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Workers World Party

2008-04-15T19:20:48Z

Albert: /* References */

The '''Workers World Party''' ('''WWP''') is a [[communist]], extreme [[left-wing]] political party in the [[United States]]. The history of the Workers World Party is they were formed by [[Sam Marcy]] and his followers in about 1959 when they left the [[Socialist Workers Party]] (SWP). The SWP is [[Trotskyist]], and as the Trotskyists were not friendly to the Stalin-era Soviet Union, the SWP opposed the 1956 Soviet invasion of [[Hungary]]. Sam Marcy and his followers supported the invasion. Marcy led his followers out of the SWP and started their own political party. The Workers World Party has been known to take the most extreme positions that even most other U.S. communist parties will not take: they were the only U.S. communist party to openly defend the [[Tiananmen Square massacre]] by the [[China|Chinese]] government, and the [[North Korea]]n regime of [[Kim Jong Il]], and one of the few to openly defend the regime of [[Slobodan Milosevic]] in [[Yugoslavia]]. The WWP is often characterized as hardline [[Stalinist]], which is ironic given their Trotskyist roots.

According to their website the WWP "promotes international working-class solidarity, the right of every nation to sovereignty and self-determination, and [[Terrorism|militant resistance]] at home to imperialist interventions and wars." <ref>[http://www.workers.org/wwp.php About Workers World], 22 July 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2007. </ref> The ATTAC Terror Report <ref>[http://www.attacreport.com/ar_terror/tframe.php?region=namerica&group=wwp ATTAC Terror Report]</ref> characterizes the WPP as follows:

Founding/Supervisory Organizations:

*Cuban General Directorate of Intelligence (DGI)
*[[Socialist Workers Party]] (SWP)

Supporting Organizations:
*[[Prairie Fire Organizing Committee]] (PFOC)
*[[Weather Underground Organization]] (WUO)

Type of Organization: [[Terrorist]]/revolutionary

Location: United States

Ideological cover: Openly [[Marxist-Leninist]]

Activities: Riots; prison organizing & riots; political & logistical support for terrorism

Target countries: [[United States]]

Status: Confirmed active

Assisted Organizations:
*[[Code Pink]]
*[[Prairie Fire Organizing Committee]] (PFOC)
*Republic of New Africa (RNA)
*[[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS)
*[[Weather Underground Organization]] (WUO)
*[[Youth International Party]] (YIP)

Derivative/Controlled Organizations: (unknown)

==References==
<references/>
*Workers World, [http://www.workers.org/2005/us/lgbtseries-0428/ Harry Hay heard ‘siren song of revolution’], Leslie Feinberg, Apr 20, 2005.
*Workers World, [http://www.workers.org/2005/us/lgbtseries-0512/ Harry Hay tried to 'close chapter' on his gayness], Leslie Feinberg, May 4, 2005.

[[Category:United States Political Parties]]
[[Category:Communist Political Parties]]

Worker's Party of Ireland

2008-04-15T19:20:11Z

Albert:

The '''Worker's Party of Ireland''' is an [[Irish]] [[marxist]] political party which evolved from a split in [[Sinn Fein]] in 1970. The leadership faction became known as Official Sinn Fein and adopted marxist policies. This faction focused mainly on peaceful political activities in Ireland. In 1977, it changed it's name to Sinn Fein, the Worker's Party, and in 1982 it became simply the Worker's Party.

Members of the party infiltrated Trades Unions and the State broadcasting company RTE in order to increase the influence of the party. By 1989, the party had seven TDs in [[Dail Eireann]]. [[Eoghan Harris]], [[Pat Rabbitte]], [[Sean Garland]], and [[Eamon Gilmore]] were prominent members of the party. The party had close links to the [[Soviet]] Communist Party and to the [[North Korea]]n Communist Party. In 1992, following the collapse of European [[communist]] regimes, 6 of the party's TDs left to form the Democratic Left party, in 1999, this party merged with the Irish Labour Party.

Following the defection of many of it's members to form the Democratic Left, the Worker's Party lost most of it's political influence. The party continued to exist however, and in 2000, Sean Garland was elected President of the Party. It was alleged that he was also leader of the Official [[IRA]] which was covertly associated with the party since the 1970s. In October 2005,he was arrested in [[Belfast]] on foot of a [[U.S.]] extradition warrant. U.S. authorities alleged that Garland was involved in a massive counterfeiting operation with [[North Korea]] to produce forged 100 Dollar notes, so called "Superdollars". The objective was, allegedly, to make criminal profits and to undermine the currency of the U.S.. Garland was given bail and he then broke his bail conditions by fleeing to the [[ Republic of Ireland]]. As of December 2007, he has not been extradited to the U.S.

==References==

[http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Politics/Eoghan_Harris_and_the_Workers_Party/ Eoghan Harris and the Workers Party]

[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/3822005.stm BBC Panorama Programme]

[[Category:Ireland]]
[[Category:Communist Political Parties]]

Socialist Workers Party

2008-04-15T19:19:37Z

Albert:

The '''Socialist Workers Party''' is a [[Communist]] political party in the United States founded in 1938, which advocates [[Trotskyism]]. Trotskyism is a form of Communism associated with [[Leon Trotsky]].The SWP was a member of the [[Fourth International]].

==Notable off-shoots==
The [[Workers World Party]] is a splinter party from the Socialist Workers Party founded in 1959 by followers of Sam Marcy.

[[Lyndon LaRouche]] was a former member of the Socialist Workers Party.

[[Category:United States Political Parties]]
[[Category:Communist Political Parties]]

Revolutionary Communist Party

2008-04-15T19:19:21Z

Albert:

The '''Revolutionary Communist Party''' led by [[Bob Avakian]] is a [[Maoist]] political party in the United States. It was formed in 1976 from the Revolutionary Union which was one of several factions that emerged from the [[New Left]] when [[Students for a Democratic Society]] fractured in 1969. The RCP is known for loud, obnoxious protests in which they try to incite riots. Bob Avakian has been living in exile in [[France]] since 1980. The RCP's newspaper was originally called the ''Revolutionary Worker'' but they recently shortened the name to ''Revolution'', coinciding with an attempt by the RCP to superficially overhaul their image. The RCP does not run candidates in any election and opposes [[vote|voting]]. They believe that only guerilla warfare and armed revolution can overthrow [[capitalism]].

[[Category:Communist Political Parties]]
[[Category:United States Political Parties]]

Communist Party of the United States of America

2008-04-15T19:18:44Z

Albert:

The '''Communist Party of the United States of America''' ('''CPUSA''') is one of several [[Marxist-Leninist]] groups in the [[United States]]. It nominated a candidate for president from 1924 through 1984, sometimes with funding from the communist [[Soviet Union]]. Beginning in 1988, it has urged voters to support the [[Democratic Party]].<ref>http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/government/elections/president/timeline.htm</ref>

The Soviet Union conducted an extensive and continuous espionage attack against the security institutions—political, economic, and scientific—of the United States from the time of Washington's diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the Roosevelt Administration. <ref>Felix Wittmer, [http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Claxton Printers, 1953, p. 15. </ref> That attack continued not only during the time [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|the USSR was allied with Nazi Germany from 1939]] until it was [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked by Germany in 1941]], but during the war years 1942–1945. The main thrust was to give impetus to the Soviet drive for [[World Revolution]]; to increase the political power of CPUSA, and to strengthen the Soviet economy by economic and scientific espionage. But principally it sought to weaken and [[subversion (political)|subvert]] the government of its "main enemy," the United States. A major instrument of Moscow's policy was the CPUSA. Many of America's [[liberal]] political elite still refuse to acknowledge this, despite the evidence. <ref>Earl M. Hyde, ''Bernard Schuster and Joseph Katz: KGB Master Spies in the United States'', International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Volume 12, Issue 1 March 1999. </ref> Members of the liberal elite have claimed over the years that the CPUSA has never been connected with Soviet espionage despite a solid body of evidence to the contrary. For example, Victor Navasky, then editor of the [[leftist]]
''[[The Nation]]'' published an article identifying [[Victor Perlo]] as merely a "[[New Deal]] economist." <ref>John E. Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Outed From the Cold,'' Weekly Standard (15 April 1996).</ref>

==Early years==

It was formed in 1919 as a splinter group of the [[left-wing]] of the [[Socialism|Socialist Party]] over the issue of the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] in [[Russia]]. The left wing [[socialist]]s supported [[Lenin]] and [[Trotsky]], and broke off the SP to form two rival parties: the [[Communist Party of America]] and [[Communist Labor Party]]. Under pressure from the [[Communist International]], these two communist parties officially merged in Chicago in 1919. From its inception, the Communist Party, USA came under attack from the [[FBI]] and Attorney General [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] for defying the [[Sedition Act of 1918]]. Consequently, the Communist Party went underground and went through name changes to evade the authorities.

During the early 1920s, the party apparatus was to a great extent underground. It reemerged in 1923 with a small legal above ground element, the [[Workers Party of America]]. As the [[Red Scare]] and deportations of the early 1920s ebbed, the party became bolder and more open. An element of the party, however, remained permanently underground. It was through this underground party, often commanded by a Soviet official operating as an illegal in the United States, that Soviet intelligence was able to co-opt CPUSA members. <ref>"The COMINTERN (Communist International) was a Soviet-controlled organization that conducted liaison with the national Communist parties of various countries, including the United States, in order to further the cause of revolution. Moscow issued guidance, support, and orders to the parties through the apparatus of the COMINTERN." [http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00036.pdf ''The Venona Story''], Robert L. Benson, Ft. George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, [n.d.].</ref><ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00008.cfm Venona 142(a) Moscow to Canberra 12 September 1943]. Text reads: "change in circumstances - and in particular the dissolution of the [[Comintern]] - necessitates a change in the method used by the workers of our residencies to keep in touch with the leaders of the local [[Communist_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America#Secret_apparatus|Communist]] organizations on intelligence matters. 
2. Our workers, by continuing to meet the leader of the Communists, are exposing themselves to danger and are giving cause [''orgs of''] local authorities to suspect that the Comintern is still in existence. 
3. We propose: 
a. That personal contact with leaders of the local Communist organizations should cease and that Communist material should not be accepted for forwarding to the Comintern. 
b. That meetings of our workers may take place only with special reliable undercover [ZAKONSPIRIROVANNYJ] contacts of the Communist [D% organizations], who are not suspected by the [''orgs of''] local authorities, exclusively about specific aspects of our intelligence work (acquiring [1 group unidentified] contacts, leads [NAVODKI], rechecking of those who are being cultivated, etc.). For each meeting it is necessary to obtain our consent. 

Representative of the Soviet Union. 

No. 4084 
Lt. Gen. [[P.M. Fitin]]. 

