Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Category:American Painters

2016-09-09T07:29:46Z

Andrewxx:

[[Category:American Painting]]
[[Category:American people|Painters]]
[[Category:Painters]]

Category:American People

2016-09-09T07:28:23Z

Andrewxx: Created page with "Category:Biographies by Nationality People"

[[Category:Biographies by Nationality]]
[[Category:United States|People]]

Category:American Actors

2016-09-09T07:25:02Z

Andrewxx:

[[Category:Actors]]
[[Category:American people|Actors]]

Jim Parsons

2016-09-09T07:22:22Z

Andrewxx:

'''Jim Parsons''' (March 24, 1973) is an American actor known for his role as "Sheldon Cooper" in [[The Big Bang Theory]]. He also played in movies like ''10 Items or Less'', ''School for Scoundrels'' and ''[[The Muppets]]''.

Parsons is [[Homosexuality|homosexual]].<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/theater/jim-parsons-prepares-for-his-lead-role-in-harvey.html?pagewanted=3&_r=2&smid=fb-share&adxnnlx=1337795070-OqM3Ntiv2kIkzKeFelw8yg&</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parsons, Jim}}
[[Category:American Actors]]
[[Category:Homosexuals]]

The Big Bang Theory

2016-09-08T18:35:04Z

Andrewxx: The source doesn't say that. I've watched every episode and haven't heard him say that. Sheldon isn't in the slightest bit homosexual, even though the actor who plays him is.

''For the pseudoscientific theory see: [[Big Bang theory]]''<br/>

'''The Big Bang Theory''' is a [[liberal]] sitcom by [[Chuck Lorre]] and [[Bill Prady]], that is aired on [[CBS]].

The serial does not show a traditional family, but instead characters rooming together, with the characters Leonard and Penny, as well as Bernadette and Howard currently the only married characters (the latter two being the only ones to actually have something akin to a traditional religious wedding, as the former two had a Vegas wedding), and of the two weddings, only Howard and Bernadette's have resulted in a pregnancy, with Howard reacting in a horrified manner.<ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/2013/ben-shapiro/sitcom-infantalization-and-the-death-of-america/</ref>

In addition the series sometimes mocks religion (with series creator Chuck Lorre depicting Mary Cooper, the mother of Sheldon, as an "unenlightened" Bible-believing conservative), and generally gives the assumption made since the Enlightenment that Christianity and Science are divorced from each other, ignoring that it was in fact Christianity that was the reason Science in its current form was even discovered. Sheldon was assumed by the other characters to be asexual.

==Actors==
*Dr. Leonard Hofstadter: Johnny Galecki
*Dr. Sheldon Cooper: [[Jim Parsons]]
*Penny Hofstadter: Kaley Cuoco
*Howard Wolowitz: Simon Helberg
*Dr. Raj Koothrappali: Kunal Nayyar
*Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler: Mayim Bialik
*Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz: Melissa Rauch

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Comedy Television Shows]]
[[Category:Anti-Christianity]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
[[Category:Hollywood Values]]
[[Category:Worst Liberal TV Shows]]

Alan Turing

2016-09-08T18:23:56Z

Andrewxx: /* References */

[[Image:Ture.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Alan Turing''' (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was a British mathematician who contributed hugely to modern [[computer]] science and [[cryptography]].<ref>Http://www.turing.org.uk/bio</ref> Though perhaps not the father of computer science, he ''" is frequently credited for being the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence."''<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=r5kOgS1IB-8C&pg=PA35&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false Steven Homer, Alan L. Selman: ''Computability and Complexity Theory''], p. 35</ref>

==The Turing Machine==

In the 1930s Turing proposed the concept of a "[[turing machine|Universal Turing Machine]]". Turing had, first, proposed that the operations needed to calculate any formula could be broken down into a base set of instructions (or primitive [[Recursion|recursive functions]]) that could in principle be followed by a machine: the "Turing Machine". Once fully formalized the calculations needed to derive the instructions themselves were capable of being run by a Turing Machine. The looped logic allowed the conception of a Turing Machine that could create its own instruction and, in principle, run a huge variety of calculations. Turing then used the concept of Universal Turing Machine to prove the undecidability of the [[halting problem]].

==Code breaking==

During [[World War II]] Turing was assigned to the codebreaking unit at Bletchley Park, where he worked on the decoding of the German's [[Enigma machine]]. Turing and his colleagues played a significant role in the Allied victory in WW2, allowing Allied forces access to German communication networks throughout much of the war.

==Artificial intelligence==

In his 1950 paper "[[Computing]] Machinery and Intelligence" (Mind 49: 433-460) Turing proposed a test (apparently heavily influenced by [[Logical Positivism]]) for establishing whether a computer could think (see [[artificial intelligence]]). This test, the turing test, is still widely considered to be the best test of whether a machine exhibits [[artificial intelligence]].

==Death==
Turing committed suicide by eating a poisoned apple after he was forced to take hormone treatment as part of his punishment for being convicted of homosexual acts. On September 10, 2009, British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] issued a statement to "celebrate" Turing's "contribution to Britain’s fight against the darkness of dictatorship" and to acknowledge that his prosecution was "appalling" and "utterly unfair". "I am pleased," Brown stated, "to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him."<ref>http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20571</ref>

Turing also became an [[atheist]] after his friend Christopher Morcom died [http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b2turing-alan-mathison.htm].

==References==

Online biography: http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/

Computing Machinery and Intelligence: http://cogprints.org/499/00/turing.html

''Oddballs and Eccentrics''. Shaw, Karl. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 2004.

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turing, Alan}}
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:English people]]
[[Category:Homosexuals]]
[[Category:Mathematicians]]

Nigel Farage

2016-09-08T18:17:14Z

Andrewxx:

[[File:Farage.jpg|thumb|Nigel Farage]]
'''Nigel Paul Farage''' (born 3 April 1964) is a British politician and former leader of the [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP) from 2010 to 2016; he also held that position from September 2006 to November 2009. Since 1999, he has been a Member of the [[European Parliament]] for South East England and co-chairs the Eurosceptic Europe of Freedom and Democracy group.

== Life ==
Farage was a founding member of UKIP, having left the [[Conservative Party]] in 1992 after the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. Having unsuccessfully campaigned in European and Westminster parliamentary elections for UKIP since 1994, he won a seat as MEP for South East England in the 1999 European Parliament Election—the first year the regional list system was used—and was re-elected in 2004 and 2009. Farage describes himself as a libertarian and rejects any suggestion that he is really a Conservative.

In September 2006, Farage became the UKIP Leader and led the party through the 2009 European Parliament Election when it received the second highest share of the popular vote, defeating Labour and the Liberal Democrats with over two million votes. He stepped down in November 2009 to concentrate on contesting the Buckingham seat of the Speaker, John Bercow, at the 2010 general election.
At the 2010 General Election, Farage failed to unseat Bercow and received only the third highest share of the vote in the constituency. Shortly after the polls opened on 6 May 2010, Farage was injured in an aircraft crash in Northamptonshire. The two-seated PZL-104 Wilga 35A had been towing a pro-UKIP banner when it flipped over and crashed shortly after takeoff. Both Farage and the pilot were hospitalised with non-life-threatening injuries.

In November 2010, Farage successfully stood in the 2010 UKIP leadership contest, following the resignation of its leader, Lord Pearson of Rannoch. Farage was also ranked 41st in the'' [[Daily Telegraph]]'''s Top 100 most influential right-wingers poll in October 2009, citing his media savvy and his success with UKIP in the European Elections. Farage was ranked 58th in the 2010 list compiled by Iain Dale and Brian Brivati for the ''Daily Telegraph''. In the same list published in 2012, Farage was ranked 17th.
Farage has been noted for his passionate eurosceptic speeches in the European Parliament. Farage was one of the key figures of the [[Brexit]] campaign.

[[Category:British Politicians]]

Fred Phelps

2016-09-08T18:09:12Z

Andrewxx: /* References */

[[Image:Phelps.jpg|right|thumb|Fred Phelps giving an interview in 2000]]'''Fred Waldron Phelps''' (November 13, 1929 – March 19, 2014) was the [[pastor]] of the independent [[Westboro Baptist Church]], an extremist organization not affiliated with mainstream [[Baptist]] churches, and a controversial activist against [[homosexual]] behavior. Phelps was noted for rallies displaying signs with highly inflammatory and [[extremist]] statements. This has classified the church as a hate group by various organizations. He is said to hold a "[[Hyper-Calvinism|hyper-Calvinistic]] viewpoint" generally regarded as far outside of mainstream Christianity by most Christian scholars. Most of the congregants of the Westboro Baptist Church, which is located in [[Topeka]], [[Kansas]], are related to Phelps either by blood or marriage.
Phelps was a civil rights lawyer, who fought for the rights of African Americans and worked to end many racist policies.

