Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Harry Hopkins

2008-04-15T19:51:38Z

Alladin: /* External links */

[[Image:Hopkins-stalin.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Harry Hopkins and Josef Stalin.]]
'''Harry Lloyd Hopkins''' (August 17 1890 – January 29 1946) was a close advisor to President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] and was frequently known as the Assistant President. The President referred to him as Harry the Hop. While working in the White House, how he received compensation is something of a mystery.

==Personal life==
Hopkins married as a young man a fellow welfare worker. They had three sons. In 1930 his wife filed suit against him for divorce in New York State, the charge being infidelity. She secured the divorce and an order for the payment of $5,000 a year in alimony. Hopkins was making $10,000 a year at the time. Shortly after the divorce, he took a second wife. He became WPA Administrator at a salary of $10,000 a year. Marquis W. Childs, in an article in the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' of April 19 and 26, 1941, said Hopkins was hard pressed for funds under the circumstances and was having a difficult time meeting the alimony payments to his first wife. To cure this situation, social workers were brought together to raise a fund of $5,000 a year to take care of Hopkins' alimony. A number of small salaried little social welfare workers were assessed to pay Hopkins' obligation to support his children. In theory the money was collected to pay him for lectures. This arrangement went on for two years. Then in January, 1936, his salary was raised to $12,000 and the welfare workers were relieved of the burden of Hopkins' alimony.

Childs relates in the same article, that during those WPA days, Hopkins, who was so pressed for funds was, with the men around him, playing poker with losses so stiff they ran to $500 or $600 an evening and that he found the time and the means to spend weekends in the homes wealthy friends and to make frequent visits to the race tracks at Saratoga, Pimlico and Warrenton. ''[[Life magazine]]'' has printed much the same stories about him.

According to Mr. Felix Belair in an article in ''Life'', Postmaster General Walker, John D. Hertz, and other millionaire friends, raised a purse to pay Hopkins $5,000 a year as head of Franklin D. Roosevelt's library at [[Hyde Park]]. When the [[Lend Lease]] act was voted the President arranged a $10,000 a year salary for Hopkins under the Lend Lease program. During this period Tom Beck, the head of the CrowellCollier Publishing Company, began paying him $5,000 a piece for seven or eight articles in the American Magazine over a period of several years for articles written in Hopkins name. In the meantime, he had moved into the White House where he enjoyed the additional privilege of free board and lodging. His second wife had died and his daughter by this marriage lived with him in the White House. When Hopkins and his third wife later moved to Georgetown, his daughter, after remaining with them a while, went back to the White House. Mrs. Roosevelt writes how she fretted about the lonely life of this child and spoke to Hopkins about it. He said to her: "That's totally unimportant. The only thing that is important is to win the war." He found plenty of time, however, to pursue at intervals his favorite forms of diversions in the night clubs of New York and Washington.

==New Deal==

When Roosevelt became President and wanted a Federal Emergency Relief Administrator he named Harry Hopkins to this post at Mrs. Roosevelt's urging. Hopkins convinced the President on the idea of a relief program by means of grants-in-aid to the states. The [[National Recovery Act]] (NRA) had given Roosevelt $3,300,000,000 to spend. As soon as Roosevelt got hold of this $3,300,000,000, congressmen, senators, mayors, governors, chambers of commerce, charity organizations from every state and city began requesting money. Roosevelt thought the NRA was going to bring prosperity quickly, but at the end of July he put Hopkins in charge of the [[Civil Works Administration]] (CWA). In short order Harry had a vast army pulling weeds and raking leaves. He told the President: "I've got four million at work but for God's sake, don't ask me what they are doing."

The CWA developed a reputation very quickly as a leaf raking agency and so it was reorganized into the [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA). Hopkins estimated that 25 million people got their living from Works Progress Administration alone. Roosevelt biographer John Flynn observed, " It became a part of Mr. Hopkins' WPA organization to learn how many of the down-and-out had enough devotion to Franklin D. Roosevelt to be entitled to eat." <ref>''The Roosevelt Myth'', John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 1, Ch. 6, [http://www.rooseveltmyth.com/book/fdrmyth_Chapter_Four___Harry_the_Hop_and.htm ''Harry the Hop and the Happy Hot Dogs'']</ref> Hopkins' performances in WPA became such that he had to leave that position after the 1938 elections were over and was appointed [[Secretary of Commerce]]. Significantly, one old associate who moved with Hopkins into his new world was [[David K. Niles]] who had been his chief political adviser and campaign strategist.<ref>''Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History'', Robert E. Sherwood, New York Harper and Brothers, 1948, [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Roosevelt_and_Hopkins-An_Intimate_History-Robert_E_Sherwood-1948-1034pgs-GOV-POL.sml.pdf&id=252&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pg. 129] pdf.</ref> A little more than a year and a half later Hopkins moved to the [[White House]] as a close presidential confidant, adviser and resident, paid a salary that was never authorized by Congress.

