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Metabiota

2024-12-17T17:15:00Z

AK: Fixing typos

[[File:Metabiota RST.PNG|right|300px|thumb|]]
'''Metabiota''' is a [[San Francisco]]-based [[pandemic]] tracking and response firm. Metabiota services include global field-based biological threat research, pathogen discovery, outbreak response and clinical trials. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) has outsourced much of this work under the military program to private companies, which are not held accountable to Congress, and which can operate more freely and move around the rule of law.<ref>https://archive.fo/fVtcf#selection-1493.0-1493.4</ref>

On February 24, 2022, the day the Russian [[Special Military Operation]] in Ukraine commenced, Ukrainian dictator [[Volodymyr Zelensky]] ordered destruction of all documents related to [[Metabiota]].<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2023/01/zelensky-sent-government-decree-destroy-information-hunter-bidens-metabiota-company-day-russian-invasion-including-hunter-documents-metabiota/</ref>

==Biden family==
{{See also|Biden family corruption}}
[[File:February 24 2022.PNG|right|300px|thumb|[[SBU]] agents burning documents outside Ministry of Interior headquarters in [[Kyiv]] on Zelensky's orders on February 24, 2022.]]
[[Hunter Biden]]'s [[Rosemont Seneca]] Technology Partners (RSTP) was a lead financial backer of Metabiota.<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/exclusive/hunter-biden-invested-in-ecohealth-wuhan-partner/</ref> Among the companies listed on archived versions of the firm’s portfolio is Financial reports reveal that RSTP led the company’s first round of funding, which amounted to $30 million. Former Managing Director and co-founder of RSTP Neil Callahan – a name that appears many times on Hunter Biden’s hard drive – also sits on Metabiota’s Board of Advisors.

===Hunter Biden===
{{See also|Ukrainian collusion}}
In April 2014 during the [[Maidan coup]] Metabiota vice president Mary Guttieri wrote a memo to Hunter saying,
{{quotebox-float|"As promised, I've prepared the attached memo, which provides an overview of Metabiota, our engagement in Ukraine, and how we can potentially leverage our team, networks, and concepts to assert Ukraine's cultural and economic independence from [[Russia]] and continued integration into [[Western]] society."<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10652127/Hunter-Biden-helped-secure-millions-funding-military-biotech-research-program-Ukraine.html</ref>}}
Guttieri had a leading role in Metabiota's Ukraine operations, meeting with other company executives and US and Ukrainian military officials in October 2016 to discuss "cooperation in surveillance and prevention of especially dangerous infectious diseases, including zoonotic diseases in Ukraine and neighboring countries" according to a 2016 report by the Science and Technology Center in Ukraine.

==Ukraine and Georgia==
Metabiota Inc. was awarded $18.4 million federal contracts under the Pentagon’s DTRA program in [[Ukraine]] and the [[Republic of Georgia]] and for scientific and technical consulting services.

===Georgia===
In 2007 Georgia ended its policy of having compulsory annual livestock anthrax vaccination. As a result, the morbidity rate of the disease reached its peak in 2013. The same year NATO started human based anthrax vaccine tests at The Lugar Center in Georgia.

In 2007 despite the anthrax outbreak the Georgian government terminated the compulsory vaccination for 7 years, 2013 saw [[NATO]] start human trials on a new anthrax vaccine in Georgia.

[[Anthrax]] is one of the bio agents weaponized by the US Army in the past.<ref>https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB58/RNCBW_USABWP.pdf</ref> Despite the Pentagon’s claims that its program is only defensive, there are facts to the contrary. In 2016 at The Lugar Center in Tblisi American scientists carried out research on the “Genome Sequence of the Soviet/Russian Bacillus anthracis Vaccine Strain 55-VNIIVViM”,<ref>http://genomea.asm.org/content/4/6/e01401-16.full</ref> which was funded by DTRA's Cooperative Biological Engagement Program and administered by Metabiota. In 2017 the DTRA funded further research – Ten Genome Sequences of Human and Livestock Isolates of Bacillus anthracis from the Country of Georgia, which was performed by USAMRU-G at The Lugar Center.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by infection through a tick-borne virus (Nairovirus). The disease was first characterized in Crimea in 1944 and given the name Crimean hemorrhagic fever. It was then later recognized in 1969 as the cause of illness in Congo, thus resulting in the current name of the disease. In 2014 34 people became infected (among them a 4-year old child) with CCHF, 3 of which died.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483375</ref> The same year Pentagon biologists studied the virus in Georgia under the DTRA project “Epidemiology of febrile illnesses caused by Dengue viruses and other Arboviruses in Georgia”.<ref>http://www.ncdc.ge/Category/Article/1480</ref> The project included tests on patients with fever symptoms and the collection of ticks, as possible vectors of CCHV for laboratory analysis.

The cause of the CCHF outbreak in Georgia is still unknown. According to the local Veterinary Department report,<ref>https://www.ghsagenda.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/archive---vietnam-zdap-files/day-2/s5-2-georgia-cchf-in-georgia-one-health-02.pdf</ref> only one tick from all of the collected species from the infected villages tested positive for the disease. Despite the claims of the local authorities that the virus was transmitted to humans from animals, all animal blood samples were negative too. The lack of infected ticks and animals is inexplicable given the sharp increase of CCHF human cases in 2014, meaning that the outbreak was not natural and the virus was spread intentionally.

In 2016 another 21 590 ticks were collected for DNA database for future studies at The Lugar Center under the Pentagon project “Assessing the Seroprevalence and Genetic Diversity of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) and Hantaviruses in Georgia”.<ref>https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=1861649bef259cd12877c74f0c912924&tab=core&_cview=0</ref>

===Ukraine===
[[File:DTRA contractors in Ukraine.png|right|250px|thumb|Metabiota, a company financed by Hunter Biden's Rosemont Seneca partnership with the [[CCP]], receives the lions share of Defense Department funding for its Ukrainian bio labs.<ref>https://archive.fo/fVtcf</ref>]]Ukraine has no control over the military bio-laboratories on its own territory. According to the 2005 Agreement between the US DoD and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine the Ukrainian government is prohibited from public disclosure of sensitive information about the US program and Ukraine is obliged to transfer to the US Department of Defense (DoD) dangerous [[pathogen]]s for biological research.<ref>https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/95251.pdf</ref> The Pentagon has been granted access to certain state secrets of Ukraine in connection with the projects under their agreement. The DoD Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) has funded 11 bio-laboratories in Ukraine.

Among the set of bilateral agreements between the US and Ukraine is the establishment of the Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU) – an International organization funded mainly by the US government which has been accorded diplomatic status. The US personnel in Ukraine work under diplomatic cover. The STCU officially supports projects of scientists previously involved in the Soviet biological weapons program. Over the past 20 years the STCU has invested over $285 million in funding and managing some 1,850 projects of scientists who previously worked on the development of weapons of mass destruction.

One of the Pentagon laboratories is located in Kharkiv, where in January 2016 at least 20 Ukrainian soldiers died from Flu-like virus in just two days with 200 more being hospitalized.<ref>https://dninews.com/article/deadly-virus-leaked-us-laboratory-donbass-dpr-army-and-intelligence</ref> The Ukrainian government did not report on the dead Ukrainian soldiers in Kharkiv. As of March 2016, 364 deaths have been reported across Ukraine (81.3 % caused by Swine Flu A (H1N1) pdm09 – the same strain which caused the world pandemic in 2009).<ref>http://old.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20160311_0.html</ref>

A highly suspicious Hepatitis A infection spread rapidly in just few months across South East Ukraine where most of the Pentagon biolabs are located. 37 people were hospitalized for Hepatitis A in the Ukrainian city of [[Mykolaiv]] as of January 2018.<ref>https://www.segodnya.ua/regions/others/vspyshkoy-gepatita-v-nikolaeve-zainteresovalas-policiya-1103357.html</ref> Local police launched an investigation into “infection with human immunodeficiency virus and other incurable diseases”. In addition, in 2016 more than 100 people in the same city became infected with Cholera.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K47S1DarhTE</ref> Both diseases are alleged to have spread through contaminated drinking water. In the summer of 2017, 60 people with Hepatitis A were admitted to hospital in the city of Zaporizhia,<ref>https://www.segodnya.ua/regions/others/vspyshkoy-gepatita-v-nikolaeve-zainteresovalas-policiya-1103357.html</ref> the cause of this outbreak is still unknown. In the Odessa region, 19 children from an orphanage were hospitalized for hepatitis A in June 2017.<ref>https://archive.fo/wip/YOvCU</ref> 29 cases of Hepatitis A were reported in Kharkiv in November 2017. The virus was isolated in contaminated drinking water. One of the Pentagon bio-labs is located in Kharkiv which was blamed for the deadly Flu outbreak in 2018 which claimed the lives of 364 Ukrainians.

In 2011 Ukraine was hit by a cholera outbreak.<ref>https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/area-in-ukraine-hit-by-cholera-outbreak-109266.html</ref> 33 patients were reportedly hospitalized for severe diarrhea.<ref>https://archive.fo/wip/10smv</ref> A second outbreak struck the country in 2014 when more than 800 people all across Ukraine were reported to have contracted the disease.<ref>https://youtu.be/K47S1DarhTE</ref>
In 2015 at least 100 new cases were registered in the city of Mykolaiv alone. A new highly virulent variant of the cholera agent Vibrio cholera, with a high genetic similarity to the strains reported in Ukraine, hit Moscow in 2014. According to a 2014 Russian Research Anti-Plaque Institute genetic study the cholera strain isolated in Moscow was similar to the bacteria which caused the epidemic in neighboring Ukraine.<ref>http://genomea.asm.org/content/5/8/e01640-16.full</ref> Southern Research Institute, one of the US contractors working at the bio-laboratories in Ukraine, has projects on Cholera, as well as on Influenza and Zika – all pathogens of military importance to the Pentagon.

===Hunter Biden===
{{See also|Ukrainian collusion}}
In April 2014 during the [[Maidan coup]] Metabiota vice president Mary Guttieri wrote a memo to Hunter saying,
{{quotebox-float|"As promised, I've prepared the attached memo, which provides an overview of Metabiota, our engagement in Ukraine, and how we can potentially leverage our team, networks, and concepts to assert Ukraine's cultural and economic independence from [[Russia]] and continued integration into [[Western]] society."<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10652127/Hunter-Biden-helped-secure-millions-funding-military-biotech-research-program-Ukraine.html</ref>}}

==Wuhan Institute of Virology==
[[File:Daszak shi 0 0.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Peter Daszak (right) toasting Shi Zhengli (left).]]
Since 2014, Metabiota has been a partner of [[Peter Daszak]]’s EcoHealth Alliance and the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] as part of the [[U.S. Agency for International Development]]’s (USAID) “PREDICT” project, which seeks to “predict and prevent global emerging disease threats.” As part of this effort, researchers from Metabiota, EcoHealth Alliance, and the Wuhan Institute of Virology collaborated on a study relating to bat infectious diseases in China. “Sensitive and broadly reactive RT-PCR assays were performed at Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,” the paper notes. Among the researchers listed is [[Shi Zhengli]], the Wuhan lab director. Peter Daszak is also listed as an author.

==Ebola==
Metabiota Inc. had been contracted by the Pentagon to perform work for DTRA before and during the Ebola crisis in West Africa and was awarded $3.1 million (2012-2015) for work in [[Sierra Leone]]<ref>https://govtribe.com/contract/award/hdtra112c0024</ref> – one of the countries at the epicenter of the Ebola outbreak. Metabiota has also been embroiled in controversy for “bungling” America’s response to Ebola.
{{quotebox-float|“An American company that bills itself as a pioneer in tracking emerging epidemics made a series of costly mistakes during the 2014 Ebola outbreak that swept across West Africa — with employees feuding with fellow responders, contributing to misdiagnosed Ebola cases and repeatedly misreading the trajectory of the virus,” an [[Associated Press]] (AP) investigation into the company found. The company reportedly made the “already chaotic situation worse,” prompting [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) officials to criticize the company: "Emails obtained by AP and interviews with aid workers on the ground show that some of the company’s actions made an already chaotic situation worse."<ref>https://apnews.com/article/46328e561bfb44b99b2e6937835be957</ref>}}

A July 17, 2014 report drafted by the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium, accused Metabiota Inc. of failing to abide by an existing agreement on how to report test results and for bypassing the Sierra Leonean scientists working there. The report also raised the possibility that Metabiota was culturing blood cells at the lab, something the report said was dangerous, as well as misdiagnosing healthy patients.<ref>https://archive.fo/o/fVtcf/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2752219-20140717-Report-on-Ebola-Response-by-Viral.html</ref> An email from Dr. Eric Bertherat of the WHO to colleagues about misdiagnoses and “total confusion” at the Sierra Leone government lab Metabiota shared with [[Tulane University]] in the city of Kenema. He said there was “no tracking of the samples” and “absolutely no control on what is being done.” “This is a situation that WHO can no longer endorse,” he wrote. All of those allegations were denied by Metabiota.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coronavirus}}
[[Category:Obama Administration]][[Category:Biden Junta]][[Category:Coronavirus]][[Category:Russia-Ukraine War]]

Ezra Pound

2024-09-29T22:36:41Z

AK: /* Selected Bibliography */ Adding quote

'''Ezra Pound''' (1885–1972) was an American-born [[poet]], musician, and critic who was a major figure of the [[Modernism|Modernist movement]] in early- to mid-20th century poetry. He was the driving force behind several Modernist movements, notably [[Imagism]] and [[Vorticism]]. He moved to Europe, where he became a supporter of [[Benito Mussolini]] and involved in propaganda for the Axis in [[World War II]]. He spent thirteen years in St. Elizabeth mental hospital in the United States after the war, was declared to be incurably insane. After being released, he returned to [[Italy]] where he died in the early 1970s.

As a critic, Pound helped establish the careers of some of the 20th century's most influential writers including [[William Butler Yeats]], [[T.S. Eliot]], [[James Joyce]], [[Robert Frost]], [[William Carlos Williams]], [[H.D.]], [[Marianne Moore]], [[Ernest Hemingway]] and [[D. H. Lawrence]].

These are among his best known lines:

::The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
::Petals on a wet, black bough. "In a Station of the Metro"

==Quotes==
*''“The bad critic criticizes the poet, not the poetry.”''<ref>{{cite web |title= Quotes & Aphorisms |publisher=Save a Quote |url=https://www.saveaquote.com/quotes/poetry/quote-54038 |accessdate=September 30, 2024}}</ref>

==Selected Bibliography==
*''The Cantos''
*''Cathay'', poems in translation
*''Cavalcant''i, opera
*''Jefferson and/or Mussolini'', essays
*''L'America, Roosevelt e le Cause della Guerra Presente'', essays

==References==
<small>{{reflist|1}}</small>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pound, Ezra}}
[[Category:Italian Poets]]
[[Category:American Poets]]

Gnosticism

2024-08-19T20:28:35Z

AK: /* Gnostic traits in Liberal Media */ Intlink

'''Gnosticism''' (after ''gnôsis'', the [[Greek]] word for "knowledge" or "insight") is the name given to a loosely organized [[religious]] and [[philosophy|philosophical]] movement that flourished in the first and second centuries A.D. Though the exact origins of this school of thought cannot be traced with any certainty, it is possible to infer that certain non-canonical sources dating from the first and second centuries A.D. were used to develop it. It had been considered a [[heresy]] by [[church fathers]] and so is by most modern Christians. Most Gnostic writings are exceedingly obscure and tedious.<ref name="Smith"/>

Literary critic Harold Bloom distinguishes Gnosticism from Christianity and Judaism in his book Agon:<ref>{{cite book |title=Agon: towards a theory of revisionism|author=Harold Bloom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1982|pages=24|length=336|isbn=978-0195029451|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=oyVbUaGvKuWL4gSyp4GwCQ&id=1VlZAAAAMAAJ&dq=Harold+Bloom+Agon&q=decidedly&redir_esc=y#search_anchor}}</ref>

<blockquote>''"Gnosticism polemically is decidedly not a faith, whether in the Christian sense, pistis, a believing that something was, is, and will be so; or in the Hebraic sense, emunah, a trusting in the Covenant. If religion is a binding, then Gnosticism is an unbinding, but not for the sake of things or persons merely as they are. Gnostic freedom is a freedom for knowledge, knowledge of what in the self, not in the psyche or soul, is Godlike, and knowledge of God beyond the cosmos. But also it is a freedom to be known, to be known by God, by what is alien to everything created, by what is alien to and beyond the stars and the cosmic system and our earth."''</blockquote>

Generally, Gnostics believed that the ''Abrahamic God'' was in fact two separate and independent entities. They believed that the ''[[Demiurge]]'' was the God of the Israelites and the Old Testament. He created the world and man imperfectly, and was malevolent. This belief largely stemmed from accounts of the highly interventionist ''God in the Old Testament'' directly and indirectly killing large numbers of people. The Gnostics believed that the second god was a good, benevolent god who is embodied in ''Jesus Christ''. Jesus Christ came to save humanity from sin and suffering, the evils of the material world.