Phelps openly denounced the [[Catholic Church]] and [[Episcopal Church]], and made claims these religious organizations tolerate and harbor homosexuals and pedophiles. He also referred to a variety of political figures as "fag-enablers", ranging from Republican Presidents [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George W. Bush]] to Democrats such as [[Howard Dean]]. Phelps was a vehement critic of [[Dick Cheney]]. [http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=-8194338250744686470&q#] His views are rejected unanimously by [[liberals]] and also by the majority of [[conservative]] [[Christian]]s; [[evangelical]] leader [[Jerry Falwell]] referred to him as a "first-class nut".

Phelps led protests at military funerals based on his belief that America is a country that harbors homosexuals and is thus evil. As a result, President [[George W. Bush]] signed the Respect for America's Fallen Heroes Act, which places limitations on protests at military funerals. These demonstrations led to the formation of the [[Patriot Guard]], an organization of motorcyclists who attend military funerals in order to shield the families of the deceased from the protests by members of Phelps's Westboro Baptist Church.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-09-13-funeral-protests_x.htm Funeral protesters say laws can't silence them], By Charlie Riedel, Associated Press, July 2006. Retrieved from USA Today October 14, 2007.</ref> Phelps is represented by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU).<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/22/AR2006072200643.html ACLU Sues for Anti-Gay Group That Pickets at Troops' Burials], By Garance Burke, Associated Press, July 23, 2006; Page A02. Retrieved from the ''[[Washington Post]]'' October 14, 2007.</ref>

Phelps was once an active contributor to the [[Democratic Party]] and was an enthusiastic supporter of [[Al Gore]] for president in 1988,<ref>http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/1999/03/lauerman.html</ref> calling Gore "the icon of the conservative faction of the Democratic Party."<ref name="findarticles.com">http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20001104/ai_n11753681</ref> Phelps's son, Fred Phelps, Jr., served as a delegate for Gore.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15559</ref> During Gore's 1984 campaign for the U.S. Senate, he was against a bill that would outlaw discrimination based on sexual orientation, and refused to take donations from gay rights organizations. Gore said in an interview with the Nashville ''Tennessean'', "I don't pretend to have an understanding of homosexuality that sustains a discussion of its roots ... but I do not believe it is simply an acceptable alternative that society should affirm."<ref>[http://cache.boston.com/news/politics/campaign2000/news/Bradley_rips_Gore_s_scare_tactics_to_win_gay_votes+.shtml Bradley rips Gore's 'scare tactics' to win gay votes] By Bob Hohler and Michael Crowley, Globe Staff, 2/15/2000, cache.boston.com, retrieved November 26, 2011</ref>

In 1992 Phelps supported [[Bill Clinton]] for president, and later became critical of President Clinton's pandering for gay voters. Phelps led a
demonstration at the 1997 Clinton inaugural.<ref name="findarticles.com"/><ref name="frontpagemag.com">http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID={91058469-F6DE-4615-8B2A-73CDF3E8FCAC}</ref>

== Phelps' Criticism of Religious Leaders ==

Phelps ran several websites on the internet which preach against [[homosexuality]] and immoral living. Phelps espoused a skewed version of his own "literal" interpretation of the [[Bible]] and the holy scriptures, and spoke against mainstream religious and Christian leaders who, in his view, distort or twist the literal interpretation of the Bible. Phelps also advocated greater accountability for religious organizations, such as the Catholic Church, and has been vocal in the press and media concerning the abuse of young boys by Catholic priests and church leaders, and practicing homosexuals in the Episcopal Church.

== Phelps and the Democratic party==
[[Image:20001025 xnjdo FredGoreFiny.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Rev. Fred Phelps with future Vice President and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Al Gore]] at a Westboro Baptist Church event.]]
Phelps ran for governor of [[Kansas]] as a [[Democrat]] in 1990, 1994, and 1998.<ref name="ref4">[http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/08/05/kansas.results/ 1998 Kansas Primary Results. Compiled by Congressional Quarterly.]</ref> Phelps received 31% of the vote in Kansas's 1992 Democratic Party primary for [[U.S. Senate]].<ref>[http://www.kssos.org/elections/elections_statistics.html State of Kansas Secretary of State Website]</ref> In 1993 and 1997,<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=21229 The "God Hates Fags" [[Left]]], By Mark D. Tooley, FrontPageMagazine.com, February 09, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.religionnewsblog.com/1128/kansas-anti-gay-church-embarrasses-topekans Kansas anti-gay church embarrasses Topekans], November 7, 2002. Retrieved from ReligionNewsBlog.com, October 11, 2007.</ref> Phelps ran for mayor of [[Topeka]]. He supported [[Al Gore]] in the 1988 primaries. Phelps' support of Al Gore took an irrational U-turn in 1998 when he picketed the funeral of Al Gore's father.<ref>http://www.religionnewsblog.com/13170/pastor-who-takes-pride-in-hate-traces-the-emotion-to-bible</ref> Phelps has been an extremely vocal critic of [[President George W. Bush]] and former Vice President [[Dick Cheney]], calling Bush "A Bible pervert." Of the Cheney family Phelps said, "They know the iniquity they’ve wrought, but they’re not at all ashamed of it...God hates the Cheneys."<ref>http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8194338250744686470#</ref>

== Phelps and Saddam Hussein ==

In 1997, upset about [[United States]] sanctions on [[Iraq]], Phelps wrote a letter to [[Saddam Hussein]] that read in part, ''We understand that Iraq is the only Muslim state that allows the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ to be freely and openly preached on the streets without fear of arrest and prosecution. Alas, the United States no longer allows the Gospel to be freely and openly preached on the streets, because militant sodomites now control our government, and they violently object to the Bible message.'' <ref>http://www.adl.org/special_reports/wbc/wbc_on_america.asp</ref> He requested, and received, permission from Saddam Hussein to visit Iraq.<ref name="frontpagemag.com"/> When Saddam Hussein was executed in 2006, Phelps said Saddam was in hell for practicing the Muslim faith.

== Phelps and activism ==
[[File:1f3.jpg|right|thumb|400px]]
Phelps announced that he and his group would picket the funeral service of actor [[Heath Ledger]].

In February 2009, Phelps' group announced that they would travel to the [[United Kingdom]] to protest in [[Basingstoke]] against a gay-themed play called [[The Laramie Project]], based on the murder of [[Matthew Shepard]].
However, the British Foreign Secretary [[Jacqui Smith]] later announced on February 19 that they would be barred from entering the country as the group "engaged in unacceptable behaviour by inciting hatred against a number of communities". Phelps' group later responded with a message on their website GodHatesFags.com stating:

:"You British Bastards will not have Jesus Christ to rule over you, and think you can issue bans and pass laws to remove God’s word from the landscape. You do greatly err, not knowing the power of God; and, you do that against your own interests. It is a great kindness to have God’s prophets in your land. But, you ungrateful brutes despise knowledge. It is too late for the UK. God Hates You! God’s wrath and destruction is all that’s left for you, thanks to Secretary Smith."<ref>http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-11226.html</ref>

After the shooting of Arizona U.S. Representative Gabriella Giffords and the death of six people in Tuscon, Arizona in January 2010, Phelps stated in a video that God had sent the shooter, Jared Loughner, to "avenge the nation's sins", and that Westboro planned to protest at the funerals of the six victims.<ref name="giffords">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40997616/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/arizona-suspect-could-face-death-penalty/#.Ts2iIFmwXf8 Arizona suspect could face death penalty] msnbc.com, Crime & Courts, January 11, 2010, retrieved November 23, 2011.</ref> He said, "Thank God for the violent shooter."<ref name="giffords"/> The Arizona state legislature passed an emergency bill barring protestors from within 300 feet of funerals.<ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-11/us/arizona.funeral.westboro_1_kansas-church-westboro-baptist-church-fred-phelps?_s=PM:US Arizona enacts funeral protest legislation] cnn.com, January 11, 2010, retrieved November 23, 2011.</ref> Westboro later gave up the idea of protesting at the funeral of Christina Green, the 9-year-old girl who died in the shooting, in exchange for airtime on Phoenix and Tuscon radio stations.<ref>[http://www.aolnews.com/2011/01/12/westboro-baptist-church-wont-picket-christina-green-funeral/ Westboro Baptist Church Won't Picket Christina Green Funeral] Surge Desk, aolnews.com, January 12, 2011, retrieved on November 23, 2011.</ref>

Despite efforts by [[leftist]]s to link Phelps to the Religious Right, Phelps refers to Christian conservatives as "Lukewarm cowards. Modern day Pharisees. People who have gone a whoring after strange gods. Self-righteous hypocrites. They spend more time harrassing people who are preaching the Gospel than anything else, just like the Pharisees did to Jesus." Phelps preaching has much in common with the Reverend [[Jeremiah Wright]]. Phelps also says God hates liberals, referring to them as "the modern day Saduccees", and that they are the ultimate evil.<ref>http://www.godhatesfags.com/faq.html#Right</ref>

===Lawsuits===

*Phelps and his congregation were recently sued by Albert Snyder, the father of a soldier killed in Iraq. Phelps and his congregation protested the Iraq War at his son's funeral. The father sued for defamation over Phelps' statement: "Mr. Snyder raised his son for the devil and hell," during the funeral protest and in statements on his website. A federal jury in Baltimore awarded him nearly $11 million in a verdict against the church; Mr. Snyder won on every count of his complaint, receiving $2.9 million for compensatory damages and $8 million for punitive damages.

