Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Olathe

2007-09-02T20:03:24Z

Albertus: Mark Twain

'''Olathe''' is the county seat of Johnson County, [[Kansas]], and a suburb of [[Kansas City]]. Founded in 1857, the city has experienced strong growth in the past two decades, and its population was estimated at about 111,000 in 2005, nearly double the population just 15 years earlier. [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US2052575&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US20%7C16000US2038900&_street=&_county=Olathe%2C+KS&_cityTown=Olathe%2C+KS&_state=&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=] The city is home to Kansas State School for the Deaf, and Interstate 35 runs through it.

Olathe was once the home to [[George Washington Carver]], and [[Mark Twain]].

[[Category:United States Towns and Cities]]

Phosphate

2007-09-02T20:02:14Z

Albertus: apologies, my spelling is terrible sometimes

'''Phosphate''' is an important [[Polyatomic Ion]]. Phosphates comprise major components of [[detergents]], [[oxidizers]], and [[hydrolyzing agents]]. Its Chemical formula is <math>PO_4^{3-}</math>.

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Phosphate

2007-09-02T20:01:46Z

Albertus: uses

'''Phosphate''' is an important [[Polyatomic Ion]]. Phosphates comprise major components of [[detergents]], [[oxidizers]], and [[hydrolyzingin agents]]. Its Chemical formula is <math>PO_4^{3-}</math>.

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Trivium

2007-09-02T19:57:22Z

Albertus: quintium

The '''trivium''' was a [[Medieval]] education taught in universities that embodied three disciplines or areas of study: [[grammar]] (in [[Latin]], the scholarly language of the times), [[logic]], and [[rhetoric]]. The trivium is analogous to today's undergraduate studies, because it was meant to prepare students for work in the [[quadrivium]]. Students who excelled at the trivium were often advanced immediately to the [[quintium]].

''Trivium'' translates loosely to mean "three ways".

[[Category:Education]]

Thomas J. Jackson

2007-09-02T19:55:21Z

Albertus: /* Early military career */ Minie ball

{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="250" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:SWall.jpg|200px]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: gray no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thomas Jonathan Jackson
Lieutenant General, CSA
|-
|Born
|January 21, 1824
|-
|Died
|May 10, 1863
|-
|}
'''Lieutenent General Thomas Jonathan Jackson''' was a United States Army officer who later joined the Confederate States Army and fought in the [[American Civil War]], where during the First Battle of Bull Run he earned his famous nickname '''"Stonewall"'''. His battlefield tactics and maneuvers are still studied as part of military curriculum.

==Early life==
He was born in Clarksburg, a mountain town in one of Virginia’s western counties, the son of a lawyer who got himself involved in a series of bad investments and dying of typhoid in 1826 when Thomas was two, leaving his family deep in debt. After their mother died five years later, Thomas, his brother Warren, and sister Laura, spent the remainder of their childhoods between several different relatives (TL 6, pg. 22).

It was during his childhood that Thomas developed a "quirky" personality. He complained of a stomach malady for which no doctor could find a cause. Later, while at West Point, he sat bolt upright in his seat, never allowing his spine to touch the back of his chair; the reason supposedly being that he needed to keep his internal organs in alignment, thus aiding digestion. He convinced himself that the use of pepper in his food made his left leg itch, and he was often seen sucking on lemons. When in battle his men, seeing his left arm raised, often assumed he was praying to his Maker; Thomas had a different explanation: his left arm was heavier than his right, and by lifting it “the blood might run back into his body and lighten it” (TL 6, pp. 23-24).

Despite having little in the way of a formal education while growing up (he had the equivalent of a fourth grade education), he received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1842. Although his start was slow, he made up for it by intense study, often reading his books by the dim light of the coal fire long after his classmates were asleep; he was able to significantly improve his class standing, and was 17th in his class of 59 by the time he graduated in 1846 (TL 6, pg. 25).

==Early military career==
[[Image:Young stonewall.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Jackson as he appeared in Mexico, 1847.]]
He joined his new regiment, the First Artillery, in Mexico, where the United States was engaged in war. He distinguished himself at Veracruz, serving with the most advanced batteries while constantly under Mexican fire, earning a promotion to first lieutenant for “gallant and meritorious conduct.” After the battle he learned that fellow officer John B. Magruder had been placed in command of a captured enemy battery, and was looking for officers. Believing that Magruder would soon be involved in battle, Jackson quickly joined him, and became involved in the thick of the fighting at Churubusco. By the time the war ended, he had attained the rank of brevet major, and was publicly praised by General [[Winfield Scott]]. It was in Mexico that Jackson learned qualities that he put to use later during the Civil War, abilities which helped to make him famous: resourcefulness, a clear mind when the enemy fire was at its hottest, and sheer bravery (TL 6, pg. 25).

Finding service in the peacetime army to be rather tedious, he resigned his commission in August 1851 and became a professor of artillery tactics and natural philosophy at the [[Virginia Military Institute]]. Though he worked hard at his new duties, he never became a popular or highly successful teacher. A stern man, his devotion to his cadets’ education coupled with his religious beliefs, earned him the derisive titles “Deacon Jackson,” “Old Jack,” and “Fool Tom” (TL 6, pg 29). Jackson was instrumental in persuading the Confederacy to adopt the Minie ball during The Civil War, based upon his experiences with the weapon prior to the war.

While at V.M.I. he met Elinor Junkin, daughter of the Reverend Dr. George Junkin, at the time the president of nearby Washington College. They were married on August 4, 1853, and the union was “a great source of happiness,” as Jackson would later write to his sister Laura. But it was short-lived. On October 22, 1852, Elinor died shortly after stillbirthing a son. Although he was unaffiliated with any denomination, he was a deeply religious man, and his religion gave him comfort. He wrote to Laura: “I am reconciled for my loss and have joy and hope of a future reunion where the wicked cease from troubling and the weary are at rest.” In 1857, Jackson remarried to Mary Anna Morrison. Although they were deeply in love, she had cope with his strict regimen, which included early walks and punctual family prayers each morning. If one was late, Jackson would simply begin without him (TL 6, pp. 29-32).