Today, Gnostic traits and Gnostic culture are declared to be a present-day phenomena, inherent in, for example, the [[Anthropological Revolution]].<ref name="Lions">{{cite book
|author=Vladimír Palko
|title=Levy prichdzajú (Lions are coming)
|publisher=Vydavateľstvo Michala Vaška
|location=Prešov, Slovakia
|year=2012
|pages=248
|language=Slovak
|isbn=978-80-7165-870-2
|url=http://blog.tyzden.sk/juraj-macko/2012/4/17/levy-prichadzaju-alebo-leninovi-bratranci-v-ruchu-baranka/
|quote=}}</ref> M.A. Smith claims that similarities between Gnostic heresies and some modern cults might be noted at the very minimum in cases of [[Mormonism]] (having secret writing in addition to the Bible) and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (special and very strange interpretations of the actual Scriptures based on a non-biblical system).<ref name="Smith"/> Martin Buber refers to the [[psychology]] of [[Carl Jung|C.G. Jung]] as to a ''"new pseudoreligious gnosticism."''<ref name="Kuby2015">{{cite book |title=The Global Sexual Revolution: Destruction of Freedom in the Name of Freedom |author=Gabriele Kuby |translator=James Patrick Kirchner |publisher=Angelico Press |year=2015 |isbne=9781621381556 |pages=52 |quote=page reference is from Slovak translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8C1jgEACAAJ }}</ref>

==Gnostic Manuscripts==
Until the 1945 discovery of the [[Nag hammadi|Nag Hammadi]] texts near [[Luxor]] in [[Egypt]], the only evidence about the existence of Gnostic groups and sects came from anti-Gnostic [[church fathers]]<ref name="Carson"/> who occasionally quoted large fragments of Gnostic writings or sometimes whole works in their rebuttals attacking and refuting the Gnostic [[heresy]] in defence of their [[Christian]] faith.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book
|title=From Christ to Constantine
|author=M.A.Smith
|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press
|location=London
|year=1971
|pages=48, 69, 187, 191
|isbn=0-85110-570-X
|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=9coLOAAACAAJ&dq=0-85110-570-X&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1nKMUJWCPKPe4QS60oHAAQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA
}}</ref><ref name="Skarsaune"/> Those Gnostic heretical texts where [[Christ]] is conceived as a teacher and revealer of mysterious ''gnosis'', i.e. a secret knowledge aiming to save people from ignorance and material world rather than sin, exhibit following characteristics in contrast to [[canon]]ical [[Gospels]]:<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Skarsaune"/>
*The texts contain only alleged sayings of Jesus often twisted so as to express the Gnostic theology
*Jesus transmits these isolated sayings without being placed in any role within Israel's history such as Roman occupation or without any relation to it
*The sayings of Jesus have no narrative or situational framework, there is no mention of any circumstances, topographical facts or historical events
*The language of the [[New Testament]] survives, but the words used are merely connotation-words, having ascribed a totally different meaning
*If there are the [[New Testament]] allusions, there is never an actual quotation
*Tampering with the [[New Testament]], for example, the Jesus' cry from the cross was rewritten as "''My power, my power, why have you left me?''". In ''The Second Treatise of the Seth'', the Gnostic Christ, speaking in the first person, relates how he deceived the powers of this world by causing Simon the Cyrene to take on his appearance and to be crucified in his place, while he watched from above, laughing at the spectacle.<ref name="Hart">{{cite book |title=Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies|author=David Bentley Hart|publisher=YALE University Press|year=2010|pages=134–143|isbn=978-03-0016-4299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtG5QQAACAAJ&dq=Ateist+delusions&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LWKgUezkCumF4ATem4DYCA&redir_esc=y}}</ref>
*The whole system often appears to be a game of numerology, using the [[New Testament]] as the quarry for the numbers
*The overwhelming impression of most Gnostic works is vagueness, word-spinning and tedium. The "Hymn of Jesus" from ''The Acts of John'' is fetchingly cryptic.<ref name="Hart"/>
*The common factor is imposing a foreign [belief] system on the biblical data{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Syncretism]]|group=note}}
*Preaching the pseudo-Christianity in the form of [[esoteric]] or secret knowledge, obsession with mysterious and interest in secret doctrines and rites

==The Fundamentals and Traits of Gnostic Doctrine==
*'''Pleroma:''' (in Greek, meaning the 'Fulness'); the divine sphere.
*'''Aeons:''' divine powers arranged into different Gnostic systems with a great deal of variety in details depending on teaching of particular Gnostic school. A sort of precosmic community of divine beings.
*'''Godhead:''' a highest God who within himself comprises several aeons.
*'''Gnosis:''' (in Greek); a certain secret knowledge subject of central belief of Gnosticism by the possession of which one could be saved from material thus evil world created in despair by mistake by one of aeons who, for some reason, typically due to the primordial catastrophe, fell out from the devine sphere (Pleroma).

==Gnostic Elitism==
One of the characteristics of gnostic heresy was that it had to do with making people feel significant. The Gnostics did not present their message as something destined for a layman, but rather as something that only an exclusive and highly elevated group of people should hear and could grasp. They considered themselves to belong to the elect part of humanity with extraordinary access to spiritual secret knowledge. From this perspective, Gnosticism was never meant to be, and probably never became, a mass movement. It may primarily have appealed to intelligentsia in the Roman cities. Gnosticism threatened to invade the leaders of the Church. The typical Gnostic community was a circle of initiates adhering to a charismatic teacher, rapidly dissolving with the disappearance of the leader. [[Irenaeus]] ironically remarked about them that everybody had ambition of being a teacher of others and establishing his own group. Due to their elite character, the Gnostics, with one significant exception of [[Manichaeism]] from the third century onward, never established a church of any duration.<ref name="Skarsaune">{{cite book
|author=Oskar Skarsaune
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influence on Early Christianity
|publisher=IVP Academic
|year=2002
|location=Downers Grove, IL
|pages=246, 251–253
|chapter=12:Orthodoxy and Heresy
|isbn=978-0-8308-2844-9
|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Oskar+Skarsaune+In+the+shadow+of+the+temple&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6WuMUIihIJTN4QSbnoGIBQ&redir_esc=y
}}</ref>

==Gnosticism and Bible==
[[First Epistle of John (Translated)|John's first epistle]] records an example of [[false prophet]]s and false teachers, who, in effort to seduce the faithful, formed a kind of [[esoteric]] group, believing also that they had superior knowledge to ordinary [[Christians]]. They are considered to be forerunners of the later [[heretic]]s generally known as "Gnostics" who claimed a special knowledge of [[God]] and of [[theology]]. On the basis of their new [[doctrine]] they appear to have denied that [[Jesus]] was the [[Christ]], the [[Preexistence of Christ|pre-existent]] [[Son of God]] who had come in the flesh to provide [[salvation]] for [[men]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Applying the Bible |author=Jack Kuhatschek |publisher=Zondervan Publishing House |place=Grand Rapids, Michigan |chapter=3.Undestanding the original situation |pages=41 |isbn=0-310-20838-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAhjnQbmSzkC }}</ref> Paul's [[Colossians|Letter to the Colossians]] is an outstanding rejection of Gnostic doctrine, Greek and Roman [[mystery religion]]s and [[Paganism|pagan]] [[philosophy]].

==Gnostic Groups==
Gnostic and Gnosticism are used as blanket terms to cover a variety of sects:<ref name="Smith"/>
*'''[[Marcionite]]s.''' [[Marcion]]'s teaching was marked by a fundamental dualism that "looks like a [[Syncretism|combination]] of Christianity and Syrian gnosis". Marcion distinguished between the ''highest God'' (the merciful father revealed in Jesus Christ) and but just ''cruel God'' (the Creator and Lawgiver revealed in the Old Testament). He regarded matter as evil, denied the resurrection of body, advocated a strict [[Ascesis|asceticism]], and held to a [[Docetism|docetic]] Christology. Marcion's dualism led him to make a complete disjunction between law and gospel and entitled rejecting the Old Testament in its entirety and as well those New Testament writings he judged to be infected by "the Judaizing" error. The Marcionite '[[canon]]' consisted of the ten letters of the "Apostle" - the [[Saint Paul|Pauline]] corpus minus the Pastoral Epistles - and the "Gospel" - an ''edited'' version of [[Luke]].<ref name="Carson">{{cite book
|author=David G. Dunbar et al.
|title=Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
|editor=D.A. Carson and J.D. Woodbridge
|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year=1986 (Zondervan), 2005
|location=Eugene, Oregon
|chapter=Nine: The Biblical Canon
|pages=331–333
|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=XHoFAQAACAAJ&dq=Carson+Hermeneutics,+Authority+and+Canon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kuGLUJb3AouL4gSF0IGoDg&redir_esc=y
|isbn=1-59752-118-3
}}</ref> An uncompromisingly radical dualism between the wicked and incompetent demiurge or "world maker" (often identified with the God of the Old Testament) and god who acts to rescue his elect is native to the major Gnostic schools: Valentinian<ref>{{cite book |title= The New Testament documents, are they reliable?|author=Frederick Fyvie Bruce |publsiher=InterVarsity Press |year=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=JpGhUfX3CsLZ4ATXyYDoDA&id=mRHybGsExTUC&dq=Paul+E.+Little+Know+Who+You+Believe&q=Valentinus#search_anchor}}</ref> (scholars who sought salvation through knowledge), Basilidean, and Sethian.<ref name="Hart"/> [[Justin Martyr]] is the first writer known to us to respond to Marcarion by name. He groups the Marcionites together with the:
*'''Valentinians'''
*'''Basilidians'''
*'''Saturnalians'''
* and others
who, though they claim the name of Christ, are in reality "atheists, impious, unrighteous, and sinful, and confessors of Jesus in name only."<ref name="Carson"/>
At the end of the second century AD (ca 170-190), Philip, a bishop of Gortyn, was a staunch defender of Christian church in [[Crete]] in the face of the early Church gnostic heresies incl. [[Marcion]]ism and [[Montanism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Crete |author=Theocharēs Eustratiou Detorakēs |translator=John C. Davis |publisher=Mystis Editions |place=Iraklio, Crete |chapter=V.The Arrival of Christianity in Crete |pages=123 |edition= |isbn=978-618-5024-36-9 |url=https://books.google.sk/books?id=4xMMAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>
*'''Encratites''' were described by [[Irenaeus]] as having 'preached against [[marriage]], thus setting aside the original creation of [[God]], and indirectly blaming Him who made them [[male]] and [[female]] for the propagation of the [[human race]]'. Their attitudes expressed the traits of incipient Gnosticism which regarded matter as evil and despised the material [[creation]].<ref name="Stott1996">{{cite book |author=John Stott |title=The Message of 1 Timothy & Titus |publisher=InterVarsity Press |place=Downers Grove, IL |year=2014 (First Ed. 1996) |pages=113 |isbn=978-0-8308-1247-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/1_Timothy_Titus.html?id=MzUtDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Gnosticism Today==
Although there are no explicit declarations of any direct connections, it is still of great curiosity to find parallels of gnostic attitudes and traits, i.e. of what can be labeled as gnostic culture, in the modern [[history]] and society{{#tag:ref|cf.''"[Gnosticism] is by no means an outdated [[phenomenon]] of only historical interest"''<ref name="Skarsaune"/>|group=note}}:
===Gnostic traits in Nazism===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! Examples from Nazi's ''Die Botschaft Gottes'' edited [[New Testament]]:<ref name="Die Botschaft Gottes"/>
|-
|Part of John 4 from Die Botschaft Gottes; v. 22 “''salvation is from the Jews''” was omitted.
|-
|In v. 25 “''Messiah (called Christ)''” was changed to “''Promised one''”.
|-
|Reference to Jesus being “''a Jew''” in v. 9 was changed to “''who comes from Judea''”.
|-
|}
*Rejection of Old Testament and manipulating (editing) the [[Scripture]] by [[Nazism|Nazists]] resulting in ''dejudaized'' version of the New Testament (NT), titled ''Die Botschaft Gottes'' (The Message of God).<ref name="Die Botschaft Gottes">{{cite web
|title=Did Hitler rewrite the Bible?
|author=Russell Grigg
|publisher=Creation Ministries International
|url=https://creation.com/hitler-bible
|accessdate=2012-10-27}}</ref> Wilhelm Busch, pastor contemporary to era of Nazism in [[Germany]], witnessed:<ref>{{cite web
|title=Kritik ohne Kenntnis? (Busch)
|publisher=Christlichen Medienverbreitungsmission
|date= 1. October 2009
|url=http://www.cmvm.de/9725-kritik-ohne-kenntnis-busch
|quote=Wilhelm Busch erzählt: Als Hitler um die Macht kämpfte, veröffentlichte er ein Parteiprogramm. In dem stand als Punkt 24: “Wir sind für positives Christentum.” Viele treue Christen sind darauf hereingefallen. Als aber Hitler an der Macht war, erfuhr man, was viele vorausgesehen hatten: Positives Christentum ist dasselbe wie Nationalsozialismus. Zu gleicher Zeit begann der Kampf gegen die Bibel. Namentlich das Alte Testament wurde unter Trommelfeuer genommen. Überall konnte man hören und lesen: Nun ja, das Neue Testament könne man noch einige Zeit gelten lassen; denn da werde der Gott der Liebe gelehrt. Nur die Briefe des Juden Paulus müsse man ausmerzen. In denen sei der Geist des Alten Testaments zu spüren. Das Alte Testament aber – oh, das sei ein fürchterliches Buch, ein schmutziges Buch, ein grauenvolles Buch! Da rede der jüdisch-syrische Wüsten-Rache-Gott.
|language=German
|acessdate=2012-10-27}}</ref>

''When Hitler was fighting for power, he published a program of his Nazi Party. There, in the article 24, it was declared: "We are all for positive Christianity."{{#tag:ref|cf.[[NSDAP]] Party Program (February 24, 1920) Point 24:''"We demand freedom of religion for all religious denominations within the state so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the Germanic race. The Party as such advocates the standpoint of a positive Christianity without binding itself confessionally to any one denomination. It combats the Jewish-materialistic spirit within and around us, and is convinced that a lasting recovery of our nation can only succeed from within on the framework: The good of the state before the good of the individual." ''<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Antisemitism: From the Earliest Times to the Present|author=Robert Michael and Philip Rosen|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|year=2007|page=321|isbn=978-08-1085-8688|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5927rY-UgoC&pg=PA321&redir_esc=y}}</ref>|group=note}} Many genuine Christians got hooked for it. But when Hitler finally had acquired the full power in the country, it was suddenly disclosed what many had overlooked: The 'Positive Christianity' has been just disguised Nazism. At the same time, the fight against the Bible triggered its ramp. Especially the Old Testament was taken under the heavy fire. Everywhere you could hear and read: Well, the New Testament can be allowed to circulate for some time, because the teaching there in is about the God of [[love]]. Just one thing, the letters of Jew Paul must be eliminated from there, they smack too much of the Spirit of the Old Testament. As for the Old Testament itself - oh, that’s a terrible book, a dirty book, a horrifying book! There in, a voice of the Judeo-Syrian God of desert and revenge can be heard.''

