpowered the Barbarians; but it appears that at first he met with some reverse, and the [[Arverni]] show a short-sword hanging in a temple, which they say was captured from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself saw it, at a later time, he smiled, and though his friends urged him to have it taken down, he would not permit it, considering it sacred.

==E27 - The Siege of Alesia==

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'''[1]''' However, the most of the Barbarians who escaped at that time took refuge with their king in the city of [[Alesia]]. And while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was besieging

'''[2]''' this city, which was thought to be impregnable by reason of the great size of its walls and the number of their defenders, there fell upon him from outside the city a peril too great for words to depict. For all that was mightiest among the nations of [[Gaul]] assembled and came in arms to [[Alesia]], three hundred thousand strong; and the number of fighting men inside the city was not less than a hundred and seventy thousand. Thus [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], caught between so large hostile forces and besieged there, was compelled to build two walls for his protection, one looking towards the city, and the other towards those who had come up to relieve it; he felt that if the two forces should unite his cause was wholly lost.

'''[3]''' For many reasons, then, and naturally, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s peril at [[Alesia]] was famous, since it produced more deeds of skill and daring than any of his other struggles; but one must be amazed above all that he engaged and conquered so many tens of thousands outside the city without the knowledge of those inside, nay more, without the knowledge even of the [[Roman army|Romans]] who were guarding the wall that faced the city.

'''[4]''' For these did not learn of the victory until the wailing of the men in [[Alesia]] and the lamentations of the women were heard, as they beheld in the quarters of the enemy many shields adorned with gold and silver, many corselets smeared with blood, and also drinking cups and tents of Gallic fashion carried by the Romans into their camp. So quickly did so great a force, like a phantom or a dream, disperse and vanish out of sight, the greater part of them having fallen in the battle.

'''[5]''' Those who held [[Alesia]], too, after giving themselves and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no small trouble, finally surrendered. And the leader of the whole war, [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]], after putting on his most beautiful armour and decorating his horse, rode out through the gate. He made a circuit round [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who remained seated, and then leaped down from his horse, stripped off his suit of armour, and seating himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s feet remained motionless, until he was delivered up to be kept in custody for the [[Roman triumph|triumph]].

==E28 - Caesar and Pompey==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had long ago decided to put down [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], just as, of course, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] also had decided to put [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] down. For now that [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], who was only waiting for the issue of their struggle to engage the victor, had perished among the [[Parthia|Parthians]], it remained for him who would be greatest to put down him who was, and for him who was greatest, if he would not be put down, to take off in time the man he feared.

'''[2]''' This fear had only recently come upon [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who till then despised [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], feeling that it was no hard task to put down again the man whom he himself had raised on high.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had from the outset formed this design, and like an athlete had removed himself to a great distance from his antagonists, and by exercising himself in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] had practised his troops and increased his fame, lifting himself by his achievements to a height where he could vie with the successes of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. He laid hold of pretexts which were furnished partly by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, and partly by the times and the evil state of government at [[Rome]], by reason of which candidates for office set up counting-tables in public and shamelessly bribed the multitudes, while the people went down into the forum under pay, contending in behalf of their paymaster,

'''[4]''' not with votes, but with bows and arrows, swords, and slings. Often, too, they would defile the rostra with blood and corpses before they separated, leaving the city to anarchy like a ship drifting about without a steersman, so that men of understanding were content if matters issued in nothing worse for them than monarchy, after such madness and so great a tempest. And there were many who actually dared to say in public that nothing but monarchy could now cure the diseases of the state, and that this remedy ought to be adopted when offered by the gentlest of physicians, hinting at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[5]''' And when even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], although in words he affected to decline the honour, in fact did more than any one else to effect his appointment as dictator, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] saw through his design and persuaded the senate to appoint him sole consul, solacing him with a more legal monarchy that he might not force his way to the dictatorship. They also voted him additional time in which to hold his provinces; and he had two, [[Spain]] and all [[Africa]], which he managed by sending legates thither and maintaining armies there, for which he received from the public treasury a thousand talents annually.

==E29 - The Political Crisis==

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'''[1]''' Consequently, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] canvassed by proxy for a consulship, and likewise for an extension of time in which to hold his own provinces. At first, then, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] held his peace, while [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]] and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] opposed these plans; they hated [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on other grounds, and went beyond all bounds in their efforts to bring dishonour and abuse upon him.

'''[2]''' For instance, the inhabitants of [[Novum Comum]], a colony recently established by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in [[Gaul]], were deprived of citizenship by them; and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], while he was consul, beat with rods a senator of [[Novum Comum]] who had come to [[Rome]], telling him besides that he put these marks upon him to prove that he was not a Roman, and bade him go back and show them to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. But after the consulship of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] having now sent his Gallic wealth for all those in public life to draw from in copious streams,

'''[3]''' and having freed [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] the tribune from many debts, and having given [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)|Paulus]] the consul fifteen hundred talents, out of which he adorned the forum with the [[Basilica Aemilia|Basilica]], a famous monument, erected in place of the [[Basilica Fulvia|Fulvia]], under these circumstances [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] took fright at the coalition, and openly now, by his own efforts and those of his friends, tried to have a successor appointed to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in his government, and sent a demand to him for the return of the soldiers whom he had lent him for his Gallic contests. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent the soldiers back, after making a present to each man of two hundred and fifty drachmas.

'''[4]''' But the officers who brought these men to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] spread abroad among the multitude stories regarding [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] which were neither reasonable nor true, and ruined [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself with vain hopes. They told him that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army yearned for him, and that while he was with difficulty controlling affairs in the city owing to the disease of envy which festered in the body politic, the forces in [[Gaul]] were ready to serve him, and had but to cross into [[Italy]] when they would at once be on his side, so obnoxious to them had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] become by reason of the multitude of his campaigns,

'''[5]''' and so suspicious of him were they made by their fear of a monarchy. All this fed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s vanity, and he neglected to provide himself with soldiers, as though he had no fears; while with speeches and resolutions of the senate he was carrying the day against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he supposed, although he was merely getting measures rejected about which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cared naught. Nay, we are told that one of the centurions sent to [[Rome]] by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he stood in front of the senate-house and learned that the senate would not give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an extension of his term of command, slapped the handle of his sword and said: "But this will give it."

==E30 - Caesar’s Terms==

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'''[1]''' However, the demands which came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] certainly had a striking semblance of fairness. He demanded, namely, that if he himself laid down his arms, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should do the same, and that both, thus become private men, should find what favour they could with their fellow citizens; arguing that if they took away his forces from him, but confirmed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] in the possession of his, they would be accusing one of seeking a tyranny and making the other a tyrant.

'''[2]''' When [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] laid these proposals before the people in behalf of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], he was loudly applauded, and some actually cast garlands of flowers upon him as if he were a victorious athlete. [[Mark Antony|Antony]], too, who was a tribune, brought before the people a letter of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s on these matters which he had received, and read it aloud, in defiance of the consuls.

'''[3]''' But in the senate, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], the father-in-law of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], introduced a motion that if by a fixed day [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not lay down his arms he should be declared a public enemy. And when the consuls put the question whether [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should dismiss his soldiers, and again whether [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should, very few senators voted for the first, and all but a few for the second; but when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] again demanded that both should give up their commands, all with one accord assented. [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], however, made violent opposition, and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul cried out that against a robber there was need of arms, not votes; whereupon the senate broke up, and the senators put on the garb of mourning in view of the dissension.

==E31 - Caesar’s Final Proposals==

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'''[1]''' But presently letters came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in which he appeared to take a more moderate position, for he agreed to surrender everything else, but demanded that [[Cisalpine Gaul]] and [[Illyricum]] together with two [[Roman legion|legions]] should be given him until he stood for his second [[Roman consul|consulship]]. [[Cicero]] the orator, too, who had just returned from [[Cilicia]] and was busy with a reconciliation, tried to mollify [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who yielded everything else, but insisted on taking away [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s soldiers. [[Cicero]] also tried to persuade the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to compromise and come to a settlement on the basis of the provinces mentioned and only six thousand soldiers, and [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was ready to yield and grant so many. [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul, however, would not let him, but actually heaped insults upon [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] and drove them disgracefully from the [[Roman Senate|senate]], thus himself contriving for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] the most specious of his pretexts, and the one by means of which he most of all incited his soldiers, showing them men of repute and high office who had fled the city on hired carts and in the garb of slaves. For thus they had arrayed themselves in their fear and stolen out of [[Rome]].

==E32 - The Crossing of the Rubicon==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had with him not more than three hundred horsemen and five thousand [[Roman legion|legionaries]]; for the rest of his army had been left beyond the [[Alps]], and was to be brought up by those whom he had sent for the purpose.

'''[2]''' He saw, however, that the beginning of his enterprise and its initial step did not require a large force at present, but must take advantage of the golden moment by showing amazing boldness and speed, since he could strike terror into his enemies by an unexpected blow more easily than he could overwhelm them by an attack in full force. He therefore ordered his [[Centurion|centurions]] and other officers, taking their swords only, and without the rest of their arms, to occupy [[Ariminum]], a large city of [[Gaul]], avoiding commotion and bloodshed as far as possible; and he entrusted this force to [[Hortensius]].

'''[3]''' He himself spent the day in public, attending and watching the exercises of [[gladiator]]s; but a little before evening he bathed and dressed and went into the banqueting hall. Here he held brief converse with those who had been invited to supper, and just as it was getting dark rose and went away, after addressing courteously most of his guests and bidding them await his return.

'''[4]''' To a few of his friends, however, he had previously given directions to follow him, not all by the same route, but some by one way and some by another. He himself mounted one of his hired carts and drove at first along another road, then turned towards [[Ariminum]]. When he came to the river which separates [[Cisalpine Gaul]] from the rest of [[Italy]] (it is called the [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]]), and began to reflect, now that he drew nearer to the fearful step and was agitated by the magnitude of his ventures,

'''[5]''' he checked his speed. Then, halting in his course, he communed with himself a long time in silence as his resolution wavered back and forth, and his purpose then suffered change after change. For a long time, too, he discussed his perplexities with his friends who were present, among whom was [[Asinius Pollio]], estimating the great evils for all mankind which would follow their passage of the river, and the wide fame of it which they would leave to posterity.

'''[6]''' But finally, with a sort of passion, as if abandoning calculation and casting himself upon the future, and uttering the phrase with which men usually prelude their plunge into desperate and daring fortunes, "Let the die be cast," he hastened to cross the river; and going at full speed now for the rest of the time, before daybreak he dashed into [[Ariminum]] and took possession of it. It is said, moreover, that on the night before he crossed the river he had an unnatural dream: he thought, namely, that he was having incestuous intercourse with his own mother.

==E33 - The Flight from Rome==

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'''[1]''' After the seizure of [[Ariminum]], as if the war had opened with broad gates to cover the whole earth and sea alike, and the laws of the state were confounded along with the boundaries of the province, one would not have thought that men and women, as at other times, were hurrying through [[Italy]] in consternation, but that the very cities had

'''[2]''' risen up in flight and were rushing one through another; while [[Rome]] herself, deluged as it were by the inhabitants of the surrounding towns who were fleeing from their homes, neither readily obeying a magistrate nor listening to the voice of reason, in the surges of a mighty sea narrowly escaped being overturned by her own internal agitations.

'''[3]''' For conflicting emotions and violent disturbances prevailed everywhere. Those who rejoiced did not keep quiet, but in many places, as was natural in a great city, encountered those who were in fear and distress, and being filled with confidence as to the future came into strife with them; while [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, who was terror-stricken, was assailed on every side, being taken to task by some for having strengthened [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] against himself and the supreme power of the state, and denounced by others for having permitted [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] to insult [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] when he was ready to yield and was offering reasonable terms of settlement.

'''[4]''' [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]] bade him stamp on the ground for once; in a boastful speech to the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he told them to take no trouble or anxious thought about preparations for the war, since when it came he had but to stamp upon the earth to fill [[Italy]] with armies.

'''[5]''' However, even then [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s forces were more numerous than [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s; but no one would suffer him to exercise his own judgement and so, under the influence of many false and terrifying reports, believing that the war was already close at hand and prevailed everywhere, he gave way, was swept along with the universal tide, issued an edict declaring a state of anarchy, and forsook the city, commanding the senate to follow, and forbidding any one to remain who preferred country and freedom to tyranny.

==E34 - Caesar’s Clemency at Corfinium==

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'''[1]''' Accordingly, the [[Roman consul|consuls]] fled, without even making the sacrifices usual before departure; most of the senators also fled, after seizing, in a sort of robbery, whatever came to hand of their own possessions, as though it were the property of others. Some, too, who before this had vehemently espoused the cause of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], were now frightened out of their wits, and were carried along, when there was no need of it, by the sweep of the great tide.

'''[2]''' But most pitiful was the sight of the city, now that so great a tempest was bearing down upon her, carried along like a ship abandoned of her helmsmen to dash against whatever lay in her path. Still, although their removal was so pitiful a thing, for the sake of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] men considered exile to be their country, and abandoned [[Rome]] with the feeling that it was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s camp. For even [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s greatest friends, who had been his legate and had fought most zealously with him in all his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]], now ran away from him and came to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent to [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]] his money and his baggage. Against [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], however, who was holding [[Corfinium]] with thirty [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] under his command, he marched, and pitched his camp near by. [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], despairing of his enterprise, asked his physician, who was a slave, for a poison, and taking what was given him, drank it, intending to die.

'''[4]''' But after a little, hearing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] showed most wonderful clemency towards his prisoners, he bewailed his fate, and blamed the rashness of his purpose. Then his physician bade him be of good cheer, since what he had drunk was a sleeping-potion and not deadly; whereupon [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] rose up overjoyed and went to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], the pledge of whose right hand he received, only to desert him and go back to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When tidings of these things came to [[Rome]], men were made more cheerful, and some of the fugitives turned back.

==E35 - Caesar Takes Rome==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took over the troops of [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], as well as all the other levies of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] which he surprised in the various cities. Then, since his forces were already numerous and formidable, he marched against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, did not await his approach, but fled to [[Brundisium]], sent the consuls before him with an army to [[Dyrrhachium]], and shortly afterwards, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] drew near, sailed off himself, as shall be set forth circumstantially in his Life. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to pursue him at once, but was destitute of ships; so he turned back to [[Rome]], having in sixty days and without bloodshed become master of all [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He found the city more tranquil than he was expecting, and many senators in it. With these, therefore, he conferred in a gentle and affable manner, inviting them even to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] proposing suitable terms of agreement. But no one would listen to him, either because they feared [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], whom they had abandoned, or because they thought that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not mean what he said, but was indulging in specious talk.

'''[3]''' When the tribune [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] tried to prevent [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s taking money from the reserve funds of the state, and cited certain laws, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said that arms and laws had not the same season. "But if thou art displeased with what is going on, for the present get out of the way, since war has no use for free speech; when, however, I have come to terms and laid down my arms, then thou shalt come before the people with thy harangues. And in saying this I waive my own just rights; for thou art mine, thou and all of the faction hostile to me whom I have caught."

'''[4]''' After this speech to [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] walked towards the door of the treasury, and when the keys were not to be found, he sent for smiths and ordered them to break in the door. [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] once more opposed him, and was commended by some for so doing; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], raising his voice, threatened to kill him if he did not cease his troublesome interference. "And thou surely knowest, young man," said he, "that it is more unpleasant for me to say this than to do it." Then [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], in consequence of this speech, went off in a fright, and henceforth everything was speedily and easily furnished to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for the war.

==E36 - The Campaign in Spain==

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'''[1]''' So he made an expedition into [[Spain]], having resolved first to drive out from there [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s legates, and bring their forces there and the provinces into his power, and then to march against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], leaving not an enemy in his rear. And though his life was often in peril from ambuscades, and his army most of all from hunger, he did not cease from pursuing, challenging, and besieging the men until he had made himself by main force master of their camps and their forces. The leaders, however, made their escape to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

==E37 - Caesar’s Winter Expedition==

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'''[1]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]], [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]], his father-in-law, urged him to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] with proposals for a settlement; but [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], opposed the project. So, having been made [[Roman dictator|dictator]] by the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he brought home exiles, restored to civic rights the children of those who had suffered in the time of [[Sulla]], relieved the burdens of the debtor-class by a certain adjustment of interest, took in hand a few other public measures of like character, and within eleven days abdicated the sole power, had himself declared [[Roman consul|consul]] with [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], and entered upon his campaign.

'''[2]''' The rest of his forces he passed by in a forced march, and with six hundred picked horsemen and five legions, at the time of the winter solstice, in the early part of January (this month answers nearly to the Athenian Poseideon), put to sea, and after crossing the [[Ionian Gulf]] took [[Oricum]] and [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], and sent his transports back again to [[Brundisium]] for the soldiers who had been belated on their march.

'''[3]''' These, as long as they were on the road, since they were now past their physical prime and worn out with their multitudinous wars, murmured against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. "Whither, pray, and to what end will this man bring us, hurrying us about and treating us like tireless and lifeless things? Even a sword gets tired out with smiting, and shield and breastplate are spared a little after so long a time of service."

'''[4]''' Will not even our wounds, then, convince [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he commands mortal men, and that we are mortal in the endurance of pain and suffering? Surely the wintry season and the occasion of a storm at sea not even a god can constrain; yet this man takes risks as though he were not pursuing, but flying from, enemies.

'''[5]''' With such words as these they marched in a leisurely way to [[Brundisium]]. But when they got there and found that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had put to sea, they quickly changed their tone and reviled themselves as traitors to the [[Imperator]]; they reviled their officers, too, for not having quickened their march. Then, sitting on the cliffs, they looked oft towards the open sea and [[Epirus]], watching for the ships which were to carry them across to their commander.

==E38 - Caesar’s Attempt to Cross the Aous==

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'''[1]''' At [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], since the force which he had with him was not a match for the enemy and the delay of his troops on the other side caused him perplexity and distress, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] conceived the dangerous plan of embarking in a twelve-oared boat, without any one's knowledge, and going over to [[Brundisium]], though the sea was encompassed by such large armaments of the enemy.

'''[2]''' At night, accordingly, after disguising himself in the dress of a slave, he went on board, threw himself down as one of no account, and kept quiet. While the river [[Aous River|Aous]] was carrying the boat down towards the sea, the early morning breeze, which at that time usually made the mouth of the river calm by driving back the waves, was quelled by a strong wind which blew from the sea during the night;

'''[3]''' the river therefore chafed against the inflow of the sea and the opposition of its billows, and was rough, being beaten back with a great din and violent eddies, so that it was impossible for the master of the boat to force his way along. He therefore ordered the sailors to come about in order to retrace his course. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], perceiving this, disclosed himself, took the master of the boat by the hand, who was terrified at sight of him, and said: "Come, good man, be bold and fear naught; thou carryest [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] fortune in thy boat."

'''[4]''' The sailors forgot the storm, and laying to their oars, tried with all alacrity to force their way down the river. But since it was impossible, after taking much water and running great hazard at the mouth of the river, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] very reluctantly suffered the captain to put about. When he came back, his soldiers met him in throngs, finding much fault and sore displeased with him because he did not believe that even with them alone he was able to conquer, but was troubled, and risked his life for the sake of the absent as though distrusting those who were present.

==E39 - The Setback Against Pompey==

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'''[1]''' After this, [[Mark Antony|Antony]] put in from [[Brundisium]] with his forces, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was emboldened to challenge [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] to battle. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was well posted and drew ample supplies both from land and sea; while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had no great abundance at first, and afterwards was actually hard pressed for want of provisions. But his soldiers dug up a certain root, mixed it with milk, and ate it.

'''[2]''' Once, too, they made loaves of it, and running up to the enemy's outposts, threw the loaves inside or tossed them to one another, adding by way of comment that as long as the earth produced such roots, they would not stop besieging [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, would not allow either the loaves or these words to reach the main body of his army. For his soldiers were dejected, fearing the ferocity and hardiness of their enemies, who were like wild beasts in their eyes.

'''[3]''' There were constant skirmishings about the fortifications of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and in all of them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] got the better except one, where there was a great rout of his men and he was in danger of losing his camp.

'''[4]''' For when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] attacked not one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s men stood his ground, but the moats were filled with the slain, and others were falling at their own ramparts and walls, whither they had been driven in headlong flight. And though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] met the fugitives and tried to turn them back, he availed nothing, nay, when he tried to lay hold of the standards the bearers threw them away, so that the enemy captured thirty-two of them. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, too, narrowly escaped being killed.

'''[5]''' For as a tall and sturdy man was running away past him, he laid his hand upon him and bade him stay and face about upon the enemy; and the fellow, full of panic at the threatening danger, raised his sword to smite [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but before he could do so [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s shield-bearer lopped off his arm at the shoulder. So completely had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] given up his cause for lost that, when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], either from excessive caution or by some chance, did not follow up his great success, but withdrew after he had shut up the fugitives within their entrenchments, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said to his friends as he left them: "To-day victory had been with the enemy, if they had had a victor in command."

'''[6]''' Then going by himself to his tent and lying down, he spent that most distressful of all nights in vain reflections, convinced that he had shown bad generalship. For while a fertile country lay waiting for him, and the prosperous cities of [[Macedonia]] and [[Thessaly]], he had neglected to carry the war thither, and had posted himself here by the sea, which his enemies controlled with their fleets, being thus held in siege by lack of provisions rather than besieging with his arms.

'''[7]''' Thus his despondent thoughts of the difficulty and perplexity of his situation kept him tossing upon his couch, and in the morning he broke camp, resolved to lead his army into [[Macedonia]] against [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]]; for he would then either draw [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] after him to a place where he would give battle without drawing his supplies as he now did from the sea, or [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] would be left alone and he would overwhelm him.

==E40 - Pompey’s Strategy==

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'''[1]''' This emboldened the soldiers of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and the leaders by whom he was surrounded to keep close to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], whom they thought defeated and in flight. For [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was cautious about hazarding a battle for so great a stake, and since he was most excellently provided with everything necessary for a long war, he thought it best to wear out and quench the vigour of the enemy, which must be short-lived.

'''[2]''' For the best fighting men in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army had experience, it is true, and a daring which was irresistible in combat; but what with their long marches and frequent encampments and siege-warfare and night-watches, they were beginning to give out by reason of age, and were too unwieldy for labour, having lost their ardour from weakness. At that time, too, a kind of pestilential disease, occasioned by the strangeness of their diet, was said to be prevalent in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army. And what was most important of all, since [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was neither strong in funds nor well supplied with provisions, it was thought that within a short time his army would break up of itself.

==E41 - Pompey Is Pressed into Battle==

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'''[1]''' For these reasons [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] did not wish to fight, but [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] was the only one to commend his course, and this from a desire to spare the lives of his fellow citizens;

'''[2]''' for when he saw even those of the enemy who had fallen in the battle, to the number of a thousand, he burst into tears, muffled up his head, and went away.

'''[3]''' All the rest, however, reviled [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] for trying to avoid a battle, and sought to goad him on by calling him [[Agamemnon]] and King of Kings, implying that he did not wish to lay aside his sole authority, but plumed himself on having so many commanders dependent upon him and coming constantly to his tent. And [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], affecting [[Cato the Younger|Cato]]'s boldness of speech, complained like a mad man because that year also they would be unable to enjoy the figs of [[Tusculum]] because of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s love of command. [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]], too, who had lately come from [[Spain]], where he had shown bad generalship, when accused of betraying his army for a bribe, asked why they did not fight with the merchant who had bought the provinces from him. Driven on by all these importunities, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] reluctantly sought a battle and pursued [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] accomplished most of his march with difficulty, since no one would sell him provisions, and everybody despised him on account of his recent defeat; but after he had taken [[Gomphi]], a city of [[Thessaly]], he not only provided food for his soldiers, but also relieved them of their disease unexpectedly. For they fell in with plenty of wine, and after drinking freely of it, and then revelling and rioting on their march, by means of their drunkenness they drove away and got rid of their trouble, since they brought their bodies into a different habit.

==E42 - The Armies at Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But when both armies entered the plain of [[Pharsalus]] and encamped there, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s mind reverted again to its former reasoning, and besides, there befell him unlucky appearances and a vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that he saw himself in his theatre applauded by the [[Romans]], . . .

'''[2]''' Those about him, however, were so confident, and so hopefully anticipated the victory, that [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Spinther]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] disputed earnestly with one another over [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s office of [[Pontifex Maximus]], and many sent agents to [[Rome]] to hire and take possession of houses suitable for [[Praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]], assuming that they would immediately hold these offices after the war. And most of all were his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] impatient for the battle, since they had a splendid array of shining armour, well-fed horses, and handsome persons, and were in high spirits too on account of their numbers, which were seven thousand to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s one thousand. The numbers of the infantry also were unequal, since forty-five thousand were arrayed against twenty-two thousand.

==E43 - The Portents Before Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] called his soldiers together, and after telling them that [[Cornificius|Corfinius]] was near with two [[Roman legion|legions]] for him, and that fifteen [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] besides under [[Quintus Fufius Calenus|Calenus]] were stationed at [[Athens]] and [[Megara]], asked them whether they wished to wait for these troops, or to hazard the issue by themselves. Then the soldiers besought him with loud cries not to wait for the troops, but rather to contrive and manoeuvre to come to close quarters with the enemy as soon as possible.

'''[2]''' As he was holding a lustration and review of his forces and had sacrificed the first victim, the seer at once told him that within three days there would be a decisive battle with the enemy. And when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] asked him whether he also saw in the victims any favourable signs of the issue, "Thou thyself," said the seer, "canst better answer this question for thyself. For the gods indicate a great change and revolution of the present status to the opposite. Therefore, if thou thinkest thyself well off as matters stand, expect the worse fortune; if badly off, the better."

'''[3]''' Moreover, on the night before the battle, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was making the round of his sentries about midnight, a fiery torch was seen in the heavens, which seemed to be carried over his camp, blazing out brightly, and then to fall into [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s. And during the morning watch it was noticed that there was actually a panic confusion among the enemy. However, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not expect to fight on that day, but began to break camp for a march to [[Scotussa]].

==E44 - The Battle of Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But just as the tents had been struck, his scouts rode up to him with tidings that the enemy were coming down into the plain for battle. At this he was overjoyed, and after prayers and vows to the gods, drew up his [[Roman legion|legionaries]] in three divisions. Over the centre he put [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius Calvinus]], while of the wings [[Mark Antony|Antony]] had one and he himself the right, where he intended to fight with the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]].

'''[2]''' But seeing that the enemy's cavalry were arraying themselves over against this point, and fearing their brilliant appearance and their numbers, he ordered six cohorts from the furthermost lines to come round to him unobserved, and stationed them behind his right wing, teaching them what they were to do when the enemy's horsemen attacked.

'''[3]''' [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] had one of his wings himself, and [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] the left, while [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s father-in-law, commanded the centre. But his horsemen all crowded to the left wing, intending to encircle the enemy's right and make a complete rout about the commander himself; for they thought that no legionary array, however deep, could resist them, but that when so many horsemen made an onset together the enemy would be utterly broken and crushed.

'''[4]''' When both sides were about to sound the charge, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] ordered his legionaries to stand with arms at the ready and await in close array the onset of the enemy until they were within javelin cast. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says that here too [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] made a mistake, not knowing that the initial clash with all the impetus of running adds force to the blows and fires the courage, which everything then conspires to fan.

'''[5]''' As [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was about to move his lines of legionaries, and was already going forward into action, he saw first one of his [[Centurion|centurions]], a man experienced in war and faithful to him, encouraging his men and challenging them to vie with him in prowess.

'''[6]''' Him [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] addressed by name and said: "Caius Crassinius, what are our hopes, and how does our confidence stand?" Then Crassinius, stretching forth his right hand, said with a loud voice: "We shall win a glorious victory, O Caesar, and thou shalt praise me to-day, whether I am alive or dead." So saying, he plunged foremost into the enemy at full speed, carrying along with him the one hundred and twenty soldiers under his command. But after cutting his way through the first rank, and while he was forging onwards with great slaughter, he was beaten back by the thrust of a sword through his mouth, and the point of the sword actually came out at the back of his neck.

==E45 - The Defeat of Pompey's Cavalry==

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'''[1]''' When the infantry had thus clashed together in the centre and were fighting, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s cavalry rode proudly up from the wing and deployed their squadrons to envelope the enemy's right; and before they could attack, the cohorts ran out from where [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was posted,

'''[2]''' not hurling their javelins, as usual, nor yet stabbing the thighs and legs of their enemies with them, but aiming them at their eyes and wounding their faces. They had been instructed to do this by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who expected that men little conversant with wars or wounds, but young, and pluming themselves on their youthful beauty, would dread such wounds especially, and would not stand their ground, fearing not only their present danger, but also their future disfigurement.

'''[3]''' And this was what actually came to pass; for they could not endure the upward thrust of the javelins, nor did they even venture to look the weapon in the face, but turned their heads away and covered them up to spare their faces. And finally, having thus thrown themselves into confusion, they turned and fled most shamefully, thereby ruining everything. For the conquerors of the horsemen at once encircled the infantry, fell upon their rear, and began to cut them to pieces.

'''[4]''' When [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], on the other wing, saw his horsemen scattered in flight, he was no longer the same man, nor remembered that he was [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]], but more like one whom Heaven has robbed of his wits than anything else, he went off without a word to his tent, sat down there, and awaited what was to come, until his forces were all routed and the enemy were assailing his ramparts and fighting with their defenders.

'''[5]''' Then he came to his senses, as it were, and with this one ejaculation, as they say, "What, even to my quarters?" took off his fighting and general's dress, put on one suitable for a fugitive, and stole away. What his subsequent fortunes were, and how he delivered himself into the hands of the [[Egyptians]] and was murdered, I shall tell in his Life.

==E46 - Caesar's Clemency==

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'''[1]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], when he reached [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] ramparts and saw those of the enemy who were already lying dead there and those who were still falling, said with a groan: "They would have it so; they brought me to such a pass that if I, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caius Caesar]], after waging successfully the greatest wars, had dismissed my forces, I should have been condemned in their courts."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]] says that these words, which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote down in [[Greek language|Greek]], were uttered by him in [[Latin language|Latin]] at the time; he also says that most of the slain were servants who were killed at the taking of the camp, and that not more than six thousand soldiers fell.

'''[3]''' Most of those who were taken alive [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] incorporated in his legions, and to many men of prominence he granted immunity. One of these was [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], who afterwards slew him. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was distressed, we are told, when Brutus was not to be found, but when he was brought into his presence safe and sound, was pleased beyond measure.

