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Talk:The Beatles

2022-01-07T14:16:31Z

AbelBanquo: /* The Beatles played cool music */

Lyrics should not be included in this page. --[[User:TimSvendsen|TimSvendsen]] 16:10, 6 January 2007 (EST)

*Thanks, Dan. I saw lots gone, but catch so many complaints from Colin and the rest for doing stuff, I've given up. --~ [[User:TK|TK]] [[User_talk:TK|MyTalk]] 02:31, 12 April 2007 (EDT)

Shouldn't the stub tag be on the article, not here? Or is that CP style? Anyway, I think the later compilations should be added (and I think pre- and post=breakup divisions should be inserted). There should be a film/video sub heading. Should the American releases be separately listed or take precedence (remember, every album before Sgt. Pepper was different in the US)? Should singles be listed? Should the Beatles be named before their awards are listed (yes, I'll do that one of these days)? [[User:Human|Human]] 18:33, 12 April 2007 (EDT)

:*Human, we prefer at Conservapedia to use as few signs/templates as possible, as compared to other 'pedias, and in that spirit, prefer to place stub tags on the talk pages, instead of cluttering up article pages, like too many adverts alongside the road, eh? I should think Billboard or ASCAP/BMI would be the definitive source for the song list....--~ [[User:TK|TK]] [[User_talk:TK|MyTalk]] 18:46, 12 April 2007 (EDT)

::Ah, great, that answers my question re: the stub tag. Makes sense, since people can still search for them and find them through the talk page.

"tv shows aren't italicized" Whoops, sorry. [[User:Human|Human]] 16:38, 19 April 2007 (EDT)

==table format for discography etc.==

I like it, it's a lot better than what we had. However, what happened to the compilations and rereleases? Some are rather notable (and unique, eg, the BBC stuff). Can they be in a third section?

Also, can that whole bottom section be turned into a template so it can easily be added to the bottom of any Beatles-related file someone creates? [[User:Human|Human]] 13:42, 20 April 2007 (EDT)

==Their Politics==

Lennon at least was a Marxist- http://homepage.ntlworld.com/carousel/pob12.html

I think they were all atheists? One of Lennon's songs has the lyric "I don't believe in Jesus", "God is a concept by which you measure your pain" etc.

John Lennon was an Atheist (Imagine). George Harrison was Hindu. Paul McCartney is a Roman Catholic (Let It Be). I`m all to sure what Ringo Starr believes in. [[User:TobyKeet|TobyKeet]] 05:41, 24 November 2010 (EST)

:Yes? Your point being? Also, remember usually politics isn't the same as religion. --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 06:41, 24 November 2010 (EST)

:"Mother Mary" = marijuana. -[[User:Danq|danq]] 14:02, 25 November 2010 (EST)

::You find that their religious beliefs effects their politics. Because John Lennon was an Atheist, it made him very anti-war. Lennon`s music is more political where McCartney`s songs are more emotional. I did a bit on Let It Be, and that song is actually based on a dream McCartney had where his dead mother came to to him and told him to "let it be". His mother`s name was Mary, hence Mother Mary. [[User:TobyKeet|TobyKeet]] 22:19, 28 November 2010 (EST)

==The Beatles played cool music==

I think the Beatles played pretty "cool" music. Andy's derogatory remarks of it hurt my feelings when he suggests I have such a wrong opinion of them! And that he placed a link to this very article at the very top spot of Main Page Left? Maddening. [[User:AbelBanquo|AbelBanquo]] ([[User talk:AbelBanquo|talk]]) 09:16, January 7, 2022 (EST)

Infinity

2022-01-06T16:32:43Z

AbelBanquo: New section: Quantity in general.

'''Infinity''' means beyond enumeration.<ref>This improved definition comports best with the use of the term in mathematics, in everyday life, and across cultures and languages.</ref> Appreciation of infinity is remarkably useful mentally, emotionally, and on a personal level. "Paradise" is infinite happiness; "[[Hell]]" is infinite distress; in electronics, a "open circuit" has infinite resistance). Anxiety or fear about infinity is a psychiatric condition known as "apeirophobia", which exists because infinity is real.

The food supply is essentially infinite in cultures where obesity is a problem; wealth is essentially infinite for those who cannot spend it all in their lifetime; and time is infinite for those who waste it. "More" in those situations is meaningless; less is nothing to have anxiety about. Some scoff at primitive cultures that use infinity rather than large numbers, but that is actually productive in viewing quantities larger than meaningful. Also, infinity reinforces the primacy of the future (which is infinite) over the past (merely finite). Given that "time is money," "infinite time" ([[eternal life]]) is "infinite money" and the concept is helpful in dealing with financial anxiety.

Understanding infinity has advanced many fields, including:
*[[mathematics]] through [[calculus]], [[set theory]] and [[singularity|singularities]];
*[[quantum mechanics]] through infinite [[uncertainty]];
*[[economics]] through the infinite opportunity discovered by the [[Coase theorem]];
*[[physics]] through the [[Big Bang]] (infinite [[energy]] density) and the speculative [[black holes]] (infinite mass density);
*[[politics]] through dictatorships (infinite authority) and [[separation of powers]] to avoid concentration of infinite power;
*[[religion]] through the concepts like [[eternity]] (infinite time), [[Heaven]]/[[Hell]] (infinite joy/suffering), [[faith]] (infinite belief), [[Parable of the Vineyard Workers]] and the [[Prodigal Son]] (infinite wealth), the infinity of [[God]],<ref>https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08004a.htm</ref> and the number of [[angel]]s (infinite);<ref>[[Epistle_to_the_Hebrews_(Translated)#12:22|Hebrew 12:22]] ("infinite").</ref>
*[[statistics]] through the [[central limit theorem]], which states that the distribution of the average for a series of nearly any type of distribution approaches the [[normal distribution]];
*[[literature]], as in ''An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge'' (1890) and many great works inspired by it, which dramatically use a nearly infinite expansion of an infinitesimal time; writings by [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] ("Nothing for the present hour is worthy of man's infinite capacity save to imbibe the warm smile of heaven and sympathize with the reviving earth." - ''Buds and Bird Voices''); and plays by [[Shakespeare]], who used infinity copiously (see below);
*[[biology]], as observed by [[Louis Pasteur]]: “The role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely great”;<ref>https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/692216.Louis_Pasteur</ref>
*[[sociology]]: traditional [[marriage]] is infinitely more stable than other types of relationships;
*[[rock music]]: paradise (in love songs, such as "Two Tickets to Paradise") represents infinite happiness;
*paintings: [[Salvador Dali]]'s work (including his infinite time in ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]''), and other [[Surrealism]] such as ''Mama, Papa Is Wounded!'' (1927);<ref>https://www.history.com/topics/art-history/surrealism-history</ref>
*movie titles: as in ''From Here to Eternity'' (1953), ''Avengers: Infinity War'' (2018), ''Infinity'' (1996), and the TV show ''Forever'' (2014-15);
*understanding other terms: infinity helps define other terms concisely, such as "open circuit" (infinite resistance); and
*in [[infinity in engineering|engineering]]: in a DC circuit, a capacitor has infinite resistance, while [[Earth]] has infinite capacitance.
In addition, recognition of infinity — such as infinite time or infinite strength — is helpful on a personal level in dealing with adversity. Infinite time means infinite money, since time is convertible into money. [[Jesus]] often emphasized the concept of infinity in his [[miracle]]s and [[parable]]s (see below). He rejected the mistaken view of the ancient Greeks that infinity is non-existent and incoherent.<ref>{{cquote|The Ancient Greeks generally conceived of the infinite as formless, characterless, indefinite, indeterminate, chaotic, and unintelligible. The term had negative connotations and was especially vague, having no clear criteria for distinguishing the finite from the infinite.}} [http://www.iep.utm.edu/infinite/]
The ancient Greeks were flat-out wrong.</ref> Today acceptance of infinity is universal, despite the adamant denial by the ancient Greeks and others throughout history. The devoutly [[Christian]] mathematician [[Georg Cantor]] even proved that some infinities are larger than others.

The existence of an infinite [[God]] implies the necessary existence of the opposite: the void described in [[Genesis]]. Negative infinity, as implied by the existence of positive infinity, is the numeric equivalent of the [[Hell]] mentioned frequently in the [[New Testament]]. The [[logic of infinity]] permeates the [[Gospels]].

== Quantity in general ==

The infinite is thought to be a type of quantity. But what is a quantity? The idea of quantity may not be definable, as Aristotle regarded it as a category, that is, something that applies to everything, but we may be able to note the conditions under which it exists.

But such conditions made distinct, may be assimilable only by the most compendious of mental capacities, and those with active intellects without the capacity to receive it may not benefit from the distinctions, due to difficulties in assimilation. We first learn by ignoring all but a single aspect of a problem, for which a solution is then found. So if in assimilating such attempts at solution through conceptualization, more important ones suggest themselves to us, it is best to ignore other aspects of the proposed solution until those new problems have been resolved, resolutions which might very well serve as grounds for impeaching the proposed solution prior to any further assimilation.

That being said, we might note as a condition that quantity, in its adjectival form, is a counterpart of quality. We might even say it's self-evident that quantity is a more definite form of quality. There seems to be a matter to form relationship of quantity to quality, as it makes sense to say that qualities are sometimes "reduced" to quantities. So if quality is less definite than quantity, could quality be regarded somehow as subsisting in an indefinite condition and by extension an infinite one, and thus place the infinite in the category of qualities rather than the category of quantities? These are difficult questions with perhaps multiple interpretations. This may call for us seeking out the interpretations which comport the best with what we learn from knowledge authorized by having been drawn from Scripture.

== Teachings about infinity by Jesus ==

Infinity is depicted by several miracles, including the [[Multiplication of the loaves]] and the [[Miraculous catch of fish]]. Infinity is implicit in several parables, including the [[Prodigal Son]], and the parable of the vineyard workers.<ref>Matthew 20:1-16.</ref> In addition, one's soul is of infinite value to him and thus cannot be exceeded in value by anything else, as explained by Matthew 16:26.

Infinity is also portrayed by the Parables of the Hidden Treasure and the Pearl:<ref>Matthew 13:44-46 [[NIV]] version.</ref>
:“The kingdom of heaven is like treasure hidden in a field. When a man found it, he hid it again, and then in his joy went and sold all he had and bought that field.
:“Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant looking for fine pearls. When he found one of great value, he went away and sold everything he had and bought it.”

[[Jesus]] taught the existence of infinity in multiple ways. Indeed, the [[Gospels]] and [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] are like a book of [[logic]] about infinity. This was contrary to the views of the greatest Greek mathematician and philosopher, [[Pythagoras]] and [[Aristotle]], who both incorrectly rejected that infinity could exist.<ref>See [[Math and the Bible]].</ref> The [[Old Testament]] has only indirect references to infinity.

[[Eternity]] is infinite time, a concept that was also first introduced and emphasized by Jesus. The [[Old Testament]] has few references to "eternity" and "eternal", while the [[New Testament]] repeatedly teaches it. For example, Jesus taught about infinity in connection with [[Judgment Day]] when "these will go off to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life."<ref>Matt 45:26 ([[NAB]]).</ref>

== Mistranslated as "unsearchable" ==

Many translations of the [[Bible]] mistakenly use the term "unsearchable" when "infinite" is the intended meaning. Ancient Greek lacked a word for "infinity", and instead used "apeiron" for indefinite or unlimited.<ref>Some say that obscure Greek term "aphorismenon" was closer to the modern term of infinity.</ref>

For example, the otherwise superb [[New American Standard Bible]] mistranslates with "unsearchable" rather than "infinite" in six places:
*Job 5:9 - Who does great and unsearchable things, Wonders without number.
*Job 36:26 - Behold, God is exalted, and we do not know Him; The number of His years is unsearchable.
*Psalm 145:3 - Great is the Lord, and highly to be praised; And His greatness is unsearchable.
*Proverbs 25:3 - As the heavens for height and the earth for depth, So the heart of kings is unsearchable.
*Isaiah 40:28 - Do you not know? Have you not heard? The Everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the earth Does not become weary or tired. His understanding is unsearchable.
*Romans 11:33 - Oh, the depth of the riches, both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are His judgments and unfathomable His ways!
Among the above, the translation of "The number of His years is unsearchable" rather than "infinite" is the most obvious error. "His greatness is unsearchable" is also a mistranslation of what should be "His greatness is infinite."

The highly respected [[English Standard Version]] repeats the above mistakes and adds another one:
* Ephesians 3:8 - To me, though I am the very least of all the saints, this grace was given, to preach to the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ
The [[New American Standard Bible]] uses "unfathomable" rather than "unsearchable" there. But why not use the more precise word, "infinite"?

Bible Hub has a superb analysis of the use of infinite in Bible translations.<ref>https://biblehub.com/topical/i/infinite.htm</ref>

== Anselm and Shakespeare ==
[[Anselm]] focused on infinity to prove the divinity of [[Christ]]. [[Chaucer]] referenced "infinity" in 1374, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. But [[Shakespeare]] used infinity more than anyone up until his time, in such classics as [[Hamlet]] ("A king of infinite space") and [[Romeo and Juliet]] (“My bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee, The more I have, for both are infinite.”). This passage from Hamlet is particularly memorable in referring to the infinite:<ref>Hamlet, 2.2.314</ref>
{{cquote|What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals!}}
Famous quotations by Shakespeare includes a remarkable 12 separate uses of infinity.<ref>https://keytopoetry.com/dev/william-shakespeare/quotations/</ref>

Shakespeare in particular warns of the vicious circle of unlimited desire, will and power in his ''Troilus and Cressida'' (1600), speaking of moderation and degree:

:''Ulysses'': Take but degree away, untune that string,
:And hark, what discord follows! Each thing meets
:In mere oppugnancy. The bounded waters
:Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores
:And make a sop of all this solid globe.
:Strength should be lord of imbecility,
:And the rude son should strike his father dead.

:Force should be right; or rather right and wrong,
:Between whose endless jar justice resides,
:Should lose their names, and so should justice too.
:Then everything includes itself in power,
:Power into will, will into appetite;
:And appetite, an universal wolf,
:So doubly seconded with will and power,
:Must make perforce an universal prey,
:And last eat up himself. (Act I, Scene III)

He also warns of the pressure of unlimited desire and will with respect to limited power in love in the same tragedy:

:''Cressida'': Will you walk in, my lord?
:''Troilus'': O Cressida, how often have I wished me thus!
:''Cressida'': Wished, my lord! The gods grant—O my lord!
:''Troilus'': What should they grant? what makes this pretty abruption? What too curious dreg espies my sweet lady in the fountain of our love?
:''Cressida'': More dregs than water, if my fears have eyes.
:''Troilus'': Fears make devils of cherubins; they never see truly.
:''Cressida'': Blind fear, that seeing reason leads, finds safer footing than blind reason stumbling without fear. To fear the worst oft cures the worse.
:''Troilus'': O, let my lady apprehend no fear; in all Cupid's pageant there is presented no monster.
:''Cressida'': Nor nothing monstrous neither?
:''Troilus'': Nothing, but our undertakings; when we vow to weep seas, live in fire, eat rocks, tame tigers; thinking it harder for our mistress to devise imposition enough than for us to undergo any difficulty imposed. This is the monstruosity in love, lady, that the will is infinite and the execution confined, that the desire is boundless and the act a slave to limit.
:''Cressida'': They say all lovers swear more performance than they are able and yet reserve an ability that they never perform, vowing more than the perfection of ten and discharging less than the tenth part of one. They that have the voice of lions and the act of hares, are they not monsters?
:''Troilus'': Are there such? such are not we. Praise us as we are tasted, allow us as we prove; our head shall go bare till merit crown it. No perfection in reversion shall have a praise in present; we will not name desert before his birth, and, being born, his addition shall be humble. Few words to fair faith. Troilus shall be such to Cressid as what envy can say worst shall be a mock for his truth, and what truth can speak truest not truer than Troilus.
:''Cressida'': Will you walk in, my lord? (Act III, Scene II)

== Similarities to zero ==
Infinity has surprising similarities to [[zero]]. Neither can be diminished, and the multiplication or division of either cannot change it. While infinity and zero are opposites, neither is stronger or superior to the other: multiplication of infinity by zero yields an indeterminate result. As a pair they illustrate the logical truth that "the last shall be first, and the first shall be last" as taught by Jesus at the end of the parable of the vineyard workers, a parable that illustrates that infinity cannot be diminished.

[[Leonhard Euler]], the most prolific mathematician in history, famously said about infinity and zero:<ref>https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/leonhard_euler_184025</ref>
{{cquote|To those who ask what the infinitely small quantity in mathematics is, we answer that it is actually zero. Hence there are not so many mysteries hidden in this concept as they are usually believed to be.}}

==Infinitesimal==
Inherent in the concept of infinity is the concept of [[infinitesimal]]: infinity small. [[Archimedes]] used small numbers and areas, as in calculating the area under a parabola, but the [[Ancient Greeks]] rejected the concept of infinity. Beginning with the 17th century, mathematicians like [[Fermat]], [[Euler]], [[Newton]], and [[Leibniz]] used the concept of infinitesimal in integrals and differentials. [[Bernhard Riemann]] used the concept of limits to develop a rigorous definition of the integral, now known as the [[Riemann Integral]].

== Infinity and economics ==
The opposite of infinity is [[scarcity]], which is the focus of [[economics]].

== Infinity and sports ==

In baseball, a pitcher has an infinite Earned Run Average (ERA) when he allows earned runs without obtaining any "outs" by the other side, because the ERA is a pitcher's average earned runs allowed per nine innings pitched (i.e., 27 outs obtained). In 2019, Nationals relief pitcher Trevor Rosenthal had an infinite ERA until he finally obtained an out.<ref>https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/2019/04/11/trevor-rosenthal-nationals-reliever-infinity/3433399002/</ref>

== Ongoing disputes about infinity ==

In "Dispute over Infinity Divides Mathematicians," a commentator wrote that "[t]o determine the nature of infinity, mathematicians face a choice between two new logical axioms. What they decide could help shape the future of mathematical truth."<ref>https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/infinity-logic-law/</ref>

The commentator then discussed the [[continuum hypothesis]], [[Georg Cantor]], and a bit of the mathematical history of infinity.

== Infinity and mathematics ==
The existence of infinity implies the existence of its two opposites, [[zero]] and [[negative infinity]]. Zero is the amount that is infinitely small.

Infinity is denoted in mathematics by this symbol: <math>\infty\,</math>, looking like an 8 on its side.

Infinity comes up in many aspects of mathematical discourse and is often treated as a number, but it is not a [[real number]]. In mathematical contexts, infinity often appears as a limit, as an integral, as the measure (size) of a set in Euclidean space, and as the cardinality (size) of sets in general.

The simplest place to see this seeming paradox is in the fact that all integers are finite, but that there are an infinite number of them.
*Why are all integers finite? Because, if infinity were an integer, what would <math>\infty+1\,</math> be?
*Why is the ''set'' of all integers an infinite set? Because they go on forever. If the set were finite, there would be a biggest integer. But that can't be, because we can always add one to any integer. This kind of thinking is often schoolchildren's first introduction to logical reasoning.<ref>Merrian-Webster defines infinity as an "unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity ... an indefinitely great number or amount." [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infinity Merriam-Webster dictionary] Put another way, infinity is something which "goes on without end."</ref>

While infinity is not a number, it appears in many other contexts. As we have seen, the size of the set of integers is infinite. We say that the [[cardinality]] of the integers (this set is often denoted <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>) is infinite. The rational numbers (<math>\mathbb{Q}</math>) and the real numbers (<math>\mathbb{R}</math>) also have infinite cardinality. An interesting result from set theory (see below) is that <math>\mathbb{Z}</math> and <math>\mathbb{Q}</math> have the same cardinality, while <math>\mathbb{R}</math> has larger cardinality than the other two.

Another place where infinity arises is in limits. We can say that "the limit of <math>1/x\,</math> as <math>x\,</math> approaches zero is infinity", or "the limit of <math>e^{-x}\,</math> as <math>x\,</math> approaches infinity is zero", but this is because infinity has a special meaning in the context of limits. See [[limit (mathematics)|limit]] for discussion of this.

We can also say that "the measure (size) of the set of reals is infinity", or that certain integrals are infinite, but this is because of special properties of measures and integrals.

So infinity might arise in statements like these:
*<math>\frac{1}{0} = \infty\ \ </math> Mathematics does not allow division by zero, so this is technically not allowed unless does as a limit, as follows:
*<math>\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{1}{x} = \infty\ \ </math> Yes, one could say that "the limit is infinite," since that includes both positive and negative infinite values. But to say that the limit is "equal to infinity," one would have to say that this is the limit from the right. The limit from the left is "minus infinity," that is, unboundedly negative. This sort of statement, in terms of limits, is what was presumably meant by the incorrect statement above.
*<math>\int_0^1\frac{1}{x} = \infty\ \ </math> Infinity has a special meaning for integrals.
*<math>\|\mathbb{Z}\| = \infty\ \ </math> The cardinality of the integers is infinite.
*<math>\mu(\mathbb{R}) = \infty\ \ </math> The (Lebesgue) measure of the reals is infinite.

In measure theory, one sometimes defines the "extended reals", allowing plus and minus infinity to be considered to be numbers, but this is a special construction, which makes certain arithmetical operations impossible. It can't be done in general.

Another place where infinity is considered acceptable is in [[Floating-point]] arithmetic in computers. The IEEE-754 standard (which all modern computers support) allows the values <math>\infty\,</math> and <math>- \infty\,</math>. But their treatment is very different from other numbers, and computer floating-point numbers don't faithfully model the real numbers in any case.

Also, in some non-standard models of Peano Arithmetic, <math>\infty\,</math> is treated as an actual number. But, once again, this is not standard mathematics.

[[Georg Cantor]]'s [[diagonalization|diagonal argument]] is an elegant proof demonstrating that the (infinite) cardinality of [[real number]]s is greater than the (infinite) cardinality of [[countable]] [[integer]]s. The essence of the argument is that in any proposed list of all real numbers, a new real number not in the list can be constructed by taking the digits in a [[diagonal]] through the list and changing them to construct a new real number that differs from the nth entry at the nth position right of the decimal point.

To formalize the concepts of countably and uncountably infinite sets, we need the [[set theory]] concept of [[cardinality]]. Using this concept it can be shown that there are infinitely many distinct infinite cardinalities.

In [[Zermelo-Fraenkel]] set theory, there is the [[Axiom of Infinity]], asserting the existence of an infinite set. The set that it creates is essentially the same as the integers. Some "constructive" mathematicians work without this axiom, and determine which results may be proved without assuming it.

== Classification of infinities ==
In modern mathematics, it is recognized that there is no single concept of 'infinity' - there are many different infinities. We can divide these into some broad classes. Firstly, there are the cardinals, which are used to measure the sizes of sets; and then there are ordinals, which are used to measure the position of an item in an ordered list. For finite quantities, we can use the same numbers for both - a race can have 3 participants, and you can come 3rd in the race. But, with infinite quantities, this no longer applies, the same numbers can now be used for both purposes. Thus, the smallest infinite cardinal is aleph-null, but the smallest infinite ordinal is omega.

=== Cardinals ===
We say two sets have the same size if it is possible to put their respective members into one-to-one correspondence. A cardinal can be conceived as the equivalence class of all sets having that size.

Consider the set of all natural numbers, and its subset the set of all odd natural numbers. One would think that there are half as many odd numbers as natural numbers. Yet, while that is true when dealing with some finite subset of the natural numbers, when dealing with their entirety, it turns out that there are as many odd numbers as natural numbers. This can be shown by the fact that the natural numbers and the odd natural numbers can be put in a one-to-one correspondence: 0 -> 1, 1 -> 3, 2 -> 5, 3 -> 7, etc. (represented by the formula 2*n + 1). Thus, whereas for finite sets if A is a proper subset of B, then the cardinality of A must be less than the cardinality of B, for infinite sets this is no longer the case; an infinite set may be the same size as one of its proper subsets.

The cardinality of the natural numbers is known as aleph-null. There are as many integers as natural numbers; and as many rational numbers as natural numbers. But it can be shown, using Cantor's diagonalization argument, that the reals are strictly larger than the natural numbers - you cannot put the natural numbers into one to one correspondence with the reals. The cardinality of the reals is the cardinality of the power set of the natural numbers, which is known as the power of the continuum (c) or as beth-one. (Aleph-null is the same as beth-null; whether aleph-one is the same as beth-one is a mathematical question, which essentially has no answer - and we can even show it has no answer.)

The '''generalized continuum hypothesis''' (GCH) states that <math>\beth_{a} = \aleph_{a}</math> for all ordinals <math>a</math>. So, the continuum hypothesis is a special case of the generalised continuum hypothesis for ordinal <math>0</math>. Like CH, GCH is independent of the axioms of ZFC.

A set having cardinality equal to or less than <math>\aleph_{0}</math> is called countable; a set of greater cardinality is called uncountable.

==Ordinals==
Numbers serve two distinct purposes - to measure the size of sets, and to measure the position of an item in an ordering. Thus, we may speak of a race having 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. contestants, and we can speak of the contestants as having come 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc. (or even 0th, if one is a mathematician!) When we measure the number of elements in a set, we are using '''cardinal''' numbers; when we measure an item's position in an ordering, we are using '''ordinal''' numbers. For finite quantities, it does not make that much difference, since for finite quantities we can use the same numbers to serve both purposes. But for transfinite quantities, that is no longer the case - we can no longer use the same numbers as both cardinals and ordinals. Thus, the smallest transfinite cardinal
is <math>\aleph_{0}</math>, but the smallest transfinite ordinal is <math>\omega</math>.

==Other types of infinite numbers==
Other than transfinite cardinals and ordinals, there are other types of infinite numbers:
*the '''affinely extended reals''': these are elements of the set <math>\mathbb{R} \cup \{ +\infty, -\infty \}</math>. In other words, the real numbers extended by the addition of positive and negative infinity. <math>+\infty</math> is greater than every real number, and <math>-\infty</math> is less than every real number.
*the '''projectively extended reals''': these are elements of the set <math>\mathbb{R} \cup \{ \infty \}</math>. In other words, the real numbers extended by the addition of a single signless infinity. The ordering relation is not defined for the projectively extended reals - but informally, <math>\infty</math> can be said to be both greater than ''and'' less than every real number.
*the '''hyperreals''': denoted *<math>\mathbb{R}</math>, these extend the real numbers with both infinite and infinitesimal quantities. They are used in non-standard analysis. Other extensions of the real numbers with infinite and infinitesimal quantities include the '''surreal numbers''', the '''superreal numbers''', and the '''Levi-Civita field'''.

The conclusion to be drawn from all of this, is that although in popular usage we speak about ''infinity'' as if it were a single thing, there are actually numerous different infinities, all belonging to different systems. If we want to talk about ''infinity'', we ought to be careful to specify which infinity we mean.

==Archimedean property==
An ordered field is said to be '''Archimedean''' if it has no infinitely large or infinitely small elements. One way of stating this: an ordered field is Archimedean, if for every element of the field, there is a greater natural number. This is true for the reals - for every real number, there is a greater natural number - but not for example for the affinely extended reals, since <math>+\infty</math> is greater than every natural number. So the affinely extended reals are said to be '''non-Archimedean'''. Likewise, the hyperreal numbers, the surreal numbers, the superreal numbers and the Levi-Civita field are all non-Archimedean. Any ordered field containing infinities must also contain infinitesimals as their inverse.

To understand the notion of non-Archimedeanity, it is interesting to imagine what it would be like were space or time were non-Archimedean. If space was non-Archimedean, there could be areas of the universe infinitely distant from here. If time was non-Archimedean, there could be past times an infinite number of years before the present, and future times an infinite number of years into the future. It appears that no one has every seriously suggested that time or space actually are non-Archimedean, but it is nonetheless an interesting mental exercise to understand the notion.

== Philosophy of mathematics ==
Different positions in the [[philosophy of mathematics]] have different attitudes towards infinity. At one extreme, Platonists and formalists generally have no philosophical objection to any form of infinity than can be defined. At the other extreme, finitists and ultrafinitists deny the existence of infinity; to them, only finite quantities, and finite objects, actually exist. In the middle, many constructivists and intuitionists adopt a position of countablism - an acceptance of the existence of countable sets, but denying that uncountable sets exist.

== See also==
*[[Infinity denial]]
*[[Logic of infinity]]
*[[Math and the Bible]]
*[[Infinity and zero]]
*[[Zero]]
*[[Herman Melville]]
*[[William Shakespeare]]
*[https://www.icr.org/article/god-infinities/0 Explanation of the different sizes of infinities]
*[https://www.inspirationalstories.com/quotes/t/on-infinity/ Quotes about infinity]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Greatest Thinkers}}
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Infinity]]

Infinity

2022-01-06T01:01:12Z

AbelBanquo: /* Anselm and Shakespeare */ related theme, 2nd example.

'''Infinity''' means beyond enumeration.<ref>This improved definition comports best with the use of the term in mathematics, in everyday life, and across cultures and languages.</ref> Appreciation of infinity is remarkably useful mentally, emotionally, and on a personal level. "Paradise" is infinite happiness; "[[Hell]]" is infinite distress; in electronics, a "open circuit" has infinite resistance). Anxiety or fear about infinity is a psychiatric condition known as "apeirophobia", which exists because infinity is real.

The food supply is essentially infinite in cultures where obesity is a problem; wealth is essentially infinite for those who cannot spend it all in their lifetime; and time is infinite for those who waste it. "More" in those situations is meaningless; less is nothing to have anxiety about. Some scoff at primitive cultures that use infinity rather than large numbers, but that is actually productive in viewing quantities larger than meaningful. Also, infinity reinforces the primacy of the future (which is infinite) over the past (merely finite). Given that "time is money," "infinite time" ([[eternal life]]) is "infinite money" and the concept is helpful in dealing with financial anxiety.

Understanding infinity has advanced many fields, including:
*[[mathematics]] through [[calculus]], [[set theory]] and [[singularity|singularities]];
*[[quantum mechanics]] through infinite [[uncertainty]];
*[[economics]] through the infinite opportunity discovered by the [[Coase theorem]];
*[[physics]] through the [[Big Bang]] (infinite [[energy]] density) and the speculative [[black holes]] (infinite mass density);
*[[politics]] through dictatorships (infinite authority) and [[separation of powers]] to avoid concentration of infinite power;
*[[religion]] through the concepts like [[eternity]] (infinite time), [[Heaven]]/[[Hell]] (infinite joy/suffering), [[faith]] (infinite belief), [[Parable of the Vineyard Workers]] and the [[Prodigal Son]] (infinite wealth), the infinity of [[God]],<ref>https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08004a.htm</ref> and the number of [[angel]]s (infinite);<ref>[[Epistle_to_the_Hebrews_(Translated)#12:22|Hebrew 12:22]] ("infinite").</ref>
*[[statistics]] through the [[central limit theorem]], which states that the distribution of the average for a series of nearly any type of distribution approaches the [[normal distribution]];
*[[literature]], as in ''An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge'' (1890) and many great works inspired by it, which dramatically use a nearly infinite expansion of an infinitesimal time; writings by [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] ("Nothing for the present hour is worthy of man's infinite capacity save to imbibe the warm smile of heaven and sympathize with the reviving earth." - ''Buds and Bird Voices''); and plays by [[Shakespeare]], who used infinity copiously (see below);
*[[biology]], as observed by [[Louis Pasteur]]: “The role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely great”;<ref>https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/692216.Louis_Pasteur</ref>
*[[sociology]]: traditional [[marriage]] is infinitely more stable than other types of relationships;
*[[rock music]]: paradise (in love songs, such as "Two Tickets to Paradise") represents infinite happiness;
*paintings: [[Salvador Dali]]'s work (including his infinite time in ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]''), and other [[Surrealism]] such as ''Mama, Papa Is Wounded!'' (1927);<ref>https://www.history.com/topics/art-history/surrealism-history</ref>
*movie titles: as in ''From Here to Eternity'' (1953), ''Avengers: Infinity War'' (2018), ''Infinity'' (1996), and the TV show ''Forever'' (2014-15);
*understanding other terms: infinity helps define other terms concisely, such as "open circuit" (infinite resistance); and
*in [[infinity in engineering|engineering]]: in a DC circuit, a capacitor has infinite resistance, while [[Earth]] has infinite capacitance.
In addition, recognition of infinity — such as infinite time or infinite strength — is helpful on a personal level in dealing with adversity. Infinite time means infinite money, since time is convertible into money. [[Jesus]] often emphasized the concept of infinity in his [[miracle]]s and [[parable]]s (see below). He rejected the mistaken view of the ancient Greeks that infinity is non-existent and incoherent.<ref>{{cquote|The Ancient Greeks generally conceived of the infinite as formless, characterless, indefinite, indeterminate, chaotic, and unintelligible. The term had negative connotations and was especially vague, having no clear criteria for distinguishing the finite from the infinite.}} [http://www.iep.utm.edu/infinite/]
The ancient Greeks were flat-out wrong.</ref> Today acceptance of infinity is universal, despite the adamant denial by the ancient Greeks and others throughout history. The devoutly [[Christian]] mathematician [[Georg Cantor]] even proved that some infinities are larger than others.

The existence of an infinite [[God]] implies the necessary existence of the opposite: the void described in [[Genesis]]. Negative infinity, as implied by the existence of positive infinity, is the numeric equivalent of the [[Hell]] mentioned frequently in the [[New Testament]]. The [[logic of infinity]] permeates the [[Gospels]].

== Teachings about infinity by Jesus ==

Infinity is depicted by several miracles, including the [[Multiplication of the loaves]] and the [[Miraculous catch of fish]]. Infinity is implicit in several parables, including the [[Prodigal Son]], and the parable of the vineyard workers.<ref>Matthew 20:1-16.</ref> In addition, one's soul is of infinite value to him and thus cannot be exceeded in value by anything else, as explained by Matthew 16:26.

Infinity is also portrayed by the Parables of the Hidden Treasure and the Pearl:<ref>Matthew 13:44-46 [[NIV]] version.</ref>
:“The kingdom of heaven is like treasure hidden in a field. When a man found it, he hid it again, and then in his joy went and sold all he had and bought that field.
:“Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant looking for fine pearls. When he found one of great value, he went away and sold everything he had and bought it.”

[[Jesus]] taught the existence of infinity in multiple ways. Indeed, the [[Gospels]] and [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] are like a book of [[logic]] about infinity. This was contrary to the views of the greatest Greek mathematician and philosopher, [[Pythagoras]] and [[Aristotle]], who both incorrectly rejected that infinity could exist.<ref>See [[Math and the Bible]].</ref> The [[Old Testament]] has only indirect references to infinity.

[[Eternity]] is infinite time, a concept that was also first introduced and emphasized by Jesus. The [[Old Testament]] has few references to "eternity" and "eternal", while the [[New Testament]] repeatedly teaches it. For example, Jesus taught about infinity in connection with [[Judgment Day]] when "these will go off to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life."<ref>Matt 45:26 ([[NAB]]).</ref>

== Mistranslated as "unsearchable" ==

Many translations of the [[Bible]] mistakenly use the term "unsearchable" when "infinite" is the intended meaning. Ancient Greek lacked a word for "infinity", and instead used "apeiron" for indefinite or unlimited.<ref>Some say that obscure Greek term "aphorismenon" was closer to the modern term of infinity.</ref>

For example, the otherwise superb [[New American Standard Bible]] mistranslates with "unsearchable" rather than "infinite" in six places:
*Job 5:9 - Who does great and unsearchable things, Wonders without number.
*Job 36:26 - Behold, God is exalted, and we do not know Him; The number of His years is unsearchable.
*Psalm 145:3 - Great is the Lord, and highly to be praised; And His greatness is unsearchable.
*Proverbs 25:3 - As the heavens for height and the earth for depth, So the heart of kings is unsearchable.
*Isaiah 40:28 - Do you not know? Have you not heard? The Everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the earth Does not become weary or tired. His understanding is unsearchable.
*Romans 11:33 - Oh, the depth of the riches, both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are His judgments and unfathomable His ways!
Among the above, the translation of "The number of His years is unsearchable" rather than "infinite" is the most obvious error. "His greatness is unsearchable" is also a mistranslation of what should be "His greatness is infinite."

The highly respected [[English Standard Version]] repeats the above mistakes and adds another one:
* Ephesians 3:8 - To me, though I am the very least of all the saints, this grace was given, to preach to the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ
The [[New American Standard Bible]] uses "unfathomable" rather than "unsearchable" there. But why not use the more precise word, "infinite"?

Bible Hub has a superb analysis of the use of infinite in Bible translations.<ref>https://biblehub.com/topical/i/infinite.htm</ref>

== Anselm and Shakespeare ==
[[Anselm]] focused on infinity to prove the divinity of [[Christ]]. [[Chaucer]] referenced "infinity" in 1374, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. But [[Shakespeare]] used infinity more than anyone up until his time, in such classics as [[Hamlet]] ("A king of infinite space") and [[Romeo and Juliet]] (“My bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee, The more I have, for both are infinite.”). This passage from Hamlet is particularly memorable in referring to the infinite:<ref>Hamlet, 2.2.314</ref>
{{cquote|What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals!}}
Famous quotations by Shakespeare includes a remarkable 12 separate uses of infinity.<ref>https://keytopoetry.com/dev/william-shakespeare/quotations/</ref>

Shakespeare in particular warns of the vicious circle of unlimited desire, will and power in his ''Troilus and Cressida'' (1600), speaking of moderation and degree:

:''Ulysses'': Take but degree away, untune that string,
:And hark, what discord follows! Each thing meets
:In mere oppugnancy. The bounded waters
:Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores
:And make a sop of all this solid globe.
:Strength should be lord of imbecility,
:And the rude son should strike his father dead.

:Force should be right; or rather right and wrong,
:Between whose endless jar justice resides,
:Should lose their names, and so should justice too.
:Then everything includes itself in power,
:Power into will, will into appetite;
:And appetite, an universal wolf,
:So doubly seconded with will and power,
:Must make perforce an universal prey,
:And last eat up himself. (Act I, Scene III)

He also warns of the pressure of unlimited desire and will with respect to limited power in love in the same tragedy:

:''Cressida'': Will you walk in, my lord?
:''Troilus'': O Cressida, how often have I wished me thus!
:''Cressida'': Wished, my lord! The gods grant—O my lord!
:''Troilus'': What should they grant? what makes this pretty abruption? What too curious dreg espies my sweet lady in the fountain of our love?
:''Cressida'': More dregs than water, if my fears have eyes.
:''Troilus'': Fears make devils of cherubins; they never see truly.
:''Cressida'': Blind fear, that seeing reason leads, finds safer footing than blind reason stumbling without fear. To fear the worst oft cures the worse.
:''Troilus'': O, let my lady apprehend no fear; in all Cupid's pageant there is presented no monster.
:''Cressida'': Nor nothing monstrous neither?
:''Troilus'': Nothing, but our undertakings; when we vow to weep seas, live in fire, eat rocks, tame tigers; thinking it harder for our mistress to devise imposition enough than for us to undergo any difficulty imposed. This is the monstruosity in love, lady, that the will is infinite and the execution confined, that the desire is boundless and the act a slave to limit.
:''Cressida'': They say all lovers swear more performance than they are able and yet reserve an ability that they never perform, vowing more than the perfection of ten and discharging less than the tenth part of one. They that have the voice of lions and the act of hares, are they not monsters?
:''Troilus'': Are there such? such are not we. Praise us as we are tasted, allow us as we prove; our head shall go bare till merit crown it. No perfection in reversion shall have a praise in present; we will not name desert before his birth, and, being born, his addition shall be humble. Few words to fair faith. Troilus shall be such to Cressid as what envy can say worst shall be a mock for his truth, and what truth can speak truest not truer than Troilus.
:''Cressida'': Will you walk in, my lord? (Act III, Scene II)

== Similarities to zero ==
Infinity has surprising similarities to [[zero]]. Neither can be diminished, and the multiplication or division of either cannot change it. While infinity and zero are opposites, neither is stronger or superior to the other: multiplication of infinity by zero yields an indeterminate result. As a pair they illustrate the logical truth that "the last shall be first, and the first shall be last" as taught by Jesus at the end of the parable of the vineyard workers, a parable that illustrates that infinity cannot be diminished.

[[Leonhard Euler]], the most prolific mathematician in history, famously said about infinity and zero:<ref>https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/leonhard_euler_184025</ref>
{{cquote|To those who ask what the infinitely small quantity in mathematics is, we answer that it is actually zero. Hence there are not so many mysteries hidden in this concept as they are usually believed to be.}}

==Infinitesimal==
Inherent in the concept of infinity is the concept of [[infinitesimal]]: infinity small. [[Archimedes]] used small numbers and areas, as in calculating the area under a parabola, but the [[Ancient Greeks]] rejected the concept of infinity. Beginning with the 17th century, mathematicians like [[Fermat]], [[Euler]], [[Newton]], and [[Leibniz]] used the concept of infinitesimal in integrals and differentials. [[Bernhard Riemann]] used the concept of limits to develop a rigorous definition of the integral, now known as the [[Riemann Integral]].

== Infinity and economics ==
The opposite of infinity is [[scarcity]], which is the focus of [[economics]].