In 1936, ''[[Der Stürmer]]'', anti-Semitic Nazi newspaper published by [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal|Julius Streicher]], brought up the following anti-Old-Testament propagandistic slogan:

{{quotebox|''Den Geist, der aus dem Buche spricht, Versteht die deutsche Jugend nicht.''{{#tag:ref|Translation from German: The Spirit that speaks out of Book cannot be grasped by German Youth (meaning: The German Youth cannot understand the Spirit of Old Testament).<ref>{{cite web |title=Katholische Schulen im NS-Staat:Unterdrückung bis zum Ende, Karikaturen aus dem FORUM - Sonderheft 31|publisher=Schulstiftung der Erzdiözese Freiburg (Educational Foundation of the Archdiocese of Freiburg)|date=March 2001|url=http://www.schulstiftung-freiburg.de/de/forum/pdf/pdf_140.pdf|accessdate=24-May-2013|language=German}}</ref>|group=note}}}}

Later [[Nazism|Nazist]] forbade the study of "Jewish book" which was their reference to the [[Old Testament]] and its scholarship disappeared from German seminaries and journals. In 1940 [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] was fined for defiantly publishing a book on [[Psalms]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bible Jesus Read |author= Philip Yancey |publisher=Zondervan |location=Michigan |year=2002 |pages=24 |isbn=978-0-310-245-667 |url=http://books.google.sk/books?id=KFSWSzyEZL4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bible+Jesus+Read&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HHWhUP555NnhBOTLgLAN&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bonhoeffer&f=false}}</ref>

===Gnostic traits in New Atheism===
*Objections to Old Testament by [[New Atheism]] on the grounds that it makes references to ''cruel God the Creator''; [[Richard Dawkins]] in his [[The God Delusion]] (2006) wrote (p. 31):
''"The God of the Old Testament is arguably the most unpleasant character in all fiction: jealous and proud of it; a petty, unjust, unforgiving control-freak; a vindictive, bloodthirsty ethnic cleanser; a misogynistic, homophobic, racist, infanticidal, genocidal, filicidal, pestilential, megalomaniacal, sadomasochistic, capriciously malevolent bully."''{{#tag:ref|cf."''To the faithful you show yourself faithful, to the blameless you show yourself blameless, to the pure you show yourself pure, but to the devious you show yourself shrewd.''" [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=%202%20Samuel%2022:26-27&version=NIV Bible, 2 Samuel 22: 26-27 (NIV)]|group=note}}

===Gnostic traits in [[LGBT]] Ideology===
*Manipulating (editing) the [[Scripture]], mainly the [[Old Testament]], by proponents of [[LGBT]] ideology resulting in version of the Bible titled ''The Queen James Bible''.<ref name="Queen James">{{cite web
|title=A ‘Wicked Bible’ for the 21st century? The Queen James Bible
|author=Lita Cosner
|date=21 February 2013
|accessdate=24 February 2013
|publisher=CMI
|url=https://creation.com/wicked-bible
}}</ref> The name of the 'Queen James' version (QJV) is based on controversial speculation contested by historians that King James was [[homosexual]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New 'Queen James' Bible offers gay-friendly Scripture|author=|publisher=msnNOW.com|date=12/18/2012|accessdate=24/02/2013|url=http://now.msn.com/queen-james-bible-offers-gay-friendly-scripture|quote=According to the editors, King James I, the man behind the popular Bible translation, was a bisexual "known amongst friends and courtiers as 'Queen James' because of his many gay lovers." This new version, named in his honor, aims "to prevent homophobic interpretations," with several controversial verses strategically tweaked. "We wanted to make a book filled with the word of God that nobody could use to incorrectly condemn God’s LGBT children," the editors explain.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! scope="col" | The QJV reinterprets several biblical verses in an effort to impose and advocate a foreign [[homosexual agenda]] on the original indigenous biblical data{{#tag:ref| cf. [[False appropriation]]|group=note}}:
|-
| In Leviticus 18:22 and Leviticus 20:13, there is the superfluous sentence "in the temple of Molech" read into the levitical texts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Queen James Bible Claims To Be First-Ever 'Gay Bible,' But Some Say It Rewrites Scripture|author=Meredith Bennett-Smith|publisher=msnNOW.com|date=12/18/2012|accessdate=24/02/2013|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/18/queen-james-bible-claims-first-ever-gay-bible_n_2324962.html|quote=This new version updates several passages from the original version that address homosexuality, including this passage from Leviticus 18:22: KJV: Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is an abomination. QJV: Thou shalt not lie with mankind as with womankind in the temple of Molech: it is an abomination. (Page 75)}}</ref> These texts originally did not mention the temple of Molech at all. The revisionism tries to make impression that the only reason why the text condemned homosexual behaviour was that it was practised in pagan temple. Authors of the QJV translation are trying to remove the condemnation of homosexuality out of Scripture entirely.<ref name="Queen James"/>
|-
| Tampering with Romans 1:26-27 in the New Testament where the QJV changes the sense of original meaning referring to homosexual behaviour in general to pagan worship; also a new add-on expression ''“ritual lust”'' was introduced to eliminate the obvious ''universal condemnation'' of lesbian behaviour.
|}

The QJV translation was denounced as spurious where every single change made was an inexcusable bastardization of the text violating translation principles.<ref name="Queen James"/>
*The 'mysterious gnosis' pertinent to a unique secret knowledge and sole access by pro-LGBT 'elite', is often in LGBT ideology referred to as ''"an evolutionary enigma"''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Homosexuality as a Consequence of Epigenetically Canalized Sexual Development|author=William R. Rice, Urban Friberg and Sergey Gavrilets|date=December 2012|accessdate=24-Feb-2013|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/10.1086/668167.pdf?acceptTC=true|quote=This paper argues that sexually antagonistic selection can also be involved in epigenetic effects and explain the enigmatic high prevalence of several ﬁtness-reducing human characters. ... Homosexuality is frequently considered to be an unusual phenotype because it represents an evolutionary enigma —a trait that is expected to reduce Darwinian ﬁtness, yet it persists at substantial frequency across many different (possibly all) human populations.}}</ref> The pseudo-Christianity as more "flexible" belief system made to fit the LGBT agenda is usually labelled as ''"progressive"'' [Christianity].<ref>{{cite web|title=Schlesinger: Prestaňme sa točiť okolo hriechu|author=Michal Piško|publisher=SME.SK|date=8 June 2012|accessdate=24 Feb 2013|url=http://www.sme.sk/c/6410997/schlesinger-prestanme-sa-tocit-okolo-hriechu.html#ixzz2Lqf1wUA2|language=Slovak|quote=„Na Slovensku, žiaľ, neexistuje iný názor cirkvi na túto tému. V zahraničí je tento názor cirkví podstatne progresívnejší, žila som v USA, mám priateľov zo škandinávskych krajín a tam sa nevylučuje byť gejom a dobrým veriacim. Nie je to univerzálny názor každého cirkevného spoločenstva na svete.“}}</ref>

*Fr. Rutler, who holds a doctorate in sacred [[theology]], and a master of studies from [[Oxford University]], maintains that homosexual activists and secular liberals do not understand the relationship between the [[human race]] and [[Natural order|nature]] because they are essentially Gnostics, in their dualism they see the natural world, i.e. the material world, as contrary to anything divine and the result of energies other than God. To say that the Word was made flesh, as in the New Testament, is a total contradiction to the Gnostic, because the Gnostic thinks the divine can have nothing to do with the flesh. As a consequence homosexuals do not see [[marriage]] as an essentially divine institution – they see it as a legal construction that can be changed at will. “They see a [[Supreme Court]] changing the law on marriage and say it is valid. But from the point of [[Natural Law|natural law]], it would be like saying the Supreme Court could repeal the [[Law of Universal Gravitation|law of gravity]].” The homosexual is a classic Gnostic, because the homosexual does not understand how [[gender]] is intrinsic to God's will for the [[human race]]. [[Male]]-ness and [[female]]-ness are not arbitrary categories.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gays Unable to Accept Pope’s Defense of Environment and Nature’s ‘Law,’ Says Top Theologian |author=Michael W. Chapman |publisher=CNSNews.com |date=December 24, 2008 |url=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/gays-unable-accept-pope-s-defense-environment-and-nature-s-law-says-top-theologian |accessdate=26-May-2013}}</ref>

===Gnostic traits in Liberal Media===
*The contemporary yellow journalism and [[liberal media]] often misuse the Gnostic texts or even add uncritically accepted related discoveries or speculations, doubted and criticized by mainstream scholars, in their obsession with sensational. In 1996 the ''[[Time magazine]]'', known for liberal bias, reported on the group of self-described 'experts and scholars' known as ''[[Jesus Seminar]]'' who declared to have special ''‘knowledge‘'' on origin of Gospels thus presented their own ''edited'' version of Bible with addition of Gnostic ''[[Gospel of Thomas]]'' as what they called ''‘The Scholars Version‘''. A. Boyd wrote a devastating critique of such liberal perspectives in his ''Cynic Sage or Son of God? - Recovering the Real Jesus in an Age of Revisionist Replies''.<ref>{{cite web |author=David Van Biema |title=The Gospel of Truth? |date= Apr. 08, 1996 |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984367,00.html |acessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref><ref name="Case4Christ">{{cite book |title=The Case for Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus |author= Lee Strobel |publisher=Zondervan |year=1998, 2008 |chapter=6. section: Jesus and the "Mystery religions"|pages=120–125 |isbn=0-310-29604-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydVw3pbYZbgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=sTROBEL+CASE+cHRIST&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-ImbUNiSBsjusgaR84GIDA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=gnosticism&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cynic Sage or Son of God? - Recovering the Real Jesus in an Age of Revisionist Replies |author= Gregory A. Boyd|publisher=Wipf & Stock Pub. |year=1996, 2010|isbn=978-1-6089-9953-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5NUtwAACAAJ&dq=Boyd+Cynic+Sage+or+Son+of+God%3F+-+Recovering+the+Real+Jesus+in+an+Age+of+Revisionist+Replies&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5qSbUPXIOIfssgbNlIC4Cw&redir_esc=y}}</ref>

===Gnostic traits in [[Liberal Theology]]===
* The typical example can be Karen L. King at Harvard Divinity School who claimed that a scrap of papyrus she dubiously obtained{{#tag:ref|cf. "Nothing is known about the circumstances of its original discovery or early ownership, but there are some clues about its modern history"|group=note}} and that she refers to as ''"Gospel of Jesus's Wife"'' is "A New Coptic Gospel Papyrus". The following Gnostic traits and fallacies could be recognized in her attitude:
**Vagueness, word-spinning:
"Thus, on the basis of the age of the papyrus, the placement and absorption of the ink on the page, the type of the handwriting, and the Coptic grammar and spelling, it was concluded that it is highly probable{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Logic of possibility]]|group=note}} that the fragment is an ancient text. Although a final conclusion about the parchment's authenticity remains open to further examination by colleagues and to further testing, especially of the chemical composition of the ink, these assurances were sufficient for work on the analysis and interpretation of the fragment to begin in earnest."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gospel of Jesus's Wife: A New Coptic Gospel Papyru|author=Karen L. King |publisher=Harvard Divinity School |url=http://www.hds.harvard.edu/faculty-research/research-projects/the-gospel-of-jesuss-wife|accessdate=July 26, 2013 }}</ref> One cannot establish the age of papyrus and base on it anything if the scientific test has not been performed first. [[Damning the Alternatives|Damning alternatives]] such as opinions of Coptologists who pointed out serious problems with the paleography, the syntax, and the very troubling fact that almost all of the text has been extracted from the Gospel of Thomas (principally from logia 30, 101, and 114).<ref>{{cite web |title=Harvard Theological Review Rejects "Jesus’ Wife" |author=Leroy Huizenga |publisher=First Things |date=September 26, 2012 |url=http://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2012/09/26/harvard-theological-review-rejects-jesus-wife/|accessdate=June 26, 2013}}</ref> Trying to make sensational declarations but then fail to make proper follow up and present the papers with scientific results{{#tag:ref|cf. "The chemical composition of the manuscript's ink will be tested at Harvard in mid-October [2012]" ... "As of late October, the results of a radiocarbon dating test and ink analysis were still pending."|group=note}} after these claims served its purpose to promote the Gnostic agenda leading to devastating consequence of heretical teaching to the genuine Christian belief.<ref name="smithsonian">{{cite web |title=UPDATE: The Reaction to Karen King’s Gospel Discovery |author=Ariel Sabar|publisher=smithsonian|date=November 2012|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Update-The-Reaction-to-Karen-Kings-Gospel-Discovery-174981701.html#ixzz2XLPbhy3L|accessdate=June 26, 2013}}</ref>
**Faulty Logic: "It would be very difficult to reproduce the kind the damage from insects or moisture that the fragment indicates, but it could have been penned on a blank piece of ancient papyrus, which are available for purchase on the antiquities market. Such a papyrus would pass a Carbon 14 dating test."<ref>{{cite web |title="Jesus said to them, ‘My wife…’" A New Coptic Gospel Papyrus |author=Karen L. King |url=http://www.hds.harvard.edu/sites/hds.harvard.edu/files/attachments/faculty-research/research-projects/the-gospel-of-jesuss-wife/29865/King_JesusSaidToThem_draft_0920.pdf |accessdate=June 26, 2013}}</ref> Still, it is of great interest to find out whether the papyrus passes the Carbon 14 dating test, if not, the claim about ancient status can be falsified right away before further investigation of ink. Furthermore, the first media coverage relayed King claiming, without any peer-review from Carbon dating specialist, that the Carbon 14 method of dating cannot be performed at all: ''"Dr. King did not have the ink dated using carbon testing. She said it would require scraping off too much, destroying the relic. She still plans to have the ink tested by spectroscopy, which could roughly determine its age by its chemical composition."''<ref>{{cite web |title=A Faded Piece of Papyrus Refers to Jesus’ Wife|author=Laurie Goodstein|publisher=NYTimes|date=September 18, 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/us/historian-says-piece-of-papyrus-refers-to-jesus-wife.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|accessdate=June 26, 2013}}</ref>
**Taking position contrary to church fathers who opposed Gnostic heresy strongly, trying to make Gnostic positions attacking the genuine tenets of the biblical creed acceptable:
"Karen King says, we must first disentangle modern historiography from the Christian discourse of orthodoxy and heresy that has pervaded--and distorted--the story. King shows how historians have been misled by ancient Christian polemicists who attacked Gnostic beliefs as a "dark double" against which the new faith could define itself. to offer a new and clarifying definition of Gnosticism"<ref>{{cite book |author=Karen L. King|title=What Is Gnosticism?|publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2005|isbn=9780674017627 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=df1Tz5Cn8BQC&dq=Karen+L.+King&source=gbs_navlinks_s |accessdate=June 26, 2013 |quote=Quote from the cover of the book}}</ref>
**Obsessive interest in non-canonical scripts such as the ''Gospel of Thomas'', the ''Gospel of Mary'', and the ''Gospel of the Egyptians'', contrarian approach to Christian history and trial “to integrate a whole set of [this] ‘heretical’ literature into the standard history”<ref name="smithsonian"/>
** Replacing basic tenets of Christianity such as on personal God with word spinning around 'religion' and introducing terms like "religious identity": ''“Religion is absolutely central to who I am in every way,”'' she said. ''“I spend most of my time on it. It’s how I structure my interior life. I use its materials when I think about ethics and politics.”''<ref name="smithsonian"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.''"In fact, it is only through the New Testament that we can learn just what Christian faith is. ... Open your Bible at any page you like, there is nothing about solving religious problems. Bible testifies that God exists and that he revealed himself through Jesus Christ. It shows too that the man who lives without God is not living right. ... All religions are human attempts to find God. But they all have this in common: they have all gone astray in the fog and have not been able to discover God."'' Wilhelm Busch, member of Confessing Church in the era of [[Nazism]]<ref name="Busch">{{cite book |author=Wilhelm Busch |title=Jesus Our Destiny |publisher=Inter Publishing Services |year=2001 |pages=11 |isbn=0-86347-024-6 |url=https://www.google.no/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbitflow.dyndns.org%2Fenglish%2FWilhelmBusch%2FJesus_Our_Destiny_2007.doc&ei=AczOUezLLojP4QSZkYGQAg&usg=AFQjCNGu3EdGXCR8hsXtIWCQsj67rOpAfQ&sig2=u58IaWql_UFf55QGto68CA}}</ref>|group=note}}

===Gnostic traits in [[Evolutionism]] and [[scientism]]===
The partisans of evolutionsim and scientism, respectively, keep trying to attack the [[biblical chronology]] in effort to replace the dating of [[historical science|historical]] world events - which has been always in the [[Judeo-Christian]] tradition expressed in terms of [[B.C.]]<ref name="YECBritannica">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher=creation.com |url=https://creation.com/encyclopedia-britannica-supporting-a-young-earth |quote=Under the heading ‘Astronomy’ on page 493, the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica has a table of world events that begins with the creation of the world in the year 0, i.e. at the beginning of creation, which they dated at 4007 years before Christ...The concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to science (or to the church[4]) before the rise of uniformitarianism in the 19th century. This is strong evidence that modern long-age views of creation do not originate in Genesis, but are a misguided attempt by some Christian leaders to try to reconcile what God has said with the atheistic pronouncements of evolutionary ‘science’.|accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref> and [[A.D.]] - with reference to gnostic ''aeons''{{#tag:ref|cf. “time itself performs miracles” in [[Age of the earth#cite note-19|Age of the Earth]]|group=note}} as representants of their own belief system on [[origin science|origin]] of the world. For example, they introduced the abbreviation AE for naming the time of billion of years<ref>{{cite book |title=David Roger Oldroyd |author=David Roger Oldroyd |publisher=Geological Society of London|pages=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFc_SE4dqVMC |quote=Time: Ae 10<p>9</p> years BP}}</ref> and accertain that the [[Age of the earth#The Scientific Dogma of 4.5 billion years|Earth is "4.55 AE" old]].