Notes: [a] This message is known to have been sent also to NEW YORK, SAN FRANCISCO, and OTTAWA.</ref> The Comintern supplied the American Communist movement with the equivalent of several million dollars in valuables, an enormous sum in the 1920s. <ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/appa4.html Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy Report, Appendix A, 4. ''The Encounter with Communism''] (1997).</ref> By 1930 it had adopted the title Communist Party of the USA.

In the 1930s the CPUSA recruited several hundred persons among thousands of new employees hired by the federal government under the impact of the [[New Deal]]'s rapid expansion of governmental programs. Federal regulations forbade partisan political activity by federal employees, and open membership in the Communist Party brought discharge. The CPUSA evaded the law by organizing caucuses of government employees that met in secret. [[Joseph Peters]], a senior member of the Central Committee of the CPUSA, headed the party’s underground apparatus from 1932 to 1938 and pioneered its role as an auxiliary to Soviet intelligence activities. CPUSA operatives did not move in heavily until Roosevelt's second term and not en masse until the third term, although the entering wedge was made during his first term.

In 1932, Sergei Ivanovich Gussev, who had served as Comintern agent and Stalin's personal representative in the United States, "commanded the Communists in the United States to take up four tasks. Two of them were the defence of the Soviet Union and the furtherance of Red conquest of China." In 1933 the notorious [[Gerhart Eisler]] "was secretly sent into the United States by Moscow to make sure these orders were carried out." <ref>[[Louis F. Budenz]], ''The Techniques of Communism'', (Chicago: Henry Regnery and Company, 1954), pp. 162-163.</ref>

[[Edgar Snow]] introduced Mao and [[Zhou Enlai]] to American readers in 1937 in his book, ''Red Star Over China'', shortly after the [[Chinese Red Army]]’s route by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] in 1934 and their year long retreat to [[Yenan]] known as the [[Long March]]. Snow wrote, "the political ideology, tactical line and theoretical leadership of the Chinese Communists have been under the close guidance, if not positive detailed direction, of the Communist International, which during the last decade has become virtually a bureau of the Russian Communist Party." And he further declared that the CCP had to subordinate itself to the "strategic requirements of [[Soviet Russia]], under the leadership of [[Stalin]]."<ref>Red Star Over China by Edgar Snow, New York, 1937.</ref><ref>''The Secret World of American Communism'', by Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, Yale University Press, 1995, pgs. 343 - 344, Document 94. ISBN 0-300-06183-8</ref><ref>[http://en.epochtimes.com/news/6-6-23/43082.html The West Has Always Been Deceived by Communism], An interview with Xin Haonian, an expert on the history of communism, By Lin Dan, Xie Zongyan, and Chen Xiuwen, ''[[Epoch Times]]'', Jun 23, 2006.</ref> Communists in the United States hailed the book. Victor A. Yakhontoff wrote in the ''[[New Masses]]'' (January 11, 1938): "I want to urge you with all my force to read this new book by Edgar Snow." A few weeks later in the same Red organ, he added this revealing comment: "The value of this material can be judged by the fact that most of it was supplied by Mao Tsetung, the head of the Soviet regime, and that some of it was checked by personal observation of the author" (January 25, 1938).

In 1940 [[Mao Zedong]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] wrote a book entitled ''The New Democracy''. It carried an introduction by [[Earl Browder]]. Mao wrote, "We cannot separate ourselves from the assistance of the Soviet Union."<ref>''The New Democracy'' by Mao Tse-tung (1940), quoted in ''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 21] pdf.</ref>

November 18, 1945, [[William Z. Foster]] told delegates to the National Convention of the Communist Party that "on the international scale the key task is to stop American intervention in China." On December 4, 1945, the Communists staged a "Get Out of China Rally," while communist dominated [[labor union]]s put on work stoppages with the same slogan.

==Leadership==

[[Earl Browder]] assumed party leadership after 1929 and actually dissolved the party in 1944 replacing it with a Communist Political Association. For this he was in turn expelled and [[William Z. Foster]] became head of the party. Foster published a 'new history' of America, which was highly praised in Moscow, translated in many languages and made a handbook of anti-American propaganda all over the world. Of it Browder wrote, "This extraordinary book interpreted the history of America from its discovery to the present, as an orgy of 'bloody banditry' and imperialism, enriching itself by 'drinking the rich red blood' of other peoples. Foster joined in the Thorez declaration of French Communist [[Maurice Thorez]] that said if the Soviet armies found it necessary to occupy all Western Europe the working people would greet them as liberators; the only thing missing was a direct welcome to Soviet armies in America itself." Foster was to lead the party until he retired in 1958 and was succeeded by Gus Hall.

[[Whittaker Chambers]] testified that Sandor Goldberger AKA "Joseph Peters" who commonly wrote under the name J. Peters, a Comintern apparatchik who worked in the Fourth Department, a Comitern functionary, headed the party’s underground secret apparatus from 1932 to 1937 and pioneered its role as an auxiliary to Soviet intelligence activities. [[Bernard Schuster]], Organizational Secretary of the New York District of the CPUSA was the operational recruiter and conduit for members of the CPUSA into the ranks of the secret apparatus, or "Group A line". <ref>Hyde, ''Bernard Schuster and Joseph Katz </ref>

==Secret apparatus==

In the 1930s CPUSA membership became largely native-born, and more educated people joined, including many scientific and technically trained professionals. American Communists considered the '[[capitalist]]' corporations which employed them as morally illegitimate institutions. When Soviet intelligence officers approached and asked that the scientific secrets of these corporations be shared with the Soviet Union, few had moral objections.

Soviet intelligence agencies were able to use over 400 American [[citizen]]s during the 1930s and up to 1946. The CPUSA was not just a recruiting ground for Soviet intelligence, it functioned within Soviet espionage as an auxiliary organization. Earl Browder, with the active assistance of a dozen high-level CPUSA officials, and numerous rank-and-file members, supervised CPUSA cooperation with the OGPU and GRU. Browder was given personal credit for recruitment of eighteen agents in a 1946 OGPU memo.

In the 1930s, the chief Soviet espionage organization operating in the U.S. became the [[GRU]]. [[J. Peters]], headed the secret apparatus that supplied internal government documents from the [[Harold Ware|Ware group]] to the GRU. Browder assisted Peters in building a network of operatives in the [[Roosevelt administration]]. This group included [[Alger Hiss]], [[John Abt]], and [[Lee Pressman]]. Courier for the group at the time was [[Whittaker Chambers]]. Browder oversaw the efforts of [[Jacob Golos]] and his girlfriend, [[Elizabeth Bentley]], whose network of agents and sources included two key figures at the Department of Treasury, [[Greg Silvermaster|Nathan Gregory Silvermaster]] and [[Harry Dexter White]].

By the end of 1936 at least four mid-level [[State Department]] officials were delivering information to Soviet intelligence: Alger Hiss, assistant to Assistant Secretary of State Francis Sayre; [[Julian Wadleigh]], economist in the Trade Agreements Section; [[Laurence Duggan]], Latin American division; and [[Noel Field]], West European division. Chambers told how a tank design by C.W. Christie was procured, and was put into production in the Soviet Union as the Mark BT.

In the late 1930s and 1940 the [[OGPU]], known as the Political Directorate, used the U.S. as one of several staging areas for multiple OGPU plots to murder exiled Soviet leader [[Leon Trotsky]], then living in Mexico City. It was American Communists who infiltrated Trotsky’s killer into his own household . They were also central to the NKVD's unsuccessful efforts to free the killer from a Mexican prison. In the late 1930s Soviet agents sought to provide Moscow with a wide range of information on high-performance aircraft, battleships, cruisers, armor, navigation equipment, tank engines, and armaments from key U.S. defense contractors, including [[Northrop Corporation|Northrop]], [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]], and [[Martin Marietta|Marietta]]. The operations were run by Soviet Case Officers working under the cover of Amtorg Trading Corporation<ref> Herbert Romerstein and Stanislav Levchenko, The KGB Against the "Main Enemy": How the Soviet Intelligence Service Operates against the United States (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1989), pp. 19-21, 176-177.</ref>, the Soviet Society of the Red Cross, TASS, Sovfil'meksporta and some other establishments.

By 1940 Soviet interest was focused on [[atomic energy]] and other scientific developments, with some emphasis also being given to infiltration of Trotskyite and White Russian activities.

After the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, and American entry into the war in December, the USSR became a major recipient of American military aid. Thousands of Soviet military officers and technicians entered the U.S. Scores of Soviet intelligence officers were among those arriving in America. These Case Officers, with the assitance of American citizens, waged a successful unrestrained espionage campaign against the United States, from 1942 to late 1945.

General Secretary [[Josef Stalin]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU), directed Soviet intelligence officers to collect information in four main areas. [[Pavel Fitin]], the 34-year-old chief of the KGB First Directorate, was directed to seek American intelligence concerning Hitler's plans for the war in Russia; secret war aims of London and Washington, particularly with regard to planning for [[Operation Overlord]], the second front in Europe; any indications the Western allies might be willing to make a separate peace with Hitler; and American scientific and technological progress, particularly in the development of an [[atomic weapon]].

Since 1933 one of the main objectives in Soviet policy had been to maneuver America into war with Japan. Japan was a serious threat to Soviet designs on the Far East. If Japan's power were broken, there would be no difficulty in realizing Soviet objectives in Asia. The [[Roosevelt Administration]] wittingly or unwittingly followed the Soviet line, and [[Harry Dexter White]], an important and trusted official in the Administration, drafted a note to Japan that produced the war for which Roosevelt had long been looking. <ref>Communism at Pearl Harbor, How the Communists Helped to Bring on Pearl Harbor and Open up Asia to Communinization, Dr. Anthony Kubek, Dallas Texas, Teaching Publishing Company, 1959. Dr. Anthony Kubek was the Editor of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]], Report on the ''Morgenthau Diaries''. The records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65 consist largely of copies of portions of memorandums, correspondence, transcripts of meetings, and other records preserved by Secretary Morgenthau in order to document his tenure. The original records are in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY. In 1965, the SISS issued a two volume committee print entitled Morgenthau Diary (China), Edited by Dr. Anthony Kubek, containing entries from the records at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library selected to illustrate the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in China. According to Dr. Anthony Kubek, the subcommittee wanted to produce a documentary history on the subject and "also indicate the serious problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by nonelected officials," specifically Harry Dexter White. White was a major figure in Senator William Jenner's investigation of interlocking subversion in Government departments in 1953. The bipartisan investigation continued for twelve years, and the Subcommittee's Report took another two years to write. [http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103] Dr. Anthony Kubek also is a recognized expert on the subject of U.S. Naval Intelligence's Operation Magic, the effort to crack Japanese diplomatic ciphers. [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch2_bibl.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pgs. 735 - 741. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref>

Soviet recruitment of sources within American intelligence agencies, particularly within the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS), the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency was impressive. The highest ranking recruit was [[Duncan Lee]], counsel to General William Donovan, OSS head. Lee, however, was extremely cautious and less productive than other OPGU sources, like [[Maurice Halperin]], or [[Donald Wheeler]], in the OSS Research and Analysis division. At least fifteen Soviet agents penetrated the OSS, with the actual number more likely around twenty.