Hopkins' depended conspicuously on men such as [[Leon Henderson]], Director of [[Price Administration and Civilian Supply]], and [[Sidney Hillman]]. <ref>''Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History'', Robert E. Sherwood, New York Harper and Brothers, 1948, [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Roosevelt_and_Hopkins-An_Intimate_History-Robert_E_Sherwood-1948-1034pgs-GOV-POL.sml.pdf&id=252&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pgs. 304] pdf.</ref>

==Mission to Moscow==

During the war years, Hopkins acted as FDR's unofficial emissary to [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Joseph Stalin]], and as administrator of Lend-Lease.

An April 14, 1941 Memorandum from the U.S. Military Attaché (G-2) in Moscow, found in the Harry Hopkins Papers at the FDR Library, entitled ''NKVD of the USSR'' <ref>
Joseph A. Michela, Military Attaché Moscow Report 1903, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/part1.htm''N.K.V.D. of the U.S.S.R.,''] 14 April 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Harry Hopkins Papers, "MID Reports--USSR--Volume V," box 190. </ref>, it states in part,
{{Cquote|Although the Soviets disclaim [[forced labor]] in this country, the organization of this commissariat is interesting to note. In it are the means to apprehend (militia), try and sentence (advisory council) and imprison offenders ([[Gulag|corrective labor]]). Any governmental organization that has a crying need for labor simply calls upon the NKVD to supply it. If the amount of labor is insufficient to supply the need, it is relatively an easy matter to institute a [[reign of terror]] on any pretext and fill up [[labor colonies]] to meet requirements....Its close supervision over the people, its [[pogroms]], its raids and arrests, has instilled fear...[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]...The NKVD has every individual under observation from birth to death...its secret agents are everywhere; its actions are swift. An individual simply disappears in the middle of the night and no one ever sees or hears of him again. ...When Stalin needs scapegoats to cover government mistakes he unleashes his NKVD...The Soviet Union is in itself a prison and the NKVD and State Security are its keepers. [http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]}}

In July, 1941, Moscow learned of President Roosevelt's decision to send Hopkins to the Kremlin in order to negotiate [[Lend-Lease]]. For a number of days, no pertinent information from the Soviet Embassy in Washington was available. Consequently, the Kremlin readied for a stiff and prolonged bargaining session.

[[Vyacheslav M. Molotov]] was appointed chairman of a committee which was to determine in advance how far the U.S.S.R. might have to go in yielding to American demands. This included the right of Americans to inspection of lend-lease distribution on Russian soil, the admission of American military advisers into Soviet lines. The Soviet Union was willing to give concessions for mining manganese ore as well as special privileges in the Baku and Volga oil fields. The Soviet Union was even prepared to give a solemn pledge to maintain [[freedom of speech]] and [[freedom of religion]].

Shortly before Hopkins arrival Molotov informed [[Mikoyan]], Vassilensky, Trainin, and Bogolepov that "A man at the very highest level of the Roosevelt administration," notified the Soviet espionage officers "Mr. Hopkins will demand no concessions whatever. The sole wish of Mr. Hopkins," Molotov assured the tovarisches, "is to ask nothing and give everything. What he wants is to keep us in the fighting—and that is all. Mr. Hopkins is completely on our side and may be trusted absolutely." Hopkins said of Stalin, "It is ridiculous to think of Stalin as a Communist. He is a Russian nationalist."

Despite the protests of military officials, Hopkins demanded that the American government give the [[Soviet Union]] a large amount of uranium as part of the Lend Lease program. On a diplomatic trip to the Soviet Union in 1945, he shunned the American position of free elections for [[Poland]] and told [[Stalin]] that America’s goal was actually to have a post-war Poland that the Soviet Union was comfortable with. Earlier, when a Soviet government official defected, Hopkins unsuccessfully urged Roosevelt to return the man to the [[USSR]] even though he knew that it would mean the man’s certain death.