== Infinity and sports ==

In baseball, a pitcher has an infinite Earned Run Average (ERA) when he allows earned runs without obtaining any "outs" by the other side, because the ERA is a pitcher's average earned runs allowed per nine innings pitched (i.e., 27 outs obtained). In 2019, Nationals relief pitcher Trevor Rosenthal had an infinite ERA until he finally obtained an out.<ref>https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/2019/04/11/trevor-rosenthal-nationals-reliever-infinity/3433399002/</ref>

== Ongoing disputes about infinity ==

In "Dispute over Infinity Divides Mathematicians," a commentator wrote that "[t]o determine the nature of infinity, mathematicians face a choice between two new logical axioms. What they decide could help shape the future of mathematical truth."<ref>https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/infinity-logic-law/</ref>

The commentator then discussed the [[continuum hypothesis]], [[Georg Cantor]], and a bit of the mathematical history of infinity.

== Infinity and mathematics ==
The existence of infinity implies the existence of its two opposites, [[zero]] and [[negative infinity]]. Zero is the amount that is infinitely small.

Infinity is denoted in mathematics by this symbol: <math>\infty\,</math>, looking like an 8 on its side.

Infinity comes up in many aspects of mathematical discourse and is often treated as a number, but it is not a [[real number]]. In mathematical contexts, infinity often appears as a limit, as an integral, as the measure (size) of a set in Euclidean space, and as the cardinality (size) of sets in general.

The simplest place to see this seeming paradox is in the fact that all integers are finite, but that there are an infinite number of them.
*Why are all integers finite? Because, if infinity were an integer, what would <math>\infty+1\,</math> be?
*Why is the ''set'' of all integers an infinite set? Because they go on forever. If the set were finite, there would be a biggest integer. But that can't be, because we can always add one to any integer. This kind of thinking is often schoolchildren's first introduction to logical reasoning.<ref>Merrian-Webster defines infinity as an "unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity ... an indefinitely great number or amount." [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infinity Merriam-Webster dictionary] Put another way, infinity is something which "goes on without end."</ref>

While infinity is not a number, it appears in many other contexts. As we have seen, the size of the set of integers is infinite. We say that the [[cardinality]] of the integers (this set is often denoted <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>) is infinite. The rational numbers (<math>\mathbb{Q}</math>) and the real numbers (<math>\mathbb{R}</math>) also have infinite cardinality. An interesting result from set theory (see below) is that <math>\mathbb{Z}</math> and <math>\mathbb{Q}</math> have the same cardinality, while <math>\mathbb{R}</math> has larger cardinality than the other two.

Another place where infinity arises is in limits. We can say that "the limit of <math>1/x\,</math> as <math>x\,</math> approaches zero is infinity", or "the limit of <math>e^{-x}\,</math> as <math>x\,</math> approaches infinity is zero", but this is because infinity has a special meaning in the context of limits. See [[limit (mathematics)|limit]] for discussion of this.

We can also say that "the measure (size) of the set of reals is infinity", or that certain integrals are infinite, but this is because of special properties of measures and integrals.

So infinity might arise in statements like these:
*<math>\frac{1}{0} = \infty\ \ </math> Mathematics does not allow division by zero, so this is technically not allowed unless does as a limit, as follows:
*<math>\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{1}{x} = \infty\ \ </math> Yes, one could say that "the limit is infinite," since that includes both positive and negative infinite values. But to say that the limit is "equal to infinity," one would have to say that this is the limit from the right. The limit from the left is "minus infinity," that is, unboundedly negative. This sort of statement, in terms of limits, is what was presumably meant by the incorrect statement above.
*<math>\int_0^1\frac{1}{x} = \infty\ \ </math> Infinity has a special meaning for integrals.
*<math>\|\mathbb{Z}\| = \infty\ \ </math> The cardinality of the integers is infinite.
*<math>\mu(\mathbb{R}) = \infty\ \ </math> The (Lebesgue) measure of the reals is infinite.

In measure theory, one sometimes defines the "extended reals", allowing plus and minus infinity to be considered to be numbers, but this is a special construction, which makes certain arithmetical operations impossible. It can't be done in general.

Another place where infinity is considered acceptable is in [[Floating-point]] arithmetic in computers. The IEEE-754 standard (which all modern computers support) allows the values <math>\infty\,</math> and <math>- \infty\,</math>. But their treatment is very different from other numbers, and computer floating-point numbers don't faithfully model the real numbers in any case.

Also, in some non-standard models of Peano Arithmetic, <math>\infty\,</math> is treated as an actual number. But, once again, this is not standard mathematics.

[[Georg Cantor]]'s [[diagonalization|diagonal argument]] is an elegant proof demonstrating that the (infinite) cardinality of [[real number]]s is greater than the (infinite) cardinality of [[countable]] [[integer]]s. The essence of the argument is that in any proposed list of all real numbers, a new real number not in the list can be constructed by taking the digits in a [[diagonal]] through the list and changing them to construct a new real number that differs from the nth entry at the nth position right of the decimal point.

To formalize the concepts of countably and uncountably infinite sets, we need the [[set theory]] concept of [[cardinality]]. Using this concept it can be shown that there are infinitely many distinct infinite cardinalities.

In [[Zermelo-Fraenkel]] set theory, there is the [[Axiom of Infinity]], asserting the existence of an infinite set. The set that it creates is essentially the same as the integers. Some "constructive" mathematicians work without this axiom, and determine which results may be proved without assuming it.

== Classification of infinities ==
In modern mathematics, it is recognized that there is no single concept of 'infinity' - there are many different infinities. We can divide these into some broad classes. Firstly, there are the cardinals, which are used to measure the sizes of sets; and then there are ordinals, which are used to measure the position of an item in an ordered list. For finite quantities, we can use the same numbers for both - a race can have 3 participants, and you can come 3rd in the race. But, with infinite quantities, this no longer applies, the same numbers can now be used for both purposes. Thus, the smallest infinite cardinal is aleph-null, but the smallest infinite ordinal is omega.

=== Cardinals ===
We say two sets have the same size if it is possible to put their respective members into one-to-one correspondence. A cardinal can be conceived as the equivalence class of all sets having that size.

Consider the set of all natural numbers, and its subset the set of all odd natural numbers. One would think that there are half as many odd numbers as natural numbers. Yet, while that is true when dealing with some finite subset of the natural numbers, when dealing with their entirety, it turns out that there are as many odd numbers as natural numbers. This can be shown by the fact that the natural numbers and the odd natural numbers can be put in a one-to-one correspondence: 0 -> 1, 1 -> 3, 2 -> 5, 3 -> 7, etc. (represented by the formula 2*n + 1). Thus, whereas for finite sets if A is a proper subset of B, then the cardinality of A must be less than the cardinality of B, for infinite sets this is no longer the case; an infinite set may be the same size as one of its proper subsets.

The cardinality of the natural numbers is known as aleph-null. There are as many integers as natural numbers; and as many rational numbers as natural numbers. But it can be shown, using Cantor's diagonalization argument, that the reals are strictly larger than the natural numbers - you cannot put the natural numbers into one to one correspondence with the reals. The cardinality of the reals is the cardinality of the power set of the natural numbers, which is known as the power of the continuum (c) or as beth-one. (Aleph-null is the same as beth-null; whether aleph-one is the same as beth-one is a mathematical question, which essentially has no answer - and we can even show it has no answer.)

The '''generalized continuum hypothesis''' (GCH) states that <math>\beth_{a} = \aleph_{a}</math> for all ordinals <math>a</math>. So, the continuum hypothesis is a special case of the generalised continuum hypothesis for ordinal <math>0</math>. Like CH, GCH is independent of the axioms of ZFC.

A set having cardinality equal to or less than <math>\aleph_{0}</math> is called countable; a set of greater cardinality is called uncountable.

==Ordinals==
Numbers serve two distinct purposes - to measure the size of sets, and to measure the position of an item in an ordering. Thus, we may speak of a race having 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. contestants, and we can speak of the contestants as having come 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc. (or even 0th, if one is a mathematician!) When we measure the number of elements in a set, we are using '''cardinal''' numbers; when we measure an item's position in an ordering, we are using '''ordinal''' numbers. For finite quantities, it does not make that much difference, since for finite quantities we can use the same numbers to serve both purposes. But for transfinite quantities, that is no longer the case - we can no longer use the same numbers as both cardinals and ordinals. Thus, the smallest transfinite cardinal
is <math>\aleph_{0}</math>, but the smallest transfinite ordinal is <math>\omega</math>.

==Other types of infinite numbers==
Other than transfinite cardinals and ordinals, there are other types of infinite numbers:
*the '''affinely extended reals''': these are elements of the set <math>\mathbb{R} \cup \{ +\infty, -\infty \}</math>. In other words, the real numbers extended by the addition of positive and negative infinity. <math>+\infty</math> is greater than every real number, and <math>-\infty</math> is less than every real number.
*the '''projectively extended reals''': these are elements of the set <math>\mathbb{R} \cup \{ \infty \}</math>. In other words, the real numbers extended by the addition of a single signless infinity. The ordering relation is not defined for the projectively extended reals - but informally, <math>\infty</math> can be said to be both greater than ''and'' less than every real number.
*the '''hyperreals''': denoted *<math>\mathbb{R}</math>, these extend the real numbers with both infinite and infinitesimal quantities. They are used in non-standard analysis. Other extensions of the real numbers with infinite and infinitesimal quantities include the '''surreal numbers''', the '''superreal numbers''', and the '''Levi-Civita field'''.

The conclusion to be drawn from all of this, is that although in popular usage we speak about ''infinity'' as if it were a single thing, there are actually numerous different infinities, all belonging to different systems. If we want to talk about ''infinity'', we ought to be careful to specify which infinity we mean.

==Archimedean property==
An ordered field is said to be '''Archimedean''' if it has no infinitely large or infinitely small elements. One way of stating this: an ordered field is Archimedean, if for every element of the field, there is a greater natural number. This is true for the reals - for every real number, there is a greater natural number - but not for example for the affinely extended reals, since <math>+\infty</math> is greater than every natural number. So the affinely extended reals are said to be '''non-Archimedean'''. Likewise, the hyperreal numbers, the surreal numbers, the superreal numbers and the Levi-Civita field are all non-Archimedean. Any ordered field containing infinities must also contain infinitesimals as their inverse.

To understand the notion of non-Archimedeanity, it is interesting to imagine what it would be like were space or time were non-Archimedean. If space was non-Archimedean, there could be areas of the universe infinitely distant from here. If time was non-Archimedean, there could be past times an infinite number of years before the present, and future times an infinite number of years into the future. It appears that no one has every seriously suggested that time or space actually are non-Archimedean, but it is nonetheless an interesting mental exercise to understand the notion.

== Philosophy of mathematics ==
Different positions in the [[philosophy of mathematics]] have different attitudes towards infinity. At one extreme, Platonists and formalists generally have no philosophical objection to any form of infinity than can be defined. At the other extreme, finitists and ultrafinitists deny the existence of infinity; to them, only finite quantities, and finite objects, actually exist. In the middle, many constructivists and intuitionists adopt a position of countablism - an acceptance of the existence of countable sets, but denying that uncountable sets exist.

== See also==
*[[Infinity denial]]
*[[Logic of infinity]]
*[[Math and the Bible]]
*[[Infinity and zero]]
*[[Zero]]
*[[Herman Melville]]
*[[William Shakespeare]]
*[https://www.icr.org/article/god-infinities/0 Explanation of the different sizes of infinities]
*[https://www.inspirationalstories.com/quotes/t/on-infinity/ Quotes about infinity]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Greatest Thinkers}}
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Infinity]]

Infinity

2022-01-06T00:00:20Z

AbelBanquo: /* Anselm and Shakespeare */

'''Infinity''' means beyond enumeration.<ref>This improved definition comports best with the use of the term in mathematics, in everyday life, and across cultures and languages.</ref> Appreciation of infinity is remarkably useful mentally, emotionally, and on a personal level. "Paradise" is infinite happiness; "[[Hell]]" is infinite distress; in electronics, a "open circuit" has infinite resistance). Anxiety or fear about infinity is a psychiatric condition known as "apeirophobia", which exists because infinity is real.

The food supply is essentially infinite in cultures where obesity is a problem; wealth is essentially infinite for those who cannot spend it all in their lifetime; and time is infinite for those who waste it. "More" in those situations is meaningless; less is nothing to have anxiety about. Some scoff at primitive cultures that use infinity rather than large numbers, but that is actually productive in viewing quantities larger than meaningful. Also, infinity reinforces the primacy of the future (which is infinite) over the past (merely finite). Given that "time is money," "infinite time" ([[eternal life]]) is "infinite money" and the concept is helpful in dealing with financial anxiety.

Understanding infinity has advanced many fields, including:
*[[mathematics]] through [[calculus]], [[set theory]] and [[singularity|singularities]];
*[[quantum mechanics]] through infinite [[uncertainty]];
*[[economics]] through the infinite opportunity discovered by the [[Coase theorem]];
*[[physics]] through the [[Big Bang]] (infinite [[energy]] density) and the speculative [[black holes]] (infinite mass density);
*[[politics]] through dictatorships (infinite authority) and [[separation of powers]] to avoid concentration of infinite power;
*[[religion]] through the concepts like [[eternity]] (infinite time), [[Heaven]]/[[Hell]] (infinite joy/suffering), [[faith]] (infinite belief), [[Parable of the Vineyard Workers]] and the [[Prodigal Son]] (infinite wealth), the infinity of [[God]],<ref>https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08004a.htm</ref> and the number of [[angel]]s (infinite);<ref>[[Epistle_to_the_Hebrews_(Translated)#12:22|Hebrew 12:22]] ("infinite").</ref>
*[[statistics]] through the [[central limit theorem]], which states that the distribution of the average for a series of nearly any type of distribution approaches the [[normal distribution]];
*[[literature]], as in ''An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge'' (1890) and many great works inspired by it, which dramatically use a nearly infinite expansion of an infinitesimal time; writings by [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] ("Nothing for the present hour is worthy of man's infinite capacity save to imbibe the warm smile of heaven and sympathize with the reviving earth." - ''Buds and Bird Voices''); and plays by [[Shakespeare]], who used infinity copiously (see below);
*[[biology]], as observed by [[Louis Pasteur]]: “The role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely great”;<ref>https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/692216.Louis_Pasteur</ref>
*[[sociology]]: traditional [[marriage]] is infinitely more stable than other types of relationships;
*[[rock music]]: paradise (in love songs, such as "Two Tickets to Paradise") represents infinite happiness;
*paintings: [[Salvador Dali]]'s work (including his infinite time in ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]''), and other [[Surrealism]] such as ''Mama, Papa Is Wounded!'' (1927);<ref>https://www.history.com/topics/art-history/surrealism-history</ref>
*movie titles: as in ''From Here to Eternity'' (1953), ''Avengers: Infinity War'' (2018), ''Infinity'' (1996), and the TV show ''Forever'' (2014-15);
*understanding other terms: infinity helps define other terms concisely, such as "open circuit" (infinite resistance); and
*in [[infinity in engineering|engineering]]: in a DC circuit, a capacitor has infinite resistance, while [[Earth]] has infinite capacitance.
In addition, recognition of infinity — such as infinite time or infinite strength — is helpful on a personal level in dealing with adversity. Infinite time means infinite money, since time is convertible into money. [[Jesus]] often emphasized the concept of infinity in his [[miracle]]s and [[parable]]s (see below). He rejected the mistaken view of the ancient Greeks that infinity is non-existent and incoherent.<ref>{{cquote|The Ancient Greeks generally conceived of the infinite as formless, characterless, indefinite, indeterminate, chaotic, and unintelligible. The term had negative connotations and was especially vague, having no clear criteria for distinguishing the finite from the infinite.}} [http://www.iep.utm.edu/infinite/]
The ancient Greeks were flat-out wrong.</ref> Today acceptance of infinity is universal, despite the adamant denial by the ancient Greeks and others throughout history. The devoutly [[Christian]] mathematician [[Georg Cantor]] even proved that some infinities are larger than others.

The existence of an infinite [[God]] implies the necessary existence of the opposite: the void described in [[Genesis]]. Negative infinity, as implied by the existence of positive infinity, is the numeric equivalent of the [[Hell]] mentioned frequently in the [[New Testament]]. The [[logic of infinity]] permeates the [[Gospels]].

== Teachings about infinity by Jesus ==

Infinity is depicted by several miracles, including the [[Multiplication of the loaves]] and the [[Miraculous catch of fish]]. Infinity is implicit in several parables, including the [[Prodigal Son]], and the parable of the vineyard workers.<ref>Matthew 20:1-16.</ref> In addition, one's soul is of infinite value to him and thus cannot be exceeded in value by anything else, as explained by Matthew 16:26.

Infinity is also portrayed by the Parables of the Hidden Treasure and the Pearl:<ref>Matthew 13:44-46 [[NIV]] version.</ref>
:“The kingdom of heaven is like treasure hidden in a field. When a man found it, he hid it again, and then in his joy went and sold all he had and bought that field.
:“Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant looking for fine pearls. When he found one of great value, he went away and sold everything he had and bought it.”

[[Jesus]] taught the existence of infinity in multiple ways. Indeed, the [[Gospels]] and [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] are like a book of [[logic]] about infinity. This was contrary to the views of the greatest Greek mathematician and philosopher, [[Pythagoras]] and [[Aristotle]], who both incorrectly rejected that infinity could exist.<ref>See [[Math and the Bible]].</ref> The [[Old Testament]] has only indirect references to infinity.

[[Eternity]] is infinite time, a concept that was also first introduced and emphasized by Jesus. The [[Old Testament]] has few references to "eternity" and "eternal", while the [[New Testament]] repeatedly teaches it. For example, Jesus taught about infinity in connection with [[Judgment Day]] when "these will go off to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life."<ref>Matt 45:26 ([[NAB]]).</ref>

== Mistranslated as "unsearchable" ==

Many translations of the [[Bible]] mistakenly use the term "unsearchable" when "infinite" is the intended meaning. Ancient Greek lacked a word for "infinity", and instead used "apeiron" for indefinite or unlimited.<ref>Some say that obscure Greek term "aphorismenon" was closer to the modern term of infinity.</ref>

For example, the otherwise superb [[New American Standard Bible]] mistranslates with "unsearchable" rather than "infinite" in six places:
*Job 5:9 - Who does great and unsearchable things, Wonders without number.
*Job 36:26 - Behold, God is exalted, and we do not know Him; The number of His years is unsearchable.
*Psalm 145:3 - Great is the Lord, and highly to be praised; And His greatness is unsearchable.
*Proverbs 25:3 - As the heavens for height and the earth for depth, So the heart of kings is unsearchable.
*Isaiah 40:28 - Do you not know? Have you not heard? The Everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the earth Does not become weary or tired. His understanding is unsearchable.
*Romans 11:33 - Oh, the depth of the riches, both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are His judgments and unfathomable His ways!
Among the above, the translation of "The number of His years is unsearchable" rather than "infinite" is the most obvious error. "His greatness is unsearchable" is also a mistranslation of what should be "His greatness is infinite."

The highly respected [[English Standard Version]] repeats the above mistakes and adds another one:
* Ephesians 3:8 - To me, though I am the very least of all the saints, this grace was given, to preach to the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ
The [[New American Standard Bible]] uses "unfathomable" rather than "unsearchable" there. But why not use the more precise word, "infinite"?

Bible Hub has a superb analysis of the use of infinite in Bible translations.<ref>https://biblehub.com/topical/i/infinite.htm</ref>

== Anselm and Shakespeare ==
[[Anselm]] focused on infinity to prove the divinity of [[Christ]]. [[Chaucer]] referenced "infinity" in 1374, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. But [[Shakespeare]] used infinity more than anyone up until his time, in such classics as [[Hamlet]] ("A king of infinite space") and [[Romeo and Juliet]] (“My bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee, The more I have, for both are infinite.”). This passage from Hamlet is particularly memorable in referring to the infinite:<ref>Hamlet, 2.2.314</ref>
{{cquote|What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals!}}
Famous quotations by Shakespeare includes a remarkable 12 separate uses of infinity.<ref>https://keytopoetry.com/dev/william-shakespeare/quotations/</ref>

Shakespeare in particular warns of the vicious circle of unlimited desire, will and power in his ''Troilus and Cressida'' (1600), speaking of moderation and degree:

:''Ulysses'': Take but degree away, untune that string,
:And hark, what discord follows! Each thing meets
:In mere oppugnancy. The bounded waters
:Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores
:And make a sop of all this solid globe.
:Strength should be lord of imbecility,
:And the rude son should strike his father dead.

:Force should be right; or rather right and wrong,
:Between whose endless jar justice resides,
:Should lose their names, and so should justice too.
:Then everything includes itself in power,
:Power into will, will into appetite;
:And appetite, an universal wolf,
:So doubly seconded with will and power,
:Must make perforce an universal prey,
:And last eat up himself. (Act I, Scene III, ''ll''. 109-124)

== Similarities to zero ==
Infinity has surprising similarities to [[zero]]. Neither can be diminished, and the multiplication or division of either cannot change it. While infinity and zero are opposites, neither is stronger or superior to the other: multiplication of infinity by zero yields an indeterminate result. As a pair they illustrate the logical truth that "the last shall be first, and the first shall be last" as taught by Jesus at the end of the parable of the vineyard workers, a parable that illustrates that infinity cannot be diminished.

[[Leonhard Euler]], the most prolific mathematician in history, famously said about infinity and zero:<ref>https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/leonhard_euler_184025</ref>
{{cquote|To those who ask what the infinitely small quantity in mathematics is, we answer that it is actually zero. Hence there are not so many mysteries hidden in this concept as they are usually believed to be.}}

==Infinitesimal==
Inherent in the concept of infinity is the concept of [[infinitesimal]]: infinity small. [[Archimedes]] used small numbers and areas, as in calculating the area under a parabola, but the [[Ancient Greeks]] rejected the concept of infinity. Beginning with the 17th century, mathematicians like [[Fermat]], [[Euler]], [[Newton]], and [[Leibniz]] used the concept of infinitesimal in integrals and differentials. [[Bernhard Riemann]] used the concept of limits to develop a rigorous definition of the integral, now known as the [[Riemann Integral]].

== Infinity and economics ==
The opposite of infinity is [[scarcity]], which is the focus of [[economics]].

== Infinity and sports ==

In baseball, a pitcher has an infinite Earned Run Average (ERA) when he allows earned runs without obtaining any "outs" by the other side, because the ERA is a pitcher's average earned runs allowed per nine innings pitched (i.e., 27 outs obtained). In 2019, Nationals relief pitcher Trevor Rosenthal had an infinite ERA until he finally obtained an out.<ref>https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/2019/04/11/trevor-rosenthal-nationals-reliever-infinity/3433399002/</ref>

== Ongoing disputes about infinity ==

In "Dispute over Infinity Divides Mathematicians," a commentator wrote that "[t]o determine the nature of infinity, mathematicians face a choice between two new logical axioms. What they decide could help shape the future of mathematical truth."<ref>https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/infinity-logic-law/</ref>

The commentator then discussed the [[continuum hypothesis]], [[Georg Cantor]], and a bit of the mathematical history of infinity.

== Infinity and mathematics ==
The existence of infinity implies the existence of its two opposites, [[zero]] and [[negative infinity]]. Zero is the amount that is infinitely small.

Infinity is denoted in mathematics by this symbol: <math>\infty\,</math>, looking like an 8 on its side.

Infinity comes up in many aspects of mathematical discourse and is often treated as a number, but it is not a [[real number]]. In mathematical contexts, infinity often appears as a limit, as an integral, as the measure (size) of a set in Euclidean space, and as the cardinality (size) of sets in general.

The simplest place to see this seeming paradox is in the fact that all integers are finite, but that there are an infinite number of them.
*Why are all integers finite? Because, if infinity were an integer, what would <math>\infty+1\,</math> be?
*Why is the ''set'' of all integers an infinite set? Because they go on forever. If the set were finite, there would be a biggest integer. But that can't be, because we can always add one to any integer. This kind of thinking is often schoolchildren's first introduction to logical reasoning.<ref>Merrian-Webster defines infinity as an "unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity ... an indefinitely great number or amount." [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infinity Merriam-Webster dictionary] Put another way, infinity is something which "goes on without end."</ref>

While infinity is not a number, it appears in many other contexts. As we have seen, the size of the set of integers is infinite. We say that the [[cardinality]] of the integers (this set is often denoted <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>) is infinite. The rational numbers (<math>\mathbb{Q}</math>) and the real numbers (<math>\mathbb{R}</math>) also have infinite cardinality. An interesting result from set theory (see below) is that <math>\mathbb{Z}</math> and <math>\mathbb{Q}</math> have the same cardinality, while <math>\mathbb{R}</math> has larger cardinality than the other two.

Another place where infinity arises is in limits. We can say that "the limit of <math>1/x\,</math> as <math>x\,</math> approaches zero is infinity", or "the limit of <math>e^{-x}\,</math> as <math>x\,</math> approaches infinity is zero", but this is because infinity has a special meaning in the context of limits. See [[limit (mathematics)|limit]] for discussion of this.

We can also say that "the measure (size) of the set of reals is infinity", or that certain integrals are infinite, but this is because of special properties of measures and integrals.

So infinity might arise in statements like these:
*<math>\frac{1}{0} = \infty\ \ </math> Mathematics does not allow division by zero, so this is technically not allowed unless does as a limit, as follows:
*<math>\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{1}{x} = \infty\ \ </math> Yes, one could say that "the limit is infinite," since that includes both positive and negative infinite values. But to say that the limit is "equal to infinity," one would have to say that this is the limit from the right. The limit from the left is "minus infinity," that is, unboundedly negative. This sort of statement, in terms of limits, is what was presumably meant by the incorrect statement above.
*<math>\int_0^1\frac{1}{x} = \infty\ \ </math> Infinity has a special meaning for integrals.
*<math>\|\mathbb{Z}\| = \infty\ \ </math> The cardinality of the integers is infinite.
*<math>\mu(\mathbb{R}) = \infty\ \ </math> The (Lebesgue) measure of the reals is infinite.

In measure theory, one sometimes defines the "extended reals", allowing plus and minus infinity to be considered to be numbers, but this is a special construction, which makes certain arithmetical operations impossible. It can't be done in general.

Another place where infinity is considered acceptable is in [[Floating-point]] arithmetic in computers. The IEEE-754 standard (which all modern computers support) allows the values <math>\infty\,</math> and <math>- \infty\,</math>. But their treatment is very different from other numbers, and computer floating-point numbers don't faithfully model the real numbers in any case.

Also, in some non-standard models of Peano Arithmetic, <math>\infty\,</math> is treated as an actual number. But, once again, this is not standard mathematics.

[[Georg Cantor]]'s [[diagonalization|diagonal argument]] is an elegant proof demonstrating that the (infinite) cardinality of [[real number]]s is greater than the (infinite) cardinality of [[countable]] [[integer]]s. The essence of the argument is that in any proposed list of all real numbers, a new real number not in the list can be constructed by taking the digits in a [[diagonal]] through the list and changing them to construct a new real number that differs from the nth entry at the nth position right of the decimal point.

To formalize the concepts of countably and uncountably infinite sets, we need the [[set theory]] concept of [[cardinality]]. Using this concept it can be shown that there are infinitely many distinct infinite cardinalities.

In [[Zermelo-Fraenkel]] set theory, there is the [[Axiom of Infinity]], asserting the existence of an infinite set. The set that it creates is essentially the same as the integers. Some "constructive" mathematicians work without this axiom, and determine which results may be proved without assuming it.

== Classification of infinities ==
In modern mathematics, it is recognized that there is no single concept of 'infinity' - there are many different infinities. We can divide these into some broad classes. Firstly, there are the cardinals, which are used to measure the sizes of sets; and then there are ordinals, which are used to measure the position of an item in an ordered list. For finite quantities, we can use the same numbers for both - a race can have 3 participants, and you can come 3rd in the race. But, with infinite quantities, this no longer applies, the same numbers can now be used for both purposes. Thus, the smallest infinite cardinal is aleph-null, but the smallest infinite ordinal is omega.

=== Cardinals ===
We say two sets have the same size if it is possible to put their respective members into one-to-one correspondence. A cardinal can be conceived as the equivalence class of all sets having that size.

Consider the set of all natural numbers, and its subset the set of all odd natural numbers. One would think that there are half as many odd numbers as natural numbers. Yet, while that is true when dealing with some finite subset of the natural numbers, when dealing with their entirety, it turns out that there are as many odd numbers as natural numbers. This can be shown by the fact that the natural numbers and the odd natural numbers can be put in a one-to-one correspondence: 0 -> 1, 1 -> 3, 2 -> 5, 3 -> 7, etc. (represented by the formula 2*n + 1). Thus, whereas for finite sets if A is a proper subset of B, then the cardinality of A must be less than the cardinality of B, for infinite sets this is no longer the case; an infinite set may be the same size as one of its proper subsets.

The cardinality of the natural numbers is known as aleph-null. There are as many integers as natural numbers; and as many rational numbers as natural numbers. But it can be shown, using Cantor's diagonalization argument, that the reals are strictly larger than the natural numbers - you cannot put the natural numbers into one to one correspondence with the reals. The cardinality of the reals is the cardinality of the power set of the natural numbers, which is known as the power of the continuum (c) or as beth-one. (Aleph-null is the same as beth-null; whether aleph-one is the same as beth-one is a mathematical question, which essentially has no answer - and we can even show it has no answer.)

The '''generalized continuum hypothesis''' (GCH) states that <math>\beth_{a} = \aleph_{a}</math> for all ordinals <math>a</math>. So, the continuum hypothesis is a special case of the generalised continuum hypothesis for ordinal <math>0</math>. Like CH, GCH is independent of the axioms of ZFC.

A set having cardinality equal to or less than <math>\aleph_{0}</math> is called countable; a set of greater cardinality is called uncountable.

==Ordinals==
Numbers serve two distinct purposes - to measure the size of sets, and to measure the position of an item in an ordering. Thus, we may speak of a race having 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. contestants, and we can speak of the contestants as having come 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc. (or even 0th, if one is a mathematician!) When we measure the number of elements in a set, we are using '''cardinal''' numbers; when we measure an item's position in an ordering, we are using '''ordinal''' numbers. For finite quantities, it does not make that much difference, since for finite quantities we can use the same numbers to serve both purposes. But for transfinite quantities, that is no longer the case - we can no longer use the same numbers as both cardinals and ordinals. Thus, the smallest transfinite cardinal
is <math>\aleph_{0}</math>, but the smallest transfinite ordinal is <math>\omega</math>.

==Other types of infinite numbers==
Other than transfinite cardinals and ordinals, there are other types of infinite numbers:
*the '''affinely extended reals''': these are elements of the set <math>\mathbb{R} \cup \{ +\infty, -\infty \}</math>. In other words, the real numbers extended by the addition of positive and negative infinity. <math>+\infty</math> is greater than every real number, and <math>-\infty</math> is less than every real number.
*the '''projectively extended reals''': these are elements of the set <math>\mathbb{R} \cup \{ \infty \}</math>. In other words, the real numbers extended by the addition of a single signless infinity. The ordering relation is not defined for the projectively extended reals - but informally, <math>\infty</math> can be said to be both greater than ''and'' less than every real number.
*the '''hyperreals''': denoted *<math>\mathbb{R}</math>, these extend the real numbers with both infinite and infinitesimal quantities. They are used in non-standard analysis. Other extensions of the real numbers with infinite and infinitesimal quantities include the '''surreal numbers''', the '''superreal numbers''', and the '''Levi-Civita field'''.

The conclusion to be drawn from all of this, is that although in popular usage we speak about ''infinity'' as if it were a single thing, there are actually numerous different infinities, all belonging to different systems. If we want to talk about ''infinity'', we ought to be careful to specify which infinity we mean.

==Archimedean property==
An ordered field is said to be '''Archimedean''' if it has no infinitely large or infinitely small elements. One way of stating this: an ordered field is Archimedean, if for every element of the field, there is a greater natural number. This is true for the reals - for every real number, there is a greater natural number - but not for example for the affinely extended reals, since <math>+\infty</math> is greater than every natural number. So the affinely extended reals are said to be '''non-Archimedean'''. Likewise, the hyperreal numbers, the surreal numbers, the superreal numbers and the Levi-Civita field are all non-Archimedean. Any ordered field containing infinities must also contain infinitesimals as their inverse.

To understand the notion of non-Archimedeanity, it is interesting to imagine what it would be like were space or time were non-Archimedean. If space was non-Archimedean, there could be areas of the universe infinitely distant from here. If time was non-Archimedean, there could be past times an infinite number of years before the present, and future times an infinite number of years into the future. It appears that no one has every seriously suggested that time or space actually are non-Archimedean, but it is nonetheless an interesting mental exercise to understand the notion.

== Philosophy of mathematics ==
Different positions in the [[philosophy of mathematics]] have different attitudes towards infinity. At one extreme, Platonists and formalists generally have no philosophical objection to any form of infinity than can be defined. At the other extreme, finitists and ultrafinitists deny the existence of infinity; to them, only finite quantities, and finite objects, actually exist. In the middle, many constructivists and intuitionists adopt a position of countablism - an acceptance of the existence of countable sets, but denying that uncountable sets exist.

== See also==
*[[Infinity denial]]
*[[Logic of infinity]]
*[[Math and the Bible]]
*[[Infinity and zero]]
*[[Zero]]
*[[Herman Melville]]
*[[William Shakespeare]]
*[https://www.icr.org/article/god-infinities/0 Explanation of the different sizes of infinities]
*[https://www.inspirationalstories.com/quotes/t/on-infinity/ Quotes about infinity]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Greatest Thinkers}}
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Infinity]]

Pornography

2022-01-05T20:04:14Z

AbelBanquo: /* Atheism and pornography */ past tense

{{etymology|[[Greek]] πορνή (''porné'') a prostitute and γράΦω (''grapho'') I write}}[[Image:Pornography.jpg|200px|right]]
'''Pornography''' is the explicit representation of the human body or sexual activity used for the intent of stimulation. As an [[addiction]] it depends on patterns, comparable to addictions to [[gambling]] and televised [[football]]. These [[addiction]]s can be overcome by taking an interest in healthy patterns: geometric games such as online [[chess]] (which millions play regularly), military history, visuals as found in [[architecture]] or the outdoors, and more challenging intellectual activity such as [[mathematical]] [[topology]].

Pornography usually consists of images depicting the satisfaction of the sort of "unnatural lust" which leads to damnation. ({{Bible ref|book=Jude|chap=1|verses=6-7}}) It destroys the mind as [[gambling]] does and, even worse, '''pornography''' leads to terrible crimes against women and children.<ref>https://www.un.org/rights/dpi1772e.htm</ref><ref>http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0388_Effects_of_Pornograp.html</ref> Pornography has also been shown to cause erectile dysfunction, even in young men. <ref>https://www.yourbrainonporn.com/erectile-dysfunction-question</ref> The Greek word πορνεία (''porneía'') appears several times in the [[New Testament]] as a sin that, unless repented of, will prevent one from entering heaven; however, such a word in Ancient Greek mostly referred to [[sexual immorality|illicit sexual relationships]] (such as adultery and incest), prostitution, and also, in a broader sense, idolatry.

* When Christ said "any man who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart," He made it clear that chastity—and unchastity—does not begin with what we do, but rather in what we think. Therefore, deliberately seeking such stimulation outside a committed marriage, even via the imagination, constitutes a sin against [[chastity]].<ref>[http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/sexuality/se0051.html Banishing Unchaste Thoughts]</ref>

Christ makes clear in the above passage that there is no such thing as "safe, healthy use of pornography." Any viewing of pornography is neither safe nor healthy. There is no such thing as "manageable viewing of pornography" or viewing of pornography that is "normal development." Rather, the viewing of pornography is a sinful act that dishonors God and transgresses His Word.

Pornographic images have been proliferating at a remarkable rate. What was a $5 million-a-year enterprise merely 25 years ago has boomed to a $7 billion to $10 billion-a-year industry today... the fastest growing sectors of the industry are pornographic DVDs, cable television, and phone sex. Pornography is no longer confined to the seedier sections of town. With the advent of the Internet, it has become readily available to all, including children, and in the dark, sick seclusion of one's own home.<ref>[http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=759 Censorship or Education?]</ref>

==Human psychology==
Dr. [[Jerry Bergman (scientist)|Jerry Bergman]] (Ph.D.) wrote:

:Pornography distorts the natural development of personality. If the early stimulus is pornographic photographs, the [[adolescent]] can be [[conditioning|conditioned]] to become aroused through photographs. Once this pairing is rewarded a number of times, it is likely to become permanent. The result to the individual is that it becomes difficult for the person to seek out relations with appropriate persons. Furthermore, pornography teaches people to look upon others as nothing more than sex objects, therefore, possibly inducting thoughts of committing rape.<ref>Jerry Bergman, Ph.D., The Influence of Pornography on Sexual Development: Three Case Histories, IX ''Family Therapy'' 3, 1982, pg. 265.</ref>

Furthermore, research has revealed that married couples who watch pornography have a substantially higher divorce rate then married couples who do not indulge in pornography.<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/divorce-rates-double-when-people-start-watching-porn Divorce rates double when people start watching porn]</ref>

==Illusion and addiction==

Pornography provides the illusion of intimacy,<ref>[http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-f016.html (Christian Answers)]</ref> but this is a [[satan]]ic trap (see [[sexual addiction]]).

*Pornography consumption is not something that can easily be stopped. Once the appetite for it has developed, it actually increases. In his 1988 study ''Pornography Effects: Empirical and Clinical Evidence'', [[Victor Cline]], then with the [[University of Utah]]'s Department of Psychology noted that studies show pornography is progressive and addictive for many. It often leads to the user acting out his fantasy.
*The Internet is the "crack cocaine" of sexual addiction.<ref>[http://www.soundvision.com/Info/life/porn/pornfacts.asp]</ref>

"People often act in accordance with the images and patterns they find around them,"<ref>At the crux of this issue is whether written pornography might have a causal effect in eroticizing criminal activities. One case that dealt with this issue indirectly is American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut, ... the court conceded that it saw some evidence of a causal relationship between pornography and anti-social behaviors.... People often act in accordance with the images and patterns they find around them. . . . Depictions of subordination tend to perpetuate subordination." 771 F.2d at 328-29.</ref> so looking at pornography is a dangerous practice; although being around a loving Christian family for most of the day, and instead acting in accordance with those images and patterns seems to negate this.

Pornography says that happiness is found by having the same experience over and over again with lots of different women; true ''eros'' says that happiness is found by having different experiences over and over again with the same person.<ref>[http://nopornnorthampton.org/2007/05/02/schwyzer-on-porn-pursuit-of-novelty-is-enemy-of-relationship.aspx]</ref>

==Departure from the norm==
Viewing or reading pornography day in and day out has a negative effect. It desensitizes a person, makes him more withdrawn, and makes him view others (of the opposite sex) like objects rather than the people they are.
Although some people have argued that "erotica" is okay, in the history of erotic literature it is rare to find any depiction of normal marital relations.

Cary Tennis wrote:
:And naturally whether you approve of porn in theory or not, its effect will be to displace you. Like crack, it tends to take over, to push out other hungers that tend to nurture the human community by making us dependent on one another. Since we are dependent on each other we must be civil and loving. If we are not dependent on each other then we needn't be civil and loving. We needn't have community and family.<ref>[https://www.salon.com/mwt/col/tenn/2007/04/11/porn/ (Salon magazine)]</ref>

There is debate whether it is truly moral to be 'civil and loving' purely because it is necessary, as Cary Tennis seems to say here. Other Christians argue that to be 'civil and loving' purely because we are dependent on others is actually immoral and manipulative. These Christians argue that to be self-contained, independent and yet still warm and loving is a greater virtue.

Debbie Nathan wrote:
:Porn is everywhere today, everyone is looking, and the media responds with little more than gloom-and-doom talk about evils like Internet sex addiction, or rah-rah promotion of Brazilian waxing and Jenna Jameson’s fame and fortune. Meanwhile, few know the real history of this explosive media, or the truth about its business practices, working conditions, politics and actual effects on people. [http://debbienathan.com/buy-the-books/ Pornography: A Groundwork Guide.]

[[File:Larry Flynt Wheelchair.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The pornographer [[Larry Flynt]] is an atheist.<ref>Flynt writes, "I have left my religious conversion behind and settled into a comfortable state of atheism": see the epilogue of Flynt and Ross</ref><ref>"I am not saying he don't believe in God. I am just saying I don't believe in God. That puts me at odds with him." ''[https://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9701/11/falwell.v.flynt/lkl.00.html Larry King Live]'', January 10, 1996</ref> See: [[Atheism and pornography]]

(photo obtained from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Larry_Flynt_Wheelchair.jpg Wikimedia Commons], see: [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en license agreement]) ]]

==Neuroplasticity and Pornography==
Neuroplasticity is an emerging field of neuroscience which explains how certain states of mind or thought routines can physically alter the structure of the brain, even after adulthood, when the brain is purportedly thought to be done with development. The negative effects of pornography in relation to the phenomenon of neuroplasticity is often brought up in anti-pornographic studies. However, various pseudoscientific theories have emerged, claiming that pornography can actually be used to help heal the brain and stabilize the body much in the same way as Tai Chi, Yoga, or Transcendent Meditation. Propaganda websites like Intimate Medicine have been at the forefront of perpetuating this deadly myth, as pronounced meditation on pornographic material enslaves the mind to lust and can affect work ethic. The effect of pornography on the reward centers of the brain is well documented and correlates with this evidence.

