Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Milton Friedman

2010-02-24T04:51:59Z

AlexWD:

[[Image:Trw6543.jpg|right|thumb|Milton Friedman]]

'''Milton Friedman''' (1912-2006) was a [[Nobel Prize]] winning [[libertarian]] [[economist]] who emphasized freedom. He was a leader of the [[Chicago School of Economics]] and made the [[University of Chicago]] the leading center for [[conservative]] economics. He was the favorite economist of many conservatives (including [[Ronald Reagan]]), in part because nearly all other economists have been [[liberal]]. Friedman was an early advocate of [[free choice in education]], such that parents could spend their school tax dollars on the school of their choice.<ref>[http://www.ideachannel.tv/ "Free to Choose" (1980)]</ref> Friedman received the 1976 [[Nobel Prize]] for [[economics]].

== Comments on the [[Great Depression]]==

{{Friedman-roosevelt-depression}}

==Chicago School==

In one celebrated case, Milton Friedman called a special meeting at the University of Chicago, where he taught, to prove that the [[Coase theorem]] was false. But within two hours of discussion, Friedman had the intellectual courage and objectivity to reverse himself and admit that he was wrong and Ronald Coase was right. Many lesser intellectuals can spend their entire lives refusing to admit that they were wrong about something.
[[Image:Monetary-history.jpg|thumb|right]]

==Quotes==

Milton Friedman in his own words:

:I am in favor of cutting taxes under any circumstances and for any excuse, for any reason, whenever it's possible.

:Maybe I did well and maybe I led the battle but nobody ever said we were going to win this thing at any point in time. Eternal vigilance is required and there have to be people who step up to the plate, who believe in liberty, and who are willing to fight for it.

:Concentrated power is not rendered harmless by the good intentions of those who create it.

:Underlying most arguments against the [[free market]] is a lack of belief in [[freedom]] itself.

:The Great Depression, like most other periods of severe unemployment, was produced by government mismanagement rather than by any inherent instability of the private economy.

:The problem of social organization is how to set up an arrangement under which greed will do the least harm; capitalism is that kind of a system.

:Nothing is so permanent as a temporary government program.

:The society that puts equality before freedom will end up with neither. The society that puts freedom before equality will end up with a great measure of both.

:If you put the federal government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there'd be a shortage of sand.

:The problem of social organization is how to set up an arrangement under which greed will do the least harm, capitalism is that kind of a system.

:Freedom in [[economic]] arrangements is itself a component of freedom broadly understood, so economic freedom is an end in itself ... Economic freedom is also an indispensable means toward the achievement of political freedom.

:The heart of the [classic] liberal philosophy is a belief in the dignity of the individual, in his freedom to make the most of his capacities and opportunities according to his own lights…This implies a belief in the equality of man in one sense; in their inequality in another.

:The only way that has ever been discovered to have a lot of people cooperate together voluntarily is through the free market. And that's why it's so essential to preserving individual freedom.

:The most unresolved problem of the day is precisely the problem that concerned the founders of this nation: how to limit the scope and power of government. Tyranny, restrictions on human freedom, come primarily from governmental restrictions that we ourselves have set up.

:[[Inflation]] is the one form of taxation that can be imposed without legislation.

:Many people want the government to protect the consumer. A much more urgent problem is to protect the consumer from the government.

:Nobody spends somebody else's money as carefully as he spends his own. Nobody uses somebody else's resources as carefully as he uses his own. So if you want efficiency and effectiveness, if you want knowledge to be properly utilized, you have to do it through the means of private property.

:The black market was a way of getting around government controls. It was a way of enabling the free market to work. It was a way of opening up, enabling people.

:Governments never learn. Only people learn.

:Hell hath no fury like a bureaucrat scorned.

:History suggests that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom. Clearly it is not a sufficient condition.

:Only government can take perfectly good paper, cover it with perfectly good ink and make the combination worthless.

:The government solution to a problem is usually as bad as the problem.

:The most important single central fact about a free market is that no exchange takes place unless both parties benefit.

:The most important ways in which I think the Internet will affect the big issue is that it will make it more difficult for government to collect taxes.

:The power to do good is also the power to do harm.

:There's no such thing as a free lunch.

:If, for example, existing government intervention is minor, we shall attach a smaller weight to the negative effect of additional government intervention. This is an important reason why many earlier liberals, like Henry Simons, writing at a time when government was small by today’s standards, were willing to have government undertake activities that today’s liberals would not accept now that government has become so overgrown.

:We have a system that increasingly taxes work and subsidizes nonwork.

:Most economic fallacies derive - from the tendency to assume that there is a fixed pie, that one party can gain only at the expense of another.

He attempted to explain [[economics]] to the general public, as in this appearance on the Phil Donahue show.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWsx1X8PV_A&eurl=http://blog.financeandeconomicscenter.com/category/general-post/</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chicago School of Economics]]
*[[Enterprise]]
*[[Capital]]
*[[Libertarianism]]
*[[Ludwig von Mises]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.hoover.org/bios/2811696.html Milton Friedman]
*[http://www.theinternetparty.org/issues/index.php?section_type=iss&cat_name=Free+Enterprise&td=20011016143944&page_sort=3 Milton Friedman's Pencil Theory and More...]

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedman, Milton}}
[[Category:Economists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Economics]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]
[[Category:Fiscal Conservatives]]
[[Category:Former Liberals]]

School choice

2010-02-24T04:50:55Z

AlexWD: /* See also */

'''School choice''' is a movement initially championed by economist [[Milton Friedman]] and his wife Rose in the late 1960s to allow parents the right to choose alternatives to [[public school]] for their children, and to spend their tax dollars on an alternative rather than on [[public school]]. Vouchers that enable parents to take their tax money and spend it on educational alternatives are the goal of school choice.

As of 2007, school choice is available only in very limited ways and only to a tiny percentage of the population. [[Wisconsin]] and [[Ohio]] have had very small programs.

==See also==

*[[Homeschooling]]

[[category:education]]

School choice

2010-02-24T04:50:45Z

AlexWD:

Edmund Ruffin

2010-02-24T04:49:38Z

AlexWD:

'''Edmund Ruffin''' (1794-1865), was a leading farmer and secessionist from [[Virginia]]. His studies and essays on scientific farming led to reclaiming of impoverished land in state that had been damaged by growing [[tobacco]]. A fire-eater, he stumped across the South in the 1850s to promote secession. At Charleston in 1861 he watched with joy as the first shot was fired against [[Fort Sumter]] (he did not fire it himself, contrary to legend.) Convinced the South was invincible, he committed suicide after Lee surrendered.

==Farm reform==
In 1813, when 19-year old Ruffin inherited Coggin's Point Farm in Prince George County, Virginia, the novice farmer faced barren land and fatalist neighbors already defeated by an ecological crisis: population was up, but crop production was declining precipitously. Ruffin tried without success traditional fertilization methods, but in 1817 he found the solution to his troubles: "marling," or introducing lime-rich calcified shells into the soil. Ruffin's treatise on the practice, ''An Essay on Calcareous Manures,'' earned him national fame. Development of his theories was assisted by skeptical dialogues with Ruffin's long-time friend, Thomas Cooke, whose final acceptance of the theories in 1840 confirms Ruffin's impact on antebellum tidewater cultivation. Nevertheless, Ruffin feared his methods were too costly, especially in terms of slave power, to be employed by all classes of farmer. His essays were widely read but seldom heeded by a planter class that solved the crisis of declining soil fertility by expanding west to new lands.

==Further reading==
* Allmendinger, David F. ''Ruffin: Family and Reform in the Old South'' (1990)
* Mathew, William M. ''Edmund Ruffin and the Crisis of Slavery in the Old South: The Failure of Agricultural Reform'' (1988).
* Mitchell, Betty L. ''Edmund Ruffin: A Biography.'' (1981). 306 pp.
===Primary sources===
*Ruffin, Edmund. ''Agriculture, Geology, and Society in Antebellum South Carolina: The Private Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 1843.'' ed. by William M. Mathew, (1992). 368 pp.
* Ruffin, Edmund. ''Incidents in My Life: Edmund Ruffin's Autobiographical Essays.'' ed. by David F. Allmendinger, Jr. (1990). 274 pp.

==See also==
* [[History of Virginia]]
[[Category:The South]] [[Category:American Civil War]] [[category:Virginia]] [[category:environmentalism]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruffin, Edmund}}

Payroll taxes

2010-02-24T00:59:08Z

AlexWD: Created page with ''''Payroll taxes''' are the state and federal taxes that employers must withhold and/or to pay on behalf of employees. Employers withhold state and federal income tax...'

'''Payroll taxes''' are the [[state]] and [[federa]]l [[tax]]es that employers must withhold and/or to pay on behalf of employees. Employers withhold state and federal income taxes as well as [[Social Security]] and [[Medicare]] taxes from the employees' wages. Employers are also required to pay a matching amount of Social Security and Medicare taxes for each employee and to pay state and federal [[unemployment]] tax.

Taxation

2010-02-24T00:57:48Z

AlexWD:

'''Taxation''' is how [[government]]s obtain [[money]] in order to provide services required for the common good.

There are many kinds of taxes, just as there are many things that are (or are not) considered to be in the common good.

Taxes can include:
*[[Payroll taxes]] are the state and federal taxes that employers must withhold and/or to pay on behalf of employees. Employers withhold state and federal income taxes as well as social security and Medicare taxes from the employees' wages. Employers are also required to pay a matching amount of social security and Medicare taxes for each employee and to pay state and federal unemployment tax

*[[Tariff]]s on imported goods
*[[Property tax]]es on the value of one's [[real estate]] holdings
*[[Sales tax]]es on purchases of goods
**(The preceding three are examples of ''[[ad valorem tax|ad valorem]]'' taxes), based as a percentage of value
*[[Income tax]]es on money that is earned
*[[Estate tax]]es on inheritances
*[[Poll tax]]es required in order to vote; they are voluntary
*[[Rooms and meals tax]]es, charged by local government on restaurant and hotel purchases
*"[[Sin tax]]es" which are applied to socially disapproved products such as tobacco and alcohol
*[[Pigovian tax]]es are applied to correct [[negative externalities]]
*[[Toll]]s are fees paid by users of a specific piece of [[infrastructure]], like a tollroad or toll bridge
*[[Value Added Tax|Value added tax]] is charged to manufacturers on the increase in value from raw materials to finished product (and of course passed along to consumers of the product); it is common in Europe and not used in the U.S.

Most systems of taxation not only use a combination of several of these, but have many exceptions (and loopholes) from universal application - for instance, a sales tax might not apply to food or clothing.

Rates of taxation and the provision of some services can be matters of great political contention, with [[Tax revolts]] common throughout world history.

In the United States, the [[Democratic party]] generally favors higher income taxes to pay for government social programs, whereas the [[Republican Party]] generally favors smaller government and lower taxes.

==See Also==
*[[Government services]]

[[category:economics]]
[[Category:Taxation]]
[[Category:Business]]

Peasants

2010-02-24T00:57:16Z

AlexWD:

In [[feudalism]], the '''peasants''', or serfs, were the lowest class who rented small tracts of land from [[vassals]]. They were heavily [[tax]]ed and were bound to the land they worked on.
[[Category:Feudalism]]

Origin

2010-02-24T00:56:58Z

AlexWD:

In [[mathematics]], the '''origin''' is the point at the [[intersection]] of the [[x-axis]] and [[y-axis]]. It is usually denoted ''O''. It is the center of the [[coordinate plane]].

[[Category:Mathematics]]

Bible Translation Issues

2010-02-20T23:35:16Z

AlexWD:

List here the issues in translation that occur during the translation of the Bible, for easy reference:

#Capitalize pronouns when referencing God or Jesus? Resolved: Yes, both for respect and for clarification when adjacent pronouns reference others
#How to translate Pharisees and scribes? As Elites or intellectuals or incumbents? May depend on context.
#How to translate "girl" in Mark 6:22? As "little girl"? As "temptress"? Resolved: the Greek unmistakably says "little girl," contrary to Hollywood renditions.
#How to translate "Holy Spirit"? As "Divine Guide" or "Divine Force"?
#"Son of man" or "Son of Man"? Resolved: "Son of man" (little "m")
#How to translate "disciples"? Many alternatives have been suggested, including "student".
#How to translate the "first shall be last, and the last shall be first"? This concept appears in several places.
#Put quotation marks around quotes? Yes, but do not re-quote every verse within a longer quote
#Should "logos" at the beginning of the Gospel of John be translated as "word", "Truth", or something else? The Greeks lacked a word for "Truth" with a capital "T". See [[Talk:John 1-7 (Translated)]]. Does John redefine "logos" in John 17:17?
#Or should "logos" be given physical significance, as in "order" (lack of disorder or entropy)?
#Should "slave", "slaves" and "slavery" (mentioned 154 times in the ancient languages) be translated as "indentured servant" or "prisoner of war" or something else, to reflect that it was not institutionalized race-based slavery?
#How should "miracle" and "miraculous" (mentioned 14 times in the ancient languages) be translated now that they have a supernatural or physically impossible connotation, especially among intellectuals?
#How to translate the word awkwardly translated as "past" (mentioned 6 times in the [[ESV]] New Testament), when the word "past" now primarily connotes one's own past?
#How to translate "righteous" and "wicked" in the Old Testament (see [[Genesis_17-25_(Translated)#Chapter_18|Gen:18]])? The problem with "righteous" is the modern tendency to define Godliness as "doing good deeds" as opposed to "proximity to God".
#How should we cite the [[Conservative Bible]]? As "CB", or as a more common three-letter acronym like "CBP" (for "Conservative Bible Project," to emphasize its dynamic quality), or perhaps "CPB" ("CP" being the abbreviation for Conservapedia)
#Shall we overcome language differences by using a form of "triangulation" to render alternative translations of the same word depending on context, as in "In the beginning was the Living Word, and its logic was with God, and this Truth was God." (John 1:1)?
#The word "behold" appears frequently in the [[KJV]] but lacks a modern equivalent. Is there a strategy for this dealing with this concept? Possibilities include "rejoice", "observe", "listen", "note that", and ignoring it altogether (which modern versions often do).
#Should the feminization of male nouns, as in "prophetess", be used? Note that [[Michele Bachmann]] prefers to be called "Congressman", because the office has a unique title and that title itself is male in gender, as in "sportsman" or "strawman".
#"Elizabeth" or "Elisabeth" in Chapter 1 of Luke?
#Should the phrase "children of God" be used? It is a gender neutral version of "sons of God," but "children of God" has a very different connotation, such as emphasizing submission and falsely implying lack of harsh punishment (Hell)?
#Has the word "angels" changed its meaning to be something less powerful, and less serious, than their meaning in the Bible? "Angels" do not seem to fit the messengers from God who visited Sodom.
#The repeated references to the Greek terms for "master" or "teacher": why not translate as "Lord", or "lord" as in feudal times? Because this is supposed to be a modern conservative translation, and the term "lord" doesn't really have any valence beyond the divine in modern times. House of Lords? Please, outdated nonsense. "Master" reeks of something with no relevance to the contemporary reader and evokes slavery and other relationships that are decidedly non-conservative in nature--today, we might use the term "boss," but if that's too colloquial, and if "supervisor" is too clumsy, "patron" perhaps?

In deciding original intent, we keep in mind the availability of alternative terms in the Greek in assessing why the authors chose one word rather than the alternatives.

(add to list)

== Resources ==

* [http://www.sacrednamebible.com/kjvstrongs/ KJV with Strong's Bible Dictionary]
* [http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/Greek_Index.htm Greek interlinear Bible with a dictionary and Strong's Concordance numbers]

[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Bible Versions]]
[[Category:Conservative Bible]]

Blanche Lincoln

2010-02-20T22:56:40Z

AlexWD: /* 2010 Reelection */

{{Officeholder
|name=Blanche Lincoln
|image=Blanche Lincoln official portrait.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=Steve Lincoln
|religion=Episcopalian
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Arkansas
|terms=January 6, 1999 – Present
|preceded=Dale Bumpers
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Arkansas
|district=1st
|terms=January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997
|preceded=William Alexander, Jr.
|former=n
|succeeded=[[Marion Berry]]
}}
}}

'''Blanche Lambert Lincoln''', born September 30, 1960 (age {{age|1960|9|30}}), is a [[Democratic]] politician serving as the senior [[United States Senator]] from the State of [[Arkansas]]. After working as a lobbyist in [[Washington, D.C.]] Lincoln moved to Arkansas and was elected to the House in 1992 and reelected in 1994. In January 1996 she announced that she was pregnant with twins and would not seek reelection.

In 1998, Lincoln became the youngest woman ever to be elected to the U.S. Senate at the age of 38; as of 2009, she is also the youngest senior senator because the other senator from Arkansas was elected after her. In 2009 she became chair of the important Agriculture Committee.

==Political views==
Sen. Lincoln calls herself a moderate or centrist [[Democrat]], in an attempt to appeal to the [[conservative]] southern state of Arkansas. She has voted in favor of the business agenda by favoring restrictions on class action lawsuits and tightening rules on personal bankruptcy. Lincoln has also voted to ban [[partial birth abortion]]. However, she has been a vocal critic of President [[George W. Bush]]'s tax cuts. Saying that they only go to the super rich, as they benefit tax payers with incomes around $200,000.

[[Arkansas]] is the home of Tyson Foods, the massive chicken producer that reportedly relies on [[illegal immigration]]. In May 2006, Lincoln joined her [[liberal]] leadership and voted to give [[Social Security]] benefits and citizenship to [[illegal aliens]]. Lincoln was among the minority of [[Democrat]]s to support the so-called "[[free trade]]" agenda, such as voting in favor of [[NAFTA]].

In August 2009 Blanche Lincoln said of conservative protesters at health care town halls, "I think it’s un-American and disrespectful." <ref>http://arkansasnews.com/2009/08/06/lincoln-disruptions-of-health-care-meetings-sad-un-american/</ref> She voted against an amendment that would prohibit taxpayer-funded abortions in health care legislation.