Roosevelt biographer John T. Flynn remarked of Hopkins, "Men of high intellectual and spiritual caliber soon make themselves disagreeable to rulers who want abject subservience in their subalterns. They soon find the atmosphere of the court repulsive. They either depart or are dismissed. In the end, the only ones who remain are men of the type of Hopkins. ...one by one the abler men with some sense of personal dignity who were unequal to the role of [[sycophant]] drifted away ...The palace guard that survived were such men as Harry Hopkins... [[David Niles]] and [[Henry Wallace]]... men who were not interested in policy but only in discerning Roosevelt's pet mental drifts." <ref>''Roosevelt Myth'', Flynn, Book 1, Ch. 6.</ref>

==Zamestitel==

Recent scholarship has concluded that [[Venona project]] codename ''Zamestitel'' (English translation, "Deputy"), is Harry Hopkins. <ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors''. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2000.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200107/ai_n8970062 Reds in the White House], by William P. Hoar, Human Events, Summer 2001. Review of Romerstein and Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets''.</ref><ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/de_toledo2.html Interview with Ralph de Toledano], Episode 6: Reds.</ref> Eduard Mark, historian at the United States Air Force Academy, builds a case that if Zamestitel is [[Henry Wallace]], as some have hypothesized, than agent 19 <ref>812 Venona 29 May 1943, "19 reports on Roosevelt/Churchill meetings," [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/29_May_1943_m4_p1.gif pg. 1],[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/29_May_1943_m4_p2.gif pg. 2].</ref> at the Trident conference is Hopkins. <ref>Eduard Mark, ''Venona's Source 19 and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage'', Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 1-31.</ref> Mark argues on the basis of a close reading of the attendance records of the Trident conference and other evidence that he located that the most likely Deputy (Zamestitel) was Wallace and Source no. 19 was Hopkins. Source no. 19 was very highly placed in as much as he was asked to join a private conversation with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. Source no. 19 reported on a private conversation he had with Roosevelt and Churchill during the just ended 'Trident' conference of the two Allied powers in Washington. Source no. 19 reported on Churchill's views on why a 1943 Anglo-American invasion of continental Europe was inadvisable. The message also reported that Zamestitel supported a second-front and that it appeared that Roosevelt had been keeping Zamestitel in the dark about "important military decisions." The message, from the New York KGB office to Moscow, is signed by the [[KGB]] illegal officer, [[Iskhak Akhmerov]]. It states "19 reports that Kapitan [Roosevelt] and Kaban [Churchill], during conversations in the Country [USA], invited 19 to join them and Zamestitel."

Hopkins died January 29, 1946, succumbing to a long and debilitating battle with stomach cancer.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/hopkins-harry.htm Harry Hopkins, The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers]
*[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-18-1921-1946.html#18D-8 Special Committee to Investigate Unemployment and Relief] (June 10, 1937).

[[Category:Political People]]

Category:Liberals

2008-04-15T19:51:00Z

Alladin:

[[Category: Politics]]
[[Category:Biographies]]

Jimmy Flynn

2008-04-15T19:49:51Z

Alladin: /* External links */

'''James P. Flynn''' (b. February 5, 1934, [[Boston, Massachusetts]]). An [[Irish-American]] [[Bostonian]], [[teamster]], and film actor. He was a reputed member of the famous [[Winter Hill Gang]].

Flynn was framed for the murder of Brian Halloran in 1983 by [[Whitey Bulger]]. In 1986 he was tried and acquitted for that murder. He was used as an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|F.B.I.]] informant by agent [[John Connolly]] in the 1980s.

Flynn appeared in many films shot in the [[New England]] area. He has also been the [[Teamster Union]]'s coordinator on film shoots. One of his best friends is [[Stephen "The Rifleman" Flemmi]], a professional hitman who has since been released from prison.