== Atheism and pornography ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism and pornography]] and [[Atheism and child pornography]]

One of the [[causes of atheism]] is a [[hedonism]]. See: [[Causes of atheism]] and [[Atheism and hedonism]].

The infamous pornographers [[Hugh Hefner]] and [[Larry Flynt]] were both [[atheism|atheists]].<ref>[https://www.salon.com/2013/02/23/10_celebs_you_didnt_know_were_atheists_partner/ 10 celebs you didn't know were atheists], ''Salon'' 2-23-2010</ref><ref>Flynt writes, "I have left my religious conversion behind and settled into a comfortable state of atheism": see the epilogue of Flynt and Ross</ref><ref>"I am not saying he don't believe in God. I am just saying I don't believe in God. That puts me at odds with him." ''[https://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9701/11/falwell.v.flynt/lkl.00.html Larry King Live]'', January 10, 1996</ref>

In 2003, ''Arena magazine'' magazine listed Flynt as #1 on the "50 Powerful People in Porn" list.<ref>[http://www.onenewspage.us/people/ms9j0/Larry-Flynt.htm Larry Flynt - One News Page]</ref> Flynt is paralyzed from the waist down due to injuries sustained from a 1978 assassination attempt by the serial killer Joseph Paul Franklin.<ref>Flynt and Ross, pp. 170–171.</ref><ref>[http://www.onenewspage.us/people/ms9j0/Larry-Flynt.htm Larry Flynt - One News Page]</ref>

For more information, please see:

*[[Atheism and pornography]]

*[[Atheism and child pornography]]

=== Barna Group study relative to atheism, pornography and sexual immorality ===

The [[Barna Group]] found that atheists and [[agnostics]] in America were more likely, than [[theist]]s in America, to look upon these behaviors as being morally acceptable: [[fornication|sexual relationships outside of marriage]]; [[abortion]]; cohabitating with someone of opposite sex outside of marriage; [[Profanity|obscene language]]; pornography and obscene sexual behavior; and engaging in [[homosexuality]]/[[bisexuality]].<ref>http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/5-barna-update/58-practical-outcomes-replace-biblical-principles-as-the-moral-standard</ref>

=== The Netherlands and the global spread of bestiality pornography ===

[[File:Netherlands location.PNG|thumbnail|150px|A 2007 survey found that distributors in the [[Netherlands]] were responsible for some 80 percent of bestiality videos worldwide.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/811523-bestiality-video-industry-hit-as-dutch-give-animal-sex-the-thumbs-down]</ref>]]

''See also:'' [[Atheism and bestiality]] and [[Netherlands and bestiality]] and [[Evolutionary belief and bestiality]]

In 2005, the [[Netherlands]] was ranked the 13th most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 39 - 44%% of the Dutch are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_atheist.html Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)]</ref> The Netherlands also has the 11th highest rate of belief in evolution as far as [[Western World]] nations (see: [[Evolutionary belief and bestiality]]).<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/21329204.html Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds]</ref>

In February 2010, the UK news website'' Metro'' reported:
{{cquote|Given the illicit nature of the product, precise figures on animal pornography video sales are difficult to find, but the Dutch newspaper Algemeen Dagblad, in a 2007 survey, found that distributors in the [[Netherlands]] were responsible for some 80 percent of bestiality videos worldwide.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/811523-bestiality-video-industry-hit-as-dutch-give-animal-sex-the-thumbs-down]</ref>}}

In 2010, the Netherlands banned bestiality.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-02-03/dutch-finally-ban-bestiality/319622 Dutch Finally Ban Bestiality, ABC News]</ref>

For more information, please see: [[Atheism and bestiality]] and [[Atheism and pornography]]

=== Atheism and child pornography ===

*[[Atheism and child pornography]]

*[[Atheistic Denmark and child pornography]]

*[[Atheistic Thailand and child prostitution]]

*[[Netherlands and child pornography]]

*[[Irreligious Britain and child pornography]]

*[[Atheism, pederasty and NAMBLA]]

*[[Atheistic Czech Republic and child pornography]]

*[[Atheistic Sweden and child pornography]]

==Legal aspects==
:''See also: [[Arguments Against Pornography]]''
Due to a series of [[liberal]] decisions beginning with the [[Warren Court]], pornography is aggressively sold and distributed in the United States without meaningful law enforcement. It is a $7–10 billion industry that affects and harms 40 million Americans. Pornography destroys relationships and exploits young people.<ref>''National Catholic Register'' p. 8 (Apr. 22, 2007).</ref><ref>http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html</ref> The [[ACLU]] has also opposed any limits on the availability of pornographic content, as well as the [[Child Online Protection Act]], which would have placed restrictions on how accessible pornography would be to minors on the internet.

== Deadly industry ==
Similar to [[Hollywood values]], the pornographic industry is rife with destructive [[liberal]] values that prove dangerous and even deadly. A great number of pornographic movie "stars" have died untimely deaths due to drug use, alcoholism and [[sexually transmitted disease]]. Below is a list of such cases. Note that most names below are stage names (with their real names included where available), that such public [[Prostitution|prostitutes]] adopt out of shame and acknowledgment of their depraved choices. In that same vein, suicide is very common among pornographic "actors."<ref>http://www.rame.net/faq/deadporn/</ref>

*Brad Chase (William Hobbs), suicide (hanging)
*John Holmes (John Curtis Estes), 43, died of [[AIDS]]
*Maria Christina, 41, (drug overdose)
*Vanessa Freeman, 29, murdered
*Elisa Bridges (real name), 28, drug overdose combining heroin, methamphetamine and other drugs
*Savannah (Shannon Michelle Wilsey), 23, committed suicide after a drunken car accident
*Chance Ryder, 26, drug overdose
*Roberta Pedon, 28, cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism
*Pierce Daniels (Rusty), 32, AIDS
*Lisa Melendez, 35, AIDS
*Teri Diver (real name), 29, drug overdose
*Wendy O. Williams (real name), 48, suicide (self-inflicted gunshot)
*Nancee Kelly (Kelly Jean Van Dyke), 33, suicide (hanging)
*Jon Vincent (Jeffrey James Vickers), 36, suicide (drug overdose)
*Caleb Carter (Ben), 31, suicide after suffering from manic depression, alcoholism
*Kyle Hazzard, 33, AIDS
*Charli Waters, 20, murdered
*Andy Mantegna, 34, suicide (hanging)
*Amber Rayne (Meghan Wren), 31, (drug overdose, cocaine and alcohol)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
*[[Anthony Comstock]]
*[[ACLU#Pornography|ACLU]]
*[[Social effects of pornography]]
*[[Netflix]]

==External links==
*[http://unitedfamilies.org/default.asp?contentID=34 Guide to Family Issues: The Harms of Pornography] : United Families Intl
*[http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-f016.html How can I tell if I'm getting addicted to sex or pornography?] - ChristianAnswers.Net
*[http://www.soundvision.com/Info/life/porn/getrid.asp Pornography & Islam] : A 12-step guide To Fight Pornography Addiction
*[http://nopornnorthampton.org/ NoPornHampton] - an anti-pornography organization with an extensive, blog-style website
*[http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=759 Censorship or Education? Feminist Views on Pornography]
*[http://www.ldsmag.com//LDSMariageNetwork/090306woman.html What's A Woman To Do? How Pornography Affects Women and What They Can Do], Geoff Steurer, ''Meridian Magazine''
*[http://www.obscenitycrimes.org/news/HowAdultPornographyHarmsChildren.pdf How Adult Pornography Contributes To Sexual Exploitation of Children], by Robert Peters, President of Morality in Media (September 2009)
*[https://www.theepochtimes.com/chapter-fourteen-popular-culture-a-decadent-indulgence_2685394.html Chapter Fourteen: Popular Culture–A Decadent Indulgence], ''The Epoch Times'' (from ''How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World'').

{{liberalism}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Pornography]]
[[Category:Social Problems]]
[[Category:Pornographers]]
[[Category:Hollywood Values]]
[[Category:Sin]]
[[Category:Sexual Immorality]]

Casablanca (1942 film)

2022-01-05T15:57:08Z

AbelBanquo: - spelling

{{Infobox Film
| name=Casablanca
| image=Casablanca m.jpg
| caption=
| director=Michael Curtiz
| producer=Jack L. Warner Hal B. Wallis
| writer=Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch
| narrator=
| starring=Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains
| music=Max Steiner
| cinematography=Arthur Edeson
| editing=Owen Marks
| distributor=Warner Brothers
| released=January 23, 1943
| runtime=102 min
| country=USA
| language=English
| budget=
| gross=
| preceded_by=
| followed_by=
| website=
| amg_id=
| imdb_id=
}}
'''Casablanca''' is a motion picture released in early-1943 by Warner Brothers, starring [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], and [[Paul Henreid]]. Intended to have been just one of a number of films produced on a tight "B"-movie budget, ''Casablanca'' instead became one of the greatest and most successful films in cinematic history, earning Academy Awards for Best Picture, Director, and Screenplay; a place on the National Film Preservation Board registry and inclusion in the American Film Institute's top two motion pictures [http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/movies.aspx]. ''Casablanca'' has been praised by critics and loved by audiences alike for its romance, the chemistry between Bogart and Bergman, the depth of its characterization and story, and the splendid direction of Michael Curtiz.

By 1977, Casablanca was the most frequently aired movie on television in the [[United States]].<ref>https://en.chessbase.com/post/casablanca-a-tribute-to-a-classic</ref> It is typically ranked high among the finest movies of all time, and is one of the [[Essay:Greatest Conservative Movies|Greatest Conservative Movies]].

The actors played [[chess]] during breaks in the filming, and arranged for a chess scene to be included in it. Another chess scene was filmed but did not make it into the released version of the movie. Humphrey Bogart declined an invitation by Ingrid Bergman to dine together as the movie was being made, and Bogart avoided the married Bergman except as necessary for filming.

This movie was filmed from May 25, 1942 to August 3, 1942, partly in Southern California but the club and hotel scenes were filmed at the Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff, Arizona.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034583/locations</ref>

==Plot==
Refugees from Europe fleeing the Nazis cross the Mediterranean Sea for temporary refuge in unoccupied French Morocco; from there they hope and pray to make it to neutral Portugal and eventually to America. In Casablanca, everyone comes to Rick's Café Américain, where the desperate hope to make a deal to get them out, and where Rick himself - a bitter, cynical expatriate - stays and sticks his neck out for nobody. But important documents come his way which would allow anyone to leave without question; documents wanted by the Nazis, wanted by a popular resistance leader...and wanted by a lover who left him standing in the rain.

==History==
The film actually has a beginning not unlike the situation it portrays. Murray Burnett and Joan Alison were two playwrights on vacation in Europe when the Nazis began their march across France in 1940, and soon they found themselves in Marsailles at a cafe in which hushed conversations were the norm among the fleeing well-to-do and those who were not; all were looking for a means of escape, and keeping a sense of order in such a situation was a band led by a black piano player. Convinced that they had the makings of a great play, Burnett and Alison soon completed work on ''Everybody Comes to Rick's''. The play was never produced, changing hands a number of times (Louis B. Mayer of MGM turned it down flat) between film studios before landing on the desk of Hal B. Wallis at Warner Brothers after being purchased for $20,000.

==Music==
"[[La Marseillaise]]" (1792) 
"[[I'm Just Wild about Harry]]" (1921) 
"[[It Had to Be You]]" (1924) 
"[[Baby Face]]" (1926) 
"[[As Time Goes By]]" (1931)

==Quotes==
"Round up the usual suspects!" 
"Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By'."

==See also==
*[http://www.weeklyscript.com/Casablanca.txt The script for ''Casablanca'']
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Chess]]
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Debatable Whether Conservative]]

Casablanca (1942 film)

2022-01-05T15:53:26Z

AbelBanquo: /* Quotes */ + quote

{{Infobox Film
| name=Casablanca
| image=Casablanca m.jpg
| caption=
| director=Michael Curtiz
| producer=Jack L. Warner Hal B. Wallis
| writer=Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch
| narrator=
| starring=Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains
| music=Max Steiner
| cinematography=Arthur Edeson
| editing=Owen Marks
| distributor=Warner Brothers
| released=January 23, 1943
| runtime=102 min
| country=USA
| language=English
| budget=
| gross=
| preceded_by=
| followed_by=
| website=
| amg_id=
| imdb_id=
}}
'''Casablanca''' is a motion picture released in early-1943 by Warner Brothers, starring [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], and [[Paul Henreid]]. Intended to have been just one of a number of films produced on a tight "B"-movie budget, ''Casablanca'' instead became one of the greatest and most successful films in cinematic history, earning Academy Awards for Best Picture, Director, and Screenplay; a place on the National Film Preservation Board registry and inclusion in the American Film Institute's top two motion pictures [http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/movies.aspx]. ''Casablanca'' has been praised by critics and loved by audiences alike for its romance, the chemistry between Bogart and Bergman, the depth of its characterization and story, and the splendid direction of Michael Curtiz.

By 1977, Casablanca was the most frequently aired movie on television in the [[United States]].<ref>https://en.chessbase.com/post/casablanca-a-tribute-to-a-classic</ref> It is typically ranked high among the finest movies of all time, and is one of the [[Essay:Greatest Conservative Movies|Greatest Conservative Movies]].

The actors played [[chess]] during breaks in the filming, and arranged for a chess scene to be included in it. Another chess scene was filmed but did not make it into the released version of the movie. Humphrey Bogart declined an invitation by Ingrid Bergman to dine together as the movie was being made, and Bogart avoided the married Bergman except as necessary for filming.

This movie was filmed from May 25, 1942 to August 3, 1942, partly in Southern California but the club and hotel scenes were filmed at the Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff, Arizona.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034583/locations</ref>

==Plot==
Refugees from Europe fleeing the Nazis cross the Mediterranean Sea for temporary refuge in unoccupied French Morocco; from there they hope and pray to make it to neutral Portugal and eventually to America. In Casablanca, everyone comes to Rick's Café Américain, where the desperate hope to make a deal to get them out, and where Rick himself - a bitter, cynical ex-patriot - stays and sticks his neck out for nobody. But important documents come his way which would allow anyone to leave without question; documents wanted by the Nazis, wanted by a popular resistance leader...and wanted by a lover who left him standing in the rain.

==History==
The film actually has a beginning not unlike the situation it portrays. Murray Burnett and Joan Alison were two playwrights on vacation in Europe when the Nazis began their march across France in 1940, and soon they found themselves in Marsailles at a cafe in which hushed conversations were the norm among the fleeing well-to-do and those who were not; all were looking for a means of escape, and keeping a sense of order in such a situation was a band led by a black piano player. Convinced that they had the makings of a great play, Burnett and Alison soon completed work on ''Everybody Comes to Rick's''. The play was never produced, changing hands a number of times (Louis B. Mayer of MGM turned it down flat) between film studios before landing on the desk of Hal B. Wallis at Warner Brothers after being purchased for $20,000.

==Music==
"[[La Marseillaise]]" (1792) 
"[[I'm Just Wild about Harry]]" (1921) 
"[[It Had to Be You]]" (1924) 
"[[Baby Face]]" (1926) 
"[[As Time Goes By]]" (1931)

==Quotes==
"Round up the usual suspects!" 
"Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By'."

==See also==
*[http://www.weeklyscript.com/Casablanca.txt The script for ''Casablanca'']
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Chess]]
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Debatable Whether Conservative]]

Casablanca (1942 film)

2022-01-05T15:52:59Z

AbelBanquo: /* Quotes */ + quote

{{Infobox Film
| name=Casablanca
| image=Casablanca m.jpg
| caption=
| director=Michael Curtiz
| producer=Jack L. Warner Hal B. Wallis
| writer=Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch
| narrator=
| starring=Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains
| music=Max Steiner
| cinematography=Arthur Edeson
| editing=Owen Marks
| distributor=Warner Brothers
| released=January 23, 1943
| runtime=102 min
| country=USA
| language=English
| budget=
| gross=
| preceded_by=
| followed_by=
| website=
| amg_id=
| imdb_id=
}}
'''Casablanca''' is a motion picture released in early-1943 by Warner Brothers, starring [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], and [[Paul Henreid]]. Intended to have been just one of a number of films produced on a tight "B"-movie budget, ''Casablanca'' instead became one of the greatest and most successful films in cinematic history, earning Academy Awards for Best Picture, Director, and Screenplay; a place on the National Film Preservation Board registry and inclusion in the American Film Institute's top two motion pictures [http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/movies.aspx]. ''Casablanca'' has been praised by critics and loved by audiences alike for its romance, the chemistry between Bogart and Bergman, the depth of its characterization and story, and the splendid direction of Michael Curtiz.

By 1977, Casablanca was the most frequently aired movie on television in the [[United States]].<ref>https://en.chessbase.com/post/casablanca-a-tribute-to-a-classic</ref> It is typically ranked high among the finest movies of all time, and is one of the [[Essay:Greatest Conservative Movies|Greatest Conservative Movies]].

The actors played [[chess]] during breaks in the filming, and arranged for a chess scene to be included in it. Another chess scene was filmed but did not make it into the released version of the movie. Humphrey Bogart declined an invitation by Ingrid Bergman to dine together as the movie was being made, and Bogart avoided the married Bergman except as necessary for filming.

This movie was filmed from May 25, 1942 to August 3, 1942, partly in Southern California but the club and hotel scenes were filmed at the Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff, Arizona.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034583/locations</ref>

==Plot==
Refugees from Europe fleeing the Nazis cross the Mediterranean Sea for temporary refuge in unoccupied French Morocco; from there they hope and pray to make it to neutral Portugal and eventually to America. In Casablanca, everyone comes to Rick's Café Américain, where the desperate hope to make a deal to get them out, and where Rick himself - a bitter, cynical ex-patriot - stays and sticks his neck out for nobody. But important documents come his way which would allow anyone to leave without question; documents wanted by the Nazis, wanted by a popular resistance leader...and wanted by a lover who left him standing in the rain.

==History==
The film actually has a beginning not unlike the situation it portrays. Murray Burnett and Joan Alison were two playwrights on vacation in Europe when the Nazis began their march across France in 1940, and soon they found themselves in Marsailles at a cafe in which hushed conversations were the norm among the fleeing well-to-do and those who were not; all were looking for a means of escape, and keeping a sense of order in such a situation was a band led by a black piano player. Convinced that they had the makings of a great play, Burnett and Alison soon completed work on ''Everybody Comes to Rick's''. The play was never produced, changing hands a number of times (Louis B. Mayer of MGM turned it down flat) between film studios before landing on the desk of Hal B. Wallis at Warner Brothers after being purchased for $20,000.

==Music==
"[[La Marseillaise]]" (1792) 
"[[I'm Just Wild about Harry]]" (1921) 
"[[It Had to Be You]]" (1924) 
"[[Baby Face]]" (1926) 
"[[As Time Goes By]]" (1931)

==Quotes==
"Round up the usual suspects!"
"Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By'."

==See also==
*[http://www.weeklyscript.com/Casablanca.txt The script for ''Casablanca'']
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Chess]]
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Debatable Whether Conservative]]

Casablanca (1942 film)

2022-01-05T15:51:24Z

AbelBanquo: /* Quotes */

{{Infobox Film
| name=Casablanca
| image=Casablanca m.jpg
| caption=
| director=Michael Curtiz
| producer=Jack L. Warner Hal B. Wallis
| writer=Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch
| narrator=
| starring=Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains
| music=Max Steiner
| cinematography=Arthur Edeson
| editing=Owen Marks
| distributor=Warner Brothers
| released=January 23, 1943
| runtime=102 min
| country=USA
| language=English
| budget=
| gross=
| preceded_by=
| followed_by=
| website=
| amg_id=
| imdb_id=
}}
'''Casablanca''' is a motion picture released in early-1943 by Warner Brothers, starring [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], and [[Paul Henreid]]. Intended to have been just one of a number of films produced on a tight "B"-movie budget, ''Casablanca'' instead became one of the greatest and most successful films in cinematic history, earning Academy Awards for Best Picture, Director, and Screenplay; a place on the National Film Preservation Board registry and inclusion in the American Film Institute's top two motion pictures [http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/movies.aspx]. ''Casablanca'' has been praised by critics and loved by audiences alike for its romance, the chemistry between Bogart and Bergman, the depth of its characterization and story, and the splendid direction of Michael Curtiz.

By 1977, Casablanca was the most frequently aired movie on television in the [[United States]].<ref>https://en.chessbase.com/post/casablanca-a-tribute-to-a-classic</ref> It is typically ranked high among the finest movies of all time, and is one of the [[Essay:Greatest Conservative Movies|Greatest Conservative Movies]].

The actors played [[chess]] during breaks in the filming, and arranged for a chess scene to be included in it. Another chess scene was filmed but did not make it into the released version of the movie. Humphrey Bogart declined an invitation by Ingrid Bergman to dine together as the movie was being made, and Bogart avoided the married Bergman except as necessary for filming.

This movie was filmed from May 25, 1942 to August 3, 1942, partly in Southern California but the club and hotel scenes were filmed at the Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff, Arizona.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034583/locations</ref>

==Plot==
Refugees from Europe fleeing the Nazis cross the Mediterranean Sea for temporary refuge in unoccupied French Morocco; from there they hope and pray to make it to neutral Portugal and eventually to America. In Casablanca, everyone comes to Rick's Café Américain, where the desperate hope to make a deal to get them out, and where Rick himself - a bitter, cynical ex-patriot - stays and sticks his neck out for nobody. But important documents come his way which would allow anyone to leave without question; documents wanted by the Nazis, wanted by a popular resistance leader...and wanted by a lover who left him standing in the rain.

==History==
The film actually has a beginning not unlike the situation it portrays. Murray Burnett and Joan Alison were two playwrights on vacation in Europe when the Nazis began their march across France in 1940, and soon they found themselves in Marsailles at a cafe in which hushed conversations were the norm among the fleeing well-to-do and those who were not; all were looking for a means of escape, and keeping a sense of order in such a situation was a band led by a black piano player. Convinced that they had the makings of a great play, Burnett and Alison soon completed work on ''Everybody Comes to Rick's''. The play was never produced, changing hands a number of times (Louis B. Mayer of MGM turned it down flat) between film studios before landing on the desk of Hal B. Wallis at Warner Brothers after being purchased for $20,000.

==Music==
"[[La Marseillaise]]" (1792) 
"[[I'm Just Wild about Harry]]" (1921) 
"[[It Had to Be You]]" (1924) 
"[[Baby Face]]" (1926) 
"[[As Time Goes By]]" (1931)

==Quotes==
"Round up the usual suspects!"

==See also==
*[http://www.weeklyscript.com/Casablanca.txt The script for ''Casablanca'']
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Chess]]
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Debatable Whether Conservative]]

Casablanca (1942 film)

2022-01-05T15:49:12Z

AbelBanquo: /* Music */ typo

{{Infobox Film
| name=Casablanca
| image=Casablanca m.jpg
| caption=
| director=Michael Curtiz
| producer=Jack L. Warner Hal B. Wallis
| writer=Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch
| narrator=
| starring=Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains
| music=Max Steiner
| cinematography=Arthur Edeson
| editing=Owen Marks
| distributor=Warner Brothers
| released=January 23, 1943
| runtime=102 min
| country=USA
| language=English
| budget=
| gross=
| preceded_by=
| followed_by=
| website=
| amg_id=
| imdb_id=
}}
'''Casablanca''' is a motion picture released in early-1943 by Warner Brothers, starring [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], and [[Paul Henreid]]. Intended to have been just one of a number of films produced on a tight "B"-movie budget, ''Casablanca'' instead became one of the greatest and most successful films in cinematic history, earning Academy Awards for Best Picture, Director, and Screenplay; a place on the National Film Preservation Board registry and inclusion in the American Film Institute's top two motion pictures [http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/movies.aspx]. ''Casablanca'' has been praised by critics and loved by audiences alike for its romance, the chemistry between Bogart and Bergman, the depth of its characterization and story, and the splendid direction of Michael Curtiz.

By 1977, Casablanca was the most frequently aired movie on television in the [[United States]].<ref>https://en.chessbase.com/post/casablanca-a-tribute-to-a-classic</ref> It is typically ranked high among the finest movies of all time, and is one of the [[Essay:Greatest Conservative Movies|Greatest Conservative Movies]].

The actors played [[chess]] during breaks in the filming, and arranged for a chess scene to be included in it. Another chess scene was filmed but did not make it into the released version of the movie. Humphrey Bogart declined an invitation by Ingrid Bergman to dine together as the movie was being made, and Bogart avoided the married Bergman except as necessary for filming.

This movie was filmed from May 25, 1942 to August 3, 1942, partly in Southern California but the club and hotel scenes were filmed at the Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff, Arizona.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034583/locations</ref>

==Plot==
Refugees from Europe fleeing the Nazis cross the Mediterranean Sea for temporary refuge in unoccupied French Morocco; from there they hope and pray to make it to neutral Portugal and eventually to America. In Casablanca, everyone comes to Rick's Café Américain, where the desperate hope to make a deal to get them out, and where Rick himself - a bitter, cynical ex-patriot - stays and sticks his neck out for nobody. But important documents come his way which would allow anyone to leave without question; documents wanted by the Nazis, wanted by a popular resistance leader...and wanted by a lover who left him standing in the rain.

==History==
The film actually has a beginning not unlike the situation it portrays. Murray Burnett and Joan Alison were two playwrights on vacation in Europe when the Nazis began their march across France in 1940, and soon they found themselves in Marsailles at a cafe in which hushed conversations were the norm among the fleeing well-to-do and those who were not; all were looking for a means of escape, and keeping a sense of order in such a situation was a band led by a black piano player. Convinced that they had the makings of a great play, Burnett and Alison soon completed work on ''Everybody Comes to Rick's''. The play was never produced, changing hands a number of times (Louis B. Mayer of MGM turned it down flat) between film studios before landing on the desk of Hal B. Wallis at Warner Brothers after being purchased for $20,000.

==Music==
"[[La Marseillaise]]" (1792) 
"[[I'm Just Wild about Harry]]" (1921) 
"[[It Had to Be You]]" (1924) 
"[[Baby Face]]" (1926) 
"[[As Time Goes By]]" (1931)

==See also==
*[http://www.weeklyscript.com/Casablanca.txt The script for ''Casablanca'']
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Chess]]
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Debatable Whether Conservative]]

Casablanca (1942 film)

2022-01-05T15:48:57Z

AbelBanquo: /* History */ + music

{{Infobox Film
| name=Casablanca
| image=Casablanca m.jpg
| caption=
| director=Michael Curtiz
| producer=Jack L. Warner Hal B. Wallis
| writer=Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch
| narrator=
| starring=Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains
| music=Max Steiner
| cinematography=Arthur Edeson
| editing=Owen Marks
| distributor=Warner Brothers
| released=January 23, 1943
| runtime=102 min
| country=USA
| language=English
| budget=
| gross=
| preceded_by=
| followed_by=
| website=
| amg_id=
| imdb_id=
}}
'''Casablanca''' is a motion picture released in early-1943 by Warner Brothers, starring [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], and [[Paul Henreid]]. Intended to have been just one of a number of films produced on a tight "B"-movie budget, ''Casablanca'' instead became one of the greatest and most successful films in cinematic history, earning Academy Awards for Best Picture, Director, and Screenplay; a place on the National Film Preservation Board registry and inclusion in the American Film Institute's top two motion pictures [http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/movies.aspx]. ''Casablanca'' has been praised by critics and loved by audiences alike for its romance, the chemistry between Bogart and Bergman, the depth of its characterization and story, and the splendid direction of Michael Curtiz.

By 1977, Casablanca was the most frequently aired movie on television in the [[United States]].<ref>https://en.chessbase.com/post/casablanca-a-tribute-to-a-classic</ref> It is typically ranked high among the finest movies of all time, and is one of the [[Essay:Greatest Conservative Movies|Greatest Conservative Movies]].

The actors played [[chess]] during breaks in the filming, and arranged for a chess scene to be included in it. Another chess scene was filmed but did not make it into the released version of the movie. Humphrey Bogart declined an invitation by Ingrid Bergman to dine together as the movie was being made, and Bogart avoided the married Bergman except as necessary for filming.

This movie was filmed from May 25, 1942 to August 3, 1942, partly in Southern California but the club and hotel scenes were filmed at the Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff, Arizona.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034583/locations</ref>

==Plot==
Refugees from Europe fleeing the Nazis cross the Mediterranean Sea for temporary refuge in unoccupied French Morocco; from there they hope and pray to make it to neutral Portugal and eventually to America. In Casablanca, everyone comes to Rick's Café Américain, where the desperate hope to make a deal to get them out, and where Rick himself - a bitter, cynical ex-patriot - stays and sticks his neck out for nobody. But important documents come his way which would allow anyone to leave without question; documents wanted by the Nazis, wanted by a popular resistance leader...and wanted by a lover who left him standing in the rain.

==History==
The film actually has a beginning not unlike the situation it portrays. Murray Burnett and Joan Alison were two playwrights on vacation in Europe when the Nazis began their march across France in 1940, and soon they found themselves in Marsailles at a cafe in which hushed conversations were the norm among the fleeing well-to-do and those who were not; all were looking for a means of escape, and keeping a sense of order in such a situation was a band led by a black piano player. Convinced that they had the makings of a great play, Burnett and Alison soon completed work on ''Everybody Comes to Rick's''. The play was never produced, changing hands a number of times (Louis B. Mayer of MGM turned it down flat) between film studios before landing on the desk of Hal B. Wallis at Warner Brothers after being purchased for $20,000.

==Music==
"[[La Marseillaise]]" (1792) 
"[[I'm Just Wild about Harry" (1921) 
"[[It Had to Be You]]" (1924) 
"[[Baby Face]]" (1926) 
"[[As Time Goes By]]" (1931)

==See also==
*[http://www.weeklyscript.com/Casablanca.txt The script for ''Casablanca'']
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Chess]]
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Debatable Whether Conservative]]

Baby Face

2022-01-05T15:35:04Z

AbelBanquo: Fixed link to Casablanca (1942)

'''Baby Face''' is a 1926 song, with music by Harry Akst and lyrics by Benny Davis.

"Baby Face" is a song past its copyright in the United States since 2022 that's often quoted a few lines, but seldom presented in its entirety. It was performed by [[Bing Crosby]], [[Bobby Vee]], [[Brenda Lee]], [[Mitch Miller]] and in the classic movie ''[[Casablanca (1942 film)|Casablanca]]'' (1942).

1. Rosy cheeks and turned up nose and curly hair 
I’m raving ’bout my baby now 
Pretty little dimples here and dimples there 
Don’t want to live without her 
I love her goodness knows 
I wrote a song about her and here’s the way it goes

Chorus:

2. When you were a baby not so long ago 
You must have been the cutest thing 
I can picture you at ev’ry baby show 
Just winnin’ ev’ry ribbon with your sweet baby way 
Say, honest I ain’t fibbin’, you’d win ’em all today

Chorus:

Baby Face, you’ve got the cutest little baby face 
There’s not another one could take your place, Baby face 
My poor heart is jumpin’, you sure have started somethin’ 
Baby face, I’m up in heaven when I’m in your fond embrace 
I didn’t need a shove, ’cause I just fell in love 
With your pretty baby face
[[Category:Popular Songs]]

Baby Face

2022-01-05T15:31:46Z

AbelBanquo: Category:Popular Songs

'''Baby Face''' is a 1926 song, with music by Harry Akst and lyrics by Benny Davis.

"Baby Face" is a song past its copyright in the United States since 2022 that's often quoted a few lines, but seldom presented in its entirety. It was performed by [[Bing Crosby]], [[Bobby Vee]], [[Brenda Lee]], [[Mitch Miller]] and in the classic movie ''[[Casablanca]]'' (1942).

1. Rosy cheeks and turned up nose and curly hair 
I’m raving ’bout my baby now 
Pretty little dimples here and dimples there 
Don’t want to live without her 
I love her goodness knows 
I wrote a song about her and here’s the way it goes

Chorus:

2. When you were a baby not so long ago 
You must have been the cutest thing 
I can picture you at ev’ry baby show 
Just winnin’ ev’ry ribbon with your sweet baby way 
Say, honest I ain’t fibbin’, you’d win ’em all today

Chorus:

Baby Face, you’ve got the cutest little baby face 
There’s not another one could take your place, Baby face 
My poor heart is jumpin’, you sure have started somethin’ 
Baby face, I’m up in heaven when I’m in your fond embrace 
I didn’t need a shove, ’cause I just fell in love 
With your pretty baby face
[[Category:Popular Songs]]

Baby Face

2022-01-05T15:26:00Z

AbelBanquo: Created page with "'''Baby Face''' is a 1926 song, with music by Harry Akst and lyrics by Benny Davis. "Baby Face" is a song past its copyright in the United States since 2022 that's often quot..."

'''Baby Face''' is a 1926 song, with music by Harry Akst and lyrics by Benny Davis.

"Baby Face" is a song past its copyright in the United States since 2022 that's often quoted a few lines, but seldom presented in its entirety. It was performed by [[Bing Crosby]], [[Bobby Vee]], [[Brenda Lee]], [[Mitch Miller]] and in the classic movie ''[[Casablanca]]'' (1942).

1. Rosy cheeks and turned up nose and curly hair 
I’m raving ’bout my baby now 
Pretty little dimples here and dimples there 
Don’t want to live without her 
I love her goodness knows 
I wrote a song about her and here’s the way it goes

Chorus:

2. When you were a baby not so long ago 
You must have been the cutest thing 
I can picture you at ev’ry baby show 
Just winnin’ ev’ry ribbon with your sweet baby way 
Say, honest I ain’t fibbin’, you’d win ’em all today

Chorus:

Baby Face, you’ve got the cutest little baby face 
There’s not another one could take your place, Baby face 
My poor heart is jumpin’, you sure have started somethin’ 
Baby face, I’m up in heaven when I’m in your fond embrace 
I didn’t need a shove, ’cause I just fell in love 
With your pretty baby face
[[Category:1926 songs]]

LGBTQ+

2022-01-05T14:09:51Z

AbelBanquo: typo

'''LGBTQIAPK''' is one of several acronyms intended to represent all current varieties of sexual perversion. This acronym stands for: [[Lesbian]], [[Gay]] (or Genderqueer), [[Bisexual]], [[Transgender]], Queer (or Questioning), Intersex, Asexual (or Aromantic or Ally), [[Polyamorous]] (or pansexual) and Kink.<ref>http://www.mtv.co.uk/pride/news/lgbtq-acronym-guide</ref> There seems to be some minor disagreement over what each letter means, while others just add in multiples of each letter to include them all. This means that the acronym can also be: LGGBTQQIAAAPPK.<ref name="humans.media">https://humans.media/lgbtqiapk-and-what-it-means</ref> 
Some also say that even this is not a suitably detailed list, because other terms such as Agender, Bigender, Trigender, Pangender, Polygender, Cis, Gender Apathetic, Demigender are not included.<ref name="humans.media">https://humans.media/lgbtqiapk-and-what-it-means</ref> To be more "all-inclusive" and avoid causing someone to think someone else might be offended, sometimes a plus sign is added on the end of whatever acronym is used, to represent those not listed. 

The Canadian Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario hosted a "LGGBDTTTIQQAAPP inclusiveness training" on June 6, 2017. This was the first appearance of what was at the time, the longest version of such an acronym.<ref>https://archive.is/kZBXu#selection-849.0-849.113</ref> [[Facebook]] recognizes 58 genders as of last count.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2014/02/13/tech/social-media/facebook-gender-custom/index.html</ref>

That the alliance takes its name under the form of an acronym that resembles a chemical formula, and that it can't outgrow, is probably no accident. The designation seems to stress the group's reliance on "personal chemistry" in the pursuit of its increasingly [[Marxist]] goals rather than representing some achievement or an essential idea that might be exposed to any kind of debate.

==See also==
*[[Homosexual rights advocacy]]
*[[Gender confusion]]
*[[Progressive movement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-05T08:52:09Z

AbelBanquo: /* Historical background */ + indented quotations

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, within his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. According to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

This meaning of "natural" is with respect to natural needs, rather than some biological determinism. What Freud called narcissistic love interfered with the achievement of what he called the "anaclinic" needs provided by each sex in carrying out their sex roles. Narcissistic love can heal certain psychic wounds, but choosing to pursue a loved person for possession before self-understanding in that type of wounded state does injury to the object of affection.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', a mainstay magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]]s, published information that

:"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>

Thus, the publication delivers the twisted message to the public that so-called "sexual orientation"—used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'':
:''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-05T08:48:31Z

AbelBanquo: /* Historical background */ Added missing subject to sentence

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, within his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. According to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

This meaning of "natural" is with respect to natural needs, rather than some biological determinism. What Freud called narcissistic love interfered with the achievement of what he called the "anaclinic" needs provided by each sex in carrying out their sex roles. Narcissistic love can heal certain psychic wounds, but choosing to pursue a loved person for possession before self-understanding in that type of wounded state does injury to the object of affection.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', a mainstay magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]]s, published information that "Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, the publication delivers the twisted message to the public that so-called "sexual orientation"—used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-05T08:43:26Z

AbelBanquo: /* Historical background */ "Advocate" a mainstay magazine.

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, within his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. According to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

This meaning of "natural" is with respect to natural needs, rather than some biological determinism. What Freud called narcissistic love interfered with the achievement of what he called the "anaclinic" needs provided by each sex in carrying out their sex roles. Narcissistic love can heal certain psychic wounds, but choosing to pursue a loved person for possession before self-understanding in that type of wounded state does injury to the object of affection.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', a mainstay magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]]s, published information that "Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so-called "sexual orientation"—used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-05T08:32:47Z

AbelBanquo: /* Historical background */ punct.

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, within his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. According to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

This meaning of "natural" is with respect to natural needs, rather than some biological determinism. What Freud called narcissistic love interfered with the achievement of what he called the "anaclinic" needs provided by each sex in carrying out their sex roles. Narcissistic love can heal certain psychic wounds, but choosing to pursue a loved person for possession before self-understanding in that type of wounded state does injury to the object of affection.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that "Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so-called "sexual orientation"—used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-05T08:30:56Z

AbelBanquo: /* Historical background */ - itals.

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, within his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. According to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

This meaning of "natural" is with respect to natural needs, rather than some biological determinism. What Freud called narcissistic love interfered with the achievement of what he called the "anaclinic" needs provided by each sex in carrying out their sex roles. Narcissistic love can heal certain psychic wounds, but choosing to pursue a loved person for possession before self-understanding in that type of wounded state does injury to the object of affection.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that "Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation'—used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

LGBTQ+

2022-01-05T08:26:06Z

AbelBanquo: Acronym's resemblance to chemical formula.

'''LGBTQIAPK''' is one of several acronyms intended to represent all current varieties of sexual perversion. This acronym stands for: [[Lesbian]], [[Gay]] (or Genderqueer), [[Bisexual]], [[Transgender]], Queer (or Questioning), Intersex, Asexual (or Aromantic or Ally), [[Polyamorous]] (or pansexual) and Kink.<ref>http://www.mtv.co.uk/pride/news/lgbtq-acronym-guide</ref> There seems to be some minor disagreement over what each letter means, while others just add in multiples of each letter to include them all. This means that the acronym can also be: LGGBTQQIAAAPPK.<ref name="humans.media">https://humans.media/lgbtqiapk-and-what-it-means</ref> 
Some also say that even this is not a suitably detailed list, because other terms such as Agender, Bigender, Trigender, Pangender, Polygender, Cis, Gender Apathetic, Demigender are not included.<ref name="humans.media">https://humans.media/lgbtqiapk-and-what-it-means</ref> To be more "all-inclusive" and avoid causing someone to think someone else might be offended, sometimes a plus sign is added on the end of whatever acronym is used, to represent those not listed. 

The Canadian Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario hosted a "LGGBDTTTIQQAAPP inclusiveness training" on June 6, 2017. This was the first appearance of what was at the time, the longest version of such an acronym.<ref>https://archive.is/kZBXu#selection-849.0-849.113</ref> [[Facebook]] recognizes 58 genders as of last count.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2014/02/13/tech/social-media/facebook-gender-custom/index.html</ref>

That the alliance takes its name under the form of an acronym that resembles a chemical formula, and that it can't outgrow, is probably no accident. The designation seems to stress the group's reliance on "personal chemistry" in the pursuit of its increasingly [[Marxist]] goals rather representing some achievement or an essential idea that might be exposed to any kind of debate.

==See also==
*[[Homosexual rights advocacy]]
*[[Gender confusion]]
*[[Progressive movement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-05T08:00:39Z

AbelBanquo: /* Natural sexual orientation */ clarif.

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, within his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. According to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

This meaning of "natural" is with respect to natural needs, rather than some biological determinism. What Freud called narcissistic love interfered with the achievement of what he called the "anaclinic" needs provided by each sex in carrying out their sex roles. Narcissistic love can heal certain psychic wounds, but choosing to pursue a loved person for possession before self-understanding in that type of wounded state does injury to the object of affection.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation'—used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T17:12:18Z

AbelBanquo: /* Natural sexual orientation */ Meaning of "natural".