===Gnostic traits in [[Feminism]]===
Feminist leader [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] welcomed [[Darwinism]] as a means to undermine what she perceived as biblically based arguments for the subordination of woman. Through biblical reinterpretation and [[radicalism|radical]] rhetoric designed to remove all "[[theology|theological]] support" for "women's 'natural' inferiority," she asserted, in her 1895 radical text ''The Woman's Bible'', that ''"the real difficulty in woman's case"'' is that the whole foundation of the [[Christianity]] ''"rests on her temptation and [[Fall of Man|man's fall]]."'' In her solution she proposed so construct ''"a more rational religion for the nineteenth century"'' that would ''"exonerate the snake"'' and ''"emancipate the woman."'' This should be possible in her view if humankind would accept the [[Evolution|Darwinian theory]] which is based on idea that the race has been a gradual growth from the lower to a higher form of life, and consider the story of the fall to be a mere [[myth]].<ref name="Larson">{{cite book
|author=E.J. Larson
|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
|publisher=Modern Library
|location=New York
|year=2006
|pages=136
|isbn=0-8129-6849-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC}}</ref> Invoking [[Darwin]], Stanton also proposed that the serpent in the [[Garden of Eden]] may have, in fact, be an ape.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mrs. Stanton's Bible |author=Kathi Kern |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2001 |pages=158 |isbn=9780801482885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxdT-5mY4UAC}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Docetism]]
*[[Kabbalah]]
*[[Neo-Gnosticism]]
*[[Bogomil: Bogomilism]]
*[[Syncretism]]
*[[Cosmic Humanism]]
*[[Liberal Catholic Church]]

==Notes==
<references group=note/>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Christian History]]
[[Category:Heresies]]
[[Category:Theology]]

Biblical inerrancy

2024-03-17T11:23:17Z

AK: New section on relation to hermeneutics

{{Bible}}
'''Biblical inerrancy''' is the doctrine that the [[Bible]] is without flaw or error. It is a central doctrine of [[fundamentalism]], but it is rejected by Catholics and modernists. Following Augustine, Catholics hold that scripture is inerrant regarding how to obtain salvation, but not necessarily on matters of history or science.

== Versions of inerrancy ==

All views of inerrancy are supported by the idea that the Bible is the message from God to mankind, and therefore cannot be [[Alleged Bible contradictions|in error]].

Books on Divine Action—''[[Divine Action and Modern Science]]'' ([[Oxford University]] Press, 2002) and the Vatican Observatory-sponsored ''[[Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action]]''—also presuppose a [[Religious right|conservative]] biblical authority over science, which is inherent in the doctrine of inerrancy.

As many as one third of Americans hold that the Bible is the actual Word of God, to be taken literally.<ref>https://www.gallup.com/poll/27682/OneThird-Americans-Believe-Bible-Literally-True.aspx</ref>

=== Inerrant in original manuscripts ===

Evangelical Christians believe that the original biblical manuscripts, as opposed to translations or later versions, were inerrant.<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/inerrant0.htm Introduction to Biblical inerrancy, infallibility, and authority]</ref>

This view was supported by nearly 300 evangelical scholars who signed the ''[[Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]]'' in 1978.
These scholars included [[James Boice]], [[Norman Geisler]], [[John Gerstner]], [[Carl F. H. Henry]], [[Kenneth Kantzer]], [[Harold Lindsell]], [[John Warwick Montgomery]], [[Roger Nicole]], [[J. I. Packer]], [[Robert Preus]], [[Earl Radmacher]], [[Francis Schaeffer]], [[R. C. Sproul]], and [[John Wenham]].<ref>[http://www.kulikovskyonline.net/hermeneutics/csbe.htm Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]</ref>

=== Inerrant in English translation ===
[[File:Open-bible.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The [[Bible]] is the best-selling book of all time.<ref>[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-book-of-non-fiction The Bible is the best selling book of all time], Guinness Book of Word Record</ref>
<br />
<br />
Between 5 to 7 billion Bibles have been published. ]]
A few Christians take that position one step further and believe that God has preserved His word, so that there is an inerrant Bible today, that version being the King James Version. Those who hold that position are within the camp of believers known as [[King James only]] (though not all in this camp hold to the same viewpoint as to the extent of preservation).

The latter view is based on the following: (i) God has promised to preserve His word in {{Bible ref|book=Psalms|chap=12|verses=6-7|version=KJV}}, {{Bible ref|book=Isaiah|chap=40|verses=8|version=KJV}}, and {{Bible ref|book=Matthew|chap=24|verses=35|version=KJV}}; and (ii) inerrancy only in the original manuscripts, which are lost to us, would do modern Christians no good.<ref>[http://www.faithfulwordbaptist.org/page6.html Faithful Word Baptist Church Doctrinal Statement]</ref><ref name="closer">[http://www.chick.com/bc/2004/truth.asp 'Nothing Could Be Closer to the Truth']</ref> It is unlikely that God would have allowed His word to be twisted in any subsequent translations, given that He could have simply inspired those doing the work in the same way as He did with those who wrote the original texts. People who take this view are called Biblical preservationists.<ref>[http://www.tks.org/Archives/bob_jones,_iii.htm Bob Jones III]</ref>

The ''Chicago Statement'''s answer to this is that the copies and translations are sufficiently faithful to the originals as to not affect any essential teaching.<ref>Article X of the ''Statement'' says:{{QuoteBox|WE AFFIRM that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture, which in the providence of God can be ascertained from available manuscripts with great accuracy. We further affirm that copies and translations of Scripture are the Word of God to the extent that they faithfully represent the original.
<br />
<br />
WE DENY that any essential element of the Christian faith is affected by the absence of the autographs. We further deny that this absence renders the assertion of Biblical inerrancy invalid or irrelevant.}}</ref> As suggested earlier, many true Christians claim that statements in one language can be reduced to a [[logic]]al propositional form and as such rendered in any other language with total fidelity.<ref>[https://creation.com/the-bible-and-hermeneutics Creation Ministries International: The Bible and hermeneutics]</ref>

Nonetheless, Biblical preservationists view the Chicago Statement as a relatively recent, [[postmodernist]] theological innovation that leads to questioning of the text and ultimately to a lack of any final authority.<ref>[http://www.febc.edu.sg/BBVol13_2c.htm Modern Denial of Preservation]</ref> They also ask why we should trust the Chicago Statement concerning God's Word instead of trusting God's Word concerning God's Word.

=== Inerrant in matters of spiritual truth ===

Some Christians believe that the Bible is inerrant as a source of spiritual truth, but is more appropriately interpreted as metaphor or allegory in certain places (e.g., the six day creation).

This view is the official stance of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].

See [[Revelation, Book of (historical exegesis)]].

==The Importance of Inerrancy In the Field of [[Hermeneutics]]==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On alleged "contradictions" in the [[Bible]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''“[People] do not reject the Bible because it contradicts itself but because it contradicts them.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— E. Paul Hovey<ref>{{cite web |title=Quotes from E. Paul Hovey |author=E. Paul Hovey |publisher=Goodreads |date= |url=https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/28909-people-do-not-reject-the-bible-because-it-contradicts-itself |accessdate=17 March 2024}}</ref></div>
|}
The issue of inerrancy is important in the field of hermeneutics<ref name="Virkler2007">{{cite book |title=Hermeneutics: Principles and Processes of Biblical Interpretation |author=Henry A. Virkler and K.G. Ayayo |publisher=Baker Publishing Group |year=2007 |pages=29-30 |isbn=9781441200457 |quote= |url=http://www.christianbook.com/hermeneutics-principles-processes-interpretation-second-edition/henry-virkler/9780801031380/pd/031380}}</ref> as outlined in the below table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Presuppositional bases !! Consequence for our attitude towards an <span style="color:darkviolet;">apparent discrepancy</span> between two or more texts !! The different results in approach to <span style="color:darkblue;">theological analysis</span>, we assume that:
|-
| Scripture '''<span style="color:red;">does</span>''' contain errors || We may decide that one or both of them contain(s) errors || The texts may represent a ''diversity of thought'' occasioned by errors
|-
| Scripture '''<span style="color:red;">does not</span>''' contain errors || We are motivated to seek an exegetically justifiablę way of resolving any seeming discrepancy || The teaching of the various texts, properly interpreted, represents a ''unity of thought''
|}
According to Harold Lindsell, the church history has repeatedly shown that groups who begin with questioning the validity of minor details of Scripture eventually question major doctrines as well. The pattern repeated is that acceptance of an errant Scripture in peripheral matters has soon been followed by the allegation that Scripture is errant in more central teachings as well.<ref name="Lindsell">{{cite book |title=The Battle for the Bible |author=Harold Lindsell |chapter= |pages=141-160 |publisher=Zondervan Publishing House |year=1976 |isbn=9780310276814 |url=https://www.google.sk/books/edition/The_Battle_for_the_Bible/-bnYAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==Liberal Christianity and Biblical Inerrancy==
In general, [[Liberal Christianity|liberal Christians]] tend to reject Biblical inerrancy in all forms, since certain passages<ref>http://bible.cc/leviticus/18-22.htm</ref> clash with their liberal ideology regarding things like [[homosexuality]] and the [[Women#New Testament statements on the role of women|role of women]]. One problem which is seen with this view is that by rejecting the Bible or passages therein as inspired, due to their being contrary to a desired meaning or practice, then the authority of the Bible document itself loses its authority or relevance as a guide to morality and [[Christian]] behavior. It is reasoned that the Bible cannot be held as sacred if one arbitrarily decides that some of it isn't. Nor could someone who does not take the Bible seriously as God's preserved word [[hypocrisy|call on others to do so]].

Some argue that if the Bible cannot be proven inerrant, then the claim within it would be irrelevant.<ref>Geisler & Nix (1986). ''A General Introduction to the Bible.'' Moody Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-8024-2916-5</ref>

Those holding to liberal revisionist views of the Bible most typically hold to the ''Documentary Source Hypothesis'', which is contended against by many conservatives.<ref>[http://www.ukapologetics.net/docu.htm THE 'DOCUMENTARY SOURCE HYPOTHESIS' Does Anyone Still Believe the 'Documentary Hypothesis'?]</ref>

Some progressive Christians acknowledge that an [[omnipotence|omnipotent]] God could easily preserve His words and conclude that, for reasons that they never specify, He has chosen not to do so, instead leaving us to our subjective impressions of God's will.<ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/unfundamentalistchristians/2015/06/christian-fundamentalisms-grand-illusion/ Christian Fundamentalism's Grand Illusion]</ref> Biblical preservationists counter that that view gives ammunition to [[skeptic]]s, who can ask what sort of God would promise to preserve His words and then allow the only accurate record of those words to be lost forever.<ref name="closer" />

===Seventies debate===
Two books in 1976 sparked a firestorm of books and papers amongst religious studies scholars. These were Harold Lindsell's ''The Battle for the Bible'' and James Barr's ''Fundamentalism''. Lindsell's book is sympathetic towards conservative Christianity, while Barr's is hostile. Despite this key difference, both were in remarkable agreement that biblical inerrancy provides the "first line of defense" and demarks the "proverbial line in the sand" between [[Religious Left|liberal]] and [[Religious right|conservative Christianity]].<ref>"Evangelicals, Biblical Scholarship, and the Politics of the Modern American Academy" in ''Evangelicals and science in Historical Perspective'', David N. Livingstone, D. G. Hart, Mark A. Noll (Editors), Oxford University Press, 1999, p.306-326</ref>

This was also the center of the debate within the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], beginning in the 1960s and continuing through the 1980s; ultimately the SBC adopted a conservative viewpoint on Scripture (even going so far as to revise its [[Baptist Faith and Message]] to clarify such) which ultimately led some churches to withdraw from the SBC and form their own liberal associations.

== See also ==
[[Historical-grammatical method (Literal hermeneutic)]]

== Recommended books ==

*[https://www.amazon.com/Inerrancy-Bible-Dr-Johnson-Philip-ebook/dp/B00CBWQD7E/ref=sr_1_1?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1499240735&sr=1-1&keywords=Bible+inerrancy The Inerrancy Of The Bible] by Dr. [[Johnson C. Philip]] and Dr. Saneesh Cherian, Amazon Digital Services LLC, 2013

*[https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Analyzing-Difficulties-Integrated-Apologetics-ebook/dp/B00B7ULXMG Handbook For Analyzing Bible Difficulties (Integrated Apologetics)] by Dr. Johnson C. Philip and Dr. Saneesh Cherian, Amazon Digital Services LLC, 2013

*''New International Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties'' (Zondervan's Understand the Bible Reference Series) by Gleason Archer, Jr., HarperCollins Publishing, 2011

==External links==

*[https://defendinginerrancy.com/ Defending inerrancy website]
*[https://answersingenesis.org/contradictions-in-the-bible/ Contradictions in the Bible?], ''Answers in Genesis''
*[https://answersingenesis.org/is-the-bible-true/inerrancy-and-test-truth/ Inerrancy and the Test of Truth], ''Answers in Genesis''
*[http://www.inerrancy.org Christian Debater]
*[http://www.tektonics.org Tekton Apologetics Ministries]
*[http://www.goodcatholicbooks.org/inerrancy/inerrancy-scripture.html On the Inerrancy of Scripture] - Licentiate thesis by Thomas Bolin
*[https://www.gotquestions.org/Biblical-inerrancy.html Why is it important to believe in biblical inerrancy?], by ''[[GotQuestions]]''
*[https://www.gotquestions.org/Bible-inerrancy.html Does the inerrancy of the Bible only apply to the original manuscripts?], by ''[[GotQuestions]]''

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Bible]]

Question evolution! campaign

2024-03-09T03:22:32Z

AK: /* See also */ adding item

[[File:Question-Evolution-Campaign.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|The [https://creation.com/question-evolution Question evolution! campaign] by [[Creation Ministries International]] is a worldwide campaign which poses 15 questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer.<ref>[https://creation.com/question-evolution Question evolution! campaign] by [[Creation Ministries International]]</ref> The 15 questions posed to evolutionists can be found [https://creation.com/15-questions HERE] ]]
The '''Question evolution! campaign''', launched by the [[Bible|biblical]] [[creation]] organization [[Creation Ministries International]], is a worldwide "[[grassroots|grass-roots]] movement to challenge the anti-[[Christianity|Christian]] [[dogma]] of [[evolution]]".<ref>[https://creation.com/question-evolution Question evolution! campaign]</ref> The focus of the Question evolution! campaign is on 15 questions that evolutionists cannot adequately answer.<ref>[https://creation.com/question-evolution Question evolution! campaign]</ref> The ''15 Questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer'' can be found [https://creation.com/15-questions HERE].

The campaign is being primarily conducted in the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]] and [[South Africa]].<ref>https://creation.com/question-evolution</ref>
In May 2011, [[Creation Ministries International]] initiated a Question evolution! campaign which encourages students and others to "question the evolutionary [[pseudoscience]] peddled to them", to wear anti-evolution clothing and to pass out Question evolution! tracts within their schools and community. The campaign features tracts, T-shirts, badges, mugs, etc. and students are being encouraged to participate in the campaign.<ref>[https://creation.com/question-evolution Question evolution! campaign]</ref>

== The 15 questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer ==
[[Image:Carl weiland.jpg|thumbnail|150px|right|Dr. [[Carl Wieland]] was a founder of [[Creation Ministries International]]. ]]
The [https://creation.com/15-questions 15 questions of the Question evolution! campaign], summarized, are (the full version of the 15 questions can be found [https://creation.com/15-questions HERE]):

# How did [[Origin of Life|life originate]]? How did life with hundreds of proteins originate just by chemistry without [[intelligent design]]?
# How did the [[DNA]] code originate? The code is a sophisticated language system with letters and words where the meaning of the words is unrelated to the chemical properties of the letters—just as the information on this page is not a product of the chemical properties of the ink (or pixels on a screen). What other coding system has existed without intelligent design?
# How could such errors (mutations) create 3 billion letters of DNA information to change a microbe into a microbiologist? How can scrambling existing DNA information create a new biochemical pathway or nano-machines?
# Why is [[natural selection]] taught as ‘evolution’ as if it explains the origin of the diversity of life?
# How did new biochemical pathways, which involve multiple enzymes working together in sequence, originate?
# Living things [[intelligent design|look like they were designed]], so how do evolutionists know that they were ''not'' designed? Why should science be restricted to [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic causes]] rather than [[logic]]al causes?
# How did multi-cellular life originate?
# How did [[sex]] originate?
# Why are the (expected) countless millions of [http://www.conservapedia.com/Evolution#Lack_of_Any_Clear_Transitional_Forms transitional fossils missing]?
# How do ‘living fossils’ remain unchanged over supposed hundreds of millions of years?
# How did blind chemistry create mind/intelligence, meaning, altruism and morality?
# Why is evolutionary ‘just-so’ story-telling tolerated?
# Where are the scientific breakthroughs due to evolution? Why do schools and universities teach evolution so dogmatically, stealing time from experimental biology that so benefits humankind?
# Why is evolution, a theory about ''history'', taught as if it is the same as this ''operational'' science?
# Why is a fundamentally religious idea, a dogmatic belief system that fails to explain the evidence, taught in ''science'' classes? If “you can’t teach religion in science classes”, why is evolution taught?