==E47 - Omens of Victory==

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'''[1]''' There were many portents of the victory, but the most remarkable one on record is that which was seen at [[Tralles]]. In that city's temple of Victory there stood a statue of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and the ground around it was itself naturally firm, and was paved with hard stone; yet from this it is said that a palm-tree shot up at the base of the statue.

'''[2]''' Moreover, at [[Patavium]], [[Gaius Cornelius (augur)|Caius Cornelius]], a man in repute as a seer, a fellow citizen and acquaintance of [[Livy]] the historian, chanced that day to be sitting in the place of augury. And to begin with, according to Livy, he discerned the time of the battle, and said to those present that even then the event was in progress and the men were going into action. And when he looked again and observed the signs, he sprang up in a rapture crying: "Thou art victorious, O [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]!" The bystanders being amazed, he took the chaplet from his head and declared with an oath that he would not put it on again until the event had borne witness to his art. At any rate, Livy insists that this was so.

==E48 - Caesar in Asia and Egypt==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave the [[Thessaly|Thessalians]] their freedom, to commemorate his victory, and then pursued [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When he reached [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] he made the [[Cnidus|Cnidians]] also free, to please [[Theopompus of Chios|Theopompus]] the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] remitted a third of their taxes. Arriving at [[Alexandria]] just after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] death, he turned away in horror from [[Theodotus of Chios|Theodotus]] as he presented the head of Pompey, but he accepted Pompey's seal-ring, and shed tears over it.

'''[2]''' Moreover, all the companions and intimates of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] who had been captured by the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] as they wandered over the country, he treated with kindness and attached them to himself. And to his friends in [[Rome]] he wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory, namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him.

'''[3]''' As for the war in [[Egypt]], some say that it was not necessary, but due to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] passion for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], and that it was inglorious and full of peril for him. But others blame the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king's]] party for it, and especially the eunuch [[Pothinus|Potheinus]], who had most influence at court, and had recently killed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]; he had also driven [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country, and was now secretly plotting against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. On this account they say that from this time on [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] passed whole nights at drinking parties in order to protect himself.

'''[4]''' But in his open acts also [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] was unbearable, since he said and did many things that were invidious and insulting to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For instance, when the soldiers had the oldest and worst grain measured out to them, he bade them put up with it and be content, since they were eating what belonged to others; and at the state suppers he used wooden and earthen dishes, on the ground that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had taken all the gold and silver ware in payment of a debt. For the [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|father of the present king]] owed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seventeen million five hundred thousand drachmas, of which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had formerly remitted a part to his children, but now demanded payment of ten millions for the support of his army.

'''[5]''' When, however, [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] bade him go away now and attend to his great affairs, assuring him that later he would get his money with thanks, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] replied that he had no need whatever of Egyptians as advisers, and secretly sent for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country.

==E49 - Cleopatra and the Alexandrian War==

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'''[1]''' So [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], taking only [[Apollodorus the Sicilian]] from among her friends, embarked in a little skiff and landed at the palace when it was already getting dark; and as it was impossible to escape notice otherwise, she stretched herself at full length inside a bed-sack, while [[Apollodorus the Sicilian|Apollodorus]] tied the bed-sack up with a cord and carried it indoors to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]].

'''[2]''' It was by this device of [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]], it is said, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was first captivated, for she showed herself to be a bold coquette, and succumbing to the charm of further intercourse with her, he reconciled her to [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|her brother]] on the basis of a joint share with him in the royal power.

'''[3]''' Then, as everybody was feasting to celebrate the reconciliation, a slave of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]], his barber, who left nothing unscrutinized, owing to a timidity in which he had no equal, but kept his ears open and was here, there, and everywhere, perceived that [[Achillas]] the general and [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] the eunuch were hatching a plot against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. After [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had found them out, he set a guard about the banqueting-hall, and put [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] to death; [[Achillas]], however, escaped to his camp, and raised about [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] a war grievous and difficult for one who was defending himself with so few followers against so large a city and army.

'''[4]''' In this war, to begin with, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] encountered the peril of being shut off from water, since the canals were dammed up by the enemy; in the second place, when the enemy tried to cut off his fleet, he was forced to repel the danger by using fire, and this spread from the dockyards and destroyed the [[Library of Alexandria|great library]]; and thirdly, when a battle arose at [[Pharos]], he sprang from the mole into a small boat and tried to go to the aid of his men in their struggle, but the [[Egyptians]] sailed up against him from every side, so that he threw himself into the sea and with great difficulty escaped by swimming. At this time, too, it is said that he was holding many papers in his hand and would not let them go, though missiles were flying at him and he was immersed in the sea, but held them above water with one hand and swam with the other; his little boat had been sunk at the outset.

'''[5]''' But finally, after the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] had gone away to the enemy, he marched against him and conquered him in a battle where many fell and the king himself disappeared. Then, leaving [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] on the throne of [[Egypt]] (a little later she had a son by him whom the [[Alexandria|Alexandrians]] called [[Caesarion]]), he set out for [[Syria]].

==E50 - The Defeat of Pharnaces==

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'''[1]''' On leaving that country and traversing [[Asia]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned that [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius]] had been defeated by [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]] the son of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]] and had fled from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] with a few followers; also that [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]], using his victory without stint, and occupying [[Bithynia]] and [[Cappadocia]], was aiming to secure the country called [[Lesser Armenia]], and was rousing to revolt all the princes and tetrarchs there. At once, therefore, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] marched against him with three legions, fought a great battle with him near the city of [[Zela]], drove him in flight out of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], and annihilated his army.

'''[2]''' In announcing the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at [[Rome]], [[Amantius]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wrote three words: "Came, saw, conquered." In [[Latin language|Latin]], however, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity which is most impressive.

==E51 - Caesar's Return to Rome==

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'''[1]''' After this, he crossed to [[Italy]] and went up to [[Rome]], at the close of the year for which he had a second time been chosen [[Roman dictator|dictator]], though that office had never before been for a whole year; then for the following year he was proclaimed [[Roman consul|consul]]. Men spoke ill of him because, after his soldiers had mutinied and killed two men of praetorian rank, [[Galba]] and [[Cosconius]], he censured them only so far as to call them "citizens" when he addressed them, instead of "soldiers," and then gave each man a thousand drachmas and much allotted land in [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He was also calumniated for the madness of [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]], the greed of [[Amantius]], the drunkenness of [[Mark Antony|Antony]], and for the fact that [[Corfinius]] built over and refurnished the house of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] on the ground that it was not good enough for him. For at all these things the [[Romans]] were displeased. But owing to the political situation, though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not ignorant of these things and did not like them, he was compelled to make use of such assistants.

==E52 - The African Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After the battle at [[Pharsalus]], [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made their escape to [[Africa]], and there, with the aid of [[Juba I of Numidia|King Juba]], collected considerable forces. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] therefore resolved to make an expedition against them. So, about the time of the winter solstice, he crossed into [[Sicily]], and wishing to cut off at once in the minds of his officers all hope of delaying there and wasting time, he pitched his own tent on the sea-beach. When a favouring wind arose, he embarked and put to sea with three thousand infantry and a few horsemen. Then, after landing these unobserved, he put to sea again, being full of fears for the larger part of his force, and meeting them after they were already at sea, he conducted all into camp.

'''[2]''' On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the [[Scipio Africanus|Scipios]] to conquer in [[Africa]], he either flouted in pleasantry the [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] who commanded the enemy, or else tried in good earnest to appropriate to himself the omen, it is hard to say which.

'''[3]''' He had under him, namely, a man who otherwise was a contemptible nobody, but belonged to the family of the Africani, and was called [[Scipio Sallustio]]. This man [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] put in the forefront of his battles as if commander of the army, being compelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the fighting.

'''[4]''' For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of burden, nay, they were forced to feed their horses on sea-weed, which they washed free of its salt and mixed with a little grass to sweeten it. For the [[Numidians]] showed themselves everywhere in great numbers and speedy, and controlled the country.

'''[5]''' Indeed, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] horsemen were once off duty (a [[Libya|Libyan]] was showing them how he could dance and play the flute at the same time in an astonishing manner, and they had committed their horses to the slaves and were sitting delighted on the ground), the enemy suddenly surrounded and attacked them, killed some of them,

'''[6]''' and followed hard upon the heels of the rest as they were driven headlong into camp. And if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, and with him [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]], had not come from the ramparts to their aid and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion, too, in another battle, the enemy got the advantage in the encounter, and here it is said that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seized by the neck the fugitive standard-bearer, faced him about, and said: "Yonder is the enemy."

==E53 - The Battle of Thapsus==

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'''[1]''' However, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] was encouraged by these advantages to hazard a decisive battle, so, leaving [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] encamped separately at a short distance apart, he himself began fortifying a camp beyond a lake near the city of [[Thapsus]], that it might serve the whole army as a place from which to sally out to the battle, and as a place of refuge.

'''[2]''' But while he was busy with this project, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made his way with inconceivable speed through woody regions which afford unknown access to the spot, outflanked some of the enemy, and attacked others in front. Then, after routing these, he took advantage of the favourable instant and of the impetus of fortune, and thereby captured the camp of [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] at the first onset, and at the first onset sacked the camp of the [[Numidians]], from which [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] fled. Thus in a brief portion of one day he made himself master of three camps and slew fifty thousand of the enemy, without losing as many as fifty of his own men.

'''[3]''' This is the account which some give of the battle; others, however, say that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was not in the action, but that, as he was marshalling and arraying his army, his usual sickness laid hold of him, and he, at once aware that it was beginning, before his already wavering senses were altogether confounded and overpowered by the malady, was carried to a neighbouring tower, where he stayed quietly during the battle. Of the men of consular and praetorial rank who escaped from the battle, some slew themselves at the moment of their capture, and others were put to death by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] after capture.

==E54 - Cato's Death and the Anti-Cato==

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'''[1]''' Being eager to take [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] alive, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] hastened towards [[Utica]], for Cato was guarding that city, and took no part in the battle. But he learned that Cato had made away with himself, and he was clearly annoyed, though for what reason is uncertain. At any rate, he said: "Cato, I begrudge thee thy death; for thou didst begrudge me the preservation of thy life."

'''[2]''' Now, the treatise which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote against Cato when he was dead, does not seem to prove that he was in a gentle or reconcilable mood. For how could he have spared Cato alive, when he poured out against him after death so great a cup of wrath? And yet from his considerate treatment of [[Cicero]] and [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and thousands more who had fought against him, it is inferred that even this treatise was not composed out of hatred, but from political ambition, for reasons which follow.

'''[3]''' [[Cicero]] had written an encomium on Cato which he entitled "Cato"; and the discourse was eagerly read by many, as was natural, since it was composed by the ablest of orators on the noblest of themes. This annoyed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who thought that [[Cicero's]] praise of the dead Cato was a denunciation of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself. Accordingly, he wrote a treatise in which he got together countless charges against Cato and the work is entitled "Anti-Cato." Both treatises have many eager readers, as well on account of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as of Cato.

==E55 - Caesar's African Triumph==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]] from [[Africa]], to begin with, he made a boastful speech to the people concerning his victory, asserting that he had subdued a country large enough to furnish annually for the public treasury two hundred thousand [[Attic]] bushels of grain, and three million pounds of olive oil. Next, he celebrated triumphs, an Egyptian, a Pontic, and an African, the last not for his victory over [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], but ostensibly over [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] the king. On this occasion, too, [[Juba II|Juba]], a son of the king, a mere infant, was carried along in the triumphal procession, the most fortunate captive ever taken, since from being a [[Barbarian]] and a [[Numidia]]n, he came to be enrolled among the most learned historians of [[Ancient Greece|Hellas]]. After the triumphs, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave his soldiers large gifts and entertained the people with banquets and spectacles, feasting them all at one time on twenty thousand dining-couches, and furnishing spectacles of [[gladiator]]ial and naval combats in honour of his daughter [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], long since dead.

'''[2]''' After the spectacles, a census of the people was taken, and instead of the three hundred and twenty thousand of the preceding lists there were enrolled only one hundred and fifty thousand. So great was the calamity which the civil wars had wrought, and so large a portion of the people of [[Rome]] had they consumed away, to say nothing of the misfortunes that possessed the rest of [[Italy]] and the provinces.

==E56 - Caesar's Spanish Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After these matters had been finished and he had been declared consul for the fourth time, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made an expedition into [[Spain]] against the sons of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. These were still young, but had collected an army of amazing numbers and displayed a boldness which justified their claims to leadership, so that they beset [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] with the greatest peril.

'''[2]''' The great battle was joined near the city of [[Munda]], and here [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], seeing his own men hard pressed and making a feeble resistance, asked in a loud voice as he ran through the armed ranks whether they felt no shame to take him and put him in the hands of those boys. With difficulty and after much strenuous effort he repulsed the enemy and slew over thirty thousand of them, but he lost one thousand of his own men, and those the very best.

'''[3]''' As he was going away after the battle he said to his friends that he had often striven for victory, but now first for his life. He fought this victorious battle on the day of the festival of [[Bacchus]], on which day also it is said that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]] had gone forth to the war; a period of four years intervened. As for [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] sons, the younger made his escape, but after a few days the head of the elder was brought in by [[Deidius]].

'''[4]''' This was the last war that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] waged; and the triumph that was celebrated for it vexed the [[Romans]] as nothing else had done. For it commemorated no victory over foreign commanders or barbarian kings, but the utter annihilation of the sons and the family of the mightiest of the [[Romans]], who had fallen upon misfortune; and it was not meet for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to celebrate a triumph for the calamities of his country, priding himself upon actions which had no defence before gods or men except that they had been done under necessity, and that too although previously he had sent neither messenger nor letters to announce to the people a victory in the civil wars, but had scrupulously put from him the fame arising therefrom.

==E57 - Caesar Appointed Dictator for Life==

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'''[1]''' However, the [[Romans]] gave way before the good fortune of the man and accepted the bit, and regarding the monarchy as a respite from the evils of the civil wars, they appointed him [[Roman dictator|dictator for life]]. This was confessedly a tyranny, since the monarchy, besides the element of irresponsibility, now took on that of permanence.

'''[2]''' It was [[Cicero]] who proposed the first honours for him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], and their magnitude was, after all, not too great for a man; but others added excessive honours and vied with one another in proposing them, thus rendering [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] odious and obnoxious even to the mildest citizens because of the pretension and extravagance of what was decreed for him. It is thought, too, that the enemies of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no less than his flatterers helped to force these measures through, in order that they might have as many pretexts as possible against him and might be thought to have the best reasons for attempting his life.

'''[3]''' For in all other ways, at least, after the civil wars were over, he showed himself blameless; and certainly it is thought not inappropriate that the [[Temple of Clemency]] was decreed as a thank-offering in view of his mildness.

'''[4]''' For he pardoned many of those who had fought against him, and to some he even gave honours and offices besides, as to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], both of whom were now [[Roman praetor|praetors]]. The statues of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], too, which had been thrown down, he would not suffer to remain so, but set them up again, at which [[Cicero]] said that in setting up [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] statues [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] firmly fixed his own.

'''[5]''' When his friends thought it best that he should have a body-guard, and many of them volunteered for this service, he would not consent, saying that it was better to die once for all than to be always expecting death. In the effort to surround himself with men's good will as the fairest and at the same time the securest protection, he again courted the people with banquets and distributions of grain, and his soldiers with newly planted colonies, the most conspicuous of which were [[Carthage]] and [[Corinth]]. The earlier capture of both these cities, as well as their present restoration, chanced to fall at one and the same time.

==E58 - Caesar's Ambitions and Public Works==

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'''[1]''' As for the nobles, to some of them he promised consulships and praetorships in the future, others he appeased with sundry other powers and honours, and in all he implanted hopes, since he ardently desired to rule over willing subjects. Therefore, when [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 BC)|Maximus]] the consul died, he appointed [[Gaius Caninius Rebilus|Caninius Revilius]] consul for the one day still remaining of the term of office. To him, as we are told, many were going with congratulations and offers of escort, whereupon [[Cicero]] said: "Let us make haste, or else the man's consulship will have expired."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] many successes, however, did not divert his natural spirit of enterprise and ambition to the enjoyment of what he had laboriously achieved, but served as fuel and incentive for future achievements, and begat in him plans for greater deeds and a passion for fresh glory, as though he had used up what he already had. What he felt was therefore nothing else than emulation of himself, as if he had been another man, and a sort of rivalry between what he had done and what he purposed to do.

'''[3]''' For he planned and prepared to make an expedition against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] and after subduing these and marching around the [[Black Sea|Euxine]] by way of [[Hyrcania]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and the [[Caucasus]], to invade [[Scythia]]; and after overrunning the countries bordering on [[Germany]] and [[Germany]] itself, to come back by way of [[Gaul]] to [[Italy]], and so to complete this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the [[Ocean]].

'''[4]''' During this expedition, moreover, he intended to dig through the [[Isthmus of Corinth]], and had already put [[Anienus]] in charge of this work; he intended also to divert the [[Tiber]] just below the city into a deep channel, give it a bend towards [[Circeii|Circeium]], and make it empty into the sea at [[Terracina]], thus contriving for merchantmen a safe as well as an easy passage to [[Rome]];

'''[5]''' and besides this, to convert the marshes about [[Pomptine Marshes|Pomentinum]] and [[Setia]] into a plain which many thousands of men could cultivate; further, to build moles which should barricade the sea where it was nearest to [[Rome]], to clear away the hidden dangers on the shore of [[Ostia]], and then construct harbours and roadsteads sufficient for the great fleets that would visit them. And all these things were in preparation.

==E59 - The Julian Calendar==

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'''[1]''' The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the computation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility.

'''[2]''' For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the [[Romans]], so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year; the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called [[Mercedonius]]. [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] the king is said to have been the first to intercalate this month, thus devising a slight and short-lived remedy for the error in regard to the sidereal and solar cycles, as I have said in his Life.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and out of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any. This the [[Romans]] use down to the present time, and are thought to be less in error than other peoples as regards the inequality between the lunar and solar years. However, even this furnished occasion for blame to those who envied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and disliked his power. At any rate, [[Cicero]] the orator, we are told, when some one remarked that [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]] would rise on the morrow, said: "Yes, by decree," implying that men were compelled to accept even this dispensation.

==E60 - The Growing Hatred of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' But the most open and deadly hatred towards him was produced by his passion for the royal power. For the multitude this was a first cause of hatred, and for those who had long smothered their hate, a most specious pretext for it. And yet those who were advocating this honour for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually spread abroad among the people a report that from the [[Sibylline Books|Sibylline books]] it appeared that [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] could be taken if the [[Romans]] went up against it with a king,

'''[2]''' but otherwise could not be assailed; and as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was coming down from [[Alba]] into the city they ventured to hail him as king. But at this the people were confounded, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], disturbed in mind, said that his name was not King, but Caesar, and seeing that his words produced a universal silence, he passed on with no very cheerful or contented looks.

'''[3]''' Moreover, after sundry extravagant honours had been voted him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], it chanced that he was sitting above the [[Rostra]], and as the [[Roman praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]] drew near, with the whole senate following them, he did not rise to receive them, but as if he were dealing with mere private persons, replied that his honours needed curtailment rather than enlargement.

'''[4]''' This vexed not only the senate, but also the people, who felt that in the persons of the senators the state was insulted, and in a terrible dejection they went away at once, all who were not obliged to remain, so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] too, when he was aware of his mistake, immediately turned to go home, and drawing back his [[toga]] from his neck, cried in loud tones to his friends that he was ready to offer his throat to any one who wished to kill him.

'''[5]''' But afterwards he made his disease an excuse for his behaviour, saying that the senses of those who are thus afflicted do not usually remain steady when they address a multitude standing, but are speedily shaken and whirled about, bringing on giddiness and insensibility. However, what he said was not true; on the contrary, he was very desirous of rising to receive the senate, but one of his friends, as they say, or rather one of his flatterers, [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus|Cornelius Balbus]], restrained him, saying: "Remember that thou art Caesar, and permit thyself to be courted as a superior."

==E61 - The Lupercalia==

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'''[1]''' There was added to these causes of offence his insult to the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes]]. It was, namely, the festival of the [[Lupercalia]], of which many write that it was anciently celebrated by shepherds, and has also some connection with the [[Arcadian Lycaea]].

'''[2]''' At this time many of the noble youths and of the magistrates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs. And many women of rank also purposely get in their way, and like children at school present their hands to be struck, believing that the pregnant will thus be helped to an easy delivery, and the barren to pregnancy.

'''[3]''' These ceremonies [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was witnessing, seated upon the [[Rostra|rostra]] on a golden throne, arrayed in triumphal attire. And [[Mark Antony|Antony]] was one of the runners in the sacred race; for he was [[Roman consul|consul]].

'''[4]''' Accordingly, after he had dashed into the [[Roman Forum|forum]] and the crowd had made way for him, he carried a diadem, round which a wreath of laurel was tied, and held it out to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. Then there was applause, not loud, but slight and preconcerted. But when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pushed away the diadem, all the people applauded; and when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] offered it again, few, and when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] declined it again, all, applauded.

'''[5]''' The experiment having thus failed, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] rose from his seat, after ordering the wreath to be carried up to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]; but then his statues were seen to have been decked with royal diadems. So two of the tribunes, [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] and [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]], went up to them and pulled off the diadems, and after discovering those who had first hailed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as king, led them off to prison. Moreover, the people followed the tribunes with applause and called them [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutuses]], because [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was the man who put an end to the royal succession and brought the power into the hands of the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and people instead of a sole ruler. At this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was greatly vexed, and deprived [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]] and [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] of their office, while in his denunciation of them, although he at the same time insulted the people, he called them repeatedly [[Brutus|Brutes]] and [[Cymaeans]].

==E62 - Brutus and the Conspiracy==

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'''[1]''' Under these circumstances the multitude turned their thoughts towards [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Marcus Brutus]], who was thought to be a descendant of the elder [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] on his father's side, on his mother's side belonged to the [[Servilia gens|Servilii]], another illustrious house, and was a son-in-law and nephew of [[Cato the Younger|Cato]].

'''[2]''' The desires which [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] felt to attempt of his own accord the abolition of the monarchy were blunted by the favours and honours that he had received from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For not only had his life been spared at [[Pharsalus]] after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] flight, and the lives of many of his friends at his entreaty, but also he had great credit with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. He had received the most honourable of the [[Roman praetor|praetorships]] for the current year, and was to be [[Roman consul|consul]] three years later, having been preferred to [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], who was a rival candidate. For [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as we are told, said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] urged the juster claims to the office, but that for his own part he could not pass [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] by.

'''[3]''' Once, too, when certain persons were actually accusing [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] to him, the conspiracy being already on foot, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not heed them, but laying his hand upon his body said to the accusers: "Brutus will wait for this shrivelled skin," implying that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was worthy to rule because of his virtue, but that for the sake of ruling he would not become a thankless villain.

'''[4]''' Those, however, who were eager for the change, and fixed their eyes on [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] alone, or on him first, did not venture to talk with him directly, but by night they covered his praetorial tribune and chair with writings, most of which were of this sort: "Thou art asleep, Brutus," or, "Thou art not Brutus."

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] perceived that the ambition of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was somewhat stirred by these things, he was more urgent with him than before, and pricked him on, having himself also some private grounds for hating [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; these I have mentioned in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]]. Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually suspected him, so that he once said to his friends: "What, think ye, doth [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] want? I like him not over much, for he is much too pale." And again, we are told that when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] were accused to him of plotting revolution, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said: "I am not much in fear of these fat, long-haired fellows, but rather of those pale, thin ones," meaning [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]].

==E63 - Omens of Caesar's Death==

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'''[1]''' But destiny, it would seem, is not so much unexpected as it is unavoidable, since they say that amazing signs and apparitions were seen. Now, as for lights in the heavens, crashing sounds borne all about by night, and birds of omen coming down into the [[Roman Forum|forum]], it is perhaps not worth while to mention these precursors of so great an event;

'''[2]''' but [[Strabo]] the philosopher says that multitudes of men all on fire were seen rushing up, and a soldier's slave threw from his hand a copious flame and seemed to the spectators to be burning, but when the flame ceased the man was uninjured; he says, moreover, that when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was sacrificing, the heart of the victim was not to be found, and the prodigy caused fear, since in the course of nature, certainly, an animal without a heart could not exist.

'''[3]''' The following story, too, is told by many. A certain seer warned [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to be on his guard against a great peril on the day of the month of [[March]] which the [[Romans]] call the [[Ides of March]]; and when the day had come and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was on his way to the [[Roman Senate|senate-house]], he greeted the seer with a jest and said: "Well, the Ides of March are come," and the seer said to him softly: "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone."

'''[4]''' Moreover, on the day before, when [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Marcus Lepidus]] was entertaining him at supper, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] chanced to be signing letters, as his custom was, while reclining at table, and the discourse turned suddenly upon the question what sort of death was the best; before any one else could answer [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cried out: "That which is unexpected."

'''[5]''' After this, while he was sleeping as usual by the side of his wife, all the windows and doors of the chamber flew open at once, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], confounded by the noise and the light of the moon shining down upon him, noticed that [[Calpurnia]] was in a deep slumber, but was uttering indistinct words and inarticulate groans in her sleep; for she dreamed, as it proved, that she was holding her murdered husband in her arms and bewailing him.

'''[6]''' Some, however, say that this was not the vision which the woman had; but that there was attached to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] house to give it adornment and distinction, by vote of the senate, a gable-ornament, as [[Livy]] says, and it was this which [[Calpurnia]] in her dreams saw torn down, and therefore, as she thought, wailed and wept.

'''[7]''' At all events, when day came, she begged [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], if it was possible, not to go out, but to postpone the meeting of the senate; if, however, he had no concern at all for her dreams, she besought him to enquire by other modes of divination and by sacrifices concerning the future. And [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] also, as it would appear, was in some suspicion and fear. For never before had he perceived in [[Calpurnia]] any womanish superstition, but now he saw that she was in great distress. And when the seers also, after many sacrifices, told him that the omens were unfavourable, he resolved to send [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and dismiss the senate.

==E64 - Decimus Brutus Urges Caesar to Attend==

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'''[1]''' But at this juncture [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Decimus Brutus]], surnamed Albinus, who was so trusted by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he was entered in his will as his second heir, but was partner in the conspiracy of the other [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], fearing that if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should elude that day, their undertaking would become known,

'''[2]''' ridiculed the seers and chided [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for laying himself open to malicious charges on the part of the senators, who would think themselves mocked at; for they had met at his bidding, and were ready and willing to vote as one man that he should be declared king of the provinces outside of [[Italy]], and might wear a diadem when he went anywhere else by land or sea.

'''[3]''' But if some one should tell them at their session to be gone now, but to come back again when [[Calpurnia]] should have better dreams, what speeches would be made by his enemies, or who would listen to his friends when they tried to show that this was not slavery and tyranny?

'''[4]''' But if he was fully resolved, [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Albinus]] said, to regard the day as inauspicious, it was better that he should go in person and address the senate, and then postpone its business. While saying these things [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus]] took [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] by the hand and began to lead him along. And he had gone but a little way from his door when a slave belonging to some one else, eager to get at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but unable to do so for the press of numbers about him, forced his way into the house, gave himself into the hands of [[Calpurnia]], and bade her keep him secure until [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back, since he had important matters to report to him.

==E65 - Artemidorus's Warning==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' Furthermore, [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]], [[Cnidus|Cnidian]] by birth, a teacher of [[Greek philosophy]], and on this account brought into intimacy with some of the followers of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], so that he also knew most of what they were doing, came bringing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in a small roll the disclosures which he was going to make; but seeing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took all such rolls and handed them to his attendants, he came quite near, and said: "Read this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], by thyself, and speedily; for it contains matters of importance and of concern to thee."

'''[2]''' Accordingly, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took the roll and would have read it, but was prevented by the multitude of people who engaged his attention, although he set out to do so many times, and holding in his hand and retaining that roll alone, he passed on into the senate. Some, however, say that another person gave him this roll, and that [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]] did not get to him at all, but was crowded away all along the route.

==E66 - The Assassination of Caesar==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' So far, perhaps, these things may have happened of their own accord; the place, however, which was the scene of that struggle and murder, and in which the senate was then assembled, since it contained a statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and had been dedicated by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] as an additional ornament to his theatre, made it wholly clear that it was the work of some heavenly power which was calling and guiding the action thither.

'''[2]''' Indeed, it is also said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], turning his eyes toward the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] before the attack began, invoked it silently, although he was much addicted to the doctrines of [[Epicureanism|Epicurus]]; but the crisis, as it would seem, when the dreadful attempt was now close at hand, replaced his former cool calculations with divinely inspired emotion.

'''[3]''' Well, then, [[Mark Antony|Antony]], who was a friend of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] and a robust man, was detained outside by [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus Albinus]], who purposely engaged him in a lengthy conversation; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] went in, and the senate rose in his honour. Some of the partisans of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] took their places round the back of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] chair, while others went to meet him, as though they would support the petition which [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius Cimber]] presented to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in behalf of his exiled brother, and they joined their entreaties to his and accompanied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] up to his chair.

'''[4]''' But when, after taking his seat, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] continued to repulse their petitions, and, as they pressed upon him with greater importunity, began to show anger towards one and another of them, [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius]] seized his toga with both hands and pulled it down from his neck. This was the signal for the assault. It was [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]] who gave him the first blow with his dagger, in the neck, not a mortal wound, nor even a deep one, for which he was too much confused, as was natural at the beginning of a deed of great daring;

'''[5]''' so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] turned about, grasped the knife, and held it fast.

'''[6]''' At almost the same instant both cried out, the smitten man in [[Latin language|Latin]]: "Accursed [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]], what doest thou?" and the smiter, in [[Greek language|Greek]], to his brother: "Brother, help!" So the affair began, and those who were not privy to the plot were filled with consternation and horror at what was going on; they dared not fly, nor go to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] help, nay, nor even utter a word. But those who had prepared themselves for the murder bared each of them his dagger, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], hemmed in on all sides, whichever way he turned confronting blows of weapons aimed at his face and eyes, driven hither and thither like a wild beast, was entangled in the hands of all; for all had to take part in the sacrifice and taste of the slaughter.

'''[7]''' Therefore [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] also gave him one blow in the groin. And it is said by some writers that although [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] defended himself against the rest and darted this way and that and cried aloud, when he saw that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] had drawn his dagger, he pulled his toga down over his head and sank, either by chance or because pushed there by his murderers, against the pedestal on which the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] stood. And the pedestal was drenched with his blood, so that one might have thought that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was presiding over this vengeance upon his enemy, who now lay prostrate at his feet, quivering from a multitude of wounds. For it is said that he received twenty-three; and many of the conspirators were wounded by one another, as they struggled to plant all those blows in one body.