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. According to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

This meaning of "natural" is with respect to natural needs, rather than some biological determinism. What Freud called narcissistic love interfered with the achievement of what he called the "anaclinic" needs provided by each sex in carrying out their sex roles. Narcissistic love can heal psychic wounds, but choosing to pursue a loved person for possession before self-understanding in that wounded state does injury to the object of affection.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation'—used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

West Side Story

2022-01-04T16:22:28Z

AbelBanquo: + itals

'''''West Side Story''''' is one of the most popular and influential [[musical]]s of the 20th century, inspired by [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''. Its central theme is of a love that is not ruled by any notion of [[right and wrong]], and these necessarily lead to tragedy. A big hit on ''[[Broadway]]'' in the late 1950s, its adaptation into a movie starring Natalie Wood as Maria in 1961 was nominated for 10 [[Oscar]]s and won as Best Picture and in 9 additional categories. All the singing ostensibly by Natalie Wood, however, was actually dubbed over and performed by another singer. This original movie had box office revenues of $44.1 million on a production cost of only $6.75 million.<ref>https://infogalactic.com/info/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)#:~:text=Budget,44.1%20million%5B4%5D</ref>
== Failed Remake ==
Sarcastically dubbed "Woke Side Story," a $100 million [[politically correct]] remake directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] and released in December 2021 was one of the biggest box office busts in history, despite being highly acclaimed by [[liberal]] [[Hollywood]]:
{{cquote|CNBC reported that Spielberg’s ''West Side Story'' brought in only $36.6 million in global ticket sales over its first three weeks in theaters. The production budget was around $100 million, although that doesn’t include its expensive marketing costs<ref>https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/steven-spielbergs-west-side-story-bombed-box-office-means-golden-globes-oscars.html/</ref>.}}
Reportedly this [[politically correct]] remake failed particularly badly in the [[Midwest]]. Some of its dialog is anti-[[American Dream]], while there are deliberately no subtitles for the Spanish-speaking scenes.

The story is taken from ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', with music by famous conductor and composer [[Leonard Bernstein]] and lyrics by [[Stephen Sondheim]]. The Capulets and Montagues of Shakespeare's classic play are replaced with the Jets and Sharks, rival [[street gang]]s<ref>newly-arrived Puerto Ricans and second-generation Americans from white European immigrant families [http://www.filmsite.org/wests.html (Tim Dirks)]</ref> in [[Manhattan]].

Its love-story theme is:
:When love comes so strong
:There is no right or wrong

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.westbankstory.com/ West Bank Story] - an Oscar-winning comedy [[short]] based on West Side Story
[[Category:Musicals]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T15:59:08Z

AbelBanquo: /* Historical background */ + em dash

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. Accordng to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation'—used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T15:57:33Z

AbelBanquo: /* Historical background */ + itals.

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. Accordng to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' called ''[[After the Ball]]'': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T15:54:35Z

AbelBanquo: - comma splice

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. Accordng to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T15:50:06Z

AbelBanquo: /* The purpose of sexual orientation theory */ unitalicized "per se"

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all, but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. Accordng to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality ''per se'', since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T15:46:53Z

AbelBanquo: + paragraph break

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans.

In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all, but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. Accordng to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality per se, since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T15:45:15Z

AbelBanquo: typo

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans. In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all, but instead represents what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. Accordng to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality per se, since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T15:44:18Z

AbelBanquo: /* Natural sexual orientation */ + indent

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans. In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all, but instead represents a what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. Accordng to the narcissist type:
::a. What he is himself (actually himself)
::b. What he once was
::c. What he would like to be
::d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
::a. The woman who tends,
::b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality per se, since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T14:59:35Z

AbelBanquo: New section: Natural sexual orientation

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans. In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all, but instead represents a what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Natural sexual orientation==
In a 1914 summary of an intellectual exploration into same-sex love, [[Sigmund Freud]] showed his theory of natural sexual orientation and its deflections, based on his materialistic philosophy, to be in basic agreement with Western tradition:

:"A person may love
:1. Accordng to the narcissist type:
:a. What he is himself (actually himself)
:b. What he once was
:c. What he would like to be
:d. Someone who was once part of himself
:2. Accordng to the anaclitic type:
:a. The woman who tends,
:b. The man who protects."<ref>"On Narcissism"</ref>

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality per se, since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T14:40:49Z

AbelBanquo: /* The Bible on sexual orientation */ fixed capitals

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans. In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all, but instead represents a what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality per se, since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on sexual orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T14:39:40Z

AbelBanquo: /* The Bible on Sexual Orientation */ + No explicit condemnation by Jesus is probative of nothing.

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans. In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all, but instead represents a what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality per se, since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on Sexual Orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s. But this is probative of nothing, as Jesus often spoke in parables.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual orientation theory

2022-01-04T14:33:53Z

AbelBanquo: Updated lede with new developments in sexual orientation theory.

'''Sexual orientation''' belongs to a theoretical construct borrowed from the analytical basis of vector theory in mathematics indicating the direction of a person's sexual desires toward its object that is complementary with the idea of sexual action. Recently sexual orientation theory has been employed to assert that a person's sexual preferences are immutable and should therefore be accepted by society,<ref>[http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/sevensteps/Chapter3/index.html Seven Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child]</ref> as theorized by some developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans. In the 2020s, however, the theory having conflicted with people's lived experience, these same theoreticians have changed to a posture of harping on doubts that sexual orientation exists at all, but instead represents a what a person consents to prefer, rather than there being a natural orientation toward heterosexuality.

==Historical background==
On several occasions, ''The Advocate'', magazine of [[LGBT]] [[pressure group]], published information that ''"Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences."''<ref name="MumbarakAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Why Are We Gay? |author= Dahir Mubarak |publisher= |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76577630/why-are-we-gay |quote=Polls repeatedly indicate that Americans who believe sexual orientation is either genetic or biological are much more likely to support gay and lesbian civil rights than those who believe it is determined primarily by environmental influences. ... "The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the political arena," says Simon LeVay, a neuroscientist ... |accessdate=12 Mar 2017}}</ref>
Thus, delivering the twisted message to the public that so called 'sexual orientation' -- used as [[politically correct]] label for [[sexual disorientation]]—is either genetic or biological, became the main goal of LGBT [[pseudoscience]]. As one of its major protagonist, 'gay' neuroscientist Simon LeVay put it: ''"The question of whether or not gayness is immutable is rather crucial in the [[political]] arena."'' The importance of biological factors behind sodomitical behavior were stressed out also by authors of LGBT '[[Mein Kampf]]' called '[[After the Ball]]': ''"For all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been [[Ideomotor effect|born gay]] – even though [[Sexual disorientation|sexual orientation]], for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence."''<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=38 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=http://www.albertmohler.com/2015/10/27/we-cannot-be-silent-released-nationwide-today/ |quote=}}</ref>

==Ideological thinking==
However, the problem with any area of research that intersects with politics of pressure groups such as the LGBTI one is the motivated rationalizations and reasoning and the [[confirmation bias]]. Where concepts determine percepts, ideology, including the [[gender ideology]], trumps facts and science suffers. Those researchers who know most about genes and [[Same-sex attraction|SSA]] say, ''“Your genes did not make you do it”'', i.e. humans still do have [[free will]] when making their behavioral choices for which they should be held accountable. Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in his or her thinking and behaviour — simply because without genes there can be no human activity or behaviour of any kind.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! Homosexuality and the scientific evidence |author=NE & BK Whitehead |edition=4th (revised) |publisher=Whitehead Associates |year=August 2016 |pages=262–3 |isbn=978-0473174866 |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/mgmmdi_pdfs/Summary.pdf }}</ref>

==The purpose of sexual orientation theory==
===False message about the equal status===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" |Two wrongs don’t make a right
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For example, it is an uncontested fact that homosexual sexual behaviors spread disease. When reminded of this, “gay” sympathizers say, “Heterosexuals do the same things.” This isn’t a logical defense of homosexuality per se, since two wrongs don’t make a right. However, it is an argument for treating homosexuality equally with heterosexuality if the two were truly equivalent. '''But they are not'''."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Scott Lively<ref name="Lively2009"/>
</div>
|}
One purpose of ''sexual orientation theory'' is to create a context in which homosexuality and heterosexuality hold '''equal status'''. The notion of equivalency between homosexuality and heterosexuality is very important to “gay” arguments.

====Neutralizing health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality====
For one thing ''sexual orientation theory'' neutralizes health and safety arguments against the legitimization of homosexuality.

Unlike homosexuality, heterosexuality is ''immutable''. To define heterosexuality as merely sexual conduct between people of compatible genders is to suppress a fundamental [[truth]] about what it means to be human. All [[human beings]] with the exception of [[hermaphrodites]] (people with a congenital deformity that causes them to have both male and female genitalia) are born with a [[Reproductive organs|reproductive system]] that is heterosexual by nature. We are either [[male]] or [[female]], what is also reflected in [[Natural order]]. We have sexual feelings only because of chemical and other processes that are rooted in our procreative heterosexual design. Thus, a male 'sexual orientation' toward a female (or vice versa) is self-evidently normal and natural. By contrast, a male-to-male or female-to-female 'orientation' is self-evidently abnormal and unnatural, in fact it is a [[sexual disorientation]]. For homosexuality to be equivalent to heterosexuality, it would need to be rooted in its own homosexual [[physiology]].

In reality, homosexuality is nothing more than same-gender disoriented conduct among people who are innately and unalterably heterosexual in form. Homosexuality is thus biologically (and to varying degrees [[moral]]ly) equivalent to [[pedophilia]], [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochism]], [[bestiality]] and many other forms of [[deviant behavior]], or behavior that deviates from the normal design-based function of the [[human being]],<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |edition=1 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |pages=101–3 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> as can be shown by [[scientific]] device of [[gedankenexperiment|thought experiment]].

====Misuse of the civil rights doctrines====
A second reason for espousing the ''premise of equivalency'' is that it allows [[Homosexual rights advocacy|“gay” activists]] to exploit the [[civil rights]] [[doctrine]]s which would not otherwise apply to them. [[Discrimination]], in the civil rights context, means treating equal parties unequally. If 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals' are assumed to be equal, then it is unfair to deny 'homosexuals' all of the benefits that 'heterosexuals' enjoy. “Gay” [[Sophistry|sophists]] have coined the term “[[Gleichschaltung#Heterosexism|heterosexism]]” to describe favoritism towards 'heterosexuals'. The wanted implications of introducing the [[Newspeak|gayspeak]] term 'heterosexism' is simply to make general public to think of it as “[[racism]]” toward 'homosexuals' alias toward practitioners of [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|sodomitical lifestyle]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==Sexual preference determined by birth==
Many social advocates assert that unknown biological factors are responsible for sexual orientation. Thus, they argue that is by no means a matter of [[Homosexuality and Choice|choice]], and that it is pointless to try to change one's orientation. Some go so far as to say that the attempt would cause harm, so mental health professionals must not offer assistance even if asked. In contrast, sexual preference refers to a person's preferred mode of sexual activity, fantasy or desire.

Advocates of [[homosexuality]] frequently argue that sexual orientation is fixed at birth, i.e. one is "born that way". This forms the basis of an argument that homosexuality is not a matter of choice, and thus should not be criticized. One may as well criticize a person for having blond hair, or dark brown skin.

Many groups cite scientific studies that indicate homosexual practices in many species (such as apes, monkeys, or penguins). However, researchers claim that the reason for homosexual behavior in animals is related to dominance, preparing for future heterosexual encounters, to expel low-quality [[sperm]], and to engage in reproductive suppression.<ref>LEVAN, K. E., et al. “Testing Multiple Hypotheses for the Maintenance of Male Homosexual Copulatory Behaviour in Flour Beetles.” ''Freshwater Biology'', Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 13 Oct. 2008, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01616.x.</ref> As for social animals, macaques were studied engaging in same-sex behavior. However, a female may engage in female-female mounting, but that doesn't mean she isn't interested in males. Females often mount males, apparently to encourage them to mate more. Once they had learned this behavior, it was easy for them to apply it to other females as well.<ref>Vasey, Paul L., et al. “Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement.” ''SpringerLink'', Springer, Dordrecht, 26 Apr. 2006, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1.</ref> We may never find a wild animal that is strictly homosexual in the way some humans are.

==Sexual preference determined by childhood==
Some homosexuality advocates make an intermediate claim, i.e., that sexual orientation is caused by a number of factors but does not become unchangeable until early childhood or even as late as adolescence. Likewise, this forms the basis of the argument that no one can be held morally responsible for being homosexual.

==Objections==
There is no scientific consensus on when sexual orientation is fixed, or whether it is fixed at all. All attempts to find a "[[gay gene]]" have failed.

Many people generally disagree with the premises of these homosexual arguments:
*A person "born" with a strong craving for alcoholic drinks would still be held responsible if he got drunk and injured someone in a car accident.
*A person with an "inherent" hatred of blacks would still be considered a [[racist]] (and in violation of the rule, "Love your neighbor as yourself").

However, in both of these instances, it could as well be argued that these are the result of personal experience and development: for instance alcoholism is seldom found in infants but develops as individuals gain experience of alcohol and see it as a solution to their problems or a route to happiness.

==The Bible on Sexual Orientation==
Some [[Bible]] passages suggest that the normal, God-given ''orientation'' for human beings is [[heterosexuality]]. In the [[New Testament]] [[Jesus]] taught,
*"Did you not read that He made them at the beginning of creation, male and female, did He not?
*"And it said, because of this a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become both one flesh.
*"From then on they are not two, except one body. What God has thus united, a human being does not separate." (Matt. 19:4-6)

Nonetheless, no explicit condemnation of homosexuality is ever ascribed to the Jesus: all explicit condemnations are found in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[Epistle]]s.

==See also==
*[[Alma Kramer]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Sexual disorientation]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation#Sexual orientation argument|Sexual orientation argument]]
*[[Sexual orientation change]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Gulag

2022-01-04T14:09:22Z

AbelBanquo: Reverted: see talk page.

[[File:Olkhon Island gulag.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Remains of a Soviet gulag, Olkhon Island, Russia.]]
The '''Gulag''' is the extensive network of prison camps used in the Soviet Union and by extension other socialist societies. It was used to imprison and exact any kind of labor from its subjects who failed to co-operate with, or simply were in any way threatening to, ongoing regime objectives, particularly the use of words, actions or being in a position to have a basis of knowledge that discredited the various ways a force genocidal in extent or a totalizing falsification was required to command assent in the face of the regime's incompetence and abuse in applying its self-defined and self-prioritized [[Socialist]] principles to carry out those objectives.

In the indictment procedure, whatever threats to regime prestige the indicted posed were disguised and re-fashioned into imputations of participation in usually-direct intentional attacks on some aspect of the professed prerogatives or policies of the regime or its subjects. The threat of the gulag terrorized the regime's subjects into participating in activities beneficial to the regime that were sure to give them more power with which to enslave them.

More recently, this term refers to the continued imprisonment without a trial of [[Trump]] supporters who exercised their [[First Amendment]] rights on Jan. 6, 2021, at the [[United States Capitol]].

Gulag is an acronym is derived from Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps, ''Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii'' (Russian: ''Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения''),<ref>A ''lag'' or ''lage'' in Russian is the same word in German for "camp", as in ''konzentrationslager'' or [[concentration camp]]. The word, common to both languages, may have derived from Czarist times and the operation of punitive logging camps for criminal offenders and political dissidents. Vladimir Lenin (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) for example, spent time in a notorious logging camp on the River Lena in Siberia, from which he adopted the name "Lenin" to identify as a proud veteran of the camps.</ref> spelled GuLag, Corrective labor is used for [[politically incorrect]] thought, word, or action. The term became well known by its use in the title of the compilation of personal historical accounts by [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] in ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]''.<ref>The camps are depicted as a scattered collection of islands.</ref>

Camps were located in every part of the country—most notoriously in cold Siberia—and slave labor was used not only for mining and heavy industries but for producing every kind of consumer product such as furniture toys, and fur hats.
[[File:Gulag.gif|right|300px|thumb|Detailed explanation how the Gulag camps work found in the [[Harry Hopkins]] papers at Hyde Park; American [[liberal]]s pled ignorance of the system until after publication of Solzhenitsyn's book in 1974.]]
The camps were not designed for execution, but rather forced labor in a society not driven by the profit motive. The death rate was very high from exposure to the cold, over-work, disease and very poor food, government rations, clothing and medical care. Nearly 75 million prisoners passed through the gulags in their more than 60 years of operation. Some people were imprisoned for violating Soviet law,<ref>Unemployment is illegal under "social parasite" laws in the [[collectivist]] system.</ref> others simply to fill quotas for the demand for workers. The population of the Gulag peaked around 1939 (at the climax of the Stalinist purges) at 6 million, and again in the early 1950s at 7.5 million. Around 35 million Gulag prisoners died of over-work, ill-treatment, disease or starvation between 1931 and 1953.<ref>In 1992, a Russian group memorializing the targets of the Soviet terror by use of demographic studies announced a determination that there were 63 million 'excess deaths' in the Soviet Union in its duration — 1917-1987.</ref>

Some estimates of Gulag population statistics are absurdly low due to their reliance on statistical reporting from the estimated 90% of the returnees who had collaborated in atrocities with Gulag slavemasters, and who had consequently later reported lower populations, seeking to diminish reprisals should their complicity become known.

==Imprisonment and banishment==
When a person was imprisoned, by law their families - wives, children, brothers, sisters and parents - had to go to court and divorce or disown the person, as it was an imprisonable offense itself to be related to an enemy of the people. Upon release, a prisoner had no family to go home to.

Under the Soviet system, a person was banished from the Moscow Center (Red Square) by a distance of kilometers.<ref>An internal passport system required individuals to carry papers showing restrictions, the number of kilometers a person was banned from the Moscow Center.</ref> The farthest being 7000 kilometers, or the Kolyma River in far Eastern Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/mWA54jX-VtY</ref> 1500 to 3000 kilometers usually meant the salt mines of [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>https://vimeo.com/192420959</ref> 3500 to 5000 kilometers usually was the logging camps of the River Lena in central Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/PA8gBxOAlu0</ref>

The camps were filled mostly with dissidents and the [[unemployed]] from the large cities, such as [[Moscow]] and [[Leningrad]]. Dissidents were mainly political prisoners or religious protestors. Political prisoners were branded "enemies of the working class," or more commonly, "enemies of the people." The unemployed were branded "social parasites," similar the [[National Socialist]] category of "shiftless elements."<ref>[[Marx]] did not consider homeless vagabounds, the [[lumpen masses]], as fit for the workers' revolution. Marx considered desperately impoverished people as tools of the "beougeoie," who would do anything for money, sell out revolutionary ideology, and not to be trusted.</ref>

When a person served out their time behind barbed wire, the system of internal banishment remained in place. A released prisoner then usually had to settle down in the village or community neighboring the Gulag camp where the guards and their families lived,<ref>Some cities and place names on maps are entirely the creation of the Gulag system as it was a vital part of Soviet economic development. Population statistics on Cold War era National Geographic maps often reflect the size of the prison camp population, which typically was 90% of the figure shown in the map's population key.</ref> and find menial employment in some service sector industry supporting their former prison guard slave masters and their families.<ref>The former prisoners' housing often consisted of converted chicken coops or the basements of their former prison guard slave masters.</ref>

The Gulag system was a vital element of the [[Democratic Socialist]] [[economy]], providing necessary [[employment]] and productive capacity for the non-[[profit]] driven, communist society.

==Marxist theory==
:{{See also |Progressivism}}
In addition to the unemployed, most others fell into two groups: political prisoners and thieves. While dissenters were considered enemies of the revolution, under Marxist [[class warfare]] theory, thieves are considered victims of [[bourgeois]] society and the propertied class.

While the bourgeois are "class enemies" of the working class, and dissenters are "enemies of the people," thieves are considered "class allies" of socialism, the revolution, and the party. Hence a single thief was often deliberately placed within a group of political prisoners to sow mistrust, chaos, and division as a precaution against organized resistance.

The concept of a thief in a society without [[private property]] may be hard to fathom; those branded as thieves simply were [[sociopath]]s lacking the [[collectivist]] mindset and discipline enough to join the party.

==The gulag vs. the slave plantation contrasted==
Solzhenitsyn pointed out that the Soviet slave system was unlike the [[slavery]] in the [[American South]], were slaves were allowed to marry and live in family units, although the threat of family separation certainly was used to enforce compliance with the system of forced labor; victims of the [[Marxist]] ideology were permanently separated from all extended family and lived in barracks under a prison regime, where even their toilet habits were strictly supervised and regulated.

American blacks ate well in the agricultural setting, raised chickens for meat, and had their own plots of land for fruits and vegetables; Marxist victims were fed a bowl of slop at the end of the work day, and the daily bread ration was often cut due to government corruption, bureaucratic mismanagement, or budgetary concerns.

Unlike Southern plantations, the practice of religion was forbidden.

==Rehabilitation==
Under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] nearly 4 million Gulag prisoners were released in 1953–57. Millions of these were [[German]] [[POW]]s (the [[leftist]] Soviet Union was not a signatory of the [[Geneva Convention]] agreeing to the [[humanitarian]] treatment and exchange of prisoners when [[World War II]] broke out). [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who served as a [[Red Army]] Captain in the War Against Fascism, who defeated [[fascism]], nonetheless remained imprisoned by the leftist regime for criticizing [[socialist]] management of the war, [[foreign policy]], the economy, and [[social justice]] in private letters which had been intercepted by the government domestic [[surveillance]] system.

These victims of left-wing state terror encountered physical, psychological, social, and political problems upon their reintegration into socialist society. A reciprocal adjustment had to be made by the Soviet system, and society as a whole, in order to reintroduce former prisoners to the 'Big Zone,' or life outside the camps. Most survivors however, were never allowed to return home or to their previous employment under the system of internal exile.

The process of rehabilitation was slowed by the victims' disorientation on release and their fear of further repression. A person needed "rehabilitation papers" to find a job or housing, although "gainful employment" was illegal because the profit motive [[subversion|subverted]] the Soviet system.

A greater problem was the government's denial of its history rather than admitting to leftist ideological flaws. Even after Khrushchev's 1956 secret speech to the 20th Party Congress condemning "Stalinist excesses," the state was slow to acknowledge that many former 'enemies of the people' were in fact innocent victims.<ref>Nanci Adler, "Life in the 'Big Zone': the Fate of Returnees in the Aftermath of Stalinist Repression," ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 1999 51(1): 5-19</ref> The socialist economy, it was felt, couldn't exist without forced labor of those whom progressives disagreed with.

While there is a tendency to blame [[Stalin]] for Marxist "excesses" and "mistakes," the dangerous underpinnings of socialist ideology remain unchanged today.

==Chinese Laogai==
[[File:Forced Labor Detention Facilities in China.PNG|thumb|right|300px|]]
The modern [[Chinese Communist Party]] system of gulags are called the ''Laogai'', the Russian equivalent of ''Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei''. Indeed, Solzhenitsyn postulated the gulag system of corrective labor may have originated in China. The book ''Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China'', published in 2009, stated that as many as 3 to 5 million people were imprisoned in laogai or gulag camps.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Laogai-The-Machinery-Repression-China/dp/1884167772 Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China], 2009-10-01</ref>

China’s network of penal forced labor facilities, established in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government to hold both criminals and political dissidents, remains in operation today. U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods produced “wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor or/and forced labor or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions.”<ref>Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S. Code 19 § 1307.</ref> Artificial flowers, Christmas lights, shoes, garments, umbrellas as well as coal, cotton, electronics, fireworks, footwear, nails, and toys have been identified as produced in Chinese prison factories for export. There have been several instances of letters and notes from prisoners describing their confinement, working conditions and mistreatment discovered in products purchased by consumers outside China; at [[Christmas]] in 2019 a six year old girl in [[London]], in a box of newly purchased Christmas cards, found one that had a message in English saying,
{{quotebox-float|"We are foreign prisoners in Shanghai Qingpu prison China Forced to work against our will. Please help us and notify human rights organization."<ref>https://www.npr.org/2019/12/23/790832681/6-year-old-finds-message-alleging-chinese-prison-labor-in-box-of-christmas-cards</ref>}}
Profitable prison companies help to fund the operations of both local and national government. Prison labor enterprises producing [[high-tech]] goods such as [[semiconductor]]s and optical instruments are the most profitable, each earning an estimated annual revenue of tens of millions of dollars and paying taxes to the Chinese government. According to the 2012 ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' from the [[United States Department of State]],
{{quotebox|“[t]he [PRC] government reportedly profits from [the use of] forced labor. Many prisoners and detainees in ‘reeducation through labor’ facilities [are] required to work, often with no remuneration.”}}
Many prisons function as subcontractors for Chinese firms. The State Department has noted cases in which
{{quotebox|“detainees were forced to work up to 18 hours a day without pay for private companies working in partnership with Chinese authorities” and “were beaten for failing to complete work quotas."<ref>Cited in ''Prison Labor Exports from China and Implications for U.S. Policy'', U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report, July 9, 2014.</ref>}}

==Further reading==
* Applebaum, Anne. ''Gulag: A History'' by Anne Applebaum (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-History-Anne-Applebaum/dp/1400034094/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255213150&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search], a standard history
* Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. ''The Gulag Archipelago'' (1973) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-Archipelago-1918-1956-Aleksandr-Solzhenitsyn/dp/0060007761/ref=sip_rech_dp_5 excerpt and text search]
* Werth, Nicolas et al. ''Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Cannibal-Island-Siberian-against-Humanity/dp/0691130833/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255212940&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

==See also==

*[[Atheism and slavery]]
*[[Concentration camp]]
*[[Killing fields]]
*[[Democide]]
*[[Joseph Stalin]]
*[[Essay: KAL 007 Survivors and Gulags of Russia]]

====References====
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG0T_hVMqLs&feature=youtu.be The Face of Socialism]
*[https://rumble.com/vqjz4s-hidden-camera-footage-from-forced-internment-camps-in-australia.html Hidden Camera Footage From Australian Covid Gulag]

[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Socialism]]

Talk:Gulag

2022-01-04T14:08:29Z

AbelBanquo: New section: Opponents of Marxism

I see that there has been a Redirect from "Penal Colony" to [[Gulag]].
:Why? They're two separate things. The gulags were prison settlements ''within Russia''. they were not colonies.
:If you want "penal colonies", come Down Under. We have a range of them. Sydney ([[Port Jackson]]) was founded '''purely''' as a convict settlement in 1788. It was followed by Hobart in 1804, then Launceston - both in Tasmania - then Brisbane in 1824. I think that by 1825 Norfolk Island had been tried as a prison twice. The first major non-convict colony in Australia was [[Adelaide]] in 1836.
::Can we please have "Penal Colony" released from the strictures of "Gulag" please? [[User:AlanE|AlanE]] ([[User talk:AlanE|talk]]) 21:18, 6 November 2016 (EST)
:::AlanE, I fixed it. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 21:47, 6 November 2016 (EST)
:Thanks mate. [[User:AlanE|AlanE]] ([[User talk:AlanE|talk]]) 22:04, 6 November 2016 (EST)

::::Many Gulag were in fact founded as penal colonies. The City of Magadan, fot instance. Long before Hitler, the communists did not herd people into gas ovens, they simply dumped hundreds and thousands off the Tran Siberian Railroad in the wilderness, out in the middle of nowhere, marked out on the ground were blocks and barracks were to built, and told to get to work. Many of these gulag/penal colonies did not need barbed wire fences as there was nowhere to go for an escapee.[[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|''#NeverHillary'']] 08:03, 8 November 2016 (EST)
:Rob, if you squint and hold your head just right you may just catch a glimpse of the word "colony" in amongst the horrors of the labour camps that were the Gulag. But if you can describe a penal colony as being within the borders of its parent country and its inhabitants arriving there ''by train'', you're stretching things.
:Anyway, my aim in wanting change was not to deny Gulag as a penal colony so much as deny ''penal colony'' the need to be described as a gulag. Which they weren't.
:[[User:AlanE|AlanE]] ([[User talk:AlanE|talk]]) 23:10, 8 November 2016 (EST)

==Khrushchev amnesty 1953-1957==
Many of those released under Khrushchev were German POWs. This is a central theme of the ''Gulag Archipelago'' - the fact that Solzhenitsyn, a Red Army Capitan in the War against fascism who defeated fascism, was held in the Gulag '''under Khrushchev, not Stalin''', while the Germans who fought for fascism were allowed to go home. Is this point about justice, ideology, and the Khrushchev reform era articulated in article? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|''Deep Six the Deep State!'']] 14:06, 6 October 2018 (EDT)

:Rob, you do whatever you think best. [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] ([[User talk:VargasMilan|talk]]) 13:36, 10 October 2018 (EDT)

== Transmission error discovered ==

I discovered an overestimating numerical error in the transmission of a reliable count of the population of the targets of the Soviet terror apparatus in a routine check of my accuracy. It looks like a factor of 1.5, and it's nobody's fault. The range I will be using, which I will make an effort to describe here, will still be among the highest recorded estimates (by conservatives) and [this correction] places those estimates closer together, so they will be easier to associate together in rendering the [potential fruits of the] account. [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] ([[User talk:VargasMilan|talk]]) 13:31, 10 October 2018 (EDT)
:Good. I'm following you. Will you have figures on ''both'' estimated internees and deaths between a certain timeframes, and will the timeframes of the two categories match up? `[[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|''Deep Six the Deep State!'']] 13:43, 10 October 2018 (EDT)
:Also, there were penal battallions that served with the Red Army during WWII who served with a shovel rather than a rifle. These may have existed before the war, and continued after the war. They mostly dug trenches and tank traps. They had a high casualty rate from hunger, disease, exhaustion, and combat fatalities. Being they were constantly on they move, and sometimes not directly under control of the KGB, not much is known. But Solzhenitsyn mentions them from third hand testimony, and the losses evidentially are high. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|''Deep Six the Deep State!'']] 13:50, 10 October 2018 (EDT)
::I'm not a particularly good literary digger or filler of holes myself; I can refer you to a few sources by conservatives as I am able to pull them together, but some of these are quoted by a person who believes and has published together every damaging generalization [in the form of a mortality statistic, credible or not] people [have made] about Christianity, but on the other hand his quoting these conservatives lends him credibility, so I don't feel too guilty about not mentioning him specifically but just the sources.

::Our militant atheism expert User:Conservative has found one of the conservative sources independently, [Rudolph J.] Rummel, and quotes from him extensively, so he seems to find his reporting and sources pretty reliable.

::I'd like to do an itemized accounting like your suggestion would entail, but I don't know what the sources look like, and how difficult it would be to pull something like that together from them. Maybe there should be a transition period when just the correction of the FIGURES that were already there are replaced by more accurate ones and an allowing of that to "sink in" for a while. [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] ([[User talk:VargasMilan|talk]]) 15:03, 10 October 2018 (EDT)

In the March 20, 2005 issue of ''The Washington Times'', Richard W. Rahn, adjunct scholar of the libertarian Cato Institute, recounted: "I happened to be at the Kremlin in Moscow in August 1992, when the Russia demographers announced they had determined there were 63 million “excess deaths” in the Soviet Union during Josef Stalin’s reign — 1923-53."

Rahn was the husband of [[Peggy Noonan]], one of the [[Essay:Top conservatives on Twitter|Top Conservatives on Twitter]] that I located, vouching for the provenance of the information.

Actually, this <ref>Dyadkin, Iosef G. (1983). ''Demograficheskaya statistika neyestestvennoy smertnosti v SSSR'' [''Unnatural Deaths in the U.S.S.R.: 1928-1954''] transl. Tania Deruguine (Piscataway NJ: Transaction Publishers [Rutgers University]).</ref> had been determined ten years prior as quoted by a Russian university organization reported 56 to 62 million "unnatural deaths" for the USSR overall, with 34 to 49 million under Stalin.

This university organization republished this [1983] account [in a book copyrighted] 1993<ref>Adler, Nanci D. (1993). ''Victims of Soviet Terror''. Praeger Security International Series (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers).</ref> [and possibly published the year before, or the University organization may have publicized the findings in a press release] and may have been the very book mentioned by Richard Rahn. It may have been misquoted in a ''Pravda'' article—if ''Pravda'' published it at all and was the mode of transmission—and picked up by Rahn or misunderstood by Rahn. In 1993 this may have been the first official acknowledgement by Moscow of these figures or the first time ''Pravda'' had reported them.

Seven years after Dyadkin's book (1990), R. J. Rummel did extensive calculations and had written in 1990: 61,911,000 democides in the USSR 1917-87, of which 51,755,000 occurred during the Stalin years.

There is that 62-63 million figure again for the third time. But each time refers to different intervals.

In 1983 it was from 1928-1954. In 1990 it stretched from 1917-1987. In 1993 it was back down to 1923-1953.

The 1993 transmission error, the hypothetical ''Pravda'' article, probably had two sources: 62 million by R. J. Rummel (1917-1987) and 56-62 million by Dyadkin, [one of the transmitters] thinking 1928-1954 was the ''only'' significant period where the gulag executed prisoners in the millions.

This would have resulted in a two-sourced figure of 62 million ''about'' during the time of Stalin (1928-1954 is close to 1923-1953).

So in closing: To correct the error I think we should take Rummel's seven-years-more-researched 62 million [as right] for [the broader period] 1917 to 1987 together with a weighted combination of Rummel's 51.8 million and the less-researched, but ''more-intensely'' researched for ''that time period'' of 34-49 million of Dyadkin for the Stalin era (1923-1953). [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] ([[User talk:VargasMilan|talk]]) 17:54, 10 October 2018 (EDT)
:Sounds reasonable. If possible, depending on the source, a statement what it all included (for example, WWII penal battallions if possible).
:Rahn I think may be an economist formerly with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. If so, I'd have good confidence in his findings. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|''Deep Six the Deep State!'']] 19:16, 10 October 2018 (EDT)
::Thank you for the encouragement/confirmation of data. [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] ([[User talk:VargasMilan|talk]]) 02:11, 11 October 2018 (EDT)
::You may be in luck. A gulag history expert named James B. Edwards has researched gulag populations, and in a 2004 edition of his book, his working assumption is that the most likely proportion of those who died unnatural deaths from 1917 to 1987 from those died premature deaths as a result of the Gulag was 81.1%.
::Although I don't like to criticize him, he counts deaths in an unorthodox way: He includes in his tallies children not born. I actually agree they deserve to be counted, but it simply doesn't match the way these kinds of atrocities are actually and consistently counted and removes an important ability to compare the figures with other mass killings. But fortunately his proportion percentages (which include ''yearly'' proportion percentages) are central to his calculations, and he insists they can work with different total populations.
::Another thing he adds in his 2004 book are what he calls newly discovered evidence of more Ukrainian massacres. This corroborates those who agree with the ''higher'' Dyadkin estimates of the fatalities of the Stalin era.
::So the "you're in luck" part—the author, Rummel, I mentioned earlier, includes some breakdown of his unnatural death figures like those who died in transit to the gulags, those who died in government-designed famines and a category called "war-related democides" (13.1 million)—subtracting Edwards' 10.0 million who died in the gulag during that time (assuming 51 million gulag deaths total) which looks like your answer (3.1 million). For those who think that Conservapedia uses biased sources to support a conservative case, Rummel's figures are actually on the low-side of the range of experts' estimated total fatalities. On the other hand it contradicts estimates that these casualties of Stalin were due to his prosecution of the war and not the execution of his terror apparatus. [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] ([[User talk:VargasMilan|talk]]) 04:26, 11 October 2018 (EDT)
{{Reflist}}

====Solzhenitsyn====
In 1973, in his ''Gulag Archipelago'', [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] cited Kurganov, who counted 66 million lives that "internal repression cost us" between 1917 and 1959<ref>Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich (1973). ''The Gulag Archipelago: An Experiment in Literary Investigation'' transl. Thomas P. Whitney and Harry Willetts, abridg. Edward E. Ericson, Jr., (New York: HarperCollins, 2002 First Perennial classics ed., abridg. ed., 2007 Harper Perennial Modern Classics series), p. 178.</ref> Solzhenitsyn later reduced his estimate to 60 million. So the earliest and primary acknowledged public expert (and related 1970 Nobel Prize winner) on the history of the Gulags is a fourth investigator who straddles nearly the same range of the total government depopulation in the Soviet Union. [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] ([[User talk:VargasMilan|talk]]) 12:04, 11 October 2018 (EDT)
{{reflist}}

==Yearly share of gulag fatalities 1917-1988==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%; margin:left;"
|+James B. Edwards<ref>Edwards, James B. (2004). ''Hitler: Stalin's Stooge: How Stalin Planned to Use Hitler to Conquer Europe''. (San Diego, CA: Aventine Press, 3rd. ed.) pp. 138-139.</ref>
|+Share of Soviet gulag fatalities per year
|+1917-1988
|+
!Year
!% Share of total fatalities accrued
!Year
!% Share of total fatalities accrued
!Year
!% Share of total fatalities accrued
!Year
!% Share of total fatalities accrued
|-
|align="left"|
|align="right"|
!align="left"|1940
|align="right"|2.87%
!align="left"|1960
|align="right"|0.97%
!align="left"|1980
|align="right"|0.63%
|-
|align="left"|
|align="right"|
!align="left"|1941
|align="right"|2.87%
!align="left"|1961
|align="right"|0.86%
!align="left"|1981
|align="right"|0.53%
|-
!align="left"|1922
|align="right"|0.03%
!align="left"|1942
|align="right"|3.54%
!align="left"|1962
|align="right"|0.63%
!align="left"|1982
|align="right"|0.59%
|-
!align="left"|1923
|align="right"|0.01%
!align="left"|1943
|align="right"|3.73%
!align="left"|1963
|align="right"|0.65%
!align="left"|1983
|align="right"|0.61%
|-
!align="left"|1924
|align="right"|0.03%
!align="left"|1944
|align="right"|3.91%
!align="left"|1964
|align="right"|0.59%
!align="left"|1984
|align="right"|0.55%
|-
!align="left"|1925
|align="right"|0.05%
!align="left"|1945
|align="right"|4.44%
!align="left"|1965
|align="right"|0.71%
!align="left"|1985
|align="right"|0.62%
|-
!align="left"|1926
|align="right"|0.04%
!align="left"|1946
|align="right"|3.76%
!align="left"|1966
|align="right"|0.54%
!align="left"|1986
|align="right"|0.58%
|-
!align="left"|1927
|align="right"|0.06%
!align="left"|1947
|align="right"|3.76%
!align="left"|1967
|align="right"|0.81%
!align="left"|1987
|align="right"|0.52%
|-
!align="left"|1928
|align="right"|0.06%
!align="left"|1948
|align="right"|4.01%
!align="left"|1968
|align="right"|0.62%
!align="left"|1988
|align="right"|0.58%
|-
!align="left"|1929
|align="right"|0.07%
!align="left"|1949
|align="right"|4.03%
!align="left"|1969
|align="right"|0.68%
|-
!align="left"|1930
|align="right"|0.23%
!align="left"|1950
|align="right"|4.10%
!align="left"|1970
|align="right"|0.70%
|-
!align="left"|1931
|align="right"|0.80%
!align="left"|1951
|align="right"|4.30%
!align="left"|1971
|align="right"|0.76%
|-
!align="left"|1932
|align="right"|0.43%
!align="left"|1952
|align="right"|3.93%
!align="left"|1972
|align="right"|0.56%
|-
!align="left"|1933
|align="right"|1.84%
!align="left"|1953
|align="right"|3.94%
!align="left"|1973
|align="right"|0.76%
|-
!align="left"|1934
|align="right"|1.06%
!align="left"|1954
|align="right"|2.22%
!align="left"|1974
|align="right"|0.61%
|-
!align="left"|1935
|align="right"|1.07%
!align="left"|1955
|align="right"|2.01%
!align="left"|1975
|align="right"|0.64%
|-
!align="left"|1936
|align="right"|1.59%
!align="left"|1956
|align="right"|1.70%
!align="left"|1976
|align="right"|0.65%
|-
!align="left"|1937
|align="right"|2.93%
!align="left"|1957
|align="right"|1.77%
!align="left"|1977
|align="right"|0.68%
|-
!align="left"|1938
|align="right"|3.82%
!align="left"|1958
|align="right"|1.36%
!align="left"|1978
|align="right"|0.57%
|-
!align="left"|1939
|align="right"|3.32%
!align="left"|1959
|align="right"|1.38%
!align="left"|1979
|align="right"|0.71%
|-
!align="left"|1940
|align="right"|2.87%
!align="left"|1960
|align="right"|0.97%
!align="left"|1980
|align="right"|0.63%
|}
{{reflist}}
These percentages reflect ''most likely'' percentages according to the author and are not rounded to appropriate degrees of accuracy in order to be useful for comparison or gradually lowering precision calculation purposes.
: Excellent! Excellent! (<S>except the figures for 1943 probably do not include penal battallions cause, as Solzhenitsyn said, the figures are hard to come by and may never be known. All we know is they were able bodied males, likely 18 years old up, and hardened violent criminals. You'd probably have to look at comparative career, non-property crime, males in other populations to arrive at an estimate. These were disposed of in military penal battallions</s> I misread the chart, taking the figure from the wrong column). And yes, using a figure like the "unborn" corrupts methodology; it's like saying how many jobs ''could'' have been created in America if the Social Security Act of 1936 were not passed. Nonetheless, we still could place this chart in the article with a link citation, and simply say, "According to James B. Whatever blah blah blah...." and let the reader discover the notes on methodology themselves. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]][[User talk:RobSmith|''Deep Six the Deep State!'']] 12:36, 11 October 2018 (EDT)
::You caught my interest about the methodology. I suddenly asked myself, while I hadn't before, "Am I giving shares to a lot of unborn children?"
::It turns out he uses a "dummy" function that broadly sketches the proportions of the population shifts he must get from comparing all kinds of yearly data and data ranges. If he has low estimates in the same proportion to each other as the high estimates, he's already ahead of a method that uses only counts (because of the wide error range). Then he refines the various coefficients by trials of which ones fit the population size best when plugged in.
::Now, moving those coefficients he took as his basis simultaneously, the total population is fairly sensitive to small changes to those coefficients. (Hopefully) the shape isn't too distorted and can be retained for larger or smaller hypothetical populations.
::To guard this, there is probably one coefficient (close to the beginning of the series of the basis equations) that impacts the population the most. That one can be employed in shifting its value to prevent distortions caused by the other coefficients.
::The overall effect is somewhat like a mapping the earth on a flat surface; if you draw a graph of the values, you'll see the contour sizes may be a bit off, but the shapes made from the new proportions are visibly recognizable. [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] ([[User talk:VargasMilan|talk]]) 14:55, 11 October 2018 (EDT)

==Opponents of Marxism==
Why I removed this phrase: the notion that the gulags were only used to imprison opponents of Marxism becomes outdated after 1934. Those among the 98% of the delegates of the Communist Party who weren't outright killed were not opponents of Marxism even if it was suggested as much on their indictments. Nor were Party members who believed differently than whatever Stalin's arbitrary prioritization of Marxist principles and virtues in seeking to achieve his personal goal of attaining complete world domination by means of arranging for his own complete personal national and Communist Party domination. Likewise the officers of the Red Army were not opponents of Marxism on the sole basis that they happened to occupy high command and knew things that Stalin found inconvenient for them to be knowing. [[User:AbelBanquo|AbelBanquo]] ([[User talk:AbelBanquo|talk]]) 09:08, January 4, 2022 (EST)

Joseph Stalin

2022-01-03T21:21:54Z

AbelBanquo: relocated famine section to before reign of terror section

{{Dictator bio
| image =[[Image:Stalin-140508 27880t.jpg|260px]]
| name =Joseph Stalin
| birth =December 18, 1878 Gori, Tiflis Governorate ([[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]]), Russian Empire
| parents =Vissarion Dzhugashvili Catherine Dzhugashvili
| religion =Georgian Orthodoxy (rejected) [[Atheism]]
| education =Tiflis Theological Seminary, Georgia
| spouse =Ekaterina Svanidze (d. 1906-1907) Nadezhda Alliluyeva (d. 1919-1932)
| children =Yakov Dzhugashvili Vasily Dzhugashvili Svetlana Alliluyeva
| death =March 5, 1953 Kuntsevo Dacha, Moscow
| deathmanner =Complications of a stroke
| burial =Near the Kremlin Wall, Moscow, Russia
| country =[[Soviet Union]]
| military =Soviet Armed Forces (1943–1953)
| rank =Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943–1945) (de jure) Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (1945–1953) (de facto)
| polbeliefs =[[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]
| party =[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
| dictatordate =By 1929
| war =[[Great Purge]]
| deathnumber =8,000,000 according to soviet records 20,000,000 is the average estimate while 62,000,000 is the high estimate
}}
'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin''' (born '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili '''; Russian: Ио́сиф Виссарио́нович Джугашви́ли) (1878 - 1953) was the dictator of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of the [[Communist Party]] of the [[Soviet Union]] ([[CPSU]]) from 1922 until his death from a stroke in 1953. <ref name="BBC Stalin">https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml</ref> Joseph Stalin, who was a brutal proponent of [[atheism|atheistic]] [[Communism]], was greatly influenced by the work of the [[evolution|neo-Lamarckian]] [[Trofim Denisovich Lysenko]] as were other Communist leaders.<ref>https://creation.com/the-darwinian-foundation-of-communism</ref><ref>https://creation.com/stalins-ape-man-superwarriors</ref><ref>https://creation.com/a-tale-of-four-countries</ref><ref>https://creation.com/darwin-trotsky-connection</ref> During 1942 - 1943, knowing that few people were inspired by Communism, Stalin reinstated the Russian Orthodox Church in order to boost morale while The USSR was at war with [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2008/08/stalin-reinstates-church-1942-43.html</ref><ref>http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/frroman1.aspx</ref> When the war ended, many Red Army soldiers and Christians who defeated [[fascism]] were shipped off to Soviet [[concentration camp]]s - the [[gulag]]. On a similar note, largely because his predecessor Vladimir Lenin's passage of unrestricted abortion threatening to cause all of the USSR to die out quickly, Stalin also ended up making abortions temporarily illegal during the 1930s.<ref>https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2020/11/17/november-1920-2020-a-century-of-abortion-in-russia/</ref>

The son of a poor Georgian cobbler, Stalin was a former seminary student who joined the Communist Party when Georgia was still under the rule of the Russian Tsar. He became one of [[Lenin|Lenin's]] closest allies when the Kerensky regime was overthrown by Lenin's faction in 1917. During the [[Russian Civil War]] Stalin, who chose his name from the Russian word for steel, held the city of Tsaritsen on the Volga from counter-revolutionary forces. Stalin later renamed Tsaritsen [[Stalingrad]] in honor of his victory; Stalingrad would be the site of [[Germany]]'s massive defeat in [[World War II]].