The Question evolution! campaign tract with the expanded questions includes short arguments and/or quotes in support of biblical [[creation]], plus offers links to articles on CMI's website which provide supporting evidence.<ref>[http://aufiles.creation.com/images/pdfs/flyers/15-questions-for-evolutionists-a4.pdf 15 questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer]</ref>

== Endorsements ==

''See also:'' [[Question evolution! campaign endorsements]]

[[Image:Duanegishpic.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Dr. [[Duane Gish]] ]]
Dr. [[Duane Gish]] - biologist and leader in biblical creation movement: “As one who has debated over 300 evolutionists, I am delighted to see this Question Evolution campaign under way. The 15 Questions for Evolutionists brochure hits all the major questions on origins that evolutionists have no satisfactory answers for. The questions should be propagated widely. I commend the campaign.”

Dr. John Sanford, [[Cornell University]] professor and inventor of the gene gun: “I enthusiastically endorse the campaign to encourage all thinking people to question evolution. The era must come to an end where all things with the single exception of evolution are subject to critical examination. How sad that so much evidence has been suppressed, such that most people who consider themselves to be ‘well informed’ have in fact only heard one side of the question. Indoctrination, intimidation, censorship—this is not how science is supposed to operate. Let us return to the true spirit of science, which is critical thinking, dialog and open inquiry.”

Ian Juby - Canadian creationist leader: “The Question Evolution! Campaign is an innovative, grassroots anti-evolution campaign which I believe will have a lasting and far reaching impact. The campaign is worldwide in scope and I hope to see it serve as a uniting force within the biblical creation community. I heartily recommend getting involved in this grassroots anti-evolution movement.”

=== YouTube Channel endorsements ===

{{See also|Question evolution! campaign and YouTube}}

*[[PPsimmons]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=790xcY2CaHs QUESTION EVOLUTION! Worldwide Campaign! JOIN US!]

*[[Shockofgod]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcLlVg06fFQ New Discoveries disprove evolution]

*[[Since33AD]]

*Onceforgivennowfree

*[[Nephilimfree]] - [https://www.youtube.com/user/NephilimFree#p/c/54BE9B5A8E910113/0/IWrXTd4DNLY Lecture on 15 questions for evolutionist - playlist]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yJZHk1IBR0 Multiarchangel]

== Creation Ministries International's responses to Question evolution! campaign objections ==

''See also:'' [[CMI's responses to Question evolution! campaign objections|Creation Ministries International's responses to Question evolution! campaign objections]]

As the Question evolution! campaign has unfolded there have been a number of evolutionists who objected to the campaign and Creation Ministries International created some response web pages and videos.

Response pages:

*[https://creation.com/15-questions-responses-1 Responses to our 15 Questions: part 1 - Questions 1–3]

*[https://creation.com/15-questions-responses-2 Responses to our 15 Questions: part 2 - Questions 4–8]

*[https://creation.com/15-questions-responses-3 Responses to our 15 Questions: part 3 - Questions 9–15].

Response videos:

*[http://youtu.be/f4hTmRKz8rc 15 Questions for Evolutionists -- General objections]

*[http://youtu.be/IizKNWUrMwU 15 Questions for Evolutionists -- Question 1]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7CXwh46dX0 15 Questions for Evolutionists -- Question 2]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1fxW1eTjZc 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 3]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK9t8pmVKdc 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 4]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvSH3wbAiRE 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 5]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVm8lSFjaa8 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 6]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxoa-L7KFGM 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 7]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cu0IK-EB5F4 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 8]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXeKk18jUTc 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 9]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFM1jJvnaW4 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 10]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rziDQqF4FJM 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 11]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuKJPlWIP3o 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 12]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfbS3nESkFE 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 13]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R7LTkBR1no 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 14]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZsPDy_K3sA 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 15]

=== Question evolution! campaign and the atheist/agnostic community ===

''See also:'' [[Question evolution! campaign and the atheist/agnostic community]]

==== Fan response to YouTube evolutionists and atheists ====

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRz0ORtoIRg&feature=BFa&list=PL12B8A2B1F72664EC&lf=plpp_play_all 15 Questions Evolutionists STILL can't answer!]

==== Internet atheists Thunderf00t and Matt Dillahunty inability to answer the 15 questions ====

On October 1, 2011, the popular video creator [[Shockofgod]] created a video mentioning the inability of YouTube atheists [[Thunderf00t]] and [[Matt Dillahunty]] to answer [[Creation Ministries International]]'s list of [https://creation.com/15-questions 15 Questions for evolutionists] which are the focus of the Question evolution! campaign. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gUvVq0DnEM VIDEO] Previously, Shockofgod challenge Thuderf00t to answer the 15 questions.

==== Reddit atheists inability to answer the 15 questions for evolutionists ====

In March 2012, the YouTube Christian [[Shockofgod]] invited [[Reddit atheism|Reddit atheists]] to answer the 15 questions for evolutionists. One Reddit atheist attempted to satisfactorily answer the 15 questions and failed. A live audio recording of his attempt was made:

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kZvzbhWK0c Reddit atheists: 15 questions evolutionists hate: Live dialogue]

=== Fans of the Question evolution! campaign and atheists/evolutionists at the present time ===

Fans of the Question evolution! campaign have repeatedly seen atheists/evolutionists challenged to debate the university biology student VivaYehshua via an oral debate which would be distributed widely. At the present time, atheists and evolutionists are afraid to accept and carry though with the debate offer.<ref>[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2013/02/is-atheist-website-backing-down-to.html Is an atheist website backing down to creationists?]</ref>

==== Enthusiastic student responses to the Question evolution! campaign ====

*[[Enthusiastic student responses to the Question evolution! campaign]]

== Various Question evolution! Campaign fan created videos ==

''See also:'' [[Question evolution! campaign and YouTube]]

Various fan created videos:

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcLlVg06fFQ New Discoveries disprove evolution]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kZvzbhWK0c 15 questions evolutionists hate: Live dialogue]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yJZHk1IBR0 Question evolution! campaign - Come see!]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcLlVg06fFQ New discoveries disprove evolution]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkArKmj9tvA 15 Questions for Evolutionists]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5QNCLU1t9w My challenge to evolutionists and atheists]

Videos produced by a 13 year old fan of the Question evolution! campaign:

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bK3sJHZ0bNY Question evolution! campaign]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5kPf4YKSEQ Richard Dawkins meets Michael the archangel - Part 1]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TV4SAudXC18 Richard Dawkins meets Michael the archangel - Part 2]

== Press coverage to date ==

*[https://www.wnd.com/?pageId=337937 Scientists' creed: We don't know - Challenge to Darwin questions why facts are flexible] - ''WorldNetDaily''

*[http://blog.beliefnet.com/news/2011/08/students-encouraged-to-challenge-evolutionary-dogma.php Students encouraged to challenge “evolutionary dogma”] - BeliefNetNews

*[http://patriotupdate.com/articles/question-evolution-campaign-heats-up-the-creation-vs-evolution-culture-war Question Evolution! Campaign heats up the Creation vs. evolution culture war] - ''[[Patriot Update]]''

*[https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2011/08/20/creation/question-evolution-campaign-gains-new-ally/ Question Evolution campaign gains new ally] - ''Conservative News and Views''

*[http://www.examiner.com/messianic-jewish-in-national/do-you-question-evolution Do you Question evolution?] - ''Messianic Jewish Examiner'', Ken Ammi

== Christian apologists and apologetic organizations supporting the question evolution campaign ==

* Associates for Biblical Research - [http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2011/08/31/Join-the-Question-Evolution-Campaign!.aspx Join the Question evolution campaign!]

*[[True Free Thinker|Ken Ammi]] - [http://www.examiner.com/messianic-jewish-in-national/do-you-question-evolution Do you Question evolution?]

*Science against evolution - [http://www.scienceagainstevolution.org/links11.htm Question evolution campaign]

== Related anti-evolution efforts at the time of the Question evolution! campaign ==

In 2011 the results of a study were published indicating that most [[United States]] high school biology teachers are reluctant to endorse the theory of evolution in class.<ref>http://voices.washingtonpost.com/answer-sheet/science/study-most-high-school-biology.html</ref> At the time of the question evolution campaign, other [[creationism|creationists]] plus [[intelligent design]] proponents were engaged in legislative actions encouraging students to examine the evolutionary paradigm in a critical way. In 2011, eight anti-evolution bills were introduced into United States state legislatures encouraging students to employ [[critical thinking]] skills when examining the evolutionary [[paradigm]]. In 2009, there were seven states which required critical analysis skills to be employed when examining evolutionary material within schools.<ref>http://www.discovery.org/a/9851</ref>

== See also ==
*[[95 Theses against Evolution]]
*[[Evolution]]
*[[Atheism]]
*[[Decline of atheism]]
*[[Atheist Population]]
*[[Question Evolution Project]]
*[[Project 200+]]

== External links ==

*[https://creation.com/question-evolution Question Evolution!] by [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/15-questions 15 Questions that evolutionist cannot satisfactorily answer]
*[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/ Question evolution! blog] - Question evolution! campaign supporters blog
*[http://aufiles.creation.com/images/pdfs/flyers/15-questions-for-evolutionists-a4.pdf 15 Questions that evolutionist cannot satisfactorily answer PDF version]
*[http://traditionalvalues.org/content/home/31850/ Question Evolution!] Campaign webpage for [[Traditional Values Coalition]]

Tract:

*[http://usstore.creation.com/catalog/questions-evolutionists-tracts-p-849.html 15 Questions that evolutionist cannot answer tract] - USA
*[https://creation.com/images/pdfs/flyers/15-questions-for-evolutionists-s.pdf 15 Questions that evolutionist cannot answer] - PDF facsimile

'''Videos:'''

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9oJFXSyGpM Question Evolution! campaign - Introduction]

Videos on the 15 Questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer:

Response videos:

*[http://youtu.be/f4hTmRKz8rc 15 Questions for Evolutionists -- General objections]

*[http://youtu.be/IizKNWUrMwU 15 Questions for Evolutionists -- Question 1]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7CXwh46dX0 15 Questions for Evolutionists -- Question 2]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1fxW1eTjZc 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 3]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK9t8pmVKdc 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 4]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvSH3wbAiRE 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 5]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVm8lSFjaa8 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 6]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxoa-L7KFGM 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 7]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cu0IK-EB5F4 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 8]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXeKk18jUTc 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 9]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFM1jJvnaW4 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 10]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rziDQqF4FJM 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 11]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuKJPlWIP3o 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 12]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfbS3nESkFE 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 13]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R7LTkBR1no 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 14]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZsPDy_K3sA 15 Questions for Evolutionists - Question 15]

Fan created videos:

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9oJFXSyGpM Question Evolution! campaign - Introduction]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRz0ORtoIRg&feature=BFa&list=PL12B8A2B1F72664EC&lf=plpp_play_all 15 Questions Evolutionists STILL can't answer!]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcLlVg06fFQ New Discoveries disprove evolution]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kZvzbhWK0c 15 questions evolutionists hate: Live dialogue]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T08qBt1ljAg Popular YouTube evolutionist fails to answer the 15 questions]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yJZHk1IBR0 Question evolution! campaign - Come see!]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcLlVg06fFQ New discoveries disprove evolution]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv-zhTppvow Question evolution campaign]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkArKmj9tvA 15 Questions for Evolutionists]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbmAn3M8r0I My challenge to evolutionists and atheists]

Videos produced by a 13 year old fan of the Question evolution! campaign:

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bK3sJHZ0bNY Question evolution! campaign]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5kPf4YKSEQ Richard Dawkins meets Michael the archangel - Part 1]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TV4SAudXC18 Richard Dawkins meets Michael the archangel - Part 2]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Question evolution! campaign]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

Cosmic inflation

2024-02-04T21:29:24Z

AK: /* See also */ adding item

In the field of [[Cosmology]], '''cosmic inflation''' is a theory which posits that in the first 10<sup>−35</sup> of a second after the [[Big Bang]], the universe underwent a period of rapid, exponential [[inflation]], with it increasing in size by a factor of at least 10<sup>26</sup>, or ''"to essentially arbitrarily large universe"'',<ref name="Filippenko"/> i.e. at miraculous rate much faster than the currently measured [[speed of light]].<ref name="DismantlingBB"/>{{#tag:ref| cf. ''“There are considerable variations in the speed of expansion . It may be much faster than the speed of light as it is supposed to have been in the first zillionth of a second after the Bing Bang according to inflation theory, a now very popular patch up of the original BBC (Big Bang Cosmology), which Pecker refers to as the New Big Bang.“'' <ref>{{cite book |author=MarcoM. Capria, Aubert Daigneaut et al. |title=Physics Before and After Einstein |publisher=IOS Press |year=2005 |chapter=13. Standard Cosmology and Other Possible Universes |isbn=1-58603-462-6 |url=}}</ref> In the final section of his 1905 paper,<ref name="Einstein 1905">{{cite journal
|author=A.Einstein
|title=On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
|date=June 30, 1905
|publisher=Annalen der Physik. 17:891
|pages=23
|url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/specrel.pdf}}</ref> Einstein explicitly states that, ''“velocities greater than that of light have … no possibility of existence.”'' If proponents of Inflation theory are at the same time adherents of Einstein’s theories, then one may argue that their theory represents a system with no possibility of existence by their own standards or the theory clearly represents a miracle beyond natural laws accepted by them. |group=note}} It was first proposed by [[Alan Guth]] of [[MIT]], in 1981, who declared, in line with tenets of [[postmodern science]], to explore ''"the question of whether it is in principle possible to ignite inflation in a hypothetical laboratory, thereby creating a new universe"''.<ref name="Guth">{{cite web|title=Faculty Directory: Alan Guth, Victor F. Weisskopf Professor of Physics|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics|accessdate=03.03.2013|url=http://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/guth_alan.html|quote=}}</ref> The theory, described by [[Alexei Filippenko|Alexei V. Filippenko]] as ''"seductively powerful"''<ref name="Filippenko">{{cite web |title=Alex on the Frontiers of Astronomy 4 Our Universe One of many|date=September 24, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY57qWPwMgc|accessdate=October 31, 2013|quote=[06min:00sec]The standard Big Bang theory has no natural explanation for why the energy density of the universe should be exactly this critical value such as that the energy density of the universe divided by the critical value is exactly the unity. It’s an arbitrary thing in a Big Bang -it could have been anything. ... The theory is seductively powerful ... And then universe went through gigantic exponential expansion that took it from a microscopically tiny size-scales to essentially arbitrarily large universe.}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In this respect it is of historical curiosity that a Fontenelle's prose on the alleged earth's history was described by historian of science R. Rappaport in similar terms as "powerfully seductive". Fontenelle was the 18th-century representative of the Paris Academy of Science, "a hotbed for impiety and materialism".<ref name="Rappaport1997">{{cite book |title=When Geologists Where Historians, 1665-1750 |author=Rhoda Rappaport |publisher=Cornell University Press |place=Ithaca and London |year=1997 |pages=217 |isbn=978-0801-433863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30U3W2kI7foC |quote=The several texts in the ''Histoire'' and ''Mémoires'' attracted considerable attention, the Academy itself enjoying enormous prestige and Fontenelle's prose being powerfully seductive.}}</ref>|group=note}}, tries to account for several objections to the [[Big Bang theory|Big Bang model]],<ref>http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/24768</ref><ref>http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000045</ref> in order to preserve the illusion that this model explains the origin of the [[universe]].<ref name="DismantlingBB"/> [[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]] calls Cosmic Inflation theory an ad hoc assumption rather than specification of a causal mechanism, introduced by Big Bang theorists as a result of three-fold need:<ref name="DismantlingBB">{{cite book|author=Alex Williams, John Hartnett|title=Dismantling the Big Bang|publisher=Master Books|location=Green Forest, AR, USA|year=2005|page=101|pages=121–125, 130–131, 145|isbn=978-0-89051-437-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FR7basoxkSwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hartnett+dismantling+the+big+bang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JvNwT_6nJJOP4gTP6fG_Ag&sqi=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hartnett%20dismantling%20the%20big%20bang&f=false}}</ref>
::# Due to extreme density of its initial stages, the early Big Bang scenario was in danger of gravitationally driven re-collapse into a [[singularity]].
::# The lack of "natural explanation" for the extraordinarily uniform and homogeneous properties of [[CMBR|cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)]] indicated by the [[scientific observation|observational]] evidence.
::# The Big Bang was supposed to produce at early stages so called magnetic monopoles and inflation should disperse them prior to production of elementary particles to allow claims that these magnetic monopoles are too rare to be encountered now.