*Phelps has also been threatened with prosecution by the Canadian Government for alleged hate speech in Canada for preaching what he has stated are the literal teachings of the Bible against homosexuality.<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15559 Gore sought help from anti-homosexual group], 'God hates fags' creator preaches 'hate because the Bible preaches hate', By Jon E. Dougherty, ''WorldNetDaily.com'', October 25, 2000.</ref>
*Already picketing daily in Topeka, the Phelpses began to shower faxes on the community, targeting business and political leaders they disagreed with. After Topeka councilwoman Beth Mechler publicly doubted Phelps' claims that wild [[gay sex]] was occurring in Gage Park, Phelps responded with an insulting fax.

==Criticism of Phelps==
Criticism of Phelps has been virtually universal within both the conservative and liberal movements. The Reverend [[Jerry Falwell]] has called Phelps "a first class nut". Illinois Family Institute Executive Director Peter LaBarbera said "Fred Phelps' curious message is hardly Christian, and only fuels societal bigotry toward those who espouse genuine Biblical views on social issues like homosexuality and abortion,"

Phelps was also cited during Canadian deliberations about declaring anti-gay sentiments to be a hate crime.

==Quotes==
Reasons why people call Phelps “hateful”:

*”Bloody-Knife Bombastic Big Mouth Bastard Beast Obama is going to change times and laws; we have the word of God for that fact. He will do this by his charismatic smooth forked tongue, as he’s highly skilled in the art of telling people what they want to hear. The people of this nation are in terror, at God’s hand, afraid for their future, in distress and crisis, and afraid of many unnamed enemies. Germany was stinging and laboring under financial hardship, including punishing reparations from World War I. Hitler tapped into their national pride and need for financial stability to come to power. Also like Germany, this nation has weak legislative and judicial branches. Hitler was able to quickly seize power and strip the German legislative branch of any ability to curtail him. The Congress of doomed America is full of pandering cowards; they will be putty in Beast Obama’s hands, afraid to oppose him because of the “mandate” he has from the raging masses. The cowardly congress members have no stability or moral compass, so they are subject to the whim of the people. They’ll cave like a cheap deck of cards while Obama cleverly and masterfully plays the people like banjos, to get what he wants.” Phelps on beastobama.com launched in early 2009<ref>[http://www.beastobama.com Beast Obama website]</ref>

*”God hates America, and those calamities last Tuesday [September 11, 2001] are none other than the wrath of God, smiting fag America... That wasn't any accident. That wasn't any coincidence. There's only America to blame for those tragedies.”
:“How many do you suppose of those hundred (sic) and thirty soldiers died (sic) in the Pentagon last Tuesday were fags and dykes? And how many do you suppose were working in that massively composed building structure called those two World Trade Center buildings, Twin Towers? There were five thousand or ten thousand killed and, counting all those passengers in those airplanes, it's very likely that every last single one of them was a fag or dyke or a fag enabler, and that the minute he died, he split hell wide open, and the way to analyze the situation is that the Lord God Almighty, pursuant to His threatenings and warnings, killed him, looked him in the face, laughed and mocked at each one of them as He cast each one of them into Hell!... God hates America, and God demonstrated that hatred to some modest degree only last Tuesday -- sent in those bombers, those hellacious 767 Boeing bombers, and it was a glorious sight. What you need to do is see in those flames -- those sickening, twisting, burning, life-destroying flames, brightly shining from every television set around the world! You need to see in those flames a little preview of the flames of Hell that are going to soon engulf you, my friend. Burn your soul forever!” September 14, 2001<ref>[http://www.signmovies.net/videos/news/index.html Phelps on Sept. 11 attacks]</ref>

*”Same-sex marriage, by any name, civil union or otherwise, is the ultimate smashed-mouth in-your-face insult to God Almighty, and you think He's going to let England and America and the rest of this evil world get by with it? God Almighty has not joined fags in holy wedlock. God no longer keeps America safe. America is doomed. We're getting the pants beat off of us, in Iraq, in Afghanistan. God is now America's terrorist, that's who Bush is fighting, that's the terrorist that he best be afraid of. You tweaked His nose, you jackass, you tweaked His nose! God put it in your wicked heart to start that war. That's the message we've got at the funerals of these dead soldiers. God duped you into starting a war, so He could punish you. And any preacher preaching it any other way is a lying hell-bound false prophet. So almost eighteen months now and the siege has got people eating their babies, and their small children, and each other! You're gonna eat your babies! God Himself duped Bush into a no-win war, and He did that by the technique of putting a lying spirit in the mouth of all his trusted advisers, to punish America.” Phelps on April 1, 2007<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1000764/ Phelps on war, same-sex marriage, gays]</ref>

*”The Lord sent a world-class whopper of a massacre to Virginia Tech, killing thirty-three, drawing headlines like 'Shocked!', 'Horrified!', 'The worst massacre in US history!'. Well, we wish you were thirty-three thousand killed, but we are thankful to our Father for thirty-three.” Phelps on April 23, 2007<ref>[http://www.signmovies.net/videos/news/index.html Phelps on Virginia Tech massacre]</ref>

*”Canada is a filthy country run by fags, which has Draconian laws making it a crime to preach the Gospel there. All of these cowardly kissy-poo preachers who telecast their milquetoast sermons into Canada have to edit out every single word critical of fags -- snip, snip, snip -- or the fag officials of Canada will arrest and criminally prosecute the Canadian affiliates, and shut down their stations! There's no freedom of speech in Canada. There's no freedom of religion in Canada. It is against the law to read the Bible in Canada.... Our church has had a lot of bad dealings with those demon-possessed Canadians! A big Canadian flag flies at our church upside-down, the international symbol of distress. We fly it day and night, to educate and warn people about the fagi-nazi regime just to the north of us. Canadians are afraid of their tyrannical fag-run government. You can determine for yourself about Canada, and keep as far away from them as you can.” Phelps on July 31, 2008<ref>[http://www.signmovies.net/videos/news/index.html Phelps on Canada]</ref>

*”We understand that Iraq is the only Muslim state that allows the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ to be freely and openly preached on the streets without fear of arrest and prosecution. Alas, the United States no longer allows the Gospel to be freely and openly preached on the streets, because militant sodomites now control our government, and they violently object to the Bible message...The same majoritarian sodomite tyranny that now guides the Clinton administration's repressive policies toward Gospel preaching on America's streets, is apparently responsible — at least in part — for the merciless slaughter by starvation of 400 innocent Iraqi babies each day in your country. If our government and laws will allow it, and at the invitation of your government, we would like to send a delegation from Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas, to preach the Gospel on the streets of Baghdad for one week in the near future.” Phelps’ November 30, 1997 letter to Saddam Hussein.<ref>[http://www.adl.org/special_reports/wbc/print.asp Phelps’ letter to Saddam Hussein]</ref>

*”In our experience, no modern country is more repressive of human rights than the U.S.A. The vaunted First Amendment is nothing but empty words on paper...we will journey to China at our expense, and tell our story of modern American repression of human rights, upon invitation.” Fred Phelps, demanding permission to picket in the People's Republic of China, February 26, 1997.<ref>[http://www.adl.org/special_reports/wbc/print.asp Phelps on China, U.S.A. and human rights]</ref>

*”Mr. Rogers gave aid and comfort to homosexuals. He was a man who preached tolerance of all sorts of people in ways that directly contradicted the Bible. His syrupy teachings led millions astray. He was a wuss and he was an enabler of wusses.” Phelps on March 2003.<ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/columnists/20030307tony107col2p2.asp Phelps on Mr. Rogers]</ref>

*”You are a Bible pervert, [President George W.] Bush! And I knew it, the minute you hired that fag Scott Evertz to run your White House and told Rumsfeld to hire that fag [Stephen] Herbits, to screen all the applicants for employment to the Pentagon.” Phelps on September 14, 2001.<ref>[http://www.signmovies.net/videos/news/index.html Phelps’ tirade toward President Bush]</ref>

*”Whatever righteous cause the Jewish victims of the 1930s-40s Nazi Holocaust had, (probably miniscule, compared to the Jewish Holocausts against Middle Passage Blacks, African Americans and Christians -- including the bloody persecution of Westboro Baptist Church by Topeka Jews in the 1990s), has been drowned in sodomite semen. American taxpayers are financing this unholy monument to Jewish mendacity and greed and to filthy fag lust…Homosexuals and Jews dominated Nazi Germany…just as they now dominate this doomed U.S.A. … The Jews now wander the earth despised, smitten with moral and spiritual blindness by a divine judicial stroke…And god has smitten Jews with a certain unique madness, whereby they are an astonishment of heart, a proverb, and a byword (the butt of jokes and ridicule) among all peoples whither the Lord has driven and scattered them…Jews, thus perverted, out of all proportion to their numbers energize the militant sodomite agenda…The American Jews are the real Nazis (misusers and abusers of governmental power) who hate God and the rule of law.” WBC news release, December 26, 1996<ref>[http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/WBC/WBC-on-Jews.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=3&item=WBC Phelps on Jewish people]</ref>