Stalin was affectionately known as "Uncle Joe"<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Uncle-Joe-FDR-DEEP-STATE/dp/0692939784</ref> by [[Democrat]]s before [[Joseph Biden]] adopted the nickname.<ref>https://archive.is/XjGXa</ref>

==Rise to Power==
Stalin was tapped by the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police, as a low-level informer shortly after he was expelled from the Tiflis seminary in 1899. Stalin then began to systematically inform on revolutionary comrades in party organizations in Tiflis, Baku, and Batum over the next few years. He acquired a highly unsavory reputation among the [[Social democracy|Social Democrats]] of these cities and was finally arrested for cover purposes in 1902 when suspicions about him were about to boil over. It was the Okhrana that furnished the invisible means of support for the family he acquired after 1904.

In 1917, the Commissariat of Nationalities was formed with Stalin as its Commissar (Minister). The Commissariat addressed the question of the nationalities of the Russian Empire, and helped integrate them into the [[Soviet Union]]. From 1919-1922 he was also the People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection (Rabkrin, from the Russian), which was founded to be a check on the burgeoning Soviet bureaucracy.

In 1920, Stalin was tasked with invading Poland and then Germany, after having chased the Polish army out of a Ukrainian revolt it had aided. However, when the Red Army reached Warsaw, they were defeated in battle and forced to retreat back to Russia. This damaged Stalin's reputation as a general and helped persuade Lenin to adopt the long-term strategy of inducing another European war through political agitation and seizing the opportunity to invade when the nations were thought to be at their weakest.

In 1922, Lenin named Stalin General Secretary of the CPSU. In 1924 Stalin in turn created the "Secret Department," a unit of 94 of his personal functionaries that maintained special privileges as the ''[[nomenklatura]]'', or a list of trusted individuals. He also appointed regional party secretaries who all, of course, supported Stalin. Through the Secret Department Stalin gained control of the [[Red Army]] after removing [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1925 and the OGPU (later, [[KGB]]) when its leader [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] died in 1926. Lenin had foreseen all of this and had warned in his last testament that Stalin should be removed from General Secretary because the position's power was unlimited.
[[Image:Stalin-Lenin.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lenin]] left, Stalin right]]
Stalin, however, did not allow this to happen. His most powerful rival, Leon Trotsky, who was the commander of the Red Army, was painted as a danger to the Revolution, because he continued to push the idea of international revolution; the "left opposition." Other Soviet leaders, like [[Zinoviev]], leader of the [[Comintern]], and [[Kaminev]], the head of the Communist Party in Moscow, were painted with the same brush because they supported Trotsky and did not wish to expel him from the CPSU in 1927. Later, he accused his ally [[Bukharin]] of being a member of the "right opposition," i.e. he was in favor of a more capitalistic economic system, as seen under the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) of the early 1920s. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico in 1940 by [[Ramón Mercader]] in an extensive conspiracy that included underground operatives from the [[Communist Party of the United States]] (CPUSA). Zinoviev, Kaminev, and Bukharin were the center of the infamous "[[Great Purge|show trials]]" of the 1930s. All were put to death.

==Objectives of the Comintern==
In 1932, [[Sergei Ivanovich Gussev]], who had served as [[Comintern]] agent and Stalin's personal representative in the United States, "commanded the [[Communist Party of the United States|Communists in the United States]] to take up four tasks. Two of them were the defence of the Soviet Union and the furtherance of Red conquest of [[China]]." In 1933 the notorious [[Gerhart Eisler]] "was secretly sent into the United States by Moscow to make sure these orders were carried out."<ref>[[Louis F. Budenz]], ''The Techniques of Communism'', (Chicago: Henry Regnery and Company, 1954), pp. 162-163.</ref> [[Edgar Snow]] wrote in his 1937 book, ''Red Star Over China,'' "The political ideology, tactical line and theoretical leadership of the [[Chinese Communists]] have been under the close guidance, if not positive direction, of the Communist International, which during the last decade has become virtually a bureau of the [[Russian Communist Party]]. In the final analysis this means that for better or worse, the policies of the Chinese Communists, like the Communists in every other country, have had to fall in line with, and usually subordinate themselves to, the broad strategic requirements of [[Soviet Russia]], under the dictatorship of Stalin."<ref>''Red Star Over China'' by Edgar Snow, New York, 1937, pg. 374.</ref>

==Catch and Overtake==
In 1928 Stalin decided that the Soviet Union was not properly industrialized to enjoy a communist future, so he initiated the First Five Year Plan and the campaign to collectivize agriculture in order to "build socialism," and to "catch and overtake" the capitalist world. Stalin fanned the fires of collectivization, claiming that peasants had been hoarding grain and that they needed to be controlled. Under this program, rich peasants (kulaks), were exiled or killed for being enemies of the people, and peasants' land was taken in order to introduce collective farming to expedite grain appropriations. Many were called kulaks by jealous neighbors, while the peasants who remained were often the laziest and most ill-suited to producing enough grain. Collectivization caused massive famine in Russia, particularly in [[Ukraine]] (see [[Holodomor]]), where Stalin ordered the Red Army to blockade certain regions and take grain by force. It is estimated that the famine of 1931-33 killed 6-7 million people, while 20 million starved.

The First Five Year Plan was a program of crash-industrialization. After [[World War I]] and the Russian Civil War Russia had an industrial capacity equal to that of its 1861 capacity. The only way for Russia to be able to break the "capitalist encirclement," Stalin declared, was to industrialize. Brigades of shock workers were formed to work faster and harder than the world had ever seen. Most of this, however, was pure propaganda, although the shock workers did set the record for concrete poured in a single shift. Compared to the capitalist world which was experiencing the Great Depression, Soviet growth was impressive. Between 1929 and 1937, 8,000 factories were constructed, average GDP growth was around 10%, and the official unemployment statistics, which included gulag detainees, was 0. In 1936, after the Second Five Year Plan, Stalin declared socialism "built." Nevertheless, the capitalist world lived better than the Soviet Union, despite the Great Depression. [[John Scott]], an American CPUSA member and Comintern operative who was living in the Soviet Union during the Five Year Plans, notes this in his memoirs of that period ''Behind the Urals.'' The legacy of the Five Year Plans (most of which Stalin declared "completed" in 4 years) injured the Soviet's production models, because the encouraged quantity and speed over quality. However, the planning of the 1930s enabled the Russians to defeat the Nazis in the 1940s.<ref>Suvorov, Viktor. ''Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?// (Viking Press/Hamish Hamilton; 1990) ISBN 0241126223.</ref>

==Famine of 1933==
{{main|Holodomor}}
* "This famine was deliberately engineered by the regime of Joseph Stalin {{years since|1933}} years ago claimed millions of lives, mostly in [[Ukraine]] but also in some other parts of the [[Soviet Union]]. It is today considered one of the worst [[atrocities]] of the Soviet regime and a terrifying act of [[genocide]]. Even so, the famine of 1933 is relatively unknown. ... Estimates of how many people died in Stalin's engineered [[famine]] of 1933 vary. But they are staggering in their scale -- between seven and 11 million people."<ref>[http://www.ukemonde.com/news/rferl.html Stalin's Starvation of Ukraine – Seventy Years Later, World Still Largely Unaware Of Tragedy], By Askold Krushelnycky, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Prague, 8 April 2003.</ref>

Besides Ukraine, the Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia were also affected.<ref>[https://www.philosophy.nsc.ru/sites/default/files/journals-old/humscience/2_98/15-MAL.HTM] (Russian)</ref><ref>http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2003/0101/analit02.php (Russian)</ref>

==Stalin's Terror==
In 1934, Sergei Kirov was approached by Communist Party delegates to run against Stalin for Secretary General. This initiated Stalin's campaign to destroy the independence of the Communist Party along with all other Soviet groups that might provide independent centers of power. By the next Party Congress in 1939, 98% of its former delegates had been executed or sent to the Gulag.

Between 1936 and 1938, Joseph Stalin launched his purges to rid the Soviet Union of "fifth columnists," or spies who were loyal to the [[capitalist]] world. During the Terror 3 million people were arrested on various and often made-up charges, while 750,000 were executed. Due to the interrogation techniques of the NKVD (later, KGB), which often were torturous, most of those arrested confessed and were sent to work camps, called the [[Gulag]] for 10 years and sometimes even 25. Here, prisoners were forced to labor in mines, to log forests, or to do construction. Few lived through their sentences.

In early 1937, a senior officer of the OGPU (KGB) stumbled upon a highly classified file in the old archives of the Tsarist secret police, the Okhrana. It detailed the work of one J. V. Djugashvili as an informant and agent provocateur for the Okhrana inside the Bolshevik Party before the Russian Revolution. The OGPU officer, Stein, was shocked. Djugashvili was the true name of Stalin who was now purging the Old Bolsheviks on charges of being foreign spies and counter-revolutionaries.

Stein took the file to a close friend, the head of the OGPU in the Ukraine, who went over it carefully with his trusted deputy, Zinovy Katsnelson, a cousin and close friend of Alexander Orlov. Convinced of its authenticity, they shared it with Jonah Yakir, commander of the Red Army in the Ukraine, and Stanislav Kossior, secretary of the Communist Party in the Ukraine. Alarmed by the file's revelations, Yakir flew to Moscow and revealed its contents to [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], Supreme Commander of the Red Army. They brought his deputy, Yan Gamarnik, into their confidence and decided to overthrow Stalin in a coup d'état, denounce him and execute him.

As the coup plan was being developed, Katsnelson traveled to Paris and informed Orlov. The plot was foiled and Orlov's fate was sealed.

The infamous show trials of former leaders of the Soviet Union occurred during this period, where they were accused of working with Trotsky or sabotaging the Soviet Union. Stalin also eviscerated the high command of the Red Army, killing 90% of the leadership. The minions of oppression were not spared either; of the NKVD's 809 officials, 43 lived through the purges. The leadership of the communist party was persecuted as well. For example, in 1934 130 members of the 139-member Central Committee were arrested. The Terror forever made Russians afraid to speak out against the government, and also made sure that no one but Stalin could ever rule the Soviet Union as effectively. This also ensured that the Red Army could not fight effectively when Nazi Germany invaded the USSR during Operation Barbarossa.

==Censorship and propaganda policies==
{{Main|Atheism and historical revisionism}}

During Stalin's time in power, Stalin often altered various newspapers to push his agenda, and even edited out anyone who displeased him, which was most infamously evident with former NKVD head [[Nikolai Yezhov]] subsequent to his death in 1940 via execution, where a photograph of him walking with Stalin near the Moscow-Volga Canal had Yezhov airbrushed out. Ironically, after his death and Khrushchev's secret speech, Stalin himself would end up falling victim to the very same censorship policies he himself had used against his enemies, with footage of him in Soviet propaganda films depicting Lenin's rise to power often adding in a silhouette of a soldier conveniently placed in where Stalin was in the original footage.

==World War II==
To avoid war with [[Nazi Germany]], Stalin ordered the Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union, [[Molotov]], to sign a non-aggression pact with [[Adolf Hitler]], named the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], on August 19, 1939. The treaty detailed the agreement to split up [[Poland]] between Germany and the Soviet Union, give Stalin the Baltic Republics of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Estonia]], and to allow the Soviets to wage war on [[Finland]], a war that ended in a humiliating Soviet defeat. Part of the reason why Stalin arranged for the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was so he would use Nazi Germany and have them fight a prolonged front against France and Britain so as to weaken Europe enough to have Communism spread quickly through the continent, largely because he realized war would have benefitted Communism's spread better than peace. Both sides, however, knew that they would eventually engage in hostilities.<ref>Albert L. Weeks: Stalin`s Other War. Soviet Grand Strategy 1939-1941 Rowman & Littlefield, USA 2002 '''STALIN:''' ''"The question of war or peace has entered a critical phase for us. If we conclude a mutual assistance treaty with France and Great Britain, Germany will back off of Poland and seek a modus vivendi with the Western Powers. War would thus be prevented but future events could take a serious turn for the USSR.'' ''"If we accept Germany’s proposal to conclude with it a non-aggression pact, Germany will then attack Poland and Europe will be thrown into serious acts of unrest and disorder. Under these circumstances we will have many chances of remaining out of the conflict while being able to hope for our own timely entrance into war.'' ''"The experience of the past 20 years shows that in peacetime it is impossible to maintain a Communist movement throughout Europe that would be strong enough so that a Bolshevik party could seize power. A dictatorship by this party becomes possible only as a result of a big war. We are making our choice and it is clear. We must accept the German proposal and politely send the Anglo-French delegations back home. The first advantage we will get will be the destruction of Poland up to the very approaches to Warsaw, including Ukrainian Galicia.'' ''"Germany has given us full leeway in the Baltic countries and has no objection to returning Bessarabia to the USSR. Germany is also prepared to yield on giving us a sphere of influence in Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. The question of Yugoslavia still remains open.'' ''"At the same time we must anticipate what will ensue from the destruction of Germany in war as well as from a German victory. If it is destroyed, the sovietization of Germany follows inevitably and a Communist government will be established. We must not forget that a sovietized Germany would face great danger if such sovietization occurred after the defeat of Germany in a short war. England and France would be powerful enough to seize Berlin and destroy a Soviet Germany. We would not be able to come to the aid of our Bolshevik comrades in Germany.'' ''"Therefore, our task consists in helping Germany wage war for as long as possible with the aim in view that England and France would be in no condition to defeat a sovietized Germany. While hewing to a policy of neutrality and while waiting for its hour to come, the USSR will lend aid to today’s Germany and supply it with raw materials and foodstuff. Of course, it follows that we will not allow such shipments to jeopardize our economy or weaken our armed might."'' ''"At the same time we must conduct active Communist propaganda especially as directed at the Anglo-French bloc and primarily in France. We must be prepared for the fact that in France in wartime the Communist Party there must abandon legal activities and go underground. We realize that such work will require an enormous sacrifice in lives. However, we have no doubts about our French comrades. Above all, their task will be to break up and demoralize the French army and police. If this preparatory work is completed in a satisfactory way, the security of Soviet Germany is assured. This will likewise ensure the sovietization of France.'' ''"To realize these plans it is necessary that war last as long as possible and that all efforts should be made, whether in Western Europe or the Balkans, to see that this happens.'' ''"Let us look now at the second possibility – namely, that Germany becomes the victor. Some propose that this turn of events would present us with a serious danger. There is some truth in this notion. But it would be erroneous to believe that such a danger is as near and as great as they assume. If Germany achieves victory in the war, it will emerge from it in such a depleted state that to start a conflict with the USSR will take at least 10 years.'' ''"Germany’s main task would be then to keep watch on the defeated England and France to prevent their restoration. On the other hand, a victorious Germany would have at its disposal a large territory. Over the course of many years, Germany would be preoccupied with the exploitation of these territories and establishing in them the German order. Obviously, Germany would be too preoccupied to move against us.'' ''"There is still another factor that enhances our security. In the defeated France, the French Communist Party would be very strong. A Communist revolution would follow inevitably. We would exploit this in order to come to the aid of France and to win it over as an ally. Later these peoples who fell under the “protection” of a victorious Germany likewise would become our allies. We would have a large arena in which to develop the world revolution.'' ''Comrades! It is in the interests of the USSR, the Land of the Toilers, that war breaks out between the Reich and the capitalist Anglo-French bloc. Everything must be done so that the war lasts as long as possible in order that both sides become exhausted. Namely for this reason we must agree to the pact proposed by Germany and use it so that once this war is declared, it will last for a maximum amount of time. We must step up our propaganda within the combatant countries so that they are prepared for that time when the war ends."''</ref>

It seems that Stalin anticipated this less than Hitler, who, in June 1941 invaded the Soviet Union with the largest land army ever assembled. It consisted of 170 divisions, or 3.5 million troops. Stalin was caught off guard, and the [[Nazis]] blazed a path through the Ukraine and European Russia. Reaching [[Moscow]] in October 1941, the Nazis threatened Stalin and the entire Soviet Union with defeat. In only 6 months, the Nazis controlled one third of the Soviet economy, a total of 5% of the Earth's surface. Hitler's troops were defeated at Moscow during the winter of 1941-42 after Stalin appointed [[Yorky Zhukov]] as commander of the Red Army. A spy in the German embassy in Tokyo, [[Richard Sorge]], informed Stalin that Japan was not going to attack [[Siberia]], freeing thousands of winter ski-troops to move to Moscow to defeat the Nazis. It was during this time that Stalin famously invoked the name of [[God]] and allowed religious services to be conducted after 20 plus years of repression. Also, 1500 factories were evacuated and restored in Siberia and 12-15 million workers were moved east of the [[Urals]], where Soviet production was higher than Germany's in 1942, despite Germany holding some 50% of Soviet industry.

The Red Army went on the offensive after the defense of Moscow, but soon the Nazis gained the advantage and pushed to Stalingrad. More than one million troops fought on each side in urban combat. Hitler refused to allow surrender, and eventually the Nazis were encircled and routed. After turning the tide of war in Stalingrad, the 1943 [[Kursk]] tank battle was decisive in pushing the Nazis from European Russia. In two years, the Red Army pushed the Nazis all the way back to [[Berlin]]. Stalin used his control of Eastern Europe to extract concessions from [[President Roosevelt]] at Allied conferences, including control over the region. [[Winston Churchill]] warned against this very control, for he greatly feared Soviet hegemony in Europe. Victorious, Stalin named himself Generalissimo and became more popular than ever in the Soviet Union and more dangerous than ever to the capitalist world.

Over the course of World War II, around 25 million Russians died. Twenty million were in the armed services. The total number of 25 million reflects half of the worldwide losses of human life during World War II. The population did not recover until 1956. Many Soviet POWs, like famous writer [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]], were sent to the Gulag after the war because they had fallen into German hands, and were accused of being spies. This swelled the prison camps by the thousands.

==Post-War Period and Death==
Similar to the 1930s, Stalin undertook a harsh campaign of industrialization, which hurt the Soviets as much as it helped them rebuild. Money was devalued to one-tenth of its previous value, 2 million German and Japanese POWs were forced to stay in the Soviet Union and rebuild the country, and 10% of investment from 1945-46 was from looted machinery. The crops produced by household plots were collected by the government to sell, and a famine in 1947 caused by drought and Soviet single-crop farming killed 2 million. The recovery was built on the Soviet subjects.
[[Image:Stalinfuneral.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Right to left:'' Lavrenti Beria, Georgi Malenkov, Vassily Stalin, V.M. Molotov, Nikolai Bulganin]]
After World War II, Stalin's [[cult of personality]] emerged as the dominant force of Soviet life. He was credited as the savior of the Soviet Union and the architect of victory, though it was really General Zhukov who was responsible for most of this. The communist youth group, the [[Komsomol]], devoted songs to "the Father of All Nations" or "the Driver of the Locomotive of History." Party membership increased by one million people between 1945 and 1953. Books quoted Stalin as an expert in communism, while he was often photographed surrounded by children to make him seem friendlier. This all served to form a deep, personal connection with Stalin for many Soviets. Indeed, he was loved by the Soviets. Between 1949 and 1952 Stalin increasingly took vacations and met with the [[Politburo]] less and less.

The atheistic Stalin became increasingly paranoid as he grew older.<ref name="BBC Stalin"/> He eventually suffered from a stroke on March 1, 1953. Ironically, his own megalomaniacal nature beforehand ensured no one dared try to check up on him, as his own guards feared checking up on him lest they be executed due to his leaving explicit orders to not disturb him in his room. Following a stroke on March 1, 1953, Stalin died on March 5 after a period of declining performance. On his deathbed, he also glared at the attendees with disgust and wordlessly pointed at each of them before eventually pointing at a wall, with Svetlina, his daughter, recalling this event, indicating this was the most haunting event she ever experienced. When he died in 1953 an anxious mob at his viewing crushed and trampled some mourners to death. Dissidents like Sakharov, the man forced in a prison to build the Soviet atom bomb, cried upon hearing that Stalin had died, despite their intense hatred of him. Despite his terror, he had convinced millions that he was their father. When he died a short power struggle ensued, one which led to the execution of KGB head [[Beria]] as a spy. Eventually [[Khrushchev]] became the General Secretary of the CPSU and denounced Stalin's repressive tactics, his purges, gulags, and his cult of personality in the [[Secret Speech]] at the 20th Party Congress of 1956. Gulags were dismantled and the political climate was slightly less tense, but Soviet oppression still continued. The period following Stalin's rule is called the "thaw," the start of life again after a long winter.

==Quotes==
* "The death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic." ~ to Churchill, 1945.

* "Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem"

* "Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas?"

* "It is enough that the people know there was an election. The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything"

* "The only real power comes out of a long rifle."

* "When we hang the capitalists they will sell us the rope we use."

* “Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army can reach.”

* [[C.S. Lewis]] wrote:
:Of all tyrannies, a [[tyranny]] sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most [[oppression|oppressive]]. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral [[busybody|busybodies]]. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own [[conscience]]. [http://www.tsowell.com/quotes.html]

* "The one aim of these [[banker|financiers]] is [[New World Order|world control]] by the creation of inextinguishable [[debt]]." - [[Henry Ford]]

* "Educate and inform the whole mass of [[citizen|the people]]... They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our [[liberty]]." -- [[Thomas Jefferson]]

==See also==
* [[Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism]]
* [[Stalinism]]
* [[Darwin-Stalin connection]]
* [[List of dictators]]
* [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]
* [[List of Communist States]]
* [[List of Socialist States]]
* [[Death toll of communism]]
* [[Liberal totalitarianism]]
*[[The Gulag Archipelago]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==

*Hosking, Geoffrey. ''The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.

*Kotkin, Stephen. ''Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization.'' Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1995.

*Scott, John. ''Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1989.

*Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]], 1918-1956''; an experiment in literary investigation'', Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney, Publisher New York, Harper & Row (1974–78), 1st Edition, pg. 67n.

{{Communism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stalin, Joseph}}
[[Category:Communists]]
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[[Category:Totalitarianism]]
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[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Russian History]]
[[Category:Marxism]]
[[Category:Soviet Leaders]]
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Police State]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Terrorists]]
[[Category:Former Christians]]
[[Category:Left-wing Nationalism]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of Cancel Culture]]
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[[Category:War Criminals]]

Joseph Stalin

2022-01-03T19:04:35Z

AbelBanquo: /* Stalin's Terror */ rival to Stalin leads him to destroy Party and all independent centers of power beginning in 1934.

{{Dictator bio
| image =[[Image:Stalin-140508 27880t.jpg|260px]]
| name =Joseph Stalin
| birth =December 18, 1878 Gori, Tiflis Governorate ([[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]]), Russian Empire
| parents =Vissarion Dzhugashvili Catherine Dzhugashvili
| religion =Georgian Orthodoxy (rejected) [[Atheism]]
| education =Tiflis Theological Seminary, Georgia
| spouse =Ekaterina Svanidze (d. 1906-1907) Nadezhda Alliluyeva (d. 1919-1932)
| children =Yakov Dzhugashvili Vasily Dzhugashvili Svetlana Alliluyeva
| death =March 5, 1953 Kuntsevo Dacha, Moscow
| deathmanner =Complications of a stroke
| burial =Near the Kremlin Wall, Moscow, Russia
| country =[[Soviet Union]]
| military =Soviet Armed Forces (1943–1953)
| rank =Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943–1945) (de jure) Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (1945–1953) (de facto)
| polbeliefs =[[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]
| party =[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
| dictatordate =By 1929
| war =[[Great Purge]]
| deathnumber =8,000,000 according to soviet records 20,000,000 is the average estimate while 62,000,000 is the high estimate
}}
'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin''' (born '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili '''; Russian: Ио́сиф Виссарио́нович Джугашви́ли) (1878 - 1953) was the dictator of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of the [[Communist Party]] of the [[Soviet Union]] ([[CPSU]]) from 1922 until his death from a stroke in 1953. <ref name="BBC Stalin">https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml</ref> Joseph Stalin, who was a brutal proponent of [[atheism|atheistic]] [[Communism]], was greatly influenced by the work of the [[evolution|neo-Lamarckian]] [[Trofim Denisovich Lysenko]] as were other Communist leaders.<ref>https://creation.com/the-darwinian-foundation-of-communism</ref><ref>https://creation.com/stalins-ape-man-superwarriors</ref><ref>https://creation.com/a-tale-of-four-countries</ref><ref>https://creation.com/darwin-trotsky-connection</ref> During 1942 - 1943, knowing that few people were inspired by Communism, Stalin reinstated the Russian Orthodox Church in order to boost morale while The USSR was at war with [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2008/08/stalin-reinstates-church-1942-43.html</ref><ref>http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/frroman1.aspx</ref> When the war ended, many Red Army soldiers and Christians who defeated [[fascism]] were shipped off to Soviet [[concentration camp]]s - the [[gulag]]. On a similar note, largely because his predecessor Vladimir Lenin's passage of unrestricted abortion threatening to cause all of the USSR to die out quickly, Stalin also ended up making abortions temporarily illegal during the 1930s.<ref>https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2020/11/17/november-1920-2020-a-century-of-abortion-in-russia/</ref>

The son of a poor Georgian cobbler, Stalin was a former seminary student who joined the Communist Party when Georgia was still under the rule of the Russian Tsar. He became one of [[Lenin|Lenin's]] closest allies when the Kerensky regime was overthrown by Lenin's faction in 1917. During the [[Russian Civil War]] Stalin, who chose his name from the Russian word for steel, held the city of Tsaritsen on the Volga from counter-revolutionary forces. Stalin later renamed Tsaritsen [[Stalingrad]] in honor of his victory; Stalingrad would be the site of [[Germany]]'s massive defeat in [[World War II]].

Stalin was affectionately known as "Uncle Joe"<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Uncle-Joe-FDR-DEEP-STATE/dp/0692939784</ref> by [[Democrat]]s before [[Joseph Biden]] adopted the nickname.<ref>https://archive.is/XjGXa</ref>

==Rise to Power==
Stalin was tapped by the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police, as a low-level informer shortly after he was expelled from the Tiflis seminary in 1899. Stalin then began to systematically inform on revolutionary comrades in party organizations in Tiflis, Baku, and Batum over the next few years. He acquired a highly unsavory reputation among the [[Social democracy|Social Democrats]] of these cities and was finally arrested for cover purposes in 1902 when suspicions about him were about to boil over. It was the Okhrana that furnished the invisible means of support for the family he acquired after 1904.

In 1917, the Commissariat of Nationalities was formed with Stalin as its Commissar (Minister). The Commissariat addressed the question of the nationalities of the Russian Empire, and helped integrate them into the [[Soviet Union]]. From 1919-1922 he was also the People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection (Rabkrin, from the Russian), which was founded to be a check on the burgeoning Soviet bureaucracy.

In 1920, Stalin was tasked with invading Poland and then Germany, after having chased the Polish army out of a Ukrainian revolt it had aided. However, when the Red Army reached Warsaw, they were defeated in battle and forced to retreat back to Russia. This damaged Stalin's reputation as a general and helped persuade Lenin to adopt the long-term strategy of inducing another European war through political agitation and seizing the opportunity to invade when the nations were thought to be at their weakest.

In 1922, Lenin named Stalin General Secretary of the CPSU. In 1924 Stalin in turn created the "Secret Department," a unit of 94 of his personal functionaries that maintained special privileges as the ''[[nomenklatura]]'', or a list of trusted individuals. He also appointed regional party secretaries who all, of course, supported Stalin. Through the Secret Department Stalin gained control of the [[Red Army]] after removing [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1925 and the OGPU (later, [[KGB]]) when its leader [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] died in 1926. Lenin had foreseen all of this and had warned in his last testament that Stalin should be removed from General Secretary because the position's power was unlimited.
[[Image:Stalin-Lenin.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lenin]] left, Stalin right]]
Stalin, however, did not allow this to happen. His most powerful rival, Leon Trotsky, who was the commander of the Red Army, was painted as a danger to the Revolution, because he continued to push the idea of international revolution; the "left opposition." Other Soviet leaders, like [[Zinoviev]], leader of the [[Comintern]], and [[Kaminev]], the head of the Communist Party in Moscow, were painted with the same brush because they supported Trotsky and did not wish to expel him from the CPSU in 1927. Later, he accused his ally [[Bukharin]] of being a member of the "right opposition," i.e. he was in favor of a more capitalistic economic system, as seen under the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) of the early 1920s. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico in 1940 by [[Ramón Mercader]] in an extensive conspiracy that included underground operatives from the [[Communist Party of the United States]] (CPUSA). Zinoviev, Kaminev, and Bukharin were the center of the infamous "[[Great Purge|show trials]]" of the 1930s. All were put to death.

==Objectives of the Comintern==
In 1932, [[Sergei Ivanovich Gussev]], who had served as [[Comintern]] agent and Stalin's personal representative in the United States, "commanded the [[Communist Party of the United States|Communists in the United States]] to take up four tasks. Two of them were the defence of the Soviet Union and the furtherance of Red conquest of [[China]]." In 1933 the notorious [[Gerhart Eisler]] "was secretly sent into the United States by Moscow to make sure these orders were carried out."<ref>[[Louis F. Budenz]], ''The Techniques of Communism'', (Chicago: Henry Regnery and Company, 1954), pp. 162-163.</ref> [[Edgar Snow]] wrote in his 1937 book, ''Red Star Over China,'' "The political ideology, tactical line and theoretical leadership of the [[Chinese Communists]] have been under the close guidance, if not positive direction, of the Communist International, which during the last decade has become virtually a bureau of the [[Russian Communist Party]]. In the final analysis this means that for better or worse, the policies of the Chinese Communists, like the Communists in every other country, have had to fall in line with, and usually subordinate themselves to, the broad strategic requirements of [[Soviet Russia]], under the dictatorship of Stalin."<ref>''Red Star Over China'' by Edgar Snow, New York, 1937, pg. 374.</ref>

==Catch and Overtake==
In 1928 Stalin decided that the Soviet Union was not properly industrialized to enjoy a communist future, so he initiated the First Five Year Plan and the campaign to collectivize agriculture in order to "build socialism," and to "catch and overtake" the capitalist world. Stalin fanned the fires of collectivization, claiming that peasants had been hoarding grain and that they needed to be controlled. Under this program, rich peasants (kulaks), were exiled or killed for being enemies of the people, and peasants' land was taken in order to introduce collective farming to expedite grain appropriations. Many were called kulaks by jealous neighbors, while the peasants who remained were often the laziest and most ill-suited to producing enough grain. Collectivization caused massive famine in Russia, particularly in [[Ukraine]] (see [[Holodomor]]), where Stalin ordered the Red Army to blockade certain regions and take grain by force. It is estimated that the famine of 1931-33 killed 6-7 million people, while 20 million starved.

The First Five Year Plan was a program of crash-industrialization. After [[World War I]] and the Russian Civil War Russia had an industrial capacity equal to that of its 1861 capacity. The only way for Russia to be able to break the "capitalist encirclement," Stalin declared, was to industrialize. Brigades of shock workers were formed to work faster and harder than the world had ever seen. Most of this, however, was pure propaganda, although the shock workers did set the record for concrete poured in a single shift. Compared to the capitalist world which was experiencing the Great Depression, Soviet growth was impressive. Between 1929 and 1937, 8,000 factories were constructed, average GDP growth was around 10%, and the official unemployment statistics, which included gulag detainees, was 0. In 1936, after the Second Five Year Plan, Stalin declared socialism "built." Nevertheless, the capitalist world lived better than the Soviet Union, despite the Great Depression. [[John Scott]], an American CPUSA member and Comintern operative who was living in the Soviet Union during the Five Year Plans, notes this in his memoirs of that period ''Behind the Urals.'' The legacy of the Five Year Plans (most of which Stalin declared "completed" in 4 years) injured the Soviet's production models, because the encouraged quantity and speed over quality. However, the planning of the 1930s enabled the Russians to defeat the Nazis in the 1940s.<ref>Suvorov, Viktor. ''Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?// (Viking Press/Hamish Hamilton; 1990) ISBN 0241126223.</ref>

==Stalin's Terror==
In 1934, Sergei Kirov was approached by Communist Party delegates to run against Stalin for Secretary General. This initiated Stalin's campaign to destroy the independence of the Communist Party along with all other Soviet groups that might provide independent centers of power. By the next Party Congress in 1939, 98% of its former delegates had been executed or sent to the Gulag.

Between 1936 and 1938, Joseph Stalin launched his purges to rid the Soviet Union of "fifth columnists," or spies who were loyal to the [[capitalist]] world. During the Terror 3 million people were arrested on various and often made-up charges, while 750,000 were executed. Due to the interrogation techniques of the NKVD (later, KGB), which often were torturous, most of those arrested confessed and were sent to work camps, called the [[Gulag]] for 10 years and sometimes even 25. Here, prisoners were forced to labor in mines, to log forests, or to do construction. Few lived through their sentences.

In early 1937, a senior officer of the OGPU (KGB) stumbled upon a highly classified file in the old archives of the Tsarist secret police, the Okhrana. It detailed the work of one J. V. Djugashvili as an informant and agent provocateur for the Okhrana inside the Bolshevik Party before the Russian Revolution. The OGPU officer, Stein, was shocked. Djugashvili was the true name of Stalin who was now purging the Old Bolsheviks on charges of being foreign spies and counter-revolutionaries.

Stein took the file to a close friend, the head of the OGPU in the Ukraine, who went over it carefully with his trusted deputy, Zinovy Katsnelson, a cousin and close friend of Alexander Orlov. Convinced of its authenticity, they shared it with Jonah Yakir, commander of the Red Army in the Ukraine, and Stanislav Kossior, secretary of the Communist Party in the Ukraine. Alarmed by the file's revelations, Yakir flew to Moscow and revealed its contents to [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], Supreme Commander of the Red Army. They brought his deputy, Yan Gamarnik, into their confidence and decided to overthrow Stalin in a coup d'état, denounce him and execute him.

As the coup plan was being developed, Katsnelson traveled to Paris and informed Orlov. The plot was foiled and Orlov's fate was sealed.

The infamous show trials of former leaders of the Soviet Union occurred during this period, where they were accused of working with Trotsky or sabotaging the Soviet Union. Stalin also eviscerated the high command of the Red Army, killing 90% of the leadership. The minions of oppression were not spared either; of the NKVD's 809 officials, 43 lived through the purges. The leadership of the communist party was persecuted as well. For example, in 1934 130 members of the 139-member Central Committee were arrested. The Terror forever made Russians afraid to speak out against the government, and also made sure that no one but Stalin could ever rule the Soviet Union as effectively. This also ensured that the Red Army could not fight effectively when Nazi Germany invaded the USSR during Operation Barbarossa.

==Famine of 1933==
{{main|Holodomor}}
* "This famine was deliberately engineered by the regime of Joseph Stalin {{years since|1933}} years ago claimed millions of lives, mostly in [[Ukraine]] but also in some other parts of the [[Soviet Union]]. It is today considered one of the worst [[atrocities]] of the Soviet regime and a terrifying act of [[genocide]]. Even so, the famine of 1933 is relatively unknown. ... Estimates of how many people died in Stalin's engineered [[famine]] of 1933 vary. But they are staggering in their scale -- between seven and 11 million people."<ref>[http://www.ukemonde.com/news/rferl.html Stalin's Starvation of Ukraine – Seventy Years Later, World Still Largely Unaware Of Tragedy], By Askold Krushelnycky, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Prague, 8 April 2003.</ref>

Besides Ukraine, the Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia were also affected.<ref>[https://www.philosophy.nsc.ru/sites/default/files/journals-old/humscience/2_98/15-MAL.HTM] (Russian)</ref><ref>http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2003/0101/analit02.php (Russian)</ref>

==Censorship and propaganda policies==
{{Main|Atheism and historical revisionism}}

During Stalin's time in power, Stalin often altered various newspapers to push his agenda, and even edited out anyone who displeased him, which was most infamously evident with former NKVD head [[Nikolai Yezhov]] subsequent to his death in 1940 via execution, where a photograph of him walking with Stalin near the Moscow-Volga Canal had Yezhov airbrushed out. Ironically, after his death and Khrushchev's secret speech, Stalin himself would end up falling victim to the very same censorship policies he himself had used against his enemies, with footage of him in Soviet propaganda films depicting Lenin's rise to power often adding in a silhouette of a soldier conveniently placed in where Stalin was in the original footage.

