Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Oboe

2007-11-14T18:35:03Z

Abednego:

An '''oboe''' is a double reeded [[wind]] instrument similar to, but longer than, a [[clarinet]]. The oboe is a [[soprano]] ranged instuments, and thus somewhat high in tone.

[[Category:Music]]
[[category:Musical Instrument]]

Mandolin

2007-11-14T18:18:23Z

Abednego: /* References */

'''Mandolin''' is a string instrument which is plucked or strummed like a [[Guitar]]. Mandolin evolved in [[Naples]], [[Italy]].<ref>http://www.banjolin.co.uk/mandolin/mandolinhistory.htm</ref> There are several forms of Mandolins including the Neapolitan style which has a bowl shape and is the original shape. The other forms include flat back style and guitar style. The mandolin has a sound board with sound holes, a flat fret board and eight strings arranged as four pairs (courses). The tuning of this instrument is similar to a violin and is usually GDAE. Apart from western classical music, Mandolin has been used in Jazz, rock music and Indian classical music.

== References==

<references/>

[[category:music]]
[[category:musical Instrument]]

Mandolin

2007-11-14T18:16:59Z

Abednego: /* References */

Mandolin

2007-11-14T18:15:52Z

Abednego:

Mandolin

2007-11-14T18:15:08Z

Abednego:

'''Mandolin''' is a string instrument which is plucked or strummed like a [[Guitar]. Mandolin evolved in [[Naples]], [[Italy]].<ref>http://www.banjolin.co.uk/mandolin/mandolinhistory.htm</ref> There are several forms of Mandolins including the Neapolitan style which has a bowl shape and is the original shape. The other forms include flat back style and guitar style. The mandolin has a sound board with sound holes, a flat fret board and eight strings arranged as four pairs (courses). The tuning of this instrument is similar to a violin and is usually GDAE. Apart from western classical music, Mandolin has been used in Jazz, rock music and Indian classical music.

== References==

<references/>

Mandolin

2007-11-14T18:14:45Z

Abednego: New page: '''Mandolin'''is a string instrument which is plucked or strummed like a [[Guitar]. Mandolin evolved in Naples, Italy.<ref>http://www.banjolin.co.uk/mandolin/mandolinhistory.htm</...

'''Mandolin'''is a string instrument which is plucked or strummed like a [[Guitar]. Mandolin evolved in [[Naples]], [[Italy]].<ref>http://www.banjolin.co.uk/mandolin/mandolinhistory.htm</ref> There are several forms of Mandolins including the Neapolitan style which has a bowl shape and is the original shape. The other forms include flat back style and guitar style. The mandolin has a sound board with sound holes, a flat fret board and eight strings arranged as four pairs (courses). The tuning of this instrument is similar to a violin and is usually GDAE. Apart from western classical music, Mandolin has been used in Jazz, rock music and Indian classical music.

== References==

<references/>

Talk:Richard Wagner

2007-11-14T17:16:16Z

Abednego: New page: I would prefer to leave the Wagnerian rock influence.--~~~~

I would prefer to leave the Wagnerian rock influence.--[[User:Abednego|Abednego]] 12:16, 14 November 2007 (EST)

Jethro Tull (rock band)

2007-11-14T17:13:26Z

Abednego:

'''Jethro Tull''' is a British rock band often classified as progressive rock, although they were heavily influenced by blues and folk music. Their lead singer, [[Ian Anderson]], is well-known for playing the [[flute]] and for his quirky stage-presence. Their most famous album is [[Aqualung]] (1971). They named themselves after a British Agriculturist who invented seed drill.

==Trivia==

Jethro Tull won the first Grammy Award for Heavy Metal performance, causing a great deal of controversy, as many did not consider them to be a heavy metal band. The band did not show up to collect their award, but released a full-page newspaper advertisement the next day stating that "The flute is a heavy metal instrument."{{fact}}

[[Category:Bands]]

Milli Vanilli

2007-11-14T17:07:41Z

Abednego: /* Albums */

'''Milli Vanilli''' was a [[pop music]] group active under that name from 1988-1991. They are best known for the [[scandal]] in which the two members credited with singing - Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan - did nothing more than pose on the album cover and lip-sync in concert, while the real vocals were sung by anonymous session singers. The scandal cost them their 1990 [[Grammy]] for best new artist.

==Albums==
The first Milli Vanilli album was released in Europe in 1988 under the title ''All Or Nothing''. Their first U.S. release and second overall release was ''Girl You Know It's True'' in 1989, which was an instant success, landing them five Top 10 hits with four of them going to #1. Their followup album, tentatively titled ''Keep On Running'', was ready for release when the scandal hit the news in late 1990; it was hastily re-titled ''The Moment of Truth'' and released in 1991 under the name The Real Milli Vanilli, with the real band members credited this time instead of Rob and Fab. ''The Moment of Truth'' was released in Europe only. There was also a ''Milli Vanilli: The Remix Album'' released in the U.S. to capitalize on the success of ''Girl, You Know It's True''.

Two other projects followed the official demise of the band. The self-titled ''Try 'N' B'' album was released in 1992, by the original studio singers who had sung on the Milli Vanilli albums recording under a new name. Meanwhile, Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan went into the studio to sing on an album for the first time, with the self-titled album released under the ''Rob & Fab'' name in 1993. Both releases sunk without a trace on the charts.

[[Category:Bands]]
[[Category:Hoaxes]]
[[Category:deceit]]

U2

2007-11-14T17:05:44Z

Abednego: /* References */

''This article is about the Irish rock band; for the reconnaissance aircraft see [[U-2]].''

'''U2''' is a [[rock band]] from [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]], comprised of four members:
*[[Bono]] (vocals)
*Edge (guitar)
*Adam Clayton (Bass)
*Larry Mullen, Jr. (drums).

The band was formed in September 1976 by the four, who were still schoolboys.

They are all [[Christianity|Christians]], worship regularly, and regularly speak of their faith in interviews. Bono has frequently appeared at the [[United Nations]]. In 2006 he co-founded the (RED) product line with The Gap, Motorola, Apple and other retailers, donating a portion of the proceeds to [[The Global Fund]] which helps women and children affected by [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] in [[Africa]]. Bono was married in August of 1982 and has three daughters and one son with his wife Alison.