==The Civil War==
The [[American Civil War]] began on April 12, 1861, and within days Jackson offered his services to Virginia; he was then ordered to bring his corps of cadets from V.M.I. to Richmond, where he was commissioned as a colonel in the state forces and charged with organizing volunteers into an effective fighting brigade. His first assignment was to fortify and defend Harper’s Ferry, and hold it if possible. This was the entry to the Shenandoah Valley, and soon Jackson would withdraw to the more defensible position at Winchester when General Joseph E. Johnston took over command of the Confederate forces in the valley.
[[Image:Stonewall 1862.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Jackson, 1862.]]
In July 1861 Federal forces moved south from Washington into Virginia, and Johnston moved south to unite with General P.G.T. Beauregard near Manassas to meet the advance of General Irvin McDowell's Federal army in what would become the First Battle of Bull Run. It was here that Jackson stationed his brigade in a strong defensive line, withholding the enemy against overwhelming odds; a nearby brigade commander, General Bernard Bee, would rally his own men by saying “There stands General Jackson like a stone wall,” thus earning for Jackson the sobriquet that would remain for the rest of his life.

By the spring of 1862 Jackson was again in the Shenandoah Valley, his diversionary tactics preventing reinforcements being sent to Major General George B. McClellan, the Union commander waging the Peninsular Campaign against the Confederate capitol of Richmond. Jackson's strategy and ultimate victory in the valley quite possibly accounted for General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s later victory later in the Seven Days' Battles. By rapid movement of his First Division (his “Foot Cavalry”), Jackson engaged with several Federal units separately and defeated them. By the end of May he had attacked General Nathaniel P. Banks, driving him out of Winchester and the Valley, and back to the Potomac River (TL 6, pg. 120).

He then quickly moved to the southern end of the valley, defeating the Union at Cross Keys on June 8, then at Port Republic the following day. Lee then brought Jackson's troops by road and railroad to Richmond to attack the right flank of McClellan's army. But Jackson arrived a day late, possibly because of a lack of experience in large-scale action; despite this mild tarnish to his reputation, McClellan was beaten back severely and was ordered to evacuate the peninsula.

Federal forces then began regrouping under Major General John Pope when Lee joined Jackson near Manassas. The Second Battle of Bull Run commenced when Jackson was sent to attack the rear of Pope’s forces by a wide, encircling movement, decisively beating him. Lee then had taken his forces across the Potomac into Maryland, and to protect Richmond, Jackson was sent in mid-September to capture Harpers Ferry, which was carried out successfully, enabling him to return in time to rejoin Lee in Sharpsburg for the Battle of Antietam. Unfortunately, Lee lost that engagment and his forces had to journey back into Virginia.

Lee would regroup his forces, dividing it into two corps: Lieutenant General James Longstreet commanding one, and the newly-promoted Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson the other. Taking his army to Fredericksburg, Virginia in December, Lee divided his forces against the Army of the Potomac under Major General Ambrose Burnside; Jackson took his corps around the Union left and utterly defeated Burnside’s rash attack.

===Chancellorsville===
While both armies were sitting on opposite sides of the Potomac, Burnside was replaced by Major General Joseph Hooker, who, in April, attempted to turn the Confederate position south of Washington along the Rappahannock River. It was there that the team of Lee and Jackson made their boldest move. Lee divided his army, leaving a small body to meet Federal troops on the Rappahannock. Lee then moved his main body, including Jackson's corps, to meet the threatened envelopment Hooker had planned in the woods near Chancellorsville. He again divided his army, keeping only 10,000 men to face Hooker directly, while the remainder was sent around Hooker’s right, and with it Jackson’s entire corps. The surprised Federals were routed by Jackson’s men, who suddenly appeared out of the woods by the thousands. Completely flanked by an army that numbered less than half of his own men, Hooker was forced to withdraw.

==Death==
[[Image:Cadets at Jackson Grave.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cadets gathered around Jackson's grave at Virginia Military Institute, 1868.]]
That same evening, Jackson had ridden forward to reconnoiter enemy lines, and upon returning to his own lines he was accidentally shot by his own men. The wounds were serious, but not life-threatening; however his left arm was shattered and had to be amputated. In a small cabin at Guinea Station, Virginia, he was left to recuperate, but pneumonia had set in, and he died under a week later. His last words were what author James Robertson ascribed to pleasant images of his boyhood home at Jackson's Mill. "Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees" (Robertson, pg. 753).

==Assessment==
The aide to Jackson, Lieutenant Henry Kyd Douglas, once said of the general when he first laid eyes on him, "General Lee was the handsomest man I ever saw. John C. Brekinridge was a model of manly beauty, John B. Gordon a picture for the sculptor, and Joseph E. Johnston looked every inch a soldier. None of these things could be said of Jackson" (TL 6, pg. 18). Jackson, as it turned out, had surprised many. Of Lee’s lieutenants in battle, Jackson was considered his right arm and his most effective battlefield commander. The qualities of each man complimented the other, Jackson trusting Lee to the point of merely nodding his head in agreement with Lee’s plans before carrying them out. He was a master of surprise tactics and rapid movements, his own plans kept so secret that even his officers did not know of them until he was ready to make a strike. Despite this, and despite his many eccentricities, his own men completely trusted him and fought effectively under his command.

==References==
*Time-Life Books ''The Civil War'', vol. 5 (''Decoying the Yanks''), Time Inc, New York (1984)
*Robertson, James I., Jr., ''Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend'', MacMillan, New York (1997)

==Further reading==
*Alexander, Bevin, ''Lost Victories: The Military Genius of Stonewall Jackson'', Hippocrene Books, New York (2004)
*Douglas S. Freeman|Freeman, Douglas S. ''Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command'' (3 volumes), Charles Scribners Sons, New York (1946).
*Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., ''Civil War High Commands'', Stanford University Press, CA (2001).
*Henderson, G. F. R., [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12233 ''Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War''], Smithmark reprint, (1995).