==World War II==
To avoid war with [[Nazi Germany]], Stalin ordered the Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union, [[Molotov]], to sign a non-aggression pact with [[Adolf Hitler]], named the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], on August 19, 1939. The treaty detailed the agreement to split up [[Poland]] between Germany and the Soviet Union, give Stalin the Baltic Republics of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Estonia]], and to allow the Soviets to wage war on [[Finland]], a war that ended in a humiliating Soviet defeat. Part of the reason why Stalin arranged for the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was so he would use Nazi Germany and have them fight a prolonged front against France and Britain so as to weaken Europe enough to have Communism spread quickly through the continent, largely because he realized war would have benefitted Communism's spread better than peace. Both sides, however, knew that they would eventually engage in hostilities.<ref>Albert L. Weeks: Stalin`s Other War. Soviet Grand Strategy 1939-1941 Rowman & Littlefield, USA 2002 '''STALIN:''' ''"The question of war or peace has entered a critical phase for us. If we conclude a mutual assistance treaty with France and Great Britain, Germany will back off of Poland and seek a modus vivendi with the Western Powers. War would thus be prevented but future events could take a serious turn for the USSR.'' ''"If we accept Germany’s proposal to conclude with it a non-aggression pact, Germany will then attack Poland and Europe will be thrown into serious acts of unrest and disorder. Under these circumstances we will have many chances of remaining out of the conflict while being able to hope for our own timely entrance into war.'' ''"The experience of the past 20 years shows that in peacetime it is impossible to maintain a Communist movement throughout Europe that would be strong enough so that a Bolshevik party could seize power. A dictatorship by this party becomes possible only as a result of a big war. We are making our choice and it is clear. We must accept the German proposal and politely send the Anglo-French delegations back home. The first advantage we will get will be the destruction of Poland up to the very approaches to Warsaw, including Ukrainian Galicia.'' ''"Germany has given us full leeway in the Baltic countries and has no objection to returning Bessarabia to the USSR. Germany is also prepared to yield on giving us a sphere of influence in Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. The question of Yugoslavia still remains open.'' ''"At the same time we must anticipate what will ensue from the destruction of Germany in war as well as from a German victory. If it is destroyed, the sovietization of Germany follows inevitably and a Communist government will be established. We must not forget that a sovietized Germany would face great danger if such sovietization occurred after the defeat of Germany in a short war. England and France would be powerful enough to seize Berlin and destroy a Soviet Germany. We would not be able to come to the aid of our Bolshevik comrades in Germany.'' ''"Therefore, our task consists in helping Germany wage war for as long as possible with the aim in view that England and France would be in no condition to defeat a sovietized Germany. While hewing to a policy of neutrality and while waiting for its hour to come, the USSR will lend aid to today’s Germany and supply it with raw materials and foodstuff. Of course, it follows that we will not allow such shipments to jeopardize our economy or weaken our armed might."'' ''"At the same time we must conduct active Communist propaganda especially as directed at the Anglo-French bloc and primarily in France. We must be prepared for the fact that in France in wartime the Communist Party there must abandon legal activities and go underground. We realize that such work will require an enormous sacrifice in lives. However, we have no doubts about our French comrades. Above all, their task will be to break up and demoralize the French army and police. If this preparatory work is completed in a satisfactory way, the security of Soviet Germany is assured. This will likewise ensure the sovietization of France.'' ''"To realize these plans it is necessary that war last as long as possible and that all efforts should be made, whether in Western Europe or the Balkans, to see that this happens.'' ''"Let us look now at the second possibility – namely, that Germany becomes the victor. Some propose that this turn of events would present us with a serious danger. There is some truth in this notion. But it would be erroneous to believe that such a danger is as near and as great as they assume. If Germany achieves victory in the war, it will emerge from it in such a depleted state that to start a conflict with the USSR will take at least 10 years.'' ''"Germany’s main task would be then to keep watch on the defeated England and France to prevent their restoration. On the other hand, a victorious Germany would have at its disposal a large territory. Over the course of many years, Germany would be preoccupied with the exploitation of these territories and establishing in them the German order. Obviously, Germany would be too preoccupied to move against us.'' ''"There is still another factor that enhances our security. In the defeated France, the French Communist Party would be very strong. A Communist revolution would follow inevitably. We would exploit this in order to come to the aid of France and to win it over as an ally. Later these peoples who fell under the “protection” of a victorious Germany likewise would become our allies. We would have a large arena in which to develop the world revolution.'' ''Comrades! It is in the interests of the USSR, the Land of the Toilers, that war breaks out between the Reich and the capitalist Anglo-French bloc. Everything must be done so that the war lasts as long as possible in order that both sides become exhausted. Namely for this reason we must agree to the pact proposed by Germany and use it so that once this war is declared, it will last for a maximum amount of time. We must step up our propaganda within the combatant countries so that they are prepared for that time when the war ends."''</ref>

It seems that Stalin anticipated this less than Hitler, who, in June 1941 invaded the Soviet Union with the largest land army ever assembled. It consisted of 170 divisions, or 3.5 million troops. Stalin was caught off guard, and the [[Nazis]] blazed a path through the Ukraine and European Russia. Reaching [[Moscow]] in October 1941, the Nazis threatened Stalin and the entire Soviet Union with defeat. In only 6 months, the Nazis controlled one third of the Soviet economy, a total of 5% of the Earth's surface. Hitler's troops were defeated at Moscow during the winter of 1941-42 after Stalin appointed [[Yorky Zhukov]] as commander of the Red Army. A spy in the German embassy in Tokyo, [[Richard Sorge]], informed Stalin that Japan was not going to attack [[Siberia]], freeing thousands of winter ski-troops to move to Moscow to defeat the Nazis. It was during this time that Stalin famously invoked the name of [[God]] and allowed religious services to be conducted after 20 plus years of repression. Also, 1500 factories were evacuated and restored in Siberia and 12-15 million workers were moved east of the [[Urals]], where Soviet production was higher than Germany's in 1942, despite Germany holding some 50% of Soviet industry.

The Red Army went on the offensive after the defense of Moscow, but soon the Nazis gained the advantage and pushed to Stalingrad. More than one million troops fought on each side in urban combat. Hitler refused to allow surrender, and eventually the Nazis were encircled and routed. After turning the tide of war in Stalingrad, the 1943 [[Kursk]] tank battle was decisive in pushing the Nazis from European Russia. In two years, the Red Army pushed the Nazis all the way back to [[Berlin]]. Stalin used his control of Eastern Europe to extract concessions from [[President Roosevelt]] at Allied conferences, including control over the region. [[Winston Churchill]] warned against this very control, for he greatly feared Soviet hegemony in Europe. Victorious, Stalin named himself Generalissimo and became more popular than ever in the Soviet Union and more dangerous than ever to the capitalist world.

Over the course of World War II, around 25 million Russians died. Twenty million were in the armed services. The total number of 25 million reflects half of the worldwide losses of human life during World War II. The population did not recover until 1956. Many Soviet POWs, like famous writer [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]], were sent to the Gulag after the war because they had fallen into German hands, and were accused of being spies. This swelled the prison camps by the thousands.

==Post-War Period and Death==
Similar to the 1930s, Stalin undertook a harsh campaign of industrialization, which hurt the Soviets as much as it helped them rebuild. Money was devalued to one-tenth of its previous value, 2 million German and Japanese POWs were forced to stay in the Soviet Union and rebuild the country, and 10% of investment from 1945-46 was from looted machinery. The crops produced by household plots were collected by the government to sell, and a famine in 1947 caused by drought and Soviet single-crop farming killed 2 million. The recovery was built on the Soviet subjects.
[[Image:Stalinfuneral.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Right to left:'' Lavrenti Beria, Georgi Malenkov, Vassily Stalin, V.M. Molotov, Nikolai Bulganin]]
After World War II, Stalin's [[cult of personality]] emerged as the dominant force of Soviet life. He was credited as the savior of the Soviet Union and the architect of victory, though it was really General Zhukov who was responsible for most of this. The communist youth group, the [[Komsomol]], devoted songs to "the Father of All Nations" or "the Driver of the Locomotive of History." Party membership increased by one million people between 1945 and 1953. Books quoted Stalin as an expert in communism, while he was often photographed surrounded by children to make him seem friendlier. This all served to form a deep, personal connection with Stalin for many Soviets. Indeed, he was loved by the Soviets. Between 1949 and 1952 Stalin increasingly took vacations and met with the [[Politburo]] less and less.

The atheistic Stalin became increasingly paranoid as he grew older.<ref name="BBC Stalin"/> He eventually suffered from a stroke on March 1, 1953. Ironically, his own megalomaniacal nature beforehand ensured no one dared try to check up on him, as his own guards feared checking up on him lest they be executed due to his leaving explicit orders to not disturb him in his room. Following a stroke on March 1, 1953, Stalin died on March 5 after a period of declining performance. On his deathbed, he also glared at the attendees with disgust and wordlessly pointed at each of them before eventually pointing at a wall, with Svetlina, his daughter, recalling this event, indicating this was the most haunting event she ever experienced. When he died in 1953 an anxious mob at his viewing crushed and trampled some mourners to death. Dissidents like Sakharov, the man forced in a prison to build the Soviet atom bomb, cried upon hearing that Stalin had died, despite their intense hatred of him. Despite his terror, he had convinced millions that he was their father. When he died a short power struggle ensued, one which led to the execution of KGB head [[Beria]] as a spy. Eventually [[Khrushchev]] became the General Secretary of the CPSU and denounced Stalin's repressive tactics, his purges, gulags, and his cult of personality in the [[Secret Speech]] at the 20th Party Congress of 1956. Gulags were dismantled and the political climate was slightly less tense, but Soviet oppression still continued. The period following Stalin's rule is called the "thaw," the start of life again after a long winter.

==Quotes==
* "The death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic." ~ to Churchill, 1945.

* "Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem"

* "Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas?"

* "It is enough that the people know there was an election. The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything"

* "The only real power comes out of a long rifle."

* "When we hang the capitalists they will sell us the rope we use."

* “Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army can reach.”

* [[C.S. Lewis]] wrote:
:Of all tyrannies, a [[tyranny]] sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most [[oppression|oppressive]]. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral [[busybody|busybodies]]. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own [[conscience]]. [http://www.tsowell.com/quotes.html]

* "The one aim of these [[banker|financiers]] is [[New World Order|world control]] by the creation of inextinguishable [[debt]]." - [[Henry Ford]]

* "Educate and inform the whole mass of [[citizen|the people]]... They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our [[liberty]]." -- [[Thomas Jefferson]]

==See also==
* [[Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism]]
* [[Stalinism]]
* [[Darwin-Stalin connection]]
* [[List of dictators]]
* [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]
* [[List of Communist States]]
* [[List of Socialist States]]
* [[Death toll of communism]]
* [[Liberal totalitarianism]]
*[[The Gulag Archipelago]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==

*Hosking, Geoffrey. ''The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.

*Kotkin, Stephen. ''Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization.'' Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1995.

*Scott, John. ''Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1989.

*Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]], 1918-1956''; an experiment in literary investigation'', Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney, Publisher New York, Harper & Row (1974–78), 1st Edition, pg. 67n.

{{Communism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stalin, Joseph}}
[[Category:Communists]]
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[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Russian History]]
[[Category:Marxism]]
[[Category:Soviet Leaders]]
[[Category:Atheists]]
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[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]
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[[Category:Former Christians]]
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[[Category:War Criminals]]

Joseph Stalin

2022-01-03T18:31:22Z

AbelBanquo: /* Rise to Power */ + Lenin's strategy.

{{Dictator bio
| image =[[Image:Stalin-140508 27880t.jpg|260px]]
| name =Joseph Stalin
| birth =December 18, 1878 Gori, Tiflis Governorate ([[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]]), Russian Empire
| parents =Vissarion Dzhugashvili Catherine Dzhugashvili
| religion =Georgian Orthodoxy (rejected) [[Atheism]]
| education =Tiflis Theological Seminary, Georgia
| spouse =Ekaterina Svanidze (d. 1906-1907) Nadezhda Alliluyeva (d. 1919-1932)
| children =Yakov Dzhugashvili Vasily Dzhugashvili Svetlana Alliluyeva
| death =March 5, 1953 Kuntsevo Dacha, Moscow
| deathmanner =Complications of a stroke
| burial =Near the Kremlin Wall, Moscow, Russia
| country =[[Soviet Union]]
| military =Soviet Armed Forces (1943–1953)
| rank =Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943–1945) (de jure) Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (1945–1953) (de facto)
| polbeliefs =[[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]
| party =[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
| dictatordate =By 1929
| war =[[Great Purge]]
| deathnumber =8,000,000 according to soviet records 20,000,000 is the average estimate while 62,000,000 is the high estimate
}}
'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin''' (born '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili '''; Russian: Ио́сиф Виссарио́нович Джугашви́ли) (1878 - 1953) was the dictator of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of the [[Communist Party]] of the [[Soviet Union]] ([[CPSU]]) from 1922 until his death from a stroke in 1953. <ref name="BBC Stalin">https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml</ref> Joseph Stalin, who was a brutal proponent of [[atheism|atheistic]] [[Communism]], was greatly influenced by the work of the [[evolution|neo-Lamarckian]] [[Trofim Denisovich Lysenko]] as were other Communist leaders.<ref>https://creation.com/the-darwinian-foundation-of-communism</ref><ref>https://creation.com/stalins-ape-man-superwarriors</ref><ref>https://creation.com/a-tale-of-four-countries</ref><ref>https://creation.com/darwin-trotsky-connection</ref> During 1942 - 1943, knowing that few people were inspired by Communism, Stalin reinstated the Russian Orthodox Church in order to boost morale while The USSR was at war with [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2008/08/stalin-reinstates-church-1942-43.html</ref><ref>http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/frroman1.aspx</ref> When the war ended, many Red Army soldiers and Christians who defeated [[fascism]] were shipped off to Soviet [[concentration camp]]s - the [[gulag]]. On a similar note, largely because his predecessor Vladimir Lenin's passage of unrestricted abortion threatening to cause all of the USSR to die out quickly, Stalin also ended up making abortions temporarily illegal during the 1930s.<ref>https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2020/11/17/november-1920-2020-a-century-of-abortion-in-russia/</ref>

The son of a poor Georgian cobbler, Stalin was a former seminary student who joined the Communist Party when Georgia was still under the rule of the Russian Tsar. He became one of [[Lenin|Lenin's]] closest allies when the Kerensky regime was overthrown by Lenin's faction in 1917. During the [[Russian Civil War]] Stalin, who chose his name from the Russian word for steel, held the city of Tsaritsen on the Volga from counter-revolutionary forces. Stalin later renamed Tsaritsen [[Stalingrad]] in honor of his victory; Stalingrad would be the site of [[Germany]]'s massive defeat in [[World War II]].

Stalin was affectionately known as "Uncle Joe"<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Uncle-Joe-FDR-DEEP-STATE/dp/0692939784</ref> by [[Democrat]]s before [[Joseph Biden]] adopted the nickname.<ref>https://archive.is/XjGXa</ref>

==Rise to Power==
Stalin was tapped by the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police, as a low-level informer shortly after he was expelled from the Tiflis seminary in 1899. Stalin then began to systematically inform on revolutionary comrades in party organizations in Tiflis, Baku, and Batum over the next few years. He acquired a highly unsavory reputation among the [[Social democracy|Social Democrats]] of these cities and was finally arrested for cover purposes in 1902 when suspicions about him were about to boil over. It was the Okhrana that furnished the invisible means of support for the family he acquired after 1904.

In 1917, the Commissariat of Nationalities was formed with Stalin as its Commissar (Minister). The Commissariat addressed the question of the nationalities of the Russian Empire, and helped integrate them into the [[Soviet Union]]. From 1919-1922 he was also the People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection (Rabkrin, from the Russian), which was founded to be a check on the burgeoning Soviet bureaucracy.

In 1920, Stalin was tasked with invading Poland and then Germany, after having chased the Polish army out of a Ukrainian revolt it had aided. However, when the Red Army reached Warsaw, they were defeated in battle and forced to retreat back to Russia. This damaged Stalin's reputation as a general and helped persuade Lenin to adopt the long-term strategy of inducing another European war through political agitation and seizing the opportunity to invade when the nations were thought to be at their weakest.

In 1922, Lenin named Stalin General Secretary of the CPSU. In 1924 Stalin in turn created the "Secret Department," a unit of 94 of his personal functionaries that maintained special privileges as the ''[[nomenklatura]]'', or a list of trusted individuals. He also appointed regional party secretaries who all, of course, supported Stalin. Through the Secret Department Stalin gained control of the [[Red Army]] after removing [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1925 and the OGPU (later, [[KGB]]) when its leader [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] died in 1926. Lenin had foreseen all of this and had warned in his last testament that Stalin should be removed from General Secretary because the position's power was unlimited.
[[Image:Stalin-Lenin.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lenin]] left, Stalin right]]
Stalin, however, did not allow this to happen. His most powerful rival, Leon Trotsky, who was the commander of the Red Army, was painted as a danger to the Revolution, because he continued to push the idea of international revolution; the "left opposition." Other Soviet leaders, like [[Zinoviev]], leader of the [[Comintern]], and [[Kaminev]], the head of the Communist Party in Moscow, were painted with the same brush because they supported Trotsky and did not wish to expel him from the CPSU in 1927. Later, he accused his ally [[Bukharin]] of being a member of the "right opposition," i.e. he was in favor of a more capitalistic economic system, as seen under the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) of the early 1920s. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico in 1940 by [[Ramón Mercader]] in an extensive conspiracy that included underground operatives from the [[Communist Party of the United States]] (CPUSA). Zinoviev, Kaminev, and Bukharin were the center of the infamous "[[Great Purge|show trials]]" of the 1930s. All were put to death.

==Objectives of the Comintern==
In 1932, [[Sergei Ivanovich Gussev]], who had served as [[Comintern]] agent and Stalin's personal representative in the United States, "commanded the [[Communist Party of the United States|Communists in the United States]] to take up four tasks. Two of them were the defence of the Soviet Union and the furtherance of Red conquest of [[China]]." In 1933 the notorious [[Gerhart Eisler]] "was secretly sent into the United States by Moscow to make sure these orders were carried out."<ref>[[Louis F. Budenz]], ''The Techniques of Communism'', (Chicago: Henry Regnery and Company, 1954), pp. 162-163.</ref> [[Edgar Snow]] wrote in his 1937 book, ''Red Star Over China,'' "The political ideology, tactical line and theoretical leadership of the [[Chinese Communists]] have been under the close guidance, if not positive direction, of the Communist International, which during the last decade has become virtually a bureau of the [[Russian Communist Party]]. In the final analysis this means that for better or worse, the policies of the Chinese Communists, like the Communists in every other country, have had to fall in line with, and usually subordinate themselves to, the broad strategic requirements of [[Soviet Russia]], under the dictatorship of Stalin."<ref>''Red Star Over China'' by Edgar Snow, New York, 1937, pg. 374.</ref>

==Catch and Overtake==
In 1928 Stalin decided that the Soviet Union was not properly industrialized to enjoy a communist future, so he initiated the First Five Year Plan and the campaign to collectivize agriculture in order to "build socialism," and to "catch and overtake" the capitalist world. Stalin fanned the fires of collectivization, claiming that peasants had been hoarding grain and that they needed to be controlled. Under this program, rich peasants (kulaks), were exiled or killed for being enemies of the people, and peasants' land was taken in order to introduce collective farming to expedite grain appropriations. Many were called kulaks by jealous neighbors, while the peasants who remained were often the laziest and most ill-suited to producing enough grain. Collectivization caused massive famine in Russia, particularly in [[Ukraine]] (see [[Holodomor]]), where Stalin ordered the Red Army to blockade certain regions and take grain by force. It is estimated that the famine of 1931-33 killed 6-7 million people, while 20 million starved.

The First Five Year Plan was a program of crash-industrialization. After [[World War I]] and the Russian Civil War Russia had an industrial capacity equal to that of its 1861 capacity. The only way for Russia to be able to break the "capitalist encirclement," Stalin declared, was to industrialize. Brigades of shock workers were formed to work faster and harder than the world had ever seen. Most of this, however, was pure propaganda, although the shock workers did set the record for concrete poured in a single shift. Compared to the capitalist world which was experiencing the Great Depression, Soviet growth was impressive. Between 1929 and 1937, 8,000 factories were constructed, average GDP growth was around 10%, and the official unemployment statistics, which included gulag detainees, was 0. In 1936, after the Second Five Year Plan, Stalin declared socialism "built." Nevertheless, the capitalist world lived better than the Soviet Union, despite the Great Depression. [[John Scott]], an American CPUSA member and Comintern operative who was living in the Soviet Union during the Five Year Plans, notes this in his memoirs of that period ''Behind the Urals.'' The legacy of the Five Year Plans (most of which Stalin declared "completed" in 4 years) injured the Soviet's production models, because the encouraged quantity and speed over quality. However, the planning of the 1930s enabled the Russians to defeat the Nazis in the 1940s.<ref>Suvorov, Viktor. ''Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?// (Viking Press/Hamish Hamilton; 1990) ISBN 0241126223.</ref>

==Stalin's Terror==
Between 1936 and 1938, Joseph Stalin launched his purges to rid the Soviet Union of "fifth columnists," or spies who were loyal to the [[capitalist]] world. During the Terror 3 million people were arrested on various and often made-up charges, while 750,000 were executed. Due to the interrogation techniques of the NKVD (later, KGB), which often were torturous, most of those arrested confessed and were sent to work camps, called the [[Gulag]] for 10 years and sometimes even 25. Here, prisoners were forced to labor in mines, to log forests, or to do construction. Few lived through their sentences.

In early 1937, a senior officer of the OGPU (KGB) stumbled upon a highly classified file in the old archives of the Tsarist secret police, the Okhrana. It detailed the work of one J. V. Djugashvili as an informant and agent provocateur for the Okhrana inside the Bolshevik Party before the Russian Revolution. The OGPU officer, Stein, was shocked. Djugashvili was the true name of Stalin who was now purging the Old Bolsheviks on charges of being foreign spies and counter-revolutionaries.

Stein took the file to a close friend, the head of the OGPU in the Ukraine, who went over it carefully with his trusted deputy, Zinovy Katsnelson, a cousin and close friend of Alexander Orlov. Convinced of its authenticity, they shared it with Jonah Yakir, commander of the Red Army in the Ukraine, and Stanislav Kossior, secretary of the Communist Party in the Ukraine. Alarmed by the file's revelations, Yakir flew to Moscow and revealed its contents to [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], Supreme Commander of the Red Army. They brought his deputy, Yan Gamarnik, into their confidence and decided to overthrow Stalin in a coup d'état, denounce him and execute him.

As the coup plan was being developed, Katsnelson traveled to Paris and informed Orlov. The plot was foiled and Orlov's fate was sealed.

The infamous show trials of former leaders of the Soviet Union occurred during this period, where they were accused of working with Trotsky or sabotaging the Soviet Union. Stalin also eviscerated the high command of the Red Army, killing 90% of the leadership. The minions of oppression were not spared either; of the NKVD's 809 officials, 43 lived through the purges. The leadership of the communist party was persecuted as well. For example, in 1934 130 members of the 139-member Central Committee were arrested. The Terror forever made Russians afraid to speak out against the government, and also made sure that no one but Stalin could ever rule the Soviet Union as effectively. This also ensured that the Red Army could not fight effectively when Nazi Germany invaded the USSR during Operation Barbarossa.

==Famine of 1933==
{{main|Holodomor}}
* "This famine was deliberately engineered by the regime of Joseph Stalin {{years since|1933}} years ago claimed millions of lives, mostly in [[Ukraine]] but also in some other parts of the [[Soviet Union]]. It is today considered one of the worst [[atrocities]] of the Soviet regime and a terrifying act of [[genocide]]. Even so, the famine of 1933 is relatively unknown. ... Estimates of how many people died in Stalin's engineered [[famine]] of 1933 vary. But they are staggering in their scale -- between seven and 11 million people."<ref>[http://www.ukemonde.com/news/rferl.html Stalin's Starvation of Ukraine – Seventy Years Later, World Still Largely Unaware Of Tragedy], By Askold Krushelnycky, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Prague, 8 April 2003.</ref>

Besides Ukraine, the Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia were also affected.<ref>[https://www.philosophy.nsc.ru/sites/default/files/journals-old/humscience/2_98/15-MAL.HTM] (Russian)</ref><ref>http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2003/0101/analit02.php (Russian)</ref>

==Censorship and propaganda policies==
{{Main|Atheism and historical revisionism}}

During Stalin's time in power, Stalin often altered various newspapers to push his agenda, and even edited out anyone who displeased him, which was most infamously evident with former NKVD head [[Nikolai Yezhov]] subsequent to his death in 1940 via execution, where a photograph of him walking with Stalin near the Moscow-Volga Canal had Yezhov airbrushed out. Ironically, after his death and Khrushchev's secret speech, Stalin himself would end up falling victim to the very same censorship policies he himself had used against his enemies, with footage of him in Soviet propaganda films depicting Lenin's rise to power often adding in a silhouette of a soldier conveniently placed in where Stalin was in the original footage.

==World War II==
To avoid war with [[Nazi Germany]], Stalin ordered the Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union, [[Molotov]], to sign a non-aggression pact with [[Adolf Hitler]], named the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], on August 19, 1939. The treaty detailed the agreement to split up [[Poland]] between Germany and the Soviet Union, give Stalin the Baltic Republics of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Estonia]], and to allow the Soviets to wage war on [[Finland]], a war that ended in a humiliating Soviet defeat. Part of the reason why Stalin arranged for the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was so he would use Nazi Germany and have them fight a prolonged front against France and Britain so as to weaken Europe enough to have Communism spread quickly through the continent, largely because he realized war would have benefitted Communism's spread better than peace. Both sides, however, knew that they would eventually engage in hostilities.<ref>Albert L. Weeks: Stalin`s Other War. Soviet Grand Strategy 1939-1941 Rowman & Littlefield, USA 2002 '''STALIN:''' ''"The question of war or peace has entered a critical phase for us. If we conclude a mutual assistance treaty with France and Great Britain, Germany will back off of Poland and seek a modus vivendi with the Western Powers. War would thus be prevented but future events could take a serious turn for the USSR.'' ''"If we accept Germany’s proposal to conclude with it a non-aggression pact, Germany will then attack Poland and Europe will be thrown into serious acts of unrest and disorder. Under these circumstances we will have many chances of remaining out of the conflict while being able to hope for our own timely entrance into war.'' ''"The experience of the past 20 years shows that in peacetime it is impossible to maintain a Communist movement throughout Europe that would be strong enough so that a Bolshevik party could seize power. A dictatorship by this party becomes possible only as a result of a big war. We are making our choice and it is clear. We must accept the German proposal and politely send the Anglo-French delegations back home. The first advantage we will get will be the destruction of Poland up to the very approaches to Warsaw, including Ukrainian Galicia.'' ''"Germany has given us full leeway in the Baltic countries and has no objection to returning Bessarabia to the USSR. Germany is also prepared to yield on giving us a sphere of influence in Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. The question of Yugoslavia still remains open.'' ''"At the same time we must anticipate what will ensue from the destruction of Germany in war as well as from a German victory. If it is destroyed, the sovietization of Germany follows inevitably and a Communist government will be established. We must not forget that a sovietized Germany would face great danger if such sovietization occurred after the defeat of Germany in a short war. England and France would be powerful enough to seize Berlin and destroy a Soviet Germany. We would not be able to come to the aid of our Bolshevik comrades in Germany.'' ''"Therefore, our task consists in helping Germany wage war for as long as possible with the aim in view that England and France would be in no condition to defeat a sovietized Germany. While hewing to a policy of neutrality and while waiting for its hour to come, the USSR will lend aid to today’s Germany and supply it with raw materials and foodstuff. Of course, it follows that we will not allow such shipments to jeopardize our economy or weaken our armed might."'' ''"At the same time we must conduct active Communist propaganda especially as directed at the Anglo-French bloc and primarily in France. We must be prepared for the fact that in France in wartime the Communist Party there must abandon legal activities and go underground. We realize that such work will require an enormous sacrifice in lives. However, we have no doubts about our French comrades. Above all, their task will be to break up and demoralize the French army and police. If this preparatory work is completed in a satisfactory way, the security of Soviet Germany is assured. This will likewise ensure the sovietization of France.'' ''"To realize these plans it is necessary that war last as long as possible and that all efforts should be made, whether in Western Europe or the Balkans, to see that this happens.'' ''"Let us look now at the second possibility – namely, that Germany becomes the victor. Some propose that this turn of events would present us with a serious danger. There is some truth in this notion. But it would be erroneous to believe that such a danger is as near and as great as they assume. If Germany achieves victory in the war, it will emerge from it in such a depleted state that to start a conflict with the USSR will take at least 10 years.'' ''"Germany’s main task would be then to keep watch on the defeated England and France to prevent their restoration. On the other hand, a victorious Germany would have at its disposal a large territory. Over the course of many years, Germany would be preoccupied with the exploitation of these territories and establishing in them the German order. Obviously, Germany would be too preoccupied to move against us.'' ''"There is still another factor that enhances our security. In the defeated France, the French Communist Party would be very strong. A Communist revolution would follow inevitably. We would exploit this in order to come to the aid of France and to win it over as an ally. Later these peoples who fell under the “protection” of a victorious Germany likewise would become our allies. We would have a large arena in which to develop the world revolution.'' ''Comrades! It is in the interests of the USSR, the Land of the Toilers, that war breaks out between the Reich and the capitalist Anglo-French bloc. Everything must be done so that the war lasts as long as possible in order that both sides become exhausted. Namely for this reason we must agree to the pact proposed by Germany and use it so that once this war is declared, it will last for a maximum amount of time. We must step up our propaganda within the combatant countries so that they are prepared for that time when the war ends."''</ref>

It seems that Stalin anticipated this less than Hitler, who, in June 1941 invaded the Soviet Union with the largest land army ever assembled. It consisted of 170 divisions, or 3.5 million troops. Stalin was caught off guard, and the [[Nazis]] blazed a path through the Ukraine and European Russia. Reaching [[Moscow]] in October 1941, the Nazis threatened Stalin and the entire Soviet Union with defeat. In only 6 months, the Nazis controlled one third of the Soviet economy, a total of 5% of the Earth's surface. Hitler's troops were defeated at Moscow during the winter of 1941-42 after Stalin appointed [[Yorky Zhukov]] as commander of the Red Army. A spy in the German embassy in Tokyo, [[Richard Sorge]], informed Stalin that Japan was not going to attack [[Siberia]], freeing thousands of winter ski-troops to move to Moscow to defeat the Nazis. It was during this time that Stalin famously invoked the name of [[God]] and allowed religious services to be conducted after 20 plus years of repression. Also, 1500 factories were evacuated and restored in Siberia and 12-15 million workers were moved east of the [[Urals]], where Soviet production was higher than Germany's in 1942, despite Germany holding some 50% of Soviet industry.

The Red Army went on the offensive after the defense of Moscow, but soon the Nazis gained the advantage and pushed to Stalingrad. More than one million troops fought on each side in urban combat. Hitler refused to allow surrender, and eventually the Nazis were encircled and routed. After turning the tide of war in Stalingrad, the 1943 [[Kursk]] tank battle was decisive in pushing the Nazis from European Russia. In two years, the Red Army pushed the Nazis all the way back to [[Berlin]]. Stalin used his control of Eastern Europe to extract concessions from [[President Roosevelt]] at Allied conferences, including control over the region. [[Winston Churchill]] warned against this very control, for he greatly feared Soviet hegemony in Europe. Victorious, Stalin named himself Generalissimo and became more popular than ever in the Soviet Union and more dangerous than ever to the capitalist world.

Over the course of World War II, around 25 million Russians died. Twenty million were in the armed services. The total number of 25 million reflects half of the worldwide losses of human life during World War II. The population did not recover until 1956. Many Soviet POWs, like famous writer [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]], were sent to the Gulag after the war because they had fallen into German hands, and were accused of being spies. This swelled the prison camps by the thousands.

==Post-War Period and Death==
Similar to the 1930s, Stalin undertook a harsh campaign of industrialization, which hurt the Soviets as much as it helped them rebuild. Money was devalued to one-tenth of its previous value, 2 million German and Japanese POWs were forced to stay in the Soviet Union and rebuild the country, and 10% of investment from 1945-46 was from looted machinery. The crops produced by household plots were collected by the government to sell, and a famine in 1947 caused by drought and Soviet single-crop farming killed 2 million. The recovery was built on the Soviet subjects.
[[Image:Stalinfuneral.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Right to left:'' Lavrenti Beria, Georgi Malenkov, Vassily Stalin, V.M. Molotov, Nikolai Bulganin]]
After World War II, Stalin's [[cult of personality]] emerged as the dominant force of Soviet life. He was credited as the savior of the Soviet Union and the architect of victory, though it was really General Zhukov who was responsible for most of this. The communist youth group, the [[Komsomol]], devoted songs to "the Father of All Nations" or "the Driver of the Locomotive of History." Party membership increased by one million people between 1945 and 1953. Books quoted Stalin as an expert in communism, while he was often photographed surrounded by children to make him seem friendlier. This all served to form a deep, personal connection with Stalin for many Soviets. Indeed, he was loved by the Soviets. Between 1949 and 1952 Stalin increasingly took vacations and met with the [[Politburo]] less and less.

The atheistic Stalin became increasingly paranoid as he grew older.<ref name="BBC Stalin"/> He eventually suffered from a stroke on March 1, 1953. Ironically, his own megalomaniacal nature beforehand ensured no one dared try to check up on him, as his own guards feared checking up on him lest they be executed due to his leaving explicit orders to not disturb him in his room. Following a stroke on March 1, 1953, Stalin died on March 5 after a period of declining performance. On his deathbed, he also glared at the attendees with disgust and wordlessly pointed at each of them before eventually pointing at a wall, with Svetlina, his daughter, recalling this event, indicating this was the most haunting event she ever experienced. When he died in 1953 an anxious mob at his viewing crushed and trampled some mourners to death. Dissidents like Sakharov, the man forced in a prison to build the Soviet atom bomb, cried upon hearing that Stalin had died, despite their intense hatred of him. Despite his terror, he had convinced millions that he was their father. When he died a short power struggle ensued, one which led to the execution of KGB head [[Beria]] as a spy. Eventually [[Khrushchev]] became the General Secretary of the CPSU and denounced Stalin's repressive tactics, his purges, gulags, and his cult of personality in the [[Secret Speech]] at the 20th Party Congress of 1956. Gulags were dismantled and the political climate was slightly less tense, but Soviet oppression still continued. The period following Stalin's rule is called the "thaw," the start of life again after a long winter.

==Quotes==
* "The death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic." ~ to Churchill, 1945.

* "Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem"

* "Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas?"

* "It is enough that the people know there was an election. The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything"

* "The only real power comes out of a long rifle."

* "When we hang the capitalists they will sell us the rope we use."

* “Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army can reach.”

* [[C.S. Lewis]] wrote:
:Of all tyrannies, a [[tyranny]] sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most [[oppression|oppressive]]. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral [[busybody|busybodies]]. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own [[conscience]]. [http://www.tsowell.com/quotes.html]

* "The one aim of these [[banker|financiers]] is [[New World Order|world control]] by the creation of inextinguishable [[debt]]." - [[Henry Ford]]

* "Educate and inform the whole mass of [[citizen|the people]]... They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our [[liberty]]." -- [[Thomas Jefferson]]

==See also==
* [[Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism]]
* [[Stalinism]]
* [[Darwin-Stalin connection]]
* [[List of dictators]]
* [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]
* [[List of Communist States]]
* [[List of Socialist States]]
* [[Death toll of communism]]
* [[Liberal totalitarianism]]
*[[The Gulag Archipelago]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==

*Hosking, Geoffrey. ''The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.

*Kotkin, Stephen. ''Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization.'' Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1995.

*Scott, John. ''Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1989.

*Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]], 1918-1956''; an experiment in literary investigation'', Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney, Publisher New York, Harper & Row (1974–78), 1st Edition, pg. 67n.

{{Communism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stalin, Joseph}}
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[[Category:Soviet Leaders]]
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Joseph Stalin

2022-01-03T18:22:55Z

AbelBanquo: /* Rise to Power */ + 1920 invasion of Poland

{{Dictator bio
| image =[[Image:Stalin-140508 27880t.jpg|260px]]
| name =Joseph Stalin
| birth =December 18, 1878 Gori, Tiflis Governorate ([[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]]), Russian Empire
| parents =Vissarion Dzhugashvili Catherine Dzhugashvili
| religion =Georgian Orthodoxy (rejected) [[Atheism]]
| education =Tiflis Theological Seminary, Georgia
| spouse =Ekaterina Svanidze (d. 1906-1907) Nadezhda Alliluyeva (d. 1919-1932)
| children =Yakov Dzhugashvili Vasily Dzhugashvili Svetlana Alliluyeva
| death =March 5, 1953 Kuntsevo Dacha, Moscow
| deathmanner =Complications of a stroke
| burial =Near the Kremlin Wall, Moscow, Russia
| country =[[Soviet Union]]
| military =Soviet Armed Forces (1943–1953)
| rank =Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943–1945) (de jure) Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (1945–1953) (de facto)
| polbeliefs =[[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]
| party =[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
| dictatordate =By 1929
| war =[[Great Purge]]
| deathnumber =8,000,000 according to soviet records 20,000,000 is the average estimate while 62,000,000 is the high estimate
}}
'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin''' (born '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili '''; Russian: Ио́сиф Виссарио́нович Джугашви́ли) (1878 - 1953) was the dictator of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of the [[Communist Party]] of the [[Soviet Union]] ([[CPSU]]) from 1922 until his death from a stroke in 1953. <ref name="BBC Stalin">https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml</ref> Joseph Stalin, who was a brutal proponent of [[atheism|atheistic]] [[Communism]], was greatly influenced by the work of the [[evolution|neo-Lamarckian]] [[Trofim Denisovich Lysenko]] as were other Communist leaders.<ref>https://creation.com/the-darwinian-foundation-of-communism</ref><ref>https://creation.com/stalins-ape-man-superwarriors</ref><ref>https://creation.com/a-tale-of-four-countries</ref><ref>https://creation.com/darwin-trotsky-connection</ref> During 1942 - 1943, knowing that few people were inspired by Communism, Stalin reinstated the Russian Orthodox Church in order to boost morale while The USSR was at war with [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2008/08/stalin-reinstates-church-1942-43.html</ref><ref>http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/frroman1.aspx</ref> When the war ended, many Red Army soldiers and Christians who defeated [[fascism]] were shipped off to Soviet [[concentration camp]]s - the [[gulag]]. On a similar note, largely because his predecessor Vladimir Lenin's passage of unrestricted abortion threatening to cause all of the USSR to die out quickly, Stalin also ended up making abortions temporarily illegal during the 1930s.<ref>https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2020/11/17/november-1920-2020-a-century-of-abortion-in-russia/</ref>

The son of a poor Georgian cobbler, Stalin was a former seminary student who joined the Communist Party when Georgia was still under the rule of the Russian Tsar. He became one of [[Lenin|Lenin's]] closest allies when the Kerensky regime was overthrown by Lenin's faction in 1917. During the [[Russian Civil War]] Stalin, who chose his name from the Russian word for steel, held the city of Tsaritsen on the Volga from counter-revolutionary forces. Stalin later renamed Tsaritsen [[Stalingrad]] in honor of his victory; Stalingrad would be the site of [[Germany]]'s massive defeat in [[World War II]].

Stalin was affectionately known as "Uncle Joe"<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Uncle-Joe-FDR-DEEP-STATE/dp/0692939784</ref> by [[Democrat]]s before [[Joseph Biden]] adopted the nickname.<ref>https://archive.is/XjGXa</ref>

==Rise to Power==
Stalin was tapped by the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police, as a low-level informer shortly after he was expelled from the Tiflis seminary in 1899. Stalin then began to systematically inform on revolutionary comrades in party organizations in Tiflis, Baku, and Batum over the next few years. He acquired a highly unsavory reputation among the [[Social democracy|Social Democrats]] of these cities and was finally arrested for cover purposes in 1902 when suspicions about him were about to boil over. It was the Okhrana that furnished the invisible means of support for the family he acquired after 1904.

In 1917, the Commissariat of Nationalities was formed with Stalin as its Commissar (Minister). The Commissariat addressed the question of the nationalities of the Russian Empire, and helped integrate them into the [[Soviet Union]]. From 1919-1922 he was also the People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection (Rabkrin, from the Russian), which was founded to be a check on the burgeoning Soviet bureaucracy.

In 1920, Stalin was tasked with invading Poland and then Germany, after having chased the Polish army out of a Ukrainian revolt it had aided. However, when the Red Army reached Warsaw, they were defeated in battle and forced to retreat back to Russia. This damaged Stalin's reputation as a general.