The Soviets also developed about twenty sources within the U.S. State Department and other wartime foreign relations agencies. The two most senior Soviet operatives had been active in the 1930s, Alger Hiss and Laurence Duggan. A number of other Soviet infiltrators connections to American diplomacy have only been identified by code-names in the [[Venona project]] materials. Some of these identities have not been determined. Some most likely continued to operate in the post-war period. American counter-intelligence officials spent decades interviewing and examining the backgrounds of hundreds of American diplomatic personnel attempting to attach an identity to the code-name of many of these known operatives.

==Silvermaster network==
:''Main article: [[Silvermaster group]]''
The [[United States Treasury]] hosted nearly a dozen Soviet sources, including one of the most important, [[Harry Dexter White]], assistant secretary of the treasury and the second most influential official in the department. In Late May 1941 Vitaly Pavlov, a 25 years old NKVD officer, approached White and attempted to secure his assistance to influence U.S. policy with towards Japan. White agreed to assist Soviet intelligence in any way he could. The principle function of White was to aid in the infiltration and placement of Soviet operatives within the government, and protecting sources. When security concerns arose around [[Greg Silvermaster|Nathan Gregory Silvermaster]], White protected him in his sensitive position at the [[Board of Economic Warfare]]. White likewise was a purveyor of information and resources to assist Soviet aims.

Silvermaster denied any links with agents of a foreign power and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials. Harry Dexter White contacted Patterson and told him suspicions about Silvermaster were baseless. [[Lauchlin Currie]], a presidential aide who also cooperated with Soviet intelligence, personally phoned Patterson and urged a reconsideration of Silvermaster’s case. Patterson accepted these highly placed sources and overruled military [[counterintelligence]]. This decision facilitated the work of one of the most productive Soviet espionage rings, and provided substance for the postwar partisan charge that high officials in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations aided Soviet espionage against the United States.

Stalin publicly disbanded the Comintern in 1943. A Moscow OGPU message to all stations on 12 September 1943 detailed instructions for handling intelligence sources within the CPUSA after the disestablishment of the Comintern.

In late 1944 two senior OGPU officers, Stephan Apresyan of the New York ''rezidentura'', and Vladimir Pravdin, a OGPU officer working out of Washington D.C., sent cables to Moscow criticizing each other’s performance, but also disagreeing over OGPU tactics. Apresyan denounced Pravdin for believing that “without the help of the ... secret appartus we are completely powerless.” Apresyan argued that “it is ... untrue that without ... Browder we are ‘powerless.’” While “we shall have to have recourse to the ... secret appartus ... they ought not to be the one and only base especially if you take into account the fact that in the event of ... [[Thomas Dewey]]’s being elected President, this source may dry up.” Apresyan lost that particular argument. Thomas Dewey was not elected in 1944, and the OGPU was able to continue to use the CPUSA as an auxiliary, but the reprieve ended in 1945.

Many of the OGPU’s sources in this period regarded themselves to be under CPUSA as well as Soviet direction. In early 1945, [[Ishkak Akhmerov]], the KGB illegal officer, sent a long cable to Moscow discussing the Silvermaster group. Akhmerov noted that “it is doubtful whether ... the OGPU could get the same results as ... Silvermaster.” He told Moscow that “it costs ... Silvermaster great pains to keep ... [the American sources] in line. ... Silvermaster being their leader in the CPUSA line helps him give them orders”, and added, “that our ... OGPU officers would not manage to work with the same success under the CPUSA flag.” The productivity of the secret apparatus networks supervised by Akhmerov is illustrated by OGPU records of the numbers of reels of [[microfilm]] of United States Government documents delivered to Moscow via Akhmerov: 59 roles in 1942, 211 in 1943, 600 in 1944, and 1,896 in 1945.

In the 1930s and early 1940s there was only limited “compartmentalization” between the CPUSA and Soviet espionage. The organizational blending of these different aspects of the Communist movement allowed the Soviet Union to maximize its return on the assets it possessed. But after World War II when American authorities belatedly paid attention, and the FBI began an aggressive investigation, the vulnerability of this arrangement also became clear. An organization as large as the CPUSA had too many areas of weakness. Many party-linked espionage operations were exposed and neutralized by American counterintelligence in the late 1940s and 1950s. And the CPUSA itself became tainted with disloyalty.

In August 1945 [[Elizabeth Bentley]] turned herself in to the government. Afterward, the Soviets quickly closed down the networks with which she had contact and recalled to Moscow those OGPU officers whom Bentley could identify. Shortly after Bentley’s defection came [[Igor Gouzenko]], a GRU cipher clerk at the Soviet embassy in Canada who disclosed information about Soviet espionage both in Canada and the U.S and Soviet codes.

The first [[Soviet atomic bomb project|Soviet atomic bomb]] in 1949 was a virtual carbon copy of “[[Fat Man]],” the implosion-type plutonium weapon the United States dropped on Nagasaki four years earlier.

The latter 1940s and early ’50s were a time of tense, explosive conflict, in the world at large and in American politics. Soviet expansionism in Europe, the [[Chinese Civil War]], and the 1950 outbreak of the [[Korean War]] shatterred the dreams of post-war cooperation with the Soviet Union. American policy dealing with this rapidly changing scene was often confused, naive, slow to respond, and contradictory. <ref>Carroll Quigley, ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time'', Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 909. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> In Korea, for example, the U.S. aided and armed [[South Korea]] to [[Containment|contain the spread of Soviet communism]], while in China only two years earlier the U.S actually told the [[Nationalist Chinese]] government to do what the Soviet Union wanted — unite with the Soviet backed [[Chinese Communist Party]]. When Gen. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] refused, we U.S. disarmed him.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 15] pdf.</ref>

==Popular Front==
:''Main article: [[Popular Front]]''
The CPUSA was adamantly opposed to fascism during the Popular Front period. In fact, the Popular Front was motivated by a fear of fascism, and the possible threat to the Soviet Union that [[Nazi Germany]] posed. Although membership in the CPUSA rose to about 75,000 [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/sova.html] by 1938, nearly a third of its members left the party after the signing of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] [[nonaggression pact|Nonaggression Pact]] of 1939 pact with [[Hitler]]. A committed core remained in the ranks. The CPUSA even went so far as to accuse [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] of provoking aggression against Hitler. The CPUSA went so far as to denounce the [[Polish]] government as fascist after the German and Soviet invasion.

[[Benjamin Gitlow]], a Communist who later broke with the Party, wrote in 1940: "Stalin's hopes, through the activities of the American Communist Party, to create a public opinion in tbe United States that would favor a war ...Stalin is perfectly willing to let Americans die in defense of the Soviet Union even if they are not members
of the Commumist Party...." <ref>Benjamin Gitlow, ''I Confess'', New York: E P. Dutton, lnc., 1940, pgs. 485-486.</ref>

==American Labor Party==

Stalin publicly disbanded the Comintern in 1943. A Moscow NKVD message to all stations on 12 September 1943 detailed instructions for handling intelligence sources within the CPUSA after the disestablishment of the Comintern. Earl Browder had been both Chairman of the CPUSA and recruiter for the [[NKVD]] (in the [[Venona project]] he is known as Agent "HELMSMAN"). He was expelled from the leadership when Soviet policy shifted. His crime had been to follow Moscow’s orders in 1941 and “disband” the party in a show of unity with the US Government. But the NKGB thought his services worth keeping, and they succeeded in covertly financing him, by setting him up as a representative of Soviet publishers. Even then, that didn't work, as Browder was dropped after violating the Party Line again in favor of [[Titoism]]. Lovestone said of Browder, "There, but for an accident of geography, walks a dead man".

As the [[Presidential election of 1944]] approached Browder and [[Sidney Hillman]] teamed up to capture the [[American Labor Party]]. Hilman’s [[Council of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO) enjoyed a favored position before [[Franklin Roosevelt]]’s [[National Labor Relations Board]].

==Propaganda==

Between the crucial years of 1943 and 1949 some 30 books on the general political situation in China were published in the United States. Of these, 23 were pro-[[Maoist]] and seven were anti-Communist. Several of the pro-Maoist books are noted here:

*''Unfinished Revolution in China'' by [[Israel Epstein]]
*''Journey from the East'' by [[Mark Gayn]]—''[[Washington Post]]'' Correspondent charged in [[Amerasia]] Case in which his office was found filled with stolen secret government documents.
*''New Frontiers in Asia'' by [[Philip J. Jaffe]]—Also charged in the Amerasia Case.
*''Solution in Asia'' by [[Owen Lattimore]]— Known [[Comintern]] operative.
*''Making of Modern China'' by Owen and [[Eleanor Lattimore]]—Reviewed favorably in ''[[The Nation]]'' and ''[[The New Republic]]''.
*''Situation in Asia'' by Owen Lattimore.
*''China's Wartime Politics'' by Lawrence K. Rosinger—Issued under the auspices of the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]].
*''Battle Hymn of China'' by [[Agnes Smedley]]—Known Soviet operative.
*''People on Our Side'' by [[Edgar Snow]]—"the people on our side" include the [[Chinese Communists]] who six years later were shooting American soldiers in the [[Korean War]].
*''Challenge of Red China'' by [[Guenther Stein]]—Stein was accused by Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s Intelligence service of being a Soviet agent.
*''Chinese Conquer China'' by [[Anna Louise Strong]]—[[KGB]] Agent and writer for the [[Marxist-Leninist]] ''[[Guardian]]'' newspaper.
*''The Phoenix and the Dwarfs'' by George E. Taylor—A play by the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) deputy director of its Far Eastern Division.

Every one of the 23 pro-Communist books, where reviewed, received glowing approval in the literary reviews of the ''[[New York Times]]'', ''The [[Herald-Tribune]]'', ''The Nation'', ''The New Republic'' and ''The Saturday Review of Literature''. And every one of the anti-Communist hooks was either roundly condemned or ignored in these same reviews.