In 2006 there was criticism of U2 for moving some of their publishing company from Ireland to the Netherlands to avoid high taxes.<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/08/nbono08.xml</ref>

They have recorded the following albums:

* Boy (1980)
* October (1981)
* War (1983)
* The Unforgettable Fire (1984)
* The Joshua Tree (1987)
* Rattle and Hum (1988)
* Achtung Baby (1991)
* Zooropa (1993)
* Pop (1997)
* All That You Can't Leave Behind (2000)
* How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2004)

==Hit Songs==

* I Will Follow (81)
* New Year's Day (53)
* Sunday Bloody Sunday
* Pride (In the Name of Love) (33)
* With or Without You (1)
* I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For (1)
* Where the Streets Have No Name (13)
* Desire (3)
* Angel of Harlem (14)
* The Fly (61)
* Mysterious Ways (9)
* One (10)
* Discotheque (10)
* Staring at the Sun (26)
* Beautiful Day (21)
* Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out of (52)
* Elevation
* Walk On
* Vertigo (31)
* Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own (97)

(#) denotes highest position on Billboard Hot 100 (when available).

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Rock bands]]
[[Category:bands]]

Antonio Vivaldi

2007-11-14T17:04:18Z

Abednego:

'''Antonio Vivaldi''' was a [[Baroque]] composer more famous during his time as a violinist.

He was a prolific composer of concertos, operas and chamber music. He had a child hood disease presumably [[Asthma]] which affected his life to a certain extent.

His father who was a violinist trained Vivaldi in violin and compelled him to become a priest, a position he moved away from after being ordained. His music was quickly forgotten after his death, the interest was revived only in the early 20th century.<ref>http://www.classicfm.co.uk/Article.asp?id=251366&spid=9978 Classic FM Biography</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Composers]]

Antonio Vivaldi

2007-11-14T17:03:45Z

Abednego:

'''Antonio Vivaldi''' was a [[Baroque]] composer more famous during his time as a violinist.

He was a prolific composer of concertos, operas and chamber music. He had a child hood disease presumably [[Asthma]] which affected his life to a certain extent.

His father who was a violinist trained Vivaldi in violin and compelled him to become a priest, a position he moved away from after being ordained. His music was quickly forgotten after his death, the interest was revived only in the early 20th century.<ref>http://www.classicfm.co.uk/Article.asp?id=251366&spid=9978</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Composers]]

Richard Wagner

2007-11-14T16:57:13Z

Abednego:

'''Richard Wagner''' was a [[Germany|German]] composer with strong anti-semitic views. His musical influence is still present even in Rock music, with performers like [[Meat Loaf]] and [[Bonnie Tyler]] performing Wagnerian Rock music.
[[Category:Composers]]

Richard Wagner

2007-11-14T16:56:53Z

Abednego:

'''Richard Wagner''' was a [[Germany|German]] composer with strong anti-semitic views. His musical influence is still present even in Rock music, with performers like [[Meat Loaf]]and [[Bonnie Tyler]] performing Wagnerian Rock music.
[[Category:Composers]]

Antonio Vivaldi

2007-11-14T16:53:52Z

Abednego:

Antonio Vivaldi

2007-11-14T16:51:03Z

Abednego:

Antonio Vivaldi

2007-11-14T16:49:34Z

Abednego:

'''Antonio Vivaldi''' was a [[Baroque]] composer more famous during his time as a violinist.

He was a prolific composer of concertos, operas and chamber music. He had a child hood disease presumably [[Asthma]] which affected his life to a certain extent.

His father who was a violinist trained Vivaldi in violin and compelled him to become a priest, a position he moved away from after being ordained. His music was quickly forgotten after his death, the interest was revived only in the early 20th century. <ref>http://www.classicfm.co.uk/Article.asp?id=251366&spid=9978</ref>

Antonio Vivaldi

2007-11-14T16:48:48Z

Abednego: New page: '''Antonio Vivaldi''' was a Baroque composer more famous during his time as a violinist. He was a prolific composer of concertos, operas and chamber music. He had a child hood diseas...

Baroque

2007-11-14T16:35:12Z

Abednego:

'''Baroque''' was an seventeenth century art movement that originated in [[Italy]]. The Baroque was stylistically complex, even contradictory. At this era Caravaggio’s dramatic intensity was appreciated, but his realism was seen by some as unacceptably vulgar. The Baroque painters focused on representing scenes of heroes, mythology and [[Catholic]] themes. [http://www.conservapedia.com/Image:Rembrandt_Self_Portrait.jpg Portraiture] was also an important subject among Baroque painters.

[[Image:Caravaggio The Inspiration of Saint Matthew.jpg|right|thumb|Caravaggio, The Inspiration of Saint Matthew.]]

Main Baroque painters were: [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio]], The [[Carracci]] Family (Agostino, Annibale and their cousin Ludovico), [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]], [[Jan Vermeer]], [[José de Ribera]], [[Francisco de Zurbaran]], [[Diego Velázquez]], [[Bartolome Murillo]], [[Josefa de Óbidos]] and [[Frans Hals]]. These painters used exaggerated motion, space, detail and chiaroscuro. This style shows also solidity and grandeur.

The Baroque period is also known for a great expansion in classical music. During this period, the piano became more prominent and began to replace the harpsichord as an orchestral instrument. Baroque composers include [[George Frideric Handel]], [[Antonio Vivaldi]], and [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. The period is characterized by tiered [[dynamics]] and the introduction of the Italian form (for the [[concerto]]) and the [[Sonata]] form (as a widely adopted musical organizational structure).

== See also ==

*[[Painting Schools]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/baroque/ Baroque] The WebMuseum, Paris.
*[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHbaroque.html Baroque] Art History, Sweet Briar College.

[[Image:José de Ribera.jpg]] "The Club-Foot" by José de Ribera.