== External links==

*[http://www.vmi.edu/archives/jackson/jackson.html Virginia Military Institute's Jackson archive site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Thoms J.}}
[[category:American Civil War]]
[[Category: American Civil War Commanders]]

Llama

2007-09-02T19:51:58Z

Albertus: ark

'''Llama''' (''Lama glama''), camelid species native to [[South America]]. Llamas are frequently used as pack animals, and were domesticated by the [[Inca]] 4,000 years ago. Llamas have higher red blood cell counts than most animals, allowing them to live at high elevations where the air is oxygen-poor. It is not specifically known whether the llama was among the animals brought on the [[Ark]].

{{Nb_zl_camelids}}
[[category: Hoofed mammals]]

Peripatric speciation

2007-09-02T19:48:31Z

Albertus: evolution

[[Image:Peripatric.gif|thumb|300px|left|Peripatric Speciation]]
Peripatric speciation is a version of the allopatric speciation mode and happens when one of the isolated populations has very few individuals. In peripatric speciation, small population size would make full-blown speciation a more likely result of the geographic isolation because genetic drift acts more quickly in small populations. Genetic drift, and perhaps strong selective pressures, would cause rapid genetic change in the small population. This genetic change could lead to speciation. Peripatric speciation is sometimes cited as a objection to Darwinian evolution.

[[category:evolution]]

Oberammergau

2007-09-02T19:46:53Z

Albertus: Living chess

'''Oberammergau''' is a town in [[Germany]] famous for its production of a [[Passion Play]] since 1634. The town and surrounding area had been struck by the [[Black Death]] ([[bubonic plague]]) in 1632, and the inhabitants vowed to God to perform the Passion Play every ten years if they were spared the worst ravages of the disease. The play is performed over a five month period in the first year of each decade, and involves almost every inhabitant of the town in some way. Besides the Passion Play, since 1932 (with breaks during World War II), Oberammergau hosts a 'living' chess game, in which pieces are 'performed' by people.

The [[anti-Semitic]] nature of the play drew praise from [[Adolf Hitler]] and in more recent years has drawn criticism, particularly from the [[Anti-Defamation League]]<ref>Hitler, who saw the 1934 presentation, praised it as a "precious tool" in the fight against Jews and Judaism. [http://www.adl.org/Interfaith/Oberammergau/Intro.asp ADL] Accessed June 29, 2007</ref> for its portrayal of [[Judaism|Jewish]] characters. In response to the criticism, some changes were made before the 2000 production.
{{expand}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.oberammergau.de/ot_e/passionplay/ Oberammergau Tourismus] Official website

Carl Otto Nicolai

2007-09-02T19:44:01Z

Albertus: Mozart

'''Carl Otto Ehrenfried Nicolai''' (June 9, 1810 - May 11, 1849) was a [[Germany|German]] composer, conductor, and founder of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Nicolai is best known for his operatic version of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s [[comedy]] ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''. In addition to five [[opera]]s, Nicolai composed lieder, works for orchestra, chorus, ensemble, and solo instruments. Early in his career, as an exercise, Nicolai transposed and arranged most of the works of [[Mozart]].
[[category:music]]

Gay-Lussac's Law

2007-09-02T19:38:01Z

Albertus: Boyle's Law

The stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation relate the volumes of gases in the equation as well as the number of moles of substances in the equation. This relationship forms the basis for [[Boyle's Law]], although this was not understood at the time of the formulation of the law.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Chemistry''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[category:chemistry]]

Nauru

2007-09-02T19:34:24Z

Albertus: Its unverified whether the phosphates are guano or not

'''Nauru''' is an island nation in the South [[Pacific Ocean]]. It has a population of about 12,000 people.<ref>CIA World Factbook</ref>

==History==
Once upon a time it was quite rich, because of all the mining of [[phosphates]] that took place, but now that the phosphate is nearly all gone the island is quite poor. It largely depends on [[Australia]].<ref>CIA World Factbook</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Oceanian Countries]] [[Category:Continents]]

M200

2007-09-02T19:29:52Z

Albertus: Primary axon

M200 is a monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells. M200 binds to a protein that is found on cells that line some tumor blood vessels. The primary axon of the antibody is believed to be the binding receptor. It belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.

M200 is also called volociximab.
[[category:medicine]]

Wingfield Manor

2007-09-02T19:28:47Z

Albertus: bomb shelters

Wingfield Manor was built in the mid-Fifteenth Century for Ralph Lord Cromwell. It was the model for [[Hampton Court]] in [[London]]. It consists of buildings around two main courtyards. It is now a ruin, having been besieged twice in the [[English Civil War]]. The second time, in 1644, it was attacked by the [[Parliamentarians]], who after defeating the Royalists, held on to the manor until 1644, when it was ordered by Parliament to be demolished so that it could never again be fortified. Part of the ruins were converted to a house, and then that was destroyed and a new Hall built in the valley. During World War II, the extant cellars of the ruins were used as bomb shelters, although this was discontinued during the latter half of 1944. Currently there is an occupied farm in the centre of the ruins. Wingfield Manor is managed by [[English Heritage]].

[[category:history]]

Binary pulsar

2007-09-02T19:26:26Z

Albertus: gravity fields

A binary pulsar is a pulsar rotating in orbit about a center of mass with one other companion, which is typically another pulsar, neutron star or white dwarf. The strong gravitational field is of interest to physicists, and numerous binary pulsars have been discovered in recent decades. On average, pulsars have gravity fields 12,000 times those of conventional stars, and 100 times those of neutron stars.<ref>http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/relativity/binpulstable.html</ref>

In 1974 Professors Taylor ahd Hulse discovered the first binary pulsar, [[PSR 1913+16|PSR 1913 16]], also known as the "Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar."

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Genetic Terms A

2007-09-02T19:22:56Z

Albertus: Some starting terms

Harakiri

2007-09-02T19:20:36Z

Albertus: decapitation

{{merge|seppuku}}
'''Harakiri''' is Japanese ritual suicide, more formally called ''[[seppuku]]'', considered an honorable way out of a shameful situation especially for a military man (see also [[Samurai]]). In the past, a warriors second would simultaneously decapitate the suicider with a katana or broad sword, to ensure completion of the act. It has sometimes been used as a form a social protest.