==E67 - The Immediate Aftermath==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] thus done to death, the senators, although [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came forward as if to say something about what had been done, would not wait to hear him, but burst out of doors and fled, thus filling the people with confusion and helpless fear, so that some of them closed their houses, while others left their counters and places of business and ran, first to the place to see what had happened, then away from the place when they had seen. [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidus]], the chief friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], stole away and took refuge in the houses of others. But [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans, just as they were, still warm from the slaughter, displaying their daggers bare, went all in a body out of the senate-house and marched to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]], not like fugitives, but with glad faces and full of confidence, summoning the multitude to freedom, and welcoming into their ranks the most distinguished of those who met them.

'''[2]''' Some also joined their number and went up with them as though they had shared in the deed, and laid claim to the glory of it, of whom were [[Gaius Octavius (conspirator)|Caius Octavius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Lentulus Spinther]]. These men, then, paid the penalty for their imposture later, when they were put to death by [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and the young [[Augustus|Caesar]], without even enjoying the fame for the sake of which they died, owing to the disbelief of their fellow men. For even those who punished them did not exact a penalty for what they did, but for what they wished they had done.

'''[3]''' On the next day [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came down and held a discourse, and the people listened to what was said without either expressing resentment at what had been done or appearing to approve of it; they showed, however, by their deep silence, that while they pitied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], they respected [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

'''[4]''' The senate, too, trying to make a general amnesty and reconciliation, voted to give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divine honours and not to disturb even the most insignificant measure which he had adopted when in power; while to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans it distributed provinces and gave suitable honours, so that everybody thought that matters were decided and settled in the best possible manner.

==E68 - Caesar's Funeral and the Riot==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' But when the will of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was opened and it was found that he had given every [[Roman citizen]] a considerable gift, and when the multitude saw his body carried through the [[Roman Forum|forum]] all disfigured with its wounds, they no longer kept themselves within the restraints of order and discipline, but after heaping round the body benches, railings, and tables from the forum, they set fire to them and burned it there; then, lifting blazing brands on high, they ran to the houses of the murderers with intent to burn them down, while others went every whither through the city seeking to seize the men themselves and tear them to pieces. Not one of these came in their way, but all were well barricaded.

'''[2]''' There was a certain [[Gaius Helvius Cinna|Cinna]], however, one of the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who chanced, as they say, to have seen during the previous night a strange vision. He dreamed, that is, that he was invited to supper by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and that when he excused himself, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led him along by the hand, although he did not wish to go, but resisted. Now, when he heard that they were burning the body of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in the forum, he rose up and went thither out of respect, although he had misgivings arising from his vision, and was at the same time in a fever.

'''[3]''' At sight of him, one of the multitude told his name to another who asked him what it was, and he to another, and at once word ran through the whole throng that this man was one of the murderers of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For there was among the conspirators a man who bore this same name of [[Cinna (conspirator)|Cinna]], and assuming that this man was he, the crowd rushed upon him and tore him in pieces among them.

'''[4]''' This more than anything else made [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] afraid, and not many days afterwards they withdrew from the city. What they did and suffered before they died, has been told in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

==E69 - The Death of Brutus and the Avenging of Caesar==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' At the time of his death [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fully fifty-six years old, but he had survived [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] not much more than four years, while of the power and dominion which he had sought all his life at so great risks, and barely achieved at last, of this he had reaped no fruit but the name of it only, and a glory which had awakened envy on the part of his fellow citizens.

'''[2]''' However, the great guardian-genius of the man, whose help he had enjoyed through life, followed upon him even after death as an avenger of his murder, driving and tracking down his slayers over every land and sea until not one of them was left, but even those who in any way soever either put hand to the deed or took part in the plot were punished.

'''[3]''' Among events of man's ordering, the most amazing was that which befell [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]]; for after his defeat at [[Philippi]] he slew himself with that very dagger which he had used against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; and among events of divine ordering, there was the great [[Comet|comet]], which showed itself in great splendour for seven nights after [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] murder, and then disappeared;

'''[4]''' also, the obscuration of the sun's rays. For during all that year its orb rose pale and without radiance, while the heat that came down from it was slight and ineffectual, so that the air in its circulation was dark and heavy owing to the feebleness of the warmth that penetrated it, and the fruits, imperfect and half ripe, withered away and shrivelled up on account of the coldness of the atmosphere.

'''[5]''' But more than anything else the phantom that appeared to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] showed that the murder of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not pleasing to the gods; and it was on this wise.

'''[6]''' As he was about to take his army across from [[Abydos]] to the other continent, he was lying down at night, as his custom was, in his tent, not sleeping, but thinking of the future; for it is said that of all generals [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was least given to sleep, and that he naturally remained awake a longer time than anybody else. And now he thought he heard a noise at the door, and looking towards the light of the lamp, which was slowly going out, he saw a fearful vision of a man of unnatural size and harsh aspect. At first he was terrified, but when he saw that the visitor neither did nor said anything, but stood in silence by his couch, he asked him who he was.

'''[7]''' Then the phantom answered him: "I am thy evil genius, Brutus, and thou shalt see me at [[Philippi]]." At the time, then, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] said courageously: "I shall see thee"; and the heavenly visitor at once went away.

'''[8]''' Subsequently, however, when arrayed against [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Augustus|Caesar]] at [[Philippi]], in the first battle he conquered the enemy in his front, routed and scattered them, and sacked the camp of [[Augustus|Caesar]]; but as he was about to fight the second battle, the same phantom visited him again at night, and though it said nothing to him, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] understood his fate, and plunged headlong into danger. He did not fall in battle, however, but after the rout retired to a crest of ground, put his naked sword to his breast (while a certain friend, as they say, helped to drive the blow home), and so died.

<center><big>The End</big></center>

=Καῖσαρ (Caesar)=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E01 - Caesar and Sulla|1]]==


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'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάριος Μάριος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεώτερος νεώτερος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεψιὸς ἀνεψιὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὢν ὢν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθους πλήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόνων φόνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχῇ ἀρχῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διʼ διʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσχολίας ἀσχολίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρορώμενος παρορώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠγάπησεν ἠγάπησεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετιὼν μετιὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερωσύνην ἱερωσύνην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προῆλθεν προῆλθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔπω οὔπω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάνυ πάνυ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μειράκιον μειράκιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὤν ὤν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτης ταύτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκπεσεῖν ἐκπεσεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπεναντιωθεὶς ὑπεναντιωθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλας Σύλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεσκεύασε παρεσκεύασε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναιρέσεως ἀναιρέσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλευόμενος βουλευόμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνίων ἐνίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λεγόντων λεγόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχοι ἔχοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκτιννύναι ἀποκτιννύναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παῖδα παῖδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηλικοῦτον τηλικοῦτον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νοῦν νοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτούς αὐτούς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὺς πολλοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδί παιδί] 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίους Μαρίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορῶσι ἐνορῶσι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτης ταύτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῆς φωνῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνενεχθείσης ἀνενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συχνὸν συχνὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέν μέν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνον χρόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανώμενος πλανώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σαβίνοις Σαβίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκλεπτεν ἔκλεπτεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτόν ἑαυτόν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διʼ διʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρρωστίαν ἀρρωστίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑτέραν ἑτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετακομιζόμενος μετακομιζόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτα νύκτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτει περιπίπτει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιώταις στρατιώταις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διερευνωμένοις διερευνωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκεῖνα ἐκεῖνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χωρία χωρία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένους κεκρυμμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συλλαμβάνουσιν συλλαμβάνουσιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμόνα ἡγεμόνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνήλιον Κορνήλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείσας πείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσὶ δυσὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντοις ταλάντοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάλατταν θάλατταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπλευσεν ἐξέπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βιθυνίαν Βιθυνίαν] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Νικομήδην Νικομήδην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βασιλέα βασιλέα]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρʼ παρʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾧ ᾧ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διατρίψας διατρίψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνον χρόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολύν πολύν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶτα εἶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποπλέων ἀποπλέων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἁλίσκεται ἁλίσκεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φαρμακοῦσσαν Φαρμακοῦσσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νῆσον νῆσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πειρατῶν πειρατῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στόλοις στόλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλοις μεγάλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκάφεσιν σκάφεσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπλέτοις ἀπλέτοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεχόντων κατεχόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάλατταν θάλατταν].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and when [[Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for Caesar's hatred of Sulla was Caesar's relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of Caesar's father, was the wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius the Elder]], and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], 
'''[2]''' who was therefore Caesar's cousin. Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription|proscriptions]], but he came before the people as candidate for a priesthood, although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses. 
'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, [[Cornelius (soldier of Sulla)|Cornelius]], two talents to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed 
'''[4]''' to [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|King Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]]. With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[Cilician pirates|pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E02 - The Pirates|2]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πρῶτον Πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτηθεὶς αἰτηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τάλαντα τάλαντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεγέλασεν κατεγέλασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰδότων εἰδότων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾑρήκοιεν ᾑρήκοιεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡμολόγησε ὡμολόγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δώσειν δώσειν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλον ἄλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλην ἄλλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπέμψας διαπέμψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρημάτων χρημάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πορισμόν πορισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώποις ἀνθρώποις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φονικωτάτοις φονικωτάτοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κίλιξι Κίλιξι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑνὸς ἑνὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φίλου φίλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυοῖν δυοῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκολούθοιν ἀκολούθοιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολελειμμένος ἀπολελειμμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονητικῶς καταφρονητικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πέμπων πέμπων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁσάκις ὁσάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναπαύοιτο ἀναπαύοιτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέταττεν προσέταττεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιωπᾶν σιωπᾶν]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραις ἡμέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τεσσαράκοντα τεσσαράκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυεῖν δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεούσαις δεούσαις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούμενος φρουρούμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δορυφορούμενος δορυφορούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδείας ἀδείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέπαιζε συνέπαιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεγυμνάζετο συνεγυμνάζετο]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιήματα ποιήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράφων γράφων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰς τινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκροαταῖς ἀκροαταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνοις ἐκείνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχρῆτο ἐχρῆτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντας θαυμάζοντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιδεύτους ἀπαιδεύτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαρβάρους βαρβάρους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεκάλει ἀπεκάλει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σὺν σὺν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γέλωτι γέλωτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠπείλησε ἠπείλησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρεμᾶν κρεμᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτούς αὐτούς]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχαιρον ἔχαιρον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφελείᾳ ἀφελείᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὶ τινὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾷ παιδιᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρρησίαν παρρησίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέμοντες νέμοντες]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἧκον ἧκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλήτου Μιλήτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοὺς δοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλοῖα πλοῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πληρώσας πληρώσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλησίων Μιλησίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λιμένος λιμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνήγετο ἀνήγετο]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταλαβὼν καταλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ναυλοχοῦντας ναυλοχοῦντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λείαν λείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποιήσατο ἐποιήσατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Περγάμῳ Περγάμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταθέμενος καταθέμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεσμωτήριον δεσμωτήριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέποντα διέποντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀσίαν Ἀσίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰούνιον Ἰούνιον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσῆκον προσῆκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντι ὄντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῷ στρατηγῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσαι κολάσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαλωκότας ἑαλωκότας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποφθαλμιῶντος ἐποφθαλμιῶντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγα ὀλίγα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰχμαλώτων αἰχμαλώτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκέψεσθαι σκέψεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φάσκοντος φάσκοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολῆς σχολῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαίρειν χαίρειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐάσας ἐάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πέργαμον Πέργαμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾤχετο ᾤχετο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προαγαγὼν προαγαγὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπαντας ἅπαντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεσταύρωσεν ἀνεσταύρωσεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προειρήκει προειρήκει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the [[Cilician pirates|pirates]] demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilicia|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking. 
'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarian|Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all. 
'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as praetor of the province, to 
'''[4]''' punish the captives. But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E03 - Rhodes and Oratory|3]]==


{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; border-collapse:collapse; border:0; background:transparent;"
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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐκ Ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτου τούτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαραινομένης μαραινομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκοι οἴκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλούντων καλούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπλευσεν ἔπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥόδον Ῥόδον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀπολλώνιον Ἀπολλώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μόλωνος Μόλωνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠκρόατο ἠκρόατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σοφιστεύοντος σοφιστεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανῶς ἐπιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρόπον τρόπον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιεικοῦς ἐπιεικοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκοῦντος δοκοῦντος]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῦναι φῦναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτικοὺς πολιτικοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπονῆσαι διαπονῆσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμότατα φιλοτιμότατα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσιν φύσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτερεῖα δευτερεῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηρίτως ἀδηρίτως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεῖον πρωτεῖον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμει δυνάμει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπλοις ὅπλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσχοληθείς ἀσχοληθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπερ ὅπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσις φύσις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφηγεῖτο ὑφηγεῖτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγειν λέγειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητος δεινότητος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατειῶν στρατειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεκτήσατο κατεκτήσατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξικόμενος ἐξικόμενος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιγραφῇ ἀντιγραφῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραιτεῖται παραιτεῖται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιωτικοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρὸς ἀνδρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντεξετάζειν ἀντεξετάζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥήτορος ῥήτορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐφυοῦς εὐφυοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴν πολλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄγοντος ἄγοντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After this, [[Sulla]]'s power being now on the wane, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius the son of Molon]], an illustrious rhetorician with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political oratory, and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather, 
'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero's ''Cato'', he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E04 - Caesar the Advocate|4]]==


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'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐπανελθὼν Ἐπανελθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμην Ῥώμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλαν Δολοβέλλαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκρινε ἔκρινε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακώσεως κακώσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπαρχίας ἐπαρχίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλαὶ πολλαὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδος Ἑλλάδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεων πόλεων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρτυρίας μαρτυρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχον παρέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλας Δολοβέλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέφυγε ἀπέφυγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμειβόμενος ἀμειβόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδα Ἑλλάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθυμίας προθυμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγόρησεν συνηγόρησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιον Πόπλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διωκούσῃ διωκούσῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δωροδοκίας δωροδοκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλου Λευκούλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάρκου Μάρκου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μακεδονίας Μακεδονίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦ στρατηγοῦ]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοσούτον τοσούτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσχυσεν ἴσχυσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικαλέσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχους δημάρχους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηψάμενον σκηψάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσον ἴσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδι Ἑλλάδι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνας Ἕλληνας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμῃ Ῥώμῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγορίας συνηγορίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάρις χάρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέλαμπε ἐξέλαμπε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξιώσεις δεξιώσεις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμιλίας ὁμιλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοφροσύνης φιλοφροσύνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὔνοια εὔνοια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημοτῶν δημοτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπήντα ἀπήντα], 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπευτικοῦ θεραπευτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρʼ παρʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡλικίαν ἡλικίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δέ δέ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δείπνων δείπνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τραπέζης τραπέζης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίαιταν δίαιταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρότητος λαμπρότητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐξανομένη αὐξανομένη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρὸν μικρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δύναμις δύναμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φθονοῦντες φθονοῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενοι οἰόμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιλιπόντων ἐπιλιπόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκζηλον ἔκζηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσεσθαι ἔσεσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεώρων περιεώρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθοῦσαν ἀνθοῦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀψὲ ὀψὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾔσθοντο ᾔσθοντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλης μεγάλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσαντρέπτου δυσαντρέπτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαδιζούσης βαδιζούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλων ὅλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβολήν μεταβολήν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδεμίαν οὐδεμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματος πράγματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγητέον ἡγητέον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικράν μικράν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιεῖ ποιεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλην μεγάλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνδελεχὲς ἐνδελεχὲς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονηθῆναι καταφρονηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κωλυθῆναι κωλυθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβοῦσαν λαβοῦσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γοῦν γοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποδέσθαι ὑποδέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθῆναι φοβηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαλάττης θαλάττης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγελῶντα διαγελῶντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπῳ φιλανθρώπῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱλαρῷ ἱλαρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένην κεκρυμμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαθὼν καταμαθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλεγε ἔλεγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπασιν ἅπασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιβουλεύμασιν ἐπιβουλεύμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύμασι πολιτεύμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννικὴν τυραννικὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορᾶν ἐνορᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διάνοιαν διάνοιαν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κόμην κόμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακειμένην διακειμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴδω ἴδω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κἀκεῖνον κἀκεῖνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δακτύλῳ δακτύλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κνώμενον κνώμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοι μοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νοῦν νοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμβαλέσθαι ἐμβαλέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηλικοῦτον τηλικοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακόν κακόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναίρεσιν ἀναίρεσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After his return to [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] he impeached [[Dolabella]] for mal-administration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]]. 
'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the tribunes at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, 
'''[3]''' since he was ingratiating beyond his years. He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on, when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after contempt of them has left them unobstructed. 
'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely [[Cicero]], said that in most of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose. "On the other hand," said he, "when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman Republic|Roman constitution]]." This, it is true, belongs to a later period.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E05 - Caesar’s Popularity|5]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦ Τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμου δήμου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρώτην πρώτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόδειξιν ἀπόδειξιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐνοίας εὐνοίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλαβεν ἔλαβεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γάιον Γάιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ποπλίον Ποπλίον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρίσας ἐρίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὲρ ὑπὲρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλιαρχίας χιλιαρχίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρότερος πρότερος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνηγορεύθη ἀνηγορεύθη]· 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτέραν δευτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανεστέραν καταφανεστέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰουλίας Ἰουλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφιδούς ἀδελφιδούς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὢν ὢν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκώμιόν ἐγκώμιόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρὸν λαμπρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορᾷ ἀγορᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκφορὰν ἐκφορὰν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐτόλμησεν ἐτόλμησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθέσθαι προθέσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφθείσας ὀφθείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολεμίων πολεμίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κριθέντων κριθέντων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνίων ἐνίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβοησάντων καταβοησάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντήχησε ἀντήχησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρῶς λαμπρῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξάμενος δεξάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάσας θαυμάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾍδου ᾍδου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνων χρόνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῶν πολλῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγοντα ἀνάγοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναιξὶ γυναιξὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρεσβυτέραις πρεσβυτέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιταφίους ἐπιταφίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεξιέναι διεξιέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέαις νέαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὂν ὂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔθει ἔθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤνεγκεν ἤνεγκεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάριν χάριν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰ τινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεδημαγώγησε συνεδημαγώγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάθει πάθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὺς πολλοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμερον ἥμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περίμεστον περίμεστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγαπᾶν ἀγαπᾶν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Θάψας Θάψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίας ταμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰβηρίαν Ἰβηρίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῶν στρατηγῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βέτερι Βέτερι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεξῆλθεν συνεξῆλθεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμῶν τιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διετέλεσε διετέλεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρχων ἄρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίαν ταμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησε ἐποίησε]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχῆς ἀρχῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρίτην τρίτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠγάγετο ἠγάγετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχων ἔχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνηλίας Κορνηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυγατέρα θυγατέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίῳ Πομπηίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάγνῳ Μάγνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γαμηθεῖσαν γαμηθεῖσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρώμενος χρώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάναις δαπάναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφειδῶς ἀφειδῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐφήμερον ἐφήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βραχεῖαν βραχεῖαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλων μεγάλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόξαν δόξαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὠνούμενος ὠνούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθείαις ἀληθείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρῶν μικρῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὶν πρὶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχήν ἀρχήν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθίστασθαι καθίστασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλίων χιλίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακοσίων τριακοσίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρεωφειλέτης χρεωφειλέτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντων ταλάντων]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁδοῦ ὁδοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀππίας Ἀππίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειχθεὶς ἀποδειχθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιμελητὴς ἐπιμελητὴς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάμπολλα πάμπολλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσανάλωσε προσανάλωσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομῶν ἀγορανομῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζεύγη ζεύγη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μονομάχων μονομάχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακόσια τριακόσια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλαις ἄλλαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέατρα θέατρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πομπὰς πομπὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεῖπνα δεῖπνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χορηγίαις χορηγίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολυτελείαις πολυτελείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέκλυσε κατέκλυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέθηκε διέθηκε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὰς ἀρχὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητεῖν ζητεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕκαστον ἕκαστον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἷς αἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμείψαιντο ἀμείψαιντο].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The first proof of the people's good will towards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|him]] he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a military tribuneship and was elected over him. 
'''[2]''' A second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]] the deceased wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], he pronounced a splendid encomium upon her in the forum, and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which were then seen for the first time since the administration of [[Sulla]], because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies. When, namely, some cried out against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from Hades, the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling. 
'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to [[Spain]] as quaestor under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]] a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]]. 
'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt. 
'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his aedileship, he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of gladiators, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E06 - Honours for Marius|6]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δυεῖν Δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐσῶν οὐσῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στάσεων στάσεων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένης δυναμένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανῆς Μαριανῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣ ἣ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεπτήχει κατεπτήχει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέσπαστο διέσπαστο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κομιδῇ κομιδῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταπεινὰ ταπεινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράττουσα πράττουσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναρρῶσαι ἀναρρῶσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσαγαγέσθαι προσαγαγέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλόμενος βουλόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομικαῖς ἀγορανομικαῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκμὴν ἀκμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχούσας ἐχούσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησατο ἐποίησατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρυφᾷ κρυφᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Νίκας Νίκας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τροπαιοφόρους τροπαιοφόρους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φέρων φέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτός νυκτός] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνέστησεν ἀνέστησεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεασαμένους θεασαμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρμαίροντα μαρμαίροντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρυσῷ χρυσῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τέχνῃ τέχνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεσκευασμένα κατεσκευασμένα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεδήλου διεδήλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κιμβρικὰ Κιμβρικὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορθώματα κατορθώματα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάμβος θάμβος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσχε ἔσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τόλμης τόλμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναθέντος ἀναθέντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλος ἄδηλος]), [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιιὼν περιιὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθροιζε ἤθροιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντας πάντας] 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώπους ἀνθρώπους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐβόων ἐβόων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννίδα τυραννίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύεσθαι πολιτεύεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νόμοις νόμοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόγμασι δόγμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορωρυγμένας κατορωρυγμένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπανιστάντα ἐπανιστάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμάς τιμάς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεῖραν πεῖραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προμαλαττόμενον προμαλαττόμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τετιθάσευται τετιθάσευται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίδωσι δίδωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοιαῦτα τοιαῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινοτομεῖν καινοτομεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανοὶ Μαριανοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραθαρρύναντες παραθαρρύναντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθει πλήθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμαστοὶ θαυμαστοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅσοι ὅσοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεφάνησαν διεφάνησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξαίφνης ἐξαίφνης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατείχον κατείχον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δάκρυα δάκρυα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεωμένοις θεωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφʼ ὑφʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡδονῆς ἡδονῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγας μέγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκωμίοις ἐγκωμίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρόμενος αἱρόμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντὶ ἀντὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄξιος ἄξιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγγενείας συγγενείας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συναχθείσης συναχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λουτάτιος Λουτάτιος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐδοκιμῶν εὐδοκιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατηγορήσας κατηγορήσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεφθέγξατο ἐπεφθέγξατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μνημονευόμενον μνημονευόμενον]· «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐκέτι Οὐκέτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονόμοις ὑπονόμοις],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηχαναῖς μηχαναῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρεῖ αἱρεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογησάμενος ἀπολογησάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντες θαυμάζοντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπήρθησαν ἐπήρθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεκελεύοντο παρεκελεύοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδενὶ μηδενὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονήματος φρονήματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφίεσθαι ὑφίεσθαι]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκόντι ἑκόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέσεσθαι περιέσεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεύσειν πρωτεύσειν].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of [[Sulla]], which had been all powerful since his day, and that of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] secretly made, together with trophy-bearing Victories, and these he ordered to be carried by night 
'''[2]''' and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]. At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri|Cimbrian]] successes of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together 
'''[3]''' for the sight. But some cried out that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and 
'''[4]''' filled the Capitol with their applause. Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], rose up and denounced [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], uttering the memorable words: "No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government." [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline|7]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐν Ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μετέλλου Μετέλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέως ἀρχιερέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελευτήσαντος τελευτήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερωσύνην ἱερωσύνην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμάχητον περιμάχητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖσαν οὖσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰσαυρικοῦ Ἰσαυρικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλου Κάτλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετιόντων μετιόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανεστάτων ἐπιφανεστάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγίστων μεγίστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένων δυναμένων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐχ οὐχ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπείξεν ὑπείξεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγχωμάλλου ἀγχωμάλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδῆς σπουδῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φαινομένης φαινομένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μείζονος μείζονος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξίας ἀξίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀρρωδῶν ὀρρωδῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηλότητα ἀδηλότητα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέπεμπε προσέπεμπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείθων πείθων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποστῆναι ἀποστῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείω πλείω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσδανεισάμενος προσδανεισάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγωνιεῖσθαι διαγωνιεῖσθαι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τῆς Τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνστάσης ἐνστάσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητρὸς μητρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδακρυτὶ ἀδακρυτὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προπεμπούσης προπεμπούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσπασάμενος ἀσπασάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτήν αὐτήν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὦ Ὦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῆτερ μῆτερ],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τήμερον τήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέα ἀρχιερέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυγάδα φυγάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψει ὄψει].» 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διενεχθείσης διενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψήφου ψήφου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμιλλης ἅμιλλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θρασύτητος θρασύτητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προάξων προάξων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πείσωνα Πείσωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλων Κάτλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾐτιῶντο ᾐτιῶντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φεισάμενον φεισάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίναν Κατιλίναν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβὴν λαβὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντος παρασχόντος]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβαλεῖν μεταβαλεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλην ὅλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνελεῖν ἀνελεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματα πράγματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγχεῖν συγχεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διανοηθείς διανοηθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπεσε ἐξέπεσε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπταίσας περιπταίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλάττοσιν ἐλάττοσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλέγχοις ἐλέγχοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτας ἐσχάτας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὰς βουλὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἀποκαλυφθῆναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λέντλον Λέντλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κέθηγον Κέθηγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαδόχους διαδόχους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέλιπε ἀπέλιπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνωμοσίας συνωμοσίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἷς οἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρύφα κρύφα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεῖχε παρεῖχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάρσους θάρσους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλον ἄδηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστιν ἐστιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κράτος κράτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελεγχθέντων ἐξελεγχθέντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπάτου ὑπάτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρωτῶντος ἐρωτῶντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσεως κολάσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοι ἄλλοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θανατοῦν θανατοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκέλευον ἐκέλευον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφροντισμένον πεφροντισμένον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκτεῖναι ἀποκτεῖναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκρίτους ἀκρίτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξιώματι ἀξιώματι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπροὺς λαμπροὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκαιον δίκαιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτης ἐσχάτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγκης ἀνάγκης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουροῖντο φρουροῖντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεθέντες δεθέντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεσι πόλεσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰταλίας Ἰταλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕληται ἕληται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπολεμηθῇ καταπολεμηθῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρήνῃ εἰρήνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡσυχίαν ἡσυχίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνῶναι γνῶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέξει παρέξει].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus]] were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not give way to them, but 
'''[2]''' presented himself to the people as a rival candidate. The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar's competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Caesar's mother]] accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: "Mother, to-day thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile." 
'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken Caesar prevailed, and thereby made the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him. 
'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far-reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their 
'''[5]''' punishment, the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of [[Italy]] as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E08 - The Conspirators|8]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὕτω Οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμης γνώμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπου φιλανθρώπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανείσης φανείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατῶς δυνατῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥηθέντος ῥηθέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτον τοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνιστάμενοι ἀνιστάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσετίθεντο προσετίθεντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρημένας εἰρημένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπειπάμενοι ἀπειπάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετέστησαν μετέστησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕως ἕως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνα Κάτωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλον Κάτλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῆλθε περιῆλθε]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανικῶς νεανικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐναντιωθέντων ἐναντιωθέντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπόνοιαν ὑπόνοιαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεπερείσαντος συνεπερείσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκατεξαναστάντος συγκατεξαναστάντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρρωμένως ἐρρωμένως], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρες ἄνδρες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούμενοι ἀποθανούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεδόθησαν παρεδόθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξιόντι ἐξιόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούντων φρουρούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέων νέων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυμνὰ γυμνὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ξίφη ξίφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνδραμόντες συνδραμόντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπέσχον ἐπέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κουρίων Κουρίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηβέννῳ τηβέννῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβαλὼν περιβαλὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπεξαγαγεῖν ὑπεξαγαγεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτός αὐτός] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανίσκοι νεανίσκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέβλεψαν προσέβλεψαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνανεῦσαι ἀνανεῦσαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόνον φόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδικον ἄδικον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παράνομον παράνομον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγούμενος ἡγούμενος]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦτο Τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶδα οἶδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴπερ εἴπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθές ἀληθές], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατείας ὑπατείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγραψεν ἔγραψεν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτίαν αἰτίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντι παρασχόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρησάμενος χρησάμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειλιάσας ἀποδειλιάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπερφυῶς ὑπερφυῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεχόμενον περιεχόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅς ὅς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γε γε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετʼ μετʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγας ὀλίγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὴν βουλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσελθόντος εἰσελθόντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποψίαις ὑποψίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογουμένου ἀπολογουμένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτοντος περιπίπτοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θορύβοις θορύβοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πονηροῖς πονηροῖς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπειδὴ ἐπειδὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείων πλείων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνήθους συνήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγίγνετο ἐγίγνετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθέζομένης καθέζομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπῆλθε ἐπῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῆς κραυγῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέστη περιέστη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιτῶν ἀπαιτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύων κελεύων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὸ διὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτων Κάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόρων ἀπόρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεωτερισμόν νεωτερισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παντὸς παντὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπέκκαυμα ὑπέκκαυμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθους πλήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλπίδας ἐλπίδας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχοντες ἔχοντες], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπονείμαι ἀπονείμαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιτηρέσιον σιτηρέσιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔμμηνον ἔμμηνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάνης δαπάνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑπτακόσιαι ἑπτακόσιαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μυριάδες μυριάδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνιαύσιοι ἐνιαύσιοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσεγίγνοντο προσεγίγνοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλώμασι ἀναλώμασι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέντοι μέντοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγαν μέγαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρόντι παρόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσβεσε ἔσβεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφανῶς περιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολίτευμα πολίτευμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλεῖστον πλεῖστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέρριψε ἀπέρριψε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεσκέδασεν διεσκέδασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγεῖν στρατηγεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέλλοντος μέλλοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβερωτέρου φοβερωτέρου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. 
'''[2]''' These warmly opposed Caesar's proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner, and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice. 
'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterwards, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go. 
'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar's power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E09 - The Bona Dea|9]]==