When Edgar Snow's ''People on Our Side'' appeared, it was reviewed in the ''Hearld-Tribune''<ref>''New York Herald-Tribune Books of the Week'', September 10, 1944.</ref> by [[Joseph Barnes]], whom Lattimore had instructed to replace non-Communist Chinese in OWI with Communists.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Claxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref> Mark Gayn reviewed it in the ''Saturday Review of Literature''<ref>''Saturday Review of Literature'', September 9, 1944</ref> In the ''New Republic''<ref>''New Republic'', October 2, 1944.</ref> an equally glowing review came from Agnes Smedley. ''The Nation''<ref>''The Nation'', September 23, 1944.</ref> came along with a review by Marcus
Duffield, who saw in Snow's ''People on Our Side'' a fine book "by a scrupulously accurate reporter."

The incestuous relationship of Communist [[propagandist]]s can be seen when Lattimore's book ''Solution in Asia'' was reviewed in the ''New York Times''<ref>''New York Times Weekly Book Review'', February 25, 1945.</ref> by Edgar Snow. Another of Lattimore's books a short time earlier received accolades from Edgar Snow's wife, [[Nym Wales]], in the ''Saturday Review of Literature''.<ref>''Saturday Review of Literature'', March 25, 1944.</ref> In the ''Herald-Tribune''<ref>''New York Herald-Tribune Books of the Week'', February 25, 1945.</ref> A. T. Steele said Lattimore's book was one which "belongs in the brief case of every diplomat and general concerned with the reshaping of Asia." [[T. A. Bisson]], also arrested in the ''Amerasia'' scandal, wrote in the ''Saturday Review of Literature'', "The breath of the future blows through . . . this stimulating review of Far Eastern issues."<ref>''Saturday Review of Literature'', March 10, 1945.</ref> ''The Nation''<ref>''The Nation'', March 17, 1945.</ref> review was done by [[Maxwell S. Stewart]], also an editor of the same publication and was involved with some 40 [[Communist front]] activities.

Of the 23 pro-Communist books, Owen and Eleanor Lattimore, Edgar Snow and his wife Nym Wales, Agnes Smedley, Mark Gayn, [[John K. Fairbank]], [[Theodore White]] and [[Annalee Jacoby]], [[Harrison Forman]], [[Foster Rhea Dulles]], and [[Lawrence K. Rosinger]] wrote 12 and turned in 44 reviews, either touting each other's books, or blasting the 7 anti-Communist books. Throughout this extensive and concerted propaganda campaign it was made to appear that the Communists wanted unity to fight Japan but that Chiang Kai-shek was only interested in fighting his own people.<ref>''While You Slept: Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin-Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 152] pdf.</ref> Lattimore wrote, "The Soviet Union stands for democracy"<ref>''Solution in Asia'', Owen Lattimore, pg. 108.</ref> and Snow "The Soviet Union cannot have any [[expansionist]] tendencies."<ref>''Battle for Asia'', Edgar Snow, pg. 300.</ref>

[[Owen Lattimore]] in the [[leftist]] ''New York Compass'' said that the U.S. should give Korea a "parting grant" of $150,000,000 and "let [[South Korea]] fall but not to let it look as though we pushed it."<ref> New York Compass, Jan. 17, 1949.</ref>

==Infiltration==

Infiltrating the United Nations organization became a priority in the wake of the disbanding of the Comintern, the death of Golos which led to the ultimate breakdown in security, and the end of the War. Hiss was influential in the employment of 494 persons by the United Nations on its initial staff. <ref>Activities of U.S. Citizens Employed by the UN, second report of the [[SISS]] (March 22, 1954), p. 12.</ref>

Gradually it became apparent that the objectives of World War II for which the United States and others made tremendous sacrifices were not fully realized, and there remained in the world a force presenting even greater dangers to world peace than the Nazi militarists and Japanese warlords. Consequently, the United States made the decision in the Spring of 1947 to assist Greece and Turkey with a view to protecting their sovereignties, which were threatened by direct or instigated activities of the Soviet Union.

President Truman's Executive Order 9835 of 22 March 1947 tightened protections against subversive infiltration of the US Government, defining disloyalty as membership on a list of subversive organizations maintained by the Attorney General.

Truman’s denunciations of the charges against [[Alger Hiss]], Harry Dexter White, and others, all of whom appear under code names in decrypted messages translated before Truman left office, suggest that Truman was never briefed on the Venona program, or if he was briefed, did not grasp its significance. Truman insisted Republicans trumped up the loyalty issue, and that wartime espionage had been insignificant and well contained by counteritelligence agencies.

It was the belief of opponents of the CPUSA such as [[J. Edgar Hoover]], long-time director of the FBI, and [[Joseph McCarthy]], for whom [[McCarthyism]] is named, and other [[anticommunism|anticommunists]] that the CPUSA constituted an active [[conspiracy]], was secretive, loyal to a foreign power, and dedicated to the clandestine [[infiltration]] of American cultural and political institutions. This is the "traditionalist" view of some in the field of Communist studies such as Harvey Klehr and John Earl Haynes.

Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], Chairman of the Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy wrote in 1997, "President Truman was almost willfully obtuse as regards American Communism."

==Harry White==
:''Main article: [[Harry Dexter White]]''
Harry Dexter White was positively identified as Agent Jurist <ref>[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memorandum_identifying_Harry_Dexter_White_as_agent_Jurist FBI Memorandum identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist], Ladd to the Director, 16 October 1950.</ref> in an [[FBI]] memorandum dated 16 October 1950. White became involved with Soviet intelligence espionage in May of 1941. One of the most valuable assets to Soviet intelligence was his ability to infiltrate the United States [[Department of the Treasury]] with persons the [[Greg Silvermaster|Silvermaster spy ring]] wanted to have assinged there. Among the other American citizens and government employees acting as Soviet agents were [[Lud Ullman]], [[William Henry Taylor]], and [[Sonia Steinman Gold|Sonia Gold]].

On December 4, 1945, the FBI transmitted to the White House a report entitled "Soviet Espionage in the United States." The report summarized White's espionage activities. Copies of the report were sent to Attorney General [[Tom C. Clark|Tom Clark]] also. The evidence indicated a substantial spy ring operating within the Government and involving White. Given the secrecy of the [[Venona project]] materials, the president went ahead six weeks later and nominated White for appointment to head the newly created [[International Monetary Fund]], one of the chief institutional pillars of the postwar international economic order.

White was summoned before the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] in August of 1948.
[[Elizabeth Bentley]] told the FBI White that had been involved in espionage activities on behalf of the [[Soviet Union]] during [[World War II]]. [[Whittaker Chambers]] earlier had testified of his association with White in the [[Communist]] underground secret apparatus up to 1938. White, recovering from a series of heart attacks, proclaimed his lifelong commitment to the principles of democracy and the ideals of President Roosevelt's New Deal. He died of a heart attack three days later and HUAC. The positive identification of Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist came two years after his death.

==[[Manhattan Project]]==
:''Main article: [[Manhattan Project]]''
[[Image:Image-Lenssketch2a.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Hand sketch by [[Morton Sobell]] of the detonator for the [[atomic bomb]]]]
Oppenheimer had been an ardent [[Popular Front]] liberal and ally and gave generous contributions often deliverd to [[Isaac Folkoff]]. Oppenheimer did not know just the secrets of some parts of the project; as director, he knew all the secrets, and just as soon as they came into being. Up to the time he reported the Chevalier recruitment approach, he may have overlooked the conduct of others, a passivity motivated by personal and political ties to those persons. Sins of ommission or neglect. (Although another theory states the Chevalier approach may not have been an attempt at recruitment, but part of the big shake up after Stalin publicly disbanded the Comintern in 1943, and agents had to be reassigned new case officers).<ref> Haynes & Klehr, ''Venona'' pp. 327-330.</ref>

An internal Soviet memorandum reads,

:"In 1942 one of the leaders of scientific work on uranium in the USA, Professor R. Oppenheimer while being an unlisted [nglastny] member of the apparatus of Comrade Browder informed us about the beginning of work. On the request of Kheifetz, confirmed by Comrade Browder, he provided cooperation in access to research for several of our tested sources including a relative of Comrade Browder…Due to complications…it is expedient to immediately sever contacts of leaders and activist of the American Communist Party with scientists and specialists engaged in work on uranium.

Excerpts from the testimony of CPUSA functionary, Paul Crouch, p. 1834 -1841 <ref>[http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume3.pdf McCarthy Hearings, Testimony of Paul Crouch], Executive Session, Vol. 3: 1834 - 1841, 15 September 1953. (PDF file, pgs. 33-41).</ref> concerning [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]].

:"Chairman – Were you a top functionary of the party?
:Crouch – Yes...I was a full time organizer for 15 years [1925 -1942]

:Chairman – What were some of the positions you held...?
:Crouch – I was a representative of the Young Communist League and the Communist Party of the United States to the meetings of the executive committee of the Communist International, Young Communist International, Moscow...I was an honorary officer of the Red Army...a member of the editorial staff of the Daily Worker...a district organizer...in Virginia, New York and South Carolina, Tennessee and Utah; member of the district bureau in the Alabama district and the California district, Alameda County [CA] organizer, 1941...

:Chairman – ...and you were informed by two Justice Dept. lawyers that you would not be used because if you were...you would have to identify Robert J. Oppenheimer? [as a member of the CPUSA]
:Crouch – To that effect, yes sir.

:Chairman – Is there any doubt in your mind that Oppenheimer was a member of the Communist Party?
:Crouch – No, sir, none whatever. I met him in a closed meeting of the Communist Party in a house which was subsequently found to have been his residence at the time...and following that I met him at quite a number of Communist Party affairs in Alameda County.

:Chairman – Is there any doubt in your mind that but that Oppenheimer was under Communist party discipline at the time...?
:Crouch – No, sir, none whatever

:Chairman – And naturally they would be interested in any atomic information he had?
:Crouch – Yes, sir. Just as a matter of fact, the Communist Party might have chosen to direct him to turn over the information; they might have chosen to direct him to appoint other Communists to key positions who would in turn, turn over the information. It is a matter of record that Dr. Oppenheimer has appointed many Communists to key positions to the atomic energy program..."

==CIA==

After working as a journalist, [[Kim Philby]] was recruited by Valentine "Vee Vee" Vivian of the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (the so-called M.I.6) in 1940, later becoming part of the [[Special Operations Executive]], and coming into contact with [[Office of Strategic Services]] agents.

After [[World War II]] Philby was assigned to Istanbul, and then to the United States, where he later became first secretary at the British Embassy in Washington. While there he visited [[Arlington Hall]] for discussions about [[VENONA]] and regularly received copies of transcripts as part of his official duties. He returned to Britain in 1950 and in 1951 managed to warn Burgess and Maclean of an internal British intelligence probe, which allowed them sufficient time to escape to the Soviet Union. Suspicion of his involvement forced his retirement from intelligence and he went to work in Beirut.