=Problems with the Big Bang model=
==The Flatness problem==
The [[critical density]] of the universe is the density at which the universe's rate of expansion will slow down, and eventually reach a rate of zero, as the age of the universe becomes very, very large. Densities above or below this would lead to the universe eventually collapsing back on itself during to gravity, or expanding at an every increasing rate, respectively.<ref name="darling">http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/critical_density.html</ref> Today's best estimates of the universe's density place it staggeringly close to the critical density - the universe is described as being almost "flat", since the shape of the universe's geometry is decided by its density - hence the name of ''the flatness problem''. If the universe's density is extrapolated back until just after the [[Big Bang]], it is found to be exceedingly close to 1 - given that it can take any value, this value leading to a perfectly "flat" universe seems unlikely to have been chosen at random.<ref name="darling"/>

The explanation offered by cosmic inflation is that the period of exponential expansion which occurred essentially "ironed out" any small creases in the early universe, leading to the visible universe's shape being flat.

==The Horizon problem==
In accordance with the [[Cosmological principle]], the observable universe is seen to be both homogeneous and isotropic on large scales (that is, the "same", no matter where you are, or where you look).<ref>http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/cp.html</ref> Given the vast size of the observable universe, and the finite age of the universe, there is no reason for the universe to be so "smooth" - there has not been enough time for light to travel between two points at opposite ends of the universe, and so they are not causally connected, and there should be no reason for them to have such similar properties.

Cosmic inflation offers an explanation, in that the universe expanded by such a large amount, over such a small time, so the entire visible universe is in fact a very small portion of the early universe (in causal contact with surrounding points at that time) which was expanded into everything seen today.

==The Magnetic Monopole problem==
Several physical theories, such as [[General Relativity]] and some [[Grand Unified Theories]] predict the existence of particles called [[magnetic monopoles]], as well as the [[magnetic dipoles]] easily observed in nature. However, no monopoles have ever been observed, and given the success of other aspects of the Standard Model, this was unexpected.<ref>http://superstringtheory.com/cosmo/cosmo4.html</ref>

However, if the magnetic monopoles were created ''before'' the period of expansion posited by cosmic inflation as is expected, they would have been diluted throughout the universe, since the distance between two neighbouring particles would have been increased by such a huge factor, so there may only be one monopole (if that) present in the entire visible universe.

{{Relativity}}

==See also==
*[[Gravitational lensing]]
*[[Singularity]]

==Notes==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Scientific discovery

2023-08-09T10:44:47Z

AK: Publishing scientific discovery

It is extremely common to set out expecting to discover one thing and instead to discover another (e.g. [[Penicillin|Fleming]], Jansky, Kamerlingh Onnes, and innumerable others). This is so common that it even has a name: ''serendipity''. Serendipity is not blind [[luck]]. It is the opposite of blind luck; it is the kind of luck that you earn by being smart and keeping your eyes open. [http://www.av8n.com/physics/scientific-methods.htm]

After a scientific discovery has been made the difficulty is to have it properly interpreted and adopted.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sunday Gentleman
|author=Irving Wallace
|year=1965
|page=334
|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=4kM8UdymCOWB4ATgn4HYDQ&id=Zytex3Q42BIC&dq=Irving+Wallace+The+sunday+gentlemen&q=discoverues+understood#search_anchor|quote=...the difficulty is less in discovering than in having discoveries understood and adopted.}}</ref> It is the responsibility of serious scientists making an historically important claim to publish their [[scientific evidence|evidence]]. A scientific paper making a historically important claim on new scientific discovery must include its central argument, together with the data that support it. These requirements are matter of principle at scientific journals.<ref name="DeniableDarwin">{{cite book
|author=David Berlinski
|title=The Deniable Darwin
|publisher=Discovery Institute Press (reprinted from ''Commentary'' February 1998 by permission)
|location=Seattle, USA
|year=2009
|pages=414-415
|chapter=A scientific scandal? David Berlinski & Critics
|isbn=978-0-9790141-2-3
|url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/deniable-darwin/about.php
|quote=}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

== See also ==
*[[Explanation in science]]
*[[Scientific method]]
[[Category:Methodology of Science]]
[[Category:Philosophy of Science]]
[[Category:Science]]

Age of the Earth

2023-06-08T14:09:58Z

AK: /* Widespread Historical Acceptance of Biblical Account */ missing preposition

[[File:Blue Marble.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The historical and scientific evidence strongly indicates that the [[earth]] is approximately 6,000 years old.{{#tag:ref|cf.
*Age of the earth: 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe<ref name="101Evidences">{{cite web |title=Age of the earth; 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe |author=Don Batten |publisher= CMI |date= 4 June 2009 |url=https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth}}</ref>
*How old is the earth?<ref name="RefutingEvo">{{cite book |title=Refuting Evolution; How old is the earth? |author=Jonathan Sarfati |chapter =8 |url=https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth}}</ref>
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa ‘Young’ age of the Earth & Universe Q&A]
*[https://creation.com/jesus-age-earth Jesus on the age of the earth]|group=note}}]]
{{See also|Counterexamples to an Old Earth}}

The '''Age of the Earth''' has been a matter of interest to humans for millennia. All verifiable evidence indicates that the Earth is about 6,000 years old. Yet with circular reasoning and implausible assumptions, [[liberals]] insist that the Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years (4.54 × 10<sup>9</sup> ± 1%).<ref name="101Evidences"/><ref name="RefutingEvo"/><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/22/opinion/polls/main965223.shtml polling]</ref>

Old Earth advocates rely on one flawed assumption to the exclusion of other evidence, similar to how an investigator may mistakenly rely on one faulty eyewitness's opinion to the exclusion of all else. In fact, eyewitness testimony is proven to be less reliable than other indicators, just as the assumption by Old Earth proponents that the [[Radiometric dating|rate of radioactive decay]] has always been constant is flawed. Far from being constant, the rate of radioactive decay would almost certainly slow down as the universe cools.<ref>https://www.icr.org/article/nuclear-decay-evidence-for-young-world</ref><ref>https://www.icr.org/article/radioactive-decay-rates-not-stable</ref><ref>https://answersingenesis.org/geology/radiometric-dating/the-fallacies-of-radioactive-dating-of-rocks</ref> At the very least, it is not consistent and easily predictable.<ref>http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Radioactive_Decay_Rates</ref>

Moreover, a large number of physical processes, such as neutron capture and fluctuations in solar radiation, affect the rate of radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's crust and render radioactive dating measurements unreliable, depending upon the specific methods used.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899536205000138#bib6</ref>

Much scientific evidence points to a [[young earth creationism|young age]] of the earth and the universe and the biblical creation organization [[Creation Ministries International]] published articles entitled ''[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe]'' and [https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] which summarize some of the evidence for a young age of the earth. In addition, the biblical creation and [[Christian apologetics]] ministry [[Answers in Genesis]] published the article [https://answersingenesis.org/age-of-the-earth/how-old-earth/ How old is the earth?].

== Historical views ==
[[Image:Landscape.jpg|right|300px]]
=== Widespread Historical Acceptance of Biblical Account ===
{{See also|Earth age opinions of prominent Christians - pre-1800|Scriptural geologists}}
For most of recorded history humans of many backgrounds, such as the first-century [[historian]] [[Flavius Josephus]],<ref name="FLuke2007">{{cite journal |title=Josephus says, ‘Genesis means what it says!’ |author=Frank Luke |journal=Creation |publisher=CMI |issue=29 |volume=3 |pages=15–17 |date=June 2007 |url=https://creation.com/josephus-says-genesis-means-what-it-says |quote=Josephus ... explicitly states that man had been around for only 3,000 years by the time of Moses. |accessdate=1 Oct 2017}}</ref> St. Barnabas and St. Irenæus,<ref>Burnet, p. 259.</ref> viewed the age of the Earth to be around 6,000 years.<ref>Burnet, p. 258.</ref>

Saint [[Cyril]], who came into Great Moravia (present day [[Slovakia]] and Moravia in [[Czech Republic]]) from [[Byzantine Empire]] in 863 [[AD]] as [[Christian]] [[missionary]], wrote in his poem ''Proglas'',<ref>{{cite web
|title=Proglas
|publisher=sme.sk
|url=http://zlatyfond.sme.sk/dielo/93/Filozof_Proglas
|language=Slovak
|access date=05.05.2012
|quote=The parchment version of Proglas in Cyrillic from 13th century was discovered in 1858 by Russian Slavic scholar Hilferding}}</ref> dedicated to his works on translation of the four [[Bible|biblical]] [[The Gospels|Gospel]]s to Slavonic language, the following sentence that brings testimony about the perception of the age of the world at that time:
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="4" |{{cquote|To the holy Gospels I am the Foreword:<br/> for as it was promised by the prophets long ago,<br/> Christ comes to gather the nations,<br/> for He sheds light on the world entire.<br/>That is what has happened ''in our '''seventh''' millennium.''}}
!''The seventh millennium'' since the [[Creation]] was calculated as follows:
|-
| '''5 508''' years that had passed since the Creation till [[Jesus Christ]]’s birth plus
|-
| '''863''' (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia)
|-
|results in figure of '''6 371'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proglas, the foreword to the Old Church Slavonic translation of the four Gospels|publisher=The Centre for Information on Literature, Slovakia|url=http://www.litcentrum.sk/36106|access date=05.05.2012|quote=Explanations: '''in our seventh millennium''' – it means the seventh millennium since the Creation. It was calculated as follows: 5 508 years that had passed since the Creation till Jesus Christ’s birth plus 863 AD (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia) added to the year 6 371 -- that is seventh millennium.}}</ref>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:brown; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the origin of [[mankind]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from, and contradicting one another, [as the Greeks have], but only twenty-two books, which contain '''the records of all the past times'''; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death. '''This interval of time was little short of three thousand years'''; …we men are the most excellent of the creatures of [[God]] upon earth."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Flavius Josephus]]<ref name="FLuke2007"/>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Truly six natural days
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"the six days were '''truly six natural days''', because here [[Moses]] says that [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] were created on the sixth day. One may not use [[Sophistry|sophistries]] with reference to this text."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Martin Luther]]<ref name="Luther">{{cite book |title=Luther's works: Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 1-5 |translator=George V. Schick |editor=Jaroslav Pelikan |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |place=Saint Louis |year=1958 |volume=1 |chapter=ONE |pages=69 |isbn=978-0-5700-6401-5 |url=https://www.cph.org/p-607-luthers-works-volume-1-lectures-on-genesis-chapters-1-5.aspx }}</ref>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | [[Physicist]] on age of mankind
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"[[mankind]] could not be much older than is represented in [[Scripture]]"''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Isaac Newton]]<ref name="Newton1728">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended
|publisher=Originally: J. TONSON, J. OSBORN and T. LONGMAN (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|year=MDCCXXVIII.(1728)
|chapter=I. Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15784
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Sep 2020}}</ref>
</div>
|}
Prior to the onset of [[totalitarian]] and [[uniformitarianism|uniformitarian]] (i.e. long-age) [[scientism]] promoted by [[Charles Lyell|Lyell]], [[Darwin]], [[T. H. Huxley|Huxley]], and others in the 19th century, when most people and scientists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] had a [[Christian]] or [[biblical]] worldview, the [[Atheism|atheist]]ic [[evolution]]ary concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to mainstream [[Western civilization|Western]] [[science]] beyond cursory [[philosophical]] speculations.<ref name="YECBritannica">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher=creation.com |url=https://creation.com/encyclopedia-britannica-supporting-a-young-earth |quote=The concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to science (or to the church[4]) before the rise of uniformitarianism in the 19th century. This is strong evidence that modern long-age views of creation do not originate in Genesis, but are a misguided attempt by some Christian leaders to try to reconcile what God has said with the atheistic pronouncements of evolutionary ‘science’.|accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref>

For example, in his 1619 book the ''Harmonices Mundi'' (The Harmony of the World), [[Johannes Kepler]], [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] whose [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|discoveries]] are used in present-day rocket science,<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to Rocket Science and Engineering |author=Travis S. Taylor |publisher=CRC Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781498772341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl&id=aAagDgAAQBAJ}}</ref> wrote that he does not care if his book will need to wait a century for a reader, as [[God]] has waited '''six thousand years''' for him as an [[Scientific observation|observer]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Harmony of the World |author=Johannes Kepler |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1997 |pages=IX, XXXVII, 391, 410 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEkLAAAAIAAJ&q=six+thousand#v=snippet&q=six%20thousand&f=false|quote=O, Almighty God, I am thinking Thy thoughts after Thee! ... The book is written, to be read either now or by posterity, I care not which. It may be well to wait a century for a reader, as God has waited six thousand years for an observer.}}</ref> Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and [[Isaac Newton]] also strongly defended [[Biblical chronology]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Greatest Hoax on Earth? Refuting Dawkins on Evolution |author=Jonathan Sarfati |publisher=Creation Books Publishers |year=2010 |place=Atlanta, Georgia, USA |pages=311 |isbn=978-1921-643064 |url=https://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php |quote=Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and Isaac Newton (1643-1727), probably the greatest scientist of all time, also strongly defended biblical chronology.}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John
|publisher=Originally: J. DARBY and T. BROWNE (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|chapter=PART I. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel.CHAP. I. Introduction concerning the Compilers of the Books of the Old Testament.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16878?msg=welcome_stranger
|quote=The Pentateuch is composed of the Law and the history of God’s people together; and the history hath been collected from several books, such as were the history of the Creation composed by Moses, Genesis 2:4; the book of the generations of Adam, #Ge 5:1;
|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Experimenting on a Small Planet: A Scholarly Entertainment
|author=William W. Hay |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |pages=63|isbn=9783642285608 |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=teJYlWH9vg4C |quote=Ussher’s was not the first nor last attempt to determine the age of the Earth from the Bible. Estimates had been made by the Venerable Bede in 723 (3952 BC) and John Lightfoot in 1644 (3929), and later by Johannes Kepler (3992 BC), and Isaac Newton (4000 BC) among others.}}</ref> The latter also vigorously opposed to a naturalistic cosmic evolution and suggested [[chemical]] processes that might aid in explaining the creation of the earth's [[crust]] during the '''six days'''.<ref name="Rappaport1997">{{cite book |title=When Geologists Where Historians, 1665-1750 |author=Rhoda Rappaport |publisher=Cornell University Press |place=Ithaca and London |year=1997 |pages=138, 197 |isbn=978-0801-433863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30U3W2kI7foC}}</ref> The vast majority of commentators in the past interpreted the days of [[Genesis]] as ordinary days. Furthermore, even those who did not, such as [[Origen]] and [[Augustine]], vigorously attacked long-age ideas and affirmed that the world was '''only thousands of years'''.<ref name="FLuke2007"/> The 17th century [[French]] [[philosopher]] and moralist Jean de La Bruyère wrote in his ''Des Ouvrages des esprits'' (''On works of the spirit'') that ''"Everything has been said, and one comes into the world too late after '''seven thousand years''' in which there have been thinking men."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Des Ouvrages des esprits (On works of the spirit) |author=Jean de La Bruyère |publisher=frenchphilosophes.weebly.com |url=http://frenchphilosophes.weebly.com/la-bruyegravere.html |accesdate=12 May 2019 |quote=Tout est dit, et l'on vient trop tard depuis plus '''de sept mille''' ans qu'il y a des hommes et qui pensent. Sur ce qui concerne les mœurs, le plus beau et meilleur est enlevé; l'on ne fait que glaner après les anciens et les habiles d'entre les modernes. |language=French}}</ref><br>