{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; border-collapse:collapse; border:0; background:transparent;"
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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐ Οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴν μὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέβη ἀπέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταραχώδες ταραχώδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπʼ ἀπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τύχη τύχη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄχαρις ἄχαρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέβη συνέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶκον οἶκον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιος Πόπλιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐπατρίδης εὐπατρίδης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλούτῳ πλούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρός λαμπρός], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβόητων περιβόητων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδενὸς οὐδενὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεύτερος δεύτερος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤρα ἤρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκούσης ἀκούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυλακαί φυλακαί] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικωνίτιδος γυναικωνίτιδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκριβείς ἀκριβείς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥ ἥ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτηρ μήτηρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σώφρων σώφρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέπουσα περιέπουσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαλεπὴν χαλεπὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακεκινδυνευμένην παρακεκινδυνευμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίει ἐποίει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔντευξιν ἔντευξιν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἔστι Ἔστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεὸς θεὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀγαθὴν Ἀγαθὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀνομάζουσιν ὀνομάζουσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γυναικείαν Γυναικείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φρύγες Φρύγες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκειούμενοι οἰκειούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μίδα Μίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρα μητέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βασιλέως βασιλέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φασί φασί], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δρυάδα Δρυάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φαύνῳ Φαύνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνοικήσασαν συνοικήσασαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Διονύσου Διονύσου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρων μητέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρητον ἄρρητον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμπελίνοις ἀμπελίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηνὰς σκηνὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κλήμασιν κλήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτάζουσαι ἑορτάζουσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατερέφουσι κατερέφουσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δράκων δράκων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερὸς ἱερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακαθίδρυται παρακαθίδρυται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεῷ θεῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῦθον μῦθον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσελθεῖν προσελθεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέμις θέμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδʼ οὐδʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίας οἰκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερῶν ἱερῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀργιαζομένων ὀργιαζομένων]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐταὶ αὐταὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὰς ἑαυτὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὰ πολλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὀρφικοῖς Ὀρφικοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμολογοῦντα ὁμολογοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δρᾶν δρᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγονται λέγονται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερουργίαν ἱερουργίαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτῆς ἑορτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθήκῃ καθήκῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατεύοντος ὑπατεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦντος στρατηγοῦντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρός ἀνδρός], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξίσταται ἐξίσταται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρεν ἄρρεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραλαβοῦσα παραλαβοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακοσμεῖ διακοσμεῖ]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτωρ νύκτωρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελεῖται τελεῖται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾶς παιδιᾶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναμεμιγμένης ἀναμεμιγμένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παννυχίσι παννυχίσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μουσικῆς μουσικῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρούσης παρούσης].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, 
'''[2]''' but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time. This man was in love with [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] the wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women's apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar's mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview. 
'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character. 
'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or [[praetor]] at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E10 - Clodius and Pompeia|10]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταύτην Ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτὴν ἑορτὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτελούσης ἐπιτελούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔπω οὔπω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενειῶν γενειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λήσειν λήσειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενος οἰόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσθῆτα ἐσθῆτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκευὴν σκευὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψαλτρίας ψαλτρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλαβὼν ἀναλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔρχεται ἔρχεται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέα νέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὶ γυναικὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκώς εἰκώς]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύραις θύραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτυχὼν ἐπιτυχὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεῳγμέναις ἀνεῳγμέναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσήχθη εἰσήχθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδεῶς ἀδεῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνειδυίας συνειδυίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπαινίδος θεραπαινίδος], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προδραμούσης προδραμούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίᾳ Πομπηίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φράσειε φράσειε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διατριβῆς διατριβῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένει περιμένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπου ὅπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατελείφθη κατελείφθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καρτεροῦντι καρτεροῦντι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανωμένῳ πλανωμένῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίᾳ οἰκίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλῃ μεγάλῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφεύγοντι περιφεύγοντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσπεσοῦσα προσπεσοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλίας Αὐρηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίξειν παίξειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προὐκαλεῖτο προὐκαλεῖτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλομένου βουλομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέσον μέσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷλκε εἷλκε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τίς τίς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστι ἐστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόθεν πόθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπυνθάνετο ἐπυνθάνετο]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φήσαντος φήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἄβραν Ἄβραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένειν περιμένειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸ αὐτὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλουμένην καλουμένην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῇ φωνῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένου γενομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανοῦς καταφανοῦς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπήδησε ἀπεπήδησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῇ κραυγῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄχλον ὄχλον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφωρακέναι πεφωρακέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βοῶσα βοῶσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπτοηθείσων διαπτοηθείσων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄργια ὄργια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῦ θεοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέπαυσε κατέπαυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεκάλυψε συνεκάλυψε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὴ αὐτὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκλεῖσαι ἀποκλεῖσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύσασα κελεύσασα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῄει περιῄει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπάδων λαμπάδων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητοῦσα ζητοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὑρίσκεται εὑρίσκεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκημα οἴκημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδίσκης παιδίσκης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεισῆλθε συνεισῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπεφευγώς καταπεφευγώς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανερὸς φανερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελαύνεται ἐξελαύνεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυρῶν θυρῶν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτὸς νυκτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπιοῦσαι ἀπιοῦσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὑτῶν αὑτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφραζον ἔφραζον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδράσι ἀνδράσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραν ἡμέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεως πόλεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀθεσμοῖς ἀθεσμοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικεχειρηκότος ἐπικεχειρηκότος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑβρισμένοις ὑβρισμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῖς θεοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφείλοντος ὀφείλοντος]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγράψατο ἐγράψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷς εἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχων δημάρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσεβείας ἀσεβείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέστησαν συνέστησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατώτατοι δυνατώτατοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλας ἄλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινὰς δεινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσελγείας ἀσελγείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαρτυροῦντες καταμαρτυροῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοιχείαν μοιχείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφῆς ἀδελφῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλῳ Λευκούλλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνῴκει συνῴκει]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδὰς σπουδὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιτάξας ἀντιτάξας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὸν ἑαυτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμυνε ἥμυνε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστὰς δικαστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄφελος ὄφελος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκπεπληγμένους ἐκπεπληγμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεδοικότας δεδοικότας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλῆθος πλῆθος]. 
'''[6]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψατο ἀπεπέμψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάρτυς μάρτυς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κληθεὶς κληθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲν οὐδὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λεγομένων λεγομένων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γινώσκειν γινώσκειν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραδόξου παραδόξου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανέντος φανέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατήγορος κατήγορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠρώτησε ἠρώτησε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πῶς Πῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψω ἀπεπέμψω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα];» «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὅτι Ὅτι],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμὴν ἐμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠξίου ἠξίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδὲ μηδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονοηθῆναι ὑπονοηθῆναι].» 
'''[7]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταῦτα Ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονοῦντα φρονοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγουσιν λέγουσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰπεῖν εἰπεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαριζόμενον χαριζόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡρμημένον ὡρμημένον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σῴζειν σῴζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποφεύγει ἀποφεύγει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγκλημα ἔγκλημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστῶν δικαστῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκεχυμένοις συγκεχυμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδιδόντων ἀποδιδόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακινδυνεύσωσιν παρακινδυνεύσωσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταψηφισάμενοι καταψηφισάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολύσαντες ἀπολύσαντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδοξήσωσι ἀδοξήσωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] was celebrating this festival, and [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodius]], who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret; 
'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came. 
'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia's [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius. 
'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed sacrilege and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods. 
'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude. 
'''[6]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” 
'''[7]''' Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius. At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him, nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.
|}

Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar

2026-11-09T10:29:42Z

AnthonyPvanDuyn: /* Publication Details & Legal Status */

{| style="float:right; width:350px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Plutarch - Lives - RGB 96ppi - PD.png|310px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;" | ''Life of Caesar''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Julius Caesar - Bust - 96ppi PD.jpg|310px]]
|-
! Author
| [[Plutarch]]
|-
! Original Title
| Καῖσαρ
|-
! Work
| ''[[Parallel Lives|Lives]]''
|-
! Translator
| [[Bernadotte Perrin]]
|-
! Series
| [[Loeb Classical Library]]
|-
! Volume
| VII (No. 99)
|-
! Original Publication
| 1919
|-
! Publisher
| [[Harvard University Press]] (Cambridge); [[William Heinemann]] (London)
|-
! Languages
| Ancient Greek and English
|-
! Digital Source
| [[Perseus Digital Library]]
|-
! Text
| Greek text with facing English translation
|-
|}

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===Publication Details===

'''Original Author:''' [[Plutarch]].

'''Original Work:''' [[Life of Caesar]]

'''English Translator:''' [[Bernadotte Perrin]].

'''Source Work:''' ''[[Lives]]'', Volume VII: ''Demosthenes and Cicero; Alexander and Caesar''.

'''Source Publication Series:''' ''The Loeb Classical Library'', founded by James Loeb, Volume 99.

'''Source Publisher:''' [[Harvard University Press]], [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], in association with [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]], [[London]].

'''Source Publication History:''' First published in 1919. The particular English-text printing used for this digital edition is the 1967 reprint, as identified on its title page.

'''Digital Edition:''' [[Conservapedia's Original Source Project]] has prepared a digitally structured presentation of [[Plutarch|Plutarch's]] ''Lives'', using [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] established English translation as its English-language source. The text's chapters and section markers have remained true to the Loeb numbering system for academic consistency, with corresponding chapter navigation, paragraph alignment and internal links to related encyclopedic subjects granting historical and biographical examination.

The project additionally presents the original polytonic Greek text alongside [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] English translation in a parallel-reading format. The Greek text was also derived from the [[Bernadotte Perrin|Bernadotte Perrin's]] work for the [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Although it has been significantly enhanced by the [[Logeion]] lexicon provided the [[University of Chicago]].

[[Conservapedia's Original Source Project|Conservapedia's Original Source Project's]] contribution consists of the transcription, digital preparation, structural organisation, parallel presentation and navigational linking of the historical texts. [[Bernadotte Perrin]] remains the credited English translator, and [[Harvard University Press]] and [[William Heinemann|William Heinemann Ltd.]] remain the credited publishers of the original [[Loeb Classical Library|Loeb]] edition.

===Legal Status===
The source materials are now firmly in the [[Public Domain]] throughout the EU, North America, AUS/NZ.

=Illustradted English Edition ([[Bernadotte Perrin|Perrin]])=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#1|E01 - Caesar and Sulla]]==
[[File:Augustyn Mirys (1700-1790) - Sulla Proscription - Lineart - WikiMedia Commons - BW 1280px - PD.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] list's the proscribed forcing young [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] to flee for his life.]]

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'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Rome]], and when [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] hatred of Sulla was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] father, was the wife of Marius the Elder, and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], who was therefore [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] cousin.

'''[2]''' Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription]]s, but he came before the people as candidate for a [[priesthood]], although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses.

'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, Cornelius, two [[talent]]s to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed to King [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]].

'''[4]''' With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#2|E02 - The Pirates]]==

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'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the pirates demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilician pirates|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking.

'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all.

'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as [[praetor]] of the province, to punish the captives.

'''[4]''' But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#3|E03 - Rhodes and Oratory]]==

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'''[1]''' After this, Sulla’s power being now on the wane, and Caesar’s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius]] the son of Molon, an illustrious [[rhetorician]] with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political [[oratory]], and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather,

'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero’s ''Cato,'' he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#4|E04 - Caesar the Advocate]]==

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'''[1]''' After his return to Rome he impeached [[Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] for maladministration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but Caesar, in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]].

'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes]] at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, Caesar won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, since he was ingratiating beyond his years.

'''[3]''' He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence, in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after, contempt of them has left them unobstructed.

'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of Caesar’s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely Cicero, said that in most of Caesar’s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose; “On the other hand,” said he, “when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman constitution]].” This, it is true, belongs to a later period.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#5|E05 - Caesar’s Popularity]]==

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'''[1]''' The first proof of the people’s good will towards him he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a [[military tribune|military tribuneship]] and was elected over him; a second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of Julia the deceased wife of Marius, he pronounced a splendid [[funeral oration|encomium]] upon her in the [[Forum Romanum|forum]], and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of Marius, which were then seen for the first time since the administration of Sulla, because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies.

'''[2]''' When, namely, some cried out against Caesar for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from [[Hades]], the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and Caesar was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling.

'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to Spain as [[quaestor]] under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by Cornelia a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]].

'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt.

'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his [[aedileship]], he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of [[gladiator]]s, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#6|E06 - Honours for Marius]]==

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'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of Sulla, which had been all powerful since his day, and that of Marius, which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party Caesar wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of Marius secretly made, together with trophy-bearing [[Victoria (mythology)|Victories]], and these he ordered to be carried by night and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]].

'''[2]''' At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri]]an successes of Marius) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together for the sight.

'''[3]''' But some cried out that Caesar was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and filled the Capitol with their applause.

'''[4]''' Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of Marius, and Caesar was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in Rome, rose up and denounced Caesar, uttering the memorable words: “No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government.” Caesar, however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#7|E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline]]==

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'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and Catulus were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, Caesar would not give way to them, but presented himself to the people as a rival candidate.

'''[2]''' The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar’s competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as Caesar’s mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: “Mother, today thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile.”

'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] prevailed, and thereby made the senate and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed Cicero for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him.

'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their punishment,

'''[5]''' the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of Italy as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#8|E08 - The Conspirators]]==

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'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. These warmly opposed Caesar’s proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner,

'''[2]''' and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice.

'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterward, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go.

'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that Cato, fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar’s power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#9|E09 - The Bona Dea]]==

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'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of Caesar’s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time.

'''[2]''' This man was in love with Pompeia the wife of Caesar, and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women’s apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar’s mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview.

'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character.

'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or praetor at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#10|E10 - Clodius and Pompeia]]==
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, Pompeia was celebrating this festival, and Clodius, who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret;

'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came.

'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia’s [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius.

'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed [[sacrilege]] and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods.

'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude.

'''[6]''' Caesar divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius.

'''[7]''' At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.

==E11 - Spain and Ambition==

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'''[1]''' Immediately after his praetorship Caesar received [[Spain]] as his province, and since he found it hard to arrange matters with his creditors, who obstructed his departure and were clamorous, he had recourse to [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], the richest of the Romans, who had need of Caesar’s vigour and fire for his political campaign against [[Pompey the Great|Pompey]]. And it was only after Crassus had met the demands of the most importunate and inexorable of these creditors and given surety for eight hundred and thirty talents, that Caesar could go out to his province.

'''[2]''' We are told that, as he was crossing the [[Alps]] and passing by a barbarian village which had very few inhabitants and was a sorry sight, his companions asked with mirth and laughter, “Can it be that here too there are ambitious strifes for office, struggles for primacy, and mutual jealousies of powerful men?” Whereupon Caesar said to them in all seriousness, “I would rather be first here than second at Rome.”

'''[3]''' In like manner we are told again that, in Spain, when he was at leisure and was reading from the history of [[Alexander the Great]], he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. “Do you not think,” said he, “it is matter for sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?”

==E12 - Caesar in Spain==

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'''[1]''' At any rate, as soon as he reached Spain he set himself to work, and in a few days raised ten [[cohort]]s in addition to the twenty which were there before. Then he led his army against the [[Callaici]] and [[Lusitani]], overpowered them, and marched on as far as the outer sea, subduing the tribes which before were not obedient to Rome. After bringing the war to a successful close, he was equally happy in adjusting the problems of peace, by establishing concord between the cities, and particularly by healing the dissensions between debtors and creditors.

'''[2]''' For he ordained that the creditor should annually take two thirds of his debtor’s income, and that the owner of the property should use the rest, and so on until the debt was cancelled. In high repute for this administration he retired from the province; he had become wealthy himself, had enriched his soldiers from their campaigns, and had been saluted by them as [[Imperator]].

==E13 - Pompey and Crassus==

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'''[1]''' Now, since those who sued for the privilege of a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] must remain outside the city, while those who were candidates for the [[Roman consul|consulship]] must be present in the city, Caesar was in a great dilemma, and because he had reached home at the very time for the consular elections, he sent a request to the senate that he might be permitted to offer himself for the consulship ''in absentiâ'', through the agency of his friends. But since Cato began by insisting upon the law in opposition to Caesar’s request, and then, when he saw that many senators had been won over by Caesar’s attentions, staved the matter off by consuming the day in speaking, Caesar decided to give up the triumph and try for the consulship.

'''[2]''' So as soon as he entered the city he assumed a policy which deceived everyone except Cato. This policy was to reconcile Pompey and Crassus, the most influential men in the city. These men Caesar brought together in friendship after their quarrel, and by concentrating their united strength upon himself, succeeded, before men were aware of it, and by an act which could be called one of kindness, in changing the form of government.

'''[3]''' For it was not, as most men supposed, the quarrel between [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and Pompey that brought on the [[Caesar's civil war|civil wars]], but rather their friendship, since they worked together for the overthrow of the [[Roman aristocracy|aristocracy]] in the first place, and then, when this had been accomplished, they quarrelled with one another. And Cato, who often foretold what was to come of their alliance, got the reputation of a morose and troublesome fellow at the time, but afterwards that of a wise, though unfortunate, counsellor.

==E14 - Caesar’s Consulship==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, encompassed and protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey, entered the canvass for the consulship; and as soon as he had been triumphantly elected, along with [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Calpurnius Bibulus]], and had entered upon his office, he proposed laws which were becoming, not for a consul, but for a most radical tribune of the people; for to gratify the multitude he introduced sundry allotments and distributions of land.

'''[2]''' In the senate the opposition of men of the better sort gave him the pretext which he had long desired, and crying with loud adjurations that he was driven forth into the popular assembly against his wishes, and was compelled to court its favour by the insolence and obstinacy of the senate, he hastened before it, and stationing Crassus on one side of him and Pompey on the other, he asked them if they approved his laws.

'''[3]''' They declared that they did approve them, whereupon he urged them to give him their aid against those who threatened to oppose him with swords. They promised him such aid, and Pompey actually added that he would come up against swords with sword and buckler too. At this impulsive and mad speech, unworthy of the high esteem in which Pompey stood and unbecoming to the respect which was due to the senate, the nobility were distressed but the populace were delighted.

'''[4]''' Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] tried to avail himself still more of the influence of Pompey. He had a daughter, [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], who was betrothed to [[Servilius Caepio]]. This daughter he betrothed to Pompey, and said he would give Pompey’s daughter in marriage to Servilius, although she too was not unbetrothed, but had been promised to [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla|Faustus]], the son of Sulla.

'''[5]''' And a little while afterwards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]took [[Calpurnia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Calpurnia]] to wife, a daughter of Piso, and got Piso made consul for the coming year, although here too Cato vehemently protested, and cried out that it was intolerable to have the supreme power prostituted by marriage alliances and to see men helping one another to powers and armies and provinces by means of women.

'''[6]''' As for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] colleague, Bibulus, since he availed nothing by obstructing [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws, but often ran the risk with Cato of being killed in the [[Roman Forum|forum]], he shut himself up at home for the remainder of his term of office. Pompey, however, immediately after his marriage, filled the forum with armed men and helped the people to enact [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] laws and give him as his consular province [[Gaul]] on both sides of the Alps for five years, together with [[Illyricum]] and four [[Roman legion|legions]].

'''[7]''' Cato, of course, tried to speak against these measures, but Caesar had him led off to prison, supposing that he would appeal to the popular tribunes; but when Cato walked off without a word and Caesar saw not only that the most influential men were displeased, but also that the populace, out of respect for Cato’s virtue, were following him in silence and with downcast looks, he himself secretly asked one of the tribunes to take Cato out of arrest.

'''[8]''' Of the other senators, only a very few used to go with Caesar to the senate; the rest, in displeasure, stayed away. [[Considius]], a very aged senator, once told Caesar that his colleagues did not come together because they were afraid of the armed soldiers. “Why, then,” said Caesar, “dost thou too not stay at home out of the same fear?” To this Considius replied: “Because my old age makes me fearless; for the short span of life that is still left me does not require much anxious thought.”

'''[9]''' But the most disgraceful public measure of the time was thought to be the election to the tribuneship, during [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] consulate, of the notorious Clodius, who had trespassed upon his rights as a husband, and upon the secret nocturnal vigils. He was elected, however, for the overthrow of Cicero; and Caesar did not go forth upon his campaign until, with the help of Clodius, he had raised a successful faction against Cicero and driven him out of [[Italy]].

==E15 - Caesar’s Military Achievements==

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'''[1]''' Such, then, is said to have been the course of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s life before his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]]. But the period of the wars which he afterwards fought, and of the campaigns by which he subjugated [[Gaul]], as if he had made another beginning and entered upon a different path of life and one of new achievements, proved him to be inferior as soldier and commander to no one soever of those who have won most admiration for leadership and shown themselves greatest therein.

'''[2]''' Nay, if one compare him with such men as [[Fabii|Fabius]] and [[Scipiones|Scipio]] and [[Metelli|Metellus]], and with the men of his own time or a little before him, like [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], the two [[Luculli]], or even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, whose fame for every sort of military excellence was at this time flowering out and reaching to the skies, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] will be found to surpass them all in his achievements. One he surpassed in the difficulty of the regions where he waged his wars; another in the great extent of country which he acquired; another in the multitude and might of the enemies over whom he was victorious;

'''[3]''' another in the savage manners and perfidious dispositions of the people whom he conciliated; another in his reasonableness and mildness towards his captives; another still in the gifts and favours which he bestowed upon his soldiers; and all in the fact that he fought the most battles and killed the most enemies. For although it was not full ten years that he waged war in [[Gaul]], he took by storm more than eight hundred cities, subdued three hundred nations, and fought pitched battles at different times with three million men, of whom he slew one million in hand to hand fighting and took as many more prisoners.

==E16 - The Courage of Caesar’s Soldiers==

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'''[1]''' His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s fame. Such a man, for instance, was [[Gaius Acilius|Acilius]], who, in the sea-fight at [[Massalia]], boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces of his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vessel.

'''[2]''' Such a man, again, was [[Cassius Scaeva]], who, in the battle at [[Dyrrhachium]], had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accordingly, coming up, he lopped off the shoulder of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades.

'''[3]''' Again, in [[Britain]], when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost [[Centurion|centurions]], who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many conspicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the [[barbarian|Barbarians]] had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wading, got across. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield.

'''[4]''' Again, in [[Africa]], [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] captured a ship of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s in which [[Granius Petro]], who had been appointed [[quaestor]], was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. [[Granius Petro]], however, remarking that it was the custom with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]’s soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword.

==E17 - Caesar’s Discipline and Endurance==

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'''[1]''' Such spirit and ambition [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself created and cultivated in his men, in the first place, because he showed, by his unsparing bestowal of rewards and honours, that he was not amassing wealth from his wars for his own luxury or for any life of ease, but that he treasured it up carefully as a common prize for deeds of valour, and had no greater share in the wealth than he offered to the deserving among his soldiers; and in the second place, by willingly undergoing every danger and refusing no toil.

'''[2]''' Now, at his love of danger his men were not astonished, knowing his ambition; but that he should undergo toils beyond his body's apparent power of endurance amazed them, because he was of a spare habit, had a soft and white skin, suffered from distemper in the head, and was subject to [[epilepsy|epileptic fits]], a trouble which first attacked him, we are told, in [[Corduba]]. Nevertheless, he did not make his feeble health an excuse for soft living, but rather his military service a cure for his feeble health, since by wearisome journeys, simple diet, continuously sleeping in the open air, and enduring hardships, he fought off his trouble and kept his body strong against its attacks.

'''[3]''' Most of his sleep, at least, he got in cars or litters, making his rest conduce to action, and in the day-time he would have himself conveyed to garrisons, cities, or camps, one slave who was accustomed to write from dictation as he travelled sitting by his side, and one soldier standing behind him with a sword. And he drove so rapidly that, on his first journey from [[Rome]] to [[Gaul]], he reached the [[Rhone River|Rhone]] in seven days.

'''[4]''' Horsemanship, moreover, had been easy for him from boyhood; for he was wont to put his hands behind his back and, holding them closely there, to ride his horse at full speed.

'''[5]''' And in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic campaigns]] he practised dictating letters on horseback and keeping two scribes at once busy, or, as [[Oppius]] says, even more. We are told, moreover, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to devise intercourse with his friends by letter, since he could not wait for personal interviews on urgent matters owing to the multitude of his occupations and the great size of the city.

'''[6]''' Of his indifference in regard to his diet the following circumstance also is brought in proof. When the host who was entertaining him in [[Milan|Mediolanum]], [[Valerius Leo]], served up asparagus dressed with myrrh instead of olive oil, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ate of it without ado, and rebuked his friends when they showed displeasure. "Surely," said he, "it were enough not to eat what you don't like; but he who finds fault with ill-breeding like this is ill-bred himself." Once, too, upon a journey, he and his followers were driven by a storm into a poor man's hut, and when he found that it consisted of one room only, and that one barely able to accommodate a single person, he said to his friends that honours must be yielded to the strongest, but necessities to the weakest, and bade [[Oppius]] lie down there, while he himself with the rest of his company slept in the porch.

==E18 - The First Gallic War==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, the first of his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] was against the [[Helvetii]] and [[Tigurini]], who had set fire to their twelve cities and four hundred villages and were advancing through that part of [[Gaul]] which was subject to the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], as once the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] had done. To these they were thought to be not inferior in courage and of equal numbers, being three hundred thousand in all, of whom one hundred and ninety thousand were fighting men.

'''[2]''' The Tigurini were crushed at the [[Arar (river)|river Arar]], not by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, but by [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], his deputy; the Helvetii, however, unexpectedly attacked [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself on the march, as he was leading his forces towards a friendly city, but he succeeded in reaching a strong place of refuge. Here, after he had collected and arrayed his forces, a horse was brought to him. "This horse," said he, "I will use for the pursuit after my victory; but now let us go against the enemy," and accordingly led the charge on foot. After a long and hard struggle he routed the enemy's fighting men, but had the most trouble at their rampart of waggons, where not only did the men themselves make a stand and fight, but also their wives and children defended themselves to the death and were cut to pieces with the men. The battle was hardly over by midnight. To the noble work of victory [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] added a nobler still, that of settling those of the Barbarians who had escaped alive from the battle (there were more than one hundred thousand of them), and compelling them to resume the territory which they had abandoned and the cities which they had destroyed. He did this because he feared that if the territory became vacant the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]] would cross the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] and occupy it.

==E19 - The War with Ariovistus==

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'''[1]''' His second war, directly in defence of the [[Gauls]], was against the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], although previously, in [[Rome]], he had made their king [[Ariovistus]] an ally. But they were intolerable neighbours of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s subjects, and if an opportunity presented itself it was thought that they would not remain quietly in their present homes, but would encroach upon and occupy [[Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Seeing that his officers were inclined to be afraid, and particularly all the young men of high rank who had come out intending to make the campaign with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an opportunity for high living and money-making, he called them together and bade them be off, since they were so unmanly and effeminate, and not force themselves to face danger; as for himself, he said he would take the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]] alone and march against the Barbarians; the enemy would be no better fighters than the [[Cimbri]], and he himself was no worse a general than [[Gaius Marius|Marius]].

'''[3]''' Upon this the tenth legion sent a deputation to him, expressing their gratitude, while the other legions reviled their own commanders, and all the army, now full of impetuous eagerness, followed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on a march of many days, and at last encamped within two hundred furlongs of the enemy. Now, the very approach of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] somewhat shattered the purpose of [[Ariovistus]]. For he did not expect that the Romans would attack the Germans, whose onset he thought they could not withstand, and he was amazed at the boldness of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; besides, he saw that his own army was disturbed.

'''[4]''' Still more, too, was the spirit of the Germans blunted by the prophecies of their holy women, who used to foretell the future by observing the eddies in the rivers and by finding signs in the whirlings and splashings of the waters, and now forbade joining battle before a new moon gave its light.

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned this, and saw that the Germans kept quiet, he decided that it was a good plan to engage them while they were out of heart, rather than to sit still and wait for their time. So, by attacking their entrenchments and the hills on which they were encamped, he irritated them and incited them to come down in anger and fight the issue out. They were signally routed, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pursued them a distance of four hundred furlongs, as far as the [[Rhine river|Rhine]], and filled all the intervening plain with dead bodies and spoils. [[Ariovistus]], with a few followers, succeeded in crossing the Rhine; his dead are said to have been eighty thousand in number.

==E20 - The Belgae and the Nervii==

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'''[1]''' After this achievement, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left his forces among the [[Sequani]] to spend the winter, while he himself, desirous of giving attention to matters at [[Rome]], came down to [[Gaul]] along the [[Po River|Po]], which was a part of the province assigned to him; for the river called [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]] separates the rest of [[Italy]] from [[Cisalpine Gaul]].

'''[2]''' Here he fixed his quarters and carried on his political schemes. Many came to see him, and he gave each one what he wanted, and sent all away in actual possession of some of his favours and hoping for more. And during all the rest of the time of his campaigns in [[Gaul]], unnoticed by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], he was alternately subduing the enemy with the arms of the citizens, or capturing and subduing the citizens with the money which he got from the enemy.