However, in 1956 Philby was again in the employ of SIS as an "informant on retainer". He was given the task as second-in-command to the point man for [[Operation Musketeer]], the British, French, and Israeli plan to attack Egypt and depose [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]].

Only in 1963, with the defection of [[Anatoliy Golitsyn]], did Western intelligence unmask Philby's true allegiance; however, Philby was able to escape to the Soviet Union before he could be detained.

==Espionage==

In June 1947, a Senate Appropriations subcommittee addressed a secret memorandum to Secretary of State [[George Marshall]], calling to his attention a condition that developed and still flourished in the State Department under the administration of [[Dean Acheson]].

{{Cquote|It is evident that there is a deliberate calculated program being carried out not only to protect Communist personnel in high places, but to reduce security and intelligence protection to a nullity. On file in the Department is a copy of a preliminary report of the FBI on Soviet espionage activities in the United States, which involves large numbers of State Department employees. . . this report has been challenged and ignored by those charged with the responsibility of administering the department. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.</ref>}}

The memorandum listed the names of nine of these State Department officials and said that they were "only a few of the hundreds now employed in varying capacities who are protected and allowed to remain despite the fact that their presence is an obvious hazard to national security." On June 24, 1947, Assistant Secretary of State John Peurifoy notified the chairman of the Senate subcommittee that ten persons had been dismissed from the department, five of whom had been listed in the memorandum. But from June 1947 until McCarthy's Wheeling speech in February 1950, the State Department did not fire one person as a loyalty or security risk. <ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jepeurifoy.htm John Emil Peurifoy, Foreign Service Office & United States Ambassador], Arlington National Cemetery Website, retrieved 21 March 2007.</ref>

Senator [[Margaret Chase Smith]] of Maine delivered her famous [[Declararation of Conscience]] on the floor of the U.S. Senate:
{{Cquote|The American people are sick and tired of seeing innocent people smeared and guilty people whitewashed. But there have been enough proved cases, such as the ''[[Amerasia]]'' case, the [[Hiss]] case, the [[Coplon]] case, the [[Harry Gold|Gold]] case, to cause the nationwide distrust and strong suspicion that there may be something to the [[McCarthyism|unproved, sensational accusations]].

The Democratic Administration has greatly lost the confidence of the American people by its complacency to the threat of communism here at home and the leak of [[manhattan project|vital secrets]] to Russia [[Venona|through key officials of the Democratic administration]]. <ref>Sen. Margaret Chase Smith, [http://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/margaretchasesmithconscience.html "Declaration of Conscience"], 1 June 1950. Retrieved from americanrhetoric.com 24 June 2007.</ref>}}

Director Hoover told a House Committee in February 1950 that counterespionage required "an objective different from the handling of criminal cases. It is more important to ascertain his contacts, his objectives, his sources of information and his methods of communication" as "arrest and public disclosure are steps to be taken only as a matter of last resort." He concluded that "we can be secure only when we have a full knowledge of the operations of an espionage network, because then we are in a position to render their efforts ineffective." <ref>J. Edgar Hoover, Testimony before House Appropriations Committee, 2/7/1950.</ref>

In summary memorandums to Director Hoover of [[Venona project]] information begun in 1950 entitled, ''Operations of the [[MGB]] Residency at New York, 1944-45'', Special Agent Belmont reported the FBI had identified 206 persons involved in Soviet espionage activity who had been active in United States. Of this number the FBI had information from defector [[Elizabeth Bentley]] and other sources regarding espionage activity on 87 of these persons. However, espionage activity on the paert of 119 persons from Venona information were not previously known to the FBI prior to 1946 but were mostly identified through investigation by 1950. <ref>[http://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf FBI Venona file]</ref>

Most but not all of [[Senator McCarthy]]’s numbered cases were drawn from the “Lee List” or “108 list” of unresolved [[Department of State]] security cases compiled by the investigators for the House Appropriates Committee in 1947. Robert E. Lee was the committee’s lead investigator and supervised preparation of the list. The Tydings subcommittee also obtained this list. The Lee list, also using numbers rather than names, was published in the proceeding of the subcommittee. <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1950).</ref>

Senator McCarthy furnished the [[Tydings Committee]] the real names attached to his numbered cases, and the Tydings Committee received the real names attached to the Lee list as well. <ref>McCarthy to Tydings, 18 March 1950 with attached list.</ref> Over the years that followed all of the names became public one way or another. Additionally, in a series of speeches McCarthy named others as secret Communists, spies, security risks, or participants in the Communist conspiracy.

==Subversive Activities Control Act ==

In the "Findings and declarations of fact" of the [[United States Congress]] in the [[Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950]], in 50 [[U.S. Code]] Chapter 23 Subchapter IV Sec. 841, that,

:"The Congress finds and declares that the Communist Party of the United States, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States...the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders...members of the Communist Party are recruited for indoctrination with respect to its objectives and methods, and are organized, instructed, and disciplined to carry into action slavishly the assignments given them...the Communist Party acknowledges no constitutional or statutory limitations upon its conduct...gives scant indication of capacity ever to attain its ends by lawful political means. The peril inherent in its operation arises not from its numbers, but from its failure to acknowledge any limitation as to the nature of its activities, and its dedication to the proposition that the present constitutional Government of the United States ultimately must be brought to ruin by any available means, including resort to force and violence. Holding that doctrine, its role as the agency of a hostile foreign power renders its existence a clear present and continuing danger to the security of the United States. It is the means whereby individuals are seduced into the service of the world Communist movement, trained to do its bidding, and directed and controlled in the conspiratorial performance of their revolutionary services.[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00000841----000-.html]

==Further reading==

*<cite>American Communist History</cite> a peer-reviewed journal published by the Historians of American Communism. [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14743892.html]

==See also==
*[[Harry Hay]]
*[[Cold War]]
*[[Soviet spies in America (1921-1948)]]

==References==
<references/>
*''The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB'', Christopher Andrew and [[Vasili Mitrokhin]], Basic Books, 1999, hardcover edition, p. 287-293, p. 306, ISBN 0465003109. Vasili Mitrokhin was an archivist who worked for the [[KGB]]. After 1972 when the KGB established its new modern offices at Yasenovo, Mitrokhin was entrusted with transferring the corpus of KGB files from its old office at the [[Lubyanka]] in [[Moscow]] to the new offices. During the next ten years while performing these duties he copied many files which he turned over to British intelligence when he defected in March, 1992.

* ''Operation Solo: The FBI's Man in the Kremlin'', John Barron, Regnery Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0895264862; 2001 edition, ISBN 0709160615. This biography of [[Morris Childs]], who together with his brother Jack arranged for and handled the money transfers during the 1960s and 70s, contains much of the same material.

==External links==
*[http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster023.pdf Method of Operation of Soviet Espionage System], FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 23, pgs. 60 - 63 pdf, February 21, 1946.

*[http://www.workers.org/2005/us/lgbtseries-0512/ Harry Hay tried to 'close chapter' on his gayness], Leslie Feinberg, '' Workers World'', May 4, 2005.

* [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memo_Morgan_to_Clegg,_Janaury_14,_1947 FBI Memo Morgan to Clegg, Janaury 14, 1947]

* [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci3/ch1.pdf Cold War Counterintelligence]

*[http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/raymond-allen.html Article: Communists Should Not Teach In American Colleges], 1949, by Raymond B. Allen, President of the University of Washington, Seattle.

*[http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/publications/digest/992/beichman.html Article: Guilty as charged by Arnold Beichman, survey of Soviet documents on Communists in America] [[Hoover Institute]] - Hoover Digest 1999.

*[http://www.marxists.org/subject/usa/eam/cpaofficials.html Marxist Internet Archive]

[[Category:United States Political Parties]]
[[Category:Espionage]]
[[Category:Subversive Organizations]]
[[Category:Communist Political Parties]]

Communist Party of Great Britain

2008-04-15T19:18:23Z

Albert:

The '''Communist Party of Great Britain''' (CPGB) was founded in 1920 and dissolved in 1991. It was founded at the behest of V.I. [[Lenin]] and was formed by the merger of the British Socialist Party, the Socialist Labour Party (based on 'Red Clydeside') and the Workers' Socialist Federation, run by [[Sylvia Pankhurst]]. From the start it received support and orders from the [[Soviet Union]], directed through the [[Moscow]]-based standing organisation of the Third Communist International, better known as [[Comintern]].

===Early years===

In the years between its foundation and the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] the CPGB was successful in building up membership and support. It was able to benefit from the seeming inability of more mainstream parties to successfully act against rising unemployment and economic crisis, and against the rise of [[Fascism]]. It alternated between policies (decided in Moscow and applied worldwide, even if contradicting local political circumstances) of sectarian opposition to other left-of-centre parties, and attempts to build up a 'popular front' with socialists and social democrats. It also attracted the support of many intellectuals and was able to pose as a revolutionary artistic vanguard. Communists contributed much of the manpower (and most of the political control) to the Clement Attlee Brigade of British volunteers in the [[International Brigades]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]].

===The CPGB and the Second World War===

The [[Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact]] of 1939 led [[Comintern]] to instruct the CPGB to oppose the war (which it had been supporting as an anti-Fascist war). This caused much internal dissent and defection, as well as the dropping of its long-time General Secretary, Harry Pollitt (1890-1960). The CPGB newspaper, the [[Daily Worker]], was for a time suppressed by the British Government. However, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 Pollitt was recalled, the party threw itself into the war effort, and Communist officials were active in attempts to prevent strikes.

===The post-war years===

The party emerged from the war at the peak of its popularity and prestige. Two Communist MPs were elected at the 1945 general election, and membership was at a peak. Comintern had been dissolved in 1943, and the party was theoretically free to decide its own policies. However, it remained ideologically linked to the Soviet Union, and over succeeding decades membership fell away as the nature of Soviet rule became increasingly apparent in the west and as the [[Cold War]] took hold of global foreign policy decisions. Major crisis points were the Soviet interventions in [[Hungary]] in 1956 (which saw a huge drop in membership) and that in [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1968.

By the later 1960s and 1970s the party, bereft of MPs and a popular voting base, decided to concentrate on exploiting its influence within the trades union movement. This was to be relatively successful - members and sympathisers held several senior positions in the movement - but was to backfire spectacularly as popular disquiet at what was perceived as excessive and irresponsible trade union power was a major factor in securing the election of a [[Conservative Party]] government under [[Margaret Thatcher]] in 1979.

Conservative trade union reforms demolished the CPGB industrial strategy; reformist government in the Soviet Union was to bring and end to the Cold War and to the eastern bloc monolith itself. However, neither of these factors was decisive in bringing about the demise of the CPGB. Instead, it tore itself apart in a series of feuds between hard-line 'tankies'<ref>so called because they supported the use of Soviet tanks in Czechoslovakia</ref> and reformist 'Eurocommunists'; eventually, the disputes were as much about control of the party assets and the party newspaper (by now renamed the [[Morning Star]] as they were about ideological differences.