In 2000 it is alleged that Flynn ordered another union ([[IATSE]]) member, snack truck owner and operator Susan Christy, who was working on the film set of ''[[What's the Worst That Could Happen?]]'', to quit in order for his friend and fellow Teamster, Robert Martini, to get the business with his truck. It was reported that when Christy refused Flynn threatened her equipment, Flynn told Martini that Christy would have to be killed or else people would "lose respect" for him. He told Martini that he should be the one to murder her since he would be the one to ultimately benefit from the deed. Reputedly, when [[George Cashman]] heard the plan he called Flynn to task and ordered him not to kill her but to send her a message. On [[August 15]] [[2000]], while the movie was being shot Christy was allegedly attacked by Teamster Bartley Small. Christy reported the incident to the police but ultimately never filed charges.

Flynn is still currently under indictment by the United States federal government for [[racketeering]].

As an actor Flynn can be seen in such films as ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'', ''[[The Cider House Rules]]'' and ''What's the Worst that Could Happen?''

Boston actor Tom Kemp remarked that the film ''The Departed'', "wouldn't be a Boston movie without me, a Wahlberg, and Jimmy Flynn from the teamsters."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/10/04/the_departed_has_local_launch?mode=PF The Boston Globe, "The Departed has local launch", Carol Beggy & Mark Shanahan, October 4, 2006.]</ref>

== External links ==
* [http://www.thebrothersbulger.com/James%20Flynn.htm Information on Flynn]
* [http://www.gamblingmagazine.com/articles/53/53-179.htm More Information on James P. Flynn]
* [http://www.laborers.org/BostonHerald_Teamo_8-9-00.html Boston Herald Article]
* [http://www.shhair.org/Articles/FedsEyeMassportExpenses.htm Boston Herald Article]
* [http://www.nlpc.org/olap/UCU2/03_21_11.htm Union Corruption Update, October 9, 2000]
* [http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/316/316304p1.html Winter Hill Gang Nets True Crime Figures, November 20, 2001]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flynn, Jimmy}}

[[Category:Actors]]

Stefan Dushan

2008-04-15T19:49:09Z

Alladin: /* The Second Byzantine war */

[[Image:Dusan.jpg|right|thumb|Stefan Dusan]]
'''Stefan Urosh Dushan IV''' ([[Serbian]]: Стефан Урош IV Душан)
([[1331]]-[[1355]]) was a notable [[Serbia]]n king. His history is divided into different periods. He was an excellent soldier, but not a very good politician. His ancestor was overthrown by Serbian nobles at 1334. During his reign, he fought against the [[Byzantine Empire]] and Hungary.

== Starting and first war ==
Dushan inherited the Serbian throne from his father, [[Steban Detchansky]], who was overthrown by Serbian nobles because they wanted to expand their counties to the Byzantine coast. On the other hand, Steban Detchansky was a friend of the [[Greece|Greek]] emperor. Steban Urosh Dushan started the war at 1334, with the help of a Greek deserter named Syrgiano, who was a great strategist. Serbia captured the main cities of [[Macedonia]] in record time. But the balance turned over, the Byzantine diplomacy obtained a new ally, the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] kingdom. Steban Urosh Dushan was obligated to firm a claudication, but also he conserved a great number of Macedonian cities.

== The North Frontier ==
Steban Urosh Dushan started an desperate war against Hungarians, [[Venice|Venetians]] and [[Croatia]]ns. He maintained control over the situation for a while. Because of the intermediation of the [[Bosnia]]n ambassador, [[Kotromanich]], Dushan was able to maintain his mains dominions on the north frontier.

== The Second Byzantine war ==
At 1352, [[John Cantacuzeno]] and the Byzantine emperor John IV started a civil war between them. John IV asked for the help of the Serbians and [[Bulgaria]]ns, but John Cantacuzeno was helped by the [[Turkey|Turks]]. This war ended with a defeat of the Serbian army. Steban Urosh Dushan never fought again against the Byzantine Empire. He dead by unknown methods at the year 1355.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dushan, Stefan }}
[[category:European History]][[category:Monarchs]][[Category:Serbia]]

Stephen S. Attwood

2008-04-15T19:48:26Z

Alladin:

Professor '''Stephen Stanley Attwood''' (1897 - 1965) was an American citizen, Professor at the Wave Propagation Group, division of War Research [[Columbia University]] during [[World War II]].