==See also==

*[[Suicide]]

The Merchant of Venice

2007-09-02T19:18:28Z

Albertus: Antonio and Portia

'''The Merchant of Venice''' is a play by [[William Shakespeare]] and possibly his greatest play. It involves the lawsuit between Antonio, a Merchant (non-Jew), and Shylock, a jew. It also has a subplot, in which a fair lady, Portia (non-Jew), is courted by three gentlemen, who must open three gold caskets. <ref> [[Great Books, Shakespeare: Vol. 1]], by William George Clarke and William Aldis Wright, Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1952, pp. 406-433. </ref>

====References====
<references/>

====See Also====
[[William Shakespeare]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Merchant of Venice, The}}
[[Category: Plays]]
[[Category: Shakespeare]]

Planck units

2007-09-02T19:17:14Z

Albertus: Joule coefficients

'''Planck units''' are physical constants defined in such a way that the five basic constants all have value of 1:

<br>(1) the speed of light in a vacuum
<br>(2) the gravitational constant
<br>(3) Dirac's constant (reduced Planck's constant)
<br>(4) Coulomb force constant ([[Joule]] interdependence coefficients)
<br>(5) Boltzmann constant

[[category:physics]]

Duluth

2007-09-02T19:15:21Z

Albertus: hydroelectric

'''Duluth''' is a city in [[Minnesota]] on the western edge of [[Lake Superior]]. Duluth has many immigrants from [[Ethiopia]], and is noted for its hydroelectric power.

[[category:cities]]
[[category:Minnesota]]

Prudhoe

2007-09-02T19:13:56Z

Albertus: fix period

'''Prudhoe''' is a town in [[Northumberland]], [[England]]. It has a [[Norman]] castle which was strategically important in the border wars between England and [[Scotland]] in the latter part of the 12th century. Legend has it that is was named for its founder, Johnn Prudhoe.

[[Category:United Kingdom Towns and Cities]]

Prudhoe

2007-09-02T19:13:39Z

Albertus: Johnn Prudhoe

Debris avalanche

2007-08-31T03:55:00Z

Albertus: mudslide

[[Image:Debris_avalanche.jpg|thumb|300px|A debris avalanche rushes down the side of a volcano to the valley floor. Many such debris avalanches transform into lahars and travel tens of kilometers from the volcano. Note horseshoe shaped crater on volcano's side, which is the scar created by the avalanche.]]'''Debris avalanches''' are moving masses of rock, soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope. As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys, it incorporates water, snow, trees, bridges, buildings, and anything else in the way. When inclusive of water in greater than 50%, the avalanche is called a mudslide. Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest, or they may transform into more water-rich [[lahars]], which travel many tens of kilometers downstream.

== Sources ==
[http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/DebrisAvalanche.html USGS Photo Glossary]

[[Category:Geology]]

Ugaritic

2007-08-31T03:53:19Z

Albertus: number of speakers

'''Ugaritic''' was a [[Semitic]] [[language]] spoken in the town of [[Ugarit]], located on the coast of modern [[Syria]]. [[Cuneiform]] texts written in Ugaritic dating from approximately 1200-1000 B.C. were discovered by [[French]] archeologists in the early twentieth century.

Like other Semitic languages, including [[Hebrew]], [[Akkadian]] and [[Sumerian]], Ugaritic had an object-verb-subject word order. Its verbal morphology was most similar to [[Aramaic]], although Hittite and even [[Egyptian]] influence is seen in its inflectional morphology. It is believed that the maximum number of current speakers of the language is no more 5 million and rapidly falling. Ergativity is also a notable feature of the language.

Texts in the Ugaritic language include the legends of [[Baal]], [[Aqhat]] (which is believed to refer to a character later known in the [[Bible]] as [[Daniel]], and [[Kirta]].

[[category:languages]]

Integral

2007-08-31T03:51:33Z

Albertus: Boundaries

An '''integral''' is a mathematical construction used in [[Calculus]] to represent the area of a region in a plane. Integrals use the following notation:
<math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
where ''a'' and ''b'' represent the lower and upper bounds of the interval being integrated over, ''f'' represents the function being integrated (the '''integrand'''), and ''dx'' represents a dummy variable given various definitions, depending on the context of the integral. Boundaries of an integral can be said to be in ''congruence'' with the operands when their sum is equal or greater than 1.

Integration is the inverse function of [[derivative|derivation]], and is related to it by the [[Fundamental Theorem of Calculus]].

[[Category:Mathematics]]

Germinal mutations

2007-08-31T03:49:00Z

Albertus: mutations

If a [[gene]] is altered in a [[germ cell]], the mutation is termed a '''germinal mutation'''. Because [[germ cells]] give rise to [[gametes]], some [[gametes]] will carry the [[mutation]] and it will be passed on to the next generation when the individual successfully mates. This explanation does not however, account for mutations. Typically germinal mutations are not expressed in the individual containing the [[mutation]]. The only instance in which it would be expressed is if it negatively (or positively) affected gamete production.

[[category:genetics]]

Department of Justice Terms J

2007-08-31T03:48:02Z

Albertus: jury box

<div style="width: 550px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #999; background: #ccc; margin: .5em auto .5em auto; padding: 5px;">Department of Justice Terms: [[Department of Justice Terms A|A]]-[[Department of Justice Terms B|B]]-[[Department of Justice Terms C|C]]-[[Department of Justice Terms D|D]]-[[Department of Justice Terms E|E]]-[[Department of Justice Terms F|F]]-[[Department of Justice Terms G|G]]-[[Department of Justice Terms H|H]]-[[Department of Justice Terms I|I]]-[[Department of Justice Terms J|J]]-[[Department of Justice Terms K|K]]-[[Department of Justice Terms L|L]]-[[Department of Justice Terms M|M]]-[[Department of Justice Terms N|N]]-[[Department of Justice Terms O|O]]-[[Department of Justice Terms P|P]]-[[Department of Justice Terms Q|Q]]-[[Department of Justice Terms R|R]]-[[Department of Justice Terms S|S]]-[[Department of Justice Terms T|T]]-[[Department of Justice Terms U|U]]-[[Department of Justice Terms V|V]]-[[Department of Justice Terms W|W]]-[[Department of Justice Terms X|X]]-[[Department of Justice Terms Y|Y]]-[[Department of Justice Terms Z|Z]]</div>
<includeonly>[[Category:Science Indexes]]</includeonly>

[[judge]]

[[judgement]]

[[jurisdiction]]

[[juror]]

[[jury]]

[[jury box]]

[[jurisprudence]]

[[Category:Law]]

Mango

2007-08-31T03:47:08Z

Albertus: Domestication

The '''mango''' is the edible fruit of the mango tree, which is native to southern [[Asia]]. The fruit has a smooth outer rind, sweet juicy flesh that is somewhat fibrous, and a single seed in the middle of the fruit. Mango trees can grow 30 to 100 feet tall and are best grown in a warm climate, as they do not tolerate cold, and require warm, dry weather to bear fruit.