===End of the CPGB===

In 1977 one hard-line faction left the party to become the New Communist Party<ref>http://www.newworker.org/</ref>, while in 1988 a major split occurred when a large number of 'tankies' left to form the Communist Party of Britain<ref>http://www.communist-party.org.uk/</ref>. The residual CPGB decided in 1991 to dissolve itself and reform itself as Democratic Left; this also dissolved in the late 1990s and was refounded as New Politics Network; in 2006 NPN started the process of merger with the British constitutional reform campaign group [[Charter 88]] under the name Unlock Democracy<ref>http://www.unlockdemocracy.org.uk/?page_id=490</ref>

===References===
<references/>

===Sources===
Francis Beckett, ''Enemy Within: The Rise and Fall of the British Communist Party'' (2nd ed Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK 1998)

[[Category:British Political Parties]]
[[Category:Communist Political Parties]]

Chinese Communist Party

2008-04-15T19:17:33Z

Albert: /* External link */

[[Image:Hgdutyu6.png|right|thumb|Flag of the Communist Party of China]]
The '''Chinese Communist Party''' was founded in Shanghai in 1921 as the Asian branch of the [[Comintern]]. [[Mao Zedong]] was present at the founding <ref>Dick Wilson, ''The People's Emperor Mao: A Biography of Mao Tse-tung'', New York 1979, pg. 60.</ref> and became the dominant party leader in 1935.

The Chinese Communist Party persecutes the country’s Christian population, as well as the Falun Gong population, and Tibetan Buddhists. There are several well-documented cases of abuse, [[torture]] and false imprisonment.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=26602 Christians under Attack in China], By Frederick W. Stakelbeck Jr., [[FrontPageMagazine.com]], January 25, 2007.</ref>

==Comintern affiliate==

The All-Russian Communist Party ([[Bolshevik]]) (later known as the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]), was obsessed with ambition for [[China]]. In 1920, the Soviet Union established the Far Eastern Bureau, a branch of the Third Communist International, or the [[Comintern]]. It was responsible for the establishment of a Communist party in China and other countries. Sumiltsky was the head of the bureau, and Grigori Voitinsky was a deputy manager. They began to prepare for the establishment of the CCP with Chen Duxiao and others. The proposal they submitted to the Far Eastern Bureau in June 1921 to establish a China branch of the Comintern indicated that the CCP was a branch led by the Comintern. On July 23, 1921, under the help of Nikolsky and Maring from the Far East Bureau, the CCP was officially formed.

Marxism with its declaration to “use violent revolution to destroy the old state apparatus and to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat” was a completely foreign concept in China. Mao Zedong said, "The social scum and hoodlums have always been spurned by the society, but they are actually the bravest, the most thorough and firmest in the revolution in the rural areas."<ref>From Mao’s “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” (March 1927).</ref> The [[lumpen proletariat]] enhanced the violent nature of the CCP and established the early political power of the communist party in rural areas. The word “[[revolution]]” in Chinese literally means “taking lives.” In a debate over the term “lumpen proletariat” during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the CCP felt that “lumpen” did not sound good, and so the CCP replaced it with “[[proletariat]]” simply.

The CCP raised funds by robbing banks and [[kidnap]]ping. Those kidnapped were kept alive to be ransomed back to their families for continued monetary support for the army. It was not until either the Red Army was satisfied or the kidnapped families were completely drained of resources that the hostages were sent home. Some had been tortured so badly that they died before they could return.

In 1935, Mao and Zhou Enlai were elected to the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Moscow. They remained on this committee until it was publicly disbanded in 1943. A Moscow message to all stations on 12 September 1943, message number 142,<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00008.cfm Venona 142(a) Moscow to Canberra 12 September 1943]. Text reads: "change in circumstances - and in particular the dissolution of the [[Comintern]] - necessitates a change in the method used by the workers of our residencies to keep in touch with the leaders of the local [[Communist_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America#Secret_apparatus|Communist]] organizations on intelligence matters. 
2. Our workers, by continuing to meet the leader of the Communists, are exposing themselves to danger and are giving cause [''orgs of''] local authorities to suspect that the Comintern is still in existence. 
3. We propose: 
a. That personal contact with leaders of the local Communist organizations should cease and that Communist material should not be accepted for forwarding to the Comintern. 
b. That meetings of our workers may take place only with special reliable undercover [ZAKONSPIRIROVANNYJ] contacts of the Communist [D% organizations], who are not suspected by the [''orgs of''] local authorities, exclusively about specific aspects of our intelligence work (acquiring [1 group unidentified] contacts, leads [NAVODKI], rechecking of those who are being cultivated, etc.). For each meeting it is necessary to obtain our consent. 

Representative of the Soviet Union. 

No. 4084 
Lt. Gen. [[P.M. Fitin]]. 

Notes: [a] This message is known to have been sent also to NEW YORK, SAN FRANCISCO, and OTTAWA.</ref> relating to this event is one of the most interesting and historically important messages in the enter corpus of [[VENONA]] translations. This message clearly discloses the [[KGB]]'s connection to the COMINTERN and to the national Communist parties.<ref>Counterintelligence Reader, [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch4_a.htm Volume 2, Chapter 4]. National Counterintelligence Center, United States Government. n.d.</ref>

[[Edgar Snow]] introduced Mao and [[Zhou Enlai]] to American readers in 1937 in his book, ''Red Star Over China'', shortly after the [[Chinese Red Army]]’s route by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] in 1934 and their year long retreat to [[Yan'an]] known as the [[Long March]]. Snow wrote, "the political ideology, tactical line and theoretical leadership of the Chinese Communists have been under the close guidance, if not positive detailed direction, of the Communist International, which during the last decade has become virtually a bureau of the Russian Communist Party." And he further declared that the CCP had to subordinate itself to the "strategic requirements of [[Soviet Russia]], under the leadership of [[Stalin]]."<ref>Red Star Over China by Edgar Snow, New York, 1937.</ref>

==Jiangxi Soviet Republic==
[[Image:Cn-rsk.gif|right|thumb|Flag of the Peoples Republic of China from 1928 - 7 Nov 1931. The Soviet Republic of China, referred to as the Jiangxi Soviet Republic, was declared 1 Dec 1931).]]
In 1931 the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Moscow directed Mao Zedong to organize a Soviet on the Russian model.<ref>''Soviet Russia and the Far East'' by David J. Dallin (New Haven, 1948); ''Inside Red China'' by Nym Wales (New York, 1939); [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China.html#PRC Kiangsi Soviet Republic].</ref> Mao Zedong and [[Zhu De]], and later [[Zhou Enlai]], set up a Soviet government in two central provinces of China. In 1933, the CCP sent a message to [[Josef Stalin]] which read, "Lead us on, O our pilot, from victory to victory!"<ref>''Soviet Russia and the Far East'', David J. Dallin, New Haven, 1948; 17th Congress of Communist Party of Soviet Union, Stenog. Report, p. 1323, quoted in ''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 21] pdf.</ref> The 1934 Constitution of the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] stated that the "Chinese Soviet Government has the ... goal of eventual nationalization of all land." <ref>Ilpyong J. Kim, ''The Politics of Chinese Communism'', Berkeley 1973, p. 25.</ref>

The CCP promised the intellectuals a “heaven on earth.” Later it labeled them “[[rightist]]” and put them into the infamous ninth category of persecuted people, alongside landlords and spies. It deprived landlords and capitalists of their property, [[exterminate]]d the landlord and rich peasant classes, destroyed rank and order in the countryside, took authority away from local figures, kidnapped and extorted bribes from the richer people, [[brainwash]]ed war prisoners, “reformed” industrialists and capitalists, infiltrated the [[KMT]] and disintegrated it, split from the Communist International and betrayed it, cleaned out all dissidents through successive political movements after it came to power in 1949, and threatened its own members with coercion.

The CCP started to build its theoretical system of [[genocide]] at its early stage as a composite of its theories on [[class]], [[revolution]], struggle, [[violence]], [[dictatorship]], [[movements]], and [[political parties]]. <ref>''On the Beginnings of the Chinese Communist Party'', Nine Commentaries on the Chinese Communist Party, The Epoch Times, December 13, 2004.</ref>

==Discipline Inspection Commission==

Discipline inspection organizations of the Party consist of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, local Party commissions for discipline inspection at various levels and the grassroots Party commissions for discipline inspection. According to the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA), the Discipline Inspection Commission is tasked with enforcing discipline and handling cases, foster the capability to assist the Party committees to improve the Party's style of work, organize and coordinate the fight against corruption, and do a better job of fighting against corruption and improving the Party's style of work in the army, so as to make new contributions to the army building in an all-round way.

The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection works under the leadership of the Party Central Committee.

The local Party commissions for discipline inspection at various levels and the grassroots Party commissions for discipline inspection work under the dual leadership of the Party committee at the same level and Party commission for discipline inspection at the next higher level.

The term of each Party commission for discipline inspection is the same as that of the Party committee at the same level.

The plenary session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection elects its standing committee, secretary and deputy secretaries and reports this to the Party Central Committee for approval.

The plenary sessions of local Party commissions for discipline inspection at various levels elect the standing committee and secretary and deputy secretaries, and the results are passed by the Party committee at the same level and reported to the Party committee at the next higher level for approval.

Whether a discipline inspection commission or discipline inspection members for a grassroots Party committee shall be established or put into position is to be decided by a Party organization at the next higher level in light of specific conditions.

A general Party branch committee and a Party branch committee shall include discipline inspection members.

The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection may, if needed, accredit a discipline inspection group or discipline inspectors to central Party and state organs.

Leaders of the discipline inspection group or discipline inspectors may attend, as non-voting members, related conferences organized by Party leaders of the organ concerned.

Their work must be supported by the Party leaders and organizations of the organ concerned.