=== External links ===

* [http://www.crlt.umich.edu/faculty/teachingawards.html#engineering Stephen S. Attwood Excellence in Engineering Award]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Attwood, Stephen Stanley}}
[[Category:Academics]]

Lord Longford

2008-04-15T19:47:53Z

Alladin: /* References */ removing from category:Biographies, since it is part of Category:Political People

[[Image:Lord Longford.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Lord Longford]]
'''Francis Aungier Pakenham''' (1905-2001), the seventh Earl of Longford, commonly known as '''Lord Longford''', was a politician and social reformer famous for his campaign against [[pornography]] and his campaign for the release of the Moors murderer [[Myra Hindley]]<ref>http://politics.guardian.co.uk/politicsobituaries/story/0,1441,563425,00.html</ref>.

Longford was initially a member of the [[Conservative Party]] but was converted to [[Socialism]] by his fiancee (the biographer Elizabeth Longford), whom he married in 1931. From 1945 to 1951 he was a junior minister in the Labour government of [[Clement Attlee]] and from 1964 to 1968 was a cabinet minister in the Labour government of [[Harold Wilson]].

In 1971 he was a leader of the [[Nationwide Festival of Light]] and in the early 1970s carried out a personal investigation into the pornography industry, a move which led to him being nicknamed 'Lord Porn' by the British press. Around the same time, his activities as a prison visitor brought him into contact with [[Myra Hindley]]. Convinced of her repentance, he campaigned unsuccessfully for her release from prison, a brave if misguided move which earned him much personal obloquy.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Political People]]

Category:Monarchs

2008-04-15T19:44:37Z

Alladin: making it easier to access from Category:Biographies

[[Category:Royalty]]
[[Category:Biographies]]

King Leopold II

2008-04-15T19:43:21Z

Alladin: following instructions of cat to move articles into more specific subcategories

'''King Leopold II''' (1835-1909) was king of [[Belgium]] from 1865 up until his death. He is most known for his rule of terror over the [[Congo Free State]] (which is in [[Africa]] where modern day [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] exists). He owned it privately and gained rubber and ivory from it, at the expense of its people, whom he forced to work, and often embarked on mass killings of.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leopold II, King}}

[[category:European History]][[category:Monarchs]][[Category:Belgium]]

King Agumkakrine

2008-04-15T19:42:41Z

Alladin:

'''''Agumkakrine''''' was a king of the [[Kassites]] in the 16th century B.C. It was during his rule that the Kassites took [[Babylonia]].

{{stub2}}

[[Category:Monarchs|Agumkakrine, King]]

Babur

2008-04-15T19:42:21Z

Alladin: following instructions of cat to move articles into more specific categories

'''Babur''' lived 1483-1530 and founded of [[Mogul dynasty]] of [[India]]; he was emperor 1526 to 1530.

[[Category:Monarchs]]
[[Category:India]]

Viktor Suvorov

2008-04-15T19:41:19Z

Alladin: /* Notes & References */ does not need to be part of Category:Biographies since it is part of Category:Historians

'''Viktor Suvorov''' is the pen name of '''Vladimir Rezun''' (born April 20, 1947) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Military Intelligence officer of [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] and [[Russians|Russian]] descent who defected to [[United Kingdom]] in 1978, where he worked as an [[intelligence]] analyst and lecturer. He later had several books about his Soviet Army experiences published in the UK and the United States, and also joined the team led by the British General Sir John Hackett in writing the book ''The Third World War: The Untold Story'', published in 1982, this was the sequel to the 1978 original ''The Third World War'', in which Hackett and his team had speculated about the possible course of a then future Soviet/NATO war in Germany.

Suvorov wrote many books on his experiences in Soviet Military Intelligence, the structure and operations of the Red Army and GRU, and the internal secretive Soviet political system dominated by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU), the [[KGB]], and the Soviet Military.