==2010 Reelection==

''See: [[2010 Midterm Elections]]''

Blanche Lincoln will be one of the Republican Party's top targets in 2010. In the [[2008 Presidential Election]], Arkansas was one of the few states where [[John McCain]] exceeded [[George W. Bush]]’s margin, despite the national trend favoring Democrats. Announced Republican candidates include Third District Congressman [[John Boozman]], State Senator [[Gilbert Baker]], Arkansas Senate Minority Leader [[Kim Hendren]], retired army Colonel Conrad Reynolds, and Tom Cox, Founder of the Arkansas Tea Party. A January 2010 Rasmussen poll showed every Republican challenger leading Lincoln. <ref>http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_senate_elections/arkansas/election_2010_arkansas_senate_race</ref>. A February 2010 Public Policy Polling survey has Boozman leading Lincoln by a 56%-33% margin, with Lincoln's approval rating at just 27%. <ref>http://publicpolicypolling.blogspot.com/2010/02/blanche-lincoln-poll.html</ref>

==External Links==
*[http://lincoln.senate.gov/ Official Site]
*[http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Blanche_Lambert_Lincoln.htm Lincoln On the Issues]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/300068_blanche_lincoln OpenCongress]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Blanche}}
[[Category:United States Senators]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
[[Category: 111th United States Congress]]
[[Category:2010 Midterm Elections]]

Blanche Lincoln

2010-02-20T22:55:50Z

AlexWD: /* Political views */

{{Officeholder
|name=Blanche Lincoln
|image=Blanche Lincoln official portrait.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=Steve Lincoln
|religion=Episcopalian
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Arkansas
|terms=January 6, 1999 – Present
|preceded=Dale Bumpers
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Arkansas
|district=1st
|terms=January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997
|preceded=William Alexander, Jr.
|former=n
|succeeded=[[Marion Berry]]
}}
}}

'''Blanche Lambert Lincoln''', born September 30, 1960 (age {{age|1960|9|30}}), is a [[Democratic]] politician serving as the senior [[United States Senator]] from the State of [[Arkansas]]. After working as a lobbyist in [[Washington, D.C.]] Lincoln moved to Arkansas and was elected to the House in 1992 and reelected in 1994. In January 1996 she announced that she was pregnant with twins and would not seek reelection.

In 1998, Lincoln became the youngest woman ever to be elected to the U.S. Senate at the age of 38; as of 2009, she is also the youngest senior senator because the other senator from Arkansas was elected after her. In 2009 she became chair of the important Agriculture Committee.

==Political views==
Sen. Lincoln calls herself a moderate or centrist [[Democrat]], in an attempt to appeal to the [[conservative]] southern state of Arkansas. She has voted in favor of the business agenda by favoring restrictions on class action lawsuits and tightening rules on personal bankruptcy. Lincoln has also voted to ban [[partial birth abortion]]. However, she has been a vocal critic of President [[George W. Bush]]'s tax cuts. Saying that they only go to the super rich, as they benefit tax payers with incomes around $200,000.

[[Arkansas]] is the home of Tyson Foods, the massive chicken producer that reportedly relies on [[illegal immigration]]. In May 2006, Lincoln joined her [[liberal]] leadership and voted to give [[Social Security]] benefits and citizenship to [[illegal aliens]]. Lincoln was among the minority of [[Democrat]]s to support the so-called "[[free trade]]" agenda, such as voting in favor of [[NAFTA]].

In August 2009 Blanche Lincoln said of conservative protesters at health care town halls, "I think it’s un-American and disrespectful." <ref>http://arkansasnews.com/2009/08/06/lincoln-disruptions-of-health-care-meetings-sad-un-american/</ref> She voted against an amendment that would prohibit taxpayer-funded abortions in health care legislation.

==2010 Reelection==

''See: [[2010 Midterm Elections]]''

Blanche Lincoln will be one of Republicans top targets in 2010. In the [[2008 Presidential Election]], Arkansas was one of the few states where [[John McCain]] exceeded [[George W. Bush]]’s margin, despite the national trend favoring Democrats. Announced Republican candidates include Third district Congressman [[John Boozman]], State Senator [[Gilbert Baker]], Arkansas Senate Minority Leader [[Kim Hendren]], Retired army colonel Conrad Reynolds, and Tom Cox, Founder of the Arkansas Tea Party. A January 2010 Rasmussen poll showed every Republican challenger leading Lincoln. <ref>http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_senate_elections/arkansas/election_2010_arkansas_senate_race</ref>. A February 2010 Public Policy Polling survey has Boozman leading Lincoln by a 56%-33% margin, with Lincoln's approval rating at just 27%. <ref>http://publicpolicypolling.blogspot.com/2010/02/blanche-lincoln-poll.html</ref>

==External Links==
*[http://lincoln.senate.gov/ Official Site]
*[http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Blanche_Lambert_Lincoln.htm Lincoln On the Issues]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/300068_blanche_lincoln OpenCongress]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Blanche}}
[[Category:United States Senators]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
[[Category: 111th United States Congress]]
[[Category:2010 Midterm Elections]]

Blanche Lincoln

2010-02-20T22:55:39Z

AlexWD: /* Political views */

{{Officeholder
|name=Blanche Lincoln
|image=Blanche Lincoln official portrait.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=Steve Lincoln
|religion=Episcopalian
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Arkansas
|terms=January 6, 1999 – Present
|preceded=Dale Bumpers
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Arkansas
|district=1st
|terms=January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997
|preceded=William Alexander, Jr.
|former=n
|succeeded=[[Marion Berry]]
}}
}}

'''Blanche Lambert Lincoln''', born September 30, 1960 (age {{age|1960|9|30}}), is a [[Democratic]] politician serving as the senior [[United States Senator]] from the State of [[Arkansas]]. After working as a lobbyist in [[Washington, D.C.]] Lincoln moved to Arkansas and was elected to the House in 1992 and reelected in 1994. In January 1996 she announced that she was pregnant with twins and would not seek reelection.

In 1998, Lincoln became the youngest woman ever to be elected to the U.S. Senate at the age of 38; as of 2009, she is also the youngest senior senator because the other senator from Arkansas was elected after her. In 2009 she became chair of the important Agriculture Committee.

==Political views==
Sen. Lincoln calls herself a moderate or centrist [[Democrat]], in an attempt to appeal to the [[conservative]] southern state of Arkansas. She has voted in favor of the business agenda by favoring restrictions on class action lawsuits and tightening rules on personal bankruptcy. Lincoln has also voted to ban [[partial birth abortion]]. However, she has been a vocal critic of President [[George W. Bush]]'s tax cuts. Saying that they only go to the super rich, as they benefit tax payers with incomes around $200,000.

[[Arkansas]] is the home of Tyson Foods, the massive chicken producer that reportedly relies on [[illegal immigration]]. In May 2006, Lincoln joined her [[liberal]] leadership and voted to give [[Social Security]] benefits and citizenship to [[illegal aliens]]. Lincoln was among the minority of [[Democrat]]s to support the so-called "[[free trade]]" agenda, such as voting in favor of [[CAFTA]].

In August 2009 Blanche Lincoln said of conservative protesters at health care town halls, "I think it’s un-American and disrespectful." <ref>http://arkansasnews.com/2009/08/06/lincoln-disruptions-of-health-care-meetings-sad-un-american/</ref> She voted against an amendment that would prohibit taxpayer-funded abortions in health care legislation.

==2010 Reelection==

''See: [[2010 Midterm Elections]]''

Blanche Lincoln will be one of Republicans top targets in 2010. In the [[2008 Presidential Election]], Arkansas was one of the few states where [[John McCain]] exceeded [[George W. Bush]]’s margin, despite the national trend favoring Democrats. Announced Republican candidates include Third district Congressman [[John Boozman]], State Senator [[Gilbert Baker]], Arkansas Senate Minority Leader [[Kim Hendren]], Retired army colonel Conrad Reynolds, and Tom Cox, Founder of the Arkansas Tea Party. A January 2010 Rasmussen poll showed every Republican challenger leading Lincoln. <ref>http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_senate_elections/arkansas/election_2010_arkansas_senate_race</ref>. A February 2010 Public Policy Polling survey has Boozman leading Lincoln by a 56%-33% margin, with Lincoln's approval rating at just 27%. <ref>http://publicpolicypolling.blogspot.com/2010/02/blanche-lincoln-poll.html</ref>

==External Links==
*[http://lincoln.senate.gov/ Official Site]
*[http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Blanche_Lambert_Lincoln.htm Lincoln On the Issues]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/300068_blanche_lincoln OpenCongress]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Blanche}}
[[Category:United States Senators]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
[[Category: 111th United States Congress]]
[[Category:2010 Midterm Elections]]

Jonathan Krohn

2010-02-20T22:54:23Z

AlexWD:

[[Image:Jonathan.jpg|right|thumb| Jonathan Krohn, conservative author]]

'''Jonathan Krohn''' (born March 1, 1995) is a bright 14-year-old [[homeschooling|homeschooled]] student. He lives in Duluth, [[Georgia]] with his parents, Doug and Marla Krohn, and his [[dog]] Spot. Alongside his considerable acting skills, Jonathan is already a writer of great renown. He is the principal writer for the [[Internet]] [[radio]] show ''The Life Connection'' and the author of the book ''Define Conservatism''. On February 27, 2009, Jonathan gave a speech at [[CPAC]]. ''Inside Edition''’s Debora Norville named him “[[Atlanta]]’s Most Talented Child” in 2006.<ref>[http://www.defineconservatism.com/index.php/authorsbio Biography] defineconservatism.com</ref> Jonathan is raised a [[Baptist]].

==Book==
From his website, Jonathan in his own words

{{cquote|Define Conservatism

Past, Present, and Future

This book's title defines its contents as well as any. The words "Define Conservatism" imply that the pages of this book are filled entirely with an in-depth definition of the American political viewpoint of Conservatism. So what is the importance of this book? you may ask. For starters, this book is important because it gives a clear-cut, easy to understand definition of Conservatism. It is my belief that if people want to better understand what they believe, than they must have an easy, yet strong, way to define it. Second, if we are to effectively communicate the message of Conservatism, than we must have a way to define it. And third, if we want to understand who is a Conservative and what ideas are Conservative, than we must have a way to define it. Now your question probably is, What is a Conservative? Since this is what we are going to discuss in-depth in the book, I will give you the basic definition of a Conservative.

A Conservative is someone who believes in

:#[[Life]]
:#[[Personal Responsibility]]
:#[[Less Government]]
:#The [[Founding Principles]]

These are the basic principles of Conservatism, but they each require an individual in-depth analysis. Now that you understand what the basic definition of a Conservative is, let's discuss what this book is about a bit more.

In this book we will look at each of these different principles through the eyes of a leading politician (or politicians) in American political history who best exhibits the principle that we are discussing for that chapter. We will analyze the principle using that politician's stories, statements, and key beliefs. By doing this we will see how some of the men who had the most influence on Conservatism saw each of these principles, and, thereby, learn from their example. At the end of each chapter we will analyze a modern American political issue using the principles that we learned throughout that chapter.

This book is all about the definition of Conservatism. It is about the values, the views, and the principles of the Conservative mindset. Conservatism is key to America because it keeps America on track in morals, in the size of government, and in the people's power. If we lose track of what we believe, than we will lose track of America's most important ideals.

For those of you who will be going to vote soon, this book means something else as well. This book is, in a way, a voting guide for Conservatives. It is my hope that you will take to heart or at least listen to the principles defined in this book. If you will take these principles with you to the voting booth, than I know for a fact that you will understand who is Conservative and what views are Conservative.

For all Americans, it is my hope that this book will be a clear basis of Conservative ideas. I personally pray that you will use this book to help you better understand the ideas, principles, and values of Conservatism. In short, it is my belief that Conservatism is important to America and all Americans individually.

Dear readers, I hope that each of you will individually learn from this book. It is my personal sentiment that America needs another Conservative revolution, and it is my prayer that that movement will begin with each of you.

May [[God]] bless the [[United States of America]]!

Jonathan}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.defineconservatism.com/ Define Conservatism Homepage]
* [http://www.rightpundits.com/?p=2969 Jonathan Krohn is Child Conservative Author]
* [http://www.foxnews.com/video/index.html?playerId=videolandingpage&streamingFormat=FLASH&referralObject=3837011&referralPlaylistId=c985e69916535a2170b2b18ab0ab7eb60401f9bb His March 18, 2009 participation in a Fox News Strategy Room panel discussion]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krohn, Jonathan}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:People who were Educated at Home]]

Jonathan Krohn

2010-02-20T22:54:08Z

AlexWD:

[[Image:Jonathan.jpg|right|thumb| Jonathan Krohn, conservative author]]

'''Jonathan Krohn''' (born March 1, 1995) is a bright 14-year-old [[homeschooling|homeschooled]] student. He lives in Duluth, [[Georgis]] with his parents, Doug and Marla Krohn, and his [[dog]] Spot. Alongside his considerable acting skills, Jonathan is already a writer of great renown. He is the principal writer for the [[Internet]] [[radio]] show ''The Life Connection'' and the author of the book ''Define Conservatism''. On February 27, 2009, Jonathan gave a speech at [[CPAC]]. ''Inside Edition''’s Debora Norville named him “[[Atlanta]]’s Most Talented Child” in 2006.<ref>[http://www.defineconservatism.com/index.php/authorsbio Biography] defineconservatism.com</ref> Jonathan is raised a [[Baptist]].

==Book==
From his website, Jonathan in his own words

{{cquote|Define Conservatism

Past, Present, and Future

This book's title defines its contents as well as any. The words "Define Conservatism" imply that the pages of this book are filled entirely with an in-depth definition of the American political viewpoint of Conservatism. So what is the importance of this book? you may ask. For starters, this book is important because it gives a clear-cut, easy to understand definition of Conservatism. It is my belief that if people want to better understand what they believe, than they must have an easy, yet strong, way to define it. Second, if we are to effectively communicate the message of Conservatism, than we must have a way to define it. And third, if we want to understand who is a Conservative and what ideas are Conservative, than we must have a way to define it. Now your question probably is, What is a Conservative? Since this is what we are going to discuss in-depth in the book, I will give you the basic definition of a Conservative.

A Conservative is someone who believes in

:#[[Life]]
:#[[Personal Responsibility]]
:#[[Less Government]]
:#The [[Founding Principles]]

These are the basic principles of Conservatism, but they each require an individual in-depth analysis. Now that you understand what the basic definition of a Conservative is, let's discuss what this book is about a bit more.

In this book we will look at each of these different principles through the eyes of a leading politician (or politicians) in American political history who best exhibits the principle that we are discussing for that chapter. We will analyze the principle using that politician's stories, statements, and key beliefs. By doing this we will see how some of the men who had the most influence on Conservatism saw each of these principles, and, thereby, learn from their example. At the end of each chapter we will analyze a modern American political issue using the principles that we learned throughout that chapter.

This book is all about the definition of Conservatism. It is about the values, the views, and the principles of the Conservative mindset. Conservatism is key to America because it keeps America on track in morals, in the size of government, and in the people's power. If we lose track of what we believe, than we will lose track of America's most important ideals.

For those of you who will be going to vote soon, this book means something else as well. This book is, in a way, a voting guide for Conservatives. It is my hope that you will take to heart or at least listen to the principles defined in this book. If you will take these principles with you to the voting booth, than I know for a fact that you will understand who is Conservative and what views are Conservative.

For all Americans, it is my hope that this book will be a clear basis of Conservative ideas. I personally pray that you will use this book to help you better understand the ideas, principles, and values of Conservatism. In short, it is my belief that Conservatism is important to America and all Americans individually.

Dear readers, I hope that each of you will individually learn from this book. It is my personal sentiment that America needs another Conservative revolution, and it is my prayer that that movement will begin with each of you.

May [[God]] bless the [[United States of America]]!

Jonathan}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.defineconservatism.com/ Define Conservatism Homepage]
* [http://www.rightpundits.com/?p=2969 Jonathan Krohn is Child Conservative Author]
* [http://www.foxnews.com/video/index.html?playerId=videolandingpage&streamingFormat=FLASH&referralObject=3837011&referralPlaylistId=c985e69916535a2170b2b18ab0ab7eb60401f9bb His March 18, 2009 participation in a Fox News Strategy Room panel discussion]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krohn, Jonathan}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:People who were Educated at Home]]

Jonathan Krohn

2010-02-20T22:53:48Z

AlexWD:

[[Image:Jonathan.jpg|right|thumb| Jonathan Krohn, conservative author]]

'''Jonathan Krohn''' (born March 1, 1995) is a bright 14-year-old [[homeschooling|homeschooled]] student. He lives in Duluth, [[Georgis]] with his parents, Doug and Marla Krohn, and his [[dog]] Spot. Alongside his considerable acting skills, Jonathan is already a writer of great renown. He is the principal writer for the [[Internet radio show]] ''The Life Connection'' and the author of the book ''Define Conservatism''. On February 27, 2009, Jonathan gave a speech at [[CPAC]]. ''Inside Edition''’s Debora Norville named him “[[Atlanta]]’s Most Talented Child” in 2006.<ref>[http://www.defineconservatism.com/index.php/authorsbio Biography] defineconservatism.com</ref> Jonathan is raised a [[Baptist]].

==Book==
From his website, Jonathan in his own words

{{cquote|Define Conservatism

Past, Present, and Future

This book's title defines its contents as well as any. The words "Define Conservatism" imply that the pages of this book are filled entirely with an in-depth definition of the American political viewpoint of Conservatism. So what is the importance of this book? you may ask. For starters, this book is important because it gives a clear-cut, easy to understand definition of Conservatism. It is my belief that if people want to better understand what they believe, than they must have an easy, yet strong, way to define it. Second, if we are to effectively communicate the message of Conservatism, than we must have a way to define it. And third, if we want to understand who is a Conservative and what ideas are Conservative, than we must have a way to define it. Now your question probably is, What is a Conservative? Since this is what we are going to discuss in-depth in the book, I will give you the basic definition of a Conservative.

A Conservative is someone who believes in

:#[[Life]]
:#[[Personal Responsibility]]
:#[[Less Government]]
:#The [[Founding Principles]]

These are the basic principles of Conservatism, but they each require an individual in-depth analysis. Now that you understand what the basic definition of a Conservative is, let's discuss what this book is about a bit more.

In this book we will look at each of these different principles through the eyes of a leading politician (or politicians) in American political history who best exhibits the principle that we are discussing for that chapter. We will analyze the principle using that politician's stories, statements, and key beliefs. By doing this we will see how some of the men who had the most influence on Conservatism saw each of these principles, and, thereby, learn from their example. At the end of each chapter we will analyze a modern American political issue using the principles that we learned throughout that chapter.