==NORINCO==
In 1994, some employees of Norinco came under federal investigation from both the [[FBI]] as well as the [[BATF]] after a successful sting dubbed “Operation Dragon Fire.” In May of 1996, in what was called "the largest seizure of fully operational automatic weapons in U.S. history,"<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,135999,00.html Anatomy of a Sting], Michael S. Serrill, [[Time magazine]], Jun. 24, 2001.</ref> 14 individuals and an [[Atlanta, Georgia]] company were indicted for the unlicensed importation and sale of 2000 [[AK-47]]'s into the United States. [[U.S. Customs]] agents posing as arms traffickers convinced a group of Chinese arms dealers, including three Norinco representatives, that they were in the market to buy guns for [[drug ring]]s and [[street gang]]s.<ref>[http://www.courttv.com/archive/legaldocs/misc/smuggle.html Massive Seizure of New Automatic Weapons Illegally Smuggled by PRC Weapons Producers], [[U.S. Department of Justice]] Press Release, May 23, 1996. Retrieved from CourtTV September 25, 2007.</ref> "The defendants offered the government undercover agents more sophisticated weapons, including hand-held rocket launchers, mortars, anti-aircraft missiles, silenced machine guns and even tanks," said Wayne Yamashita of the U.S. Customs Service.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/US/9605/23/china.arms/ Feds seize 'incredible arsenal', U.S. agent says China was aware of weapons-smuggling operation], [[CNN]], May 23, 1996.</ref> The Customs Service discovered during the investigation that these weapons were bound for [[Oakland, California]] street gangs.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070301055156/www.washtimes.com/national/20030523-123039-1385r.htm Chinese firm hit with U.S. sanctions], By Bill Gertz, ''The [[Washington Times]]'', May 23, 2003.</ref> According to an [[affidavit]] signed by two of the undercover agents involved in the investigation, representatives from Norinco offered to sell urban gangs shoulder-held missile launchers capable of downing a large commercial airliner.

In August 2003, the Bush administration imposed sanctions on Norinco for allegedly selling missile-related goods to [[Iran]].<ref>Chinese firm hit with U.S. sanctions, By Bill Gertz, ''The Washington Times'', May 23, 2003.</ref> While not formally joining the multinational effort to restrict the proliferation of missiles, China did commit in 2000 not to assist in any way the development by other countries of [[MTCR]]-class missiles. Neither the Chinese government nor Norinco has denied doing business with Iranian companies, although they did deny that it was for missile related purposes at the Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group, Iran’s key manufacturer of ballistic and non ballistic missiles.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2931154.stm US punishes firms in Iran and China], [[BBC]], 23 May, 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/tehran-hemat.htm Hemmat Industrial Complex]. Retrieved from globalsecurity.org September 25, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm Background Note: China], [[U.S. Department of State]], Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.</ref> Norinco has called the sanctions "groundless and unjustified" and "entirely unreasonable."<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200306/06/eng20030606_117779.shtml NORINCO Issues Statement on US Sanctions], ''Peoples Daily Online'', Beijing June 06, 2003. English language Version.</ref>
<ref>[http://www.norinco.com/c1024/english/newscenter/press_03.html Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Met the Press Expressed Strong Dissatisfaction and Firm Opposition on U.S. Sanctions on NORINCO and Related Companies] Norinco press Release. Retrieved from norinco.com September 25, 2007.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External link==
*[http://ninecommentaries.com/ Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party], an historical critique of the CCP from the Editorial Board of ''The Epoch Times'', (2005)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6733045.stm 'Slaves' rescued from China firm], By Michael Bristow ''BBC News'', Beijing, Jun 8, 2007.

[[category:China]]
[[Category:Communist Political Parties]]

Sweyn Forkbeard

2008-04-15T18:59:34Z

Albert: does not need to be part of Category:Political People, since it is part of Category:English Monarchs

'''Sweyn Forkbeard '''(Sweyn I)(959-1014 AD) was king of [[Denmark]], part of [[Norway]], and briefly king of [[England]]. Initially king of Denmark and parts of Normway, Swyen engaged in repeated raids of the English coast in response to
[[St. Brice's Day Massacre]] in which many Danes including his sister were killed. Sweyn later invaded England, but only ruled England for a few weeks before his death.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forkbeard, Sweyn}}

{{Nb english monarchs}}
[[Category:European History]]

Category:Royalty

2008-04-15T18:58:36Z

Albert:

This category is for members of royal families and related matters.
[[Category:Political People]]

Geraldine Ferraro

2008-04-15T18:57:12Z

Albert: /* Electoral Votes */

'''Geraldine Ferraro''' (born 1935) was the a [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] politician and former member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]. She is best known as the first and only woman to represent a major [[United States|U.S.]] political party as a candidate for [[Vice President]]. Ferraro and running mate [[Walter Mondale]] were defeated in a landslide by incumbent [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and Vice President [[George H. W. Bush]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1984|1984 election]]. After the election, Ferraro was tarnished by the questionable business practices of her husband and the drug arrest and imprisonment of her son. Having her son serve his jail time in a luxury apartment with maid service raised a few eyebrows. She was later appointed as an ambassador to the [[United Nations]] and is currently a businesswoman.

==Electoral Votes==
Although Ferraro was the first woman to be on a major-party ticket for one of the nation's highest offices, she was not the first woman to receive an [[electoral college|electoral vote]]. That woman was [[Theodora Nathan]], a [[Libertarian]] Vice Presidential candidate who got the support of [[Roger MacBride]], a [[Virginia]] elector who in 1972 voted for her instead of [[Spiro Agnew]]. However, Rep. Ferraro was the first woman to receive more than one electoral vote.

[[Category:Political People]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferraro, Geraldine}}

Evo Morales

2008-04-15T18:55:56Z

Albert:

'''Evo Morales''' is the [[president]] of [[Bolivia]]. He is Bolivia's first indigenous president, and the leader of the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party.

[[Category:Political People]]
[[Category:Bolivia]]

John Edwards

2008-04-15T18:54:55Z

Albert: /* Sources */

[[Image:SenatorJohnEdwards.jpg|right|thumb|200px]]
''For the 18th century preacher, see [[Jonathan Edwards]]''.

----

'''John Edwards''', is a prominent [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate for Vice President and running mate of [[John Kerry]] for the 2004 presidential elections. He is known for his advocacy of [[Populism|populist]] policies.

===Early Life and Education===

John Edwards was born in Seneca, [[South Carolina]] on June 10, 1953. He grew up in Robbins, [[North Carolina]], and graduated from North Carolina State University in 1974, and received a law degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1977.

In 1977, he married Elizabeth Anania. Their son Wade was born in 1979 and daughter Cate in 1982. Following Wade's death in a car accident in 1996, the couple chose to have more children. Emma Claire was born 1998, and Jack was born in 2000.

===Private Sector===
Edwards served as a personal injury [[trial lawyer]] in [[Tennessee]] and in North Carolina for 20 years, specializing in negligence and medical malpractice suits. Critics ascribe Edwards personal fortune as having been amasssed preying on malpractice victims and using [[junk science]] to win large settlements. <ref>Peter W. Huber, ''Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom'', 1993. ISBN 0-465-02624-9. </ref> [[Michael Medved]] said "Ambulance chasers like Edwards don’t create wealth; they seize wealth from its creators...There are also serious questions about his misuse of his own S-type corporation to dodge taxes, and the shady sale of his previous mansion in Georgetown in a sweetheart deal with a supporter who’s currently under government investigation....lawsuits on which Edwards built his career damaged the economy ...building nothing at all and benefiting only the lawyer and his clients. On what basis can Democrats argue that government should cap or actively discourage big salaries for successful corporate heads, but never consider such a limitation for a court-room conniver like Edwards?" <ref>[http://michaelmedved.townhall.com/Blog/issue9 For Presidents Day: Our Most Under-rated Chief Executive], Michael Medved, February 20, 2007.</ref> The deal Edwards pocketed the most from was a $25 million suit for a girl who was disemboweled by a swimming pool drain.

Social commentator [[Ann Coulter]] quoted an article from the ''[[New York Times]]'' about Edwards behavior in the courtroom with this description, "He's the trial lawyer who pretended in court to channel the spirit of a handicapped [[fetus]] in front of illiterate jurors to scam tens of millions of dollars off of innocent doctors. According to ''The New York Times'', Edwards told one jury: "

{{Cquote|She speaks to you through me ... And I have to tell you right now -- I didn't plan to talk about this -- right now I feel her. I feel her presence. She's inside me, and she's talking to you. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=21345 That Was No Lady -- That Was My Husband], by Ann Coulter, ''Human Events'', 06/28/2007.</ref>}}

===Political Career===
In 1998, Edwards ran as the Democratic candidate for a seat in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]. He beat incumbent Senator Lauch Faircloth to win the seat.

Edwards served in the Senate for one 6 year term, declining to stand for re-election so that he could run for the 2004 Democratic party nomination for President. He withdrew from the presidential race on March 2, 2004 after failing to win any state of the 10 contested states in the Super Tuesday elections. Democratic nominee John Kerry named Edwards as his vice-presidential candidate for the Democratic ticket.

===2004 Vice-Presidential Candidacy===

Democratic National Committee insider [[Bob Shrum]] reported in his book ''No Excuses'' about the 2004 loss of Kerry/Edwards. In the book Shrum told of private Kerry-Edwards discussions when Democratic Presidential Nominee [[John Kerry]] was considering Edwards for the Vice-Presidential slot;

{{Cquote|(Kerry) was even queasier about Edwards after they met. Edwards had told Kerry he was going to share a story with him that he'd never told anyone else -- that after his son Wade had been killed, he climbed onto the slab at the funeral home, laid there and hugged his body, and promised that he'd do all he could to make life better for people, to live up to Wade's ideals of service. Kerry was stunned, not moved, because, as he told me later, Edwards had recounted the same exact story to him, almost in the exact same words, a year or two before -- and with the same preface, that he'd never shared the memory with anyone else. Kerry said he found it chilling, and he decided he couldn't pick Edwards unless he met with him again.}}

The Kerry-Edwards ticket lost to incumbent president George W. Bush and Dick Cheney with 48% of the vote to the Republicans' 51%.

===2008 Presidential Candidacy===

On December 28, 2005, John Edwards officially announced that he would again seek the Democratic nomination for president for the 2008 election.

Edwards is reported to be miffed over having been branded "the Breck Girl" <ref>[http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/images/blpic-edwardsbreckgirl.htm John Edwards the Breck Girl] ''"Sometimes another pretty face is just another pretty face."''</ref> in the 2004 Vice Presidential contest. Columnist Joan Vennochi characterized Edwards problem, "Usually, women are forced to ward off stereotypical thinking that equates beauty with brainlessness. But Edwards is not the first male politician to feel the double-edged sword that comes with being too pretty to be taken seriously." <ref>[http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/vote/5289.php Edwards' obstacle: 'Breck girl' good looks], Joan Vennochi, ''The Boston Globe'', 01.10.2004. </ref> In the spring of 2007, Edwards was ridiculed for getting $400 haircuts and charging his political campaign for them. He later said that he reimbursed his campaign $800.<ref>CBS News, [http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2007/04/24/publiceye/entry2722181.shtml ''John Edwards And The Case Of The "Breck Girl" Comment''], April 24, 2007.</ref>

On [[Memorial Day]] 2007 Edwards was accused of using the National Holiday to "trash the sacrifice, honor and glory of American soldiers."
<ref>[http://www.onenewsnow.com/2007/05/john_edwards_criticized_for_en.php John Edwards criticized for 'trashing' troops on Memorial Day], Jim Brown, ''OneNewsNow.com'', May 30, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007May26/0,4670,EdwardsInterview,00.html Edwards Defends Stepped-Up War Opposition], By Mike Glover, Associated Press, May 26, 2007. </ref>

The ''New York Times'' reported Edwards created a nonprofit organization with the stated mission of fighting poverty. The organization, the Center for Promise and Opportunity, raised $1.3 million in 2005, and — unlike a sister charity he created to raise scholarship money for poor students — the main beneficiary of the center’s fund-raising was Mr. Edwards himself, according to tax filings. The organization became a big part of a shadow political apparatus. Its officers were members of his political staff, and it helped pay for his nearly constant travel, including to early primary states.