*Fred Phelps believes that [[Barack Obama]] is the Antichrist. According to Phelps, we are living in the end of days and Obama will form an Unholy Trinity with the [[Catholic Church]] and [[Satan]].<ref>[http://www.beastobama.com/unholytrinity/index.html Phelps on the Antichrist and Unholy Trinity]</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://blank.org/addict/ Addicted to Hate: the story of Fred Phelps]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOrz5k0jWdU The Most Hated Family In America]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8194338250744686470# Fred Phelps' Unhinged Video Message to the Cheneys]
*[http://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/homophobia.asp Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online], Anti-Defamation League (2001). Retrieved 05/23/07.
*[http://www.godhatesfredphelps.com/ God Hates Fred Phelps], Retrieved from http://www.godhatesfredphelps.com/ October 25, 2007.
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8682089528957352638&ei=YB-PSa6HCYbi2gKtgPnCCw&q=fred+phelps+jerry+falwell&hl=en Phelps denouncing] [[Jerry Falwell]] after his death.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Activists]]
[[Category:Baptists]]
[[Category:Democrats]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Religion and Politics]]
[[Category:Religious People]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phelps, Fred}}

Anders Behring Breivik

2016-09-06T13:31:39Z

Andrewxx: /* References */

'''Anders Behring Breivik''' (born Oslo, Norway, February 13, 1979) was accused of, and has since confessed to, murdering 77 people<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/07/29/501364/main20085603.shtml Death Toll in Norway Attacks Rises to 77]</ref> during a killing spree in [[Norway]] on July 22, 2011. On that day, a bomb was detonated near government buildings in the capital city of [[Oslo]], killing eight. Some 90 minutes later, Breivik went to a summer camp on the island of Utoya and began shooting, killing 69 people.

Breivik describes himself as an investor, director, manager, revolutionary conservative, and resistance fighter.<ref>''2083 - A European Declaration of Independence,''p. 1398</ref> Prosecutors have said that Breivik played the video game World of Warcraft for nearly seven hours daily.<ref>[http://dailycaller.com/2012/06/08/prosecutors-norwegian-mass-murderer-played-world-of-warcraft-seven-hours-a-day/ Prosecutors:Norwegian mass-murderer played World of Warcraft seven hours a day, Daily Caller, June 8, 2012]</ref>

On August 24, 2012, aA Norwegian court found Breivik sane and guilty, and sentenced him to prison for a period between 10 and 21 years, the maximum prison sentence for his crime, but under Norway's preventative detention law, it can be extended if Breivik is considered a danger to society. His only apology was that he did not kill more people.<ref name="townhall.com">http://townhall.com/news/politics-elections/2012/08/24/norway_killer_to_face_sentence_for_massacre</ref>

== Attacks ==
=== Oslo bombing ===
At approximately 15:26 local time on Friday, July 22, 2011, a car bomb detonated in the political center of Oslo. Eight people were killed, and the offices of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg were damaged, along with several other government buildings. Additional undetonated explosives were also located in the area, police confirmed the next day. The explosives were believed to be comprised of fertilizer and fuel, similar to the bomb used in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.<ref name="bbc timeline">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14260297 Timeline of attacks]</ref> Norwegian police later revealed that Breivik planned to attack the royal palace and the Labour Party’s headquarters in central Oslo as well as other locations that would “hit the government.”

=== Shooting spree on the island of Utoya ===
Utoya, an island located approximately 20 miles northwest of Oslo, has been used by the Worker's Youth League (AUF), the Norwegian Labor Party's youth wing, since the 1970s for summer camps.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/23/norway.camp.youth/index.html?eref=edition How Labour Party's paradise in Utoya turned to 'hell']</ref> Between 600 and 700 people were on the island on July 22, 2011. Around 16:57 local time, a man dressed as a policeman requested passage on a local ferry over to Utoya. He stated he was there to "do research in connection with the bomb blasts".<ref name="bbc timeline"/> He was reportedly armed with a pistol and an automatic rifle.<ref name="bbc timeline"/> According to witnesses, he gathered the camp atendees around him for an announcement, then began shooting at them. The people panicked, and began running in an attempt to get away. Some tried to swim to the mainland, and were shot while still in the water.

The first reports of the shootings reached authorities at 17:26, and by 17:40, a specialized SWAT team was dispatched from Oslo to the island, arriving at 18:09.<ref name="bbc timeline"/> Local police were already at the ferry crossing, but were waiting for a boat. Difficulties arose when the police boat was loaded with the men and equipment; the boat was too small and began to take on water.<ref name="bbc timeline"/> Recreational boats were used instead, and the authorities arrived on the island at 18:26.<ref name="bbc timeline"/> By this time, the shootings had been going on for over an hour.

When the police reached the gunman, they found him standing with his hands up, and his guns several yards away on the ground.<ref name="bbc timeline"/> He didn't resist arrest, and according to police, still had a significant amount of ammunition remaining.<ref name="bbc timeline"/>

Sixty-nine people, mostly teenagers, were killed in the shooting spree, with scores of others injured. Hospital officials reported Breivik used dum-dum bullets, which are designed to cause severe internal damage because they disintegrate within the body.<ref name="bbc timeline"/>

==Charges, investigation, and conviction==

Breivik has been charged with acts of terrorism, including "destabilizing or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population." While appearing before a judge on July 25, 2011, Breivik admitted to his acts but pleaded not guilty to the charge of terrorism,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/world/europe/26oslo.html?_r=1&hp Norway Suspect Denies Guilt and Suggests He Did Not Act Alone]</ref> as he believes he was acting in pre-emptive self-defense <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/24/us-norway-manifesto-idUSTRE76N0X820110724 ''Norway's mass killer pursuing anti-Islam crusade''], Reuters, Sun Jul 24, 2011</ref>

A police press conference described Breivik as “more than willing to explain himself” during interrogations on Friday that lasted from 10:00 in the morning until 18:30 in the evening. Breivik’s lawyer, Geir Lippestad,also confirmed details of Breivik’s behaviour in the hearings and solitary confinement, telling VG that he was “very taken up with details” in his explanations about technical aspects of his operations, but that he “does not recognize our society, our courts or our justice system” because “his understanding of reality is not like other people’s.” He continues to see himself “as a great general that is at war against the Muslim’s invasion of Europe.” He has also been given two novels to read which “he did not like.”

Breivik planned to attack the royal palace and the Labour Party’s headquarters in central Oslo as well as other locations that would “hit the government.” Lippestad confirmed the fact that his client had “both A and B plans” when speaking to newspaper ''Dagbladet'', adding that the attacks he carried out were “probably the B plan.”<ref>[http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/07/30/breivik-planned-palace-attack/# Breivik planned palace attack]</ref> The 32-year-old murderer also said his bombing of government buildings in Oslo and shootings at the summer camp on Utoya island for Labour's youth wing was aimed at deterring future recruitment to the Labour party, which he blames for "mass imports of Muslims," which he accuses of engaging in "demographic warfare." <ref>http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/16036733</ref>

Norwegian newspaper ''VG Nett'' claims Anders Behring Breivik had been put on a terrorist watchlist after illegally buying large amount of chemicals online from a Polish retailer.

The Norwegian Foreign Minister had visited the Labour Youth League summer camp on the island of Utoya Thursday, and was met with claims that Norway must recognize a Palestinian state,<ref>http://theintelhub.com/2011/07/23/breaking-camp-in-norway-where-shooting-occurred-had-just-concluded-pro-palestinian-rally-the-day-before</ref> which Breivik also opposes as part of his nationalistic beliefs. Breivik also supports nationalistic movements in India.

While Breivik was custody, the prosecution said Breivik had behaved calmly and did not seem to be affected by events. The lawyer representing Anders Behring Breivik had stated that his client is most likely insane.<ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/norway-shooting-bombing-anders-behring-breivik-insane-lawyer-says-52835 ''The Christian Post, Norway Shooting, Bombing: Anders Behring Breivik Insane, Lawyer Says''], Jul. 26 2011</ref> Since Breivik admitted to the attacks, his sanity was the key issue to be decided by the trial, with two psychiatric teams reaching opposite conclusions.