An average size mango has about 135 calories, 1 gram of fat and 4
grams of fiber. The fruit is high in [[Vitamins]] A and C. <ref> http://www.bellybytes.com/articles/29foods.shtml </ref>

The original wild mangos were small fruits with scant, fibrous flesh, but through many centuries of commercial propagation and cultivation there are now over 500 different varieties of mango. Domestication of the mango appears to have emerged in Southeast Asia in about 200 BC.

There are two distinct varieties of mango, the original variety which is native to [[India]]; and a second type that is grown in Southeast Asia and the [[Philippines]]. The trees have differing requirements: The Indian mango tree is intolerant of [[humidity]], and is susceptible to mildew, while the the mango tree grown in the Philippines withstands excess moisture, and resists mildew. <ref>
http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html </ref>

[[India]] produces 65% of the world's mango crop, and is one of the main exporters of the fruit. Other large explorters include the Philippines, [[Thailand]], Indonesia, [[Mexico]], and [[South Africa]]. Mangos were introduced to [[California]] around 1880, and are today grown in the Western United States, particularly California and [[Hawaii]], and are also grown in [[South America]]. <ref>
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html </ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[Category: Fruits]]

Hospice

2007-08-31T03:45:33Z

Albertus: hospitals

Hospice care refers to a service offered by health care professionals to generally elder patients nearing the end of life. Hospice care is not used to ward death or prolong life, but rather to provide for maximum comfort for the patient. Most hospitals include hospice facilities.

[[category:medicine]]

Freemasonry

2007-08-31T03:44:32Z

Albertus: /* Women and Freemasonry */ m

'''Freemasonry''' is a [[fraternity|fraternal]] organization, that is, an organisation for men, with a worldwide membership of around 3 million. Local branches are called 'lodges', and the members meet together and perform rituals teaching moral truths, similar to short plays, based on [[Bible|Biblical]] imagery mostly concerned with the building of [[Solomon]]'s temple in [[Jerusalem]].

Membership dues can vary widely between jurisdictions and individual lodges. Meals are often eaten before or after meetings. Lodges also frequently raise money for charity.

== Beliefs ==
The central tenets of Freemasonry are:
*Brotherly Love - the regard men have for each other;
*Relief - relieving the necessities and destitution a man sees around him (charity);
*Truth - being true to himself, his brother Masons, and others around him.

The most recognisable symbol of Freemasonry is the "Square and Compasses", which are used to teach respectively "square conduct towards others" and "keeping passions and prejudices within due bounds".

For most jurisdictions of Freemasonry there is a rule that the members must believe in a [[god]] or supreme being, who is sometime poetically called 'The Great [[Architect]] of the [[Universe]]'.

Contrary to popular belief, Freemasons are not taught to 'prefer' other Masons or to do them special favours.

== Degrees ==
Standard Freemasonry, like many other fraternal societies, is divided into three degrees:
*the first is called Entered Apprentice,
*the second is Fellow Craft, and
*the third is Master Mason.

Progressing through the degrees traditionally involves memorization. After the third degree a Freemason may go on to other Masonic bodies such as the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, and the York Rite.

== History ==
There is little known for certain about the early beginnings of Freemasonry. Masonic legends claim various theories about its origins, including some considered far fetched and improbable. Certainly, lodges of 'operative' Freemasons (men who worked stone and built with it) were formed around the major religious and civil work places during the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe and the British Isles. These lodges were early societies or [[guild]]s for the craftsmen, and places where an apprentice could be taught. The lodges also instilled moral teaching. When a man moved to another site he took special symbols, signs, and handshakes that were recognisable to the senior masons and formed a means of recognition of his standing in the wider society of masons. Over time, non-masons learned of the moral teaching and social atmosphere of the lodge and were admitted as non-operative or 'speculative' masons. (However, some claim that it was founded by [[Pythagoras]] or [[Euclid]], both ancient [[Greece|Greek]] geometers, which is supposed to explain Masonry's obsession with geometric symbolism.)

In 1717 four lodges met together at a public house (pub, or hotel) in [[London]] and formed the Grand Lodge of [[England]], and this later chartered grand lodges in other countries.

== Famous Freemasons ==
*HRH The [[Duke]] of [[Kent]] (b. 1935) Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England since 1967 (cousin of both [[Queen]] [[Elizabeth II]] and the [[Duke of Edinburgh]])
*Lord [[Randolph Churchill]] (1849 - 1895)
*Sir [[Winston Churchill]] (1874 - 1965)
*[[Cecil Rhodes]] (1852 - 1903)
*Sir [[Joseph Banks]] (1744 - 1820)
*Dr [[Edward Jenner]] (1749 - 1823)
*Sir [[Alexander Fleming]] (1881 - 1955)
*[[Geoffrey Fisher]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (1887 - 1972)
*[[Robert Burns]] (1759 - 1796)
*Sir [[Walter Scott]] (1771 - 1832)
*[[Anthony Trollope]] (1815 - 1882)
*Sir [[William S. Gilbert]] (1836 - 1911)
*Sir [[Arthur Sullivan]] (1842 - 1900)
*Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] (1859 - 1930)
*[[Rudyard Kipling]] (1865 - 1936)
*Field Marshal 1st [[Duke of Wellington]] (1769 - 1852)
*[[George Washington]]
*Major [[General]] [[Michael Jeffrey]], [[Governor General of Australia]]

== Women and Freemasonry ==
Women are accepted into the social events surrounding Freemasonry.