While Mr. Edwards said the organization’s purpose was “making the eradication of poverty the cause of this generation,” its federal filings say it financed “retreats and seminars” with foreign policy experts on Iraq and national security issues. Unlike the scholarship charity, donations to it were not tax deductible, and, significantly, it did not have to disclose its donors — as political action committees and other political fund-raising vehicles do — and there were no limits on the size of individual donations. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/22/us/politics/22edwards.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin In Aiding Poor Edwards Built Bridge to 2008], Leslie Waynem ''New York Times'', June 22, 2007.</ref>

John Edwards ended his run to become the Democratic candidate fot the 2008 presidential election after the [[Florida]] primaries on January 29, 2008, when he became a distant third to [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]]. It was the third primary in arow where he ended third, and he dropped out before Super Tuesday, when voters in twenty-two states allocating about 45 per cent of the delegates.

===Political views===
During his Senate career and the 2004 presidential campaign, one of Edwards' main themes was "Two Americas," contrasting the poorer working-class Americans with wealthier Americans. Critics cite the hypocrisy of Edwards call for "affordable health care," when it is [[malpractice]] attorneys that use junk science to win big awards such as himself that have made the cost of health care beyond the reach of the poor.

===Criticism===
Edwards came under fire for not firing two of his campaign workers who made bigoted and hateful statements on their blogs. Statements included calling Christian supporters of President Bush his "wingnut Christofascist base", asking what would have happened if the Virgin Mary had taken an emergency contraceptive<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/13/politics/p171426S05.DTL&type=politics</ref>, and asking religious conservatives "What don't you lousy motherf——ers understand about keeping your noses out of our britches, our beds and our families?".<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,251620,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,251009,00.html</ref> These incidents were largely ignored by the mainstream media.<ref>http://www.mediaresearch.org/realitycheck/2007/fax20070222.asp</ref> Edwards was criticized for not firing the employees, but they later resigned themselves.

Critics also cite Edwards lack of government experience. One often heard criticism is that, other than the fact he has a full head of hair, there is little else to qualify him as a candidate.

===Post Political Career===
After losing the bid for vice president in the 2004 election, he became the director of the Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity at UNC-Chapel Hill.

===Attacks on Ann Coulter===

In August 2007, John Edwards viciously attacked social commentator [[Ann Coulter]], calling her a "she-devil" <ref>[http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2007/08/edwards-calls-c.html Edwards Calls Coulter 'She-Devil'], ''ABC News'', August 17, 2007.</ref>

Recently, ABC’s [[Chris Cuomo]] ambushed Ann Coulter with a personal attack on her and the [[GOP]] by asking,

{{Cquote|But to begin with the tough words, some tough words for you by the three top candidates in response to what you had said, some were calling it a homosexual slur, you said it was a taunt. They all came out when you were talking about John Edwards and said, 'This was wrong. We must deny it." Fair criticism of you or a shift towards the tolerant among the GOP? <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/node/13750 Ann Coulter Discusses John Edwards, Bill Maher, and the ‘F-word’ on ‘GMA’], Noel Sheppard, Newsbusters, June 26, 2007.</ref>}}

Coulter responded,

{{Cquote|No, no. There were, I was denounced all over. All over. I think the one that hurt the most was, was from I'mALittleGirlInAPinkPartyDress.com… Very upsetting…Though about the same time [[Bill Maher]] said - and by the way, I did not call John Edwards the F-word. I said I couldn't talk about him because you go into rehab for using that word...But about the same time, you know, Bill Maher was ''not'' joking and saying he wished [[Dick Cheney]] had been killed in a [[terrorist]] attack -- so I've learned my lesson: If I'm going to say anything about John Edwards in the future, I'll just wish he had been killed in a terrorist assassination plot. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=21345 That Was No Lady -- That Was My Husband], by Ann Coulter, ''Human Events'', 06/28/2007.</ref>}}

In March 2007, Coulter was attacked after saying,

{{Cquote|Oh, and I was going to have a few comments on the other Democratic presidential candidate, John Edwards. But it turns out that you have to go into rehab if you use the word 'faggot,' so I'm -- so I'm kind of at an impasse, can't really talk about Edwards.}}

Six days after the ''[[New York Times]]'' published an article about the questionable practices of Edwards non-profit group which allegedly had been founded with the stated aim to fight poverty but had in fact been used by staffers for travel and campaign work, [[Elizabeth Edwards]] in what was obviously an effort to detract from the revelations attacked Ann Coulter on [[Chris Matthews]] HARDBALL. Matthews, a former Democratic presidential speech writer for [[Jimmy Carter]], with a reputation for constantly interrupting guests in mid-sentence, never once interrupted Elizabeth Edwards. Coulter was not informed before hand by Matthews and staff she would be appearing with the candidates wife. Mrs. Edwards said,

{{Cquote|I'm the mother of that boy who died. These young people behind you are the age of my children. You're asking them to participate in a dialogue that's based on hatefulness and ugliness instead of on the issues,}}

referring to an article Coulter wrote in 2003 about various Democratic Presidential candidates who had exploited family tragedies for partisan political purposes:

{{Cquote|[[Al Gore]] famously inaugurated the family tragedy routine at the 1992 Democratic National Convention...to recount the story of his son being hit by a car. At the 1996 convention, Gore told a tear-jerker about his sister's long, painful death from lung cancer. ...[[Gephardt]] has taken to spinning out a long, pitiful tale of his son's near-death three decades ago. ...Mrs. Gephardt weeps anew as her husband tells the same gut-wrenching story over and over again. ...John Edwards injects his son's fatal car accident into his campaign by demanding that everyone notice how he refuses to inject his son's fatal car accident into his campaign.

Edwards has talked about his son's death in a 1996 car accident on ''Good Morning America,'' in dozens of profiles and in his new book. ("It was and is the most important fact of my life.") His 1998 Senate campaign ads featured film footage of Edwards at a learning lab he founded in honor of his son, titled "The Wade Edwards Learning Lab." He wears his son's Outward Bound pin on his suit lapel. He was going to wear it on his sleeve, until someone suggested that might be a little too "on the nose."

If you want points for not using your son's death politically, don't you have to take down all those "Ask me about my son's death in a horrific car accident" bumper stickers? Edwards is like a politician who keeps announcing that he will not use his opponent's criminal record for partisan political advantage. I absolutely refuse to mention the name of my dearly beloved and recently departed son killed horribly in a car accident, which affected me deeply, to score cheap political points.

I wouldn't want John Edwards to be president, but I think even [[Karl Rove]] would be willing to stipulate that the death of a son is a terrible thing. <ref>[http://www.uexpress.com/anncoulter/index.html?uc_full_date=20031119 The Party of ideas], Ann Coulter, 11/19/2003.</ref>}}

President [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[Barbara Bush]] suffered the loss of a child sibling in 1953; there is no record whatsoever of the Bush family using the death of a child to gain sympathy in any of the Presidential elections G.H.W. Bush was involved in, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, or [[G.W. Bush]] in 2000 or 2004, yet certain [[liberal]] authors have exploited the tragedy to attack, slander, and impugn the entire Bush family, Bush Sr., Barbara Bush, and G.W. Bush. <ref>[http://hnn.us/articles/7106.html Bush on the Couch]
By Justin Frank, 2004. Retrieved from the History News Network 29 June 2007.</ref>

The staged event netted Edwards sorely lagging campaign $450,000 from 2300 donors using cropped, out-of-context video snippets within 24 hours. <ref>[http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2007/06/29/compromise-looms-in-private-equity-fight/ Edwards and McCain Battle to stay in 2008 top tier], John Harwood, ''Wall Street Journal'' Washinton Wire, June 29, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://newsbusters.org/node/13791 ABC Links Edwards/Coulter Call to '08 Fundraising Deadline, NBC Distorts Coulter], Brad Wilmouth, Newsbusters, June 28, 2007.</ref>

==Miscellania==
===Books===
''The Four Trials'' (with John Auchard), about his career as a lawyer

===Trivia===
The $25 million settlement was the largest in NC history.

==See Also==
[[Previous Breaking News/John Edwards|Articles about '''John Edwards''' from previous "Breaking News"]]

== References ==
<references/>

==Sources==
http://johnedwards.com/
{{liberalism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, John}}
[[Category:Political People]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
[[Category:United States Senators]]

Michael Dukakis

2008-04-15T18:52:42Z

Albert:

'''Michael Dukakis''' (born 1933) was former [[Massachusetts]] [[governor]], who ran for [[President of the United States]] in 1988 as a [[Democrat]]. After obtaining the party's nomination, he lost to President [[George H.W. Bush]] and Bush's running mate [[Dan Quayle]] in the election. His running mate was [[Lloyd Bentsen]], who later became [[Secretary of Treasury]] under [[President Bill Clinton]].

Dukakis is a US Army veteran, serving in South Korea from 1955 to 1957.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dukakis, Michael}}

[[Category:Political People]]
[[Category: Liberals]]
[[Category:United States Governors]]

Gaylord Nelson

2008-04-15T18:49:18Z

Albert:

[[Image:GaylordNelson.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Gaylord Anton Nelson''' is a former American [[Democratic Party]] Senator of [[Wisconsin]], and one of the founders of [[Earth Day]]. In 1970, he called for Congressional hearings on the safety of [[combined oral contraceptive pill]]s.

Nelson was a World War II veteran, serving in the US Army in the Pacific.

==Quotes==
"''The bigger the population gets, the more serious the problems become…. We have to address the population issue. The United Nations, with the U.S. supporting it, took the position in Cairo in 1994 that every country was responsible for stabilizing its own population. It can be done. But in this country, it's phony to say 'I'm for the environment but not for limiting immigration.'''"

==External Links==
:[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000033 Senator Gaylord Nelson Biography]
{{DEFAULTSORT: Nelson, Gaylord}}
[[Category:United States Senators]]