[[Category:Artistic movements]]

George Frideric Handel

2007-11-14T16:33:58Z

Abednego:

'''George Frideric Handel''' was a [[German]]-born composer and organist. His works fall within the [[Baroque]] era of Western Classical music

List of works:

[[Opera|OPERAS]]:
* Hamburg: Almira, Nero (lost) (both 1705)
* Florindo e Dafne (lost) (1707)
* Florence: Rodrigo (1707)
* Venice: Agrippina (1709)
* London: Rinaldo (1711, rev. 1731)
* Il pastor fido (1712; 2nd version with ballet Terpsicore, 1734)
* Teseo (1712)
* Silla (1714)
* Amadigi di Gaula (1715)
* Radamisto (1720, rev. 1720, 1721, 1728)
* Muzio Scevola, Floridante (both 1721)
* Ottone (1722)
* Flavio (1723)
* Giulio Cesare in Egitto (1723-4)
* Tamerlano (1724, rev. 1731)
* Rodelinda, regina de'Longobardi (1725)
* Scipione, Alessandro (both 1726)
* Admeto, Riccardo I (both 1727)
* Siroe, Tolomeo (both 1728)
* Lotario (1729)
* Partenope (1729-30, rev. 1730, 1736)
* Poro (1731)
* Ezio, Sosarme (both 1732)
* Orlando (1733)
* Arianna (1734)
* Ariodante, Alcina (both 1735)
* Atalanta (1736)
* Arminio, Giustino, Berenice (all 1737)
* Faramondo, Serse (both 1738)
* Imeneo (1738-40)
* Deidamia (1740)

[[Orchestra|ORCHESTRA]]:
* Water [[Music]] (c.1717)
* [[Music]] for Royal Fireworks (1749)

DRAMATIC ORATORIOS:
* [[Rome]]: La Resurrezione, Trionfo del Tempo (1708)
* Naples: Aci, Galatea e Polifemo (1709)
* Hamburg: Der für die Sünde der Welt gemartete und sterbende Jesus (Brockes Passion) (?1716)
* London: Haman and Mordecai (masque 1720, later rev. as Esther in 1732)
* Acis and Galatea (1718; rev. 1732 incorporating part of 1708 cantata on same subject, and 1743)
* Deborah (1733)
* Athalia (1733)
* Alexander's Feast (1736)
* Israel in Egypt (1738)
* Saul, Ode for St Cecilia's Day (1739)
* L'Allegro, il Pensieroso ed il Moderato (1740)
* Messiah (1741)
* Samson (1741-2)
* Joseph and his Brethren, Semele (1743)
* Belshazzar, Hercules (1744)
* Occasional Oratorio, Judas Maccabaeus (1746)
* Alexander Balus, Joshua (1747)
* Solomon, Susanna (1748)
* Theodora, Alceste (1749)
* Choice of Hercules (1750)
* Jephtha (1751)
* Triumph of Time and Truth (1757)

CANTATAS AND CHAMBER DUETS: Handel comp. 100 of the former and 20 of the latter. Among the best known are:
* Silete Venti, sop., instr. (1729)
* La terra è liberata (Apollo e Dafne), sop., bass, instr. (c.1708)
* O numi eterni (La Lucrezia), sop., continuo (1709)

CHURCH MUSIC:
* Gloria Patri (1707)
* Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate (1712-13)
* Dettingen Te Deum (1743)
* 11 Chandos Anthems (1717-18)
* 4 Coronation Anthems (1727: The King Shall Rejoice; Let thy hand be strengthened; My heart is inditing; Zadok the Priest)
* The Ways of Zion do Mourn, funeral anthem for Queen Caroline (1737)

VOCAL:
* Birthday Ode for Queen Anne (1713)
* 9 German Arias (1729)

INSTRUMENTAL AND CHAMBER MUSIC:
* 6 Concerti Grossi, str., ww., continuo, Op.3 (1734)
* 12 Concerti Grossi, str., optional wind, Op.6 (1739)
* 5 Concerti, orch. (1741)
* 6 organ concerti, Op.4 (1738)
* 6 organ concerti, Op.7 (1760)
* 6 organ concerti (1740)
* 15 chamber sonatas (fls., recorders), Op.1 (1724)
* 3 concerti a due cori
* 2 ob. sonatas
* 12 fl. sonatas
* 6 trio sonatas
* 9 trio sonatas, Op.2 (1722-33)
* 7 trio sonatas, Op.5 (1739)
* va. da gamba sonata
* 8 suites de pièces, hpd. (1720)
* 8 suites de pièces (1733, these incl. the well-known Chaconne in G)
* 6 Fugues (1736) See also Harmonious Blacksmith

{{DEFAULTSORT:Handel, George Frideric}}

[[Category:Musicians]]

George Frideric Handel

2007-11-14T16:33:18Z

Abednego:

'''George Frideric Handel''' was a [[German]]-born composer and organist. His works fall within the Baroque classification of Western Classical music

List of works:

[[Opera|OPERAS]]:
* Hamburg: Almira, Nero (lost) (both 1705)
* Florindo e Dafne (lost) (1707)
* Florence: Rodrigo (1707)
* Venice: Agrippina (1709)
* London: Rinaldo (1711, rev. 1731)
* Il pastor fido (1712; 2nd version with ballet Terpsicore, 1734)
* Teseo (1712)
* Silla (1714)
* Amadigi di Gaula (1715)
* Radamisto (1720, rev. 1720, 1721, 1728)
* Muzio Scevola, Floridante (both 1721)
* Ottone (1722)
* Flavio (1723)
* Giulio Cesare in Egitto (1723-4)
* Tamerlano (1724, rev. 1731)
* Rodelinda, regina de'Longobardi (1725)
* Scipione, Alessandro (both 1726)
* Admeto, Riccardo I (both 1727)
* Siroe, Tolomeo (both 1728)
* Lotario (1729)
* Partenope (1729-30, rev. 1730, 1736)
* Poro (1731)
* Ezio, Sosarme (both 1732)
* Orlando (1733)
* Arianna (1734)
* Ariodante, Alcina (both 1735)
* Atalanta (1736)
* Arminio, Giustino, Berenice (all 1737)
* Faramondo, Serse (both 1738)
* Imeneo (1738-40)
* Deidamia (1740)

[[Orchestra|ORCHESTRA]]:
* Water [[Music]] (c.1717)
* [[Music]] for Royal Fireworks (1749)