This book is all about the definition of Conservatism. It is about the values, the views, and the principles of the Conservative mindset. Conservatism is key to America because it keeps America on track in morals, in the size of government, and in the people's power. If we lose track of what we believe, than we will lose track of America's most important ideals.

For those of you who will be going to vote soon, this book means something else as well. This book is, in a way, a voting guide for Conservatives. It is my hope that you will take to heart or at least listen to the principles defined in this book. If you will take these principles with you to the voting booth, than I know for a fact that you will understand who is Conservative and what views are Conservative.

For all Americans, it is my hope that this book will be a clear basis of Conservative ideas. I personally pray that you will use this book to help you better understand the ideas, principles, and values of Conservatism. In short, it is my belief that Conservatism is important to America and all Americans individually.

Dear readers, I hope that each of you will individually learn from this book. It is my personal sentiment that America needs another Conservative revolution, and it is my prayer that that movement will begin with each of you.

May [[God]] bless the [[United States of America]]!

Jonathan}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.defineconservatism.com/ Define Conservatism Homepage]
* [http://www.rightpundits.com/?p=2969 Jonathan Krohn is Child Conservative Author]
* [http://www.foxnews.com/video/index.html?playerId=videolandingpage&streamingFormat=FLASH&referralObject=3837011&referralPlaylistId=c985e69916535a2170b2b18ab0ab7eb60401f9bb His March 18, 2009 participation in a Fox News Strategy Room panel discussion]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krohn, Jonathan}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:People who were Educated at Home]]

Instructions

2010-02-20T22:51:00Z

AlexWD:

'''Instructions''' are a [[judge]]'s explanation to the [[jury]] before it begins deliberations of the questions it must answer and the [[law]] governing the [[case]].[[Category:Legal Terms]]

Linn Markley Farish

2010-02-20T22:50:17Z

AlexWD:

'''Linn Markley Farish''' (1901 - 1944) was an [[American]] citizen and a member of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) during [[World War II]]. The OSS was the predecessor agency of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA). Farish functioned as liaison officer with [[Josip Tito]]'s [[Yugoslav Partisans]] for the OSS. Farish also at the same time was serving [[NKVD|Soviet intelligence]]. Farish died in a aircraft crash in the Balkans in September 1944. Farish's code name in Soviet intelligence, and as decyphered in the [[Venona project]] is "Attila".

==Venona==
Farish is referenced in the following Venona project decryption:

* 1397 KGB New York to Moscow, 4 October 1944

=== Source ===

John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America,'' Yale University Press (1999), pgs. 194, 195.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farish, Linn Markley}}
[[Category:KGB Agents and Sources]]

Borscht

2010-02-20T22:49:35Z

AlexWD:

'''Borscht''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: борщ; ''borshch''; [[Yiddish]]: בורשט; ''borsht'', [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''barszcz'') is a red [[soup]] of Eastern European origin. It is made from [[beet]]s, [[onion]]s, [[leek]]s, [[parsley]], [[celery]], Polish sausage, and is usually served with sour cream. It can be served warm or chilled.

It is usually associated with [[Ashkenazi]] [[Jews]], who usually eat it chilled. The most popular brand of store-bought borscht is Manischewitz.

[[Category: Soups]]

Scent of a Woman

2010-02-20T22:46:22Z

AlexWD:

'''''Scent of a Woman''''' is a movie starring [[Al Pacino]].
The plot is about a prep school boy who gets involved in a prank and is nearly thrown out of school, but that's just a framework. The real story is the student's relationship with the disabled veteran he's being paid to take care of.<ref> Roger Ebert wrote, "The screenplay is by Bo Goldman ... who is more interested in the people than the plot." [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19921223/REVIEWS/212230301/1023]</ref>
[[James Rebhorn]] turns in his usual excellent portrayal of an annoying authority figure.
Look also for a young [[Philip S. Hoffman]].

Charlie Simms is not going home from his expensive prep school for Thanksgiving, while his friends wonder whether to go skiing in Stowe or Sugarbush. He's on financial aid, so he applies for a job taking care of a housebound relative.
Only when he gets there does he begin to find out what he's in for.

Ultimately, the film is about integrity and concern for one's fellow man, two important [[conservative values]]. Charlie is faced with two matters of conscience: does he tell on his schoolmates, save himself, and collect the reward of a full scholarship to Harvard? And can he stop Lt. Col. Slade from blowing his brains out with a .45?

Like many films of its genre, this one suffers from several flaws. The hero drinks, smokes, speaks profanely and cuttingly, and has estranged himself from his family; he lives by himself in a small building behind his his niece's house. He can be a real gentleman when he wants to,<ref> "The Hollywood film takes great pains to show its protagonist as a kind-hearted, charismatic romantic who hides behind a gruff exterior." [http://www.avclub.com/articles/scent-of-a-woman,19487/]</ref>
but his attempt to educate Charlie includes the anti-patterns of prostitution and suicide.

Charlie tries to reason with Slade, using liberal platitudes: "You're not bad, you're just in pain."

==Notes==
<references />

Denzel Washington

2010-02-20T22:45:55Z

AlexWD:

'''Denzel Washington''' is an award-winning actor with a "penchant for giving four-star performances in two- to three-star pictures." <ref>[http://decentfilms.com/reviews/manonfire.html Decent Films Guide], Steven D. Greydanus</ref> Some of his more recent works include ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' and ''The Great Debators''. He won an [[Oscar]] for the [[police]] drama ''[[Training Day]]''. He starred in [[Kenneth Branagh]]'s ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' as Don Pedro.

==Notes==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, Denzel}}
[[Category:Actors]]
[[Category:Christians]]

Denzel Washington

2010-02-20T22:45:25Z

AlexWD: Geez, let's show our police a modicum of respect here.

'''Denzel Washington''' is an award winning actor with a "penchant for giving four-star performances in two- to three-star pictures." <ref>[http://decentfilms.com/reviews/manonfire.html Decent Films Guide], Steven D. Greydanus</ref> Some of his more recent works include ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' and ''The Great Debators''. He won an [[Oscar]] for the [[police]] drama ''[[Training Day]]''. He starred in [[Kenneth Branagh]]'s [[Much Ado About Nothing]] as Don Pedro.

==Notes==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, Denzel}}
[[Category:Actors]]
[[Category:Christians]]

Talk:Famous Castles of the World

2010-02-19T22:41:28Z

AlexWD:

== "In the world?" ==

Suggest renaming to simply "famous castles." Where else would they be, besides "in the world"? [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 17:23, 19 February 2010 (EST)

: Like the Baseball World Series? No, this is a general approach, not only Europe or Japan or ...

:See: http://www.intlistings.com/articles/2008/top-25-most-beautiful-castles-in-the-world/

:--[[User:Joaquín Martínez|Joaquín Martínez]] 17:37, 19 February 2010 (EST)
::that looks like a really poor, second-rate commercial website, not a proper educational resource. "Famous Castles in the World" is barely proper English--if you insist on "the World" in your appellation, I suggest "The World's Most Famous Castles." Or something. [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 17:41, 19 February 2010 (EST)

Talk:Global warming issue (summary)

2010-02-19T22:29:47Z

AlexWD: Article Title?

== Article Title? ==

Having initials instead of complete proper words for an article title is a less-than-ideal situation; the odds aren't strong that anyone will search for it/find what they're looking for... [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 17:29, 19 February 2010 (EST)

Dead Poet's Society

2010-02-19T22:24:58Z

AlexWD:

{{Infobox Film
| name= Dead Poet's Society
| image=
| caption=
| director=Peter Weir
| producer=Steven Haft Paul Junger Witt Tony Thomas
| writer=Tom Schulman
| narrator=
| starring=Robin Williams Robert Sean Leonard [[Ethan Hawke]] Josh Charles
| music=Maurice Jarre
| cinematography=John Seale
| editing=William M. Anderson
| distributor=Touchstone Pictures
| released=June 9, 1989
| runtime=128 min
| country=[[United States]]
| language=[[English]]
| budget=
| gross=
| preceded_by=
| followed_by=
| website=
| amg_id2=
| imdb_id=0097165
}}
'''Dead Poet's Society''' is a 1989 film about a teacher that tells his students that since everyone is food for the worms, then they must "seize the day" and make their lives extraordinary. The film won an [[Academy Award]] for Best Writing/Screenplay Written Directly for Screen and was nominated for another three.

[[Category: Movies]]

Amy Bishop

2010-02-19T22:24:25Z

AlexWD:

'''Amy Bishop''' is a professor at the University of [[Alabama]], Huntsville, who is best known for [[Professor Values|fatally shooting three colleagues]] and wounding three others at a faculty meeting after she was denied tenure.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586024,00.html</ref>

She also fatally shot her brother while a teenager, although charges were never filed against her, and the records of the incident have now gone missing.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/13/amy-bishop-killed-brother_n_461512.html</ref>

A student rating Bishop on the website RateMyProfessor.com have stated that she is a [[socialist]].<ref>[http://www.ratemyprofessors.com/ShowRatings.jsp?tid=392617&page=1 ratemyprofessors.com]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Liberalism}}

[[Category: Liberal Professors]]
[[Category:Socialists]]

Talk:Famous Castles of the World

2010-02-19T22:23:24Z

AlexWD: "In the world?"

== "In the world?" ==

Suggest renaming to simply "famous castles." Where else would they be, besides "in the world"? [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 17:23, 19 February 2010 (EST)

Public school culture

2010-02-16T04:37:08Z

AlexWD: Undo revision 754708 by Amatthews (Talk)

[[File:800px-Warning signs at CHS.jpg|thumb|250px|right|One of the first things one sees when entering the visitor's parking lot at Charlotte High School, a public school in Punta Gorda, Florida, is a sign informing vistors of the on-campus surveillance cameras.]]
'''Public school culture''' is a [[culture]] fostered in [[public school]],<ref>Public schools are the government-controlled schools in the United States. In other countries different terms are used to describe the government schools.</ref> which is characterized by:

*complete [[censorship]] of any [[classroom prayer]]
*a lack of commitment to respect the [[Religion|religious]] [[Civil Rights Movement|civil rights]] of [[student]]s has resulted in "religion-free zones." <ref>[http://www.catholicleague.org/rer.php?topic=Education&id=88 Religious Liberty and the Public Schools], [[Robert P. George]], ''[[Catholic League]]'', October 1999</ref>
*[[sex education]], [[Homosexuality in Schools|homosexual curriculum]] and sexual abuse by school personnel has been referred to as a "red-light district" for students <ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59602 Public schools: The new red-light district?], [[Olivia St. John]], ''[[World Net Daily]]'', January 09, 2008</ref>
*a culture of incompetence <ref>[http://www.maa.org/features/083104pointcallforaction.html POINT: A Call for Action], [[Rick Norwood]], ''[[Mathematical Association of America|The Mathematical Association of America]]'', Accessed May 4, 2008</ref><ref name="Mixed Results">John Merrow, [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/education/july-dec08/nolaupdate_07-24.html Mixed Results for School Reform Efforts in New Orleans]. ''The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer''. PBS: July 24, 2008</ref>
* fashion that includes black ([[Goth (subculture)|Goth]]) clothing
* facial piercings and rings, [[tattoo]]s, and male earrings
* [[depressed]] demeanors (a so-called "emo" culture amongst some teens)
* an absence of objective [[morality]]; instead, a principal will say someone "made the wrong choice"
* a sense of hopelessness
* a lack of [[critical thinking]] about [[liberal]] [[Indoctrinate|indoctrination]]
* [[compulsive profanity]]
* general inability to look someone in the eye
* lewd behavior euphemistically referred to as "PDA" or "Public Display of Affection" <ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0523/p03s01-ussc.html</ref>
* racial discrimination resulting from set cliques of racially homogeneous students <ref>http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/lifestyle/nearly-all-high-school-cliques-are-racially-divided-study_10025532.html</ref>
* tolerance of homosexuality due to school-supported and funded groups <ref>http://www.gsanetwork.org/</ref>
* extreme [[anxiety]]
* feeling that it is funny to be dumb
* being so accustomed to [[censorship]] of ideas that there is genuine surprise when someone actually says something unfamiliar or [[politically incorrect]]
* lack of awareness that [[prayer]] is censored in [[public schools]] and that teachers' [[Labor union|unions]] are very [[liberal]]
* [[alcohol]] and [[drug abuse]]
* disrespect for teachers
* [[bullying]]
* [[gang]] activity <ref>[http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20080427/NEWS01/899830802/0/biz Gangs recruiting at middle schools], [[Diana Hefley]] and [[Kaitlin Manry]], ''[[Daily Herald]]'', April 27, 2008</ref>
* lack of proper etiquette and manners
* glorification of certain groups such as athletic teams and outcast of others
* bitter hate for rival schools and their students
* corrupt and abusive teachers and school administrators<ref>[http://www.courthousenews.com/2010/01/21/23891.htm "School Says Official Embezzled Millions"]. ''Court House News''. January 21, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.citizenlink.org/CLNews/A000003744.cfm "National Media Largely Ignore Public-School Sex Scandals"] ''Citizenlink''. 01.26.2007.</ref><ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/dave-pierre/2008/05/19/not-catholic-church-national-media-mum-huge-l-school-sex-abuse-scandal "Not the Catholic Church? MSM Mum About Huge L.A. School Sex Abuse Scandal"]. Dave Pierre. ''NewsBusters''. May 19, 2008</ref>
* censorship of conservative sources of news and information
* violence and [[Columbine High School|school shootings]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Culture]]

Phil Spector

2010-02-16T04:36:44Z

AlexWD:

'''Phil Spector''' is a convicted murderer. Before that, he was an influential music industry figure best-known for his work with the behind the "girl groups" of the early 1960s and with [[the Beatles]]. He is credited with inventing the so-called "Wall of Sound".

The concept behind the Wall of Sound was that the sound of an instrument could be enhanced through the recording of several instruments (and possibly additional sounds) at the same time. This became integrated into the concept of modern multitrack recording - unlike a live performance, the instruments on most studio albums are played separately into mixable and modifiable "tracks."

Spector would become [[Hollywood Values|violent when drunk]]. After a six-year legal battle following the death of actress Lana Clarkson, he was found guilty of second-degree [[murder]] in 2009.

==Links==

*[http://www.knx1070.com/pages/4193920.php Phil Spector Found Guilty Of 2nd Degree Murder]

United States presidential election, 2012

2010-02-15T19:04:51Z

AlexWD: /* Republican Candidates */

The '''2012 United States Presidential Election''' is scheduled to take place on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. It will occur at the same time as elections to all seats in the [[House of Representatives]] and to one-third of seats in the [[Senate]]. Incumbent Democratic president [[Barack Obama]] is presumed to be seeking re-election in this election. As yet, no Republicans or Democratic challengers have declared their candidacy. The current GOP front-runners, however, are former governors [[Sarah Palin]], [[Mitt Romney]] and [[Mike Huckabee]], Governors [[Bobby Jindal]] and [[Tim Pawlenty]], and former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]. With Obama's decline in the polls among independents, liberals, and moderates, [[Hillary Clinton]]'s public approval ratings have gained.<ref>Peter Roff, [http://www.usnews.com/blogs/peter-roff/2010/01/27/a-hillary-clinton-primary-challenge-to-obama-in-2012.html A Hillary Clinton Primary Challenge to Obama in 2012?], ''USNews and World Report'', January 27, 2010. </ref>

== Republican Candidates ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
![[Fox News]] Exposure
|-
|[[Mitt Romney]]
|First runner-up in 2008
|Somewhat [[liberal]] record; other Republicans do not seem to like him
|Regularly on Fox
|-
|[[Sarah Palin]]
|Empathetic, attracts crowds, [[pro-life]], superlative fundraiser
|Doubts whether she is a [[movement conservative]]; resigned early as governor. Does not rely on a teleprompter, but was caught reading talking points off of the palm of her hand.
|Promoted by Fox
|-
|[[John Thune]]
|Defeated [[Tom Daschle]]; also taller than Obama
|Not widely known yet; formerly supported McCain-Feingold campaign finance
|Rarely allowed on Fox
|-
|[[Newt Gingrich]]
|Articulate, credited with 1994 landslide
|Takes not-so-conservative positions today
|Promoted by Fox
|-
|[[Mike Huckabee]]
|Pro-life, pro-Second Amendment and pro-Bible
|Supported bigger government, released man who then killed officers
|Promoted by Fox
|-
|[[Jeb Bush]]
|More conservative than his brother [[George W. Bush]], and popular in pivotal [[Florida]]
|Could be tagged with negatives via George, which may cause him to wait until 2016
|Rarely appears on Fox
|-
|[[Bob McDonnell]]
|won landslide election as [[Virginia]] governor; has Obama's height
|Not widely known yet, but gave Republican response to State of the Union
|Rarely allowed on Fox
|-
|[[Tim Pawlenty]]
|Young; popular in his home state of [[Minnesota]]
|Still not well known outside of Minnesota; accepted stimulus funds after arguing against them
|Sometimes on Fox
|-
|[[Scott Brown]]
|Proven ability to appeal to moderate voters even in blue states
|Inexperience; too soft on core issues for Republican base?
|Has been on Fox
|-
|}

== Democratic Candidates ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
|-
|[[Hillary Clinton]]
|Kennedy and Reid can't stop her now, and she would be 71 if she waited until 2016; highest approval ratings of any potential challenger.
|Her [[feminism]] is not wanted and she'd lose as [[Martha Coakley]] did
|-
|[[Barack Obama]]
|He's not Hillary Clinton, and he receives biased support from the media
|He depends on a teleprompter to speak, and has run the nation into the ground
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: United States]]
[[Category: United States Presidential Elections]]
[[Category: United States Presidential Election, 2012]]

Windows 7

2010-02-15T04:15:56Z

AlexWD: /* Shipment */ Again, out-of-date speculation

'''Windows Seven''' (previously known as "Vienna" [formerly known as "Blackcomb"]) is the name for the most recent version of [[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] [[Windows (operating system)|Windows]] [[Operating system|operating system]], originally announced in February 2000, but was subject to major delays such as [[Windows XP|Windows XP SP2]] and [[Windows Vista (which was also delayed by XP SP2). "Seven" was released on October 22, 2009. Work on Windows Seven began right after Windows Vista was released.
Some early details of a few core operating system features surfaced at developer conferences such as WHEC in 2006.