On August 24, 2012, a five-judge panel declared him sane and guilty, and sentenced him to a 21-year prison sentence, but which can be extended for as long as he's considered dangerous to society. Legal experts said that likely means he will be locked up for life. In his final words, Breivik insolently regretted not killing more people, apologizing to other "militant nationalists" for not achieving an even higher death toll. Neither the prosecution or the defense indicated they would appeal.<ref name="townhall.com"/>

Conservative media has called attention to Breivik's relative plush prison conditions. Although being in solitary confinement, his prison compound consists of three personal cells, with one being for living, one for studying, and a third unit for physical exercise. Breivik is able to do his own laundry and cook, while the study cell contains personal computer, not connected to the Internet, and a television and a PlayStation 2. Breivik threatened to go on a hunger strike if it was not upgraded to a PlayStation 3. In April, 2016, an Oslo court ruled that his solitary confinement and undressed searches constituted a breach of human rights.<ref>http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/04/20/all-the-fun-things-anders-breivik-can-do-in-his-inhuman-prison.html</ref>

==Breivik's manifesto and ideology==

Over a period of approximately three years, Breivik wrote and/or compiled a 1,518 page, partly plagiaristic manifesto titled ''2083 – A European Declaration of Independence,'' half of which he states he wrote himself. He sent this to 8,000 dedicated nationalists just before his murderous rampages began, and which was subsequently converted to a PDF file<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/files/2011/07/2083manifesto.pdf Manifesto]</ref> and posted on the Internet after the attacks.

Breivik's manifesto states that he is "100 percent Christian",<ref name="Times Union"/> but not "excessively religious";<ref name="Times Union"/> he considers himself a "cultural Christian" and a "modern-day crusader".<ref name="Times Union"/><ref name="ibtimes0725">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooterbomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key-817273|title=Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key|work=International Business Times|accessdate=31 May 2015}}</ref> Breivik says the term ''cultural Christian'' means preserving European culture, and adds, "It is enough that you are a Christian-agnostic or a Christian-atheist (an atheist who wants to preserve at least the basics of the European Christian cultural legacy...)"<ref name="ibtimes0725"/><ref name="Juergensmeyer"/> He stated that he planned to pray to God for help during his attacks.<ref>{{cite news|first=Duncan|last=Gardham|title=Norway killings: Breivik's plan for the day|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=UK|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8663762/Norway-killings-Breiviks-plan-for-the-day.html|accessdate=29 July 2011|date=26 July 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110727060134/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8663762/Norway-killings-Breiviks-plan-for-the-day.html|archivedate=27 July 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref> The manifesto also states "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person, as that would be a lie"; Breivik calls religion a crutch and a source for drawing mental strength, and says "I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my secular surroundings and environment." He goes on to state that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."<ref name="ibtimes0725"/><ref name=Relationship2>{{cite web|first=Nicola|last=Menzie|title=Norway massacre suspect manifesto rejects personal relationship with Jesus|url=http://au.christiantoday.com/article/norway-massacre-suspect-manifesto-rejects-personal-relationship-with-jesus/11623.htm|work=[[Christianity Today]]|date=26 July 2011|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref>

In his manifesto Breivik details how Islam invaded Europe in the past and was defeated, and expresses plans to combat, by an "armed indigenous rights movements/resistance movement" (p. 668), the latest Islamic invasion/attack in which they employ "demographic warfare." (p. 816) Breivik resistance involves raising up an army of ''Justiciar Knights,'' ''PCCTS,'' ("Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici" or "Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon" in English), commonly known as the Knights Templar,(p. 1509) which Breivik claimed had been re-formed in London in 2002.

Breivik's compendium/book presents "advanced ideological, practical, tactical, organizational and rhetorical solutions and strategies" for his war against "Islam and the cultural Marxism/multiculturalism in Western Europe," and its different political fronts, and the reestablishment of a secular "Christian" Catholic culture, and thus the restoration of Europe's cultural self-confidence (nationalism) by 2083. (pp. 4, 5, 802) Its extensive instructions include prolonged violence and the advocation of the use of drugs to enhance performance.

The manifesto also shows that Breivik was an active player of the World of Warcraft (and other computer games), and indicates that he was inspired by such themes.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/24/us-norway-manifesto-idUSTRE76N0X820110724 Norway's mass killer pursuing anti-Islam crusade]</ref>

While the manifesto contains a legal disclaimer that states certain chapters in Book 2 and Book 3 (a Declaration of pre-emptive War) were hypothetical, and "must not be confused with an actual plan, or strategy to attempt to harm any individuals...," and that the author does not condone such, (p. 766-68) yet it has become apparent that this disclaimer itself was part of his malevolent strategy.

Many [[liberal media]] articles characterized the gesture Breivik made in court as a "right-wing salute."<ref>http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/4259574/Breivik-makes-far-right-salute-as-trial-begins.html</ref><ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/9206193/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-trial-day-one-as-it-happened.html</ref><ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2130364/Anders-Behring-Breivik-trial-Norwegian-killer-breaks-Vlad-Impaler-video-played.html</ref><ref>http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/314866</ref> Fox News described it as a "clenched-fist salute."<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/08/24/norway-court-deems-breivik-sane-sentences-killer-to-prison.html</ref>

Breivik confessed he that manipulated the mainstream media by using "counterjihad" rhetoric in order to protect "ethno-nationalists" from media scrutiny and to damage the reputation of the counter-jihad movement including [[Robert Spencer]] and Fjordman who he considers to part of a "Jewish network." The liberal media has ignored Breivik's confession.
<ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/point/217337/breivik-opposed-spencer-fjordman-exploited-daniel-greenfield</ref>
<ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/point/215274/breivik-tried-undermine-counterjihad-admits-nazi-daniel-greenfield?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+fpm+%28FrontPage+Magazine+%C2%BB+All%29</ref>
<ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/216466/english-language-media-ignores-breiviks-coming-out-robert-spencer</ref>
<ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/217331/breiviks-confession-and-medias-silence-fjordman</ref>

==Religion and moral views==
On his Facebook profile, Breivik describes himself as a Christian. He states that he chose to be baptised into the Protestant Church of Norway at the age of 15, although he later became disenchanted with Norway's State Church. He supported “an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic” in an online post in 2009.

Deputy Police Chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that "We have no more information than... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist." <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14259356 BBC News], Europe, 23 July 2011</ref>

Likewise, some reports were quick to described Breivik as a “Christian terrorist,” based largely on his self-identity as one on his Facebook profile, and his postings to some Christian fundamentalist type websites on certain shared views.

However, in contrast to the common theological understanding of Christian fundamentalism, that of "militantly anti-modernist Protestant evangelicalism," and its emphasis on Protestant doctrine and salvation by faith,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=bKXfuAYqI8EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fundamentalism+and+American+Culture&hl=en&src=bmrr&ei=ygAuToT3KJTfgQfUycWlCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=anti-modernist%20Protestant&f=false George M. Marsden, "Fundamentalism and American culture]," pp. 3, 4, 110</ref> in his manifesto, Breivik referred to "Protestantism as the Marxism of Christianity". (p. 1346) He criticized salvation by faith and deplored "Christian fundamentalist theocracy" as "everything we do not want", in favor of "a secular European society based on our Christian cultural heritage". (p. 1346) He also commended the separation of church and state. (p. 1132)

Breivik invoked [[Roman Catholic]] canon law and the example of the [[Crusades]] for support, and looked toward a "Crusader Pope." (p. 1135) He also believed those who died in his case were worthy of an [[indulgence]], (pp. 1324–26, 46) and stated, "If there is a God I will be allowed to enter heaven as all other martyrs for the Church in the past," (p. 1345) and advocated that such take of "the [[Eucharist]] (Holy Communion/The Lord's Supper)" for the practical purpose of strength to face such death. (p. 1345)

Breivik also considered it sufficient that one be "a Christian-agnostic or a Christian atheist" to fight for his Christian cultural heritage, (p. 1361, 62) and held that "it is essential that science takes an undisputed precedence over biblical teachings." (p. 1403)

Breivik denied the need for a personal relationship with Christ to be a Christian, stating, “If you have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God then you are a religious Christian. Myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God. We do however believe in Christianity as a cultural, social, identity and moral platform. This makes us Christian.” (p. 1307)

In response to the question as to why he choose an allegiance to a group with Christian values and pan-European goals instead of a purely national/regional group, Breivik stated that,
<blockquote>
"My choice has nothing to do with the fact that I am not proud of my own traditions and heritage. My choice was based purely pragmatism...A hateful ideology (white supremacist), death metal, Odinism, conspiracy theories does NOT have mass appeal...It is essential that we choose a banner that has the potential to appeal towards central and southern Europeans as well...Mass appeal should be the most essential factor in this strategy. (p. 1380,81)
</blockquote>
Responding to the issue of perceived anti-gay mentality among conservatives, Breivik stated,
<blockquote>
The multiculturalists WANT us to fit in their pre-defined stereotype. They want us to be racists, fascist, gay hating individuals because it would make their job so much easier in their effort to label us as the scum of the earth. The truth of the matter is that I personally know several gay individuals and have known several gay people during the years and I don't have any reservations against them. Why would I care what they do behind closed doors?
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
However, I personally do object to the "gay media hysteria" which has been going on in Western Europe the last two decades. In many cases "alleged victim groups" are subjected to positive discrimination within politics, media and certain sectors. In those specific contexts it has become standard policy to discriminate so called "heterosexual men". Western European media, especially in the protestant countries are obsessed with cheering the gay community and other minorities they see as "preferred groups" in their so called "victim hierarchy". The glorification of "preferred groups" in the EUSSR "victim hierarchy" have gone too far. It's racist and fascist. (pp. 1357,58)
</blockquote>