In 1771, the first edition of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the oldest English-language general encyclopedia that was first published as a 3-volume set in [[Scotland]], included a table of world events under the heading ‘[[Astronomy]]’ on page 493. These events begin with the [[creation]] of the world in the year 0, which they dated at 4007 years before Christ.<ref name="YECBritannica"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher= creation.com |url=https://creation.com/media-center?fileID=Rj4PFM_od9U |quote= The notion that the world in billions of years old has only been popular for about 200 years. Before that time most scientists understood that Noah's Flood was responsible for laying down the rocks which today are associated with millions of years. Richard Fangrad and Calvin Smith discuss the details. |accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref><br>

In 1830, Dr. Hales published a list of 120 historical authorities from various cultures who had decided on an official [[date of creation]].<ref name="Hales">{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> These ranged from 6984 B.C. to 3616 B.C.<ref>Batten 2002 quotes from "Young’s Analytical Concordance of the Holy Bible", 1879 8th Edition, 1939, which relates this, and reproduces the selection of the dates from Young.</ref>

Included in Hales' list is [[James Ussher]], who calculated the '''famous date of 4004 B.C.''' for creation<ref name="Carson">{{cite book
|author=David G. Dunbar et al.
|title=Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
|editor=D.A. Carson and J.D. Woodbridge
|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year=1986 (Zondervan), 2005
|location=Eugene, Oregon
|chapter=Nine: The Biblical Canon
|pages=256
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHoFAQAACAAJ
|isbn=1-59752-118-3
|quote= Professor John Redwood describes the commitments of seventeenth century Christians: “To the seventeenth-century biblical chronology, the account of Moses, and the science of geology were all part of the same world of learning. No one seeking to enquire into rocks or minerals, into earth history of formation of the earth’s configuration could afford to ignore or deny the value of his primary source, the Bible.” James Ussher in the early seventeenth century had based his dating of creation at 4004 B.C. on a detailed and literal reading of the historical accounts.}}</ref> and published it in his ''magnum opus'', ''[[The Annals of the World]]'' during the mid-1600s. Young Earth creationists, essentially adopting the same method as [[Nikola Tesla]] who was taught by his mother ''"to seek all truth in the Bible,"''<ref>{{cite book |title=My inventions: The autobiography of Nikola Tesla |author=Nikola Tesla |publisher=NuVision Publications LLC |year=1982 |pages=41 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=no&id=uBafTxRVtkAC&q=Bible#v=snippet&q=Bible&f=false |quote= Up to that time I never realized that I possed any particular gift of discovery, but the Lord Rayleigh, whom I considered an ideal man of science, had said so, and if that was the case, I felt that I should concentrate on some big idea. At this time, as many other times in the past, my thoughts turned towards my mother's teaching. The gift of mental power comes from God, Divine Being, and if we concentrate our minds on that truth, we become in tune with this great power. My Mother had taught me to seek all truth in the Bible; therefore I devoted the next few months to the study of this work.}}</ref> still consider this date to be close to the actual date.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Creation Seminar 1 - Age of the Earth (FULL)
|author=Kent Hovind
|publisher=Creation Science Evangelism
|page=31min:00sec
|url=https://youtu.be/szBTl3S24MY?t=1857
|accessdate=26 July 2015
}}</ref> The year 4004 [[B.C.]] was considered to be also a remarkable astronomical epoch by the great French astronomer [[Pierre Simon Laplace|Laplace]] who in his ''Méchanique Céleste'', Tom III.p. 113, announced a curious discovery - it was supposed to be a year when the great axis of the earth's [[orbit]] coincided with the line of the [[equinox]]es, and consequently true and mean equinoxes were united.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

=== Evolutionists vs. “odious spectre” Kelvin ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Time as key hero for [[naturalistic]] ‘[[Fog displacement|explanation]]’
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''“Time is in fact the hero of the plot … given so much time the "impossible" becomes [[Logic of possibility|possible]], the possible probable and the probably virtually certainly certain. One has only to wait: time itself performs [[miracle]]s.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— George Wald<ref>{{cite book |title= The Physics and Chemistry of Life|author=George Wald |publisher=G. Bell |year= 1957 |pages=12 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IlCgnQEACAAJ }}</ref><ref name="West">{{cite web |title=Western culture and the age of the earth; Review of The Dating Game: One Man’s Search for the Age of the Earth by Cherry Lewis, Cambridge University Press, 2000 |author= Tas Walker |publisher= CMI |url= https://creation.com/cherry-lewis-the-dating-game-one-mans-search-for-the-age-of-the-earth-book-review |accessdate=13 June 2015
}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Ad. “time itself performs miracles” - cf. [[Evolution of the gaps]]: An 'explanation' that has no other than philosophical implication and that cannot be tested is regarded for a key symptom of ideological thinking. Moreover, the Slovak poet Ondrej Fabrici maintained that [[idol]]s of the old [[pagan]] belief systems have been refurbished and disguised in the changed setting of the modern era under the new name of scientific endeavor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Prorok Daniel (Prophet Daniel)|author= Jozef Ondrej Markuš|publisher=Matica slovenská|year=2001|page=39|isbn=80-7090-600-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpnkAAAACAAJ|language=Slovak |quote=
Či zmenil dačo Chronos starý na plánoch tých Babylonu, hoci sa ako dieťa tvári vek atómu, elektrónu?! Len tváre figúr vymenené, technika ťahov spresnená, idoly staré postavené odiali sa v nové mená! Kulisy zmenil Chronos – čas Babylon žije prostred nás! (Ondrej Fabrici)}}</ref> For example, the “incomprehensibly vast periods of time” invoked by evolutionism is in fact nothing more than refurbished and masqueraded belief in creative power of elapsing time represented either by ancient [[Babylonian]] god, transposed into Greek mythology as [[Chronos]], or antique Aeon,<ref>{{cite web |title= ЭОН |publisher= dic.academic.ru |url= http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/3798/ЭОН |language=Russian |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= ЭОН (греч. ), термин др.-греч. философии, «жизненный век», «вечность», время в аспекте жизненного существования, как некая целостная самозамкнутая структура (ср. лат. aevum, рус. «век») в отличие от «хро-носа» как абстрактного, количественно-измерительного, объективного и аморфного времени. … В гностицизме зон – это силы, которые исходят от божества. … Эон в геологии длительный период времени, состоящий из нескольких эр.}}</ref> a divine power constituting a [[gnostic]] belief system.<ref name="Skarsaune">{{cite book
|author=Oskar Skarsaune
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influence on Early Christianity
|publisher=IVP Academic
|year=2002
|location=Downers Grove, IL
|pages=246
|chapter=12:Orthodoxy and Heresy
|isbn=978-0-8308-2844-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC
|quote=There are several gnostic “systems,” with a great deal of variety in details, but one can newertheless discern a basic pattern that is common to most or all Gnostic texts: There exists a highest God, who within himself comprises several divine powers. The Gnostics called these powers aeons, and there were different systems of arranging aeons. … This aeon, confused and in despair, created the material world…
}}</ref>|group=note}}</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On rewriting the history
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"The first battlefield is the rewriting of [[history]]."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Materialist]] [[Karl Marx]]<ref name="FIORAZO2012">{{cite book |author=David Fiorazo |title=ERADICATE: Blotting Out God in America |publisher=Life Sentence Publishing |place=Abbotsford, WA |year=2012 |chapter=3 |page=59 |isbn=978-1-62245-026-8 |url=http://davidfiorazo.com/2013/02/introduction-to-eradicate-blotting-out-god-in-america/}}</ref></div>
|}
Although [[materialism]] was at the time almost unanimously rejected by the scientific community,<ref name="Debré">{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=151|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C|quote=}}</ref> George-Louis Lecrerc, Count of [[Buffon]], rejected [[Christianity]], adopted [[Evolutionism|evolutionary thought]], and thus searched for [[materialistic]] explanations for the [[origin science|origin]] of earth.<ref name="Larson">{{cite book
|author=E.J. Larson
|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
|publisher=Modern Library
|location=New York
|year=2006
|pages=9, 13–18, 39, 58–62
|isbn=0-8129-6849-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Larson+Evolution:+The+Remarkable+History&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PbZfVJugD83vaJengLgI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=rejected%20Christianity%20&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. "Of course, no one can precisely gauge hom much [[Enlightenment]] thinking about material origin for life and organic species contributed to the political, social, and religious turmoil of the French Revolution, but some observers at the time saw a causal link. Notions of biological instability seemed to breed social disorder; ... and chaos ensued as the law of jungle became the rule in Paris. For [[Cuvier]], ... Speculative systems in natural history invited ruin. ... [He] took every opportunity to criticize the speculations of [[Buffon]] and other materialist-minded naturalists."<ref name="Larson"/>|group=note}} Despite his treatises lacking both a timescale and even a clearly developed sense of time, in 1778 he proposed, apparently following his own belief ''"past is so old and has left so few traces that one can say anything one likes about it"'',<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> that the Earth was about 74,832 years old,<ref name="ingv">INGV</ref> what was also in line with thinking that pushed God as [[Creator]] either back in time or out of the picture altogether.<ref name="Larson"/>
In the early nineteenth-century, the so called [[uniformitarian]]s conspired to overthrow the [[Biblical chronology]] that would measure geologic time in generations of man.<ref name="Richter">{{cite journal |title=Geological Notes: Kelvin and the Age of Earth |author=F.M. Richter |publisher=Journal of Geology |year=1986 |volume=94 |pages=395–401 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30068713}}</ref> The dictum as a fundamental maxim for their geological speculation and worldview<ref name="PerryInAS">{{cite web |title=Kelvin, Perry and the Age of the Earth |author=Philip C. England, Peter Molnar, Frank M. Richter |date= |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/kelvin-perry-and-the-age-of-the-earth |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Before dissecting Kelvin's arguments, it is worth describing the worldview that he was opposing.}}</ref> was expressed through [[James Hutton]]’s aphorism,<ref name="ingv"/> coming from his 1785 book ''Theory of the earth'': ''“The revolt, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find [[Singularity#Antipathy to the idea of beginning|no vestige of a beginning]], [[Horror of a Divine Foot|no prospect of an end]].“''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics">{{cite web |title=On Geological Dynamics |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow |year=1869 |url=http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_geological_dynamics.html |aaccessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Theory of the earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution and restoration of land upon the globe. |author=James Hutton |publisher=Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1785 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjYAAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Hutton's theory of the earth was not based on field observations but on his [[Wishful thinking|wishful]], speculative confusion of geological process with [[Newton]]ian [[physics]].<ref name="GOULDinNYT">{{cite web |title=IT'S AN OLD, OLD , OLD, OLD WORLD |publisher= NYT |author=D. R. Wallace |date= June 14, 1987 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/09/home/gould-arrow.html |accessdate=7 June 2015 |quote=Hutton's theory of the earth as a geological clockwork of eroding continents balanced against uplifting ocean basins was not based on field observations but on his wishful, speculative confusion of geological process with Newtonian physics....Hutton and Lyell were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state...The textbook legend of Hutton and Lyell seems dim and confused compared with that of Copernicus and Galileo. In demonstrating the shallowness of that legend}}</ref>

In 1822, [[Joseph Fourier|Fourier]] laid the groundwork for the mathematical analysis of the flow of [[heat]] in his treatise ''Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur''; and later, in 1827, he published arguments that the Earth must be cooling.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique">{{cite journal | title=John Perry’s neglected critique of Kelvin’s age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics |author=P. England, P. Molnar, F. Richter |journal=GSA Today |volume= 17 |number= 1 |date=January 2007 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 |url=http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/faculty/molnarpdf/2007GSAT.England.PerryKelvinBlownOpportunity.pdf |accessdate=5 June 2015 |quote= Fourier ... made arguments that the Earth must be cooling (Fourier, 1827), with which Lyell was certainly familiar (Lyell, 1830, p. 140–141).}}</ref> This was in line with so called [[Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis]], under which the earth would have gradually cooled from its assumed molten beginnings to its current state.

In 1830 [[Charles Lyell]], despite being familiar with Fourier's arguments,<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> supported, with a convert's zeal, the Hutton's idea of a
steady-state Earth of indefinite age in ''Principles of Geology'',<ref name="ingv" /> a book that later influenced [[Darwin]]. Lyell started his book with a self-serving history of geology that [[Academician Burdenko syndrome|uncritically hailed]] any insight anticipating uniformitarianism and under the banner ''“to free the science from Moses”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Charles Lyell |title= Principles of Geology |volume= 1 |year=1881 (1990)|publisher=University of Chicago Press (reprint) |pages=268 (XVII) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WjnbzHpvfEC |quote=Most other geologists, whether or not they agreed with Lyell on specific issues, would in fact have considered themselves his allies in hoping “to free the science from Moses” (Lyell 1881, vol.1, p.268).}}</ref> [[Kerkut’s student syndrome|utterly dismissed]] the contributions of [[Catastrophism|catastrophists]] including [[Georges Cuvier]], the "lion of nineteenth-century French science" and founder of modern comparative anatomy and paleontology, who as early as 1796 announced ''"the existence of a world previous to ours, destroyed by some kind of catastrophe"'' and whose scientific arguments for the theory of [[special creation]] held back the tide of evolutionary thought for a generation.<ref name="Larson"/> Lyell shown up to be a disciple of Buffon, who resolutely refused to accept the notion of catastrophes, including the [[Noah's Flood|Biblical Flood]], which many of their contemporaries upheld. Before Darwin boarded the HMS Beagle in 1831, his Cambridge tutor Adam Sedgwick, who had supplied just twenty-two years old Darwin with a reading list for the voyage, conspicuously omitted controversial Lyell’s ''Principles''. Darwin was however given a copy of the book by the ship's aristocratic captain Robert FitzRoy, who wished to have some scientific person on board.<ref name="Larson"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 1 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 1, 46min:15sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hoDaxVIVPE&feature=youtu.be&t=2850 |accessdate=May 17, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> Darwin was fascinated by book, he dedicated his own writings about the voyage to Lyell, and in his letters claimed that ''"I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell's brains ... the great merit of the Principles, was that it altered the whole tone of one's mind & therefore that when seeing a thing never seen by Lyell, one yet saw it partially through his eyes."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. to Horner, Leonard 29 Aug 1844 |author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-771 |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgrey; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About people who admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''If the question "When?" is asked, the natural reply is merely a look of astonishment, and persistent enquiry elicits '''nothing more definite than a vague "Long ago."'''{{#tag:ref|Ad. ''“nothing more definite than a vague ’Long ago’”'' cf.
*''«I asked Ramsay how long a time he allowed for that history. He answered that he could suggest no limit to it. I said “You don’t suppose geological history has run through 1,000,000,000 years?” “Certainly I do.” “10,000,000,000 years?” “Yes.” “The sun is a finite body. You can tell how many tons it is. Do you think it has been shining for a million million years? ” “I am as incapable of estimating and understanding the reasons which you physicists have for limiting geological time as you are incapable of understanding the geological reasons for our unlimited estimates.” I answered, “You can understand the physicists’ reasoning perfectly if you give your mind to it.”»'' Lord Kelvin, conversation on geological time with Sir Andrew Ramsay during the meeting of the British Association at Dundee in 1867<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Age of the Earth as an Abode Fitted for Life
|journal=Science |publisher= American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=9 |issue=228 |date= May 12, 1899 |page=668 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1626214?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents |accessdate=July 18, 2105}}</ref>
*''“I don't have millions billions of years”'' Gail E. Kennedy, Associate Professor, Anthropology, [[UCLA]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolution Vs. God Movie |publisher=Living Waters |pages=14min:48sec|date=6 Aug 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0u3-2CGOMQ&feature=youtu.be&t=885 |accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>
*''“I require for my theoretical views '''a very long''' period before the Cambrian formation.”'' Ch. Darwin<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869"/>
*Vallisneri, who together with [[Leibniz]] urged Louis Burguet to consider ''biblical time'' as ''too restricted'', '''could add nothing more''' to his early conviction that the earth is ''"of '''nearly incomprehensible antiquity'''"''. Rappaport (p.195-7)<ref name="Rappaport1997"/>|group=note}} Anything else, of course, could not be expected from a people whose [[Big Bang theory|conceptions of the development of the universe]] are limited to a recognition of the [[Geologic system#The system|alternation of seasons]] and the [[Abiogenesis|insistent mysteries of life]] and death.''<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Arthur Holmes <ref name="Holmes1913">{{cite web |title= The age of the earth |author= Arthur Holmes |publisher= Harper |place=London |year= 1913 |pages=2, 11, 135 |url= https://archive.org/details/ageofearth00holmuoft |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=As an example of one of the more extravagant demands, mention may be made of Darwin’s estimate in 1859 of the time elapsed since the latter part of the Cretaceous period. From the rate of chalk erosion in Kent, he deduced that the excavation of the Wealden valleys had required a period of 300 million years. Referring to this estimate, Jukes gave his opinion that while it might be a hundred time too great, it was equally probable that it was hundred times too small. Evidently 30,000 million years, in the absence of more reliable data, was not considered an absurdly excessive period for the erosion of the Weald. It should be noticed, however, that after the publication of Thomson’s views, Darwin withdrew this estimate from the origin of species.}}</ref></div>
|}
In his 1859 ''[[The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection|Origin of species by means of Natural selection]]'', Darwin declared that ''‘He who can read Sir Charles Lyell’s grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume.’''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/><ref>{{cite book |title= On the Origin of Species |author= Charles Darwin |year=1859 |pages=282 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdIp_XRopbcC&q=incomprehensibly+vast#v=snippet&q=incomprehensibly%20vast&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|For partisans of [[Clifford's injunction]] closing this volume at once definitely appears to be a highly commendable suggestion.|group=note}} Darwin based his views on Hutton and Lyell who were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state.<ref name="GOULDinNYT"/> It is believed a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories was a factor that might have contributed to FitzRoy’s tragic decision to suicide on 30 April 1865.<ref>{{cite web |title= FitzRoy's Bicentenary|publisher= The Friends of Charles Darwin |url=http://friendsofdarwin.com/articles/fitzroy/ |quote= The ridicule over the weather forecasts was probably the last straw that drove FitzRoy to suicide on 30th April, 1865. But there were numerous other factors that might have contributed to his tragic decision: his failed New Zealand governorship; a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories; his belief that suicide was a family trait; who knows what else might have helped push him over the edge? |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC67">{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 6&7 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 6&7, 1h:49min:35sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXY-EWZU5qo&feature=youtu.be&t=6575
|accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>