== History & Development ==
The codename "Windows Blackcomb" was first assigned to Windows NT 6.0, an operating system that was planned to follow [[Windows XP]]. Blackcomb was supposed to be the successor to both Windows XP (Windows NT 5.1) and Windows Server 2003 (Windows NT 5.2). In late 2001 "Blackcomb" was said to be scheduled for release in 2005 then in August it was announced that a minor intermediate release, codenamed Windows "Longhorn", would release in 2002 to update the Windows NT 5.x line. In the years that followed "Longhorn" was transformed to include many features previously promised for "Blackcomb" and became Windows NT 6, and was given a name, [[Windows Vista]]. The codename "Blackcomb" was eventually discarded, however the ideas and features behind "Blackcomb" that were not included in Windows Vista got a new name codename Windows "Vienna". Windows Vista's successor (Windows Seven) was released in late 2009.

== Focus ==
Sources in Microsoft have stated that Windows Seven will not just be a major change to Windows, but a complete departure from the way users today usually think about using a computer. For example, the "Start" and "Taskbar" philosophy, introduced in Windows 95, might be replaced by a "new interface" that was said in 1999 to be scheduled for Windows Seven ("Vienna"). While Windows Vista was intended to be an evolutionary release, Windows Vienna is targeted directly at revolutionizing the way users of the product interact with their PCs.

[[Bill Gates]], in an interview with Newsweek <ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16934083/site/newsweek/page/4/</ref>, also suggested that the next version of Windows would "be more user-centric.". When asked to clarify what he meant, Gates said:
<blockquote>
"That means that right now when you move from one PC to another, you've got to install apps on each one, do upgrades on each one. Moving information between them is very painful. We can use Live Services to know what you're interested in. So even if you drop by a [public] kiosk or somebody else's PC, we can bring down your home page, your files, your fonts, your favorites and those things. So that's kind of the user-centric thing that Live Services can enable. [Also,] in Vista, things got a lot better with [digital] ink and speech, but by the next release there will be a much bigger bet. Students won't need textbooks; they can just use these tablet devices. Parallel computing is pretty important for the next release. We'll make it so that a lot of the high-level graphics will be just built into the operating system. So we've got a pretty good outline."
</blockquote>

== Shipment ==
Microsoft released Windows Seven at the end of 2009.

Microsoft originally had planned for Vista to include a number of big changes to Windows, including a new file system ([[WinFS]]) and a completely new user interface, but after Windows XP was hit by huge worm outbreaks in 2003, Microsoft moved almost all of its entire engineering team to locking down Windows with the XP SP2 release.

"We put Longhorn on the back burner for awhile," Fathi said. "Then when we came back to it, we realized that there were incremental things that we wanted to do, and significant improvements that we wanted to make in Vista that we couldn't deliver in one release."

== Features ==

Windows 7 includes many new features, such as support for touch screen interfaces<ref name="cnet">http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/10/22/windows.seven/index.html</ref> which lets users draw on the computer screen like a piece of paper<ref>http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/tabletpc/russel_03january20.mspx</ref>. Unlike in previous operating systems, Microsoft decided on many of these new features in conjunction with major computer manufacturers<ref name="cnet" />. Microsoft also redesigned the user interface in many applications, including Paint and Wordpad, which now sport the ribbon interface that Microsoft first introduced in several Office 2007 applications.

== Undocumented Features ==

Software developers are given a shortcut to various internal settings. Dubbed "GodMode" by bloggers; it was not something Microsoft used internally to refer to the undocumented settings folders. Apparently, it has been included since Windows Vista but never discussed by Microsoft until bloggers stumbled upon it. <ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10426627-56.html Windows 7 has lots of 'GodModes' (exclusive), CNET.com, January 6, 2010]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Operating Systems]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]

Windows 7

2010-02-15T04:14:39Z

AlexWD: O.B.E.

'''Windows Seven''' (previously known as "Vienna" [formerly known as "Blackcomb"]) is the name for the most recent version of [[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] [[Windows (operating system)|Windows]] [[Operating system|operating system]], originally announced in February 2000, but was subject to major delays such as [[Windows XP|Windows XP SP2]] and [[Windows Vista (which was also delayed by XP SP2). "Seven" was released on October 22, 2009. Work on Windows Seven began right after Windows Vista was released.
Some early details of a few core operating system features surfaced at developer conferences such as WHEC in 2006.

== History & Development ==
The codename "Windows Blackcomb" was first assigned to Windows NT 6.0, an operating system that was planned to follow [[Windows XP]]. Blackcomb was supposed to be the successor to both Windows XP (Windows NT 5.1) and Windows Server 2003 (Windows NT 5.2). In late 2001 "Blackcomb" was said to be scheduled for release in 2005 then in August it was announced that a minor intermediate release, codenamed Windows "Longhorn", would release in 2002 to update the Windows NT 5.x line. In the years that followed "Longhorn" was transformed to include many features previously promised for "Blackcomb" and became Windows NT 6, and was given a name, [[Windows Vista]]. The codename "Blackcomb" was eventually discarded, however the ideas and features behind "Blackcomb" that were not included in Windows Vista got a new name codename Windows "Vienna". Windows Vista's successor (Windows Seven) was released in late 2009.

== Focus ==
Sources in Microsoft have stated that Windows Seven will not just be a major change to Windows, but a complete departure from the way users today usually think about using a computer. For example, the "Start" and "Taskbar" philosophy, introduced in Windows 95, might be replaced by a "new interface" that was said in 1999 to be scheduled for Windows Seven ("Vienna"). While Windows Vista was intended to be an evolutionary release, Windows Vienna is targeted directly at revolutionizing the way users of the product interact with their PCs.

[[Bill Gates]], in an interview with Newsweek <ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16934083/site/newsweek/page/4/</ref>, also suggested that the next version of Windows would "be more user-centric.". When asked to clarify what he meant, Gates said:
<blockquote>
"That means that right now when you move from one PC to another, you've got to install apps on each one, do upgrades on each one. Moving information between them is very painful. We can use Live Services to know what you're interested in. So even if you drop by a [public] kiosk or somebody else's PC, we can bring down your home page, your files, your fonts, your favorites and those things. So that's kind of the user-centric thing that Live Services can enable. [Also,] in Vista, things got a lot better with [digital] ink and speech, but by the next release there will be a much bigger bet. Students won't need textbooks; they can just use these tablet devices. Parallel computing is pretty important for the next release. We'll make it so that a lot of the high-level graphics will be just built into the operating system. So we've got a pretty good outline."
</blockquote>

== Shipment ==
Microsoft is planning to release Windows Seven by the end of 2009, according to Ben Fathi, corporate vice president of development with Microsoft's Windows Core Operating System Division.

Microsoft originally had planned for Vista to include a number of big changes to Windows, including a new file system ([[WinFS]]) and a completely new user interface, but after Windows XP was hit by huge worm outbreaks in 2003, Microsoft moved almost all of its entire engineering team to locking down Windows with the XP SP2 release.

"We put Longhorn on the back burner for awhile," Fathi said. "Then when we came back to it, we realized that there were incremental things that we wanted to do, and significant improvements that we wanted to make in Vista that we couldn't deliver in one release."

Windows Vista shipped about 2-3 years after XP SP2, and Windows Seven is estimated to take around the same amount of time, according to Fathi. "You can think roughly two, two-and-a-half years is a reasonable time frame that our partners can depend on and can work with, that's a good time frame for refresh." That would put Microsoft's next OS out by the end of 2009.

== Features ==

Windows 7 includes many new features, such as support for touch screen interfaces<ref name="cnet">http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/10/22/windows.seven/index.html</ref> which lets users draw on the computer screen like a piece of paper<ref>http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/tabletpc/russel_03january20.mspx</ref>. Unlike in previous operating systems, Microsoft decided on many of these new features in conjunction with major computer manufacturers<ref name="cnet" />. Microsoft also redesigned the user interface in many applications, including Paint and Wordpad, which now sport the ribbon interface that Microsoft first introduced in several Office 2007 applications.

== Undocumented Features ==

Software developers are given a shortcut to various internal settings. Dubbed "GodMode" by bloggers; it was not something Microsoft used internally to refer to the undocumented settings folders. Apparently, it has been included since Windows Vista but never discussed by Microsoft until bloggers stumbled upon it. <ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10426627-56.html Windows 7 has lots of 'GodModes' (exclusive), CNET.com, January 6, 2010]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Operating Systems]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]

United States presidential election, 2012

2010-02-15T04:05:12Z

AlexWD: /* Republican Candidates */

United States presidential election, 2012

2010-02-15T04:03:48Z

AlexWD: /* Republican Candidates */

United States presidential election, 2012

2010-02-15T04:03:37Z

AlexWD: /* Republican Candidates */

Louis Farrakhan

2010-02-15T03:48:32Z

AlexWD:

'''Louis Abdul Farrakhan''' (born '''Louis Eugene Walcott''' in [[Massachusetts]], 1933)
is the leader of the [[Nation of Islam]].
He has attracted a lot of attention for his outspoken [[black nationalism]], his negative remarks about white people, and his [[anti-Semitic]] remarks.

Farrakhan organized the [[Million Man March]] in 1995. [[Barack Obama]] helped organize the event. <ref>[http://www.biography.com/articles/Louis-Farrakhan-9291850 Bio] biography.com</ref>

In 1996, speaking at the Nation of Islam's Saviour's Day gathering in Chicago, <ref>[http://www.aim.org/wls/author/louis-farrakhan/ Louis Farrakhan] Accuracy In Media</ref>

{{cquote| “God will destroy America by the hands of the Muslims. . . . God will not give Japan or Europe the honor of bringing down the United States; this is an honor God will bestow upon Muslims.”}}

Seven months before the U.S. liberated [[Iraq]], Farrakhan talks with the Islamic Affairs Minister Abdul Munem Saleh from the Iraq News Agency. “The Muslim American people are praying to the almighty God to grant victory to Iraq [over U.S. forces].”

His support of Barack Obama for president was rejected by Obama only after Obama was directly confronted by [[Hillary Clinton]] in a debate.

==See also==
*[[Jeremiah Wright‎]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farrakhan, Louis}}

[[Category: Nation of Islam]]
[[Category: Black Nationalists]]

Richard Hugo

2010-02-15T03:29:15Z

AlexWD:

'''Richard Hugo''' is a [[poet]]. He was born on December 21, 1923, in [[White Center]], [[Washington]], a suburb of [[Seattle]]. He is known as a Pacific Northwest poet; he studied with both [[James Wright]] (poet) and [[Theodore Roethke]], who taught his class at the University of Washington.

==Selected Bibliography==
*''The Triggering Town: Lectures and Essays on Poetry and Writing''
*''Making Certain It Goes On: The Collected Poems of Richard Hugo''
*''The Real West Marginal Way: A Poet's Autobiography''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hugo, Richard}}

[[category:poets]]

Richard Hugo

2010-02-15T03:28:55Z

AlexWD:

'''Richard Hugo''' is a [[poet]]. He was born on December 21, 1923, in [[White Center]], [[Washington]], a suburb of [[Seattle]]. He is known as a Pacific Northwest poet; he studied with both [[James Wright]] (poet) and [[Theodore Roethke]], who taught his class at the University of Washington.

==Selected Bibliography==
*''The Triggering Town: Lectures and Essays on Poetry and Writing''
*''Making Certain It Goes On: The Collected Poems of Richard Hugo''
*[[The Real West Marginal Way: A Poet's Autobiography]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hugo, Richard}}

[[category:poets]]

Oklahoma State University

2010-02-15T03:08:49Z

AlexWD:

{{University
|name=Oklahoma State University
|image=
|text=rgb(248,152,56)
|background=black
|type=Public
|city=Stillwater, Oklahoma
|sports=football, basketball, cross country, wrestling, track and field, baseball, golf, tennis, equestrian, soccer, softball<ref>http://www.okstate.com/</ref>
|colors=orange, black
|mascot=
|website=http://osu.okstate.edu/
}}
'''Oklahoma State University''' is a public university located in Stillwater, [[Oklahoma]]. The school was founded on December 25, 1890, as Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College. The name was changed to its current format in 1957. There are also 3 other campuses located in [[Oklahoma City]], [[Tulsa]], and [[Okmulgee]]. Enrollment totals for these four campuses is around 26,000 students.

== Athletics ==
The Oklahoma State University athletic team name is the Cowboys and their mascot is Pistol Pete. The university has a rich athletic tradition and has been awarded 48 NCAA National Championships, which ranks fourth all-time behind Stanford, USC, and UCLA.

Prominent figures:

*[[Henry Iba]]- basketball coach, led Cowboys to first back to back NCAA Basketball Championship in 1945-46
*[[Eddie Sutton]] - basketball coach
*[[Barry Sanders]] - football player, 1988 [[Heisman Trophy]] winner, #3 on all-time NFL rushing list
*[[Thurman Thomas]] - football player, #11 on all-time NFL rushing list
*[[John Smith (wrestler)|John Smith]] - wrestler/coach, two time Olympic gold medallist

== External Links ==
*[http://okstate.edu Official Website]
*[http://www.okstate.com Oklahoma State University Athletics]

{{Nb_US_universities|Oklahoma‎}}

Arsenic

2010-02-15T03:06:54Z

AlexWD:

{{Element | name=Arsenic | symbol=As | anumber=33 | amass=74.9 amu | noe=33 | class=Metalloid | cstructure=Rhombohedral | color=Gray | date=Arsenic has been known since ancient times. | discname=Unknown | origname=From the Greek ''arsenikos'' and Latin ''arsenicum''. | uses=Arsenic conducts electricity and is a poison | obtained=Mispikel }}

'''Arsenic''' is a [[chemical element]] with an [[atomic number]] of 33, and [[atomic mass]] of approx. 74.92, and is the 20th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Many of its compounds are highly toxic. It bears a chemical similarity to [[phosphorus]] which is the cause of some of its toxic effects. The most common [[oxidization state|charges]] for arsenic to possess are -3, +3, and +5.

Arsenic toxicity is often the result of the inhibition of certain enzymes, commonly those pertinent to metabolism; specifically, it replaces phosphorus is certain reactions, which can prevent the reaction products from functioning appropriately. This can lead to cellular death, which may in turn leads to tissue death and [[necrosis]], and, if left untreated, death.

While chronic exposure to arsenic can cause several types of cancer, such as bladder and skin, it is also used as an anticancer agent for others, such as acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Cacodylic acid (AsOH(CH3)2), an organic form of arsenic, is a defoliant and was used in the Vietnam War under the name Agent Blue. In the United States, it is sometimes sprayed on cotton fields, where it causes the plants to desiccate, making harvesting of cotton bolls easier. Cacodylic acid is also the primary excreted metabolic product of arsenic in humans.

[[Oklahoma State University]] veterinary professor Dr. Billy Clay testified that the amount of arsenic used in animal agriculture is insignificant compared to what’s already in the environment. “Arsenic is very common in nature,” Clay said. “It's everywhere.”<ref>http://www.consumerfreedom.com/news_detail.cfm/headline/3379</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.consumerfreedom.com/news_detail.cfm/headline/3379 Activists Play Chicken With Arsenic]

==References==
{{reflist}}

History of Atheism

2010-02-15T02:44:27Z

AlexWD:

[[Image:Stalin-140508 27880t.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The brutal proponent of atheism [[Joseph Stalin]] of the Soviet Union. Professor R. J. Rummel is the scholar who first coined the term democide (death by government). Rummel's mid estimate is that communism under Stalin, Mao and other dictators caused the death of approximately 110 million people between 1917 and 1987.<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM</ref> ]]
The '''history of atheism''', depending on how one defines the term, can be dated to as early as the 6th century BC, or as recently as the late 18th century AD. The word ''[[atheism]]'' itself was not coined until the 16th century.<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atheism</ref>

The earliest possible examples of atheism involve Eastern religions such as [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]], which do not include a deity. These date back to the 6th century BC, but there is some dispute over whether these religions can be classified as atheistic, in the sense of denying the existence of gods, as many other branches of these religions do incorporate deity worship. In some such religions, the question of the existence of gods is considered to be unimportant rather than a question which can be answered one way or the other. This stance can be better described by the neologism ''apatheism''.

Atheism can also be traced to Ancient Greece in the 5th century BC. [[Diagoras of Melos]] is often referred to as "The First Atheist", and other men who claimed to be atheists include Theodorus of Cyrene and Euhemerus. [[Epicurus]] and Lucretius, who are often described as atheists, believed that the gods existed but that they were unconcerned with human affairs: a position better described as [[Deism]] than atheism. [[Protagoras]] espoused a position which we would describe today as [[agnosticism]], stating that "With regard to the gods I am unable to say either that they exist or do not exist."<ref>Cicero, De Natura Deorum</ref> At the time, however, atheism was a capital offense in Greece - it was the crime for which Socrates was executed, though he denied the charge. It is therefore possible that some individuals may have concealed their true beliefs.

In Medieval and Renaissance Europe, instances of atheism are rare. The existence of arguments put forward to demonstrate God's existence by [[St. Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]], Anselm and others suggests that non-belief was not unheard of, but few records of it are known.