DRAMATIC ORATORIOS:
* [[Rome]]: La Resurrezione, Trionfo del Tempo (1708)
* Naples: Aci, Galatea e Polifemo (1709)
* Hamburg: Der für die Sünde der Welt gemartete und sterbende Jesus (Brockes Passion) (?1716)
* London: Haman and Mordecai (masque 1720, later rev. as Esther in 1732)
* Acis and Galatea (1718; rev. 1732 incorporating part of 1708 cantata on same subject, and 1743)
* Deborah (1733)
* Athalia (1733)
* Alexander's Feast (1736)
* Israel in Egypt (1738)
* Saul, Ode for St Cecilia's Day (1739)
* L'Allegro, il Pensieroso ed il Moderato (1740)
* Messiah (1741)
* Samson (1741-2)
* Joseph and his Brethren, Semele (1743)
* Belshazzar, Hercules (1744)
* Occasional Oratorio, Judas Maccabaeus (1746)
* Alexander Balus, Joshua (1747)
* Solomon, Susanna (1748)
* Theodora, Alceste (1749)
* Choice of Hercules (1750)
* Jephtha (1751)
* Triumph of Time and Truth (1757)

CANTATAS AND CHAMBER DUETS: Handel comp. 100 of the former and 20 of the latter. Among the best known are:
* Silete Venti, sop., instr. (1729)
* La terra è liberata (Apollo e Dafne), sop., bass, instr. (c.1708)
* O numi eterni (La Lucrezia), sop., continuo (1709)

CHURCH MUSIC:
* Gloria Patri (1707)
* Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate (1712-13)
* Dettingen Te Deum (1743)
* 11 Chandos Anthems (1717-18)
* 4 Coronation Anthems (1727: The King Shall Rejoice; Let thy hand be strengthened; My heart is inditing; Zadok the Priest)
* The Ways of Zion do Mourn, funeral anthem for Queen Caroline (1737)

VOCAL:
* Birthday Ode for Queen Anne (1713)
* 9 German Arias (1729)

INSTRUMENTAL AND CHAMBER MUSIC:
* 6 Concerti Grossi, str., ww., continuo, Op.3 (1734)
* 12 Concerti Grossi, str., optional wind, Op.6 (1739)
* 5 Concerti, orch. (1741)
* 6 organ concerti, Op.4 (1738)
* 6 organ concerti, Op.7 (1760)
* 6 organ concerti (1740)
* 15 chamber sonatas (fls., recorders), Op.1 (1724)
* 3 concerti a due cori
* 2 ob. sonatas
* 12 fl. sonatas
* 6 trio sonatas
* 9 trio sonatas, Op.2 (1722-33)
* 7 trio sonatas, Op.5 (1739)
* va. da gamba sonata
* 8 suites de pièces, hpd. (1720)
* 8 suites de pièces (1733, these incl. the well-known Chaconne in G)
* 6 Fugues (1736) See also Harmonious Blacksmith

{{DEFAULTSORT:Handel, George Frideric}}

[[Category:Musicians]]

Grammy Award

2007-11-14T16:30:34Z

Abednego: /* See also */

[[Image:Grammy Award.jpg|right|Grammy Award]]
The '''Grammy Award''' is an annual prize recognition the highest achievements in [[music]]. It is the equivalent in the record industry of the [[Academy Award]] in the movie industry. The '''Grammy Award''' is selected and given by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.

Irish rock group [[U2]] has won more awards than any other group or band.

The Latin Grammy Awards were launched in 2000, to recognize artistic and technical excellence in [[Latin]] music.

== See also ==

*[[Stevie Wonder]]
*[[Petula Clark]]
*[[Elvis Presley]]
*[[Carrie Underwood]]
*[[U2]]

== Sources ==

*[http://www.grammy.com Official Grammy Website]
*[http://www.answers.com/topic/latin-grammy-awards Latin Grammy Awards]

[[category:music]]
[[category:media]]

Grammy Award

2007-11-14T16:30:01Z

Abednego:

[[Image:Grammy Award.jpg|right|Grammy Award]]
The '''Grammy Award''' is an annual prize recognition the highest achievements in [[music]]. It is the equivalent in the record industry of the [[Academy Award]] in the movie industry. The '''Grammy Award''' is selected and given by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.

Irish rock group [[U2]] has won more awards than any other group or band.

The Latin Grammy Awards were launched in 2000, to recognize artistic and technical excellence in [[Latin]] music.

== See also ==

*[[Stevie Wonder]]
*[[Petula Clark]]
*[[Elvis Presley]]
*[[Carrie Underwood]]

== Sources ==

*[http://www.grammy.com Official Grammy Website]
*[http://www.answers.com/topic/latin-grammy-awards Latin Grammy Awards]

[[category:music]]
[[category:media]]

Metronome

2007-11-14T16:26:45Z

Abednego:

'''Metronome''' is an instrument used in music to enforce a steady rhythm by regular beeps or light emission.

=== External Link ===
[http://http://www.metronomeonline.com/ Free Metronome online]
[[category:music]]

Classical music

2007-11-14T16:22:36Z

Abednego:

'''Classical music''' is a phrase used to refer to music created since the medieval period, scored for a wide range and sometimes a large number of acoustic (non-amplified) [[Musical instrument|instruments]].

The history is broken into several major divisions:

*[[Renaissance period (music)|Renaissance]] (1400-1500)
*[[Baroque period (music)|Baroque]] (1600-1750)
*[[Classical period (music)|Classical]] (1750-1820)
*[[Romantic period (music)|Romantic]] (1820-1900)
*[[Twentieth Century period (music)|Twentieth Century]] (1900-1999)

Although there are not strict temporal divisions, each period has tended to reflect other things that were going on in [[society]] and [[civilization]] at the time. Each period has a handful of better known composers who represent the style in people's minds.

[[Category:Music]]

The term classical music also include music systems from non western cultures as well. This includes [[Indian Classical Music]], Chinese Classical music and Japanese traditions.

Metronome

2007-11-14T16:19:59Z

Abednego: New page: '''Metronome''' is an instrument used in music to enforce a steady rhythm by regular beeps or light emission. category:music

'''Metronome''' is an instrument used in music to enforce a steady rhythm by regular beeps or light emission.

[[category:music]]

Suppression of alternatives to evolution

2007-11-14T15:17:48Z

Abednego: /* Notes */

There exists widespread suppression of [[creationism]] and [[Intelligent Design]], ideas which oppose the concept of evolution.