In addition, Breivik stated that after 5 years in the Freemasons, he was finally accepted for rank 4-5. However, due to lack of time he decided to decline the offer and told them he would be unavailable until autumn 2011, due to extensive traveling. (p. 1431)

In an insight on his personal morality, Breivik was fond of the clubs in Hungary, though he disliked rock music. He avoided affairs with females for the sake of his mission, although he had engaged in fornication less recently, which he stated was "a relatively small sin compared to the huge amounts of grace I am about to generate with my martyrdom operation." He also revealed that he had reserved a substantial sum from his operations budget which he intend to spend on a quality prostitute just before or after he attended his final martyr's mass in Frogner Church in order to place him "biologically, mentally and spiritually at ease." (p. 1424)

While he avoided getting drunk due to the priority of his mission, he advocated the use of performance-enhancing drugs to that end, and he did enjoy getting very drunk at a birthday party. (p. 1415) He also played video games for pleasure and motivation, such as those in the "World of Warcraft" series and "Dragon Age Origins", and stated, "I regret to admit that I’ve become a notorious downloader of pirated movies, series and games etc." (p. 1418, 24, 25)

==Responses==
The attacks left the world stunned, not only due the number killed in such a manner, but because it happened in Norway, a country seen as relatively peaceful. And which was also due to the murdering being done by a blond haired, green eyed 32-year-old gunman, looking much like a Nordic ideal (he claimed Viking ancestry), who apparently had no criminal record other than traffic violations. Jens Breivik, the father of Anders Behring Breivik, who said his son cut off contact with him in 1995 (Breivik was 15–16 years old), sent his condolences to "all those who have suffered" as a result of the attacks, and said he is in "a complete state of shock and has not recovered".

Within a day, over 27,000 people signed up via Facebook for a memorial service in Oslo the next day, with numbers increasing rapidly. It was later reported that the whole country was watching the service. "Not a man in sight outside."

Geir Lippestad, Breivik's lawyer, told Norwegian media, "I think he's realized what he's done, and he views himself as sane." Lippestad continued, "He has said that he believed the actions were atrocious, but that in his head they were necessary...He wanted to hurt the Labour party and halt its recruitment in the worst possible way, referring to party members as Marxists." Extra security was planned for mosques around the U.K.

Breivik wrote of having strong links with the right-wing group, the English Defence League (EDL), which denied that Breivik had any links with them and stated that they "vehemently" opposed his actions.<ref>[http://telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659028/Norway-shooting-July-24-as-it-happened.html Norway shootings: July 24 as it happened]</ref> Daryl Hobson, who organizes EDL demonstrations, condemned the killings, and stated that, “I spoke to him a few times on Facebook and he is extremely intelligent and articulate and very affable,” said the source. “He is someone who can project himself very well and I presume there would be those within the EDL who would be quite taken by that. It’s like Hitler, people said he was hypnotic. This guy had the same sort of effect.”<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8661139/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-had-extensive-links-to-English-Defence-League.html Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik had extensive links to English Defence League, The Telegraph, 25 Jul 2011]</ref>

Certain [[liberal]] sources, such as a Professor Juan Cole, were quick to implicate conservatives as somewhat culpable for Breivik's rampage, leading others to opine that, “The Left tends to use non-violent passive resistance, like with Gandhi and MLK, Jr.”

To which one respondent writes,

"Your above-cited quote is a good case of historical amnesia, deliberate or otherwise... You apparently have never heard of (or don’t want to acknowledge) the Weathermen, the Black Panthers, the Symbionese Liberation Army, and others in the U.S.; not to mention the Bolsheviks in Russia, Mao Zhe Dong in China, the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, Kim Jong Il in North Korea, the FARC in Colombia, the Sendero Luminoso in Peru, The MIR in Chile, and other Leftist movements throughout the world that have used terrorism as a tactic. I think an objective tally would prove that both the Left and the Right are equal opportunity terrorists."<ref>"White Christian Fundamentalist Terrorism in Norway", Informed consent blog, posted on 07/23/2011</ref>

Fox News Host Bill O'Reilly stated that "No one believing in Jesus commits mass murder. The man might have called himself a Christian on the net, but he is certainly not of that faith."

But [[atheist]] antagonist [[Bill Maher]] rejected that truth and asserted, "Religion ... gives people license to commit crazy acts," and warned of Christianity becoming "the violent blood-lusty religion it was under the crusades," ignoring that his own atheistic moral reasoning can justify the same or worse as false religion, while New Testament Christianity does not support such religious violence.

Republican Margaret Hoover responded to Mayer on his show by referring 50 million who were killed in the 20th century in the name of atheism and communism (though 250 million may be more accurate<ref>[http://www.scholarscorner.com/apologia/deathtoll.html ''Atheism's Body Count - Ideology and Human Suffering'']</ref>), what she called "ideology run amok," and that Breivik only called himself a Christian, and in contrast to Islam, he was not "connected to a well -funded global terror network."<ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/norway-shooting-bombing-bill-maher-insists-suspect-is-a-christian-terrorist-53116 Norway Shooting, Bombing: Bill Maher Insists Suspect Is a 'Christian Terrorist'] The Christian Post, U.S., Sat, Jul. 30 2011</ref>

The ''New York Times'' (which Breivik references a few times in his manifesto), in an opinion piece by Roger Cohen titled, ''Breivik and His Enablers,'' used the killing to implicate [[Sarah Palin]] with the attack on Representative [[Gabrielle Giffords]], while naming Republicans such as former House Speaker [[Newt Gingrich]] and Representative Peter King as "ideological fellow travelers" with Breivik, as well as "U.S. church pastors using their bully pulpits week after week to say America is a Christian nation under imminent threat from Islam." The columnist called such [[bigotry]], while he exhibited his own bigotry against the latter group of people, linking them to the actions of Breivik, and "a racist and murderous European right."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/opinion/26iht-edcohen26.html?_r=1 "Breivik and His Enablers"] July 25, 2011</ref>

At the least, liberal journalists charged that Breivik seems to have been motivated by the view of right versus wrong that animates the "Christian worldview," which pits Marxism, multiculturalism, Islam, etc. as enemies of God and truth,<ref>[http://www.religiondispatches.org/dispatches/sarahposner/4934/how_breivik%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9Ccultural_analysis%E2%80%9D_is_drawn_from_the_%E2%80%9Cchristian_worldview%E2%80%9D/ Sarah Posner, "How Breivik’s “Cultural Analysis” is Drawn from the “Christian Worldview”"]</ref> while the same journalists fight against evangelical Christian faith, traditional morals and those who uphold them as being enemies of liberalism's deleterious social experiment that has cost America and the world greatly in souls, lives and money.<ref>[http://peacebyjesus.witnesstoday.org/RevealingStatistics.html Revealing Statistics: America in Decline; Present Costs of the War against God]</ref>

Others also cite evidence that liberalism is more prone to violence and terrorism.<ref>[http://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2010/03/16/liberal_violence_five_names_you_should_know/page/full Five names you should know]</ref><ref>[http://pushbacknow.net/2011/01/16/history-of-liberal-violence History of liberal violence]</ref>

In contrast to the overall reaction by Islamic authorities to the acts of Muslim terrorists, the Christian community has been quick to condemn the attacks by Breivik as being contrary to authentic Christianity. Gordon Showell-Rogers, Associate International Director of the World Evangelical Alliance (WEA), stated,

<blockquote>
“Norway’s strong Christian history has created a long history of peace within her borders and has been a significant contributor to Norway’s very positive impact on global peace efforts.” “Evangelical Christians globally condemn religious violence in the strongest possible terms, and are sickened when such violence is carried out in the name of Christ.”
</blockquote>

Norway's’ Pro Deutschland group concurred, saying,

<blockquote>
"As Christians and Conservatives, we want to express solidarity with the victims of the attacks of July 22. The hate that is driving Islamic assassins and fanatic individuals a la...Breivik is foreign to Christians and Conservatives."
</blockquote>

Norwegian minister. Olav Fykse Tveit, head of the World Council of Churches, representing 349 Protestant and Orthodox churches, told The Associated Press in response to the attack, "It's important to say to all Muslims wherever they are, in Europe or elsewhere in the world, that these actions in no way can express what is our Christian faith and our Christian values. It is blasphemous to make that kind of connection." <ref>[http://www.denverpost.com/fdcp?unique=1311801807723 Church's leader calls Norway rampage blasphemous] The Denver Post, 07/25/2011</ref>

It is also pointed out that while religious violence was sanctioned for Israel in a limited context, under the New Testament, the Bible does not offer any sanction for physical religious violence, such as,

* Christians killing others due to their contrary views.