Modern atheism did not begin until the [[Enlightenment]]. In addition, the [[French Revolution]] increased the spread of atheism in [[Europe]].<ref>http://www.investigatingatheism.info/historyeighteenth.html</ref> Baron D'Holbach's book ''The System of Nature'' was the first publication which explicitly denied the existence of God. Other atheists from this time included the philosopher [[David Hume]]. Others denied being atheists (heresy and blasphemy were capital offences) but held materialistic, empiricist, broadly deistic views; these include [[Voltaire]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[John Locke]], [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]].
==Militant Atheism and Atheistic Communism==
The atheism in [[communism|communist]] regimes has been and continues to be [[militant atheism]] and various acts of repression including the razing of thousands of religious buildings and the killing, imprisoning, and oppression of religious leaders and believers.<ref>http://www.academia.org/campus_reports/2000/March_2000_4.html</ref><ref>http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/frroman1.aspx</ref><ref name="ny">http://www.nysun.com/article/23082?page_no=1</ref><ref name="jjl">http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/5/7/120250.shtml</ref><ref name="mim">http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_26_116/ai_56249447</ref><ref name="daily">http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=35818</ref><ref name="china">http://theworldnow.wordpress.com/tag/around-the-world/asia/china/</ref> The theory of [[Evolution|evolution]] played a prominent role in regards to atheistic communism.<ref>http://creation.com/the-darwinian-foundation-of-communism</ref>

It has been estimated that in less than the past 100 years, governments under the banner of communism have caused the death of somewhere between 40,472,000 to 259,432,000 human lives.<ref>[http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/finalconflict/fcrevb102.html The Black Book of Communism]</ref><ref>[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/lelivrenoir.htm The Black Book of Communism]</ref><ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM</ref><ref>[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm]</ref><ref>[http://www.sarasotamagazine.com/blog/template_permalink.asp?id=365 Memory and Ideology]</ref><ref>[http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=2526 The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]</ref> Dr. R. J. Rummel, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaii, is the scholar who first coined the term democide (death by government). Dr. R. J. Rummel's mid estimate regarding the loss of life due to communism is that communism caused the death of approximately 110,286,000 people between 1917 and 1987.<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM</ref>

==See also==
*[[Atheism and beliefs]]
*[[Atheism]]
*[[Christianity in Conservapedia]]

==External Links==
*[http://atheismisdead.blogspot.com/2009/05/history-of-atheism.html History of Atheism] by [[Atheism is Dead]]
*[http://www.firstthings.com/blog/2008/03/14/a-short-history-of-atheism/ A Short History of Atheism]
*[http://www.investigatingatheism.info/history.html History of atheism]

==Recommended Reading==
*Dimitry Pospielovsky, (December, 1987), ''A History of [[Karl Marx|Marxist]]-[[Vladimir Lenin|Leninist]] Atheism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Antireligious Policies'', Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312381328
*Dimitry Pospielovsky, (November, 1987), ''Soviet Antireligious Campaigns and Persecutions (History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice and the Believers, Vol 2)'', Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312009054
*Dimitry Pospielovsky, (August, 1988), ''Soviet Studies on the Church and the Believer's Response to Atheism: A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice and the Believers, Vol 3'', Palgrave Macmillan, hardcover: ISBN 0312012918, paperback: ISBN 0312012926

==References==
<references />

{{Nb Atheism}}

[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:History]]

Borat

2010-02-15T02:41:26Z

AlexWD:

'''''Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of [[Kazakhstan]]''''' is a 2007 [[mockumentary]] film released by 20th Century Fox. The film stars British comic [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] in the title role.

In the film, Borat Sagdiyev is an ignorant, [[anti-Semitic]], [[misogynist]] Kazakh journalist who goes to [[United States|America]] to learn about the country's culture. In America, Borat falls for Pamela Anderson on television, and goes all the way to [[California]] in an attempt to marry her. Along the way, he meets up with a lot of people who think that Borat is an actual foreigner with no knowledge of U.S. customs.

This film has a lot of gross sexual references and toilet humor. Many critics believe this film is anti-American because Borat talks to many racists and sexists. Sacha Baron Cohen just says he made this film to show "just how dumb [[racism]] is". Many Jewish people also objected to the film, most notably the [[Anti-Defamation League]], since the main character is anti-Semitic. Ironically, Cohen is an observant [[Judaism|Jew]], and during the film while supposedly speaking [[Kazakh]], is actually speaking [[Hebrew]].

An example of the anti-American nature of the film occurs in a scene at a [[rodeo]]. Borat gets the audience to sing along to the American anthem and then he sings the supposed "Kazakh" national anthem, which contains highly offensive verses. The crowd, on the belief that he is well-intentioned, sings along until they realize what he has gotten them to say -- a sing-songy skewering of traditional American values.

Many people that Borat met in the film have filed lawsuits against Cohen and 20th Century Fox. For example, a businessman who ran screaming from Cohen when he attempted to hug him is filing a lawsuit. Also, the fraternity brothers who supposedly made misogynistic remarks while talking to Cohen sued Cohen and Fox, claiming that he tricked them into making the racist and sexist remarks. The case was eventually dropped.

==Links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0443453/ Borat] at IMDB.com

[[Category:Comedy]]

Warring States Period

2010-02-15T02:37:55Z

AlexWD:

After lengthy fighting among seven states in [[China]] 480 BC-221 BC, the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] won control of China.

This period is remembered not only for the violent political struggles, but also for the philosophical schools that flourished and competed during this time. In fact, it was during this era that [[Confucius]] said: "Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend". In addition to [[Confucianism]], other important philosophical schools of this period included [[Legalism]], [[Moism]] (named after the philosopher, Mozi), [[Nihilism]], and various varieties of [[Daoism]].

Art and culture also flourished in some areas of China during this period. Porcelain produced during this period (the namesake and model for later Ming vases) were of high quality and are still highly valued today. Bronze work also reached a great technological height during this period, producing some of the finest practical and ornamental bronzes of ancient China.

[[Category:China]]
[[Category:Chinese History]]

Great Chicago Fire

2010-02-15T02:37:18Z

AlexWD:

The '''Great Chicago Fire''' occurred in [[Chicago]] in 1871 and burned most of the city to the ground. It began in a shanty shed behind some overcrowded housing. The fire is considered one of the major [[disaster]]s in [[United States]] history.

[[Category:Gilded Age]]
[[Category:Disasters]]
[[Category:Chicago]]

University of Oklahoma

2010-02-15T02:36:43Z

AlexWD:

{{University
|name=University of Oklahoma
|image=
|text=rgb(142,5,0)
|background=
|type=Public
|city=Norman, Oklahoma
|sports=baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, gymnastics, rowing, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, volleyball, wrestling<ref>http://www.soonersports.com/</ref>
|colors=red, white
|mascot=Sooners
|website=http://www.ou.edu/
}}
The '''University of Oklahoma''' is located in Norman, [[Oklahoma]]. It was established in 1890 and the first students enrolled in 1892. As of fall 2006 the university had 29,721 students and 2,789 Faculty. The [[Princeton Review]] ranks OU among the Top 10 public universities in the nation in terms of academic excellence and cost for students. The school offers 160 master's programs, 152 bachelor's programs, 20 majors at the first professional level, and 75 doctorate programs. It was ranked the #10 school in PC Magazine's Top 20 Wired Colleges.<ref>{{cite web|title= #10 University of Oklahoma|work=PC Magazine|format=HTML|language=English|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,2073606,00.asp}}</ref>

== University Presidents ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|+Name/Years Served
|-
!David Ross Boyd
|1892-1908
|-
!A. Grant Evans
|1908-1911
|-
!Stratton D. Brooks
|1912-1923
|-
!James S. Buchanan:
|1924-1925
|-
!William Bennett Bizzell
|1926-1941
|-
!Joseph A. Brandt
|1941-1943
|-
!George Lynn Cross
|1943-1968
|-
!John Herbert Hollomon
|1968-1970
|-
!Paul F. Sharp
|1971-1977
|-
!William S. Banowsky
|1978-1984
|-
!Frank E. Horton
|1985-1988
|-
!Richard Van Horn
|1989-1993
|-
!David Boren
|1994-present
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
== References ==
*[http://www.ou.edu University of Oklahoma]
*[http://www.visit.ou.edu/HTML/ Visit OU]
*[http://www.ou.edu/provost/ir/Factbook_2007/HTML/07_1_32%20all%20hc.xls.htm University Enrollment]
{{Nb_US_universities|Oklahoma‎}}

Nutmeg

2010-02-15T02:35:44Z

AlexWD:

[[Image:Nutmeg.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Nutmeg before processing]]
'''Nutmeg''' is a fragrant [[spice]] that comes from the seed of the East Indian nutmeg tree (''Myristica fragrans''). It is often grated or ground for use in cooking.

[[Category: Spices]]

Forbes

2010-02-15T02:34:48Z

AlexWD:

'''Forbes Inc.''' is an American [[publishing]] company best known for its eponymous business magazine ''Forbes'' which is published bi-weekly. It was founded in 1917 by B.C. Forbes and built up by long-time owner Malcolm Forbes (1917–1990), noted for his intense devotion to capitalism. It is now run by [[Steve Forbes]] (1947- ), who has been very active in conservative and [[Republican Party]] affairs.

The magazine provides a range of reporting on world business affairs, and is famed for its annual lists of the richest people in America and the world. It calls itself "The Capitalist Tool."

[[File:Forbes1.jpg|Thumb|190px|''Forbes Magazine'' Nov 2008]]

The entire magazine industry has been hit hard by the [[Recession of 2008]], as has the newspaper industry. The subscription base at ''Forbes'' is steady at 920,000 copies, but there have been more and more discount offers, and advertising is down 15% from early 2008 to early 2009. There have been layoffs and furloughs among the 1000 employees, a sharp comedown from the days of lavish spending by the Forbes family.

Ad pages have declined even more at the two major competitors; ''Forbes'' has a listed revenue of $338 million, compared to $276 million for ''Fortune'' and $236 million for ''BusinessWeek''. The rival business magazine ''Portfolio,'' from Condé Nast’s is teetering and may not last another year.

The website Forbes.com is one of the top five financial sites by traffic, generating $70 million to $80 million a year in revenue.

In 2006, the Forbes family sold 40% of the company to Elevation Partners, a private equity firm, for $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million. The value today is perhaps half that.

==Further reading==
* David Carr, "Even Forbes Is Pinching Pennies' [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/business/media/15forbes.html?ref=business '' New York Times'' June 14, 2009]

[[Category:Magazines]]
[[Category:Conservative Magazines]]

Steve Ballmer

2010-02-15T02:33:52Z

AlexWD:

[[Image:Ballmer-1.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Steve Anthony Ballmer''' (born March 24th, 1956 in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]) is the current CEO and one of the funders of [[Microsoft Corporation]]. He was ranked the nioneteenth richest person in the world in 2007 by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, with an estimated net worth of $12.4 billion. Steve Ballmer's father, a [[Ford Motor Company]] employee, was a Swiss immigrant; his mother was a [[Jewish]] American.

== See also ==

*[[Jewish communities in America]]

==References==
*[http://ca.askmen.com/men/business_politics_60/68_steve_ballmer.html ''AskMen'''s profile of Steve Ballmer]
*[http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml?passListId=10&passYear=2004&passListType=Person&uniqueId=ZBED&datatype=Person ''Forbes'' magazine's profile of Steve Ballmer]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Balmer, Steve}}
[[Category:Business People]]

Robert Kraft

2010-02-15T02:32:01Z

AlexWD:

'''Robert Kraft''' is a businessman. He has owned the [[New England Patriots]] since January 21, 1994. He received a [[MBA]] from [[Harvard]] Business School.

== See also ==

*[[Harvard Business School]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kraft, Robert}}

[[Category:Business People]]

Winston Churchill

2010-02-15T02:24:57Z

AlexWD: us spelling

{{Prime Minister
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|party=Conservative Party
|term_start=May 10, 1940
|term_end=1945
|previous=Neville Chamberlain
|next=Clement Attlee
|term_start2=1950
|term_end2=1955
|previous2=Clement Attlee
|next2=Anthony Eden
|birth_date=1874
|birth_place=
|death_date=1965
|death_place=
|spouse=
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|religion=[[Anglican]]
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The Right Honourable '''Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill''' (1874-1965) was an English statesman, orator, soldier and historian who served as Conservative [[Prime Minister]] of the [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in the [[Second World War]]. He was one of the few leaders to achieve high office in both World Wars and to write profusely about his experiences. Best known for his courageous leadership as British prime minister standing alone against Hitler's Germany, Churchill was a formidable politician over a half-century, as well as the historian whose interpretations shaped English language studies of both world wars. He was a leader of the Liberal party before it collapsed in the 1920s; then he rejoined the Conservative party. Although he supported the beginning of the welfare state around 1910, he was temperamentally and culturally a conservative, and he became a leading opponent of socialism after 1945, as well as an opponent of Gandhi's movement for the independence of India after 1930. Throughout his career he was pro-business and hostile to labour unions.

A larger-than-life character, famous for his trademark cigar and his reputation as a drinker (which he joyfully exaggerated), Churchill was also a talented amateur landscape painter and pilot, soldier, farmer, and even bricklayer. When he retired from the House of Commons in 1964, he had spent over six decades in public life, a career that ran from the last great British cavalry charge to the nuclear age.

==Career==
===Early life===
Churchill was a younger son of the top aristocracy. He was born in 1874 to Lord [[Randolph Churchill]] and an American mother.
Winston's father, Lord Randolph Churchill (1849–1895) was a third son of a poor English duke with a very famous family name; Randolph became a prominent Conservative politician. He married Jennie Jerome (1854–1921), the daughter of American millionaire Leonard Jerome. She was of colonial American stock of English ancestry and brought a dowry of £50,000. Churchill was born in [[Blenheim Palace]], the palace of the dukes of Marlborough. He had one brother, John Strange Churchill (1880–1947). The parents' marriage faltered, in part because of Lord Randolph's debilitating disease (which resembled syphilis); Lady Randolph became notorious for her romantic attachments, becoming known as "Lady Jane Snatcher." She liked Winston, but largely ignored him.<ref>. H. L. Le May, "Churchill, Jeanette (Lady Randolph Churchill) (1854–1921)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' 2004; [http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/article/37282, online] </ref> His mother later became his ardent ally, helping him achieve key assignments as a war reporter and smoothing his career in politics. The son idealized his always-absent mother. "She shone for me like the Evening Star," Churchill later wrote. "I loved her dearly—but at a distance." <ref> Jenkins, ''Churchill,'' p. 8</ref>

Winston spent a typical upper-class childhood in the hands of nurses and headmasters at a succession of private schools from the age of eight. While he was no more neglected than most boys of his age and class, his sensitive nature suffered as a result of his parents' aloofness and he always regretted his failure to achieve a close relationship with his father, who died in 1895 at the age of only 45 and Winston was 21. Churchill rarely spoke with his father, who served as Secretary of state for India, Leader of the House and chancellor of the exchequer. However the son systematically adopted his father's ideas and political positions, and thereby became well known in political circles.

He entered Harrow School in 1888 with a track for the Army. Churchill had an independent and rebellious nature; he lacked self-discipline and displayed slovenly or unruly behaviour. His grades were poor apart from English and history; he avoided team sports but was a fencing champion. His father did not think he was smart enough for Oxford, so he went to the military academy at Sandhurst in 1893. He excelled at tactics, fortifications and horsemanship, graduating twentieth out of a class of 130 in 1894; he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant cavalry officer in the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, where he excelled at polo.

===Military experience===
Posted to Bangalore, India, in 1896, he ignored local conditions. His duties were done well before noon; apart from polo he did not socialize with his peers, who considered the slender, short, highly ambitious young man to be pushy, bumptious and not a proper gentleman.In 1902 the intellectual Beatrice Webb found him "egotistical, bumptious, shallow-minded and reactionary, but with a certain personal magnetism, great pluck and some originality, not of intellect but of character. More of the American speculator than the English aristocrat." <ref> Jenkins, ''Churchill,'' p. 148</ref> Churchill became an intellectual, as he immersed himself in the classics, devouring the works of Adam Smith, Gibbon, Macaulay, Hallam, Lecky, and Darwin. He carefully studied the parliamentary debates of the 1870s to 1890s, adding to them his own imaginary speeches. He never learned Latin or Greek so he fashioned a prose style modeled on the two finest writers among English historians, Gibbon and Macaulay. A book on the evolution of civilization that ridiculed Christianity<ref>Winwood Reade ''Martyrdom of Man'' (1872)</ref> led to his loss of religious faith; he believed in evolution and the inevitability of progress.

Between 1897 and 1900, with the aid of his mother's lobbying in London, Churchill fought in three imperial wars while doubling as a war correspondent and writing three books. In 1897 he joined three brigades in fighting a Pathan tribe. His lively account of the skirmishes proved he could write for the popular press; he received £5 per column from the ''Daily Telegraph'' and soon became the highest paid war correspondent in the world.

[[File:Churchill The River War.jpg|thumb|''The River War,'' one of Churchill's first books]]

In late 1899 Churchill went to South Africa as a war correspondent to cover the [[Second Boer War]]; his salary was a remarkable £250 per month plus expenses. Caught in an ambush Churchill was captured and held in a POW camp in Pretoria; he escaped--an adventure that made him a minor national hero. He rejoined General Redvers Buller's army on its march to relieve [[Ladysmith]] and take Pretoria. Churchill was one of the first British troops into Ladysmith and Pretoria. In 1900, he published two books on the Boer war, ''London to Ladysmith via Pretoria''<ref> online at [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14426]</ref> and ''Ian Hamilton's March''<ref> online at [http://books.google.com/books?id=27yKxqljk4gC&dq=inauthor:winston+inauthor:churchill&num=30].</ref>

Churchill's mother used her connections with the prince of Wales to get the her son assigned to the force commanded by Lord Kitchener for the reconquest of the [[Sudan]]. Churchill arrived just in time to join the cavalry charge at the battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), in which his regiment galloped by accident into a ravine crammed with armed men. Churchill, who shot and killed at least three of the enemy, was cool, courageous and lucky.<ref> Over 30,000 Sudanese were killed, compared with 28 British soldiers. </ref> The ''Morning Post'' ran his stories, and the public snatched up his two-volume ''The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan'' (1899)<ref> online at [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4943]</ref>. It displayed a remarkably sympathetic history of the Sudanese revolt against Egyptian rule. A speaking tour of Britain, the U.S. and Canada in 1900 netted £10,000, proving the funding he needed for a political-literary career.<ref> Churchill met [[Theodore Roosevelt]]; they resembled each other in many ways but never became friends.</ref>

===Early politics===
In late 1900, Churchill was elected to Parliament as a Conservative. His independent nature soon saw him at odds with his party, and in 1904 he "crossed the floor" to the Liberals, who won a landslide election in early 1906. He served the Liberal government as President of the Board of Trade and Home Secretary, where he helped pass social reform legislation that laid the foundations of the British welfare state.

When [[Herbert Henry Asquith]] became Prime Minister in 1908, Churchill was promoted to the Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. Working closely with [[David Lloyd George]] he helped pass major social welfare legislation, called the "New Liberalism.". Churchill focused on the "Trade Boards Bill," a scheme to end the sweatshops in the garment industry; on labour exchanges, designed to reduce unemployment by making job searches easier; and unemployment insurance for 3 million workers in cyclical industries. He supported Lloyd George's highly controversial "People's Budget" of 1909-10 (with spending increase of 11% and multiple tax increases that especially targeted rich landowners), even as it caused a constitutional crisis with the House of Lords.<ref> Jenkins, ''Churchill'' 157-66; Bruce K. Murray, "The Politics of the 'People's Budget'" ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1973), pp. 555-570 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X(197309)16%3A3%3C555%3ATPOT'B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]</ref>

Churchill in 1910 denied that war with Germany was a threat and opposed the tripling of the warship budget proposed by the Admiralty.<ref>Jenkins, ''Churchill,'' 154-56 </ref> Churchill generally was on the winning side, though he was beaten on the warships.<ref> Jenkins, ''Churchill, ch 8</ref>

In 1910, Churchill was promoted to [[Home Secretary]]. Regarding a dispute at the Cambrian Colliery coal mine in Tonypandy, initially Churchill blocked the use of troops fearing a repeat of the 1887 "bloody Sunday" in Trafalgar Square. Nevertheless, he deployed soldiers to protect the mines and to avoid riots when thirteen strikers were tried for minor offences, an action that broke the tradition of not involving the military in civil affairs and led to lingering dislike for Churchill in Wales.