In later years Suvorov turned to the writing of Soviet history. The first book was on the topic was ''Icebreaker of Revolution'', which was translated into eighty-eight languages before it first appeared in English in 1992. Other books followed about the history of [[World War II]], and are based on pieces of officially written memoirs and documents of the Soviets. Suvorov's most significant claim was that [[Stalin]] wished to extend the doctrine of Socialism in one country to all of [[Europe]], set to begin by military invasion on the West in July 1941 (most probably on July 6). The planned date followed the actual Nazi invasion by only about 2 weeks.
[[Image:Mark BT.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Antonov A-40 "flying tank"]]
On piece of evidence Suvorov cites to support the theory that Stalin was planning an invasion of Western Europe through Germany is the development of the KT/A-40 Antonov flying tank by the Soviets, based an a design by an American, J.W. Christie, among the evidence of Stalin's aggressive plans. The former Prime Minister of [[Estonia]], Mart Laar on August 20, 2004 published an article in ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' titled "When Will Russia Say 'Sorry'?" agrees with Suvorov's theories. In this article he said: "The new evidence shows that by encouraging [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] to start [[World War II]], [[Stalin]] hoped to simultaneously ignite a [[world revolution|world-wide revolution]] and conquer all of [[Europe]]". Suvorov's name was not mentioned.

==Evidence of Suvorov's theory==

* Some historians claim that the Soviet Union and Germany had for decades prior to Hitler's rise to power a secret military collaboration. Soviet leaders may have understood the possibility of future war between former Entente powers and Germany and that the Soviets consequently wanted to take advantage of military conflict between 'imperialist powers'.

* [[Molotov Ribbentrop Pact]] was signed in order to provoke the conflict: it ensured Hitler that Soviet Union would remain neutral and that Germany could avoid war on two fronts.<ref>[http://home.swipnet.se/nordling/Stalinspeech.html Alleged speech by Stalin]</ref>

* Some proof, (i.e sudden removal of Soviet border fortifications) that Stalin was preparing an attack in 1941, has been admitted to by an historian definitely opposed to Suvorov. Jules Schuler, a Belgian historian writes in his book ''50 Grandes Dates de l'Histoire Mondiale'', "Stalin was convinced that Hitler wouldn't attack him before a year or two, and refused to accept those who warned against the imminent German attack. For that reason the border fortifications on the Soviet Western border were demolished and the effect of unexpectedness of German invasion was complete."

Suvorov's conclusion is that Stalin demolished his defenses as he didn't need them any more, and the huge fortifications were only an impediment as Stalin began deploying troops near the border in order to attack the Germans.

==External links==
* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/raack.htm Raack, R.C., ''Stalin's Role in the Coming of World War II''] World Affairs, (vol. 158, no.4) Spring 1996.

==Notes & References==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT: Suvorov, Viktor}}

[[Category:historians]]

Karl August Wittfogel

2008-04-15T19:40:38Z

Alladin:

'''Karl August Wittfogel''' (6 September 1896 - 25 May 1988). Wittfogel was a German historian and sinologist. In the 1920s and early 30s, he was an active member of the [[German Communist party]] and, between 1925 and 1933, a member of the [[Frankfurt School]].

[[Deconstruction]]ism, [[critical thinking]], and the [[political correctness]] movement were birthed at the Frankfurt School. Leading figures of the Frankfurt School are [[Theodor Adorno]], [[Max Horkheimer]], Herbert Marcuse, and Wittfogel as well. [http://www.riseofthewest.net/thinkers/wittfogel01.htm]

After being interned in a concentration camp by the [[Nazi]]s (1931–33), he moved to the [[United States]], becoming a naturalized citizen in 1939. There he held academic positions at Columbia University and at the University of Washington.

Wittfogel had a point in considering, in the 50s, the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] as the greatest threats to mankind's further development. These two states were the examples he actually had in mind when writing about "Asian despotism", and how it could be vanquished.

His research on the relationship between the [[managerial]] demands of irrigation agriculture and the development of bureaucratic [[totalitarianism]], outlined in his book, ''Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power'' (1957), profoundly shaped anthropological theories of the origins of complex societies and the state.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wittfogel, Karl August}}
[[Category:Historians]]

Albert II

2008-04-15T19:39:43Z

Alladin: following instructions of cat to move articles into more specific categories

Albert II (born june 6, 1934) is the current King of the Belgians. He is a son of King [[Leopold III]] and a younger brother of King [[Baudoin I|Baudoin]].
[[Category:Monarchs]]
[[Category:Belgium]]

Category:Orthodox Jews

2008-04-15T19:38:01Z

Alladin: should be a subcat of Category:Religious People

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Religious People]]

Category:Conservatives

2008-04-15T19:37:10Z

Alladin: will be useful if this was a subcat of Category:Biographies

[[Category:Conservative]]
[[Category:Biographies]]