In 1922, Lenin named Stalin General Secretary of the CPSU. In 1924 Stalin in turn created the "Secret Department," a unit of 94 of his personal functionaries that maintained special privileges as the ''[[nomenklatura]]'', or a list of trusted individuals. He also appointed regional party secretaries who all, of course, supported Stalin. Through the Secret Department Stalin gained control of the [[Red Army]] after removing [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1925 and the OGPU (later, [[KGB]]) when its leader [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] died in 1926. Lenin had foreseen all of this and had warned in his last testament that Stalin should be removed from General Secretary because the position's power was unlimited.
[[Image:Stalin-Lenin.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lenin]] left, Stalin right]]
Stalin, however, did not allow this to happen. His most powerful rival, Leon Trotsky, who was the commander of the Red Army, was painted as a danger to the Revolution, because he continued to push the idea of international revolution; the "left opposition." Other Soviet leaders, like [[Zinoviev]], leader of the [[Comintern]], and [[Kaminev]], the head of the Communist Party in Moscow, were painted with the same brush because they supported Trotsky and did not wish to expel him from the CPSU in 1927. Later, he accused his ally [[Bukharin]] of being a member of the "right opposition," i.e. he was in favor of a more capitalistic economic system, as seen under the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) of the early 1920s. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico in 1940 by [[Ramón Mercader]] in an extensive conspiracy that included underground operatives from the [[Communist Party of the United States]] (CPUSA). Zinoviev, Kaminev, and Bukharin were the center of the infamous "[[Great Purge|show trials]]" of the 1930s. All were put to death.

==Objectives of the Comintern==
In 1932, [[Sergei Ivanovich Gussev]], who had served as [[Comintern]] agent and Stalin's personal representative in the United States, "commanded the [[Communist Party of the United States|Communists in the United States]] to take up four tasks. Two of them were the defence of the Soviet Union and the furtherance of Red conquest of [[China]]." In 1933 the notorious [[Gerhart Eisler]] "was secretly sent into the United States by Moscow to make sure these orders were carried out."<ref>[[Louis F. Budenz]], ''The Techniques of Communism'', (Chicago: Henry Regnery and Company, 1954), pp. 162-163.</ref> [[Edgar Snow]] wrote in his 1937 book, ''Red Star Over China,'' "The political ideology, tactical line and theoretical leadership of the [[Chinese Communists]] have been under the close guidance, if not positive direction, of the Communist International, which during the last decade has become virtually a bureau of the [[Russian Communist Party]]. In the final analysis this means that for better or worse, the policies of the Chinese Communists, like the Communists in every other country, have had to fall in line with, and usually subordinate themselves to, the broad strategic requirements of [[Soviet Russia]], under the dictatorship of Stalin."<ref>''Red Star Over China'' by Edgar Snow, New York, 1937, pg. 374.</ref>

==Catch and Overtake==
In 1928 Stalin decided that the Soviet Union was not properly industrialized to enjoy a communist future, so he initiated the First Five Year Plan and the campaign to collectivize agriculture in order to "build socialism," and to "catch and overtake" the capitalist world. Stalin fanned the fires of collectivization, claiming that peasants had been hoarding grain and that they needed to be controlled. Under this program, rich peasants (kulaks), were exiled or killed for being enemies of the people, and peasants' land was taken in order to introduce collective farming to expedite grain appropriations. Many were called kulaks by jealous neighbors, while the peasants who remained were often the laziest and most ill-suited to producing enough grain. Collectivization caused massive famine in Russia, particularly in [[Ukraine]] (see [[Holodomor]]), where Stalin ordered the Red Army to blockade certain regions and take grain by force. It is estimated that the famine of 1931-33 killed 6-7 million people, while 20 million starved.

The First Five Year Plan was a program of crash-industrialization. After [[World War I]] and the Russian Civil War Russia had an industrial capacity equal to that of its 1861 capacity. The only way for Russia to be able to break the "capitalist encirclement," Stalin declared, was to industrialize. Brigades of shock workers were formed to work faster and harder than the world had ever seen. Most of this, however, was pure propaganda, although the shock workers did set the record for concrete poured in a single shift. Compared to the capitalist world which was experiencing the Great Depression, Soviet growth was impressive. Between 1929 and 1937, 8,000 factories were constructed, average GDP growth was around 10%, and the official unemployment statistics, which included gulag detainees, was 0. In 1936, after the Second Five Year Plan, Stalin declared socialism "built." Nevertheless, the capitalist world lived better than the Soviet Union, despite the Great Depression. [[John Scott]], an American CPUSA member and Comintern operative who was living in the Soviet Union during the Five Year Plans, notes this in his memoirs of that period ''Behind the Urals.'' The legacy of the Five Year Plans (most of which Stalin declared "completed" in 4 years) injured the Soviet's production models, because the encouraged quantity and speed over quality. However, the planning of the 1930s enabled the Russians to defeat the Nazis in the 1940s.<ref>Suvorov, Viktor. ''Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?// (Viking Press/Hamish Hamilton; 1990) ISBN 0241126223.</ref>

==Stalin's Terror==
Between 1936 and 1938, Joseph Stalin launched his purges to rid the Soviet Union of "fifth columnists," or spies who were loyal to the [[capitalist]] world. During the Terror 3 million people were arrested on various and often made-up charges, while 750,000 were executed. Due to the interrogation techniques of the NKVD (later, KGB), which often were torturous, most of those arrested confessed and were sent to work camps, called the [[Gulag]] for 10 years and sometimes even 25. Here, prisoners were forced to labor in mines, to log forests, or to do construction. Few lived through their sentences.

In early 1937, a senior officer of the OGPU (KGB) stumbled upon a highly classified file in the old archives of the Tsarist secret police, the Okhrana. It detailed the work of one J. V. Djugashvili as an informant and agent provocateur for the Okhrana inside the Bolshevik Party before the Russian Revolution. The OGPU officer, Stein, was shocked. Djugashvili was the true name of Stalin who was now purging the Old Bolsheviks on charges of being foreign spies and counter-revolutionaries.

Stein took the file to a close friend, the head of the OGPU in the Ukraine, who went over it carefully with his trusted deputy, Zinovy Katsnelson, a cousin and close friend of Alexander Orlov. Convinced of its authenticity, they shared it with Jonah Yakir, commander of the Red Army in the Ukraine, and Stanislav Kossior, secretary of the Communist Party in the Ukraine. Alarmed by the file's revelations, Yakir flew to Moscow and revealed its contents to [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], Supreme Commander of the Red Army. They brought his deputy, Yan Gamarnik, into their confidence and decided to overthrow Stalin in a coup d'état, denounce him and execute him.

As the coup plan was being developed, Katsnelson traveled to Paris and informed Orlov. The plot was foiled and Orlov's fate was sealed.

The infamous show trials of former leaders of the Soviet Union occurred during this period, where they were accused of working with Trotsky or sabotaging the Soviet Union. Stalin also eviscerated the high command of the Red Army, killing 90% of the leadership. The minions of oppression were not spared either; of the NKVD's 809 officials, 43 lived through the purges. The leadership of the communist party was persecuted as well. For example, in 1934 130 members of the 139-member Central Committee were arrested. The Terror forever made Russians afraid to speak out against the government, and also made sure that no one but Stalin could ever rule the Soviet Union as effectively. This also ensured that the Red Army could not fight effectively when Nazi Germany invaded the USSR during Operation Barbarossa.

==Famine of 1933==
{{main|Holodomor}}
* "This famine was deliberately engineered by the regime of Joseph Stalin {{years since|1933}} years ago claimed millions of lives, mostly in [[Ukraine]] but also in some other parts of the [[Soviet Union]]. It is today considered one of the worst [[atrocities]] of the Soviet regime and a terrifying act of [[genocide]]. Even so, the famine of 1933 is relatively unknown. ... Estimates of how many people died in Stalin's engineered [[famine]] of 1933 vary. But they are staggering in their scale -- between seven and 11 million people."<ref>[http://www.ukemonde.com/news/rferl.html Stalin's Starvation of Ukraine – Seventy Years Later, World Still Largely Unaware Of Tragedy], By Askold Krushelnycky, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Prague, 8 April 2003.</ref>

Besides Ukraine, the Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia were also affected.<ref>[https://www.philosophy.nsc.ru/sites/default/files/journals-old/humscience/2_98/15-MAL.HTM] (Russian)</ref><ref>http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2003/0101/analit02.php (Russian)</ref>

==Censorship and propaganda policies==
{{Main|Atheism and historical revisionism}}

During Stalin's time in power, Stalin often altered various newspapers to push his agenda, and even edited out anyone who displeased him, which was most infamously evident with former NKVD head [[Nikolai Yezhov]] subsequent to his death in 1940 via execution, where a photograph of him walking with Stalin near the Moscow-Volga Canal had Yezhov airbrushed out. Ironically, after his death and Khrushchev's secret speech, Stalin himself would end up falling victim to the very same censorship policies he himself had used against his enemies, with footage of him in Soviet propaganda films depicting Lenin's rise to power often adding in a silhouette of a soldier conveniently placed in where Stalin was in the original footage.

==World War II==
To avoid war with [[Nazi Germany]], Stalin ordered the Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union, [[Molotov]], to sign a non-aggression pact with [[Adolf Hitler]], named the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], on August 19, 1939. The treaty detailed the agreement to split up [[Poland]] between Germany and the Soviet Union, give Stalin the Baltic Republics of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Estonia]], and to allow the Soviets to wage war on [[Finland]], a war that ended in a humiliating Soviet defeat. Part of the reason why Stalin arranged for the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was so he would use Nazi Germany and have them fight a prolonged front against France and Britain so as to weaken Europe enough to have Communism spread quickly through the continent, largely because he realized war would have benefitted Communism's spread better than peace. Both sides, however, knew that they would eventually engage in hostilities.<ref>Albert L. Weeks: Stalin`s Other War. Soviet Grand Strategy 1939-1941 Rowman & Littlefield, USA 2002 '''STALIN:''' ''"The question of war or peace has entered a critical phase for us. If we conclude a mutual assistance treaty with France and Great Britain, Germany will back off of Poland and seek a modus vivendi with the Western Powers. War would thus be prevented but future events could take a serious turn for the USSR.'' ''"If we accept Germany’s proposal to conclude with it a non-aggression pact, Germany will then attack Poland and Europe will be thrown into serious acts of unrest and disorder. Under these circumstances we will have many chances of remaining out of the conflict while being able to hope for our own timely entrance into war.'' ''"The experience of the past 20 years shows that in peacetime it is impossible to maintain a Communist movement throughout Europe that would be strong enough so that a Bolshevik party could seize power. A dictatorship by this party becomes possible only as a result of a big war. We are making our choice and it is clear. We must accept the German proposal and politely send the Anglo-French delegations back home. The first advantage we will get will be the destruction of Poland up to the very approaches to Warsaw, including Ukrainian Galicia.'' ''"Germany has given us full leeway in the Baltic countries and has no objection to returning Bessarabia to the USSR. Germany is also prepared to yield on giving us a sphere of influence in Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. The question of Yugoslavia still remains open.'' ''"At the same time we must anticipate what will ensue from the destruction of Germany in war as well as from a German victory. If it is destroyed, the sovietization of Germany follows inevitably and a Communist government will be established. We must not forget that a sovietized Germany would face great danger if such sovietization occurred after the defeat of Germany in a short war. England and France would be powerful enough to seize Berlin and destroy a Soviet Germany. We would not be able to come to the aid of our Bolshevik comrades in Germany.'' ''"Therefore, our task consists in helping Germany wage war for as long as possible with the aim in view that England and France would be in no condition to defeat a sovietized Germany. While hewing to a policy of neutrality and while waiting for its hour to come, the USSR will lend aid to today’s Germany and supply it with raw materials and foodstuff. Of course, it follows that we will not allow such shipments to jeopardize our economy or weaken our armed might."'' ''"At the same time we must conduct active Communist propaganda especially as directed at the Anglo-French bloc and primarily in France. We must be prepared for the fact that in France in wartime the Communist Party there must abandon legal activities and go underground. We realize that such work will require an enormous sacrifice in lives. However, we have no doubts about our French comrades. Above all, their task will be to break up and demoralize the French army and police. If this preparatory work is completed in a satisfactory way, the security of Soviet Germany is assured. This will likewise ensure the sovietization of France.'' ''"To realize these plans it is necessary that war last as long as possible and that all efforts should be made, whether in Western Europe or the Balkans, to see that this happens.'' ''"Let us look now at the second possibility – namely, that Germany becomes the victor. Some propose that this turn of events would present us with a serious danger. There is some truth in this notion. But it would be erroneous to believe that such a danger is as near and as great as they assume. If Germany achieves victory in the war, it will emerge from it in such a depleted state that to start a conflict with the USSR will take at least 10 years.'' ''"Germany’s main task would be then to keep watch on the defeated England and France to prevent their restoration. On the other hand, a victorious Germany would have at its disposal a large territory. Over the course of many years, Germany would be preoccupied with the exploitation of these territories and establishing in them the German order. Obviously, Germany would be too preoccupied to move against us.'' ''"There is still another factor that enhances our security. In the defeated France, the French Communist Party would be very strong. A Communist revolution would follow inevitably. We would exploit this in order to come to the aid of France and to win it over as an ally. Later these peoples who fell under the “protection” of a victorious Germany likewise would become our allies. We would have a large arena in which to develop the world revolution.'' ''Comrades! It is in the interests of the USSR, the Land of the Toilers, that war breaks out between the Reich and the capitalist Anglo-French bloc. Everything must be done so that the war lasts as long as possible in order that both sides become exhausted. Namely for this reason we must agree to the pact proposed by Germany and use it so that once this war is declared, it will last for a maximum amount of time. We must step up our propaganda within the combatant countries so that they are prepared for that time when the war ends."''</ref>

It seems that Stalin anticipated this less than Hitler, who, in June 1941 invaded the Soviet Union with the largest land army ever assembled. It consisted of 170 divisions, or 3.5 million troops. Stalin was caught off guard, and the [[Nazis]] blazed a path through the Ukraine and European Russia. Reaching [[Moscow]] in October 1941, the Nazis threatened Stalin and the entire Soviet Union with defeat. In only 6 months, the Nazis controlled one third of the Soviet economy, a total of 5% of the Earth's surface. Hitler's troops were defeated at Moscow during the winter of 1941-42 after Stalin appointed [[Yorky Zhukov]] as commander of the Red Army. A spy in the German embassy in Tokyo, [[Richard Sorge]], informed Stalin that Japan was not going to attack [[Siberia]], freeing thousands of winter ski-troops to move to Moscow to defeat the Nazis. It was during this time that Stalin famously invoked the name of [[God]] and allowed religious services to be conducted after 20 plus years of repression. Also, 1500 factories were evacuated and restored in Siberia and 12-15 million workers were moved east of the [[Urals]], where Soviet production was higher than Germany's in 1942, despite Germany holding some 50% of Soviet industry.

The Red Army went on the offensive after the defense of Moscow, but soon the Nazis gained the advantage and pushed to Stalingrad. More than one million troops fought on each side in urban combat. Hitler refused to allow surrender, and eventually the Nazis were encircled and routed. After turning the tide of war in Stalingrad, the 1943 [[Kursk]] tank battle was decisive in pushing the Nazis from European Russia. In two years, the Red Army pushed the Nazis all the way back to [[Berlin]]. Stalin used his control of Eastern Europe to extract concessions from [[President Roosevelt]] at Allied conferences, including control over the region. [[Winston Churchill]] warned against this very control, for he greatly feared Soviet hegemony in Europe. Victorious, Stalin named himself Generalissimo and became more popular than ever in the Soviet Union and more dangerous than ever to the capitalist world.

Over the course of World War II, around 25 million Russians died. Twenty million were in the armed services. The total number of 25 million reflects half of the worldwide losses of human life during World War II. The population did not recover until 1956. Many Soviet POWs, like famous writer [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]], were sent to the Gulag after the war because they had fallen into German hands, and were accused of being spies. This swelled the prison camps by the thousands.

==Post-War Period and Death==
Similar to the 1930s, Stalin undertook a harsh campaign of industrialization, which hurt the Soviets as much as it helped them rebuild. Money was devalued to one-tenth of its previous value, 2 million German and Japanese POWs were forced to stay in the Soviet Union and rebuild the country, and 10% of investment from 1945-46 was from looted machinery. The crops produced by household plots were collected by the government to sell, and a famine in 1947 caused by drought and Soviet single-crop farming killed 2 million. The recovery was built on the Soviet subjects.
[[Image:Stalinfuneral.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Right to left:'' Lavrenti Beria, Georgi Malenkov, Vassily Stalin, V.M. Molotov, Nikolai Bulganin]]
After World War II, Stalin's [[cult of personality]] emerged as the dominant force of Soviet life. He was credited as the savior of the Soviet Union and the architect of victory, though it was really General Zhukov who was responsible for most of this. The communist youth group, the [[Komsomol]], devoted songs to "the Father of All Nations" or "the Driver of the Locomotive of History." Party membership increased by one million people between 1945 and 1953. Books quoted Stalin as an expert in communism, while he was often photographed surrounded by children to make him seem friendlier. This all served to form a deep, personal connection with Stalin for many Soviets. Indeed, he was loved by the Soviets. Between 1949 and 1952 Stalin increasingly took vacations and met with the [[Politburo]] less and less.

The atheistic Stalin became increasingly paranoid as he grew older.<ref name="BBC Stalin"/> He eventually suffered from a stroke on March 1, 1953. Ironically, his own megalomaniacal nature beforehand ensured no one dared try to check up on him, as his own guards feared checking up on him lest they be executed due to his leaving explicit orders to not disturb him in his room. Following a stroke on March 1, 1953, Stalin died on March 5 after a period of declining performance. On his deathbed, he also glared at the attendees with disgust and wordlessly pointed at each of them before eventually pointing at a wall, with Svetlina, his daughter, recalling this event, indicating this was the most haunting event she ever experienced. When he died in 1953 an anxious mob at his viewing crushed and trampled some mourners to death. Dissidents like Sakharov, the man forced in a prison to build the Soviet atom bomb, cried upon hearing that Stalin had died, despite their intense hatred of him. Despite his terror, he had convinced millions that he was their father. When he died a short power struggle ensued, one which led to the execution of KGB head [[Beria]] as a spy. Eventually [[Khrushchev]] became the General Secretary of the CPSU and denounced Stalin's repressive tactics, his purges, gulags, and his cult of personality in the [[Secret Speech]] at the 20th Party Congress of 1956. Gulags were dismantled and the political climate was slightly less tense, but Soviet oppression still continued. The period following Stalin's rule is called the "thaw," the start of life again after a long winter.

==Quotes==
* "The death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic." ~ to Churchill, 1945.

* "Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem"

* "Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas?"

* "It is enough that the people know there was an election. The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything"

* "The only real power comes out of a long rifle."

* "When we hang the capitalists they will sell us the rope we use."

* “Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army can reach.”

* [[C.S. Lewis]] wrote:
:Of all tyrannies, a [[tyranny]] sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most [[oppression|oppressive]]. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral [[busybody|busybodies]]. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own [[conscience]]. [http://www.tsowell.com/quotes.html]

* "The one aim of these [[banker|financiers]] is [[New World Order|world control]] by the creation of inextinguishable [[debt]]." - [[Henry Ford]]

* "Educate and inform the whole mass of [[citizen|the people]]... They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our [[liberty]]." -- [[Thomas Jefferson]]

==See also==
* [[Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism]]
* [[Stalinism]]
* [[Darwin-Stalin connection]]
* [[List of dictators]]
* [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]
* [[List of Communist States]]
* [[List of Socialist States]]
* [[Death toll of communism]]
* [[Liberal totalitarianism]]
*[[The Gulag Archipelago]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==

*Hosking, Geoffrey. ''The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.

*Kotkin, Stephen. ''Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization.'' Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1995.

*Scott, John. ''Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1989.

*Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]], 1918-1956''; an experiment in literary investigation'', Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney, Publisher New York, Harper & Row (1974–78), 1st Edition, pg. 67n.

{{Communism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stalin, Joseph}}
[[Category:Communists]]
[[Category:Mass Murderers]]
[[Category:Dictators]]
[[Category:Totalitarianism]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Russian History]]
[[Category:Marxism]]
[[Category:Soviet Leaders]]
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Police State]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Terrorists]]
[[Category:Former Christians]]
[[Category:Left-wing Nationalism]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of Cancel Culture]]
[[Category:Gun Control proponents]]
[[Category:Anti-Christianity]]
[[Category:War Criminals]]

Gulag

2022-01-03T17:38:33Z

AbelBanquo: clarif.

Gulag

2022-01-03T07:41:14Z

AbelBanquo: + continued

[[File:Olkhon Island gulag.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Remains of a Soviet gulag, Olkhon Island, Russia.]]
The '''Gulag''' is the extensive network of prison camps used in the Soviet Union and by extension other socialist societies. It was used to imprison and exact any kind of labor from its subjects who failed to co-operate with, or simply were in any way threatening to, ongoing regime objectives, particularly the use of words, actions or being in a position to have a basis of knowledge that discredited the various ways a force genocidal in extent or a totalizing falsification was required to command assent in the face of the regime's incompetence and abuse in applying its self-defined [[Socialist]] principles to carry out those objectives.

In the indictment procedure, whatever threats to regime prestige the indicted posed were disguised and re-fashioned into imputations of participation in usually-direct intentional attacks on some aspect of the professed prerogatives or policies of the regime or its subjects. The threat of the gulag terrorized the regime's subjects into participating in activities beneficial to the regime that were sure to give them more power with which to enslave them.

More recently, this term refers to the continued imprisonment without a trial of [[Trump]] supporters who exercised their [[First Amendment]] rights on Jan. 6, 2021, at the [[United States Capitol]].

Gulag is an acronym is derived from Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps, ''Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii'' (Russian: ''Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения''),<ref>A ''lag'' or ''lage'' in Russian is the same word in German for "camp", as in ''konzentrationslager'' or [[concentration camp]]. The word, common to both languages, may have derived from Czarist times and the operation of punitive logging camps for criminal offenders and political dissidents. Vladimir Lenin (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) for example, spent time in a notorious logging camp on the River Lena in Siberia, from which he adopted the name "Lenin" to identify as a proud veteran of the camps.</ref> spelled GuLag, Corrective labor is used for [[politically incorrect]] thought, word, or action. The term became well known by its use in the title of the compilation of personal historical accounts by [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] in ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]''.<ref>The camps are depicted as a scattered collection of islands.</ref>

Camps were located in every part of the country—most notoriously in cold Siberia—and slave labor was used not only for mining and heavy industries but for producing every kind of consumer product such as furniture toys, and fur hats.
[[File:Gulag.gif|right|300px|thumb|Detailed explanation how the Gulag camps work found in the [[Harry Hopkins]] papers at Hyde Park; American [[liberal]]s pled ignorance of the system until after publication of Solzhenitsyn's book in 1974.]]
The camps were not designed for execution, but rather forced labor in a society not driven by the profit motive. The death rate was very high from exposure to the cold, over-work, disease and very poor food, government rations, clothing and medical care. Nearly 75 million prisoners passed through the gulags in their more than 60 years of operation. Some people were imprisoned for violating Soviet law,<ref>Unemployment is illegal under "social parasite" laws in the [[collectivist]] system.</ref> others simply to fill quotas for the demand for workers. The population of the Gulag peaked around 1939 (at the climax of the Stalinist purges) at 6 million, and again in the early 1950s at 7.5 million. Around 35 million Gulag prisoners died of over-work, ill-treatment, disease or starvation between 1931 and 1953.<ref>In 1992, a Russian group memorializing the targets of the Soviet terror by use of demographic studies announced a determination that there were 63 million 'excess deaths' in the Soviet Union in its duration — 1917-1987.</ref>

Some estimates of Gulag population statistics are absurdly low due to their reliance on statistical reporting from the estimated 90% of the returnees who had collaborated in atrocities with Gulag slavemasters, and who had consequently later reported lower populations, seeking to diminish reprisals should their complicity become known.

==Imprisonment and banishment==
When a person was imprisoned, by law their families - wives, children, brothers, sisters and parents - had to go to court and divorce or disown the person, as it was an imprisonable offense itself to be related to an enemy of the people. Upon release, a prisoner had no family to go home to.

Under the Soviet system, a person was banished from the Moscow Center (Red Square) by a distance of kilometers.<ref>An internal passport system required individuals to carry papers showing restrictions, the number of kilometers a person was banned from the Moscow Center.</ref> The farthest being 7000 kilometers, or the Kolyma River in far Eastern Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/mWA54jX-VtY</ref> 1500 to 3000 kilometers usually meant the salt mines of [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>https://vimeo.com/192420959</ref> 3500 to 5000 kilometers usually was the logging camps of the River Lena in central Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/PA8gBxOAlu0</ref>

The camps were filled mostly with dissidents and the [[unemployed]] from the large cities, such as [[Moscow]] and [[Leningrad]]. Dissidents were mainly political prisoners or religious protestors. Political prisoners were branded "enemies of the working class," or more commonly, "enemies of the people." The unemployed were branded "social parasites," similar the [[National Socialist]] category of "shiftless elements."<ref>[[Marx]] did not consider homeless vagabounds, the [[lumpen masses]], as fit for the workers' revolution. Marx considered desperately impoverished people as tools of the "beougeoie," who would do anything for money, sell out revolutionary ideology, and not to be trusted.</ref>

When a person served out their time behind barbed wire, the system of internal banishment remained in place. A released prisoner then usually had to settle down in the village or community neighboring the Gulag camp where the guards and their families lived,<ref>Some cities and place names on maps are entirely the creation of the Gulag system as it was a vital part of Soviet economic development. Population statistics on Cold War era National Geographic maps often reflect the size of the prison camp population, which typically was 90% of the figure shown in the map's population key.</ref> and find menial employment in some service sector industry supporting their former prison guard slave masters and their families.<ref>The former prisoners' housing often consisted of converted chicken coops or the basements of their former prison guard slave masters.</ref>

The Gulag system was a vital element of the [[Democratic Socialist]] [[economy]], providing necessary [[employment]] and productive capacity for the non-[[profit]] driven, communist society.

==Marxist theory==
:{{See also |Progressivism}}
In addition to the unemployed, most others fell into two groups: political prisoners and thieves. While dissenters were considered enemies of the revolution, under Marxist [[class warfare]] theory, thieves are considered victims of [[bourgeois]] society and the propertied class.

While the bourgeois are "class enemies" of the working class, and dissenters are "enemies of the people," thieves are considered "class allies" of socialism, the revolution, and the party. Hence a single thief was often deliberately placed within a group of political prisoners to sow mistrust, chaos, and division as a precaution against organized resistance.

The concept of a thief in a society without [[private property]] may be hard to fathom; those branded as thieves simply were [[sociopath]]s lacking the [[collectivist]] mindset and discipline enough to join the party.

==The gulag vs. the slave plantation contrasted==
Solzhenitsyn pointed out that the Soviet slave system was unlike the [[slavery]] in the [[American South]], were slaves were allowed to marry and live in family units, although the threat of family separation certainly was used to enforce compliance with the system of forced labor; victims of the [[Marxist]] ideology were permanently separated from all extended family and lived in barracks under a prison regime, where even their toilet habits were strictly supervised and regulated.

American blacks ate well in the agricultural setting, raised chickens for meat, and had their own plots of land for fruits and vegetables; Marxist victims were fed a bowl of slop at the end of the work day, and the daily bread ration was often cut due to government corruption, bureaucratic mismanagement, or budgetary concerns.

Unlike Southern plantations, the practice of religion was forbidden.

==Rehabilitation==
Under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] nearly 4 million Gulag prisoners were released in 1953–57. Millions of these were [[German]] [[POW]]s (the [[leftist]] Soviet Union was not a signatory of the [[Geneva Convention]] agreeing to the [[humanitarian]] treatment and exchange of prisoners when [[World War II]] broke out). [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who served as a [[Red Army]] Captain in the War Against Fascism, who defeated [[fascism]], nonetheless remained imprisoned by the leftist regime for criticizing [[socialist]] management of the war, [[foreign policy]], the economy, and [[social justice]] in private letters which had been intercepted by the government domestic [[surveillance]] system.

These victims of left-wing state terror encountered physical, psychological, social, and political problems upon their reintegration into socialist society. A reciprocal adjustment had to be made by the Soviet system, and society as a whole, in order to reintroduce former prisoners to the 'Big Zone,' or life outside the camps. Most survivors however, were never allowed to return home or to their previous employment under the system of internal exile.

The process of rehabilitation was slowed by the victims' disorientation on release and their fear of further repression. A person needed "rehabilitation papers" to find a job or housing, although "gainful employment" was illegal because the profit motive [[subversion|subverted]] the Soviet system.

A greater problem was the government's denial of its history rather than admitting to leftist ideological flaws. Even after Khrushchev's 1956 secret speech to the 20th Party Congress condemning "Stalinist excesses," the state was slow to acknowledge that many former 'enemies of the people' were in fact innocent victims.<ref>Nanci Adler, "Life in the 'Big Zone': the Fate of Returnees in the Aftermath of Stalinist Repression," ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 1999 51(1): 5-19</ref> The socialist economy, it was felt, couldn't exist without forced labor of those whom progressives disagreed with.

While there is a tendency to blame [[Stalin]] for Marxist "excesses" and "mistakes," the dangerous underpinnings of socialist ideology remain unchanged today.

==Chinese Laogai==
[[File:Forced Labor Detention Facilities in China.PNG|thumb|right|300px|]]
The modern [[Chinese Communist Party]] system of gulags are called the ''Laogai'', the Russian equivalent of ''Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei''. Indeed, Solzhenitsyn postulated the gulag system of corrective labor may have originated in China. The book ''Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China'', published in 2009, stated that as many as 3 to 5 million people were imprisoned in laogai or gulag camps.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Laogai-The-Machinery-Repression-China/dp/1884167772 Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China], 2009-10-01</ref>

China’s network of penal forced labor facilities, established in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government to hold both criminals and political dissidents, remains in operation today. U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods produced “wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor or/and forced labor or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions.”<ref>Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S. Code 19 § 1307.</ref> Artificial flowers, Christmas lights, shoes, garments, umbrellas as well as coal, cotton, electronics, fireworks, footwear, nails, and toys have been identified as produced in Chinese prison factories for export. There have been several instances of letters and notes from prisoners describing their confinement, working conditions and mistreatment discovered in products purchased by consumers outside China; at [[Christmas]] in 2019 a six year old girl in [[London]], in a box of newly purchased Christmas cards, found one that had a message in English saying,
{{quotebox-float|"We are foreign prisoners in Shanghai Qingpu prison China Forced to work against our will. Please help us and notify human rights organization."<ref>https://www.npr.org/2019/12/23/790832681/6-year-old-finds-message-alleging-chinese-prison-labor-in-box-of-christmas-cards</ref>}}
Profitable prison companies help to fund the operations of both local and national government. Prison labor enterprises producing [[high-tech]] goods such as [[semiconductor]]s and optical instruments are the most profitable, each earning an estimated annual revenue of tens of millions of dollars and paying taxes to the Chinese government. According to the 2012 ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' from the [[United States Department of State]],
{{quotebox|“[t]he [PRC] government reportedly profits from [the use of] forced labor. Many prisoners and detainees in ‘reeducation through labor’ facilities [are] required to work, often with no remuneration.”}}
Many prisons function as subcontractors for Chinese firms. The State Department has noted cases in which
{{quotebox|“detainees were forced to work up to 18 hours a day without pay for private companies working in partnership with Chinese authorities” and “were beaten for failing to complete work quotas."<ref>Cited in ''Prison Labor Exports from China and Implications for U.S. Policy'', U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report, July 9, 2014.</ref>}}

==Further reading==
* Applebaum, Anne. ''Gulag: A History'' by Anne Applebaum (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-History-Anne-Applebaum/dp/1400034094/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255213150&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search], a standard history
* Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. ''The Gulag Archipelago'' (1973) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-Archipelago-1918-1956-Aleksandr-Solzhenitsyn/dp/0060007761/ref=sip_rech_dp_5 excerpt and text search]
* Werth, Nicolas et al. ''Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Cannibal-Island-Siberian-against-Humanity/dp/0691130833/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255212940&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

==See also==

*[[Atheism and slavery]]
*[[Concentration camp]]
*[[Killing fields]]
*[[Democide]]
*[[Joseph Stalin]]
*[[Essay: KAL 007 Survivors and Gulags of Russia]]

====References====
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG0T_hVMqLs&feature=youtu.be The Face of Socialism]
*[https://rumble.com/vqjz4s-hidden-camera-footage-from-forced-internment-camps-in-australia.html Hidden Camera Footage From Australian Covid Gulag]

[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Socialism]]

Gulag

2022-01-03T07:25:39Z

AbelBanquo: clarif.

[[File:Olkhon Island gulag.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Remains of a Soviet gulag, Olkhon Island, Russia.]]
The '''Gulag''' is the extensive network of prison camps used in the Soviet Union and by extension other socialist societies. It was used to imprison and exact any kind of labor from its subjects who failed to co-operate with, or simply were in any way threatening to, ongoing regime objectives, particularly the use of words, actions or being in a position to have a basis of knowledge that discredited the various ways a force genocidal in extent or a totalizing falsification was required to command assent in the face of the regime's incompetence and abuse in applying its self-defined [[Socialist]] principles to carry out those objectives. In the indictment procedure, whatever threats to regime prestige the indicted posed were disguised and re-fashioned into imputations of participation in usually-direct intentional attacks on some aspect of the professed prerogatives or policies of the regime or its subjects. More recently, this term refers to the continued imprisonment without a trial of [[Trump]] supporters who exercised their [[First Amendment]] rights on Jan. 6, 2021, at the [[United States Capitol]].

Gulag is an acronym is derived from Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps, ''Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii'' (Russian: ''Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения''),<ref>A ''lag'' or ''lage'' in Russian is the same word in German for "camp", as in ''konzentrationslager'' or [[concentration camp]]. The word, common to both languages, may have derived from Czarist times and the operation of punitive logging camps for criminal offenders and political dissidents. Vladimir Lenin (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) for example, spent time in a notorious logging camp on the River Lena in Siberia, from which he adopted the name "Lenin" to identify as a proud veteran of the camps.</ref> spelled GuLag, Corrective labor is used for [[politically incorrect]] thought, word, or action. The term became well known by its use in the title of the compilation of personal historical accounts by [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] in ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]''.<ref>The camps are depicted as a scattered collection of islands.</ref>

Camps were located in every part of the country—most notoriously in cold Siberia—and slave labor was used not only for mining and heavy industries but for producing every kind of consumer product such as furniture toys, and fur hats.
[[File:Gulag.gif|right|300px|thumb|Detailed explanation how the Gulag camps work found in the [[Harry Hopkins]] papers at Hyde Park; American [[liberal]]s pled ignorance of the system until after publication of Solzhenitsyn's book in 1974.]]
The camps were not designed for execution, but rather forced labor in a society not driven by the profit motive. The death rate was very high from exposure to the cold, over-work, disease and very poor food, government rations, clothing and medical care. Nearly 75 million prisoners passed through the gulags in their more than 60 years of operation. Some people were imprisoned for violating Soviet law,<ref>Unemployment is illegal under "social parasite" laws in the [[collectivist]] system.</ref> others simply to fill quotas for the demand for workers. The population of the Gulag peaked around 1939 (at the climax of the Stalinist purges) at 6 million, and again in the early 1950s at 7.5 million. Around 35 million Gulag prisoners died of over-work, ill-treatment, disease or starvation between 1931 and 1953.<ref>In 1992, a Russian group memorializing the targets of the Soviet terror by use of demographic studies announced a determination that there were 63 million 'excess deaths' in the Soviet Union in its duration — 1917-1987.</ref>

Some estimates of Gulag population statistics are absurdly low due to their reliance on statistical reporting from the estimated 90% of the returnees who had collaborated in atrocities with Gulag slavemasters, and who had consequently later reported lower populations, seeking to diminish reprisals should their complicity become known.

==Imprisonment and banishment==
When a person was imprisoned, by law their families - wives, children, brothers, sisters and parents - had to go to court and divorce or disown the person, as it was an imprisonable offense itself to be related to an enemy of the people. Upon release, a prisoner had no family to go home to.

Under the Soviet system, a person was banished from the Moscow Center (Red Square) by a distance of kilometers.<ref>An internal passport system required individuals to carry papers showing restrictions, the number of kilometers a person was banned from the Moscow Center.</ref> The farthest being 7000 kilometers, or the Kolyma River in far Eastern Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/mWA54jX-VtY</ref> 1500 to 3000 kilometers usually meant the salt mines of [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>https://vimeo.com/192420959</ref> 3500 to 5000 kilometers usually was the logging camps of the River Lena in central Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/PA8gBxOAlu0</ref>

The camps were filled mostly with dissidents and the [[unemployed]] from the large cities, such as [[Moscow]] and [[Leningrad]]. Dissidents were mainly political prisoners or religious protestors. Political prisoners were branded "enemies of the working class," or more commonly, "enemies of the people." The unemployed were branded "social parasites," similar the [[National Socialist]] category of "shiftless elements."<ref>[[Marx]] did not consider homeless vagabounds, the [[lumpen masses]], as fit for the workers' revolution. Marx considered desperately impoverished people as tools of the "beougeoie," who would do anything for money, sell out revolutionary ideology, and not to be trusted.</ref>

When a person served out their time behind barbed wire, the system of internal banishment remained in place. A released prisoner then usually had to settle down in the village or community neighboring the Gulag camp where the guards and their families lived,<ref>Some cities and place names on maps are entirely the creation of the Gulag system as it was a vital part of Soviet economic development. Population statistics on Cold War era National Geographic maps often reflect the size of the prison camp population, which typically was 90% of the figure shown in the map's population key.</ref> and find menial employment in some service sector industry supporting their former prison guard slave masters and their families.<ref>The former prisoners' housing often consisted of converted chicken coops or the basements of their former prison guard slave masters.</ref>

The Gulag system was a vital element of the [[Democratic Socialist]] [[economy]], providing necessary [[employment]] and productive capacity for the non-[[profit]] driven, communist society.

==Marxist theory==
:{{See also |Progressivism}}
In addition to the unemployed, most others fell into two groups: political prisoners and thieves. While dissenters were considered enemies of the revolution, under Marxist [[class warfare]] theory, thieves are considered victims of [[bourgeois]] society and the propertied class.

While the bourgeois are "class enemies" of the working class, and dissenters are "enemies of the people," thieves are considered "class allies" of socialism, the revolution, and the party. Hence a single thief was often deliberately placed within a group of political prisoners to sow mistrust, chaos, and division as a precaution against organized resistance.

The concept of a thief in a society without [[private property]] may be hard to fathom; those branded as thieves simply were [[sociopath]]s lacking the [[collectivist]] mindset and discipline enough to join the party.

==The gulag vs. the slave plantation contrasted==
Solzhenitsyn pointed out that the Soviet slave system was unlike the [[slavery]] in the [[American South]], were slaves were allowed to marry and live in family units, although the threat of family separation certainly was used to enforce compliance with the system of forced labor; victims of the [[Marxist]] ideology were permanently separated from all extended family and lived in barracks under a prison regime, where even their toilet habits were strictly supervised and regulated.

American blacks ate well in the agricultural setting, raised chickens for meat, and had their own plots of land for fruits and vegetables; Marxist victims were fed a bowl of slop at the end of the work day, and the daily bread ration was often cut due to government corruption, bureaucratic mismanagement, or budgetary concerns.

Unlike Southern plantations, the practice of religion was forbidden.

==Rehabilitation==
Under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] nearly 4 million Gulag prisoners were released in 1953–57. Millions of these were [[German]] [[POW]]s (the [[leftist]] Soviet Union was not a signatory of the [[Geneva Convention]] agreeing to the [[humanitarian]] treatment and exchange of prisoners when [[World War II]] broke out). [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who served as a [[Red Army]] Captain in the War Against Fascism, who defeated [[fascism]], nonetheless remained imprisoned by the leftist regime for criticizing [[socialist]] management of the war, [[foreign policy]], the economy, and [[social justice]] in private letters which had been intercepted by the government domestic [[surveillance]] system.

These victims of left-wing state terror encountered physical, psychological, social, and political problems upon their reintegration into socialist society. A reciprocal adjustment had to be made by the Soviet system, and society as a whole, in order to reintroduce former prisoners to the 'Big Zone,' or life outside the camps. Most survivors however, were never allowed to return home or to their previous employment under the system of internal exile.

The process of rehabilitation was slowed by the victims' disorientation on release and their fear of further repression. A person needed "rehabilitation papers" to find a job or housing, although "gainful employment" was illegal because the profit motive [[subversion|subverted]] the Soviet system.

A greater problem was the government's denial of its history rather than admitting to leftist ideological flaws. Even after Khrushchev's 1956 secret speech to the 20th Party Congress condemning "Stalinist excesses," the state was slow to acknowledge that many former 'enemies of the people' were in fact innocent victims.<ref>Nanci Adler, "Life in the 'Big Zone': the Fate of Returnees in the Aftermath of Stalinist Repression," ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 1999 51(1): 5-19</ref> The socialist economy, it was felt, couldn't exist without forced labor of those whom progressives disagreed with.

While there is a tendency to blame [[Stalin]] for Marxist "excesses" and "mistakes," the dangerous underpinnings of socialist ideology remain unchanged today.