== History ==

Until [[Charles Darwin]] popularized the idea of [[Theory of evolution|evolution]] in the middle of the 19th century, most people including the vast majority of scientists were creationists.
Over the next 50 to 100 years, however, evolution came to be the ruling paradigm in the biological sciences in particular, and science in general.

In the early 1960s, creationism began a resurgence, followed a few decades later by Intelligent Design.
Once these ideas had started to gain a degree of popularity, however, many people, committed to evolutionary thought, began to oppose these competing views of the history of life.
(These people generally consider Intelligent Design to be creationism in disguise, although there are significant differences between the two ideas.)

However, this opposition has not been merely academic debate of the merits of the competing ideas, but a concerted effort to suppress creationism and Intelligent Design.
This opposition has included keeping the ideas out of the education system and marginalizing or ridiculing the ideas in the mass media.

{{QuoteBox|It appears from various reports reaching this office, that a trend is developing in the halls of Academe … that Liberalism’s great contribution to American education, namely “Academic Freedom” has become a victim of incest, having been raped by its own sires … . [A] former Louisiana State Senator … said instances [of] … pro-creationism professors and teachers … being dismissed have begun to proliferate in the past ten years … highly-qualified educators denied tenure or otherwise discriminated against simply because they hold views or engage in activities which oppose the tenets of … [evolutionism].<ref>Haney, K., Academic freedom’s double standard, ''Christian Times'', p. 4, 28 June 1985, quoted by Bergman, 1995.</ref>}}

The movie ''Expelled'' by [[Ben Stein]] and due for release in February 2008 is being promoted as exposing the suppression of alternatives to evolution.

== Ideology ==
The motivation for suppressing views opposed to evolution includes anti-theistic ideologies.

Richard Lewontin:{{QuoteBox|We take the side of science in spite of the patent absurdity of some of its constructs, in spite of its failure to fulfill many of its extravagant promises of health and life, in spite of the tolerance of the scientific community for unsubstantiated just-so stories, because we have a prior commitment, a commitment to materialism. It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our ''a priori'' adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. Moreover, that materialism is an absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.<ref>Lewontin, Richard, Billions and billions of demons, ''The New York Review'', p. 31, 9 January 1997, quoted in [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/703/ Amazing admission], ''Creation'' 20(3):24, June 1998.</ref>}}

== Vilification ==
Anti-creationists have often openly vilified creation and creationists:
* Isaac Asimov said that all "creationists are stupid, lying people who are not to be trusted in any way." and that all of their "points are equally stupid, except where the creationists are outrightly lying."<ref>Asimov, L., Is Big Brother watching? ''The Humanist'' 44(4):6–10, 1984, quoted by Bergman, 2005</ref>
* Richard Dawkins said that anyone rejecting evolution is "ignorant, stupid or insane (or wicked—but I’d rather not consider that)"<ref>Barnes, 2007</ref>

== Cases of suppression ==

=== Employment affected ===

In many cases, individuals have been fired, threatened with being fired, demoted, moved, or not employed.

==== Lloyd Dale ====

Lloyd Dale was an award-winning and highly-qualified high school teacher in South Dakota who was fired in 1980 for teaching about both evolution and creation.<ref>Bergman, 1986, p.61.</ref>

==== Forrest Mims ====

Forrest Mims III is a science writer who, by 1990, had seen more than 500 of his articles published in 62 newspapers and magazines.

Science magazine ''Scientific American'' invited him to submit some articles for their ''Amateur Scientist'' column, and the expectation was that these would lead on to a permanent job.

The articles were published in 1990, and the editor described Mims' work as "first rate", but when he discovered that Mims was a creationists, Mims was denied further work with the magazine.<ref>Anon., 1991.</ref>

=== Court challenges ===

== Bibliography ==
* Anon., [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1248/ Scientific American refuses to hire creationist], ''Creation'' 13(2):16–17, March 1991.
* Barnes, Peter, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5405/ The early chapters of Genesis and evolution], 13th November, 2007 (Creation Ministries International)
* Bergman, Jerry, The Criterion, Onesimus, Richfield Minnesota, 1984, ISBN 0-932903-01-0.
* Bergman, Jerry, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1784/ Contemporary suppression of the theistic worldview], ''Journal of Creation'' 9(2):267–275, August 1995.
* Gentry, Robert V., Creation's Tiny Mystery, Earth Science Associates, Knoxville Tennessee, 1986, ISBN 0-9616753-1-4.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Creationism]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

Suppression of alternatives to evolution

2007-11-14T15:13:38Z

Abednego: /* History */

Suppression of alternatives to evolution

2007-11-14T15:11:40Z

Abednego: /* Vilification */

There exists widespread suppression of [[creationism]] and [[Intelligent Design]], ideas which oppose the concept of evolution.

== History ==

Until [[Charles Darwin]] popularised the idea of [[Theory of evolution|evolution]] in the middle of the 19th century, most people including the vast majority of scientists were creationists.
Over the next 50 to 100 years, however, evolution came to be the ruling paradigm in the biological sciences in particular, and science in general.

In the early 1960s, creationism began a resurgence, followed a few decades later by Intelligent Design.
Once these ideas had started to gain a degree of popularity, however, many people, committed to evolutionary thought, began to oppose these competing views of the history of life.
(These people generally consider Intelligent Design to be creationism in disguise, although there are significant differences between the two ideas.)

However, this opposition has not been merely academic debate of the merits of the competing ideas, but a concerted effort to suppress creationism and Intelligent Design.
This opposition has included keeping the ideas out of the education system and marginalising or ridiculing the ideas in the mass media.

{{QuoteBox|It appears from various reports reaching this office, that a trend is developing in the halls of Academe … that Liberalism’s great contribution to American education, namely “Academic Freedom” has become a victim of incest, having been raped by its own sires … . [A] former Louisiana State Senator … said instances [of] … pro-creationism professors and teachers … being dismissed have begun to proliferate in the past ten years … highly-qualified educators denied tenure or otherwise discriminated against simply because they hold views or engage in activities which oppose the tenets of … [evolutionism].<ref>Haney, K., Academic freedom’s double standard, ''Christian Times'', p. 4, 28 June 1985, quoted by Bergman, 1995.</ref>}}

The movie ''Expelled'' by [[Ben Stein]] and due for release in February 2008 is being promoted as exposing the suppression of alternatives to evolution.