In 1911, he became First Lord of the Admiralty (civilian head of the Royal Navy), working especially to complete the conversion of ships from coal to oil. Together with his two First Sea Lords, Prince Louis of Battenberg and Admiral Lord Fisher, Churchill promoted fast, powerful battleships and outproduced the Germans to maintain British naval supremacy. He founded the Naval Air Service, and made numerous visits to ships and navy bases, where he was admired for his efforts to improve conditions for officers and crews.

===First World War===
At Churchill's direction, the fleet was at its war station before war broke out in 1914, but it was never able to engage the Germans in a decisive early sea battle. Churchill designed and supervised the Gallipoli campaign to force a route to [[Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]). It was a unmitigated failure, and led to his removal from the Admiralty in May 1915. Reporting to his regiment in the trenches of Belgium, he was under fire for three months before returning to Parliament. In 1917, he was appointed Minister of Munitions and in 1919, Secretary for War and Air. He wrote a major 4-volume history of the war that added to his literary reputation.

===1920s===
As Colonial Secretary in 1921-22, he advocated the dropping of poison gas on rebellious tribes of Iraqi Arabs [http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/CHU407A.html]and during this period Churchill enjoyed two notable diplomatic achievements. At the 1921 Cairo conference, he helped establish the borders of the modern [[Middle East]], though he failed in his attempt to set up a Kurdish homeland "to protect the Kurds against some future bully in [[Iraq]]." Closer to home, he helped to forge the Irish Treaty, which kept the peace in Ireland for 50 years. Michael Collins, the IRA revolutionary with whom Churchill negotiated, said from his deathbed: "Tell Winston we could have done nothing without him."

In 1924, Churchill rejoined the Conservatives, serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer through spring 1929. He returned Britain to the gold standard and ran a government newspaper, ''The British Gazette'', during the general strike of 1926, and is still remembered in South Wales as the politician who sent tanks onto the streets to force striking miners back to work.
===Political exile in 1930s===
[[File:Churchill Sunset over Atlas Mountains, Marrakech 1935.jpg|thumb|Sunset over Atlas Mountains, Marrakesh, 1935.]]
He became increasingly separated from the Conservatives in the 1930s, first over the plan to grant India dominion status; later over Britain's slow rearmament in the face of Hitler's aggression; and finally when he championed King Edward VIII, who abdicated in 1936.

{{Clear}}

===Second World War===
Not until war had broken out again in 1939 was he asked to rejoin the Government, again becoming First Lord of the Admiralty, which according to legend, signaled to its ships: "Winston is Back." He renewed his energetic naval policies but was repulsed in an attempt to wrest Norway from the invading Germans in April 1940, having first had to drop ambitious plans to invade neutral Sweden.

With the Nazi blitzkrieg pouring into the [[Low Countries]] in May, 1940, The British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] resigned and Churchill was appointed Prime Minister as head of in an all-party coalition government with Labour and the Liberals. Although Britain continued to be defeated elsewhere, in the [[Battle of Britain]] the German Air Force was unable to gain the air superiority required for an invasion of Britain. In those months, as Edward R. Murrow said, "he mobilized the English language and sent it into battle." Some of Churchill's most famous speeches were given at this time. The Germans turned their attention east, to their ally the Soviet Union.

After Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Churchill saw the chance to defeat Hitler using Soviet manpower. He vowed to help the Soviets, declaring, "If Hitler invaded hell I would at least make a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons."

By 1940 Churchill had developed close ties with U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], he secured American military aid and financial support, but his ultimate goal was to have America fighting at Britain's side. Together they proclaimed the "[[Atlantic Charter]]" in 1941. The U.S. became the "Arsenal of Democracy," using [[Lend Lease]] to send $50 billion in military supplies to the Allies; most went to Britain, which in turn sent munitions to Russia.<ref>Lend Lease was free and did not have to be repaid, although transport ships were to be returned after the war, and some were.</ref> When the United States declared war after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December, 1941, Churchill admitted that he "slept the sleep of the saved and the thankful."

Europe was the centre of his attention; the Australians complained about his neglect of their interests (and turned to the U.S. for protection). Recalling the horrible death tolls of 1914-1918, he was reluctant to invade France, proposing instead invasions of North Africa and Italy (which took place in 1942-43) and the Balkans (which did not happen). Churchill strongly supported the strategic air campaign that bombed enemy cities, railyards and oil refineries. He worked very well with [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the American general in overall command of the invasion of France that was launched successfully in June 1944. Despite complaints by senior generals and admirals that Churchill interfered too much in military matters, he was successful in balancing the economic, manpower, diplomatic, psychological and military dimensions of the war.

===Defeat in 1945===
Churchill was disappointed by the failure to control an expansionist Soviet Union toward the end of the war, and watched with mounting concern another totalitarian state rise dominant in Europe. To the amazement of many outside Britain, his party was routed in the 1945 general election and he became Leader of the Opposition. His famous "Iron Curtain" speech at Fulton, Missouri, in 1946 was the opening salvo and warning of the Cold War, unpopular at the time but later considered prophetic. In 1949, he predicted the demise of Communism, "ignited by a spark coming from God knows where, and in a moment the whole system of lies and oppression is on trial for its life."
===Return in 1951===
In 1951 the Conservatives regained an electoral majority and Churchill became prime minister again, but he was disappointed in his effort to achieve a peaceful settlement of cold war antagonisms, and his domestic record was indifferent. He became a Knight of the Garter, acquiring the title "Sir Winston" in 1953.

Suffering from age and poor health, he retired in April 1955, but remained a Member of Parliament for another nine years. He declined a peerage in order to remain in Commons. In 1963 he was declared an Honorary Citizen of the United States by President [[John F. Kennedy]]. He died at age 90 on January 24, 1965. [http://www.churchill.navy.mil/site%20pages/history.aspx]
==Churchill as historian==
Churchill was a prolific historian with a lively style and a very wide audience. won the 1953 [[Nobel Prize]] for [[Literature]], bestowed for his numerous books on history, biography and politics. His greatest biography was ''Marlborough'' (4 volumes, 1933-38); his best-known historical work was ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'' (4 volumes, 1956-1958). His personal memoirs, ''My Early Life'' (1930), ''The World Crisis'' (5 volumes, 1923-31) and ''The Second World War'' (6 volumes, 1948-53) are readable personal accounts of his Victorian youth and the two world wars. In all, Churchill wrote over 40 titles in over 60 volumes, nearly 1,000 articles and uncounted speeches.

Churchill wrote ''Lord Randolph Churchill'', a two-volume biography of his father which was published in 1906 and received much critical acclaim. Some historians suggest Churchill used the book in part to vindicate his own career and in particular to justify crossing the floor.<ref>James, ''Churchill a study in failure'' p34-35</ref> His ''The World Crisis'' (six volumes, 1923–31) was a broad-scale history of the First World War, with Churchill never far offstage. His greatest work was , ''The Second World War'' (six volumes, 1948–53), using secret papers not available to other for many years; he did not reveal the prime secret of breaking the German codes (which was revealed in the early 1970s). Churchill's highly detailed narrative structured much of the historiography for the first decade or two after the war, especially in his analysis and denunciation of the appeasement policy of the late 1930s.<ref> See Reynolds (2001) and Reynolds (2005)</ref>

===Evaluation===
Asked to summarize Churchill in one sentence, his biographer Martin Gilbert said: "He was a great humanitarian who was himself distressed that the accidents of history gave him his greatest power at a time when everything had to be focused on defending the country from destruction, rather than achieving his goals of a fairer society."

To Martin Gilbert also we owe these last lines from Sir Winston's biography: "When at last his life's great impulses were fading, Churchill's daughter Mary paid him perhaps the most eloquent tribute of all: 'In addition to all the feelings a daughter has for a loving, generous father, I owe you what every Englishman, woman & child does--Liberty itself.'"

Margot Asquith said it was not his mind or uneven judgment Britons respected but rather "his courage and colour — his amazing mixture of industry and enterprise." "He never shirks, hedges or protects himself; he takes huge risks."<ref> quoted in David Fromkin, ''A Peace to End All Peace'' (2001) p. 54</ref>

[[Image:Sir Winston Churchill.jpg|right]]

== Famous Quotes ==

*Winston Churchill, election broadcast (May, 1945) '''"I must tell you that a socialist policy is abhorrent to British ideas on freedom. There is to be one State, to which all are to be obedient in every act of their lives. This State, once in power, will prescribe for everyone: where they are to work, what they are to work at, where they may go and what they may say, what views they are to hold, where their wives are to queue up for the State ration, and what education their children are to receive. A socialist state could not afford to suffer opposition - ''no socialist system can be established without a political police''. They (the Labour government) would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo."'''

*"Never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy."

*"Winston, if I were married to you I'd put poison in your coffee"...."Nancy, if I were married to you I'd drink it." ''(Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess Astor, b.1879, speaking to Sir Winston, and his reply, this occurred during a weekend house party at Blenheim Palace in the early 1930's)''

*"'''I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. Let that be realized; no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge and impulse of the ages, that mankind will move forward towards its goal. But I take up my task with buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. At this time I feel entitled to claim the aid of all, and I say, "come then, let us go forward together with our united strength."'''[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=435]

*The power of the Executive to cast a man into prison without formulating any charge known to the law, and particularly to deny him the judgment of his peers, is in the highest degree odious and is the foundation of all totalitarian government whether Nazi or Communist" -- Winston Churchill, November 21, 1943.

*We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender! ''Speech in the House of Commons, 4 June 1940, following the evacuation of British and French armies from Dunkirk, as the German tide swept through France.[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=388#Never_give_in]

*What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may more forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their Finest Hour." ''Speech in the House of Commons, 18 June 1940, following the collapse of France. Many thought Britain would follow. [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=388#Finest]

*The gratitude of every home in our island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the world war by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. ''Tribute to the Royal Air Force, House of Commons, 20 August 1940. He had worked out the phrase about "The Few" in his mind as he visited the Fighter Command airfields in Southern England.'' [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=388#so_much_owed]

==See also==
* [[Yalta conference]]
* [[Charles de Gaulle]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]

==Bibliography==
===Biographies===
* Addison, Paul. "Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874–1965)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' [http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/article/32413, online]
* Addison, Paul. ''Churchill: The Unexpected Hero.'' (2005). 320 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-Unexpected-Hero-Paul-Addison/dp/0199297436/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226209264&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Best, Geoffrey. ''Churchill: A Study in Greatness'' (2003), 400pp; very well received biography
* Blake, Robert. ''Winston Churchill. Pocket Biographies'' (1997), 110 pages
* Charmley, John. ''Churchill, The End of Glory: A Political Biography'' (1993). revisionist; favors Chamberlain; says Churchill weakened Britain
* D'Este, Carlo. ''Warlord: A Life of Winston Churchill at War, 1874-1945'' (2008), stresses his many military roles.
* Gilbert, Martin. ''Churchill: A Life'' (1992); one volume version of 8-volume life (8900 pp); amazing detail but as Rasor complains, "no background, no context, no comment, no analysis, no judgments, no evaluation, and no insights." [http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-Life-Martin-Gilbert/dp/0805023968/ref=pd_bbs_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208898&sr=8-11 excerpt and text search]
* Heywood, Samantha. ''Churchill'' (2003) 162 pp, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104529861 online edition]
* James, Robert Rhodes. ''Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900-1939'' (1970), 400 pp.
* Jenkins, Roy. ''Churchill: A Biography'' (2001), 1000 pp; strong on Parliamentary roles [http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-Roy-Jenkins/dp/0452283523/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226209134&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Keegan, John. ''Winston Churchill'' (2002) 208 pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0670030791/ref=sib_dp_pop_ex/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&p=S00F#reader-link online excerpt]
* Manchester, William. ''The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory 1874-1932'', 1983; vol 2 is ''The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Alone 1932-1940'', 1988,; no more published [http://www.amazon.com/Last-Lion-Winston-Spencer-Churchill/dp/0316545031/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208898&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Pelling, Henry. ''Winston Churchill'' (1974), 736pp; comprehensive biography
* Rose, Norman. ''Churchill: An Unruly Life'' (1994), full-length biography [http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-Unruly-Giant-Norman-Rose/dp/0028740092/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226209166&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wrigley, Chris. ''Winston Churchill: A Biographical Companion.'' ABC-CLIO, 2002. 367 pp.; online at some libraries

===Specialized studies===
* Addison, Paul. ''Churchill on the Home Front 1900-1955'' (1992)
* Ball, Stuart. "Churchill and the Conservative Party," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 307-330 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C307%3ACATCP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Bell, Christopher M. "Winston Churchill, Pacific Security, and the Limits of British Power, 1921-41," in John H. Maurer, ed. ''Churchill and Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars'' (2003) pp 51-120 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108530166# online edition]
* Ben-Moshe, Tuvia. ''Churchill, Strategy and History.'' 1992, covers world wars [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98438222 online edition]
* Beschloss, Michael R. ''The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Conquerors-Roosevelt-Destruction-Hitlers-1941-1945/dp/0743244540/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208863&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Best, Geoffrey. ''Churchill and War.'' 2005. 353 pp.
* Blake, Robert and Louis William Roger, eds. ''Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War'' Oxford UP, 1992, 581 pp; 29 essays by scholars on specialized topics[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26340770 online edition]
* Callahan, Raymond. ''Churchill and His Generals,'' (2007) 310pp
* Cannadine, David. "Churchill and the British Monarchy," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 249-272 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C249%3ACATBM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G in JSTOR]
* Charmley, John. ''Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940-57'' (1996)
* Charmley, John. "Churchill and the American Alliance," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 353-371 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C353%3ACATAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U in JSTOR]
* Danchev, Alex. "'Dilly-Dally', or Having the Last Word: Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Prime Minister Winston Churchill," ''Journal of Contemporary History'' Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jan., 1987), pp. 21-44 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0094%28198701%2922%3A1%3C21%3A%27OHTLW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E in JSTOR]
* Delaney, Douglas E. "Churchill and the Mediterranean Strategy: December 1941 to January 1943." ''Defence Studies'' 2002 2(3): 1-26. Issn: 1470-2436 Fulltext: in Ebsco
* Gilbert, Martin. ''Churchill and America'' 2005. 352 pp.
* Gorodetsky, Gabriel. "The Origins of the Cold War: Stalin, Churchill and the Formation of the Grand Alliance," ''Russian Review'' Vol. 47, No. 2 (Apr., 1988), pp. 145-170 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-0341%28198804%2947%3A2%3C145%3ATOOTCW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 in JSTOR] 7
* Jablonsky, David. "Churchill and Technology," in John H. Maurer, ed. ''Churchill and Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars'' (2003) pp 121-158 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108530166# online edition]
* Keegan, John, ed. ''Churchill's Generals'' (1991) 17 essays by experts
* Kersaudy, François. ''Churchill and De Gaulle'' 1981
* Kimball, Warren. ''Forged in war: Churchill, Roosevelt and the Second World War'' (1997)
* Lambakis, Steven James. ''Winston Churchill, Architect of Peace: A Study of Statesmanship and the Cold War'' (1994) 194 pp. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/winston-churchill-architect-of-peace-a-study-of-statesmanship-and-the-cold-war-by-steven-james-lambakis.jsp online edition]
* Larres, Klaus. ''Churchill's Cold War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy.'' Yale U. Press, 2002. 569 pp.
* Lawlor, Sheila. ''Churchill and the politics of war, 1940–1941'' (1993)
* Lewin, Ronald. ''Churchill as warlord'' (1973)
* Lukacs, John. ''Churchill: Visionary, Statesman, Historian'' 2002. 202pp, interpretive essays
* Marder, Arthur. ''Winston is back: Churchill at the admiralty, 1939–1940'' (1973)
* Massie, Robert ''Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War''; ch 40-41 on Churchill at Admiralty
* Maurer, John H. "The 'Ever-Present Danger': Winston Churchill's Assessment of the German Naval Challenge before the First World War" in John H. Maurer, ed. ''Churchill and Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars'' (2003) pp 7-50 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108530166# online edition]
* Miner, Steven Merritt. ''Between Churchill and Stalin: The Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the Origins of the Grand Alliance'' (1988) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3063617 online edition]
* Parker, R. A. C. ed. ''Winston Churchill: studies in statesmanship'' (1995), scholarly studies
* Parker, R. A. C. ''Churchill and appeasement'' (2000)
* Wrigley, Chris. "Churchill and the Trade Unions," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 273-293 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C273%3ACATTU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q in JSTOR]
* Young, John W. ''Winston Churchill's Last Campaign: Britain and the Cold War, 1951-5'' 1996 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9663209 online edition]
* Young, John W. "Churchill and East-West Detente," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 373-392 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C373%3ACAED%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 in JSTOR]

===Historiography===
* Ashley, Maurice. "Churchill and History," ''International Affairs'' Vol. 42, No. 1. (Jan., 1966), pp. 87-94. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28196601%2942%3A1%3C87%3ACAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR], Churchill as author
* Ramsden, John. ''Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945.'' Columbia U. Press, 2003. 672 pp.
* Rasor, Eugene L. ''Winston S. Churchill, 1874-1965: A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography.'' Greenwood Press. 2000. 710 pp. describes several thousand books and scholarly articles. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=71893658 online edition]
* Reynolds, David. ''In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War.'' 2005. 631 pp.
* Reynolds, David. "Churchill's writing of history: appeasement, autobiography and ''The Gathering Storm''", ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'', 6th ser., 11 (2001), 221–48 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401(2001)6%3A11%3C221%3ACWOHAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 online edition]
* Stansky, Peter, ed. ''Churchill: A Profile'' 1973, 270 pp. essays for and against Churchill by leading scholars
* Wood, Ian S. ''Churchill'' 2000. 209pp evaluates numerous studies