* the church using violence in correcting false beliefs among church members

* the church exercising such to rule over those without

* the church exercising such to expand the physical territory of the church

A possible exception might be in order to save others from being hurt in an immediate situation, but that is hardly a religious context. And historically, rather than religious violence, many Christian Evangelical “fundamentalist” groups have chosen to be complete pacifists, while acts such as the Crusades are seen to be the result of Biblical illiteracy and of men presuming a higher authority. This led to the conclusion that those who assert that Breivik was acting consistent with the Bible may be potentially as dangerous as he is.<ref>[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2752880/posts?page=32#32 Free Republic]</ref>

==Analysis==

Many liberal secular sources were quick to label Breivik a ''Christian extremist'', a "Christian fundamentalist with right-wing connections," or a "Christian terrorist," based upon a Facebook and a Twitter account in which he identifies himself as a Christian and a conservative.

However, rather than being product of evangelical or fundamental Bible-preaching, which historically has taught that it is fundamentally contrary to Christ to engage in religious violence, or after the manner of Breivik, further research revealed that the Christianity of Breivik was that of a "cultural Christian," one that denied the necessity of the conversionary new birth (John 3:3) and its personal relationship with Christ. (p. 1307)

Breivik also claimed to be a fan of some violent video games, and whose favorite television show was the serial killer show "Dexter."<ref>[http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/07/christian-fundamentalist-charged-death-toll-norway-soars-past-90/40321 Christian fundamentalist charged]</ref> He was also an advocate of performance-enhancing drugs for his mission, and was a somewhat advanced Mason.

Although Breivik valued Christian morality in general, and had a perverse hope of glorification as a martyr, much of the value he placed upon religion was for the practical purposes of fulfilling his mission.

While Breivik could express a lucid understanding of problems due to liberalism, he also evidenced various delusions. His method of achieving a "a secular European society based on our Christian cultural heritage", (p. 1346) was itself immoral, and not in accordance with Scripture, as was much of his idea of a such a society itself.<ref>[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/just.how.christian.is.anders.behring.breivik/28334.htm "Just how Christian is Anders Behring Breivik?"], Christian Post, Tuesday, July 26, 2011</ref>

Breivik's goal seems to have been to bring about a repristinated Norway according to the memory of his youth and his interpretation of history, with a secular Christian but Catholic culture. He saw Islam as engaging in another invasion, this time by a birth rate far above that of the "indigenous" people, whom he compared to American Indians. (p. 688)

His antipathy toward the Islamisation of Europe apparently had beginnings far earlier, as he states that he remembers Muslim gangs in the 90's "that systematically harassed, robbed and beat ethnic Norwegian youngsters who were unfortunate enough to not have the right affiliations." (p. 1382)

Anders Breivik’s motivation for targeting of the youth camp of the Norwegian Labour Party was apparently due to its support of the Islamization of Europe, which some assert implicitly supported terrorism. The day before the massacre, Norwegian Foreign Minister Gahre-Store visited the camp and was greeted with banners calling for a boycott of Israel, and Gahre-Store responded with an anti-Israel speech to cheers from the campers.<ref>[http://frontpagemag.com/2011/08/01/something-rotten-in-norway/print/Something Rotten in Norway], FrontPage magazine, August 1, 2011</ref>

However, his best friend was a man named Arsalan who was a Pakistani, (1389) and Breivik also asserted. "I don't hate Muslims at all. I acknowledge that there are magnificent Muslim individuals in Europe. In fact, I have had several Muslim friends over the years, some of which I still respect. This does not mean however that I will accept an Islamic presence in Europe. Muslim individuals who do not assimilate 100% within 2020 will be deported as soon as we manage to seize power. Although I do admit that I am disgusted by the current development, I would rather say I'm driven by my love for Europe, European culture and all Europeans. This does not mean that I oppose diversity. But appreciating diversity does not mean that you support genocide of your own culture and people by accepting for example Islamic Demographic Warfare." (p. 1382)

Breivik was anti-Nazi and also supported nationalists in India in general, who seek to make the Indian state a "Hindu nation" and its Sikh, Buddhist and Jain minorities incorporated into Hinduism, and impugned Christian missionary work among the lower caste. (p. 1475)

It therefore seems evident that what Breivik was engaged in was a culture war for the institution of a quasi-Catholic based secular culture as opposed to Islam, but his murderous means of waging such was like those of the Muslim extremists that he abhorred, and which methods afforded him little moral high ground. Also, paradoxically, his manifesto, with its guide to waging war, may have provided Muslim terrorists and other violent radicals with improved tactics, while his actions are expected to make it more difficult to peacefully support conservative values.

Although Breivik's legal disclaimer states that his manifesto is "a fictional account" by a "sci-fi writer" using a new writing style "that has the potential to shock the reader with an incredibly credible fictional plot (written in first, second and third person narrative), it seems apparent that the only part of the book intended to be fiction was his statement that "the author or distributor does not condone or agree with any of the descriptions or methods used in this book and the related chapters." (p. 767)

However, it may be speculated that Breivik's lack of distinction between fiction and reality was fostered by his indulgence in computer games. The pretense of writing fiction perhaps also allowed him to advocate and plan things that more objectively and rationally he might have not engaged in. In addition to the calculated killing, in dealing with the need for absolutely committed comrades, he stated that,

"The difference between an agent and a Justiciar Knight is that the latter will be willing to make a great sacrifice for the purpose of proper validation. Now what kind of sacrifice would be great enough to remove all doubt that the candidate is not a EU/US agent? A Justiciar Knight is willing to martyr himself for the cause while a EU/US agent will not be willing to sacrifice much. The entity should demand that the alleged Justiciar Knight in question surgically remove his penis and testicles and/or execute a fixed number of civilian children. While this requirement seems morbid, absurd and unreasonable, it is perhaps the most effective method of confirming the intentions of an individual. (p. 960)

That Breivik understood the gravity of his planned program of actions is evident from his statements in his manifesto. In the event that he had "a successful mission" and lived to "stand a multiculturalist trial," he stated that not only would all his friends and family
detest him and call him a monster, but that he would be "labeled as the biggest (Nazi-) monster ever witnessed since WW2." He wondered if he could biologically "survive the mental" pressures he expected, including physical torture, though he asserted, "I have an extremely strong psyche (stronger than anyone I have ever known)," and that "I will always know that I am perhaps the biggest champion of cultural conservatism, Europe has ever witnessed since 1950."

In the end, Breivik joins a list of other deluded souls who only wanted some form of Christianity - due to some of its positive aspects - but denied the power thereof, that is, Christ and His kingdom (and which denial paradoxically is conducive Islamic takeover), and therefore he choose "a way that seems right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death." (Proverbs 14:12)

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Breivik, Anders Behring}}
[[Category:Anti-Islam]]
[[Category:Crime]]
[[Category:Norway]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T13:13:46Z

Andrewxx: /* Humid subtropical climate (Cfa) */

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean climate (Csa and Csb)====
* Much of [[Southern Europe]]

====Oceanic climate (Cfb)====
[[British Isles]], [[Benelux]], Western [[France]], most of [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]] (except for high altitude areas)

====Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)====
*Most of the [[Southeastern United States]] (except at high altitude in the [[Appalachians]]), most of [[Northern Italy]] (except at high altitude), most of southern [[China]]

====Subtropical highland (Cw)====
High-altitude parts of [[East Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]

===Continental climate (D)===
====Humid Continental Climate (Dfa and Dfb) biome====
*[[Northeastern United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*Most of northern [[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*Northern [[Japan]]
*Parts of [[Northern Europe]]

====Boreal forest Climate (Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]

===Tundra and polar climates (E)===
====Tundra Climate (ET): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]

====Ice cap climate (EF)====
*Most of [[Greenland]]
*Most of [[Antarctica]]

====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T13:11:33Z

Andrewxx: /* Continental climate */

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean climate (Csa and Csb)====
* Much of [[Southern Europe]]

====Oceanic climate (Cfb)====
[[British Isles]], [[Benelux]], Western [[France]], most of [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]] (except for high altitude areas)

====Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)====
*Most of the [[Southeastern United States]], most of [[Northern Italy]], most of southern [[China]]

====Subtropical highland (Cw)====
High-altitude parts of [[East Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]

===Continental climate (D)===
====Humid Continental Climate (Dfa and Dfb) biome====
*[[Northeastern United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*Most of northern [[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*Northern [[Japan]]
*Parts of [[Northern Europe]]

====Boreal forest Climate (Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]

===Tundra and polar climates (E)===
====Tundra Climate (ET): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]

====Ice cap climate (EF)====
*Most of [[Greenland]]
*Most of [[Antarctica]]

====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T13:09:22Z

Andrewxx: /* Temperate climates (C) */

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean climate (Csa and Csb)====
* Much of [[Southern Europe]]