== Ideology ==
The motivation for suppressing views opposed to evolution includes anti-theistic ideologies.

Richard Lewontin:{{QuoteBox|We take the side of science in spite of the patent absurdity of some of its constructs, in spite of its failure to fulfill many of its extravagant promises of health and life, in spite of the tolerance of the scientific community for unsubstantiated just-so stories, because we have a prior commitment, a commitment to materialism. It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our ''a priori'' adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. Moreover, that materialism is an absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.<ref>Lewontin, Richard, Billions and billions of demons, ''The New York Review'', p. 31, 9 January 1997, quoted in [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/703/ Amazing admission], ''Creation'' 20(3):24, June 1998.</ref>}}

== Vilification ==
Anti-creationists have often openly vilified creation and creationists:
* Isaac Asimov said that all "creationists are stupid, lying people who are not to be trusted in any way." and that all of their "points are equally stupid, except where the creationists are outrightly lying."<ref>Asimov, L., Is Big Brother watching? ''The Humanist'' 44(4):6–10, 1984, quoted by Bergman, 2005</ref>
* Richard Dawkins said that anyone rejecting evolution is "ignorant, stupid or insane (or wicked—but I’d rather not consider that)"<ref>Barnes, 2007</ref>

== Cases of suppression ==

=== Employment affected ===

In many cases, individuals have been fired, threatened with being fired, demoted, moved, or not employed.

==== Lloyd Dale ====

Lloyd Dale was an award-winning and highly-qualified high school teacher in South Dakota who was fired in 1980 for teaching about both evolution and creation.<ref>Bergman, 1986, p.61.</ref>

==== Forrest Mims ====

Forrest Mims III is a science writer who, by 1990, had seen more than 500 of his articles published in 62 newspapers and magazines.

Science magazine ''Scientific American'' invited him to submit some articles for their ''Amateur Scientist'' column, and the expectation was that these would lead on to a permanent job.

The articles were published in 1990, and the editor described Mims' work as "first rate", but when he discovered that Mims was a creationists, Mims was denied further work with the magazine.<ref>Anon., 1991.</ref>

=== Court challenges ===

== Bibliography ==
* Anon., [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1248/ Scientific American refuses to hire creationist], ''Creation'' 13(2):16–17, March 1991.
* Barnes, Peter, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5405/ The early chapters of Genesis and evolution], 13th November, 2007 (Creation Ministries International)
* Bergman, Jerry, The Criterion, Onesimus, Richfield Minnesota, 1984, ISBN 0-932903-01-0.
* Bergman, Jerry, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1784/ Contemporary suppression of the theistic worldview], ''Journal of Creation'' 9(2):267–275, August 1995.
* Gentry, Robert V., Creation's Tiny Mystery, Earth Science Associates, Knoxville Tennessee, 1986, ISBN 0-9616753-1-4.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Creation]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

Neuropathy

2007-11-04T18:10:11Z

Abednego:

Neuropathy is a general term for any dysfunction in the peripheral [[nervous system]].

Symptoms include pain, muscle weakness, numbness, loss of coordination and [[paralysis]]. This condition may result in permanent disability.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/about/terms/glossary.htm#n</ref> One of the most common causes include [[diabetes mellitus]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Medicine]]

Telegraph

2007-10-07T15:02:57Z

Abednego:

'''Telegraph'''is the method of transmission of messages over long distance without the help of letters. The messages are transmitted using [[Morse Code]] as an electric current.

Telegraph

2007-10-07T15:02:30Z

Abednego: New page: '''Telegraph'''is the method of transmission of messages over long distance without the help of letters. The messages are transmitted using [Morse Code] as an electric current.

'''Telegraph'''is the method of transmission of messages over long distance without the help of letters. The messages are transmitted using [Morse Code] as an electric current.

Hazael

2007-10-07T14:56:26Z

Abednego:

'''Hazael''' is a biblical figure who was a [[king]] of Aramea. The word means "whom god has seen". <ref> Christian Answers[http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/hazael.html] </ref> He fought against Israel. He reigned for almost half a century.

Hazael

2007-10-07T14:55:02Z

Abednego: New page: '''Hazael''' is a biblical figure who was a king of Aramea. The word means "whom god has seen". <ref> Christian Answers[http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/hazael.html] </ref> H...

David Gilmour

2007-10-04T17:30:59Z

Abednego: New page: '''David Gilmour''' is singer, guitarist, lyricist best known as part of the group Pink Floyd.

'''David Gilmour''' is singer, guitarist, lyricist best known as part of the group [[Pink Floyd]].

The Division Bell

2007-10-04T17:26:26Z

Abednego: New page: '''The Division Bell''' is the latest Pink Floyd album to date. It deals with the concepts of alienation and lack of communication. It was musically the creation of mainly [[David Gilm...

'''The Division Bell''' is the latest [[Pink Floyd]] album to date. It deals with the concepts of alienation and lack of communication. It was musically the creation of mainly [[David Gilmour]] with contributions form the other members of the group. This was the most successful Pink Floyd album post Roger Waters. The album features two statues facing each other in a field in Eely, a rural town in Cambridgeshire, UK.

Hagiography

2007-10-04T17:20:59Z

Abednego: New page: '''Hagiography''' is the scientific study of Saints. It is also considered as a literary genre by some scholars.

'''Hagiography''' is the scientific study of Saints. It is also considered as a literary genre by some scholars.

Pharoah Sanders

2007-09-29T13:34:50Z

Abednego: New page: Pharaoh Sanders is an American saxophonist known for his tenor Jazz style. He has released many albums and is famous for his stage presence.

Pharaoh Sanders is an American saxophonist known for his tenor Jazz style. He has released many albums and is famous for his stage presence.