An organisation for women associated with Freemasonry is the [[Order of the Eastern Star]], and Freemasons may attend their meetings.

=== Irregular Freemasonry including women ===
There are some branches that also accept women (Co-masonry) and a few exclusively for women. These are not considered 'regular' by Freemasons, and men can be expelled from their lodge if they are known to have attended meetings of these organisations.

== External links ==
*[http://www.ugle.org.uk Grand Lodge of England]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771a.htm Masonry] Catholic Encyclopedia.
*[http://www.masonicforum.ro/en/nr19/jackson.html World Conference of Grand Masters]
*[http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/thomas_paine/origin_free-masonry.html Origin of Free Masonry] Historical Documents: Thomas Paine

[[category:history]]

RJ Reynolds

2007-08-31T03:43:35Z

Albertus: aluminum

RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company is a tobacco company. It was founded in the nineteenth century by a man called RJ Reynolds, whom it is named after. It is the second largest tobacco company in the world and, through its subsidiaries, the largest producer of aluminum.

[[category:industry]]

REM

2007-08-31T03:40:59Z

Albertus: Sleep disorders

'''REM''' stands for '''R'''apid '''E'''ye '''M'''ovement and is a term used to describe a stage of sleep where dreaming occurs. During dreaming, the eyes move back and forth either up and down or side to side. It has been noted that in cases where specific vertical or horizontal movement is taking place in the dream, that the eye movement tends to match that direction. Lack of REM sleep has been associated with sleep disorders, including insomnia and dysomnabliocia.

[[Category: Physiology]]

Charles Lindbergh

2007-08-31T03:39:19Z

Albertus: Lockheed

[[Image:Lindbergh.jpg‎ |right|250px|thumb]]

'''Charles Lindbergh''' was an aviation pioneer. In 1927 he became the first to fly solo, non-stop, from [[New York]] to [[Paris]]. This feat created a sensation and he was welcomed by enormous crowds in France and, on his return, in New York. He was known as "Lucky Lindy" and inspired a dance, the "Lindy Hop."

Lindbergh was bold in using a single-engine plane and in flying solo. He argued that aircraft engines were now reliable enough to be counted on, and that the loss of a single engine in a multi-engine aircraft would be so serious that having several engines increased, rather than reduced, the risk. Bolder, perhaps, was his decision to fly alone, meaning that he needed to remain awake for 33 hours.

Lindbergh's life was touched with tragedy when his twenty-month-old baby was kidnapped, and ultimately killed, by Bruno Richard Hauptmann.

Lindbergh visited Germany in 1938 and was impressed by and spoke favorably of the German air force. He accepted a medal from [[Hermann Goering]] for his services to aviation. He attracted criticism and some regarded him as a [[Nazi]] sympathizer. Lindbergh strongly opposed U.S. entry into the [[Second World War]], and suggested that if the U.S. did enter, it should be on the side of Germany.

Lindbergh worked as a civilian consultant to aviation companies, particularly Pan American Airways. He flew all over the world scouting possible routes that Pan Am could fly. In later years, he served on the Board of Directors of the Lockheed Corporation.

Lindbergh wrote two books about his flight: ''We'' and ''The [[Spirit of St. Louis]].''

[[Category:Biographies]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:LIndbergh, Charles}}

Chemistry Terms A

2007-08-31T03:37:59Z

Albertus: Atomic Dispersion

{{Chemistry Index}}

[[Absolute temperature scale]]

[[Accuracy]]

[[Acid]]

[[Acid Ionization Constant]]

[[Acid ionization reaction]]

[[Actinium]]

[[Activation energy]]

[[Alpha decay]]

[[Aluminum]]

[[Americium]]

[[Amphiprotic Compounds]]

[[Amplitude]]

[[Anion]]

[[Antimony]]

[[Argon]]

[[Arsenic]]

[[Astatine]]

[[Atom]]

[[Atomic Dispersion]]

[[Atomic mass]]

[[Atomic mass units]]

[[Atomic number]]

[[Atomic radius]]

[[Avogadro's law]]

[[Avogadro's number]]

Henry Clay

2007-08-31T03:36:47Z

Albertus: Constitutional Convention

[[image:henryclay.jpg|200px|thumb|Henry Clay]]
'''Henry Clay''' (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852) was a prominent [[United States]] [[Congress|Congressman]] representing the [[state]] of [[Kentucky]], and founder of the [[Whig Party]]. He is often referred to as the "Great Compromiser" for his work on the [[Missouri Compromise]], [[Nullification Crisis]], [[Constitutional Convention]] and [[Compromise of 1850]]. Clay served as [[Speaker of the House]], [[Secretary of State]], and [[Senator]] during his lifetime. Clay is also noted for his three unsuccessful [[President of the United States of America|presidential]] campaigns in 1824, 1832, and 1844.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clay, Henry}}

[[Category:Speakers of the House(US)]]
[[Category:United States History]]

Nonrival good

2007-08-31T03:34:13Z

Albertus: m

A nonrival good is one that can be used or consumed by one person without reducing the amount left for others. In other words, a nonrival good can be used again and again at almost no additional cost.

Examples of nonrival goods are designs, movies, television, fireworks, algorithms and patents.<ref>http://www.economicprincipals.com/issues/06.11.12.html</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Economics]]

Ancient Terms K

2007-08-31T03:32:23Z

Albertus: fix spelling

{{Ancient Index}}

[[Karma]]

[[Kassites]]

[[Khufu]]

[[Khyber Pass]]

[[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]]

[[Kazahkstan]]

Ancient Terms K

2007-08-31T03:31:31Z

Albertus: Kazakstan

{{Ancient Index}}

[[Karma]]

[[Kassites]]

[[Khufu]]

[[Khyber Pass]]

[[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]]

[[Kazakstan]]

Hudson Bay

2007-08-31T03:28:20Z

Albertus: resources

'''Hudson Bay''' is a large bay area(1.23 million km²) in northeastern [[Canada]]. It's named after Henry Hudson, who explored the area in 1610. The region is noted for providing high quality timber, strategic metals (particularly chromium), and hydroelectric power.