'''[3]''' But when he heard that the [[Belgae]], who were the most powerful of the [[Gauls]] and occupied the third part of all their country, had revolted, and had assembled unknown myriads of armed men, he turned back at once and marched thither with great speed. He fell upon the enemy as they were plundering the Gauls that were in alliance with [[Rome]], and so routed and destroyed the least scattered and most numerous of them, after a disgraceful struggle on their part, that the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] could cross lakes and deep rivers for the multitude of dead bodies in them. All the rebels who dwelt along the ocean submitted without a battle;

'''[4]''' against the [[Nervii]], however, the most savage and warlike of the people in these parts, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led his forces. The Nervii, who dwelt in dense woods, and had placed their families and possessions in a recess of the forest at farthest remove from the enemy, at a time when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fortifying a camp and did not expect the battle, fell upon him suddenly, sixty thousand strong. They routed his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]], and surrounded the [[Roman legion|seventh]] and [[Roman legion|twelfth]] legions and slew all their [[Centurion|centurions]],

'''[5]''' and had not [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] snatched a shield, made his way through the combatants in front of him, and hurled himself upon the Barbarians; and had not the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]], at sight of his peril, run down from the heights and cut the ranks of the enemy to pieces, not a Roman, it is thought, would have survived. As it was, however, owing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s daring, they fought beyond their powers, as the saying is, and even then did not rout the Nervii, but cut them down as they defended themselves; for out of sixty thousand only five hundred are said to have come off alive, and only three of their senators out of four hundred.

==E21 - The Luca Conference==

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'''[1]''' The [[Roman Senate|Roman senate]], on learning of these successes, decreed sacrifices to the gods and cessation from business, with festival, for fifteen days, a greater number than for any victory before. For the danger was seen to have been great when so many nations at once had broken out in revolt, and because [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the victor, the good will of the multitude towards him made his victory more splendid. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, after settling matters in [[Gaul]], again spent the winter in the regions along the [[Po River|Po]], carrying out his plans at [[Rome]].

'''[2]''' For not only did the candidates for office there enjoy his assistance, and win their elections by corrupting the people with money from him, and do everything which was likely to enhance his power, but also most of the men of highest rank and greatest influence came to see him at [[Lucca|Luca]], including [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], [[Appius Claudius Pulcher|Appius]] the governor of [[Sardinia]], and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos|Nepos]] the proconsul of [[Spain]], so that there were a hundred and twenty [[Lictor|lictors]] in the place and more than two hundred [[Roman Senate|senators]].

'''[3]''' They held a council and settled matters on the following basis. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] were to be elected [[Roman consul|consuls]] for the ensuing year, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was to have money voted him, besides another five years in his [[Roman province|provincial command]]. This seemed very strange to men of understanding. For those who were getting so much money from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] urged the senate to give him money as if he had none, nay rather, they forced it to do so, though it groaned over its own decrees.

'''[4]''' [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], indeed, was not there, for he had purposely been sent out of the way on a mission to [[Cyprus]], and [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], who was an ardent follower of Cato, finding himself unable to accomplish anything by his opposition, bounded out of doors and clamoured to the populace. But no one gave heed to him, for some were in awe of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], and most wanted to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], lived in hopes of his favours, and so kept quiet.

==E22 - The Germans and the Rhine==

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'''[1]''' On returning to his forces in [[Gaul]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] found a considerable war in the country, since two great [[Germanic tribes|German nations]] had just crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] to possess the land, one called the [[Usipetes|Usipes]], the other the [[Tencteri|Tenteritae]].

'''[2]''' Concerning the battle which was fought with them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says in his "[[Commentaries on the Gallic War|Commentaries]]" that the [[Germanic tribes|Barbarians]], while treating with him under a truce, attacked on their march and therefore routed his five thousand [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] with their eight hundred, since his men were taken off their guard; that they then sent other [[Envoy|envoys]] to him who tried to deceive him again, but he held them fast and led his army against the Barbarians, considering that good faith towards such faithless breakers of truces was folly.

'''[3]''' But [[Tanusius Geminus|Tanusius]] says that when the senate voted sacrifices of rejoicing over the victory, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] pronounced the opinion that they ought to deliver up [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to the Barbarians, thus purging away the violation of the truce in behalf of the city, and turning the curse therefor on the guilty man. Of those who had crossed the [[Rhine river|Rhine]] into [[Gaul]] four hundred thousand were cut to pieces, and the few who succeeded in making their way back were received by the [[Sugambri]],

'''[4]''' a [[Germanic tribes|German nation]]. This action [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made a ground of complaint against the Sugambri, and besides, he coveted the fame of being the first man to cross the Rhine with an army. He therefore began to bridge the river, although it was very broad, and at this point in its course especially swollen, rough, and impetuous, and with the trunks and branches of trees which it bore down stream kept smiting and tearing away the supports of his bridge.

'''[5]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] caught up these trunks and branches with bulwarks of great timbers planted across the stream, and having thus bridled and yoked the dashing current, he brought his bridge—sight beyond all credence—to completion in ten days.

==E23 - The Rhine and Britain==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] now threw his forces across the river. No one ventured to oppose him, but even the [[Suebi|Suevi]], who were the foremost nation of the [[Germanic tribes|Germans]], bestowed themselves and their belongings in deep and woody defiles. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ravaged the country of the enemy with fire, gave encouragement to the constant friends of [[Rome]], and then retired again into [[Gaul]], having spent eighteen days in [[Germany]].

'''[2]''' His expedition against the [[Britons|Britanni]] was celebrated for its daring. For he was the first to launch a fleet upon the western [[Atlantic Ocean|ocean]] and to sail through the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic sea]] carrying an army to wage war. The island was of incredible magnitude, and furnished much matter of dispute to multitudes of writers, some of whom averred that its name and story had been fabricated, since it never had existed and did not then exist; and in his attempt to occupy it he carried the [[Roman Republic|Roman supremacy]] beyond the confines of the inhabited world.

'''[3]''' After twice crossing to the island from the opposite coast of [[Gaul]] and in many battles damaging the enemy rather than enriching his own men—for there was nothing worth taking from men who lived in poverty and wretchedness—he brought the war to an end which was not to his liking, it is true; still, he took hostages from the king, imposed tributes, and then sailed away from the island.

'''[4]''' In [[Gaul]] he found letters which were about to be sent across to him. They were from his friends in [[Rome]], and advised him of his daughter's death; she died in child-birth at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s house. Great was the grief of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and great the grief of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and their friends were greatly troubled too; they felt that the relationship which alone kept the distempered state in harmony and concord was now dissolved. For the babe also died presently, after surviving its mother a few days. Now [[Julia Caesaris|Julia]], in spite of the [[Tribune|tribunes]], was carried by the people to the [[Campus Martius]], where her funeral rites were held, and where she lies buried.

==E24 - Ambiorix and the Siege of Cicero==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s forces were now so large that he was forced to distribute them in many winter-quarters, while he himself, as his custom was, turned his steps towards [[Italy]]. Then all [[Gaul]] once more broke out in revolt, and great armies went about attacking the entrenchments and trying to destroy the winter-quarters of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. The most numerous and powerful of the rebels, under [[Ambiorix|Abriorix]], utterly destroyed [[Quintus Titurius Sabinus|Titurius]] and [[Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta|Cotta]], together with

'''[2]''' their army, while the legion under [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] was surrounded and besieged by sixty thousand of them, and narrowly escaped having its camp taken by storm, although all were wounded and went beyond their powers in the ardour of their defence.

'''[3]''' When tidings of these things reached [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who was far on his journey, he turned back quickly, got together seven thousand men in all, and hurried on to extricate [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] from the siege. But the besiegers became aware of his approach, and went to meet him with the purpose of cutting his forces off at once, despising their small numbers. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] deceived them by avoiding battle continually, and when he had found a place suitable for one who was fighting against many with few, fortified a camp, where he kept his men altogether from fighting and forced them to increase the height of their ramparts and the defences of their gates as though they were afraid. His strategy thus led the enemy to despise him, until at last, when their boldness led them to attack in scattered bands, he sallied out, routed them, and destroyed many of them.

==E25 - The Rising of Vercingetorix==

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'''[1]''' The numerous revolts of the [[Gaul|Gauls]] in those parts were quieted by this success, as well as by the fact that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, during the winter, went about in all directions and kept close watch on the disturbers of the peace. For there had come from [[Italy]] three [[Roman legion|legions]] to replace the men that he had lost, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] having lent two of those under his command, and one having been newly levied in [[Gaul]] about the [[Po River|Po]].

'''[2]''' But in remoter regions the germs of the greatest and most dangerous of the wars waged in those parts began to show themselves. They had for a long time been secretly sown and cultivated by the most influential men among the most warlike tribes, and derived strength from large bodies of young men assembled from all sides in arms, from great riches brought together, from strong cities,

'''[3]''' and from countries which were hard to invade. At that season of winter, too, frozen rivers, forests buried in snow, plains converted into lakes by winter torrents, in some parts paths obliterated by deep snow, and in others the great uncertainty of a march through swamps and streams diverted from their courses, all seemed to make it wholly impossible for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to oppose the plans of the rebels. Accordingly, many tribes had revolted, but the head and front of the revolt were the [[Arverni]] and [[Carnutes|Carnuntini]], and [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]] was chosen to have the entire authority in the war. His father the Gauls had put to death because they thought he was aiming at a tyranny.

==E26 - Caesar’s Winter Campaign==

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'''[1]''' This leader, then, after dividing his forces into many parts and putting many officers in command of them, was winning over all the country round about as far as the water-shed of the [[Arar (river)|Arar]]. He purposed, now that there was a coalition at [[Rome]] against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], at once to rouse all [[Gaul]] to war. If he had done this a little later, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was involved in the [[Caesar's civil war|civil war]], [[Italy]] would have been a prey to terrors no less acute than those aroused by the [[Cimbri]] of old.

'''[2]''' But as it was, the man endowed by nature to make the best use of all the arts of war, and particularly of its crucial moments, namely [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as soon as he learned of the revolt, set out and marched by the same roads over which he had previously come, and by the vigour and speed of his passage in so severe a winter showed the Barbarians that an unconquered and invincible army was coming against them. For where it was incredible that one of his messengers or letter-carriers could make his way in a long time, there he was seen with his whole army,

'''[3]''' at once ravaging their lands and destroying their strongholds, subduing cities, and receiving those who came over to his side, until the nation of the [[Aedui]] also entered the war against him. These up to this time had called themselves brethren of the [[Romans]] and had been conspicuously honoured, but now, by joining the rebels, they caused great dejection in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army.

'''[4]''' In consequence of this [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] removed from those parts and passed across the territory of the [[Lingones]], wishing to reach the country of the [[Sequani]], who were friends, and stood as a bulwark between [[Italy]] and the rest of [[Gaul]]. There the enemy fell upon him and surrounded him with many tens of thousands, so that he essayed to fight a decisive battle. In the main he got the best of the struggle, and after a long time and much slaughter overpowered the Barbarians; but it appears that at first he met with some reverse, and the [[Arverni]] show a short-sword hanging in a temple, which they say was captured from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself saw it, at a later time, he smiled, and though his friends urged him to have it taken down, he would not permit it, considering it sacred.

==E27 - The Siege of Alesia==

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'''[1]''' However, the most of the Barbarians who escaped at that time took refuge with their king in the city of [[Alesia]]. And while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was besieging

'''[2]''' this city, which was thought to be impregnable by reason of the great size of its walls and the number of their defenders, there fell upon him from outside the city a peril too great for words to depict. For all that was mightiest among the nations of [[Gaul]] assembled and came in arms to [[Alesia]], three hundred thousand strong; and the number of fighting men inside the city was not less than a hundred and seventy thousand. Thus [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], caught between so large hostile forces and besieged there, was compelled to build two walls for his protection, one looking towards the city, and the other towards those who had come up to relieve it; he felt that if the two forces should unite his cause was wholly lost.

'''[3]''' For many reasons, then, and naturally, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s peril at [[Alesia]] was famous, since it produced more deeds of skill and daring than any of his other struggles; but one must be amazed above all that he engaged and conquered so many tens of thousands outside the city without the knowledge of those inside, nay more, without the knowledge even of the [[Roman army|Romans]] who were guarding the wall that faced the city.

'''[4]''' For these did not learn of the victory until the wailing of the men in [[Alesia]] and the lamentations of the women were heard, as they beheld in the quarters of the enemy many shields adorned with gold and silver, many corselets smeared with blood, and also drinking cups and tents of Gallic fashion carried by the Romans into their camp. So quickly did so great a force, like a phantom or a dream, disperse and vanish out of sight, the greater part of them having fallen in the battle.

'''[5]''' Those who held [[Alesia]], too, after giving themselves and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no small trouble, finally surrendered. And the leader of the whole war, [[Vercingetorix|Vergentorix]], after putting on his most beautiful armour and decorating his horse, rode out through the gate. He made a circuit round [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who remained seated, and then leaped down from his horse, stripped off his suit of armour, and seating himself at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s feet remained motionless, until he was delivered up to be kept in custody for the [[Roman triumph|triumph]].

==E28 - Caesar and Pompey==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had long ago decided to put down [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], just as, of course, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] also had decided to put [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] down. For now that [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], who was only waiting for the issue of their struggle to engage the victor, had perished among the [[Parthia|Parthians]], it remained for him who would be greatest to put down him who was, and for him who was greatest, if he would not be put down, to take off in time the man he feared.

'''[2]''' This fear had only recently come upon [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who till then despised [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], feeling that it was no hard task to put down again the man whom he himself had raised on high.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had from the outset formed this design, and like an athlete had removed himself to a great distance from his antagonists, and by exercising himself in the [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]] had practised his troops and increased his fame, lifting himself by his achievements to a height where he could vie with the successes of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. He laid hold of pretexts which were furnished partly by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, and partly by the times and the evil state of government at [[Rome]], by reason of which candidates for office set up counting-tables in public and shamelessly bribed the multitudes, while the people went down into the forum under pay, contending in behalf of their paymaster,

'''[4]''' not with votes, but with bows and arrows, swords, and slings. Often, too, they would defile the rostra with blood and corpses before they separated, leaving the city to anarchy like a ship drifting about without a steersman, so that men of understanding were content if matters issued in nothing worse for them than monarchy, after such madness and so great a tempest. And there were many who actually dared to say in public that nothing but monarchy could now cure the diseases of the state, and that this remedy ought to be adopted when offered by the gentlest of physicians, hinting at [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[5]''' And when even [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], although in words he affected to decline the honour, in fact did more than any one else to effect his appointment as dictator, [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] saw through his design and persuaded the senate to appoint him sole consul, solacing him with a more legal monarchy that he might not force his way to the dictatorship. They also voted him additional time in which to hold his provinces; and he had two, [[Spain]] and all [[Africa]], which he managed by sending legates thither and maintaining armies there, for which he received from the public treasury a thousand talents annually.

==E29 - The Political Crisis==

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'''[1]''' Consequently, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] canvassed by proxy for a consulship, and likewise for an extension of time in which to hold his own provinces. At first, then, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] held his peace, while [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]] and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] opposed these plans; they hated [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] on other grounds, and went beyond all bounds in their efforts to bring dishonour and abuse upon him.

'''[2]''' For instance, the inhabitants of [[Novum Comum]], a colony recently established by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in [[Gaul]], were deprived of citizenship by them; and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], while he was consul, beat with rods a senator of [[Novum Comum]] who had come to [[Rome]], telling him besides that he put these marks upon him to prove that he was not a Roman, and bade him go back and show them to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. But after the consulship of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)|Marcellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] having now sent his Gallic wealth for all those in public life to draw from in copious streams,

'''[3]''' and having freed [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] the tribune from many debts, and having given [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)|Paulus]] the consul fifteen hundred talents, out of which he adorned the forum with the [[Basilica Aemilia|Basilica]], a famous monument, erected in place of the [[Basilica Fulvia|Fulvia]], under these circumstances [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] took fright at the coalition, and openly now, by his own efforts and those of his friends, tried to have a successor appointed to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in his government, and sent a demand to him for the return of the soldiers whom he had lent him for his Gallic contests. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent the soldiers back, after making a present to each man of two hundred and fifty drachmas.

'''[4]''' But the officers who brought these men to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] spread abroad among the multitude stories regarding [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] which were neither reasonable nor true, and ruined [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself with vain hopes. They told him that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army yearned for him, and that while he was with difficulty controlling affairs in the city owing to the disease of envy which festered in the body politic, the forces in [[Gaul]] were ready to serve him, and had but to cross into [[Italy]] when they would at once be on his side, so obnoxious to them had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] become by reason of the multitude of his campaigns,

'''[5]''' and so suspicious of him were they made by their fear of a monarchy. All this fed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s vanity, and he neglected to provide himself with soldiers, as though he had no fears; while with speeches and resolutions of the senate he was carrying the day against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he supposed, although he was merely getting measures rejected about which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cared naught. Nay, we are told that one of the centurions sent to [[Rome]] by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as he stood in front of the senate-house and learned that the senate would not give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] an extension of his term of command, slapped the handle of his sword and said: "But this will give it."

==E30 - Caesar’s Terms==

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'''[1]''' However, the demands which came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] certainly had a striking semblance of fairness. He demanded, namely, that if he himself laid down his arms, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should do the same, and that both, thus become private men, should find what favour they could with their fellow citizens; arguing that if they took away his forces from him, but confirmed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] in the possession of his, they would be accusing one of seeking a tyranny and making the other a tyrant.

'''[2]''' When [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] laid these proposals before the people in behalf of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], he was loudly applauded, and some actually cast garlands of flowers upon him as if he were a victorious athlete. [[Mark Antony|Antony]], too, who was a tribune, brought before the people a letter of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s on these matters which he had received, and read it aloud, in defiance of the consuls.

'''[3]''' But in the senate, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], the father-in-law of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], introduced a motion that if by a fixed day [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not lay down his arms he should be declared a public enemy. And when the consuls put the question whether [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] should dismiss his soldiers, and again whether [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should, very few senators voted for the first, and all but a few for the second; but when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] again demanded that both should give up their commands, all with one accord assented. [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], however, made violent opposition, and [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul cried out that against a robber there was need of arms, not votes; whereupon the senate broke up, and the senators put on the garb of mourning in view of the dissension.

==E31 - Caesar’s Final Proposals==

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'''[1]''' But presently letters came from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in which he appeared to take a more moderate position, for he agreed to surrender everything else, but demanded that [[Cisalpine Gaul]] and [[Illyricum]] together with two [[Roman legion|legions]] should be given him until he stood for his second [[Roman consul|consulship]]. [[Cicero]] the orator, too, who had just returned from [[Cilicia]] and was busy with a reconciliation, tried to mollify [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], who yielded everything else, but insisted on taking away [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s soldiers. [[Cicero]] also tried to persuade the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to compromise and come to a settlement on the basis of the provinces mentioned and only six thousand soldiers, and [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was ready to yield and grant so many. [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] the consul, however, would not let him, but actually heaped insults upon [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]] and drove them disgracefully from the [[Roman Senate|senate]], thus himself contriving for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] the most specious of his pretexts, and the one by means of which he most of all incited his soldiers, showing them men of repute and high office who had fled the city on hired carts and in the garb of slaves. For thus they had arrayed themselves in their fear and stolen out of [[Rome]].

==E32 - The Crossing of the Rubicon==

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'''[1]''' Now, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had with him not more than three hundred horsemen and five thousand [[Roman legion|legionaries]]; for the rest of his army had been left beyond the [[Alps]], and was to be brought up by those whom he had sent for the purpose.

'''[2]''' He saw, however, that the beginning of his enterprise and its initial step did not require a large force at present, but must take advantage of the golden moment by showing amazing boldness and speed, since he could strike terror into his enemies by an unexpected blow more easily than he could overwhelm them by an attack in full force. He therefore ordered his [[Centurion|centurions]] and other officers, taking their swords only, and without the rest of their arms, to occupy [[Ariminum]], a large city of [[Gaul]], avoiding commotion and bloodshed as far as possible; and he entrusted this force to [[Hortensius]].

'''[3]''' He himself spent the day in public, attending and watching the exercises of [[gladiator]]s; but a little before evening he bathed and dressed and went into the banqueting hall. Here he held brief converse with those who had been invited to supper, and just as it was getting dark rose and went away, after addressing courteously most of his guests and bidding them await his return.

'''[4]''' To a few of his friends, however, he had previously given directions to follow him, not all by the same route, but some by one way and some by another. He himself mounted one of his hired carts and drove at first along another road, then turned towards [[Ariminum]]. When he came to the river which separates [[Cisalpine Gaul]] from the rest of [[Italy]] (it is called the [[Rubicon River|Rubicon]]), and began to reflect, now that he drew nearer to the fearful step and was agitated by the magnitude of his ventures,

'''[5]''' he checked his speed. Then, halting in his course, he communed with himself a long time in silence as his resolution wavered back and forth, and his purpose then suffered change after change. For a long time, too, he discussed his perplexities with his friends who were present, among whom was [[Asinius Pollio]], estimating the great evils for all mankind which would follow their passage of the river, and the wide fame of it which they would leave to posterity.

'''[6]''' But finally, with a sort of passion, as if abandoning calculation and casting himself upon the future, and uttering the phrase with which men usually prelude their plunge into desperate and daring fortunes, "Let the die be cast," he hastened to cross the river; and going at full speed now for the rest of the time, before daybreak he dashed into [[Ariminum]] and took possession of it. It is said, moreover, that on the night before he crossed the river he had an unnatural dream: he thought, namely, that he was having incestuous intercourse with his own mother.

==E33 - The Flight from Rome==

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'''[1]''' After the seizure of [[Ariminum]], as if the war had opened with broad gates to cover the whole earth and sea alike, and the laws of the state were confounded along with the boundaries of the province, one would not have thought that men and women, as at other times, were hurrying through [[Italy]] in consternation, but that the very cities had

'''[2]''' risen up in flight and were rushing one through another; while [[Rome]] herself, deluged as it were by the inhabitants of the surrounding towns who were fleeing from their homes, neither readily obeying a magistrate nor listening to the voice of reason, in the surges of a mighty sea narrowly escaped being overturned by her own internal agitations.

'''[3]''' For conflicting emotions and violent disturbances prevailed everywhere. Those who rejoiced did not keep quiet, but in many places, as was natural in a great city, encountered those who were in fear and distress, and being filled with confidence as to the future came into strife with them; while [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself, who was terror-stricken, was assailed on every side, being taken to task by some for having strengthened [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] against himself and the supreme power of the state, and denounced by others for having permitted [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus|Lentulus]] to insult [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] when he was ready to yield and was offering reasonable terms of settlement.

'''[4]''' [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]] bade him stamp on the ground for once; in a boastful speech to the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he told them to take no trouble or anxious thought about preparations for the war, since when it came he had but to stamp upon the earth to fill [[Italy]] with armies.

'''[5]''' However, even then [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s forces were more numerous than [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s; but no one would suffer him to exercise his own judgement and so, under the influence of many false and terrifying reports, believing that the war was already close at hand and prevailed everywhere, he gave way, was swept along with the universal tide, issued an edict declaring a state of anarchy, and forsook the city, commanding the senate to follow, and forbidding any one to remain who preferred country and freedom to tyranny.

==E34 - Caesar’s Clemency at Corfinium==

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'''[1]''' Accordingly, the [[Roman consul|consuls]] fled, without even making the sacrifices usual before departure; most of the senators also fled, after seizing, in a sort of robbery, whatever came to hand of their own possessions, as though it were the property of others. Some, too, who before this had vehemently espoused the cause of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], were now frightened out of their wits, and were carried along, when there was no need of it, by the sweep of the great tide.

'''[2]''' But most pitiful was the sight of the city, now that so great a tempest was bearing down upon her, carried along like a ship abandoned of her helmsmen to dash against whatever lay in her path. Still, although their removal was so pitiful a thing, for the sake of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] men considered exile to be their country, and abandoned [[Rome]] with the feeling that it was [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s camp. For even [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]], one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s greatest friends, who had been his legate and had fought most zealously with him in all his [[Gallic Wars|Gallic wars]], now ran away from him and came to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] sent to [[Titus Labienus|Labienus]] his money and his baggage. Against [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], however, who was holding [[Corfinium]] with thirty [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] under his command, he marched, and pitched his camp near by. [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], despairing of his enterprise, asked his physician, who was a slave, for a poison, and taking what was given him, drank it, intending to die.

'''[4]''' But after a little, hearing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] showed most wonderful clemency towards his prisoners, he bewailed his fate, and blamed the rashness of his purpose. Then his physician bade him be of good cheer, since what he had drunk was a sleeping-potion and not deadly; whereupon [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] rose up overjoyed and went to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], the pledge of whose right hand he received, only to desert him and go back to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When tidings of these things came to [[Rome]], men were made more cheerful, and some of the fugitives turned back.

==E35 - Caesar Takes Rome==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took over the troops of [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]], as well as all the other levies of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] which he surprised in the various cities. Then, since his forces were already numerous and formidable, he marched against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, did not await his approach, but fled to [[Brundisium]], sent the consuls before him with an army to [[Dyrrhachium]], and shortly afterwards, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] drew near, sailed off himself, as shall be set forth circumstantially in his Life. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to pursue him at once, but was destitute of ships; so he turned back to [[Rome]], having in sixty days and without bloodshed become master of all [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He found the city more tranquil than he was expecting, and many senators in it. With these, therefore, he conferred in a gentle and affable manner, inviting them even to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] proposing suitable terms of agreement. But no one would listen to him, either because they feared [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], whom they had abandoned, or because they thought that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not mean what he said, but was indulging in specious talk.

'''[3]''' When the tribune [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] tried to prevent [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s taking money from the reserve funds of the state, and cited certain laws, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said that arms and laws had not the same season. "But if thou art displeased with what is going on, for the present get out of the way, since war has no use for free speech; when, however, I have come to terms and laid down my arms, then thou shalt come before the people with thy harangues. And in saying this I waive my own just rights; for thou art mine, thou and all of the faction hostile to me whom I have caught."

'''[4]''' After this speech to [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] walked towards the door of the treasury, and when the keys were not to be found, he sent for smiths and ordered them to break in the door. [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]] once more opposed him, and was commended by some for so doing; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], raising his voice, threatened to kill him if he did not cease his troublesome interference. "And thou surely knowest, young man," said he, "that it is more unpleasant for me to say this than to do it." Then [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Metellus]], in consequence of this speech, went off in a fright, and henceforth everything was speedily and easily furnished to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for the war.

==E36 - The Campaign in Spain==

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'''[1]''' So he made an expedition into [[Spain]], having resolved first to drive out from there [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s legates, and bring their forces there and the provinces into his power, and then to march against [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], leaving not an enemy in his rear. And though his life was often in peril from ambuscades, and his army most of all from hunger, he did not cease from pursuing, challenging, and besieging the men until he had made himself by main force master of their camps and their forces. The leaders, however, made their escape to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]].

==E37 - Caesar’s Winter Expedition==

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'''[1]''' When [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]], [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]], his father-in-law, urged him to send a deputation to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] with proposals for a settlement; but [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], to please [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], opposed the project. So, having been made [[Roman dictator|dictator]] by the [[Roman Senate|senate]], he brought home exiles, restored to civic rights the children of those who had suffered in the time of [[Sulla]], relieved the burdens of the debtor-class by a certain adjustment of interest, took in hand a few other public measures of like character, and within eleven days abdicated the sole power, had himself declared [[Roman consul|consul]] with [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Servilius Isauricus]], and entered upon his campaign.

'''[2]''' The rest of his forces he passed by in a forced march, and with six hundred picked horsemen and five legions, at the time of the winter solstice, in the early part of January (this month answers nearly to the Athenian Poseideon), put to sea, and after crossing the [[Ionian Gulf]] took [[Oricum]] and [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], and sent his transports back again to [[Brundisium]] for the soldiers who had been belated on their march.

'''[3]''' These, as long as they were on the road, since they were now past their physical prime and worn out with their multitudinous wars, murmured against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. "Whither, pray, and to what end will this man bring us, hurrying us about and treating us like tireless and lifeless things? Even a sword gets tired out with smiting, and shield and breastplate are spared a little after so long a time of service."

'''[4]''' Will not even our wounds, then, convince [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he commands mortal men, and that we are mortal in the endurance of pain and suffering? Surely the wintry season and the occasion of a storm at sea not even a god can constrain; yet this man takes risks as though he were not pursuing, but flying from, enemies.

'''[5]''' With such words as these they marched in a leisurely way to [[Brundisium]]. But when they got there and found that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had put to sea, they quickly changed their tone and reviled themselves as traitors to the [[Imperator]]; they reviled their officers, too, for not having quickened their march. Then, sitting on the cliffs, they looked oft towards the open sea and [[Epirus]], watching for the ships which were to carry them across to their commander.

==E38 - Caesar’s Attempt to Cross the Aous==

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'''[1]''' At [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], since the force which he had with him was not a match for the enemy and the delay of his troops on the other side caused him perplexity and distress, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] conceived the dangerous plan of embarking in a twelve-oared boat, without any one's knowledge, and going over to [[Brundisium]], though the sea was encompassed by such large armaments of the enemy.

'''[2]''' At night, accordingly, after disguising himself in the dress of a slave, he went on board, threw himself down as one of no account, and kept quiet. While the river [[Aous River|Aous]] was carrying the boat down towards the sea, the early morning breeze, which at that time usually made the mouth of the river calm by driving back the waves, was quelled by a strong wind which blew from the sea during the night;

'''[3]''' the river therefore chafed against the inflow of the sea and the opposition of its billows, and was rough, being beaten back with a great din and violent eddies, so that it was impossible for the master of the boat to force his way along. He therefore ordered the sailors to come about in order to retrace his course. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], perceiving this, disclosed himself, took the master of the boat by the hand, who was terrified at sight of him, and said: "Come, good man, be bold and fear naught; thou carryest [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] fortune in thy boat."

'''[4]''' The sailors forgot the storm, and laying to their oars, tried with all alacrity to force their way down the river. But since it was impossible, after taking much water and running great hazard at the mouth of the river, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] very reluctantly suffered the captain to put about. When he came back, his soldiers met him in throngs, finding much fault and sore displeased with him because he did not believe that even with them alone he was able to conquer, but was troubled, and risked his life for the sake of the absent as though distrusting those who were present.

==E39 - The Setback Against Pompey==

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'''[1]''' After this, [[Mark Antony|Antony]] put in from [[Brundisium]] with his forces, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was emboldened to challenge [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] to battle. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] was well posted and drew ample supplies both from land and sea; while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had no great abundance at first, and afterwards was actually hard pressed for want of provisions. But his soldiers dug up a certain root, mixed it with milk, and ate it.