====Oceanic climate (Cfb)====
[[British Isles]], [[Benelux]], Western [[France]], most of [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]] (except for high altitude areas)

====Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)====
*Most of the [[Southeastern United States]], most of [[Northern Italy]], most of southern [[China]]

====Subtropical highland (Cw)====
High-altitude parts of [[East Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]

===Continental climate===
====Humid Continental Climate (Dfa and Dfb) biome====
*[[Northeastern United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*Most of northern [[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*Northern [[Japan]]
*Parts of [[Northern Europe]]

====Boreal forest Climate (Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]

====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T13:07:48Z

Andrewxx: /* Temperate climates (C) */

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean Climate (Cs): [[Chaparral]] biome====
* Much of [[Southern Europe]]

====Oceanic climate (Cf)====
[[British Isles]], [[Benelux]], Western [[France]], most of [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]] (except for high altitude areas)

====Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)====
*Most of the [[Southeastern United States]], most of [[Northern Italy]], most of southern [[China]]

====Subtropical highland (Cw)====
High-altitude parts of [[East Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]

===Continental climate===
====Humid Continental Climate (Dfa and Dfb) biome====
*[[Northeastern United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*Most of northern [[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*Northern [[Japan]]
*Parts of [[Northern Europe]]

====Boreal forest Climate (Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]

====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T13:06:03Z

Andrewxx: /* Humid Continental Climate (Df): Continental temperate forest biome */

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean Climate (Cs): [[Chaparral]] biome====
* Much of [[Southern Europe]]

====Oceanic climate (Cf)====
[[British Isles]], [[Benelux]], Western [[France]], most of [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]] (except for high altitude areas)

====Subtropical highland (Cw)====
High-altitude parts of [[East Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]

===Continental climate===
====Humid Continental Climate (Dfa and Dfb) biome====
*[[Northeastern United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*Most of northern [[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*Northern [[Japan]]
*Parts of [[Northern Europe]]

====Boreal forest Climate (Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]

====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T13:04:54Z

Andrewxx: /* Continental climate */

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean Climate (Cs): [[Chaparral]] biome====
* Much of [[Southern Europe]]

====Oceanic climate (Cf)====
[[British Isles]], [[Benelux]], Western [[France]], most of [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]] (except for high altitude areas)

====Subtropical highland (Cw)====
High-altitude parts of [[East Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]

===Continental climate===
====Humid Continental Climate (Df): [[Continental climate|Continental temperate forest]] biome====
*[[Northeastern United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*[[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Northern Europe]]

====Boreal forest Climate (Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]

====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T12:50:56Z

Andrewxx: /* =Oceanic climate (Cf) */

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean Climate (Cs): [[Chaparral]] biome====
* Much of [[Southern Europe]]

====Oceanic climate (Cf)====
[[British Isles]], [[Benelux]], Western [[France]], most of [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]] (except for high altitude areas)

====Subtropical highland (Cw)====
High-altitude parts of [[East Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]

===Continental climate===
====Humid Continental Climate (Df): [[Continental climate|Continental temperate forest]] biome====
*Eastern parts of the [[United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*[[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Northern Europe]]

====Boreal forest Climate (Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]

====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T12:48:51Z

Andrewxx: /* The Köppen Climate Classification System */ no part of C Europe is BS

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean Climate (Cs): [[Chaparral]] biome====
* Much of [[Southern Europe]]

====Oceanic climate (Cf)===
[[British Isles]], [[Benelux]], Western [[France]], most of [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]]

====Subtropical highland (Cw)====
High-altitude parts of [[East Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]

===Continental climate===
====Humid Continental Climate (Df): [[Continental climate|Continental temperate forest]] biome====
*Eastern parts of the [[United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*[[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Northern Europe]]

====Boreal forest Climate (Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]

====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T12:41:30Z

Andrewxx: /* Three basic climate groups */ none of E Europe is BS

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

===Tropical climates (A)===
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]

===Arid and semi-arid climates (B)===
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

====Semi-arid Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)

===Temperate climates (C)===
====Mediterranean Climate (Cs): [[Chaparral]] biome====
* [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Central Europe]]

====Moist Continental Climate (Df): [[Continental climate|Continental temperate forest]] biome====
*Eastern parts of the [[United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*[[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Northern Europe]]

===Group III===
High-latitude climates:
====Boreal forest Climate ( Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]
====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T12:37:01Z

Andrewxx: /* Dry Tropical Climate (BW): Desert biome */ there are no BW climates in Europe

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

==Three basic climate groups==
Three major climate groups show the dominance of special combinations of air-mass source regions.

===Group I===
Low-latitude Climates:
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]

===Group II===
Mid-latitude Climates:
====Dry Midlatitude Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
====Mediterranean Climate (Cs): [[Chaparral]] biome====
* [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Central Europe]]

====Dry Midlatitude Climates (BS): [[Grassland]]s biome====
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eastern Europe]]

====Moist Continental Climate (Df): [[Continental climate|Continental temperate forest]] biome====
*Eastern parts of the [[United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*[[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Northern Europe]]

===Group III===
High-latitude climates:
====Boreal forest Climate ( Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]
====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Köppen Climate Classification System

2016-09-06T12:36:02Z

Andrewxx: correcting many mistakes in this article, for example not all of Australia has a desert climate

The '''Köppen Climate Classification System''' is the most widely used for classifying the world's [[climate]]s. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist [[Wladimir Köppen]]. Köppen divided the [[Earth]]'s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

==The Köppen Climate Classification System==

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

*A - [[Moist Tropical Climate]]s are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round [[rain]].
*B - [[Dry Climate]]s are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups:
**S - Semiarid or [[steppe]],
**W - arid or [[desert]]
*C - [[Humid Middle Latitude Climate]]s have warm,dry [[summer]]s and cool, wet [[winter]]s.
*D - [[Continental Climate]]s can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
*E - [[Cold Climate]]s are part of areas where permanent ice and [[tundra]] are always present.
*H - [[Alpine climate]]s

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

*f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
*m - [[Rainforest]] climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
*s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
*w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

*a - Hot summers. These can be found in C and D climates.
*b - Warm summer. These can also be found in C and D climates.
*c - Cool, short summers in the C and D climates.
*d - Very cold winters in the D climate only.
*h - Dry-hot in B climates only.
*k - Dry-cold in B climates only.

==Three basic climate groups==
Three major climate groups show the dominance of special combinations of air-mass source regions.

===Group I===
Low-latitude Climates:
====Tropical Moist Climates (Af): [[Rainforest]]====
[[File:Washington-rain-forest.png|thumb|right|300px|Rainforest]]
*[[Amazon]] Basin
*[[Congo]] Basin of [[equatorial Africa]]
*East Indies, from [[Sumatra]] to [[New Guinea]]
====Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw): [[Savanna]]====
*Parts of [[India]]
*[[Indochina]]
*[[West Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Northern [[South America]]
*North coast of [[Australia]]
====Dry Tropical Climate (BW): [[Desert]] biome====
[[File:Desert-7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Desert]]
*Southwestern [[United States]] and northern [[Mexico]]
*Western [[South America]]
*[[Northern Africa]]
*[[Southern Africa]]
*Much of [[Australia]]
*Eastern and Southeastern [[Spain]]
*Southern [[Italy]]

===Group II===
Mid-latitude Climates:
====Dry Midlatitude Climates (BS): [[Steppe]]====
[[File:MongolianSteppe.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Steppes]]
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eurasia]]n interior, from steppes of [[Eastern Europe]] to the [[Gobi Desert]] and North [[China]]
====Mediterranean Climate (Cs): [[Chaparral]] biome====
* [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Central Europe]]

====Dry Midlatitude Climates (BS): [[Grassland]]s biome====
*Western [[North America]] (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains)
*[[Eastern Europe]]

====Moist Continental Climate (Df): [[Continental climate|Continental temperate forest]] biome====
*Eastern parts of the [[United States]] and southern [[Canada]]
*[[China]]
*[[Korea]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Northern Europe]]

===Group III===
High-latitude climates:
====Boreal forest Climate ( Dfc): [[Taiga]] biome====
*Central and western [[Alaska]]
*[[Canada]], from the [[Yukon Territory]] to [[Labrador]]
*[[Eurasia]], from northern Europe across all of [[Siberia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]
====Tundra Climate (E): [[Tundra]] biome====
[[File:Polar bears.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
*Arctic zone of [[North America]]
*[[Hudson Bay]] region
*[[Greenland]] coast
*Northern [[Siberia]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]]
====Highland Climate (H): [[Alpine]] Biome====
[[File:Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alpine]]
*[[Rocky Mountain]] Range in [[North America]]
*The [[Ande]]an mountain range in [[South America]]
*The [[Alps]] in [[Central Europe]]
*[[Mt. Kilimanjaro]] in [[Africa]]
*The [[Himalaya]]ns in [[Tibet]]
*[[Mt. Fuji]] in [[Japan]]

[[Category:Meteorology]]