[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Canada]]

Dacite

2007-08-31T03:13:15Z

Albertus: Plinial Lava

[[Image:Dacite.jpg|thumb|300px|Close view of dacite lava from the May 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak, California]]'''Dacite''' [[lava]] is most often light gray, but can be dark gray to black. Dacite lava consists of about 63 to 68 percent [[silica]] (<math>SiO_2</math>). Common minerals include plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and amphibole. Dacite generally erupts at temperatures between 800 and 1000°C. It is one of the most common rock types associated with enormous Plinian-style eruptions. When relatively gas-poor dacite erupts onto a volcano's surface, it typically forms thick rounded lava flow in the shape of a dome. Outside the United States, this type of lava is generally known as Plinial Lava.

== Sources ==
[http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/dacite.html USGS Photo Glossary]

[[Category:Igneous rocks]]

Go

2007-08-31T03:12:00Z

Albertus: computer Go

'''Go''' is a two-player, strategical turn based board game. It originated in [[China]], probably in the third millenium BC, and is very popular in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] as well. It didn't reach [[Europe]] and [[America]] until the end 19th century.

The rules of the game are quite simple, involving the placing of black and white stones on a grid, and attempting to control squares on the grid by surrounding them with stones. Despite the simple rules, the game is strategically very deep, even more complex than [[chess]]. Unlike chess, computer programs for playing Go are considered highly inferior to most human playersl.<ref>[http://users.eniinternet.com/bradleym/Compare.html "Comparison between Go and Chess"], Comparison between Go and Chess by Milton N. Bradley.</ref>.

==Reference==
<references />

[[Category:board games]]

Frankenstein

2007-08-31T03:06:22Z

Albertus: Dracula

[[Image:Frankenstein3.jpg|right|250px|thumb]]
'''Frankenstein''' is a novel by [[Mary Shelley]], describing the life and actions of Victor Frankenstein, a Jew who succeeds in animating a [[corpse]] sown together from various body parts. The creature is at first friendly, but after it is treated harshly it becomes bitter and resolves to kill its master. After Frankenstein dies of pneumonia, the creature commits [[suicide]]. [[Bram Stoker]] cited the novel as a major influence on his novel [[Dracula]]. The book was made into a film in 1931 (see [[Frankenstein (1931 film)]]), which changes the plot and characters.

[[Category:Book]]
[[Category:Science fiction]]
[[Category:Horror]]

Previous Breaking News Terms H

2007-08-31T03:04:22Z

Albertus: fix syntax, I hope

{{Previous Breaking News}}

[[Previous Breaking News/Hillary Clinton|Hillary Clinton]]

[[Previous Breaking News/Homosexuality|Homosexuality]]

[[Previous Breaking News/Homophobia|Homophobia]]

[[Category:Previous Breaking News]]

Previous Breaking News Terms H

2007-08-31T03:03:31Z

Albertus: homophobia

{{Previous Breaking News}}

[[Previous Breaking News/Hillary Clinton|Hillary Clinton]]

[[Previous Breaking News/Homosexuality|Homosexuality]]

[[Category:Previous Breaking News]]

[[Homophobia]]

X-axis

2007-08-31T03:02:51Z

Albertus: y-intercept

The '''X-axis''' is the horizontal axis on a coordinate plane, as opposed to the vertical axis, or [[y-axis]]. The point at which a line crosses the x-axis is referred to as the [[x-intercept]]. The [[y-intercept]] is defined as infinity.

[[category:mathematics]]

Aura

2007-08-31T03:01:10Z

Albertus: electromagnetic

The '''Aura''' is a term for the energy field believed to surround all living things. It is the focus of several healing arts, including [[polarity therapy]], [[cranial sacral technique]], and [[Reiki]] . An aura is believed to be produced by the energy generated by a living [[organism]], and as such is presumed to be electromagnetic in nature.

[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

The Hitchhiker's Guide to The Galaxy

2007-08-31T02:50:15Z

Albertus: m

'''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'''' is a science fiction comedy series, a series of books, CDs, computer games and stage shows, a TV series and a feature film, all created by the author [[Douglas Adams]]. It was originally broadcast as six-part radio series on BBC Radio 4 in 1978. Since that time, it has existed in a number of different and contradictory formats, and has become an international phenomenon.

The title ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'' is often abbreviated as [[HHGTTG]], or even [[H2G2]] and this is used on fan websites.

The main thesis of the book is that Arthur Dent, an "ordinary bloke" wakes up one morning to find that his house is about to be demolished to make way for a bypass. His friend, [[Ford Prefect]] (who mysteriously turns out to be not from Guildford, as Arthur had been led to believe, but from [[Betelgeuse]] - pronounced ''beetle-juice''), takes him to the pub and informs him that it is not just his house, but the whole Earth which is about to be destroyed. Before Arthur has time to take this in, he finds that the Earth has been destroyed by a fleet of Vogon spacecraft to make way for a new hyperspace bypass, and that he and Ford Prefect are on board the Vogon spaceship, having "thumbed" a lift.

The name of the book derives from the fact that Ford is a researcher on ''The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to The Galaxy'', an electronic book which allows hitchhikers to travel the galaxy, armed only with their towel, and 30 Atarian dollars a day. The book has two main features - firstly that it has supplanted the Encyclopedia Galactica as the repository of all known wisdom, and secondly, that it has the words "Don't Panic" in big letters on the cover. Escaping from the Vogons, Ford and Arthur meet up with Trillian, [[Zaphod Beeblebrox]] and Marvin the paranoid android, for a series of adventures, mainly, but not entirely, involving the spaceship ''Heart of Gold'', and Eddie, the ship's computer.

Douglas Adams' creation has become a cult, and many of the elements of the story have now become part of the language. For example, the answer to Life, the Universe and Everything, is, according to the book, 42; this is now ubiquitous, often found in computer programmes and hackerspeak. Other element such as the Babel Fish, which when placed in the ear, allows aperson to understand any language, has spawned a translation website. According to the book, the babel fish, is probably the oddest thing in the universe, and so bizzarely improbable that some have seen it as the clinching proof that God does not exist.

==Links==
*BBC Website for HHGTTG http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/hitchhikers/
*H2G2 Website http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/
[[category:book|Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]

English Civil War

2007-08-31T02:49:00Z

Albertus: /* Execution of the King */ survival?