'''[2]''' Once, too, they made loaves of it, and running up to the enemy's outposts, threw the loaves inside or tossed them to one another, adding by way of comment that as long as the earth produced such roots, they would not stop besieging [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], however, would not allow either the loaves or these words to reach the main body of his army. For his soldiers were dejected, fearing the ferocity and hardiness of their enemies, who were like wild beasts in their eyes.

'''[3]''' There were constant skirmishings about the fortifications of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], and in all of them [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] got the better except one, where there was a great rout of his men and he was in danger of losing his camp.

'''[4]''' For when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] attacked not one of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s men stood his ground, but the moats were filled with the slain, and others were falling at their own ramparts and walls, whither they had been driven in headlong flight. And though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] met the fugitives and tried to turn them back, he availed nothing, nay, when he tried to lay hold of the standards the bearers threw them away, so that the enemy captured thirty-two of them. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, too, narrowly escaped being killed.

'''[5]''' For as a tall and sturdy man was running away past him, he laid his hand upon him and bade him stay and face about upon the enemy; and the fellow, full of panic at the threatening danger, raised his sword to smite [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but before he could do so [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s shield-bearer lopped off his arm at the shoulder. So completely had [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] given up his cause for lost that, when [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], either from excessive caution or by some chance, did not follow up his great success, but withdrew after he had shut up the fugitives within their entrenchments, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said to his friends as he left them: "To-day victory had been with the enemy, if they had had a victor in command."

'''[6]''' Then going by himself to his tent and lying down, he spent that most distressful of all nights in vain reflections, convinced that he had shown bad generalship. For while a fertile country lay waiting for him, and the prosperous cities of [[Macedonia]] and [[Thessaly]], he had neglected to carry the war thither, and had posted himself here by the sea, which his enemies controlled with their fleets, being thus held in siege by lack of provisions rather than besieging with his arms.

'''[7]''' Thus his despondent thoughts of the difficulty and perplexity of his situation kept him tossing upon his couch, and in the morning he broke camp, resolved to lead his army into [[Macedonia]] against [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]]; for he would then either draw [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] after him to a place where he would give battle without drawing his supplies as he now did from the sea, or [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] would be left alone and he would overwhelm him.

==E40 - Pompey’s Strategy==

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'''[1]''' This emboldened the soldiers of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and the leaders by whom he was surrounded to keep close to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], whom they thought defeated and in flight. For [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was cautious about hazarding a battle for so great a stake, and since he was most excellently provided with everything necessary for a long war, he thought it best to wear out and quench the vigour of the enemy, which must be short-lived.

'''[2]''' For the best fighting men in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army had experience, it is true, and a daring which was irresistible in combat; but what with their long marches and frequent encampments and siege-warfare and night-watches, they were beginning to give out by reason of age, and were too unwieldy for labour, having lost their ardour from weakness. At that time, too, a kind of pestilential disease, occasioned by the strangeness of their diet, was said to be prevalent in [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s army. And what was most important of all, since [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was neither strong in funds nor well supplied with provisions, it was thought that within a short time his army would break up of itself.

==E41 - Pompey Is Pressed into Battle==

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'''[1]''' For these reasons [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] did not wish to fight, but [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] was the only one to commend his course, and this from a desire to spare the lives of his fellow citizens;

'''[2]''' for when he saw even those of the enemy who had fallen in the battle, to the number of a thousand, he burst into tears, muffled up his head, and went away.

'''[3]''' All the rest, however, reviled [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] for trying to avoid a battle, and sought to goad him on by calling him [[Agamemnon]] and King of Kings, implying that he did not wish to lay aside his sole authority, but plumed himself on having so many commanders dependent upon him and coming constantly to his tent. And [[Marcus Favonius|Favonius]], affecting [[Cato the Younger|Cato]]'s boldness of speech, complained like a mad man because that year also they would be unable to enjoy the figs of [[Tusculum]] because of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s love of command. [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]], too, who had lately come from [[Spain]], where he had shown bad generalship, when accused of betraying his army for a bribe, asked why they did not fight with the merchant who had bought the provinces from him. Driven on by all these importunities, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] reluctantly sought a battle and pursued [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] accomplished most of his march with difficulty, since no one would sell him provisions, and everybody despised him on account of his recent defeat; but after he had taken [[Gomphi]], a city of [[Thessaly]], he not only provided food for his soldiers, but also relieved them of their disease unexpectedly. For they fell in with plenty of wine, and after drinking freely of it, and then revelling and rioting on their march, by means of their drunkenness they drove away and got rid of their trouble, since they brought their bodies into a different habit.

==E42 - The Armies at Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But when both armies entered the plain of [[Pharsalus]] and encamped there, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s mind reverted again to its former reasoning, and besides, there befell him unlucky appearances and a vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that he saw himself in his theatre applauded by the [[Romans]], . . .

'''[2]''' Those about him, however, were so confident, and so hopefully anticipated the victory, that [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Spinther]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] disputed earnestly with one another over [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s office of [[Pontifex Maximus]], and many sent agents to [[Rome]] to hire and take possession of houses suitable for [[Praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]], assuming that they would immediately hold these offices after the war. And most of all were his [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]] impatient for the battle, since they had a splendid array of shining armour, well-fed horses, and handsome persons, and were in high spirits too on account of their numbers, which were seven thousand to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s one thousand. The numbers of the infantry also were unequal, since forty-five thousand were arrayed against twenty-two thousand.

==E43 - The Portents Before Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] called his soldiers together, and after telling them that [[Cornificius|Corfinius]] was near with two [[Roman legion|legions]] for him, and that fifteen [[Roman cohort|cohorts]] besides under [[Quintus Fufius Calenus|Calenus]] were stationed at [[Athens]] and [[Megara]], asked them whether they wished to wait for these troops, or to hazard the issue by themselves. Then the soldiers besought him with loud cries not to wait for the troops, but rather to contrive and manoeuvre to come to close quarters with the enemy as soon as possible.

'''[2]''' As he was holding a lustration and review of his forces and had sacrificed the first victim, the seer at once told him that within three days there would be a decisive battle with the enemy. And when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] asked him whether he also saw in the victims any favourable signs of the issue, "Thou thyself," said the seer, "canst better answer this question for thyself. For the gods indicate a great change and revolution of the present status to the opposite. Therefore, if thou thinkest thyself well off as matters stand, expect the worse fortune; if badly off, the better."

'''[3]''' Moreover, on the night before the battle, as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was making the round of his sentries about midnight, a fiery torch was seen in the heavens, which seemed to be carried over his camp, blazing out brightly, and then to fall into [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s. And during the morning watch it was noticed that there was actually a panic confusion among the enemy. However, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] did not expect to fight on that day, but began to break camp for a march to [[Scotussa]].

==E44 - The Battle of Pharsalus==

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'''[1]''' But just as the tents had been struck, his scouts rode up to him with tidings that the enemy were coming down into the plain for battle. At this he was overjoyed, and after prayers and vows to the gods, drew up his [[Roman legion|legionaries]] in three divisions. Over the centre he put [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius Calvinus]], while of the wings [[Mark Antony|Antony]] had one and he himself the right, where he intended to fight with the [[Legio X Equestris|tenth legion]].

'''[2]''' But seeing that the enemy's cavalry were arraying themselves over against this point, and fearing their brilliant appearance and their numbers, he ordered six cohorts from the furthermost lines to come round to him unobserved, and stationed them behind his right wing, teaching them what they were to do when the enemy's horsemen attacked.

'''[3]''' [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] had one of his wings himself, and [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus|Domitius]] the left, while [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s father-in-law, commanded the centre. But his horsemen all crowded to the left wing, intending to encircle the enemy's right and make a complete rout about the commander himself; for they thought that no legionary array, however deep, could resist them, but that when so many horsemen made an onset together the enemy would be utterly broken and crushed.

'''[4]''' When both sides were about to sound the charge, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] ordered his legionaries to stand with arms at the ready and await in close array the onset of the enemy until they were within javelin cast. But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] says that here too [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] made a mistake, not knowing that the initial clash with all the impetus of running adds force to the blows and fires the courage, which everything then conspires to fan.

'''[5]''' As [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was about to move his lines of legionaries, and was already going forward into action, he saw first one of his [[Centurion|centurions]], a man experienced in war and faithful to him, encouraging his men and challenging them to vie with him in prowess.

'''[6]''' Him [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] addressed by name and said: "Caius Crassinius, what are our hopes, and how does our confidence stand?" Then Crassinius, stretching forth his right hand, said with a loud voice: "We shall win a glorious victory, O Caesar, and thou shalt praise me to-day, whether I am alive or dead." So saying, he plunged foremost into the enemy at full speed, carrying along with him the one hundred and twenty soldiers under his command. But after cutting his way through the first rank, and while he was forging onwards with great slaughter, he was beaten back by the thrust of a sword through his mouth, and the point of the sword actually came out at the back of his neck.

==E45 - The Defeat of Pompey's Cavalry==

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'''[1]''' When the infantry had thus clashed together in the centre and were fighting, [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]'s cavalry rode proudly up from the wing and deployed their squadrons to envelope the enemy's right; and before they could attack, the cohorts ran out from where [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was posted,

'''[2]''' not hurling their javelins, as usual, nor yet stabbing the thighs and legs of their enemies with them, but aiming them at their eyes and wounding their faces. They had been instructed to do this by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who expected that men little conversant with wars or wounds, but young, and pluming themselves on their youthful beauty, would dread such wounds especially, and would not stand their ground, fearing not only their present danger, but also their future disfigurement.

'''[3]''' And this was what actually came to pass; for they could not endure the upward thrust of the javelins, nor did they even venture to look the weapon in the face, but turned their heads away and covered them up to spare their faces. And finally, having thus thrown themselves into confusion, they turned and fled most shamefully, thereby ruining everything. For the conquerors of the horsemen at once encircled the infantry, fell upon their rear, and began to cut them to pieces.

'''[4]''' When [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], on the other wing, saw his horsemen scattered in flight, he was no longer the same man, nor remembered that he was [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]], but more like one whom Heaven has robbed of his wits than anything else, he went off without a word to his tent, sat down there, and awaited what was to come, until his forces were all routed and the enemy were assailing his ramparts and fighting with their defenders.

'''[5]''' Then he came to his senses, as it were, and with this one ejaculation, as they say, "What, even to my quarters?" took off his fighting and general's dress, put on one suitable for a fugitive, and stole away. What his subsequent fortunes were, and how he delivered himself into the hands of the [[Egyptians]] and was murdered, I shall tell in his Life.

==E46 - Caesar's Clemency==

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'''[1]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], when he reached [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] ramparts and saw those of the enemy who were already lying dead there and those who were still falling, said with a groan: "They would have it so; they brought me to such a pass that if I, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caius Caesar]], after waging successfully the greatest wars, had dismissed my forces, I should have been condemned in their courts."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]] says that these words, which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote down in [[Greek language|Greek]], were uttered by him in [[Latin language|Latin]] at the time; he also says that most of the slain were servants who were killed at the taking of the camp, and that not more than six thousand soldiers fell.

'''[3]''' Most of those who were taken alive [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] incorporated in his legions, and to many men of prominence he granted immunity. One of these was [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], who afterwards slew him. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was distressed, we are told, when Brutus was not to be found, but when he was brought into his presence safe and sound, was pleased beyond measure.

==E47 - Omens of Victory==

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'''[1]''' There were many portents of the victory, but the most remarkable one on record is that which was seen at [[Tralles]]. In that city's temple of Victory there stood a statue of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and the ground around it was itself naturally firm, and was paved with hard stone; yet from this it is said that a palm-tree shot up at the base of the statue.

'''[2]''' Moreover, at [[Patavium]], [[Gaius Cornelius (augur)|Caius Cornelius]], a man in repute as a seer, a fellow citizen and acquaintance of [[Livy]] the historian, chanced that day to be sitting in the place of augury. And to begin with, according to Livy, he discerned the time of the battle, and said to those present that even then the event was in progress and the men were going into action. And when he looked again and observed the signs, he sprang up in a rapture crying: "Thou art victorious, O [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]!" The bystanders being amazed, he took the chaplet from his head and declared with an oath that he would not put it on again until the event had borne witness to his art. At any rate, Livy insists that this was so.

==E48 - Caesar in Asia and Egypt==

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'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave the [[Thessaly|Thessalians]] their freedom, to commemorate his victory, and then pursued [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. When he reached [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] he made the [[Cnidus|Cnidians]] also free, to please [[Theopompus of Chios|Theopompus]] the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] remitted a third of their taxes. Arriving at [[Alexandria]] just after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] death, he turned away in horror from [[Theodotus of Chios|Theodotus]] as he presented the head of Pompey, but he accepted Pompey's seal-ring, and shed tears over it.

'''[2]''' Moreover, all the companions and intimates of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] who had been captured by the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] as they wandered over the country, he treated with kindness and attached them to himself. And to his friends in [[Rome]] he wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory, namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him.

'''[3]''' As for the war in [[Egypt]], some say that it was not necessary, but due to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] passion for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], and that it was inglorious and full of peril for him. But others blame the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king's]] party for it, and especially the eunuch [[Pothinus|Potheinus]], who had most influence at court, and had recently killed [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]; he had also driven [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country, and was now secretly plotting against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. On this account they say that from this time on [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] passed whole nights at drinking parties in order to protect himself.

'''[4]''' But in his open acts also [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] was unbearable, since he said and did many things that were invidious and insulting to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For instance, when the soldiers had the oldest and worst grain measured out to them, he bade them put up with it and be content, since they were eating what belonged to others; and at the state suppers he used wooden and earthen dishes, on the ground that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had taken all the gold and silver ware in payment of a debt. For the [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|father of the present king]] owed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seventeen million five hundred thousand drachmas, of which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had formerly remitted a part to his children, but now demanded payment of ten millions for the support of his army.

'''[5]''' When, however, [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] bade him go away now and attend to his great affairs, assuring him that later he would get his money with thanks, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] replied that he had no need whatever of Egyptians as advisers, and secretly sent for [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] from the country.

==E49 - Cleopatra and the Alexandrian War==

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'''[1]''' So [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], taking only [[Apollodorus the Sicilian]] from among her friends, embarked in a little skiff and landed at the palace when it was already getting dark; and as it was impossible to escape notice otherwise, she stretched herself at full length inside a bed-sack, while [[Apollodorus the Sicilian|Apollodorus]] tied the bed-sack up with a cord and carried it indoors to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]].

'''[2]''' It was by this device of [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]], it is said, that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was first captivated, for she showed herself to be a bold coquette, and succumbing to the charm of further intercourse with her, he reconciled her to [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|her brother]] on the basis of a joint share with him in the royal power.

'''[3]''' Then, as everybody was feasting to celebrate the reconciliation, a slave of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]], his barber, who left nothing unscrutinized, owing to a timidity in which he had no equal, but kept his ears open and was here, there, and everywhere, perceived that [[Achillas]] the general and [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] the eunuch were hatching a plot against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. After [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had found them out, he set a guard about the banqueting-hall, and put [[Pothinus|Potheinus]] to death; [[Achillas]], however, escaped to his camp, and raised about [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] a war grievous and difficult for one who was defending himself with so few followers against so large a city and army.

'''[4]''' In this war, to begin with, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] encountered the peril of being shut off from water, since the canals were dammed up by the enemy; in the second place, when the enemy tried to cut off his fleet, he was forced to repel the danger by using fire, and this spread from the dockyards and destroyed the [[Library of Alexandria|great library]]; and thirdly, when a battle arose at [[Pharos]], he sprang from the mole into a small boat and tried to go to the aid of his men in their struggle, but the [[Egyptians]] sailed up against him from every side, so that he threw himself into the sea and with great difficulty escaped by swimming. At this time, too, it is said that he was holding many papers in his hand and would not let them go, though missiles were flying at him and he was immersed in the sea, but held them above water with one hand and swam with the other; his little boat had been sunk at the outset.

'''[5]''' But finally, after the [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|king]] had gone away to the enemy, he marched against him and conquered him in a battle where many fell and the king himself disappeared. Then, leaving [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] on the throne of [[Egypt]] (a little later she had a son by him whom the [[Alexandria|Alexandrians]] called [[Caesarion]]), he set out for [[Syria]].

==E50 - The Defeat of Pharnaces==

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'''[1]''' On leaving that country and traversing [[Asia]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] learned that [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus|Domitius]] had been defeated by [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]] the son of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]] and had fled from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] with a few followers; also that [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces]], using his victory without stint, and occupying [[Bithynia]] and [[Cappadocia]], was aiming to secure the country called [[Lesser Armenia]], and was rousing to revolt all the princes and tetrarchs there. At once, therefore, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] marched against him with three legions, fought a great battle with him near the city of [[Zela]], drove him in flight out of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], and annihilated his army.

'''[2]''' In announcing the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at [[Rome]], [[Amantius]], [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wrote three words: "Came, saw, conquered." In [[Latin language|Latin]], however, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity which is most impressive.

==E51 - Caesar's Return to Rome==

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'''[1]''' After this, he crossed to [[Italy]] and went up to [[Rome]], at the close of the year for which he had a second time been chosen [[Roman dictator|dictator]], though that office had never before been for a whole year; then for the following year he was proclaimed [[Roman consul|consul]]. Men spoke ill of him because, after his soldiers had mutinied and killed two men of praetorian rank, [[Galba]] and [[Cosconius]], he censured them only so far as to call them "citizens" when he addressed them, instead of "soldiers," and then gave each man a thousand drachmas and much allotted land in [[Italy]].

'''[2]''' He was also calumniated for the madness of [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]], the greed of [[Amantius]], the drunkenness of [[Mark Antony|Antony]], and for the fact that [[Corfinius]] built over and refurnished the house of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] on the ground that it was not good enough for him. For at all these things the [[Romans]] were displeased. But owing to the political situation, though [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not ignorant of these things and did not like them, he was compelled to make use of such assistants.

==E52 - The African Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After the battle at [[Pharsalus]], [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] made their escape to [[Africa]], and there, with the aid of [[Juba I of Numidia|King Juba]], collected considerable forces. [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] therefore resolved to make an expedition against them. So, about the time of the winter solstice, he crossed into [[Sicily]], and wishing to cut off at once in the minds of his officers all hope of delaying there and wasting time, he pitched his own tent on the sea-beach. When a favouring wind arose, he embarked and put to sea with three thousand infantry and a few horsemen. Then, after landing these unobserved, he put to sea again, being full of fears for the larger part of his force, and meeting them after they were already at sea, he conducted all into camp.

'''[2]''' On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the [[Scipio Africanus|Scipios]] to conquer in [[Africa]], he either flouted in pleasantry the [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] who commanded the enemy, or else tried in good earnest to appropriate to himself the omen, it is hard to say which.

'''[3]''' He had under him, namely, a man who otherwise was a contemptible nobody, but belonged to the family of the Africani, and was called [[Scipio Sallustio]]. This man [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] put in the forefront of his battles as if commander of the army, being compelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the fighting.

'''[4]''' For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of burden, nay, they were forced to feed their horses on sea-weed, which they washed free of its salt and mixed with a little grass to sweeten it. For the [[Numidians]] showed themselves everywhere in great numbers and speedy, and controlled the country.

'''[5]''' Indeed, while [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] horsemen were once off duty (a [[Libya|Libyan]] was showing them how he could dance and play the flute at the same time in an astonishing manner, and they had committed their horses to the slaves and were sitting delighted on the ground), the enemy suddenly surrounded and attacked them, killed some of them,

'''[6]''' and followed hard upon the heels of the rest as they were driven headlong into camp. And if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself, and with him [[Gaius Asinius Pollio|Asinius Pollio]], had not come from the ramparts to their aid and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion, too, in another battle, the enemy got the advantage in the encounter, and here it is said that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] seized by the neck the fugitive standard-bearer, faced him about, and said: "Yonder is the enemy."

==E53 - The Battle of Thapsus==

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'''[1]''' However, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]] was encouraged by these advantages to hazard a decisive battle, so, leaving [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] and [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] encamped separately at a short distance apart, he himself began fortifying a camp beyond a lake near the city of [[Thapsus]], that it might serve the whole army as a place from which to sally out to the battle, and as a place of refuge.

'''[2]''' But while he was busy with this project, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made his way with inconceivable speed through woody regions which afford unknown access to the spot, outflanked some of the enemy, and attacked others in front. Then, after routing these, he took advantage of the favourable instant and of the impetus of fortune, and thereby captured the camp of [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] at the first onset, and at the first onset sacked the camp of the [[Numidians]], from which [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] fled. Thus in a brief portion of one day he made himself master of three camps and slew fifty thousand of the enemy, without losing as many as fifty of his own men.

'''[3]''' This is the account which some give of the battle; others, however, say that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was not in the action, but that, as he was marshalling and arraying his army, his usual sickness laid hold of him, and he, at once aware that it was beginning, before his already wavering senses were altogether confounded and overpowered by the malady, was carried to a neighbouring tower, where he stayed quietly during the battle. Of the men of consular and praetorial rank who escaped from the battle, some slew themselves at the moment of their capture, and others were put to death by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] after capture.

==E54 - Cato's Death and the Anti-Cato==

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'''[1]''' Being eager to take [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] alive, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] hastened towards [[Utica]], for Cato was guarding that city, and took no part in the battle. But he learned that Cato had made away with himself, and he was clearly annoyed, though for what reason is uncertain. At any rate, he said: "Cato, I begrudge thee thy death; for thou didst begrudge me the preservation of thy life."

'''[2]''' Now, the treatise which [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] afterwards wrote against Cato when he was dead, does not seem to prove that he was in a gentle or reconcilable mood. For how could he have spared Cato alive, when he poured out against him after death so great a cup of wrath? And yet from his considerate treatment of [[Cicero]] and [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and thousands more who had fought against him, it is inferred that even this treatise was not composed out of hatred, but from political ambition, for reasons which follow.

'''[3]''' [[Cicero]] had written an encomium on Cato which he entitled "Cato"; and the discourse was eagerly read by many, as was natural, since it was composed by the ablest of orators on the noblest of themes. This annoyed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who thought that [[Cicero's]] praise of the dead Cato was a denunciation of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself. Accordingly, he wrote a treatise in which he got together countless charges against Cato and the work is entitled "Anti-Cato." Both treatises have many eager readers, as well on account of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as of Cato.

==E55 - Caesar's African Triumph==

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'''[1]''' But to resume, when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back to [[Rome]] from [[Africa]], to begin with, he made a boastful speech to the people concerning his victory, asserting that he had subdued a country large enough to furnish annually for the public treasury two hundred thousand [[Attic]] bushels of grain, and three million pounds of olive oil. Next, he celebrated triumphs, an Egyptian, a Pontic, and an African, the last not for his victory over [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio|Scipio]], but ostensibly over [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba]] the king. On this occasion, too, [[Juba II|Juba]], a son of the king, a mere infant, was carried along in the triumphal procession, the most fortunate captive ever taken, since from being a [[Barbarian]] and a [[Numidia]]n, he came to be enrolled among the most learned historians of [[Ancient Greece|Hellas]]. After the triumphs, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] gave his soldiers large gifts and entertained the people with banquets and spectacles, feasting them all at one time on twenty thousand dining-couches, and furnishing spectacles of [[gladiator]]ial and naval combats in honour of his daughter [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], long since dead.

'''[2]''' After the spectacles, a census of the people was taken, and instead of the three hundred and twenty thousand of the preceding lists there were enrolled only one hundred and fifty thousand. So great was the calamity which the civil wars had wrought, and so large a portion of the people of [[Rome]] had they consumed away, to say nothing of the misfortunes that possessed the rest of [[Italy]] and the provinces.

==E56 - Caesar's Spanish Campaign==

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'''[1]''' After these matters had been finished and he had been declared consul for the fourth time, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] made an expedition into [[Spain]] against the sons of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]]. These were still young, but had collected an army of amazing numbers and displayed a boldness which justified their claims to leadership, so that they beset [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] with the greatest peril.

'''[2]''' The great battle was joined near the city of [[Munda]], and here [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], seeing his own men hard pressed and making a feeble resistance, asked in a loud voice as he ran through the armed ranks whether they felt no shame to take him and put him in the hands of those boys. With difficulty and after much strenuous effort he repulsed the enemy and slew over thirty thousand of them, but he lost one thousand of his own men, and those the very best.

'''[3]''' As he was going away after the battle he said to his friends that he had often striven for victory, but now first for his life. He fought this victorious battle on the day of the festival of [[Bacchus]], on which day also it is said that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]] had gone forth to the war; a period of four years intervened. As for [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] sons, the younger made his escape, but after a few days the head of the elder was brought in by [[Deidius]].

'''[4]''' This was the last war that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] waged; and the triumph that was celebrated for it vexed the [[Romans]] as nothing else had done. For it commemorated no victory over foreign commanders or barbarian kings, but the utter annihilation of the sons and the family of the mightiest of the [[Romans]], who had fallen upon misfortune; and it was not meet for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to celebrate a triumph for the calamities of his country, priding himself upon actions which had no defence before gods or men except that they had been done under necessity, and that too although previously he had sent neither messenger nor letters to announce to the people a victory in the civil wars, but had scrupulously put from him the fame arising therefrom.

==E57 - Caesar Appointed Dictator for Life==

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'''[1]''' However, the [[Romans]] gave way before the good fortune of the man and accepted the bit, and regarding the monarchy as a respite from the evils of the civil wars, they appointed him [[Roman dictator|dictator for life]]. This was confessedly a tyranny, since the monarchy, besides the element of irresponsibility, now took on that of permanence.

'''[2]''' It was [[Cicero]] who proposed the first honours for him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], and their magnitude was, after all, not too great for a man; but others added excessive honours and vied with one another in proposing them, thus rendering [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] odious and obnoxious even to the mildest citizens because of the pretension and extravagance of what was decreed for him. It is thought, too, that the enemies of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] no less than his flatterers helped to force these measures through, in order that they might have as many pretexts as possible against him and might be thought to have the best reasons for attempting his life.

'''[3]''' For in all other ways, at least, after the civil wars were over, he showed himself blameless; and certainly it is thought not inappropriate that the [[Temple of Clemency]] was decreed as a thank-offering in view of his mildness.

'''[4]''' For he pardoned many of those who had fought against him, and to some he even gave honours and offices besides, as to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], both of whom were now [[Roman praetor|praetors]]. The statues of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], too, which had been thrown down, he would not suffer to remain so, but set them up again, at which [[Cicero]] said that in setting up [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] statues [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] firmly fixed his own.

'''[5]''' When his friends thought it best that he should have a body-guard, and many of them volunteered for this service, he would not consent, saying that it was better to die once for all than to be always expecting death. In the effort to surround himself with men's good will as the fairest and at the same time the securest protection, he again courted the people with banquets and distributions of grain, and his soldiers with newly planted colonies, the most conspicuous of which were [[Carthage]] and [[Corinth]]. The earlier capture of both these cities, as well as their present restoration, chanced to fall at one and the same time.

==E58 - Caesar's Ambitions and Public Works==

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'''[1]''' As for the nobles, to some of them he promised consulships and praetorships in the future, others he appeased with sundry other powers and honours, and in all he implanted hopes, since he ardently desired to rule over willing subjects. Therefore, when [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 BC)|Maximus]] the consul died, he appointed [[Gaius Caninius Rebilus|Caninius Revilius]] consul for the one day still remaining of the term of office. To him, as we are told, many were going with congratulations and offers of escort, whereupon [[Cicero]] said: "Let us make haste, or else the man's consulship will have expired."

'''[2]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] many successes, however, did not divert his natural spirit of enterprise and ambition to the enjoyment of what he had laboriously achieved, but served as fuel and incentive for future achievements, and begat in him plans for greater deeds and a passion for fresh glory, as though he had used up what he already had. What he felt was therefore nothing else than emulation of himself, as if he had been another man, and a sort of rivalry between what he had done and what he purposed to do.

'''[3]''' For he planned and prepared to make an expedition against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] and after subduing these and marching around the [[Black Sea|Euxine]] by way of [[Hyrcania]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and the [[Caucasus]], to invade [[Scythia]]; and after overrunning the countries bordering on [[Germany]] and [[Germany]] itself, to come back by way of [[Gaul]] to [[Italy]], and so to complete this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the [[Ocean]].

'''[4]''' During this expedition, moreover, he intended to dig through the [[Isthmus of Corinth]], and had already put [[Anienus]] in charge of this work; he intended also to divert the [[Tiber]] just below the city into a deep channel, give it a bend towards [[Circeii|Circeium]], and make it empty into the sea at [[Terracina]], thus contriving for merchantmen a safe as well as an easy passage to [[Rome]];

'''[5]''' and besides this, to convert the marshes about [[Pomptine Marshes|Pomentinum]] and [[Setia]] into a plain which many thousands of men could cultivate; further, to build moles which should barricade the sea where it was nearest to [[Rome]], to clear away the hidden dangers on the shore of [[Ostia]], and then construct harbours and roadsteads sufficient for the great fleets that would visit them. And all these things were in preparation.

==E59 - The Julian Calendar==

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'''[1]''' The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the computation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility.

'''[2]''' For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the [[Romans]], so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year; the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called [[Mercedonius]]. [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] the king is said to have been the first to intercalate this month, thus devising a slight and short-lived remedy for the error in regard to the sidereal and solar cycles, as I have said in his Life.

'''[3]''' But [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and out of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any. This the [[Romans]] use down to the present time, and are thought to be less in error than other peoples as regards the inequality between the lunar and solar years. However, even this furnished occasion for blame to those who envied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and disliked his power. At any rate, [[Cicero]] the orator, we are told, when some one remarked that [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]] would rise on the morrow, said: "Yes, by decree," implying that men were compelled to accept even this dispensation.

==E60 - The Growing Hatred of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' But the most open and deadly hatred towards him was produced by his passion for the royal power. For the multitude this was a first cause of hatred, and for those who had long smothered their hate, a most specious pretext for it. And yet those who were advocating this honour for [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually spread abroad among the people a report that from the [[Sibylline Books|Sibylline books]] it appeared that [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] could be taken if the [[Romans]] went up against it with a king,

'''[2]''' but otherwise could not be assailed; and as [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was coming down from [[Alba]] into the city they ventured to hail him as king. But at this the people were confounded, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], disturbed in mind, said that his name was not King, but Caesar, and seeing that his words produced a universal silence, he passed on with no very cheerful or contented looks.