===Primary sources===
* Churchill, Winston. ''Lord Randolph Churchill'' (1906) [http://books.google.com/books?id=u_PW93hcmBAC&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:winston+inauthor:churchill&num=30#PPR13,M1 online edition]
* Churchill, Winston. ''The World Crisis'' (six volumes, 1923–31), 1-vol edition (2005); on World War I. Vol. I, 1911-1914; Vol. II, 1915; Vol. III, 1916-1918 Part I; Vol. IV, 1916-1918 Part II; and Vol. V: The Aftermath.
* Churchill, Winston. ''The Second World War'' (six volumes, 1948–53); ''Vol. I, The Gathering Storm; Vol. II, Their Finest Hour; Vol. III, The Grand Alliance; Vol. IV, The Hinge of Fate; Vol. V, Closing the Ring; and Vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy;'' [http://www.amazon.com/Memoirs-Second-World-Abridgement-Volumes/dp/0395599687/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208898&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search from 1-vol. abridged edition (1991)]; [http://www.amazon.com/Second-World-War-Six-Boxed/dp/039541685X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208898&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search complete edition]
* Churchill, Winston. ''Lord Randolph Churchill'' (1907) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5477600 online edition], biography of his father
* Gilbert, Martin, ed. ''Winston S. Churchill: Companion'' 15 vol (14,000 pages) of Churchill and other official and unofficial documents. Part 1: I. Youth, 1874-1900, 1966, 654 pp. (2 vol); II. Young Statesman, 1901-1914, 1967, 796 pp. (3 vol); III. The Challenge of War, 1914-1916, 1971, 1024 pp. (3 vol); IV. The Stricken World, 1916-1922, 1975, 984 pp. (2 vol); Part 2: The Prophet of Truth, 1923-1939, 1977, 1195 pp. (3 vol); II. Finest Hour, 1939-1941, 1983, 1328 pp. (2 vol entitled The Churchill War Papers); III. Road to Victory, 1941-1945, 1986, 1437 pp. (not published, 4 volumes are anticipated); IV. Never Despair, 1945-1965, 1988, 1438 pp. (not published, 3 volumes anticipated, See the editor's memoir, Martin Gilbert, ''In Search of Churchill: A Historian's Journey,'' (1994).
* James, Robert Rhodes, ed. ''Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897-1963.'' 8 vols. London: Chelsea, 1974, 8917 pp.
*David Coombs, ''Sir Winston Churchill, His life through his paintings,'' Pegasus, 2003
* Winston Churchill. ''Victory: War Speeches by the Right Hon. Winston S. Churchill,'' (1946) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=13536012 online edition]
* Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. ''Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence'' ed by Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley and Manfred Jonas (1975) 807 pgs [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7896020 online edition]
* Winston Churchill and Dwight D. Eisenhower. ''The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-1955'' ed by Peter G. Boyle; University of North Carolina Press, 1990 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35246690 online edition]
* Winston Churchill and Harry S. Truman. ''Defending the West: The Truman-Churchill Correspondence, 1945-1960'' ed by G. W. Sand; (2004) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106807897 online edition]

==External links==
*[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/churchill_papers/biography/churchill_chronology.php Churchill College Biography of Winston Churchill]
*[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=452 Books written by Churchill]
* [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=110 online Winston S. Churchill, "Churchill's American Heritage'' ], essay by his grandson
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk Imperial War Museum]: [[Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms]]. Comprising the original underground War Rooms perfectly preserved since 1945, from which Churchill ran the War, including the Cabinet Room, the Map Room and Churchill's bedroom, and the new Museum dedicated to Churchill's life.
*[http://www.badley.info/history/Churchill-Winston-Leonard-Spencer-Great-Britain.biog.html Winston Churchill Chronology World History Database]
*[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/home.shtml Churchill Archives Centre, based at Churchill College, Cambridge]
* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/interactive Churchill and the Great Republic]. WC'a lifelong relationship with the United States.
* [http://www.churchill.nls.ac.uk documents edited by the National Library of Scotland]
*[http://speakingofhistory.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_speakingofhistory_archive.html Audio about the Winston Churchill Memorial and Library at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri from the Speaking of History podcast #17 - site also includes video slideshow of the museum]
*'''War Cabinet Minutes''' [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_1_transcript.pdf (1942 - 42)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_2_transcript.pdf (1942 - 43)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_3_transcript.pdf (1945 - 46)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_4_transcript.pdf (1946 - 46)]
*[http://www.ena.lu MCE European NAvigator] European Union History tool, contains a number of Churchill recordings etc.
===Speeches===
*[http://www.churchill-speeches.com/ http://www.churchill-speeches.com/]
*[http://www.historychannel.com/broadband/clipview/index.jsp?id=v3t4 Audio of Churchill's "finest hour" speech]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20050206200958/http://www.blenheimpalace.com/Time_line_the_family.htm Timeline of the Spencer-Churchill family]
*[http://www.soundboard.com/sb/winston.aspx Winston Churchill Audio Soundboard]

====notes====
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Churchill, Winston}}
[[Category:United Kingdom Prime Ministers]]
[[Category:World War I]]
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:1920s]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Historians]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Diplomacy]]
[[Category:Painters]]

Winston Churchill

2010-02-15T02:24:19Z

AlexWD:

{{Prime Minister
|image=Solidgold.jpg
|seq=
|party=Conservative Party
|term_start=May 10, 1940
|term_end=1945
|previous=Neville Chamberlain
|next=Clement Attlee
|term_start2=1950
|term_end2=1955
|previous2=Clement Attlee
|next2=Anthony Eden
|birth_date=1874
|birth_place=
|death_date=1965
|death_place=
|spouse=
|spouse2=
|religion=[[Anglican]]
}}
The Right Honourable '''Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill''' (1874-1965) was an English statesman, orator, soldier and historian who served as Conservative [[Prime Minister]] of the [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in the [[Second World War]]. He was one of the few leaders to achieve high office in both World Wars and to write profusely about his experiences. Best known for his courageous leadership as British prime minister standing alone against Hitler's Germany, Churchill was a formidable politician over a half-century, as well as the historian whose interpretations shaped English language studies of both world wars. He was a leader of the Liberal party before it collapsed in the 1920s; then he rejoined the Conservative party. Although he supported the beginning of the welfare state around 1910, he was temperamentally and culturally a conservative, and he became a leading opponent of socialism after 1945, as well as an opponent of Gandhi's movement for the independence of India after 1930. Throughout his career he was pro-business and hostile to labour unions.

A larger-than-life character, famous for his trademark cigar and his reputation as a drinker (which he joyfully exaggerated), Churchill was also a talented amateur landscape painter and pilot, soldier, farmer, and even bricklayer. When he retired from the House of Commons in 1964, he had spent over six decades in public life, a career that ran from the last great British cavalry charge to the nuclear age.

==Career==
===Early life===
Churchill was a younger son of the top aristocracy. He was born in 1874 to Lord [[Randolph Churchill]] and an American mother.
Winston's father, Lord Randolph Churchill (1849–1895) was a third son of a poor English duke with a very famous family name; Randolph became a prominent Conservative politician. He married Jennie Jerome (1854–1921), the daughter of American millionaire Leonard Jerome. She was of colonial American stock of English ancestry and brought a dowry of £50,000. Churchill was born in [[Blenheim Palace]], the palace of the dukes of Marlborough. He had one brother, John Strange Churchill (1880–1947). The parents' marriage faltered, in part because of Lord Randolph's debilitating disease (which resembled syphilis); Lady Randolph became notorious for her romantic attachments, becoming known as "Lady Jane Snatcher." She liked Winston, but largely ignored him.<ref>. H. L. Le May, "Churchill, Jeanette (Lady Randolph Churchill) (1854–1921)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' 2004; [http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/article/37282, online] </ref> His mother later became his ardent ally, helping him achieve key assignments as a war reporter and smoothing his career in politics. The son idealized his always-absent mother. "She shone for me like the Evening Star," Churchill later wrote. "I loved her dearly—but at a distance." <ref> Jenkins, ''Churchill,'' p. 8</ref>

Winston spent a typical upper-class childhood in the hands of nurses and headmasters at a succession of private schools from the age of eight. While he was no more neglected than most boys of his age and class, his sensitive nature suffered as a result of his parents' aloofness and he always regretted his failure to achieve a close relationship with his father, who died in 1895 at the age of only 45 and Winston was 21. Churchill rarely spoke with his father, who served as Secretary of state for India, Leader of the House and chancellor of the exchequer. However the son systematically adopted his father's ideas and political positions, and thereby became well known in political circles.

He entered Harrow School in 1888 with a track for the Army. Churchill had an independent and rebellious nature; he lacked self-discipline and displayed slovenly or unruly behaviour. His grades were poor apart from English and history; he avoided team sports but was a fencing champion. His father did not think he was smart enough for Oxford, so he went to the military academy at Sandhurst in 1893. He excelled at tactics, fortifications and horsemanship, graduating twentieth out of a class of 130 in 1894; he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant cavalry officer in the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, where he excelled at polo.

===Military experience===
Posted to Bangalore, India, in 1896, he ignored local conditions. His duties were done well before noon; apart from polo he did not socialize with his peers, who considered the slender, short, highly ambitious young man to be pushy, bumptious and not a proper gentleman.In 1902 the intellectual Beatrice Webb found him "egotistical, bumptious, shallow-minded and reactionary, but with a certain personal magnetism, great pluck and some originality, not of intellect but of character. More of the American speculator than the English aristocrat." <ref> Jenkins, ''Churchill,'' p. 148</ref> Churchill became an intellectual, as he immersed himself in the classics, devouring the works of Adam Smith, Gibbon, Macaulay, Hallam, Lecky, and Darwin. He carefully studied the parliamentary debates of the 1870s to 1890s, adding to them his own imaginary speeches. He never learned Latin or Greek so he fashioned a prose style modeled on the two finest writers among English historians, Gibbon and Macaulay. A book on the evolution of civilization that ridiculed Christianity<ref>Winwood Reade ''Martyrdom of Man'' (1872)</ref> led to his loss of religious faith; he believed in evolution and the inevitability of progress.

Between 1897 and 1900, with the aid of his mother's lobbying in London, Churchill fought in three imperial wars while doubling as a war correspondent and writing three books. In 1897 he joined three brigades in fighting a Pathan tribe. His lively account of the skirmishes proved he could write for the popular press; he received £5 per column from the ''Daily Telegraph'' and soon became the highest paid war correspondent in the world.

[[File:Churchill The River War.jpg|thumb|''The River War,'' one of Churchill's first books]]

In late 1899 Churchill went to South Africa as a war correspondent to cover the [[Second Boer War]]; his salary was a remarkable £250 per month plus expenses. Caught in an ambush Churchill was captured and held in a POW camp in Pretoria; he escaped--an adventure that made him a minor national hero. He rejoined General Redvers Buller's army on its march to relieve [[Ladysmith]] and take Pretoria. Churchill was one of the first British troops into Ladysmith and Pretoria. In 1900, he published two books on the Boer war, ''London to Ladysmith via Pretoria''<ref> online at [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14426]</ref> and ''Ian Hamilton's March''<ref> online at [http://books.google.com/books?id=27yKxqljk4gC&dq=inauthor:winston+inauthor:churchill&num=30].</ref>

Churchill's mother used her connections with the prince of Wales to get the her son assigned to the force commanded by Lord Kitchener for the reconquest of the [[Sudan]]. Churchill arrived just in time to join the cavalry charge at the battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), in which his regiment galloped by accident into a ravine crammed with armed men. Churchill, who shot and killed at least three of the enemy, was cool, courageous and lucky.<ref> Over 30,000 Sudanese were killed, compared with 28 British soldiers. </ref> The ''Morning Post'' ran his stories, and the public snatched up his two-volume ''The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan'' (1899)<ref> online at [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4943]</ref>. It displayed a remarkably sympathetic history of the Sudanese revolt against Egyptian rule. A speaking tour of Britain, the U.S. and Canada in 1900 netted £10,000, proving the funding he needed for a political-literary career.<ref> Churchill met [[Theodore Roosevelt]]; they resembled each other in many ways but never became friends.</ref>

===Early politics===
In late 1900, Churchill was elected to Parliament as a Conservative. His independent nature soon saw him at odds with his party, and in 1904 he "crossed the floor" to the Liberals, who won a landslide election in early 1906. He served the Liberal government as President of the Board of Trade and Home Secretary, where he helped pass social reform legislation that laid the foundations of the British welfare state.

When [[Herbert Henry Asquith]] became Prime Minister in 1908, Churchill was promoted to the Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. Working closely with [[David Lloyd George]] he helped pass major social welfare legislation, called the "New Liberalism.". Churchill focused on the "Trade Boards Bill," a scheme to end the sweatshops in the garment industry; on labour exchanges, designed to reduce unemployment by making job searches easier; and unemployment insurance for 3 million workers in cyclical industries. He supported Lloyd George's highly controversial "People's Budget" of 1909-10 (with spending increase of 11% and multiple tax increases that especially targeted rich landowners), even as it caused a constitutional crisis with the House of Lords.<ref> Jenkins, ''Churchill'' 157-66; Bruce K. Murray, "The Politics of the 'People's Budget'" ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1973), pp. 555-570 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X(197309)16%3A3%3C555%3ATPOT'B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]</ref>

Churchill in 1910 denied that war with Germany was a threat and opposed the tripling of the warship budget proposed by the Admiralty.<ref>Jenkins, ''Churchill,'' 154-56 </ref> Churchill generally was on the winning side, though he was beaten on the warships.<ref> Jenkins, ''Churchill, ch 8</ref>

In 1910, Churchill was promoted to [[Home Secretary]]. Regarding a dispute at the Cambrian Colliery coal mine in Tonypandy, initially Churchill blocked the use of troops fearing a repeat of the 1887 "bloody Sunday" in Trafalgar Square. Nevertheless, he deployed soldiers to protect the mines and to avoid riots when thirteen strikers were tried for minor offences, an action that broke the tradition of not involving the military in civil affairs and led to lingering dislike for Churchill in Wales.

In 1911, he became First Lord of the Admiralty (civilian head of the Royal Navy), working especially to complete the conversion of ships from coal to oil. Together with his two First Sea Lords, Prince Louis of Battenberg and Admiral Lord Fisher, Churchill promoted fast, powerful battleships and outproduced the Germans to maintain British naval supremacy. He founded the Naval Air Service, and made numerous visits to ships and navy bases, where he was admired for his efforts to improve conditions for officers and crews.

===First World War===
At Churchill's direction, the fleet was at its war station before war broke out in 1914, but it was never able to engage the Germans in a decisive early sea battle. Churchill designed and supervised the Gallipoli campaign to force a route to [[Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]). It was a unmitigated failure, and led to his removal from the Admiralty in May 1915. Reporting to his regiment in the trenches of Belgium, he was under fire for three months before returning to Parliament. In 1917, he was appointed Minister of Munitions and in 1919, Secretary for War and Air. He wrote a major 4-volume history of the war that added to his literary reputation.

===1920s===
As Colonial Secretary in 1921-22, he advocated the dropping of poison gas on rebellious tribes of Iraqi Arabs [http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/CHU407A.html]and during this period Churchill enjoyed two notable diplomatic achievements. At the 1921 Cairo conference, he helped establish the borders of the modern [[Middle East]], though he failed in his attempt to set up a Kurdish homeland "to protect the Kurds against some future bully in [[Iraq]]." Closer to home, he helped to forge the Irish Treaty, which kept the peace in Ireland for 50 years. Michael Collins, the IRA revolutionary with whom Churchill negotiated, said from his deathbed: "Tell Winston we could have done nothing without him."

In 1924, Churchill rejoined the Conservatives, serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer through spring 1929. He returned Britain to the gold standard and ran a government newspaper, ''The British Gazette'', during the general strike of 1926, and is still remembered in South Wales as the politician who sent tanks onto the streets to force striking miners back to work.
===Political exile in 1930s===
[[File:Churchill Sunset over Atlas Mountains, Marrakech 1935.jpg|thumb|Sunset over Atlas Mountains, Marrakech, 1935.]]
He became increasingly separated from the Conservatives in the 1930s, first over the plan to grant India dominion status; later over Britain's slow rearmament in the face of Hitler's aggression; and finally when he championed King Edward VIII, who abdicated in 1936.

{{Clear}}

===Second World War===
Not until war had broken out again in 1939 was he asked to rejoin the Government, again becoming First Lord of the Admiralty, which according to legend, signaled to its ships: "Winston is Back." He renewed his energetic naval policies but was repulsed in an attempt to wrest Norway from the invading Germans in April 1940, having first had to drop ambitious plans to invade neutral Sweden.

With the Nazi blitzkrieg pouring into the [[Low Countries]] in May, 1940, The British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] resigned and Churchill was appointed Prime Minister as head of in an all-party coalition government with Labour and the Liberals. Although Britain continued to be defeated elsewhere, in the [[Battle of Britain]] the German Air Force was unable to gain the air superiority required for an invasion of Britain. In those months, as Edward R. Murrow said, "he mobilized the English language and sent it into battle." Some of Churchill's most famous speeches were given at this time. The Germans turned their attention east, to their ally the Soviet Union.

After Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Churchill saw the chance to defeat Hitler using Soviet manpower. He vowed to help the Soviets, declaring, "If Hitler invaded hell I would at least make a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons."

By 1940 Churchill had developed close ties with U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], he secured American military aid and financial support, but his ultimate goal was to have America fighting at Britain's side. Together they proclaimed the "[[Atlantic Charter]]" in 1941. The U.S. became the "Arsenal of Democracy," using [[Lend Lease]] to send $50 billion in military supplies to the Allies; most went to Britain, which in turn sent munitions to Russia.<ref>Lend Lease was free and did not have to be repaid, although transport ships were to be returned after the war, and some were.</ref> When the United States declared war after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December, 1941, Churchill admitted that he "slept the sleep of the saved and the thankful."

Europe was the centre of his attention; the Australians complained about his neglect of their interests (and turned to the U.S. for protection). Recalling the horrible death tolls of 1914-1918, he was reluctant to invade France, proposing instead invasions of North Africa and Italy (which took place in 1942-43) and the Balkans (which did not happen). Churchill strongly supported the strategic air campaign that bombed enemy cities, railyards and oil refineries. He worked very well with [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the American general in overall command of the invasion of France that was launched successfully in June 1944. Despite complaints by senior generals and admirals that Churchill interfered too much in military matters, he was successful in balancing the economic, manpower, diplomatic, psychological and military dimensions of the war.