Big Bang theory

2007-09-23T18:38:04Z

Abednego: /* Big Bang Theory Dissent Letter */

[[Image:Universe expansion.png|right|thumb|250px|According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state called the ''original singularity''.]]
[[Image:End of universe.jpg|right|thumb|250px|According to the Big Bang theory, the 3 possible geometry of the universe depends on value of the ''[[cosmological constant]]''.]]
The '''Big Bang Theory''' is the current dominant scientific theory explaining the acceleration of matter throughout the Universe. Big bang theories are actually a ''class'' of scientific models that describe the Universe as expanding from a very hot, dense state approximately 13.7 billion years ago<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101age.html WMAP Cosmology 101: Age of the Universe]</ref> (although this number has changed several times throughout recent history). It was first proposed by [[Georges-Henri Lemaitre]] and evidence for the expansion was observed by [[Edwin Hubble]]<ref>Hubble, E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173.</ref>. Later [[George Gamow]] predicted that the Big Bang would leave an observable microwave background radiation (or CMBR). This radiation was subsequently discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at [[Bell Labs]] and found to be close to that predicted by Gamow (Gamow predicted a background radiation level equivalent to a roughly 3 K black body object, and the observed level is that of a 2.725 K body). Pensiaz and Wilson were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1978 for their work.

The term "Big Bang" implies an explosion of matter into pre-existing space, but the theory actually indicates that space is dynamic and more space is constantly created in the interstices between particles as the density of the universe falls. In other words, the Big Bang describes the expansion of space and time. Big Bang theorists state that the Hubble [[redshift]] is a consequence of this stretching of the fabric of space.

Observations of distant supernovae indicate that the Universe is actually undergoing accelerated expansion<ref>Riess, A. G., et al. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 116, Issue 3, pp. 1009-1038.</ref><ref>Perlmutter, S., et al. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 517, Issue 2, pp. 565-586.</ref> and galaxy surveys<ref>[http://www.sdss.org/dr5/ Sloan Digital Sky Survey]</ref><ref>Tegmark, M., et al. Physical Review D, vol. 74, Issue 12.</ref> and recent observations of the microwave background<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]</ref><ref>See, for example, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603449</ref> have corroborated these claims. Conventional wisdom is that the acceleration is caused by some sort of [[dark energy]], which has not yet been directly observed.

== Big Bang Theory Dissent Letter ==
The Big Bang Theory has had many dissenters including the British astronomer Sir [[Fred Hoyle]], the Nobel Prize winner [[Hannes Alfven]], and astronomers [[Geoffrey Burbidge]] and [[Halton Arp]]. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/343/</ref> It was Hoyle who sarcastically coined the term during a radio broadcast.

In 2004, a ‘Open Letter to the Scientific Community’ disputing the big bang theory was signed by 33 scientists and has been published on the internet and in the science journal [[New Scientist]]. <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2004/0601skepticism.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18224482.900</ref> The dissent letter has subsequently been signed by hundreds of individuals around the world. <ref>http://www.cosmologystatement.org/</ref> Professional cosmologists are actively creating models (some of which contradict the Big Bang scenario) and collecting data that probe the specific nature of the earliest observable aspects of the Universe.

==Starlight Problem for the Big Bang Theory==
The [[starlight problem]] is an argument against the Big Bang Theory. <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i4/lighttravel.asp</ref> The [[creation science]] organization [[Answers in Genesis]] has stated the following regarding the starlight problem for the Big Bang Theory and the work of [[Charles W. Misner]] is cited who published his work in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'':
{{cquote|The problem is this: even assuming the big bang timescale, there has not been enough time for light to travel between widely separated regions of space. So, how can the different regions of the current [cosmic microwave background] CMB have such precisely uniform temperatures if they have never communicated with each other? This is a light-travel–time problem.<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i4/lighttravel.asp</ref>}}

==Creationist and Theistic Evolutionary Views==
Young earth creationist scientists contest the Big Bang Theory stating that it is scientifically unsound.
<ref name="BB Critique">Thompson, Bert, Harrub, Brad, and May, Branyon [http://www.apologeticspress.org/modules.php?name=Read&cat=1&itemid=22 The Big Bang Theory—A Scientific Critique] ''Apologetics Press'', May 2003 - 23[5]:32-34,36-47.</ref>
<ref>Brown, Walt, 2001, [http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences16.html Big Bang?]</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/309</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2047</ref><ref>http://www.icr.org/article/343/</ref>

Some Old Earth Creationists and Theistic Evolutionists argue that the Big Bang is in fact mentioned in the Bible. <ref>[http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml#big_bang_the_bible_taught_it_first http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml#big_bang_the_bible_taught_it_first]</ref> Some Christian apologists who believe in an old earth, such as [[William Craig]] use the Big Bang as an apologetic, arguing that it proves that the universe had a beginning. <ref>Strobel, Lee. ''The Case for a Creator''. Zondervan, 2004. </ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Big Bang theory

2007-09-23T18:36:09Z

Abednego: /* Big Bang Theory Dissent Letter */

[[Image:Universe expansion.png|right|thumb|250px|According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state called the ''original singularity''.]]
[[Image:End of universe.jpg|right|thumb|250px|According to the Big Bang theory, the 3 possible geometry of the universe depends on value of the ''[[cosmological constant]]''.]]
The '''Big Bang Theory''' is the current dominant scientific theory explaining the acceleration of matter throughout the Universe. Big bang theories are actually a ''class'' of scientific models that describe the Universe as expanding from a very hot, dense state approximately 13.7 billion years ago<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101age.html WMAP Cosmology 101: Age of the Universe]</ref> (although this number has changed several times throughout recent history). It was first proposed by [[Georges-Henri Lemaitre]] and evidence for the expansion was observed by [[Edwin Hubble]]<ref>Hubble, E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173.</ref>. Later [[George Gamow]] predicted that the Big Bang would leave an observable microwave background radiation (or CMBR). This radiation was subsequently discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at [[Bell Labs]] and found to be close to that predicted by Gamow (Gamow predicted a background radiation level equivalent to a roughly 3 K black body object, and the observed level is that of a 2.725 K body). Pensiaz and Wilson were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1978 for their work.

The term "Big Bang" implies an explosion of matter into pre-existing space, but the theory actually indicates that space is dynamic and more space is constantly created in the interstices between particles as the density of the universe falls. In other words, the Big Bang describes the expansion of space and time. Big Bang theorists state that the Hubble [[redshift]] is a consequence of this stretching of the fabric of space.