'''[3]''' Moreover, after sundry extravagant honours had been voted him in the [[Roman Senate|senate]], it chanced that he was sitting above the [[Rostra]], and as the [[Roman praetor|praetors]] and [[Roman consul|consuls]] drew near, with the whole senate following them, he did not rise to receive them, but as if he were dealing with mere private persons, replied that his honours needed curtailment rather than enlargement.

'''[4]''' This vexed not only the senate, but also the people, who felt that in the persons of the senators the state was insulted, and in a terrible dejection they went away at once, all who were not obliged to remain, so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] too, when he was aware of his mistake, immediately turned to go home, and drawing back his [[toga]] from his neck, cried in loud tones to his friends that he was ready to offer his throat to any one who wished to kill him.

'''[5]''' But afterwards he made his disease an excuse for his behaviour, saying that the senses of those who are thus afflicted do not usually remain steady when they address a multitude standing, but are speedily shaken and whirled about, bringing on giddiness and insensibility. However, what he said was not true; on the contrary, he was very desirous of rising to receive the senate, but one of his friends, as they say, or rather one of his flatterers, [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus|Cornelius Balbus]], restrained him, saying: "Remember that thou art Caesar, and permit thyself to be courted as a superior."

==E61 - The Lupercalia==

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'''[1]''' There was added to these causes of offence his insult to the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes]]. It was, namely, the festival of the [[Lupercalia]], of which many write that it was anciently celebrated by shepherds, and has also some connection with the [[Arcadian Lycaea]].

'''[2]''' At this time many of the noble youths and of the magistrates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs. And many women of rank also purposely get in their way, and like children at school present their hands to be struck, believing that the pregnant will thus be helped to an easy delivery, and the barren to pregnancy.

'''[3]''' These ceremonies [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was witnessing, seated upon the [[Rostra|rostra]] on a golden throne, arrayed in triumphal attire. And [[Mark Antony|Antony]] was one of the runners in the sacred race; for he was [[Roman consul|consul]].

'''[4]''' Accordingly, after he had dashed into the [[Roman Forum|forum]] and the crowd had made way for him, he carried a diadem, round which a wreath of laurel was tied, and held it out to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. Then there was applause, not loud, but slight and preconcerted. But when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] pushed away the diadem, all the people applauded; and when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] offered it again, few, and when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] declined it again, all, applauded.

'''[5]''' The experiment having thus failed, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] rose from his seat, after ordering the wreath to be carried up to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]; but then his statues were seen to have been decked with royal diadems. So two of the tribunes, [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] and [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]], went up to them and pulled off the diadems, and after discovering those who had first hailed [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] as king, led them off to prison. Moreover, the people followed the tribunes with applause and called them [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutuses]], because [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was the man who put an end to the royal succession and brought the power into the hands of the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and people instead of a sole ruler. At this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was greatly vexed, and deprived [[Gaius Epidius Marullus|Maryllus]] and [[Lucius Caesetius Flavus|Flavius]] of their office, while in his denunciation of them, although he at the same time insulted the people, he called them repeatedly [[Brutus|Brutes]] and [[Cymaeans]].

==E62 - Brutus and the Conspiracy==

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'''[1]''' Under these circumstances the multitude turned their thoughts towards [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Marcus Brutus]], who was thought to be a descendant of the elder [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] on his father's side, on his mother's side belonged to the [[Servilia gens|Servilii]], another illustrious house, and was a son-in-law and nephew of [[Cato the Younger|Cato]].

'''[2]''' The desires which [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] felt to attempt of his own accord the abolition of the monarchy were blunted by the favours and honours that he had received from [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For not only had his life been spared at [[Pharsalus]] after [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey's]] flight, and the lives of many of his friends at his entreaty, but also he had great credit with [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. He had received the most honourable of the [[Roman praetor|praetorships]] for the current year, and was to be [[Roman consul|consul]] three years later, having been preferred to [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], who was a rival candidate. For [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], as we are told, said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] urged the juster claims to the office, but that for his own part he could not pass [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] by.

'''[3]''' Once, too, when certain persons were actually accusing [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] to him, the conspiracy being already on foot, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not heed them, but laying his hand upon his body said to the accusers: "Brutus will wait for this shrivelled skin," implying that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was worthy to rule because of his virtue, but that for the sake of ruling he would not become a thankless villain.

'''[4]''' Those, however, who were eager for the change, and fixed their eyes on [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] alone, or on him first, did not venture to talk with him directly, but by night they covered his praetorial tribune and chair with writings, most of which were of this sort: "Thou art asleep, Brutus," or, "Thou art not Brutus."

'''[5]''' When [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] perceived that the ambition of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was somewhat stirred by these things, he was more urgent with him than before, and pricked him on, having himself also some private grounds for hating [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; these I have mentioned in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]]. Moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] actually suspected him, so that he once said to his friends: "What, think ye, doth [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] want? I like him not over much, for he is much too pale." And again, we are told that when [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella|Dolabella]] were accused to him of plotting revolution, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] said: "I am not much in fear of these fat, long-haired fellows, but rather of those pale, thin ones," meaning [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]].

==E63 - Omens of Caesar's Death==

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'''[1]''' But destiny, it would seem, is not so much unexpected as it is unavoidable, since they say that amazing signs and apparitions were seen. Now, as for lights in the heavens, crashing sounds borne all about by night, and birds of omen coming down into the [[Roman Forum|forum]], it is perhaps not worth while to mention these precursors of so great an event;

'''[2]''' but [[Strabo]] the philosopher says that multitudes of men all on fire were seen rushing up, and a soldier's slave threw from his hand a copious flame and seemed to the spectators to be burning, but when the flame ceased the man was uninjured; he says, moreover, that when [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] himself was sacrificing, the heart of the victim was not to be found, and the prodigy caused fear, since in the course of nature, certainly, an animal without a heart could not exist.

'''[3]''' The following story, too, is told by many. A certain seer warned [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] to be on his guard against a great peril on the day of the month of [[March]] which the [[Romans]] call the [[Ides of March]]; and when the day had come and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was on his way to the [[Roman Senate|senate-house]], he greeted the seer with a jest and said: "Well, the Ides of March are come," and the seer said to him softly: "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone."

'''[4]''' Moreover, on the day before, when [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Marcus Lepidus]] was entertaining him at supper, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] chanced to be signing letters, as his custom was, while reclining at table, and the discourse turned suddenly upon the question what sort of death was the best; before any one else could answer [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] cried out: "That which is unexpected."

'''[5]''' After this, while he was sleeping as usual by the side of his wife, all the windows and doors of the chamber flew open at once, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], confounded by the noise and the light of the moon shining down upon him, noticed that [[Calpurnia]] was in a deep slumber, but was uttering indistinct words and inarticulate groans in her sleep; for she dreamed, as it proved, that she was holding her murdered husband in her arms and bewailing him.

'''[6]''' Some, however, say that this was not the vision which the woman had; but that there was attached to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] house to give it adornment and distinction, by vote of the senate, a gable-ornament, as [[Livy]] says, and it was this which [[Calpurnia]] in her dreams saw torn down, and therefore, as she thought, wailed and wept.

'''[7]''' At all events, when day came, she begged [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], if it was possible, not to go out, but to postpone the meeting of the senate; if, however, he had no concern at all for her dreams, she besought him to enquire by other modes of divination and by sacrifices concerning the future. And [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] also, as it would appear, was in some suspicion and fear. For never before had he perceived in [[Calpurnia]] any womanish superstition, but now he saw that she was in great distress. And when the seers also, after many sacrifices, told him that the omens were unfavourable, he resolved to send [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and dismiss the senate.

==E64 - Decimus Brutus Urges Caesar to Attend==

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'''[1]''' But at this juncture [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Decimus Brutus]], surnamed Albinus, who was so trusted by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] that he was entered in his will as his second heir, but was partner in the conspiracy of the other [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], fearing that if [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] should elude that day, their undertaking would become known,

'''[2]''' ridiculed the seers and chided [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for laying himself open to malicious charges on the part of the senators, who would think themselves mocked at; for they had met at his bidding, and were ready and willing to vote as one man that he should be declared king of the provinces outside of [[Italy]], and might wear a diadem when he went anywhere else by land or sea.

'''[3]''' But if some one should tell them at their session to be gone now, but to come back again when [[Calpurnia]] should have better dreams, what speeches would be made by his enemies, or who would listen to his friends when they tried to show that this was not slavery and tyranny?

'''[4]''' But if he was fully resolved, [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Albinus]] said, to regard the day as inauspicious, it was better that he should go in person and address the senate, and then postpone its business. While saying these things [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus]] took [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] by the hand and began to lead him along. And he had gone but a little way from his door when a slave belonging to some one else, eager to get at [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], but unable to do so for the press of numbers about him, forced his way into the house, gave himself into the hands of [[Calpurnia]], and bade her keep him secure until [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] came back, since he had important matters to report to him.

==E65 - Artemidorus's Warning==

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'''[1]''' Furthermore, [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]], [[Cnidus|Cnidian]] by birth, a teacher of [[Greek philosophy]], and on this account brought into intimacy with some of the followers of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]], so that he also knew most of what they were doing, came bringing to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in a small roll the disclosures which he was going to make; but seeing that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took all such rolls and handed them to his attendants, he came quite near, and said: "Read this, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], by thyself, and speedily; for it contains matters of importance and of concern to thee."

'''[2]''' Accordingly, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] took the roll and would have read it, but was prevented by the multitude of people who engaged his attention, although he set out to do so many times, and holding in his hand and retaining that roll alone, he passed on into the senate. Some, however, say that another person gave him this roll, and that [[Artemidorus of Cnidus|Artemidorus]] did not get to him at all, but was crowded away all along the route.

==E66 - The Assassination of Caesar==

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'''[1]''' So far, perhaps, these things may have happened of their own accord; the place, however, which was the scene of that struggle and murder, and in which the senate was then assembled, since it contained a statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] and had been dedicated by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] as an additional ornament to his theatre, made it wholly clear that it was the work of some heavenly power which was calling and guiding the action thither.

'''[2]''' Indeed, it is also said that [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], turning his eyes toward the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] before the attack began, invoked it silently, although he was much addicted to the doctrines of [[Epicureanism|Epicurus]]; but the crisis, as it would seem, when the dreadful attempt was now close at hand, replaced his former cool calculations with divinely inspired emotion.

'''[3]''' Well, then, [[Mark Antony|Antony]], who was a friend of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] and a robust man, was detained outside by [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Brutus Albinus]], who purposely engaged him in a lengthy conversation; but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] went in, and the senate rose in his honour. Some of the partisans of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] took their places round the back of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] chair, while others went to meet him, as though they would support the petition which [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius Cimber]] presented to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in behalf of his exiled brother, and they joined their entreaties to his and accompanied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] up to his chair.

'''[4]''' But when, after taking his seat, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] continued to repulse their petitions, and, as they pressed upon him with greater importunity, began to show anger towards one and another of them, [[Lucius Tillius Cimber|Tillius]] seized his toga with both hands and pulled it down from his neck. This was the signal for the assault. It was [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]] who gave him the first blow with his dagger, in the neck, not a mortal wound, nor even a deep one, for which he was too much confused, as was natural at the beginning of a deed of great daring;

'''[5]''' so that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] turned about, grasped the knife, and held it fast.

'''[6]''' At almost the same instant both cried out, the smitten man in [[Latin language|Latin]]: "Accursed [[Publius Servilius Casca|Casca]], what doest thou?" and the smiter, in [[Greek language|Greek]], to his brother: "Brother, help!" So the affair began, and those who were not privy to the plot were filled with consternation and horror at what was going on; they dared not fly, nor go to [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] help, nay, nor even utter a word. But those who had prepared themselves for the murder bared each of them his dagger, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], hemmed in on all sides, whichever way he turned confronting blows of weapons aimed at his face and eyes, driven hither and thither like a wild beast, was entangled in the hands of all; for all had to take part in the sacrifice and taste of the slaughter.

'''[7]''' Therefore [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] also gave him one blow in the groin. And it is said by some writers that although [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] defended himself against the rest and darted this way and that and cried aloud, when he saw that [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] had drawn his dagger, he pulled his toga down over his head and sank, either by chance or because pushed there by his murderers, against the pedestal on which the statue of [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] stood. And the pedestal was drenched with his blood, so that one might have thought that [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] himself was presiding over this vengeance upon his enemy, who now lay prostrate at his feet, quivering from a multitude of wounds. For it is said that he received twenty-three; and many of the conspirators were wounded by one another, as they struggled to plant all those blows in one body.

==E67 - The Immediate Aftermath==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] thus done to death, the senators, although [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came forward as if to say something about what had been done, would not wait to hear him, but burst out of doors and fled, thus filling the people with confusion and helpless fear, so that some of them closed their houses, while others left their counters and places of business and ran, first to the place to see what had happened, then away from the place when they had seen. [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidus]], the chief friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], stole away and took refuge in the houses of others. But [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans, just as they were, still warm from the slaughter, displaying their daggers bare, went all in a body out of the senate-house and marched to the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]], not like fugitives, but with glad faces and full of confidence, summoning the multitude to freedom, and welcoming into their ranks the most distinguished of those who met them.

'''[2]''' Some also joined their number and went up with them as though they had shared in the deed, and laid claim to the glory of it, of whom were [[Gaius Octavius (conspirator)|Caius Octavius]] and [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Lentulus Spinther]]. These men, then, paid the penalty for their imposture later, when they were put to death by [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and the young [[Augustus|Caesar]], without even enjoying the fame for the sake of which they died, owing to the disbelief of their fellow men. For even those who punished them did not exact a penalty for what they did, but for what they wished they had done.

'''[3]''' On the next day [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] came down and held a discourse, and the people listened to what was said without either expressing resentment at what had been done or appearing to approve of it; they showed, however, by their deep silence, that while they pitied [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], they respected [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

'''[4]''' The senate, too, trying to make a general amnesty and reconciliation, voted to give [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divine honours and not to disturb even the most insignificant measure which he had adopted when in power; while to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his partisans it distributed provinces and gave suitable honours, so that everybody thought that matters were decided and settled in the best possible manner.

==E68 - Caesar's Funeral and the Riot==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' But when the will of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was opened and it was found that he had given every [[Roman citizen]] a considerable gift, and when the multitude saw his body carried through the [[Roman Forum|forum]] all disfigured with its wounds, they no longer kept themselves within the restraints of order and discipline, but after heaping round the body benches, railings, and tables from the forum, they set fire to them and burned it there; then, lifting blazing brands on high, they ran to the houses of the murderers with intent to burn them down, while others went every whither through the city seeking to seize the men themselves and tear them to pieces. Not one of these came in their way, but all were well barricaded.

'''[2]''' There was a certain [[Gaius Helvius Cinna|Cinna]], however, one of the friends of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], who chanced, as they say, to have seen during the previous night a strange vision. He dreamed, that is, that he was invited to supper by [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and that when he excused himself, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] led him along by the hand, although he did not wish to go, but resisted. Now, when he heard that they were burning the body of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] in the forum, he rose up and went thither out of respect, although he had misgivings arising from his vision, and was at the same time in a fever.

'''[3]''' At sight of him, one of the multitude told his name to another who asked him what it was, and he to another, and at once word ran through the whole throng that this man was one of the murderers of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. For there was among the conspirators a man who bore this same name of [[Cinna (conspirator)|Cinna]], and assuming that this man was he, the crowd rushed upon him and tore him in pieces among them.

'''[4]''' This more than anything else made [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] afraid, and not many days afterwards they withdrew from the city. What they did and suffered before they died, has been told in the Life of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]].

==E69 - The Death of Brutus and the Avenging of Caesar==

<center>Click heading to jump to Greek-English text.</center>

'''[1]''' At the time of his death [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was fully fifty-six years old, but he had survived [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]] not much more than four years, while of the power and dominion which he had sought all his life at so great risks, and barely achieved at last, of this he had reaped no fruit but the name of it only, and a glory which had awakened envy on the part of his fellow citizens.

'''[2]''' However, the great guardian-genius of the man, whose help he had enjoyed through life, followed upon him even after death as an avenger of his murder, driving and tracking down his slayers over every land and sea until not one of them was left, but even those who in any way soever either put hand to the deed or took part in the plot were punished.

'''[3]''' Among events of man's ordering, the most amazing was that which befell [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]]; for after his defeat at [[Philippi]] he slew himself with that very dagger which he had used against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]; and among events of divine ordering, there was the great [[Comet|comet]], which showed itself in great splendour for seven nights after [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] murder, and then disappeared;

'''[4]''' also, the obscuration of the sun's rays. For during all that year its orb rose pale and without radiance, while the heat that came down from it was slight and ineffectual, so that the air in its circulation was dark and heavy owing to the feebleness of the warmth that penetrated it, and the fruits, imperfect and half ripe, withered away and shrivelled up on account of the coldness of the atmosphere.

'''[5]''' But more than anything else the phantom that appeared to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] showed that the murder of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was not pleasing to the gods; and it was on this wise.

'''[6]''' As he was about to take his army across from [[Abydos]] to the other continent, he was lying down at night, as his custom was, in his tent, not sleeping, but thinking of the future; for it is said that of all generals [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] was least given to sleep, and that he naturally remained awake a longer time than anybody else. And now he thought he heard a noise at the door, and looking towards the light of the lamp, which was slowly going out, he saw a fearful vision of a man of unnatural size and harsh aspect. At first he was terrified, but when he saw that the visitor neither did nor said anything, but stood in silence by his couch, he asked him who he was.

'''[7]''' Then the phantom answered him: "I am thy evil genius, Brutus, and thou shalt see me at [[Philippi]]." At the time, then, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] said courageously: "I shall see thee"; and the heavenly visitor at once went away.

'''[8]''' Subsequently, however, when arrayed against [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Augustus|Caesar]] at [[Philippi]], in the first battle he conquered the enemy in his front, routed and scattered them, and sacked the camp of [[Augustus|Caesar]]; but as he was about to fight the second battle, the same phantom visited him again at night, and though it said nothing to him, [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] understood his fate, and plunged headlong into danger. He did not fall in battle, however, but after the rout retired to a crest of ground, put his naked sword to his breast (while a certain friend, as they say, helped to drive the blow home), and so died.

<center><big>The End</big></center>

=Καῖσαρ (Caesar)=

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E01 - Caesar and Sulla|1]]==


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| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]], the daughter of [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna]] who had once held the sole power at [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and when [[Sulla]] became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for Caesar's hatred of Sulla was Caesar's relationship to [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. For [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]], a sister of Caesar's father, was the wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius the Elder]], and the mother of [[Gaius Marius the Younger|Marius the Younger]], 
'''[2]''' who was therefore Caesar's cousin. Moreover, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of [[proscription|proscriptions]], but he came before the people as candidate for a priesthood, although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses. 
'''[3]''' When this speech was reported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the [[Sabines]]. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on account of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, [[Cornelius (soldier of Sulla)|Cornelius]], two talents to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed 
'''[4]''' to [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|King Nicomedes]] in [[Bithynia]]. With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back, was captured, near the island [[Pharmacusa]], by [[Cilician pirates|pirates]], who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E02 - The Pirates|2]]==