===Defeat in 1945===
Churchill was disappointed by the failure to control an expansionist Soviet Union toward the end of the war, and watched with mounting concern another totalitarian state rise dominant in Europe. To the amazement of many outside Britain, his party was routed in the 1945 general election and he became Leader of the Opposition. His famous "Iron Curtain" speech at Fulton, Missouri, in 1946 was the opening salvo and warning of the Cold War, unpopular at the time but later considered prophetic. In 1949, he predicted the demise of Communism, "ignited by a spark coming from God knows where, and in a moment the whole system of lies and oppression is on trial for its life."
===Return in 1951===
In 1951 the Conservatives regained an electoral majority and Churchill became prime minister again, but he was disappointed in his effort to achieve a peaceful settlement of cold war antagonisms, and his domestic record was indifferent. He became a Knight of the Garter, acquiring the title "Sir Winston" in 1953.

Suffering from age and poor health, he retired in April 1955, but remained a Member of Parliament for another nine years. He declined a peerage in order to remain in Commons. In 1963 he was declared an Honorary Citizen of the United States by President [[John F. Kennedy]]. He died at age 90 on January 24, 1965. [http://www.churchill.navy.mil/site%20pages/history.aspx]
==Churchill as historian==
Churchill was a prolific historian with a lively style and a very wide audience. won the 1953 [[Nobel Prize]] for [[Literature]], bestowed for his numerous books on history, biography and politics. His greatest biography was ''Marlborough'' (4 volumes, 1933-38); his best-known historical work was ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'' (4 volumes, 1956-1958). His personal memoirs, ''My Early Life'' (1930), ''The World Crisis'' (5 volumes, 1923-31) and ''The Second World War'' (6 volumes, 1948-53) are readable personal accounts of his Victorian youth and the two world wars. In all, Churchill wrote over 40 titles in over 60 volumes, nearly 1,000 articles and uncounted speeches.

Churchill wrote ''Lord Randolph Churchill'', a two-volume biography of his father which was published in 1906 and received much critical acclaim. Some historians suggest Churchill used the book in part to vindicate his own career and in particular to justify crossing the floor.<ref>James, ''Churchill a study in failure'' p34-35</ref> His ''The World Crisis'' (six volumes, 1923–31) was a broad-scale history of the First World War, with Churchill never far offstage. His greatest work was , ''The Second World War'' (six volumes, 1948–53), using secret papers not available to other for many years; he did not reveal the prime secret of breaking the German codes (which was revealed in the early 1970s). Churchill's highly detailed narrative structured much of the historiography for the first decade or two after the war, especially in his analysis and denunciation of the appeasement policy of the late 1930s.<ref> See Reynolds (2001) and Reynolds (2005)</ref>

===Evaluation===
Asked to summarize Churchill in one sentence, his biographer Martin Gilbert said: "He was a great humanitarian who was himself distressed that the accidents of history gave him his greatest power at a time when everything had to be focused on defending the country from destruction, rather than achieving his goals of a fairer society."

To Martin Gilbert also we owe these last lines from Sir Winston's biography: "When at last his life's great impulses were fading, Churchill's daughter Mary paid him perhaps the most eloquent tribute of all: 'In addition to all the feelings a daughter has for a loving, generous father, I owe you what every Englishman, woman & child does--Liberty itself.'"

Margot Asquith said it was not his mind or uneven judgment Britons respected but rather "his courage and colour — his amazing mixture of industry and enterprise." "He never shirks, hedges or protects himself; he takes huge risks."<ref> quoted in David Fromkin, ''A Peace to End All Peace'' (2001) p. 54</ref>

[[Image:Sir Winston Churchill.jpg|right]]

== Famous Quotes ==

*Winston Churchill, election broadcast (May, 1945) '''"I must tell you that a socialist policy is abhorrent to British ideas on freedom. There is to be one State, to which all are to be obedient in every act of their lives. This State, once in power, will prescribe for everyone: where they are to work, what they are to work at, where they may go and what they may say, what views they are to hold, where their wives are to queue up for the State ration, and what education their children are to receive. A socialist state could not afford to suffer opposition - ''no socialist system can be established without a political police''. They (the Labour government) would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo."'''

*"Never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy."

*"Winston, if I were married to you I'd put poison in your coffee"...."Nancy, if I were married to you I'd drink it." ''(Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess Astor, b.1879, speaking to Sir Winston, and his reply, this occurred during a weekend house party at Blenheim Palace in the early 1930's)''

*"'''I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. Let that be realized; no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge and impulse of the ages, that mankind will move forward towards its goal. But I take up my task with buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. At this time I feel entitled to claim the aid of all, and I say, "come then, let us go forward together with our united strength."'''[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=435]

*The power of the Executive to cast a man into prison without formulating any charge known to the law, and particularly to deny him the judgment of his peers, is in the highest degree odious and is the foundation of all totalitarian government whether Nazi or Communist" -- Winston Churchill, November 21, 1943.

*We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender! ''Speech in the House of Commons, 4 June 1940, following the evacuation of British and French armies from Dunkirk, as the German tide swept through France.[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=388#Never_give_in]

*What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may more forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their Finest Hour." ''Speech in the House of Commons, 18 June 1940, following the collapse of France. Many thought Britain would follow. [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=388#Finest]

*The gratitude of every home in our island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the world war by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. ''Tribute to the Royal Air Force, House of Commons, 20 August 1940. He had worked out the phrase about "The Few" in his mind as he visited the Fighter Command airfields in Southern England.'' [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=388#so_much_owed]

==See also==
* [[Yalta conference]]
* [[Charles de Gaulle]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]

==Bibliography==
===Biographies===
* Addison, Paul. "Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874–1965)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' [http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/article/32413, online]
* Addison, Paul. ''Churchill: The Unexpected Hero.'' (2005). 320 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-Unexpected-Hero-Paul-Addison/dp/0199297436/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226209264&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Best, Geoffrey. ''Churchill: A Study in Greatness'' (2003), 400pp; very well received biography
* Blake, Robert. ''Winston Churchill. Pocket Biographies'' (1997), 110 pages
* Charmley, John. ''Churchill, The End of Glory: A Political Biography'' (1993). revisionist; favors Chamberlain; says Churchill weakened Britain
* D'Este, Carlo. ''Warlord: A Life of Winston Churchill at War, 1874-1945'' (2008), stresses his many military roles.
* Gilbert, Martin. ''Churchill: A Life'' (1992); one volume version of 8-volume life (8900 pp); amazing detail but as Rasor complains, "no background, no context, no comment, no analysis, no judgments, no evaluation, and no insights." [http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-Life-Martin-Gilbert/dp/0805023968/ref=pd_bbs_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208898&sr=8-11 excerpt and text search]
* Heywood, Samantha. ''Churchill'' (2003) 162 pp, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104529861 online edition]
* James, Robert Rhodes. ''Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900-1939'' (1970), 400 pp.
* Jenkins, Roy. ''Churchill: A Biography'' (2001), 1000 pp; strong on Parliamentary roles [http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-Roy-Jenkins/dp/0452283523/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226209134&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Keegan, John. ''Winston Churchill'' (2002) 208 pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0670030791/ref=sib_dp_pop_ex/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&p=S00F#reader-link online excerpt]
* Manchester, William. ''The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory 1874-1932'', 1983; vol 2 is ''The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Alone 1932-1940'', 1988,; no more published [http://www.amazon.com/Last-Lion-Winston-Spencer-Churchill/dp/0316545031/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208898&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Pelling, Henry. ''Winston Churchill'' (1974), 736pp; comprehensive biography
* Rose, Norman. ''Churchill: An Unruly Life'' (1994), full-length biography [http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-Unruly-Giant-Norman-Rose/dp/0028740092/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226209166&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wrigley, Chris. ''Winston Churchill: A Biographical Companion.'' ABC-CLIO, 2002. 367 pp.; online at some libraries

===Specialized studies===
* Addison, Paul. ''Churchill on the Home Front 1900-1955'' (1992)
* Ball, Stuart. "Churchill and the Conservative Party," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 307-330 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C307%3ACATCP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Bell, Christopher M. "Winston Churchill, Pacific Security, and the Limits of British Power, 1921-41," in John H. Maurer, ed. ''Churchill and Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars'' (2003) pp 51-120 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108530166# online edition]
* Ben-Moshe, Tuvia. ''Churchill, Strategy and History.'' 1992, covers world wars [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98438222 online edition]
* Beschloss, Michael R. ''The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Conquerors-Roosevelt-Destruction-Hitlers-1941-1945/dp/0743244540/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208863&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Best, Geoffrey. ''Churchill and War.'' 2005. 353 pp.
* Blake, Robert and Louis William Roger, eds. ''Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War'' Oxford UP, 1992, 581 pp; 29 essays by scholars on specialized topics[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26340770 online edition]
* Callahan, Raymond. ''Churchill and His Generals,'' (2007) 310pp
* Cannadine, David. "Churchill and the British Monarchy," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 249-272 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C249%3ACATBM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G in JSTOR]
* Charmley, John. ''Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940-57'' (1996)
* Charmley, John. "Churchill and the American Alliance," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 353-371 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C353%3ACATAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U in JSTOR]
* Danchev, Alex. "'Dilly-Dally', or Having the Last Word: Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Prime Minister Winston Churchill," ''Journal of Contemporary History'' Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jan., 1987), pp. 21-44 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0094%28198701%2922%3A1%3C21%3A%27OHTLW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E in JSTOR]
* Delaney, Douglas E. "Churchill and the Mediterranean Strategy: December 1941 to January 1943." ''Defence Studies'' 2002 2(3): 1-26. Issn: 1470-2436 Fulltext: in Ebsco
* Gilbert, Martin. ''Churchill and America'' 2005. 352 pp.
* Gorodetsky, Gabriel. "The Origins of the Cold War: Stalin, Churchill and the Formation of the Grand Alliance," ''Russian Review'' Vol. 47, No. 2 (Apr., 1988), pp. 145-170 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-0341%28198804%2947%3A2%3C145%3ATOOTCW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 in JSTOR] 7
* Jablonsky, David. "Churchill and Technology," in John H. Maurer, ed. ''Churchill and Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars'' (2003) pp 121-158 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108530166# online edition]
* Keegan, John, ed. ''Churchill's Generals'' (1991) 17 essays by experts
* Kersaudy, François. ''Churchill and De Gaulle'' 1981
* Kimball, Warren. ''Forged in war: Churchill, Roosevelt and the Second World War'' (1997)
* Lambakis, Steven James. ''Winston Churchill, Architect of Peace: A Study of Statesmanship and the Cold War'' (1994) 194 pp. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/winston-churchill-architect-of-peace-a-study-of-statesmanship-and-the-cold-war-by-steven-james-lambakis.jsp online edition]
* Larres, Klaus. ''Churchill's Cold War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy.'' Yale U. Press, 2002. 569 pp.
* Lawlor, Sheila. ''Churchill and the politics of war, 1940–1941'' (1993)
* Lewin, Ronald. ''Churchill as warlord'' (1973)
* Lukacs, John. ''Churchill: Visionary, Statesman, Historian'' 2002. 202pp, interpretive essays
* Marder, Arthur. ''Winston is back: Churchill at the admiralty, 1939–1940'' (1973)
* Massie, Robert ''Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War''; ch 40-41 on Churchill at Admiralty
* Maurer, John H. "The 'Ever-Present Danger': Winston Churchill's Assessment of the German Naval Challenge before the First World War" in John H. Maurer, ed. ''Churchill and Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars'' (2003) pp 7-50 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108530166# online edition]
* Miner, Steven Merritt. ''Between Churchill and Stalin: The Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the Origins of the Grand Alliance'' (1988) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3063617 online edition]
* Parker, R. A. C. ed. ''Winston Churchill: studies in statesmanship'' (1995), scholarly studies
* Parker, R. A. C. ''Churchill and appeasement'' (2000)
* Wrigley, Chris. "Churchill and the Trade Unions," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 273-293 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C273%3ACATTU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q in JSTOR]
* Young, John W. ''Winston Churchill's Last Campaign: Britain and the Cold War, 1951-5'' 1996 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9663209 online edition]
* Young, John W. "Churchill and East-West Detente," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 11 (2001), pp. 373-392 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%282001%296%3A11%3C373%3ACAED%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 in JSTOR]

===Historiography===
* Ashley, Maurice. "Churchill and History," ''International Affairs'' Vol. 42, No. 1. (Jan., 1966), pp. 87-94. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28196601%2942%3A1%3C87%3ACAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR], Churchill as author
* Ramsden, John. ''Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945.'' Columbia U. Press, 2003. 672 pp.
* Rasor, Eugene L. ''Winston S. Churchill, 1874-1965: A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography.'' Greenwood Press. 2000. 710 pp. describes several thousand books and scholarly articles. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=71893658 online edition]
* Reynolds, David. ''In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War.'' 2005. 631 pp.
* Reynolds, David. "Churchill's writing of history: appeasement, autobiography and ''The Gathering Storm''", ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'', 6th ser., 11 (2001), 221–48 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401(2001)6%3A11%3C221%3ACWOHAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 online edition]
* Stansky, Peter, ed. ''Churchill: A Profile'' 1973, 270 pp. essays for and against Churchill by leading scholars
* Wood, Ian S. ''Churchill'' 2000. 209pp evaluates numerous studies

===Primary sources===
* Churchill, Winston. ''Lord Randolph Churchill'' (1906) [http://books.google.com/books?id=u_PW93hcmBAC&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:winston+inauthor:churchill&num=30#PPR13,M1 online edition]
* Churchill, Winston. ''The World Crisis'' (six volumes, 1923–31), 1-vol edition (2005); on World War I. Vol. I, 1911-1914; Vol. II, 1915; Vol. III, 1916-1918 Part I; Vol. IV, 1916-1918 Part II; and Vol. V: The Aftermath.
* Churchill, Winston. ''The Second World War'' (six volumes, 1948–53); ''Vol. I, The Gathering Storm; Vol. II, Their Finest Hour; Vol. III, The Grand Alliance; Vol. IV, The Hinge of Fate; Vol. V, Closing the Ring; and Vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy;'' [http://www.amazon.com/Memoirs-Second-World-Abridgement-Volumes/dp/0395599687/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208898&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search from 1-vol. abridged edition (1991)]; [http://www.amazon.com/Second-World-War-Six-Boxed/dp/039541685X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226208898&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search complete edition]
* Churchill, Winston. ''Lord Randolph Churchill'' (1907) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5477600 online edition], biography of his father
* Gilbert, Martin, ed. ''Winston S. Churchill: Companion'' 15 vol (14,000 pages) of Churchill and other official and unofficial documents. Part 1: I. Youth, 1874-1900, 1966, 654 pp. (2 vol); II. Young Statesman, 1901-1914, 1967, 796 pp. (3 vol); III. The Challenge of War, 1914-1916, 1971, 1024 pp. (3 vol); IV. The Stricken World, 1916-1922, 1975, 984 pp. (2 vol); Part 2: The Prophet of Truth, 1923-1939, 1977, 1195 pp. (3 vol); II. Finest Hour, 1939-1941, 1983, 1328 pp. (2 vol entitled The Churchill War Papers); III. Road to Victory, 1941-1945, 1986, 1437 pp. (not published, 4 volumes are anticipated); IV. Never Despair, 1945-1965, 1988, 1438 pp. (not published, 3 volumes anticipated, See the editor's memoir, Martin Gilbert, ''In Search of Churchill: A Historian's Journey,'' (1994).
* James, Robert Rhodes, ed. ''Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897-1963.'' 8 vols. London: Chelsea, 1974, 8917 pp.
*David Coombs, ''Sir Winston Churchill, His life through his paintings,'' Pegasus, 2003
* Winston Churchill. ''Victory: War Speeches by the Right Hon. Winston S. Churchill,'' (1946) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=13536012 online edition]
* Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. ''Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence'' ed by Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley and Manfred Jonas (1975) 807 pgs [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7896020 online edition]
* Winston Churchill and Dwight D. Eisenhower. ''The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-1955'' ed by Peter G. Boyle; University of North Carolina Press, 1990 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35246690 online edition]
* Winston Churchill and Harry S. Truman. ''Defending the West: The Truman-Churchill Correspondence, 1945-1960'' ed by G. W. Sand; (2004) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106807897 online edition]

==External links==
*[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/churchill_papers/biography/churchill_chronology.php Churchill College Biography of Winston Churchill]
*[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=452 Books written by Churchill]
* [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=110 online Winston S. Churchill, "Churchill's American Heritage'' ], essay by his grandson
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk Imperial War Museum]: [[Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms]]. Comprising the original underground War Rooms perfectly preserved since 1945, from which Churchill ran the War, including the Cabinet Room, the Map Room and Churchill's bedroom, and the new Museum dedicated to Churchill's life.
*[http://www.badley.info/history/Churchill-Winston-Leonard-Spencer-Great-Britain.biog.html Winston Churchill Chronology World History Database]
*[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/home.shtml Churchill Archives Centre, based at Churchill College, Cambridge]
* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/interactive Churchill and the Great Republic]. WC'a lifelong relationship with the United States.
* [http://www.churchill.nls.ac.uk documents edited by the National Library of Scotland]
*[http://speakingofhistory.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_speakingofhistory_archive.html Audio about the Winston Churchill Memorial and Library at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri from the Speaking of History podcast #17 - site also includes video slideshow of the museum]
*'''War Cabinet Minutes''' [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_1_transcript.pdf (1942 - 42)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_2_transcript.pdf (1942 - 43)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_3_transcript.pdf (1945 - 46)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_4_transcript.pdf (1946 - 46)]
*[http://www.ena.lu MCE European NAvigator] European Union History tool, contains a number of Churchill recordings etc.
===Speeches===
*[http://www.churchill-speeches.com/ http://www.churchill-speeches.com/]
*[http://www.historychannel.com/broadband/clipview/index.jsp?id=v3t4 Audio of Churchill's "finest hour" speech]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20050206200958/http://www.blenheimpalace.com/Time_line_the_family.htm Timeline of the Spencer-Churchill family]
*[http://www.soundboard.com/sb/winston.aspx Winston Churchill Audio Soundboard]

====notes====
<references/>

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