Observations of distant supernovae indicate that the Universe is actually undergoing accelerated expansion<ref>Riess, A. G., et al. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 116, Issue 3, pp. 1009-1038.</ref><ref>Perlmutter, S., et al. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 517, Issue 2, pp. 565-586.</ref> and galaxy surveys<ref>[http://www.sdss.org/dr5/ Sloan Digital Sky Survey]</ref><ref>Tegmark, M., et al. Physical Review D, vol. 74, Issue 12.</ref> and recent observations of the microwave background<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]</ref><ref>See, for example, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603449</ref> have corroborated these claims. Conventional wisdom is that the acceleration is caused by some sort of [[dark energy]], which has not yet been directly observed.

== Big Bang Theory Dissent Letter ==
The Big Bang Theory has had many dissenters including the British astronomer Sir [[Fred Hoyle]], the Nobel Prize winner [[Hannes Alfven]], and astronomers [[Geoffrey Burbidge]] and [[Halton Arp]]. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/343/</ref> It was Hoyle who sarcastically coined the term during a radio broadcast.

In 2004, a ‘Open Letter to the Scientific Community’ disputing the big bang theory was signed by 33 scientists and has been published on the internet and in the science journal [[New Scientist]]. <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2004/0601skepticism.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18224482.900;jsessionid=LDJJPDHCFDEP</ref> The dissent letter has subsequently been signed by hundreds of individuals around the world. <ref>http://www.cosmologystatement.org/</ref> Professional cosmologists are actively creating models (some of which contradict the Big Bang scenario) and collecting data that probe the specific nature of the earliest observable aspects of the Universe.

==Starlight Problem for the Big Bang Theory==
The [[starlight problem]] is an argument against the Big Bang Theory. <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i4/lighttravel.asp</ref> The [[creation science]] organization [[Answers in Genesis]] has stated the following regarding the starlight problem for the Big Bang Theory and the work of [[Charles W. Misner]] is cited who published his work in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'':
{{cquote|The problem is this: even assuming the big bang timescale, there has not been enough time for light to travel between widely separated regions of space. So, how can the different regions of the current [cosmic microwave background] CMB have such precisely uniform temperatures if they have never communicated with each other? This is a light-travel–time problem.<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i4/lighttravel.asp</ref>}}

==Creationist and Theistic Evolutionary Views==
Young earth creationist scientists contest the Big Bang Theory stating that it is scientifically unsound.
<ref name="BB Critique">Thompson, Bert, Harrub, Brad, and May, Branyon [http://www.apologeticspress.org/modules.php?name=Read&cat=1&itemid=22 The Big Bang Theory—A Scientific Critique] ''Apologetics Press'', May 2003 - 23[5]:32-34,36-47.</ref>
<ref>Brown, Walt, 2001, [http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences16.html Big Bang?]</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/309</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2047</ref><ref>http://www.icr.org/article/343/</ref>

Some Old Earth Creationists and Theistic Evolutionists argue that the Big Bang is in fact mentioned in the Bible. <ref>[http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml#big_bang_the_bible_taught_it_first http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml#big_bang_the_bible_taught_it_first]</ref> Some Christian apologists who believe in an old earth, such as [[William Craig]] use the Big Bang as an apologetic, arguing that it proves that the universe had a beginning. <ref>Strobel, Lee. ''The Case for a Creator''. Zondervan, 2004. </ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Occitan

2007-09-22T18:01:54Z

Abednego:

'''Occitan''' is a language spoken in France, Italy and Spain.

[[Category:Language]]

Occitan

2007-09-22T17:55:21Z

Abednego: New page: '''Occitan''' is a language spoken in France, Italy and Spain.

'''Occitan''' is a language spoken in France, Italy and Spain.

Saint Bernadette

2007-09-22T17:52:24Z

Abednego: New page: Saint Bernadette, is a saint of the Roman Catholic belief. She reported apparitions of Virgin Mary. Bernadette's body remained "incorruptible" after death which was evidence for her h...

Saint Bernadette, is a saint of the Roman Catholic belief. She reported apparitions of [[Virgin Mary]]. Bernadette's body remained "incorruptible" after death which was evidence for her holiness and the shrine at Lourdes is a major pilgrimage destination.

Bambi

2007-09-22T14:23:37Z

Abednego: New page: '''Bambi''' is a character, an adorable white tailed deer in a Walt Disney movie of the same name. The movie follows story of Bambi from the time of his birth to the birth of his f...

'''Bambi''' is a character, an adorable white tailed [[deer]] in a [[Walt Disney]] movie of the same name. The movie follows story of Bambi from the time of his birth to the birth of his fawns.

Mollusc

2007-08-29T19:23:56Z

Abednego:

'''Mollusc''' is a group of invertebrate animals, mainly marine in origin. Their bodies do not have an internal skeleton, but may have a hard shell covering the body. These inclufed mussels, oysters, snails, slugs and octopuses.

God called eating shell fish and abomination, before [[Jesus Christ]] changed the dietary laws (Luke 22:20). Without realising this, many proponents of homosexuality claim that it is an abomination only comparable to eating shell fish.

[[category:biology]]

[[category:animals]]

Mollusc

2007-08-29T19:23:12Z

Abednego: New page: '''Mollusc''' is a group of invertebrate animals, mainly marine in origin. Their bodies do not have an internal skeleton, but may have a hard shell covering the body. These inclufed mussel...

Anatomy

2007-08-27T21:22:36Z

Abednego: New page: '''Anatomy''' is the scientific study of body parts of living animals. Human anatomy has led to development of other sciences like surgery. category:science

'''Anatomy''' is the scientific study of body parts of living animals. Human anatomy has led to development of other sciences like [[surgery]].

[[category:science]]

Durian

2007-08-27T21:10:57Z

Abednego:

'''Durian''' is a large fleshy fruit from south asia, where it is known as the "King of fruits". It is related distantly to jack fruit and is very popular in [[Singapore]]. It emanates an unusual odour and is either loved or despised.

[[category:fruits]]

Geography

2007-08-27T21:08:53Z

Abednego:

'''Geography''' is the scientific study of the earth and related natural phenomenon. There are many branches to this science studying the physical and human aspects.
[[Category:Science]]

Geography

2007-08-27T20:41:42Z

Abednego: New page: '''Geography''' is the scientific study of the earth and related natural phenomenon. There are many branches to this science studying the physical and human aspects

'''Geography''' is the scientific study of the earth and related natural phenomenon. There are many branches to this science studying the physical and human aspects