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'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πρῶτον Πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτηθεὶς αἰτηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τάλαντα τάλαντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεγέλασεν κατεγέλασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰδότων εἰδότων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾑρήκοιεν ᾑρήκοιεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡμολόγησε ὡμολόγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δώσειν δώσειν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπειτα ἔπειτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλον ἄλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλην ἄλλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπέμψας διαπέμψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρημάτων χρημάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πορισμόν πορισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώποις ἀνθρώποις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φονικωτάτοις φονικωτάτοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κίλιξι Κίλιξι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑνὸς ἑνὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φίλου φίλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυοῖν δυοῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκολούθοιν ἀκολούθοιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολελειμμένος ἀπολελειμμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονητικῶς καταφρονητικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πέμπων πέμπων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁσάκις ὁσάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναπαύοιτο ἀναπαύοιτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέταττεν προσέταττεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιωπᾶν σιωπᾶν]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραις ἡμέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τεσσαράκοντα τεσσαράκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυεῖν δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεούσαις δεούσαις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούμενος φρουρούμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δορυφορούμενος δορυφορούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῶν αὐτῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδείας ἀδείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέπαιζε συνέπαιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεγυμνάζετο συνεγυμνάζετο]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιήματα ποιήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράφων γράφων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰς τινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκροαταῖς ἀκροαταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνοις ἐκείνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχρῆτο ἐχρῆτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντας θαυμάζοντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιδεύτους ἀπαιδεύτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαρβάρους βαρβάρους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεκάλει ἀπεκάλει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σὺν σὺν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γέλωτι γέλωτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠπείλησε ἠπείλησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρεμᾶν κρεμᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτούς αὐτούς]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχαιρον ἔχαιρον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφελείᾳ ἀφελείᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὶ τινὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾷ παιδιᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρρησίαν παρρησίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέμοντες νέμοντες]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἧκον ἧκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλήτου Μιλήτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λύτρα λύτρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοὺς δοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφείθη ἀφείθη], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλοῖα πλοῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πληρώσας πληρώσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μιλησίων Μιλησίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λιμένος λιμένος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνήγετο ἀνήγετο]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταλαβὼν καταλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ναυλοχοῦντας ναυλοχοῦντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λείαν λείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποιήσατο ἐποιήσατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Περγάμῳ Περγάμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταθέμενος καταθέμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεσμωτήριον δεσμωτήριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέποντα διέποντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀσίαν Ἀσίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰούνιον Ἰούνιον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσῆκον προσῆκον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντι ὄντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῷ στρατηγῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσαι κολάσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαλωκότας ἑαλωκότας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποφθαλμιῶντος ἐποφθαλμιῶντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγα ὀλίγα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰχμαλώτων αἰχμαλώτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκέψεσθαι σκέψεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φάσκοντος φάσκοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολῆς σχολῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαίρειν χαίρειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐάσας ἐάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πέργαμον Πέργαμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾤχετο ᾤχετο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προαγαγὼν προαγαγὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λῃστὰς λῃστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπαντας ἅπαντας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεσταύρωσεν ἀνεσταύρωσεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νήσῳ νήσῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προειρήκει προειρήκει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλάκις πολλάκις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' To begin with, then, when the [[Cilician pirates|pirates]] demanded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among [[Cilicia|Cilicians]], most murderous of men, he held them in such disdain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking. 
'''[2]''' For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate [[Barbarian|Barbarians]], and often laughingly threatened to hang them all. 
'''[3]''' The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from [[Miletus]] and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour of Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at [[Pergamum]], and then went in person to [[Junius (governor of Asia)|Junius]], the governor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], on the ground that it belonged to him, as praetor of the province, to 
'''[4]''' punish the captives. But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E03 - Rhodes and Oratory|3]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐκ Ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτου τούτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαραινομένης μαραινομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκοι οἴκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλούντων καλούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπλευσεν ἔπλευσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥόδον Ῥόδον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀπολλώνιον Ἀπολλώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μόλωνος Μόλωνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠκρόατο ἠκρόατο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σοφιστεύοντος σοφιστεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανῶς ἐπιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρόπον τρόπον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιεικοῦς ἐπιεικοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκοῦντος δοκοῦντος]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῦναι φῦναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτικοὺς πολιτικοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπονῆσαι διαπονῆσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμότατα φιλοτιμότατα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσιν φύσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτερεῖα δευτερεῖα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηρίτως ἀδηρίτως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεῖον πρωτεῖον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμει δυνάμει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπλοις ὅπλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσχοληθείς ἀσχοληθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπερ ὅπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φύσις φύσις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφηγεῖτο ὑφηγεῖτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγειν λέγειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητος δεινότητος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατειῶν στρατειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεκτήσατο κατεκτήσατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξικόμενος ἐξικόμενος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιγραφῇ ἀντιγραφῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραιτεῖται παραιτεῖται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατιωτικοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρὸς ἀνδρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντεξετάζειν ἀντεξετάζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥήτορος ῥήτορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐφυοῦς εὐφυοῦς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σχολὴν σχολὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴν πολλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄγοντος ἄγοντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After this, [[Sulla]]'s power being now on the wane, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to [[Rhodes]] to study under [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonius the son of Molon]], an illustrious rhetorician with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom [[Cicero]] also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political oratory, and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, however, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather, 
'''[2]''' and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero's ''Cato'', he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E04 - Caesar the Advocate|4]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐπανελθὼν Ἐπανελθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμην Ῥώμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλαν Δολοβέλλαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκρινε ἔκρινε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακώσεως κακώσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπαρχίας ἐπαρχίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλαὶ πολλαὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδος Ἑλλάδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεων πόλεων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρτυρίας μαρτυρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχον παρέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δολοβέλλας Δολοβέλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέφυγε ἀπέφυγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμειβόμενος ἀμειβόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδα Ἑλλάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθυμίας προθυμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγόρησεν συνηγόρησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιον Πόπλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διωκούσῃ διωκούσῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δωροδοκίας δωροδοκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλου Λευκούλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάρκου Μάρκου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μακεδονίας Μακεδονίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦ στρατηγοῦ]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοσούτον τοσούτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσχυσεν ἴσχυσεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥστε ὥστε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀντώνιον Ἀντώνιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικαλέσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχους δημάρχους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηψάμενον σκηψάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχειν ἔχειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴσον ἴσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἑλλάδι Ἑλλάδι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνας Ἕλληνας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥώμῃ Ῥώμῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνηγορίας συνηγορίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάρις χάρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέλαμπε ἐξέλαμπε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὴ πολλὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξιώσεις δεξιώσεις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμιλίας ὁμιλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοφροσύνης φιλοφροσύνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὔνοια εὔνοια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημοτῶν δημοτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπήντα ἀπήντα], 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπευτικοῦ θεραπευτικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρʼ παρʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡλικίαν ἡλικίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δέ δέ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δείπνων δείπνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τραπέζης τραπέζης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίαιταν δίαιταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρότητος λαμπρότητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐξανομένη αὐξανομένη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρὸν μικρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δύναμις δύναμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φθονοῦντες φθονοῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενοι οἰόμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιλιπόντων ἐπιλιπόντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔκζηλον ἔκζηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσεσθαι ἔσεσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεώρων περιεώρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθοῦσαν ἀνθοῦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀψὲ ὀψὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾔσθοντο ᾔσθοντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλης μεγάλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυσαντρέπτου δυσαντρέπτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βαδιζούσης βαδιζούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικρὺς ἀντικρὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλων ὅλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβολήν μεταβολήν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδεμίαν οὐδεμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματος πράγματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγητέον ἡγητέον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικράν μικράν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ποιεῖ ποιεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλην μεγάλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνδελεχὲς ἐνδελεχὲς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφρονηθῆναι καταφρονηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κωλυθῆναι κωλυθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβοῦσαν λαβοῦσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γοῦν γοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποδέσθαι ὑποδέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθῆναι φοβηθῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαλάττης θαλάττης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγελῶντα διαγελῶντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπῳ φιλανθρώπῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱλαρῷ ἱλαρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κεκρυμμένην κεκρυμμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινότητα δεινότητα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαθὼν καταμαθὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλεγε ἔλεγε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅπασιν ἅπασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιβουλεύμασιν ἐπιβουλεύμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύμασι πολιτεύμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννικὴν τυραννικὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνορᾶν ἐνορᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διάνοιαν διάνοιαν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κόμην κόμην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακειμένην διακειμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἴδω ἴδω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κἀκεῖνον κἀκεῖνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δακτύλῳ δακτύλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κνώμενον κνώμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοι μοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νοῦν νοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμβαλέσθαι ἐμβαλέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηλικοῦτον τηλικοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κακόν κακόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναίρεσιν ἀναίρεσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείας πολιτείας].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' After his return to [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] he impeached [[Dolabella]] for mal-administration of his province, and many of the cities of [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted [[Publius Antonius]] for corruption before [[Marcus Lucullus]], the praetor of [[Macedonia]]. 
'''[2]''' And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the tribunes at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] won a great and brilliant popularity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendliness of his manners in intercourse with them, 
'''[3]''' since he was ingratiating beyond his years. He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people; but later on, when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be considered too small to be quickly made great by continuance, after contempt of them has left them unobstructed. 
'''[4]''' At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who comprehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely [[Cicero]], said that in most of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose. "On the other hand," said he, "when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the overthrow of the [[Roman Republic|Roman constitution]]." This, it is true, belongs to a later period.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E05 - Caesar’s Popularity|5]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦ Τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμου δήμου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρώτην πρώτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόδειξιν ἀπόδειξιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐνοίας εὐνοίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔλαβεν ἔλαβεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γάιον Γάιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ποπλίον Ποπλίον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρίσας ἐρίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὲρ ὑπὲρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλιαρχίας χιλιαρχίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρότερος πρότερος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνηγορεύθη ἀνηγορεύθη]· 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δευτέραν δευτέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανεστέραν καταφανεστέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅτε ὅτε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰουλίας Ἰουλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφιδούς ἀδελφιδούς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὢν ὢν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκώμιόν ἐγκώμιόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρὸν λαμπρὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορᾷ ἀγορᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκφορὰν ἐκφορὰν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐτόλμησεν ἐτόλμησεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προθέσθαι προθέσθαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτον πρῶτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφθείσας ὀφθείσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολεμίων πολεμίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κριθέντων κριθέντων]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνίων ἐνίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβοησάντων καταβοησάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντήχησε ἀντήχησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρῶς λαμπρῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεξάμενος δεξάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάσας θαυμάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾍδου ᾍδου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνων χρόνων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῶν πολλῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγοντα ἀνάγοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλιν πόλιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναιξὶ γυναιξὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρεσβυτέραις πρεσβυτέραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγους λόγους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιταφίους ἐπιταφίους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεξιέναι διεξιέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέαις νέαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὂν ὂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔθει ἔθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρῶτος πρῶτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούσης ἀποθανούσης]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤνεγκεν ἤνεγκεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χάριν χάριν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινὰ τινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεδημαγώγησε συνεδημαγώγησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάθει πάθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὺς πολλοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμερον ἥμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περίμεστον περίμεστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθους ἤθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγαπᾶν ἀγαπᾶν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Θάψας Θάψας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίας ταμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰβηρίαν Ἰβηρίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγῶν στρατηγῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Βέτερι Βέτερι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεξῆλθεν συνεξῆλθεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὃν ὃν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμῶν τιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διετέλεσε διετέλεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάλιν πάλιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρχων ἄρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταμίαν ταμίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησε ἐποίησε]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχῆς ἀρχῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τρίτην τρίτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠγάγετο ἠγάγετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχων ἔχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κορνηλίας Κορνηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυγατέρα θυγατέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίῳ Πομπηίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μάγνῳ Μάγνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γαμηθεῖσαν γαμηθεῖσαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρώμενος χρώμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάναις δαπάναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφειδῶς ἀφειδῶς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκῶν δοκῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐφήμερον ἐφήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βραχεῖαν βραχεῖαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι ἀντικαταλλάττεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλων μεγάλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλωμάτων ἀναλωμάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόξαν δόξαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὠνούμενος ὠνούμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθείαις ἀληθείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μικρῶν μικρῶν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὶν πρὶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχήν ἀρχήν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τινα τινα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθίστασθαι καθίστασθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χιλίων χιλίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακοσίων τριακοσίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρεωφειλέτης χρεωφειλέτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταλάντων ταλάντων]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁδοῦ ὁδοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀππίας Ἀππίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειχθεὶς ἀποδειχθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιμελητὴς ἐπιμελητὴς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάμπολλα πάμπολλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήματα χρήματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσανάλωσε προσανάλωσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομῶν ἀγορανομῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζεύγη ζεύγη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μονομάχων μονομάχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τριακόσια τριακόσια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴκοσι εἴκοσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλαις ἄλλαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέατρα θέατρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πομπὰς πομπὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεῖπνα δεῖπνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χορηγίαις χορηγίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολυτελείαις πολυτελείαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέκλυσε κατέκλυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέθηκε διέθηκε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὰς ἀρχὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινὰς καινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμὰς τιμὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητεῖν ζητεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕκαστον ἕκαστον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἷς αἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμείψαιντο ἀμείψαιντο].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' The first proof of the people's good will towards [[Gaius Julius Caesar|him]] he received when he competed against [[Caius Popilius]] for a military tribuneship and was elected over him. 
'''[2]''' A second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of [[Julia (wife of Gaius Marius)|Julia]] the deceased wife of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], he pronounced a splendid encomium upon her in the forum, and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which were then seen for the first time since the administration of [[Sulla]], because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies. When, namely, some cried out against [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from Hades, the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was the first to do so when his own wife died. This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, as a man who was gentle and full of feeling. 
'''[3]''' After the funeral of his wife, he went out to [[Spain]] as quaestor under [[Vetus]], one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife [[Pompeia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Pompeia]], having already by [[Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Cornelia]] a daughter who was afterwards married to [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey the Great]]. 
'''[4]''' He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accordingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt. 
'''[5]''' Again, being appointed curator of the [[Appian Way]], he expended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his aedileship, he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of gladiators, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E06 - Honours for Marius|6]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δυεῖν Δυεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐσῶν οὐσῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στάσεων στάσεων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Σύλλα Σύλλα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένης δυναμένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανῆς Μαριανῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣ ἣ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεπτήχει κατεπτήχει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διέσπαστο διέσπαστο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κομιδῇ κομιδῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταπεινὰ ταπεινὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράττουσα πράττουσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταύτην ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναρρῶσαι ἀναρρῶσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσαγαγέσθαι προσαγαγέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλόμενος βουλόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγορανομικαῖς ἀγορανομικαῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκμὴν ἀκμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχούσας ἐχούσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκόνας εἰκόνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίησατο ἐποίησατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρυφᾷ κρυφᾷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Νίκας Νίκας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τροπαιοφόρους τροπαιοφόρους], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φέρων φέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτός νυκτός] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνέστησεν ἀνέστησεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεασαμένους θεασαμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μαρμαίροντα μαρμαίροντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρυσῷ χρυσῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τέχνῃ τέχνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατεσκευασμένα κατεσκευασμένα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιττῶς περιττῶς] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεδήλου διεδήλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κιμβρικὰ Κιμβρικὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορθώματα κατορθώματα]) [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάμβος θάμβος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσχε ἔσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τόλμης τόλμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναθέντος ἀναθέντος] ([https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλος ἄδηλος]), [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταχὺ ταχὺ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιιὼν περιιὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤθροιζε ἤθροιζε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντας πάντας] 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνθρώπους ἀνθρώπους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐβόων ἐβόων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τυραννίδα τυραννίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτεύεσθαι πολιτεύεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νόμοις νόμοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δόγμασι δόγμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατορωρυγμένας κατορωρυγμένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπανιστάντα ἐπανιστάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τιμάς τιμάς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεῖραν πεῖραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προμαλαττόμενον προμαλαττόμενον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τετιθάσευται τετιθάσευται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίαις φιλοτιμίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπʼ ὑπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίδωσι δίδωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίζειν παίζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοιαῦτα τοιαῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καινοτομεῖν καινοτομεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαριανοὶ Μαριανοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραθαρρύναντες παραθαρρύναντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθει πλήθει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμαστοὶ θαυμαστοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅσοι ὅσοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεφάνησαν διεφάνησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξαίφνης ἐξαίφνης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρότῳ κρότῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατείχον κατείχον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καπιτώλιον Καπιτώλιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δάκρυα δάκρυα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεωμένοις θεωμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφʼ ὑφʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡδονῆς ἡδονῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγας μέγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγκωμίοις ἐγκωμίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρόμενος αἱρόμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντὶ ἀντὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄξιος ἄξιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴη εἴη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μαρίου Μαρίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγγενείας συγγενείας]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συναχθείσης συναχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λουτάτιος Λουτάτιος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐδοκιμῶν εὐδοκιμῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίων Ῥωμαίων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατηγορήσας κατηγορήσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεφθέγξατο ἐπεφθέγξατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μνημονευόμενον μνημονευόμενον]· «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐκέτι Οὐκέτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονόμοις ὑπονόμοις],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤδη ἤδη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηχαναῖς μηχαναῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱρεῖ αἱρεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν].» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπεὶ ἐπεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογησάμενος ἀπολογησάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῦτα ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔτι ἔτι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θαυμάζοντες θαυμάζοντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτόν αὐτόν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπήρθησαν ἐπήρθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεκελεύοντο παρεκελεύοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδενὶ μηδενὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονήματος φρονήματος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑφίεσθαι ὑφίεσθαι]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντων πάντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκόντι ἑκόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέσεσθαι περιέσεσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρωτεύσειν πρωτεύσειν].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' There were two parties in the city, that of [[Sulla]], which had been all powerful since his day, and that of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] secretly made, together with trophy-bearing Victories, and these he ordered to be carried by night 
'''[2]''' and set up on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]]. At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the [[Cimbri|Cimbrian]] successes of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together 
'''[3]''' for the sight. But some cried out that [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and 
'''[4]''' filled the Capitol with their applause. Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of [[Gaius Marius|Marius]], and [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was highly extolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] met to discuss these matters, [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus Lutatius]], a man of the highest repute at that time in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], rose up and denounced [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], uttering the memorable words: "No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government." [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], however, defended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E07 - The Pontificate and Catiline|7]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἐν Ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτῳ τούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μετέλλου Μετέλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέως ἀρχιερέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελευτήσαντος τελευτήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερωσύνην ἱερωσύνην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμάχητον περιμάχητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖσαν οὖσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰσαυρικοῦ Ἰσαυρικοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλου Κάτλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετιόντων μετιόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιφανεστάτων ἐπιφανεστάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγίστων μεγίστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυναμένων δυναμένων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐχ οὐχ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπείξεν ὑπείξεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταβὰς καταβὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν ἀντιπαρήγγελλεν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀγχωμάλλου ἀγχωμάλλου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδῆς σπουδῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φαινομένης φαινομένης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλος Κάτλος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μείζονος μείζονος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξίας ἀξίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μᾶλλον μᾶλλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀρρωδῶν ὀρρωδῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδηλότητα ἀδηλότητα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέπεμπε προσέπεμπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πείθων πείθων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποστῆναι ἀποστῆναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλοτιμίας φιλοτιμίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρήμασιν χρήμασιν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείω πλείω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσδανεισάμενος προσδανεισάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαγωνιεῖσθαι διαγωνιεῖσθαι]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τῆς Τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνστάσης ἐνστάσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητρὸς μητρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδακρυτὶ ἀδακρυτὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προπεμπούσης προπεμπούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσπασάμενος ἀσπασάμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτήν αὐτήν], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὦ Ὦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῆτερ μῆτερ],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶπε εἶπε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τήμερον τήμερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχιερέα ἀρχιερέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/υἱὸν υἱὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυγάδα φυγάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψει ὄψει].» 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διενεχθείσης διενεχθείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψήφου ψήφου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμιλλης ἅμιλλης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκράτησε ἐκράτησε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέσχε παρέσχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θρασύτητος θρασύτητος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προάξων προάξων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πείσωνα Πείσωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλων Κάτλων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾐτιῶντο ᾐτιῶντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνα Κικέρωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φεισάμενον φεισάμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίναν Κατιλίναν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαβὴν λαβὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντος παρασχόντος]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γὰρ γὰρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολιτείαν πολιτείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεταβαλεῖν μεταβαλεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλην ὅλην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνελεῖν ἀνελεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγεμονίαν ἡγεμονίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάντα πάντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πράγματα πράγματα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγχεῖν συγχεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διανοηθείς διανοηθείς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξέπεσε ἐξέπεσε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπταίσας περιπταίσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλάττοσιν ἐλάττοσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλέγχοις ἐλέγχοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτας ἐσχάτας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὰς βουλὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἀποκαλυφθῆναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λέντλον Λέντλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κέθηγον Κέθηγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαδόχους διαδόχους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέλιπε ἀπέλιπε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνωμοσίας συνωμοσίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἷς οἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κρύφα κρύφα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεῖχε παρεῖχε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θάρσους θάρσους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδηλον ἄδηλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστιν ἐστιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κράτος κράτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελεγχθέντων ἐξελεγχθέντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπάτου ὑπάτου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρωτῶντος ἐρωτῶντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κολάσεως κολάσεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοι ἄλλοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θανατοῦν θανατοῦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκέλευον ἐκέλευον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναστὰς ἀναστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγον λόγον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διῆλθε διῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφροντισμένον πεφροντισμένον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκτεῖναι ἀποκτεῖναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκρίτους ἀκρίτους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρας ἄνδρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀξιώματι ἀξιώματι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπροὺς λαμπροὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δοκεῖ δοκεῖ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πάτριον πάτριον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκαιον δίκαιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶναι εἶναι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσχάτης ἐσχάτης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνάγκης ἀνάγκης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰ εἰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουροῖντο φρουροῖντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεθέντες δεθέντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεσι πόλεσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἰταλίας Ἰταλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἃς ἃς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἂν ἂν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕληται ἕληται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέχρι μέχρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπολεμηθῇ καταπολεμηθῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κατιλίνας Κατιλίνας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρήνῃ εἰρήνῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡσυχίαν ἡσυχίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑκάστου ἑκάστου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνῶναι γνῶναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρέξει παρέξει].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At this time, too, [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metellus]], the ''[[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex maximus]]'', or high priest, died, and though [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Isauricus]] and [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulus]] were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest influence in the senate, [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] would not give way to them, but 
'''[2]''' presented himself to the people as a rival candidate. The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar's competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. But Caesar declared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow still larger sums. The day for the election came, and as [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Caesar's mother]] accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: "Mother, to-day thou shalt see thy son either ''pontifex maximus'' or an exile." 
'''[3]''' The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken Caesar prevailed, and thereby made the [[Roman Senate|senate]] and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus|Piso]] and Catulus blamed [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catiline]], he gave his enemies a hold upon him. 
'''[4]''' Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city, having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser iniquities before his most far-reaching plans were discovered; but he left [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura|Lentulus]] and [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus|Cethegus]] behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their 
'''[5]''' punishment, the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied speech against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under extremest necessity; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of [[Italy]] as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E08 - The Conspirators|8]]==

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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὕτω Οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμης γνώμης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φιλανθρώπου φιλανθρώπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανείσης φανείσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατῶς δυνατῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῇ αὐτῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ῥηθέντος ῥηθέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτον τοῦτον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνιστάμενοι ἀνιστάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσετίθεντο προσετίθεντο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸ πρὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰρημένας εἰρημένας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπειπάμενοι ἀπειπάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνου ἐκείνου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετέστησαν μετέστησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἕως ἕως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνα Κάτωνα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτλον Κάτλον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῆλθε περιῆλθε]. 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανικῶς νεανικῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐναντιωθέντων ἐναντιωθέντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτωνος Κάτωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπόνοιαν ὑπόνοιαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεπερείσαντος συνεπερείσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῷ αὐτῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκατεξαναστάντος συγκατεξαναστάντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐρρωμένως ἐρρωμένως], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρες ἄνδρες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποθανούμενοι ἀποθανούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρεδόθησαν παρεδόθησαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξιόντι ἐξιόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοὶ πολλοὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρωνος Κικέρωνος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρουρούντων φρουρούντων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέων νέων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυμνὰ γυμνὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ξίφη ξίφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνδραμόντες συνδραμόντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπέσχον ἐπέσχον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κουρίων Κουρίων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγεται λέγεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τηβέννῳ τηβέννῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβαλὼν περιβαλὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπεξαγαγεῖν ὑπεξαγαγεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτός αὐτός] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεανίσκοι νεανίσκοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσέβλεψαν προσέβλεψαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνανεῦσαι ἀνανεῦσαι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόνον φόνον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅλως ὅλως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄδικον ἄδικον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παράνομον παράνομον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡγούμενος ἡγούμενος]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Τοῦτο Τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶδα οἶδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κικέρων Κικέρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἴπερ εἴπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀληθές ἀληθές], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατείας ὑπατείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐκ οὐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγραψεν ἔγραψεν]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἰτίαν αἰτίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἶχεν εἶχεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὕστερον ὕστερον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄριστα ἄριστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρασχόντι παρασχόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρησάμενος χρησάμενος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλʼ ἀλλʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδειλιάσας ἀποδειλιάσας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμον δῆμον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπερφυῶς ὑπερφυῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιεχόμενον περιεχόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅς ὅς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γε γε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετʼ μετʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀλίγας ὀλίγας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέρας ἡμέρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλὴν βουλὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσελθόντος εἰσελθόντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῦ αὐτοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὧν ὧν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑποψίαις ὑποψίαις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολογουμένου ἀπολογουμένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιπίπτοντος περιπίπτοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θορύβοις θορύβοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πονηροῖς πονηροῖς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπειδὴ ἐπειδὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείων πλείων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνήθους συνήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγίγνετο ἐγίγνετο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῇ βουλῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθέζομένης καθέζομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπῆλθε ἐπῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μετὰ μετὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῆς κραυγῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέστη περιέστη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπαιτῶν ἀπαιτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύων κελεύων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀφεῖναι ἀφεῖναι]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὸ διὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κάτων Κάτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβηθεὶς φοβηθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάλιστα μάλιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκ ἐκ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπόρων ἀπόρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νεωτερισμόν νεωτερισμόν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παντὸς παντὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπέκκαυμα ὑπέκκαυμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλήθους πλήθους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐλπίδας ἐλπίδας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔχοντες ἔχοντες], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔπεισε ἔπεισε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σύγκλητον σύγκλητον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπονείμαι ἀπονείμαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σιτηρέσιον σιτηρέσιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔμμηνον ἔμμηνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξ ἐξ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗ οὗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δαπάνης δαπάνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑπτακόσιαι ἑπτακόσιαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεντήκοντα πεντήκοντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μυριάδες μυριάδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐνιαύσιοι ἐνιαύσιοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσεγίγνοντο προσεγίγνοντο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλοις ἄλλοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλώμασι ἀναλώμασι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέντοι μέντοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγαν μέγαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρόντι παρόντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φόβον φόβον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔσβεσε ἔσβεσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφανῶς περιφανῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολίτευμα πολίτευμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλεῖστον πλεῖστον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέρριψε ἀπέρριψε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνάμεως δυνάμεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διεσκέδασεν διεσκέδασεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καιρῷ καιρῷ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγεῖν στρατηγεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέλλοντος μέλλοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φοβερωτέρου φοβερωτέρου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρχὴν ἀρχὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄντος ὄντος].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power, that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had preceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and Catulus. 
'''[2]''' These warmly opposed Caesar's proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said. As a result, the men were handed over to the executioner, and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But [[Gaius Scribonius Curio|Curio]], as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice. 
'''[3]''' Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship; however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar; in fact, a few days afterwards, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go. 
'''[4]''' It was for this reason, too, that [[Cato the Younger|Cato]], fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of [[grain dole|grain]], in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state. However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was manifestly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar's power was broken down and dissipated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect, and would be more formidable on account of his office.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E09 - The Bona Dea|9]]==


{| style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; border-collapse:collapse; border:0; background:transparent;"
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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Οὐ Οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴν μὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπέβη ἀπέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τι τι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταραχώδες ταραχώδες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπʼ ἀπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τύχη τύχη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τις τις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄχαρις ἄχαρις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρι Καίσαρι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέβη συνέβη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἶκον οἶκον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πόπλιος Πόπλιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνὴρ ἀνὴρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γένει γένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐπατρίδης εὐπατρίδης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλούτῳ πλούτῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγῳ λόγῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπρός λαμπρός], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιβόητων περιβόητων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδενὸς οὐδενὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεύτερος δεύτερος]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὗτος οὗτος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἤρα ἤρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὸς γυναικὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲ οὐδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτῆς αὐτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκούσης ἀκούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φυλακαί φυλακαί] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικωνίτιδος γυναικωνίτιδος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκριβείς ἀκριβείς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦσαν ἦσαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥ ἥ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτηρ μήτηρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρος Καίσαρος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σώφρων σώφρων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιέπουσα περιέπουσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀεὶ ἀεὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαλεπὴν χαλεπὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακεκινδυνευμένην παρακεκινδυνευμένην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτοῖς αὐτοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐποίει ἐποίει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔντευξιν ἔντευξιν]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἔστι Ἔστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαίοις Ῥωμαίοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεὸς θεὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἣν ἣν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἀγαθὴν Ἀγαθὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀνομάζουσιν ὀνομάζουσιν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὥσπερ ὥσπερ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Γυναικείαν Γυναικείαν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φρύγες Φρύγες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκειούμενοι οἰκειούμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Μίδα Μίδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρα μητέρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βασιλέως βασιλέως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φασί φασί], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύμφην νύμφην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Δρυάδα Δρυάδα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Φαύνῳ Φαύνῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνοικήσασαν συνοικήσασαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Διονύσου Διονύσου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μητέρων μητέρων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρητον ἄρρητον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅθεν ὅθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀμπελίνοις ἀμπελίνοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκηνὰς σκηνὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κλήμασιν κλήμασιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτάζουσαι ἑορτάζουσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατερέφουσι κατερέφουσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δράκων δράκων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερὸς ἱερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακαθίδρυται παρακαθίδρυται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεῷ θεῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μῦθον μῦθον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσελθεῖν προσελθεῖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θέμις θέμις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδʼ οὐδʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπὶ ἐπὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίας οἰκίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενέσθαι γενέσθαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερῶν ἱερῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀργιαζομένων ὀργιαζομένων]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐταὶ αὐταὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθʼ καθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὰς ἑαυτὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλὰ πολλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὀρφικοῖς Ὀρφικοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁμολογοῦντα ὁμολογοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δρᾶν δρᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγονται λέγονται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περὶ περὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἱερουργίαν ἱερουργίαν]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅταν ὅταν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτῆς ἑορτῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καθήκῃ καθήκῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χρόνος χρόνος], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπατεύοντος ὑπατεύοντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἢ ἢ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/στρατηγοῦντος στρατηγοῦντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδρός ἀνδρός], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸς αὐτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξίσταται ἐξίσταται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πᾶν πᾶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄρρεν ἄρρεν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραλαβοῦσα παραλαβοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διακοσμεῖ διακοσμεῖ]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγιστα μέγιστα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νύκτωρ νύκτωρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τελεῖται τελεῖται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδιᾶς παιδιᾶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναμεμιγμένης ἀναμεμιγμένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παννυχίσι παννυχίσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μουσικῆς μουσικῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἅμα ἅμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλῆς πολλῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρούσης παρούσης].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' However, there were no disturbances in consequence of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publius Clodius]] was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, 
'''[2]''' but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time. This man was in love with [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] the wife of [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women's apartments, and [[Aurelia (mother of Julius Caesar)|Aurelia]], Caesar's mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview. 
'''[3]''' Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call [[Bona Dea]], corresponding to the Greek [[Gynaeceia]]. The [[Phrygians]] claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King [[Midas]]; the Romans say she was a [[Dryad]] nymph and the wife of [[Faunus]]; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of [[Dionysus]]. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are [[Orphism|Orphic]] in their character. 
'''[4]''' Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or [[praetor]] at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard.
|}

==[[Original Source: Plutarch - Lives - Caesar#E10 - Clodius and Pompeia|10]]==


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| class="plainlinks" style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 1.6em 1.2em 0.4em; border:0; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">Greek</div>
'''[1]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταύτην Ταύτην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τότε τότε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑορτὴν ἑορτὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτελούσης ἐπιτελούσης], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιος Κλώδιος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὔπω οὔπω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενειῶν γενειῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λήσειν λήσειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰόμενος οἰόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐσθῆτα ἐσθῆτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σκευὴν σκευὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ψαλτρίας ψαλτρίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀναλαβὼν ἀναλαβὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔρχεται ἔρχεται], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νέα νέα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικὶ γυναικὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄψιν ὄψιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰκώς εἰκώς]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ταῖς ταῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύραις θύραις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπιτυχὼν ἐπιτυχὼν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνεῳγμέναις ἀνεῳγμέναις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰσήχθη εἰσήχθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδεῶς ἀδεῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνειδυίας συνειδυίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεραπαινίδος θεραπαινίδος], 
'''[2]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκείνης ἐκείνης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προδραμούσης προδραμούσης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίᾳ Πομπηίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φράσειε φράσειε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένης γενομένης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διατριβῆς διατριβῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένει περιμένει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπου ὅπου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατελείφθη κατελείφθη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καρτεροῦντι καρτεροῦντι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλανωμένῳ πλανωμένῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίᾳ οἰκίᾳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεγάλῃ μεγάλῃ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιφεύγοντι περιφεύγοντι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προσπεσοῦσα προσπεσοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλίας Αὐρηλίας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὴ δὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυνὴ γυνὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παίξειν παίξειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/προὐκαλεῖτο προὐκαλεῖτο], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὴ μὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλομένου βουλομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέσον μέσον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷλκε εἷλκε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τίς τίς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐστι ἐστι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόθεν πόθεν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπυνθάνετο ἐπυνθάνετο]. 
'''[3]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φήσαντος φήσαντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ἄβραν Ἄβραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιμένειν περιμένειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίας Πομπηίας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸ αὐτὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦτο τοῦτο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καλουμένην καλουμένην], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φωνῇ φωνῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενομένου γενομένου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταφανοῦς καταφανοῦς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀκόλουθος ἀκόλουθος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπήδησε ἀπεπήδησε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κραυγῇ κραυγῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φῶτα φῶτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄχλον ὄχλον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄνδρα ἄνδρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πεφωρακέναι πεφωρακέναι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βοῶσα βοῶσα], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διαπτοηθείσων διαπτοηθείσων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡ ἡ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αὐρηλία Αὐρηλία] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰ τὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄργια ὄργια] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῦ θεοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατέπαυσε κατέπαυσε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεκάλυψε συνεκάλυψε], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὴ αὐτὴ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θύρας θύρας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποκλεῖσαι ἀποκλεῖσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κελεύσασα κελεύσασα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/περιῄει περιῄει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἰκίαν οἰκίαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λαμπάδων λαμπάδων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ζητοῦσα ζητοῦσα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. 
'''[4]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὑρίσκεται εὑρίσκεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰς εἰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἴκημα οἴκημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παιδίσκης παιδίσκης] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνεισῆλθε συνεισῆλθε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταπεφευγώς καταπεφευγώς]· [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γενόμενος γενόμενος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανερὸς φανερὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπὸ ὑπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναικῶν γυναικῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐξελαύνεται ἐξελαύνεται] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θυρῶν θυρῶν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρᾶγμα πρᾶγμα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/νυκτὸς νυκτὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αἱ αἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκες γυναῖκες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπιοῦσαι ἀπιοῦσαι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὑτῶν αὑτῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφραζον ἔφραζον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀνδράσι ἀνδράσι], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μεθʼ μεθʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἡμέραν ἡμέραν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐχώρει ἐχώρει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/διὰ διὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλεως πόλεως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγος λόγος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀθεσμοῖς ἀθεσμοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπικεχειρηκότος ἐπικεχειρηκότος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐ οὐ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑβρισμένοις ὑβρισμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μόνον μόνον], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀλλὰ ἀλλὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῇ τῇ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πόλει πόλει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/θεοῖς θεοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὀφείλοντος ὀφείλοντος]. 
'''[5]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐγράψατο ἐγράψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἷς εἷς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δημάρχων δημάρχων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσεβείας ἀσεβείας], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνέστησαν συνέστησαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐπʼ ἐπʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/αὐτὸν αὐτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δυνατώτατοι δυνατώτατοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπὸ ἀπὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῆς τῆς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/βουλῆς βουλῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἄλλας ἄλλας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τε τε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεινὰς δεινὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀσελγείας ἀσελγείας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταμαρτυροῦντες καταμαρτυροῦντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μοιχείαν μοιχείαν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδελφῆς ἀδελφῆς], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ᾗ ᾗ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Λευκούλλῳ Λευκούλλῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συνῴκει συνῴκει]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τούτων τούτων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σπουδὰς σπουδὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δῆμος δῆμος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀντιτάξας ἀντιτάξας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἑαυτὸν ἑαυτὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἥμυνε ἥμυνε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίῳ Κλωδίῳ], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μέγα μέγα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοὺς τοὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστὰς δικαστὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὄφελος ὄφελος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἦν ἦν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐκπεπληγμένους ἐκπεπληγμένους] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καὶ καὶ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δεδοικότας δεδοικότας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλῆθος πλῆθος]. 
'''[6]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καῖσαρ Καῖσαρ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψατο ἀπεπέμψατο] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εὐθὺς εὐθὺς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πομπηίαν Πομπηίαν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μάρτυς μάρτυς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πρὸς πρὸς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δίκην δίκην] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κληθεὶς κληθεὶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὐδὲν οὐδὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λεγομένων λεγομένων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατὰ κατὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλωδίου Κλωδίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γινώσκειν γινώσκειν]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡς ὡς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῦ τοῦ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λόγου λόγου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παραδόξου παραδόξου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φανέντος φανέντος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὁ ὁ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/κατήγορος κατήγορος] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠρώτησε ἠρώτησε], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Πῶς Πῶς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπεπέμψω ἀπεπέμψω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γυναῖκα γυναῖκα];» «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ὅτι Ὅτι],» [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔφη ἔφη], «[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὴν τὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐμὴν ἐμὴν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἠξίου ἠξίου] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μηδὲ μηδὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὑπονοηθῆναι ὑπονοηθῆναι].» 
'''[7]''' [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Ταῦτα Ταῦτα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μὲν μὲν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὕτω οὕτω] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/φρονοῦντα φρονοῦντα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Καίσαρα Καίσαρα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/λέγουσιν λέγουσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/εἰπεῖν εἰπεῖν], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οἱ οἱ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δὲ δὲ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῷ τῷ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δήμῳ δήμῳ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/χαριζόμενον χαριζόμενον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὡρμημένον ὡρμημένον] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/σῴζειν σῴζειν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸν τὸν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Κλώδιον Κλώδιον]. [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποφεύγει ἀποφεύγει] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δʼ δʼ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/οὖν οὖν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὸ τὸ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἔγκλημα ἔγκλημα] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τῶν τῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πλείστων πλείστων] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/δικαστῶν δικαστῶν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/συγκεχυμένοις συγκεχυμένοις] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γράμμασι γράμμασι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τὰς τὰς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/γνώμας γνώμας] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀποδιδόντων ἀποδιδόντων], [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ὅπως ὅπως] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρακινδυνεύσωσιν παρακινδυνεύσωσιν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἐν ἐν] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/πολλοῖς πολλοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/καταψηφισάμενοι καταψηφισάμενοι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/μήτε μήτε] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀπολύσαντες ἀπολύσαντες] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀδοξήσωσι ἀδοξήσωσι] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/παρὰ παρὰ] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/τοῖς τοῖς] [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ἀρίστοις ἀρίστοις].
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; padding:1.2em 0.4em 1.2em 1.6em; border:0; border-left:1px solid #aaa; line-height:1.7;" | <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;">English (Perrin)</div>
'''[1]''' At the time of which I speak, [[Pompeia (wife of Caesar)|Pompeia]] was celebrating this festival, and [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodius]], who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass unnoticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret; 
'''[2]''' but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came. 
'''[3]''' Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia's [[Abra]] (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught a man. The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius. 
'''[4]''' He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed sacrilege and owed satisfaction, not only to those whom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods. 
'''[5]''' Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most influential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullus]]. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude. 
'''[6]''' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Caesar]] divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Clodius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?” “Because,” said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” 
'''[7]''' Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius. At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their verdicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by condemning him, nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.
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