==Chinese Laogai==
[[File:Forced Labor Detention Facilities in China.PNG|thumb|right|300px|]]
The modern [[Chinese Communist Party]] system of gulags are called the ''Laogai'', the Russian equivalent of ''Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei''. Indeed, Solzhenitsyn postulated the gulag system of corrective labor may have originated in China. The book ''Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China'', published in 2009, stated that as many as 3 to 5 million people were imprisoned in laogai or gulag camps.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Laogai-The-Machinery-Repression-China/dp/1884167772 Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China], 2009-10-01</ref>

China’s network of penal forced labor facilities, established in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government to hold both criminals and political dissidents, remains in operation today. U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods produced “wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor or/and forced labor or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions.”<ref>Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S. Code 19 § 1307.</ref> Artificial flowers, Christmas lights, shoes, garments, umbrellas as well as coal, cotton, electronics, fireworks, footwear, nails, and toys have been identified as produced in Chinese prison factories for export. There have been several instances of letters and notes from prisoners describing their confinement, working conditions and mistreatment discovered in products purchased by consumers outside China; at [[Christmas]] in 2019 a six year old girl in [[London]], in a box of newly purchased Christmas cards, found one that had a message in English saying,
{{quotebox-float|"We are foreign prisoners in Shanghai Qingpu prison China Forced to work against our will. Please help us and notify human rights organization."<ref>https://www.npr.org/2019/12/23/790832681/6-year-old-finds-message-alleging-chinese-prison-labor-in-box-of-christmas-cards</ref>}}
Profitable prison companies help to fund the operations of both local and national government. Prison labor enterprises producing [[high-tech]] goods such as [[semiconductor]]s and optical instruments are the most profitable, each earning an estimated annual revenue of tens of millions of dollars and paying taxes to the Chinese government. According to the 2012 ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' from the [[United States Department of State]],
{{quotebox|“[t]he [PRC] government reportedly profits from [the use of] forced labor. Many prisoners and detainees in ‘reeducation through labor’ facilities [are] required to work, often with no remuneration.”}}
Many prisons function as subcontractors for Chinese firms. The State Department has noted cases in which
{{quotebox|“detainees were forced to work up to 18 hours a day without pay for private companies working in partnership with Chinese authorities” and “were beaten for failing to complete work quotas."<ref>Cited in ''Prison Labor Exports from China and Implications for U.S. Policy'', U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report, July 9, 2014.</ref>}}

==Further reading==
* Applebaum, Anne. ''Gulag: A History'' by Anne Applebaum (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-History-Anne-Applebaum/dp/1400034094/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255213150&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search], a standard history
* Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. ''The Gulag Archipelago'' (1973) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-Archipelago-1918-1956-Aleksandr-Solzhenitsyn/dp/0060007761/ref=sip_rech_dp_5 excerpt and text search]
* Werth, Nicolas et al. ''Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Cannibal-Island-Siberian-against-Humanity/dp/0691130833/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255212940&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

==See also==

*[[Atheism and slavery]]
*[[Concentration camp]]
*[[Killing fields]]
*[[Democide]]
*[[Joseph Stalin]]
*[[Essay: KAL 007 Survivors and Gulags of Russia]]

====References====
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG0T_hVMqLs&feature=youtu.be The Face of Socialism]
*[https://rumble.com/vqjz4s-hidden-camera-footage-from-forced-internment-camps-in-australia.html Hidden Camera Footage From Australian Covid Gulag]

[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Socialism]]

Gulag

2022-01-03T07:14:22Z

AbelBanquo: clarif.

[[File:Olkhon Island gulag.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Remains of a Soviet gulag, Olkhon Island, Russia.]]
The '''Gulag''' is the extensive network of prison camps used in the Soviet Union and by extension other socialist societies. It was used to imprison and exact any kind of labor from its subjects who failed to co-operate with, or simply were in any way threatening to, regime objectives, particularly the use of words, actions or being in a position to have a basis of knowledge that discredited the various ways a force genocidal in extent or a totalizing falsification was required to command assent in the face of the regime's incompetence and abuse in applying its self-defined [[Socialist]] principles to carry out those objectives. In the indictment procedure, whatever threats to regime prestige the indicted posed were disguised and re-fashioned into imputations of participation in usually-direct intentional attacks on some aspect of the professed prerogatives or policies of the regime or its subjects. More recently, this term refers to the continued imprisonment without a trial of [[Trump]] supporters who exercised their [[First Amendment]] rights on Jan. 6, 2021, at the [[United States Capitol]].

Gulag is an acronym is derived from Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps, ''Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii'' (Russian: ''Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения''),<ref>A ''lag'' or ''lage'' in Russian is the same word in German for "camp", as in ''konzentrationslager'' or [[concentration camp]]. The word, common to both languages, may have derived from Czarist times and the operation of punitive logging camps for criminal offenders and political dissidents. Vladimir Lenin (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) for example, spent time in a notorious logging camp on the River Lena in Siberia, from which he adopted the name "Lenin" to identify as a proud veteran of the camps.</ref> spelled GuLag, Corrective labor is used for [[politically incorrect]] thought, word, or action. The term became well known by its use in the title of the compilation of personal historical accounts by [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] in ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]''.<ref>The camps are depicted as a scattered collection of islands.</ref>

Camps were located in every part of the country—most notoriously in cold Siberia—and slave labor was used not only for mining and heavy industries but for producing every kind of consumer product such as furniture toys, and fur hats.
[[File:Gulag.gif|right|300px|thumb|Detailed explanation how the Gulag camps work found in the [[Harry Hopkins]] papers at Hyde Park; American [[liberal]]s pled ignorance of the system until after publication of Solzhenitsyn's book in 1974.]]
The camps were not designed for execution, but rather forced labor in a society not driven by the profit motive. The death rate was very high from exposure to the cold, over-work, disease and very poor food, government rations, clothing and medical care. Nearly 75 million prisoners passed through the gulags in their more than 60 years of operation. Some people were imprisoned for violating Soviet law,<ref>Unemployment is illegal under "social parasite" laws in the [[collectivist]] system.</ref> others simply to fill quotas for the demand for workers. The population of the Gulag peaked around 1939 (at the climax of the Stalinist purges) at 6 million, and again in the early 1950s at 7.5 million. Around 35 million Gulag prisoners died of over-work, ill-treatment, disease or starvation between 1931 and 1953.<ref>In 1992, a Russian group memorializing the targets of the Soviet terror by use of demographic studies announced a determination that there were 63 million 'excess deaths' in the Soviet Union in its duration — 1917-1987.</ref>

Some estimates of Gulag population statistics are absurdly low due to their reliance on statistical reporting from the estimated 90% of the returnees who had collaborated in atrocities with Gulag slavemasters, and who had consequently later reported lower populations, seeking to diminish reprisals should their complicity become known.

==Imprisonment and banishment==
When a person was imprisoned, by law their families - wives, children, brothers, sisters and parents - had to go to court and divorce or disown the person, as it was an imprisonable offense itself to be related to an enemy of the people. Upon release, a prisoner had no family to go home to.

Under the Soviet system, a person was banished from the Moscow Center (Red Square) by a distance of kilometers.<ref>An internal passport system required individuals to carry papers showing restrictions, the number of kilometers a person was banned from the Moscow Center.</ref> The farthest being 7000 kilometers, or the Kolyma River in far Eastern Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/mWA54jX-VtY</ref> 1500 to 3000 kilometers usually meant the salt mines of [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>https://vimeo.com/192420959</ref> 3500 to 5000 kilometers usually was the logging camps of the River Lena in central Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/PA8gBxOAlu0</ref>

The camps were filled mostly with dissidents and the [[unemployed]] from the large cities, such as [[Moscow]] and [[Leningrad]]. Dissidents were mainly political prisoners or religious protestors. Political prisoners were branded "enemies of the working class," or more commonly, "enemies of the people." The unemployed were branded "social parasites," similar the [[National Socialist]] category of "shiftless elements."<ref>[[Marx]] did not consider homeless vagabounds, the [[lumpen masses]], as fit for the workers' revolution. Marx considered desperately impoverished people as tools of the "beougeoie," who would do anything for money, sell out revolutionary ideology, and not to be trusted.</ref>

When a person served out their time behind barbed wire, the system of internal banishment remained in place. A released prisoner then usually had to settle down in the village or community neighboring the Gulag camp where the guards and their families lived,<ref>Some cities and place names on maps are entirely the creation of the Gulag system as it was a vital part of Soviet economic development. Population statistics on Cold War era National Geographic maps often reflect the size of the prison camp population, which typically was 90% of the figure shown in the map's population key.</ref> and find menial employment in some service sector industry supporting their former prison guard slave masters and their families.<ref>The former prisoners' housing often consisted of converted chicken coops or the basements of their former prison guard slave masters.</ref>

The Gulag system was a vital element of the [[Democratic Socialist]] [[economy]], providing necessary [[employment]] and productive capacity for the non-[[profit]] driven, communist society.

==Marxist theory==
:{{See also |Progressivism}}
In addition to the unemployed, most others fell into two groups: political prisoners and thieves. While dissenters were considered enemies of the revolution, under Marxist [[class warfare]] theory, thieves are considered victims of [[bourgeois]] society and the propertied class.

While the bourgeois are "class enemies" of the working class, and dissenters are "enemies of the people," thieves are considered "class allies" of socialism, the revolution, and the party. Hence a single thief was often deliberately placed within a group of political prisoners to sow mistrust, chaos, and division as a precaution against organized resistance.

The concept of a thief in a society without [[private property]] may be hard to fathom; those branded as thieves simply were [[sociopath]]s lacking the [[collectivist]] mindset and discipline enough to join the party.

==The gulag vs. the slave plantation contrasted==
Solzhenitsyn pointed out that the Soviet slave system was unlike the [[slavery]] in the [[American South]], were slaves were allowed to marry and live in family units, although the threat of family separation certainly was used to enforce compliance with the system of forced labor; victims of the [[Marxist]] ideology were permanently separated from all extended family and lived in barracks under a prison regime, where even their toilet habits were strictly supervised and regulated.

American blacks ate well in the agricultural setting, raised chickens for meat, and had their own plots of land for fruits and vegetables; Marxist victims were fed a bowl of slop at the end of the work day, and the daily bread ration was often cut due to government corruption, bureaucratic mismanagement, or budgetary concerns.

Unlike Southern plantations, the practice of religion was forbidden.

==Rehabilitation==
Under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] nearly 4 million Gulag prisoners were released in 1953–57. Millions of these were [[German]] [[POW]]s (the [[leftist]] Soviet Union was not a signatory of the [[Geneva Convention]] agreeing to the [[humanitarian]] treatment and exchange of prisoners when [[World War II]] broke out). [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who served as a [[Red Army]] Captain in the War Against Fascism, who defeated [[fascism]], nonetheless remained imprisoned by the leftist regime for criticizing [[socialist]] management of the war, [[foreign policy]], the economy, and [[social justice]] in private letters which had been intercepted by the government domestic [[surveillance]] system.

These victims of left-wing state terror encountered physical, psychological, social, and political problems upon their reintegration into socialist society. A reciprocal adjustment had to be made by the Soviet system, and society as a whole, in order to reintroduce former prisoners to the 'Big Zone,' or life outside the camps. Most survivors however, were never allowed to return home or to their previous employment under the system of internal exile.

The process of rehabilitation was slowed by the victims' disorientation on release and their fear of further repression. A person needed "rehabilitation papers" to find a job or housing, although "gainful employment" was illegal because the profit motive [[subversion|subverted]] the Soviet system.

A greater problem was the government's denial of its history rather than admitting to leftist ideological flaws. Even after Khrushchev's 1956 secret speech to the 20th Party Congress condemning "Stalinist excesses," the state was slow to acknowledge that many former 'enemies of the people' were in fact innocent victims.<ref>Nanci Adler, "Life in the 'Big Zone': the Fate of Returnees in the Aftermath of Stalinist Repression," ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 1999 51(1): 5-19</ref> The socialist economy, it was felt, couldn't exist without forced labor of those whom progressives disagreed with.

While there is a tendency to blame [[Stalin]] for Marxist "excesses" and "mistakes," the dangerous underpinnings of socialist ideology remain unchanged today.

==Chinese Laogai==
[[File:Forced Labor Detention Facilities in China.PNG|thumb|right|300px|]]
The modern [[Chinese Communist Party]] system of gulags are called the ''Laogai'', the Russian equivalent of ''Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei''. Indeed, Solzhenitsyn postulated the gulag system of corrective labor may have originated in China. The book ''Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China'', published in 2009, stated that as many as 3 to 5 million people were imprisoned in laogai or gulag camps.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Laogai-The-Machinery-Repression-China/dp/1884167772 Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China], 2009-10-01</ref>

China’s network of penal forced labor facilities, established in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government to hold both criminals and political dissidents, remains in operation today. U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods produced “wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor or/and forced labor or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions.”<ref>Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S. Code 19 § 1307.</ref> Artificial flowers, Christmas lights, shoes, garments, umbrellas as well as coal, cotton, electronics, fireworks, footwear, nails, and toys have been identified as produced in Chinese prison factories for export. There have been several instances of letters and notes from prisoners describing their confinement, working conditions and mistreatment discovered in products purchased by consumers outside China; at [[Christmas]] in 2019 a six year old girl in [[London]], in a box of newly purchased Christmas cards, found one that had a message in English saying,
{{quotebox-float|"We are foreign prisoners in Shanghai Qingpu prison China Forced to work against our will. Please help us and notify human rights organization."<ref>https://www.npr.org/2019/12/23/790832681/6-year-old-finds-message-alleging-chinese-prison-labor-in-box-of-christmas-cards</ref>}}
Profitable prison companies help to fund the operations of both local and national government. Prison labor enterprises producing [[high-tech]] goods such as [[semiconductor]]s and optical instruments are the most profitable, each earning an estimated annual revenue of tens of millions of dollars and paying taxes to the Chinese government. According to the 2012 ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' from the [[United States Department of State]],
{{quotebox|“[t]he [PRC] government reportedly profits from [the use of] forced labor. Many prisoners and detainees in ‘reeducation through labor’ facilities [are] required to work, often with no remuneration.”}}
Many prisons function as subcontractors for Chinese firms. The State Department has noted cases in which
{{quotebox|“detainees were forced to work up to 18 hours a day without pay for private companies working in partnership with Chinese authorities” and “were beaten for failing to complete work quotas."<ref>Cited in ''Prison Labor Exports from China and Implications for U.S. Policy'', U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report, July 9, 2014.</ref>}}

==Further reading==
* Applebaum, Anne. ''Gulag: A History'' by Anne Applebaum (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-History-Anne-Applebaum/dp/1400034094/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255213150&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search], a standard history
* Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. ''The Gulag Archipelago'' (1973) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-Archipelago-1918-1956-Aleksandr-Solzhenitsyn/dp/0060007761/ref=sip_rech_dp_5 excerpt and text search]
* Werth, Nicolas et al. ''Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Cannibal-Island-Siberian-against-Humanity/dp/0691130833/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255212940&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

==See also==

*[[Atheism and slavery]]
*[[Concentration camp]]
*[[Killing fields]]
*[[Democide]]
*[[Joseph Stalin]]
*[[Essay: KAL 007 Survivors and Gulags of Russia]]

====References====
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG0T_hVMqLs&feature=youtu.be The Face of Socialism]
*[https://rumble.com/vqjz4s-hidden-camera-footage-from-forced-internment-camps-in-australia.html Hidden Camera Footage From Australian Covid Gulag]

[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Socialism]]

Gulag

2022-01-03T07:12:36Z

AbelBanquo: More accurate description of purpose of gulag.

[[File:Olkhon Island gulag.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Remains of a Soviet gulag, Olkhon Island, Russia.]]
The '''Gulag''' is the extensive network of prison camps used in the Soviet Union and by extension other socialist societies. It was used to imprison and exact any kind of labor from its subjects who failed to co-operate with, or simply were in any way threatening to, regime objectives, particularly the use of words, actions or being in a position to have a basis of knowledge that discredited the various ways a force genocidal in extent or a totalizing falsification was required to command assent in the face of the regime's incompetence and abuse in applying its self-defined [[Socialist]] principles to carry out those objectives. In the indictment procedure, whatever threats to regime prestige the indicted posed were re-fashioned into imputations of participation in usually-direct intentional attacks on some aspect of the professed prerogatives or policies of the regime or its subjects. More recently, this term refers to the continued imprisonment without a trial of [[Trump]] supporters who exercised their [[First Amendment]] rights on Jan. 6, 2021, at the [[United States Capitol]].

Gulag is an acronym is derived from Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps, ''Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii'' (Russian: ''Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения''),<ref>A ''lag'' or ''lage'' in Russian is the same word in German for "camp", as in ''konzentrationslager'' or [[concentration camp]]. The word, common to both languages, may have derived from Czarist times and the operation of punitive logging camps for criminal offenders and political dissidents. Vladimir Lenin (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) for example, spent time in a notorious logging camp on the River Lena in Siberia, from which he adopted the name "Lenin" to identify as a proud veteran of the camps.</ref> spelled GuLag, Corrective labor is used for [[politically incorrect]] thought, word, or action. The term became well known by its use in the title of the compilation of personal historical accounts by [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] in ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]''.<ref>The camps are depicted as a scattered collection of islands.</ref>

Camps were located in every part of the country—most notoriously in cold Siberia—and slave labor was used not only for mining and heavy industries but for producing every kind of consumer product such as furniture toys, and fur hats.
[[File:Gulag.gif|right|300px|thumb|Detailed explanation how the Gulag camps work found in the [[Harry Hopkins]] papers at Hyde Park; American [[liberal]]s pled ignorance of the system until after publication of Solzhenitsyn's book in 1974.]]
The camps were not designed for execution, but rather forced labor in a society not driven by the profit motive. The death rate was very high from exposure to the cold, over-work, disease and very poor food, government rations, clothing and medical care. Nearly 75 million prisoners passed through the gulags in their more than 60 years of operation. Some people were imprisoned for violating Soviet law,<ref>Unemployment is illegal under "social parasite" laws in the [[collectivist]] system.</ref> others simply to fill quotas for the demand for workers. The population of the Gulag peaked around 1939 (at the climax of the Stalinist purges) at 6 million, and again in the early 1950s at 7.5 million. Around 35 million Gulag prisoners died of over-work, ill-treatment, disease or starvation between 1931 and 1953.<ref>In 1992, a Russian group memorializing the targets of the Soviet terror by use of demographic studies announced a determination that there were 63 million 'excess deaths' in the Soviet Union in its duration — 1917-1987.</ref>

Some estimates of Gulag population statistics are absurdly low due to their reliance on statistical reporting from the estimated 90% of the returnees who had collaborated in atrocities with Gulag slavemasters, and who had consequently later reported lower populations, seeking to diminish reprisals should their complicity become known.

==Imprisonment and banishment==
When a person was imprisoned, by law their families - wives, children, brothers, sisters and parents - had to go to court and divorce or disown the person, as it was an imprisonable offense itself to be related to an enemy of the people. Upon release, a prisoner had no family to go home to.

Under the Soviet system, a person was banished from the Moscow Center (Red Square) by a distance of kilometers.<ref>An internal passport system required individuals to carry papers showing restrictions, the number of kilometers a person was banned from the Moscow Center.</ref> The farthest being 7000 kilometers, or the Kolyma River in far Eastern Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/mWA54jX-VtY</ref> 1500 to 3000 kilometers usually meant the salt mines of [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>https://vimeo.com/192420959</ref> 3500 to 5000 kilometers usually was the logging camps of the River Lena in central Siberia.<ref>https://youtu.be/PA8gBxOAlu0</ref>

The camps were filled mostly with dissidents and the [[unemployed]] from the large cities, such as [[Moscow]] and [[Leningrad]]. Dissidents were mainly political prisoners or religious protestors. Political prisoners were branded "enemies of the working class," or more commonly, "enemies of the people." The unemployed were branded "social parasites," similar the [[National Socialist]] category of "shiftless elements."<ref>[[Marx]] did not consider homeless vagabounds, the [[lumpen masses]], as fit for the workers' revolution. Marx considered desperately impoverished people as tools of the "beougeoie," who would do anything for money, sell out revolutionary ideology, and not to be trusted.</ref>

When a person served out their time behind barbed wire, the system of internal banishment remained in place. A released prisoner then usually had to settle down in the village or community neighboring the Gulag camp where the guards and their families lived,<ref>Some cities and place names on maps are entirely the creation of the Gulag system as it was a vital part of Soviet economic development. Population statistics on Cold War era National Geographic maps often reflect the size of the prison camp population, which typically was 90% of the figure shown in the map's population key.</ref> and find menial employment in some service sector industry supporting their former prison guard slave masters and their families.<ref>The former prisoners' housing often consisted of converted chicken coops or the basements of their former prison guard slave masters.</ref>

The Gulag system was a vital element of the [[Democratic Socialist]] [[economy]], providing necessary [[employment]] and productive capacity for the non-[[profit]] driven, communist society.

==Marxist theory==
:{{See also |Progressivism}}
In addition to the unemployed, most others fell into two groups: political prisoners and thieves. While dissenters were considered enemies of the revolution, under Marxist [[class warfare]] theory, thieves are considered victims of [[bourgeois]] society and the propertied class.

While the bourgeois are "class enemies" of the working class, and dissenters are "enemies of the people," thieves are considered "class allies" of socialism, the revolution, and the party. Hence a single thief was often deliberately placed within a group of political prisoners to sow mistrust, chaos, and division as a precaution against organized resistance.

The concept of a thief in a society without [[private property]] may be hard to fathom; those branded as thieves simply were [[sociopath]]s lacking the [[collectivist]] mindset and discipline enough to join the party.

==The gulag vs. the slave plantation contrasted==
Solzhenitsyn pointed out that the Soviet slave system was unlike the [[slavery]] in the [[American South]], were slaves were allowed to marry and live in family units, although the threat of family separation certainly was used to enforce compliance with the system of forced labor; victims of the [[Marxist]] ideology were permanently separated from all extended family and lived in barracks under a prison regime, where even their toilet habits were strictly supervised and regulated.

American blacks ate well in the agricultural setting, raised chickens for meat, and had their own plots of land for fruits and vegetables; Marxist victims were fed a bowl of slop at the end of the work day, and the daily bread ration was often cut due to government corruption, bureaucratic mismanagement, or budgetary concerns.

Unlike Southern plantations, the practice of religion was forbidden.

==Rehabilitation==
Under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] nearly 4 million Gulag prisoners were released in 1953–57. Millions of these were [[German]] [[POW]]s (the [[leftist]] Soviet Union was not a signatory of the [[Geneva Convention]] agreeing to the [[humanitarian]] treatment and exchange of prisoners when [[World War II]] broke out). [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who served as a [[Red Army]] Captain in the War Against Fascism, who defeated [[fascism]], nonetheless remained imprisoned by the leftist regime for criticizing [[socialist]] management of the war, [[foreign policy]], the economy, and [[social justice]] in private letters which had been intercepted by the government domestic [[surveillance]] system.

These victims of left-wing state terror encountered physical, psychological, social, and political problems upon their reintegration into socialist society. A reciprocal adjustment had to be made by the Soviet system, and society as a whole, in order to reintroduce former prisoners to the 'Big Zone,' or life outside the camps. Most survivors however, were never allowed to return home or to their previous employment under the system of internal exile.

The process of rehabilitation was slowed by the victims' disorientation on release and their fear of further repression. A person needed "rehabilitation papers" to find a job or housing, although "gainful employment" was illegal because the profit motive [[subversion|subverted]] the Soviet system.

A greater problem was the government's denial of its history rather than admitting to leftist ideological flaws. Even after Khrushchev's 1956 secret speech to the 20th Party Congress condemning "Stalinist excesses," the state was slow to acknowledge that many former 'enemies of the people' were in fact innocent victims.<ref>Nanci Adler, "Life in the 'Big Zone': the Fate of Returnees in the Aftermath of Stalinist Repression," ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 1999 51(1): 5-19</ref> The socialist economy, it was felt, couldn't exist without forced labor of those whom progressives disagreed with.

While there is a tendency to blame [[Stalin]] for Marxist "excesses" and "mistakes," the dangerous underpinnings of socialist ideology remain unchanged today.

==Chinese Laogai==
[[File:Forced Labor Detention Facilities in China.PNG|thumb|right|300px|]]
The modern [[Chinese Communist Party]] system of gulags are called the ''Laogai'', the Russian equivalent of ''Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei''. Indeed, Solzhenitsyn postulated the gulag system of corrective labor may have originated in China. The book ''Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China'', published in 2009, stated that as many as 3 to 5 million people were imprisoned in laogai or gulag camps.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Laogai-The-Machinery-Repression-China/dp/1884167772 Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China], 2009-10-01</ref>

China’s network of penal forced labor facilities, established in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government to hold both criminals and political dissidents, remains in operation today. U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods produced “wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor or/and forced labor or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions.”<ref>Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S. Code 19 § 1307.</ref> Artificial flowers, Christmas lights, shoes, garments, umbrellas as well as coal, cotton, electronics, fireworks, footwear, nails, and toys have been identified as produced in Chinese prison factories for export. There have been several instances of letters and notes from prisoners describing their confinement, working conditions and mistreatment discovered in products purchased by consumers outside China; at [[Christmas]] in 2019 a six year old girl in [[London]], in a box of newly purchased Christmas cards, found one that had a message in English saying,
{{quotebox-float|"We are foreign prisoners in Shanghai Qingpu prison China Forced to work against our will. Please help us and notify human rights organization."<ref>https://www.npr.org/2019/12/23/790832681/6-year-old-finds-message-alleging-chinese-prison-labor-in-box-of-christmas-cards</ref>}}
Profitable prison companies help to fund the operations of both local and national government. Prison labor enterprises producing [[high-tech]] goods such as [[semiconductor]]s and optical instruments are the most profitable, each earning an estimated annual revenue of tens of millions of dollars and paying taxes to the Chinese government. According to the 2012 ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' from the [[United States Department of State]],
{{quotebox|“[t]he [PRC] government reportedly profits from [the use of] forced labor. Many prisoners and detainees in ‘reeducation through labor’ facilities [are] required to work, often with no remuneration.”}}
Many prisons function as subcontractors for Chinese firms. The State Department has noted cases in which
{{quotebox|“detainees were forced to work up to 18 hours a day without pay for private companies working in partnership with Chinese authorities” and “were beaten for failing to complete work quotas."<ref>Cited in ''Prison Labor Exports from China and Implications for U.S. Policy'', U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report, July 9, 2014.</ref>}}

==Further reading==
* Applebaum, Anne. ''Gulag: A History'' by Anne Applebaum (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-History-Anne-Applebaum/dp/1400034094/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255213150&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search], a standard history
* Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. ''The Gulag Archipelago'' (1973) [https://www.amazon.com/Gulag-Archipelago-1918-1956-Aleksandr-Solzhenitsyn/dp/0060007761/ref=sip_rech_dp_5 excerpt and text search]
* Werth, Nicolas et al. ''Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Cannibal-Island-Siberian-against-Humanity/dp/0691130833/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255212940&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

==See also==

*[[Atheism and slavery]]
*[[Concentration camp]]
*[[Killing fields]]
*[[Democide]]
*[[Joseph Stalin]]
*[[Essay: KAL 007 Survivors and Gulags of Russia]]

====References====
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG0T_hVMqLs&feature=youtu.be The Face of Socialism]
*[https://rumble.com/vqjz4s-hidden-camera-footage-from-forced-internment-camps-in-australia.html Hidden Camera Footage From Australian Covid Gulag]

[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Socialism]]

Pythagorean theorem

2022-01-03T05:12:35Z

AbelBanquo: /* Reasoning */ hid till I can look at it again

The '''Pythagorean theorem''' is possibly the most well known mathematical theorem. It states that squaring the lengths of the two smaller sides of a [[right triangle]] and adding them together will get the length of the [[hypotenuse]] squared. This is expressed mathematically as:

<math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math> or, <math>c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math>

This identity only holds true for a right triangle drawn on a flat ([[Euclid]]ean) plane

The Pythagorean Theorem was developed by the [[Greece|Greek]] mathematician [[Pythagoras]]. The theorem describes a mathematical relationship between the lengths of the sides of a right triangle which can be illustrated as follows:

[[Image:Pythagorean_Theorem.png|left|350px|Pythagorean Theorem]]

<math>\to a^2+b^2=c^2</math>

Many different proofs of the Pythagorean theorem have been devised. Euclid's proof is one of the most complicated and least intuitive.

One proof, below, appeared in an ancient manuscript with no explanation other than the word "look!" Essentially, the triangles in the large square, the hypotenuses of which form the border of the small square, form the two congruent rectangles in the upper right hand and lower left hand corners of the diagram. Therefore, the other two sections of the large square in this portion of the diagram possess the same area as the smaller square in the first diagram. The area of one the two small squares in the second portion of the diagram is given by <math>a^2</math>, and the other by <math>b^2</math>, therefore, the area of the small square in the first portion of the diagram is given by <math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math>, the Pythagorean theorem.
 
<center>[[image:Pythagoras.gif]]</center>
__NOTOC__
==Corollary: No three lines with odd prime numbers as lengths can form a right triangle==

Indirect proof: Let's describe a situation where lines with the lengths of three odd prime numbers ''do'' form a right triangle and see what follows.

===Conceptualization===

Let's call the two odd prime legs ''l''1 and ''l''2 and ''h'' the odd prime hypoteneuse.

One definition of odd prime number ''op'' is that it is an odd natural number with no positive integral factor ''f'' other than one and itself.

===Hypothesis===

:Simple assumption: The hypoteneuse is always larger than either of its lengths.

That is, it is to be proven that the first proposition (that is, the proposition that is the simple assumption, the ''assumption for a conditional proof'') leads to the second.

===Conceptualization (cont'd)===

The conceptualization of the Pythagorean theorem in the case of the three odd prime numbers, that is using the ''assumption for an indirect proof'' is therefore: ''l''12 + ''l''22 = ''h''2.

====Reasoning====

1. Let's divide one of the two odd prime number "''h''" factors contained in the "''h''2" by both sides of the equation:

:(''l''12 / ''h'') + (''l''22 / ''h'') = ''h''.

2. And since ''l''1 and ''l''2 are whole numbers, that which results when they are multiplied by themselves, namely ''l''12 and ''l''22, certainly are as well.

[[Category:Plane Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Geometric Theorems]]

Pythagorean theorem

2022-01-03T04:53:46Z

AbelBanquo: Undo revision 1828081 by AbelBanquo (talk)

The '''Pythagorean theorem''' is possibly the most well known mathematical theorem. It states that squaring the lengths of the two smaller sides of a [[right triangle]] and adding them together will get the length of the [[hypotenuse]] squared. This is expressed mathematically as:

<math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math> or, <math>c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math>

This identity only holds true for a right triangle drawn on a flat ([[Euclid]]ean) plane

The Pythagorean Theorem was developed by the [[Greece|Greek]] mathematician [[Pythagoras]]. The theorem describes a mathematical relationship between the lengths of the sides of a right triangle which can be illustrated as follows:

[[Image:Pythagorean_Theorem.png|left|350px|Pythagorean Theorem]]

<math>\to a^2+b^2=c^2</math>

Many different proofs of the Pythagorean theorem have been devised. Euclid's proof is one of the most complicated and least intuitive.

One proof, below, appeared in an ancient manuscript with no explanation other than the word "look!" Essentially, the triangles in the large square, the hypotenuses of which form the border of the small square, form the two congruent rectangles in the upper right hand and lower left hand corners of the diagram. Therefore, the other two sections of the large square in this portion of the diagram possess the same area as the smaller square in the first diagram. The area of one the two small squares in the second portion of the diagram is given by <math>a^2</math>, and the other by <math>b^2</math>, therefore, the area of the small square in the first portion of the diagram is given by <math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math>, the Pythagorean theorem.
 
<center>[[image:Pythagoras.gif]]</center>
__NOTOC__
==Corollary: No three lines with odd prime numbers as lengths can form a right triangle==

Indirect proof: Let's describe a situation where lines with the lengths of three odd prime numbers ''do'' form a right triangle and see what follows.

===Conceptualization===

Let's call the two odd prime legs ''l''1 and ''l''2 and ''h'' the odd prime hypoteneuse.

One definition of odd prime number ''op'' is that it is an odd natural number with no positive integral factor ''f'' other than one and itself.

===Hypothesis===

:Simple assumption: The hypoteneuse is always larger than either of its lengths.

That is, it is to be proven that the first proposition (that is, the proposition that is the simple assumption, the ''assumption for a conditional proof'') leads to the second.

===Conceptualization (cont'd)===

The conceptualization of the Pythagorean theorem in the case of the three odd prime numbers, that is using the ''assumption for an indirect proof'' is therefore: ''l''12 + ''l''22 = ''h''2.

====Reasoning====

1. Let's divide one of the two odd prime number "''h''" factors contained in the "''h''2" by both sides of the equation:

:(''l''12 / ''h'') + (''l''22 / ''h'') = ''h''.

2. And since ''l''1 and ''l''2 are whole numbers, that which results when they are multiplied by themselves, namely ''l''12 and ''l''22, certainly are as well.

3. Because of the simple assumption, the square of the odd prime legs ''l''12 and ''l''22 only have a single odd prime factor ''h'' available with which to divide and therefore the leg lengths squared are not divisible by the odd prime hypoteneuse by the given definition of an odd prime number (otherwise it would give it a factor both greater than one and itself).

4. If the sum of square of the lengths happened to be a whole number divisible by some hypoteneuse, it must be divided by an odd prime hypoteneuse. Odd numbers take the form of 2n + 1, which when squared gives 4n2 + 4n + 1, which also must be an odd number. Two odd numbers summed always gives an even number, which would result in the sum of square of the leg lengths not being fully divisible by any odd prime hypoteneuse.

5. Therefore the sum of each of the squared legs divided by an odd prime hypoteneuse can never be a whole number and thus an odd prime number like the ''h'' that remains when ''h'' is divided through, contradicting the rephrased original premise of the indirect proof and demonstrating the opposite of the assumption to be true, namely the three lengths in a pythagorean triangle can never be all odd primes.

[[Category:Plane Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Geometric Theorems]]

Pythagorean theorem

2022-01-03T04:32:21Z

AbelBanquo: /* Reasoning */ removed duplicate (unfinished) demonstration step

The '''Pythagorean theorem''' is possibly the most well known mathematical theorem. It states that squaring the lengths of the two smaller sides of a [[right triangle]] and adding them together will get the length of the [[hypotenuse]] squared. This is expressed mathematically as:

<math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math> or, <math>c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math>

This identity only holds true for a right triangle drawn on a flat ([[Euclid]]ean) plane

The Pythagorean Theorem was developed by the [[Greece|Greek]] mathematician [[Pythagoras]]. The theorem describes a mathematical relationship between the lengths of the sides of a right triangle which can be illustrated as follows:

[[Image:Pythagorean_Theorem.png|left|350px|Pythagorean Theorem]]

<math>\to a^2+b^2=c^2</math>

Many different proofs of the Pythagorean theorem have been devised. Euclid's proof is one of the most complicated and least intuitive.

One proof, below, appeared in an ancient manuscript with no explanation other than the word "look!" Essentially, the triangles in the large square, the hypotenuses of which form the border of the small square, form the two congruent rectangles in the upper right hand and lower left hand corners of the diagram. Therefore, the other two sections of the large square in this portion of the diagram possess the same area as the smaller square in the first diagram. The area of one the two small squares in the second portion of the diagram is given by <math>a^2</math>, and the other by <math>b^2</math>, therefore, the area of the small square in the first portion of the diagram is given by <math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math>, the Pythagorean theorem.
 
<center>[[image:Pythagoras.gif]]</center>
__NOTOC__
==Corollary: No three lines with odd prime numbers as lengths can form a right triangle==

Indirect proof: Let's describe a situation where lines with the lengths of three odd prime numbers ''do'' form a right triangle and see what follows.

===Conceptualization===

Let's call the two odd prime legs ''l''1 and ''l''2 and ''h'' the odd prime hypoteneuse.

One definition of odd prime number ''op'' is that it is an odd natural number with no positive integral factor ''f'' other than one and itself.

===Hypothesis===

:Simple assumption: The hypoteneuse is always larger than either of its lengths.

That is, it is to be proven that the first proposition (that is, the proposition that is the simple assumption, the ''assumption for a conditional proof'') leads to the second.

===Conceptualization (cont'd)===

The conceptualization of the Pythagorean theorem in the case of the three odd prime numbers, that is using the ''assumption for an indirect proof'' is therefore: ''l''12 + ''l''22 = ''h''2.

====Reasoning====

1. Let's divide one of the two odd prime number "''h''" factors contained in the "''h''2" by both sides of the equation:

:(''l''12 / ''h'') + (''l''22 / ''h'') = ''h''.

2. And since ''l''1 and ''l''2 are whole numbers, that which results when they are multiplied by themselves, namely ''l''12 and ''l''22, certainly are as well.

3. If the sum of square of the lengths happened to be a whole number divisible by some hypoteneuse, it must be divided by an odd prime hypoteneuse. Odd numbers take the form of 2n + 1, which when squared gives 4n2 + 4n + 1, which also must be an odd number. Two odd numbers summed always gives an even number, which would result in the sum of square of the leg lengths not being fully divisible by any odd prime hypoteneuse.

4. Therefore the sum of each of the squared legs divided by an odd prime hypoteneuse can never be a whole number and thus an odd prime number like the ''h'' that remains when ''h'' is divided through, contradicting the rephrased original premise of the indirect proof and demonstrating the opposite of the assumption to be true, namely the three lengths in a pythagorean triangle can never be all odd primes.

[[Category:Plane Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Geometric Theorems]]

Pythagorean theorem

2022-01-03T00:02:35Z

AbelBanquo: /* Reasoning */ clarif.

The '''Pythagorean theorem''' is possibly the most well known mathematical theorem. It states that squaring the lengths of the two smaller sides of a [[right triangle]] and adding them together will get the length of the [[hypotenuse]] squared. This is expressed mathematically as:

<math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math> or, <math>c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math>

This identity only holds true for a right triangle drawn on a flat ([[Euclid]]ean) plane

The Pythagorean Theorem was developed by the [[Greece|Greek]] mathematician [[Pythagoras]]. The theorem describes a mathematical relationship between the lengths of the sides of a right triangle which can be illustrated as follows:

[[Image:Pythagorean_Theorem.png|left|350px|Pythagorean Theorem]]

<math>\to a^2+b^2=c^2</math>

Many different proofs of the Pythagorean theorem have been devised. Euclid's proof is one of the most complicated and least intuitive.

One proof, below, appeared in an ancient manuscript with no explanation other than the word "look!" Essentially, the triangles in the large square, the hypotenuses of which form the border of the small square, form the two congruent rectangles in the upper right hand and lower left hand corners of the diagram. Therefore, the other two sections of the large square in this portion of the diagram possess the same area as the smaller square in the first diagram. The area of one the two small squares in the second portion of the diagram is given by <math>a^2</math>, and the other by <math>b^2</math>, therefore, the area of the small square in the first portion of the diagram is given by <math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math>, the Pythagorean theorem.
 
<center>[[image:Pythagoras.gif]]</center>
__NOTOC__
==Corollary: No three lines with odd prime numbers as lengths can form a right triangle==

Indirect proof: Let's describe a situation where lines with the lengths of three odd prime numbers ''do'' form a right triangle and see what follows.

===Conceptualization===

Let's call the two odd prime legs ''l''1 and ''l''2 and ''h'' the odd prime hypoteneuse.

One definition of odd prime number ''op'' is that it is an odd natural number with no positive integral factor ''f'' other than one and itself.

===Hypothesis===

:Simple assumption: The hypoteneuse is always larger than either of its lengths.

That is, it is to be proven that the first proposition (that is, the proposition that is the simple assumption, the ''assumption for a conditional proof'') leads to the second.

===Conceptualization (cont'd)===

The conceptualization of the Pythagorean theorem in the case of the three odd prime numbers, that is using the ''assumption for an indirect proof'' is therefore: ''l''12 + ''l''22 = ''h''2.

====Reasoning====

1. Let's divide one of the two odd prime number "''h''" factors contained in the "''h''2" by both sides of the equation:

:(''l''12 / ''h'') + (''l''22 / ''h'') = ''h''.

2. And since ''l''1 and ''l''2 are whole numbers, that which results when they are multiplied by themselves, namely ''l''12 and ''l''22, certainly are as well.

3. Because of the simple assumption, the square of the odd prime legs ''l''12 and ''l''22 only have a single odd prime factor ''h'' available with which to divide and therefore the leg lengths squared are not divisible by the odd prime hypoteneuse by the given definition of an odd prime number (otherwise it would give it a factor both greater than one and itself).

4. If the sum of square of the lengths happened to be a whole number divisible by some hypoteneuse, it must be divided by an odd prime hypoteneuse. Odd numbers take the form of 2n + 1, which when squared gives 4n2 + 4n + 1, which also must be an odd number. Two odd numbers summed always gives an even number, which would result in the sum of square of the leg lengths not being fully divisible by any odd prime hypoteneuse.

5. Therefore the sum of each of the squared legs divided by an odd prime hypoteneuse can never be a whole number and thus an odd prime number like the ''h'' that remains when ''h'' is divided through, contradicting the rephrased original premise of the indirect proof and demonstrating the opposite of the assumption to be true, namely the three lengths in a pythagorean triangle can never be all odd primes.

[[Category:Plane Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Geometric Theorems]]