The '''English Civil War''' was a series of conflicts that lasted from 1642 to 1651 between supporters of King [[Charles I]], known as ''royalists'' or ''cavaliers'' and supporters of the English [[parliament]], known as ''parliamentarians'' or ''roundheads''. It formed part of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]].

==Background==
King Charles ascended to the thrones of [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] in 1625. At that time the monarch had the sole power to enact laws but relied on parliament to enforce the collection of taxes. Charles proved to be a poor politician. He treated parliament with contempt and as a consequence divisions grew between the king, who stubbornly refused to consider parliament's petitions, and the parliament who were increasingly reluctant to cooperate in raising funds for the king. Puritans in the parliament were suspicious that the king would undermine the protestant character of the [[Church of England]] following his marriage to a Catholic princess.
Divisions between the two sides came to a head when parliament attempted to impeach one of the king's military commanders after a failed intervention in support of the French [[Hugenots]] in 1627. Charles responded by dissolving parliament, but finding himself short of funds he assembled Parliament a year later and was forced to accept the [[Petition of Right]] in return for the funds he needed. Parliament was dissolved again in 1629, and Charles ruled without parliament for a further 11 years.
Over the next decade Charles angered Puritans in England by introducing what they saw as Roman Catholic practices into the Church of England and by imposing fines on those who didn't attend Anglican services. When he attempted to introduce these reforms into Scotland he was met with a violent rebellion. The king's armies were defeated and he was forced to concede the independence of the Scottish Church. Charles tried twice more to defeat the rebels but this only resulted in the Scots armies occupying much of Northern England and Charles was forced to pay protection money to them to prevent the pillage of the area. Desperately short of money and with a weak army unable to defend England, Charles was forced to recall parliament in 1640.
Parliament took advantage of the king's weak position by forcing him to recognise the right of parliament to assemble regularly and restricting his tax-raising powers. Parliament inflicted further humiliation on Charles when they arrested and executed the king's chief advisor on a charge of treason for granting concessions to Irish Catholics, sparking a rebellion in Ireland. Enraged by parliament's actions Charles lead an attempt to arrest parliamentarians for treason. He failed, and now war was now inevitable.

==The Wars==
Fearing for his safety Charles left London, and toured the country to gain support for his cause, making Oxford his base. Parliament responded by recruiting it's own armies. The royalists got the better of the early battles but their advances had been halted by the autumn of 1643. Charles reached a compromise with the Catholic rebels in Ireland to free up troops for the fight in England. In 1644 parliament made advances in the north thanks to an a pact with the Scots, but suffered reverses in the west. In 1645 parliament formed the [[New Model Army]] under the command of [[Thomas Fairfax]] and [[Oliver Cromwell]]. In the [[Battle of Naseby]] in 1645 the royalist forces were decisively defeated. After further defeats the king placed himself under the protection of the Scots armies, who were involved in their own civil war. England was now under the control of an uneasy alliance between the Parliament, the Scots and the Army, who had become a powerful independent force.

Whilst a prisoner of the Scots, the king negotiated an agreement to introduce religious reforms in Scotland in exchange for supporting a royalist rebellion in England. In 1648 a series of royalist rebellions broke out in England. After some initial reverses Army forces lead by Fairfax and Cromwell achieved a series of crushing victories that culminated in the defeat of the royalist and Scots armies at [[Preston]].

==Execution of the King==
Despite the betrayal by Charles most parliamentarians still believed that Charles could be be retained as ruler, whilst a minority argued that he could not continue. The Army took matters into their own hands and prevented from attending parliament most of the members still sympathetic to Charles. They then ordered parliament to try Charles for treason. He was found guilty and executed on 30 January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the first, and so far only, republican government was instituted in England. Charles II succeeded his father as king of Scotland and immediately attempted to reclaim his throne, but was easily defeated by Cromwell's army and narrowly escaped to exile in France. Rumors persisted for many years that Charles had in fact survived the execution, and secretly fled to either France or Germany, but no sound evidence of this has ever been produced.

==Aftermath==
Following the king's execution parliament was composed of a mixture of religious independents, presbyterians and conservatives. Greater toleration was granted for religious independents (although Catholicism was still repressed) and a number of religiously inspired laws were passed including the closing of theatres and the enforcement of Sunday observance. Meanwhile Cromwell sought to eradicate opposition in Ireland where royalists had made an alliance with Irish Catholics. Between 1651 and 1653 Cromwell's army completed a brutal conquest of Ireland.
Acting on fears that parliament would begin to assert its independence from the army, Cromwell dissolved parliament in 1643 and replaced it with a hand picked parliament, but the new parliament was unable to find agreement between religious radicals and moderates and in December 1643 Cromwell dissolved parliament and installed himself as [[Lord Protector]], effectively a military dictator.

[[Category:English civil war]]

Daniel Drew

2007-08-31T02:44:34Z

Albertus: Western Union

'''Daniel Drew''' (1797–1879) was a [[Wall Street]] insider during the [[Gilded Age]]. His was a rags-to-riches-to-rags story that began with little formal education as a child. He earned a fortune by manipulating [[stock]] on Wall Street, founding the successful brokerage firm of [[Drew, Robinson & Company]] in 1844. Ultimately he was betrayed by [[James Fiske]] and [[Jay Gould]], two other Wall Street insiders, and died penniless. He was an early investor in the [[Western Union]] company, and advocated (unsuccessfully) that Western Union invest in the [[telephone]].

He is famously known for his remark that all he wanted in a deal was "a little unfair advantage."{{fact}}

==References==
<references/>

Neurotoxin

2007-08-31T02:38:13Z

Albertus: paralytic effect

A poison that attacks the [[nervous system]], causing blindness, paralysis, or suffocation. In most cases, the paralytic effect is caused by interruption of neuro-transmission chemicals within the cerebellum.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia
Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Biology]]

Xenon

2007-08-31T02:36:11Z

Albertus: coolant

'''Xenon''' is a [[Noble Gas]]. It is a non-reactive gas, and is therefore often used in industrial processes as a coolant.

[[category:chemistry]]