The doctrine that the Earth was of unlimited age allowed Uniformitarian geologists to evade [[explanation in science|explaining]] any [[phenomenon|phenomena]] by laws of [[physics]] and resort to [[Fog displacement|blurring]] them by ''“reckless drafts on the bank of time”'' instead. For the legendary British physicist William Thomson, later known as [[Lord Kelvin]], this game without rules was simply not scientific. The speculations of uniformitarians on age of the Earth were forbidden by the laws of the thermodynamics, which he had helped in developing. He showed, with the full force and prestige of mathematical physics,{{#tag:ref|cf.
*''"God is mathematician of a very high order and He used advanced mathematics in constructing the universe."'' [[Paul Dirac]]<ref name="Flew">{{Cite book|title=There is a God, How the world's most notorious atheist changed his mind|author=Antony Flew|publisher=HarperOne|year=2008|isbn=978-0-06-133530-3|pages=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbL66ePcjpQC |quote= }}</ref>
*''"Religion and natural science are fighting a joint battle in an incessant, never relaxing crusade against skepticism and against dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition … [and therefore] ‘On to God’"'' [[Max Planck]]<ref name="Flew"/>|group=note}} that, if one were to assume that the Earth is a solid body cooling from an initially high temperature, measurement of the rate of heat loss from its surface would clearly place limits on its age.

Kelvin started to advance his arguments under the title ''“Note on Certain Points in the Theory of Heat”'' first in 1844 in ''Cambridge Mathematical Journal''. After clarifying some of Fourier’s mathematics related to the conduction of heat and the dissipation of energy, he presented the upper boundary for the age of the Earth in his 1863 classic paper ''On the Secular Cooling of the Earth'' as '''98 millions of years'''.<ref name="OnSecularCooling">{{cite web |title= On the Secular Cooling of the Earth |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1864 (Read 1862) |volume= XXIII |pages= 167–169 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_secular_cooling_of_the_earth.html |aaccessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref> The figure was based i.a. on following assumptions and considerations:
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the Kelvin's calculations
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''I have sometimes been asked by friends interested in geology to criticise Lord Kelvin's calculation of the probable age of the earth. I have usually said that it is hopeless to expect that Lord Kelvin should have made an error in calculation.''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—John Perry<ref>{{cite journal |title= On the Age of the Earth |author=John Perry |journal=Nature |date= 3 January 1895 |issue=51 |pages=224–227 |doi=10.1038/051224a0 |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v51/n1314/pdf/051224a0.pdf
}}</ref> </div>
|}
* The ‘celebrated’ '''Poisson’s hypothesis''', that the present underground heat of Earth is due to a passage, at some former period, of the Solar system through hotter stellar regions, would not serve uniformitarians and evolutionists right, since it either grants only short time periods with moderate temperature on earth’s surface or, if the transition from hot region to cold region is shifted further back in time, it leads to extreme temperatures that must have destroyed all animal and vegetable life.
* The '''[[Leibniz’s theory of earth|Leibnitz’s theory]]''', which simply supposes the earth to have been at one time an incandescent liquid, without explaining how it got into that state, is the best for view of the geologists who require the longest periods.
* The initial temperature of molten blob to be 7000 °F or 3888 °C, respectively, corresponding to a high estimate of generally assumed temperature of melting rock. Later Kelvin explained that he could take lower value as more probable, but was most anxious not to underestimate the age of the earth based on the very meager information then available.<ref name="KelvinNature1895"/>
* The measurements of underground temperatures near Edinburgh served as basis for the estimated “general increase of temperature in the Earth downwards” alias mean geothermal gradient of 1/50th of a degree Fahrenheit per foot (~ ca 36 °C/km).

After taking into account the estimated uncertainties in thermal gradient and thermal conductivity, Kelvin broadened an upper limit for the age of the Earth to interval between 20 and 400 millions of years (20 ~ 400 Ma). In a later paper, based on experimental results performed by Carl Barus (who found out that diabase, a typical [[basalt]] of very primitive character, melts between 1100 °C and 1170 °C and is thoroughly liquid at 1300 °C),<ref name="KelvinNature1895">{{cite journal |title=On the Age of the Earth |author= Lord Kelvin |journal= Nature (reprint in SA)|date= January 3, 1895 |pages= 334–337 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lord-kelvin-on-the-age-of-the-earth/ |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Carl Barus (Phil. Mag., 1893, first half year, pp. 186, 187, 301-305) that diabase, a typical basalt of very primitive character, melts between 1,100° C. and 1,170° and is thoroughly liquid at 1,300°.}}</ref> he modified the value for supposed initial molten rock temperature to 1200 °C,<ref name="Richter"/> thus by the end of the 1800s narrowed down the interval to 20 ~ 40Ma,<ref name="chemeu">{{cite web |title=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin |publisher=chemeurope.com |url=http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin.html |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Thomson ultimately settled on an estimate that the Earth was 20-40 million years old }}</ref> with personal preference for the lower value which is also the most quoted one.<ref name="West"/><ref>{{cite book |title= The Dating Game: One Man's Search for the Age of the Earth |author= Cherry Lewis |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2012 |pages= 39 |isbn= 978-11076-59599 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vU1yZQ03Kz0C }}</ref>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About theoretical views requiring a very long period
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"When you measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it, but when you cannot express it in numbers your knowledge about it is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—William Thompson, Lord Kelvin<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Evelyn Lamb |publisher=Scientific American |date= 26 June 2013 |url= http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/roots-of-unity/lord-kelvin-age-of-the-eart/ |accessdate=19 April 2016
}}</ref> </div>
|}
Many scientists liked these values, since they appeared to be consistent with calculations made by [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], who in 1854 estimated the age of sun to be between 20 and 40 million years,<ref name="ingv"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Trial balloons and the age of the earth |author= Tas Walker |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> but for both evolutionists in biology as well as uniformitarians in geology they were distastefully low.<ref name="KelvinRevisited">{{cite web |title= Lord Kelvin revisited on the young age of the earth |author= John Woodmorappe |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> Darwin wrote in his letters that he has ''“not as yet been able to digest the fundamental notion of the shortened age of the sun and earth,”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Loren Eiseley
|title=Darwin’s Century: Evolution and the Men who Discovered It
|publisher=Anchor
|place=New York
|year=1961
|pages=234, 235, 240
|isbn= 978-03850-81412
|url=https://www.amazon.com/Darwins-Century-Evolution-Men-Discovered/dp/0385081413
}}</ref> and admitted that ''“Thompson's views of the recent age of the world”'' have been for some time one of his ''“sorest troubles.”'' (1869).<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 6706
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 14 Apr 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6706#mark-6706.f4
|quote=Thompson's views of the recent age of the world have been for some time one of my sorest troubles, & so I have been glad to read what you say.f4:William Thomson held that the crust of the earth had solidified only 100 million years ago, and had criticised [Charles Darwin]'s estimate in the first edition of Origin of 300 million years for the denudation of the Weald (see W. Thomson 1862a, pp. 391--2). See also Correspondence vol. 16, letter to G. H. Darwin, [9 December 1868].
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> Notwithstanding some Croll's ''"excellent remarks on the work which can be effected within a million years,"'' he felt ''"greatly troubled at the short duration of the world according to Sir W. Thompson,"'' for Darwin required for his ''"theoretical views '''a very long period''' before the [[Cambrian]] formation"''.<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869">{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Croll, James, Letter 6585
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 31 Jan 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6585
|quote= The physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) had calculated the age of the earth based on its cooling from a molten ball. He concluded that the earth could not possibly have existed with its crust in a similar state as at present for the length of time proposed by geologists (see W. Thomson 1865). In Origin 5th ed., p. 379, [Charles Darwin] noted that based on Thomson's calculation of the age of the earth and Croll's estimation that 60 million years had passed since the Cambrian period, the time left for the pre-Cambrian period (140 million years) was `hardly sufficient for the development of the varied forms of life which certainly existed towards the close of the Cambrian period'.|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> After the publication of Kelvins’s views, Darwin first halved, in the second edition of the ''[[Origin of species]]'' (p. 287), his own estimate of the time (''"far longer than 300 million years"'') allegedly elapsed since the latter part of the conjectured ''"[[Geologic system#The system|Cretaceous period]]"'', and later withdrew the discussion altogether from the third edition.<ref name="Holmes1913"/><ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., Letter 6841
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 24 July 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6841#back-mark-06841.f7
|quote= In [Tait] 1869, p. 429, Tait had quoted [Charles Darwin]'s conjecture, based on his estimate of time needed for the denudation of the Weald, that far longer than 300 million years must have elapsed since the latter part of the secondary period (Origin, p. 287). In response to criticisms in the Saturday Review, 24 December 1859, however, [Charles Darwin] halved his estimate in the second edition of Origin, and removed the discussion altogether from the third edition.
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> In 1871 he even named Kelvin ''“an odious spectre”'' that came so that Darwin could not ''“rely much on pre-[[Silurian]] times.”''<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 7858
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 12 July 1871
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-7858
|quote=I can say nothing more about missing links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-Silurian times; but then comes Sir W. Thompson like an odious spectre. Footnote: [Charles Darwin] discussed the absence of transitional forms in the fossil record in Origin 5th ed., pp. 208–15, 346–8. He thought William Thomson’s estimate of the time elapsed since the consolidation of the earth’s crust was probably too short for species to evolve according to his theory (Origin 5thed., p. 379)
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>

== Modernized pagan views ==
=== The game changer: Radioactivity mythmaking ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The age of the earth is definite
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years."'' ''"We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">— William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)<ref name=" OntheMiracleofLife">{{cite web |title= "On the Miracle of Life" [Actual title unknown.] Excerpt from an address at the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= as quoted in Heros of the Telegraph by J. Munro.|year= 1889 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_miracle_of_life.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote= I may refer to that old, but never uninteresting subject of the miracles of geology. Physical science does something for us here. St. Peter speaks of scoffers who said that ‘all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation;’ but the apostle affirms himself that ‘all these things shall be dissolved.’ It seems to me that even physical science absolutely demonstrates the scientific truth of these words. We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years. ... The science of dead matter, which has been the principal subject of my thoughts during my life, is, I may say, strenuous on this point, that the age of the earth is definite. We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years.}}</ref></div>
|}

By the end of the nineteenth century, Lord Kelvin had completely demolished all opposition.<ref name="West"/> He made uniformitarian geological community to accept that the age of the earth must be finite and that estimating the age by quantitative reasoning instead of supporting steady-state theory with [[Horror of a Divine Foot|philosophical bias]] should be crucial part of the geological endeavor. Even ‘''Darwin’s bulldog''’ and [[T. H. Huxley|musketeer of Darwinism Huxley]], who previously attacked Kelvin by making indirect allusions about ''“the first passer-by who fancies that our house is not so well built as it might be”'', ventured to suggest, in front of the Geological society of London, that ''“limitation of the period during which living beings have inhabited this planet to one, two, or three hundred million years, may be admitted, without a complete revolution in geological speculation.”''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/> This was in direct contradiction with [[Darwin]] who previously declared that ''“a far longer period than 300 million years has elapsed”'' since the latter part of period for which he declared to have available ''“a clear evidence of the existence … of whole groups of beings."''{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Evolutionary schizophrenia]]|group=note}} Materialistic philosophers, such as the British analytical [[Bertrand Russell]], realized that the Hutton's materialstic concept ''”no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”'' is further unmaintainable, and de facto denounced it while starting to proclaim Biblically compatible apocalyptic views{{#tag:ref|cf."Lift up your eyes to the heavens,
look at the earth beneath;
the heavens will vanish like smoke,
the earth will wear out like a garment
and its inhabitants die like flies.
But my salvation will last forever,
my righteousness will never fail." [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+51%3A6&version=NIV Bible, Isaiah 51:6 (NIV)]|group=note}}: ''“all the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday brightness of human genius, are destined to extinction in the vast death of Solar System”''. These things should be regarded, ''“if not quite beyond dispute,”'' ''“yet so nearly certain, that no philosophy which rejects them can hope to stand.”''<ref name="Signature">{{Cite book
| author = Meyer, Stephen C.
| title = Signature in the Cell
| publisher = HarperOne
| location= New York
| year= 2008
| isbn = 978-0-06-147279-2
| pages = 450
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUGKBdKawDUC| quote= }}</ref>

But T.C. Chamberlin, head of the Department of Geology at the [[University of Chicago]], was not prepared to concede defeat. While defending his faith in long-ages, he speculated, without any observational basis whatever, that there might yet be discovered new sources of energy that would allow more time than Kelvin had calculated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Earth |author= Frank Press, Raymond Siever |publisher=W. H. Freeman |edition=4 |year=1986 |pages=40 |isbn=978-0716717430 |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Earth-Frank-Press/dp/0716717433}}</ref> Thus, the quest for the age of the earth as a subjective, arbitrary and erratic pursuit, was set for an fascinating turn.<ref name="West"/> This came in 1896, when [[radioactivity]] was discovered by Henri Becquerel and when in 1903 [[Marie and Pierre Curie|Pierre Curie]] and Albert Laborde demonstrated that [[radioactive decay]] releases heat. Before long, several people argued that this source of heat was great enough to overturn Kelvin’s conclusion about the boundary for the age of the earth. The situation resembled the one in the previous two centuries when ''“those who sought to extend biblical time hardly knew where to begin, how to proceed, and what to conclude.”''<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> Among the followers of this effort was [[Ernest Rutherford]], who in 1904 suggested, in the Royal Institution, that ''“Lord Kelvin had limited the Age of the Earth, ‘provided no new source of heat was discovered.’ That prophetic utterance refers to what we are considering tonight, [[radium]]!”'' Later, Rutherford often repeated his tale of thinking on his feet in front of the “old bird” Kelvin who “beamed” at him. This episode and pleasing form of the anecdote, boosted by the eminence of its author, who was considered the father of the nuclear theory, provided a ready vehicle for mythmaking and uncritical acceptance of proposition that because the discovery of radioactive heat undermined an assumption behind Kelvin’s calculation, it also undermined his conclusion.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> As the half-life of radium's dominant isotope is 1600 yr, heat given out by radium obviously could not be the wanted missing energy.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"[Rutherford and Soddy] could not get away from the fact, however, that radium itself, although universally regarded as an element, decays far too rapidly to be as old as the minerals in which it is found. The only solution seemed to be that radium too must be a metabolon with a 'life' of a few thousand years."''<ref name ="BURCHFIELD">{{cite book |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Joe D. Burchfield |publisher= The University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |year=1975, 1990 |pages=173 |isbn=0-226-08043-9}}</ref>|group=note}} Nevertheless, later assumptions of equilibrium in decay series of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] allowed to consider heat sources with half-lives in gigayears (Ga; 1 Ga = 10<sup>9</sup> years).

The 1911 edition of the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] discussed dates up to 500 million years.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, pp 650-651.</ref>
By about 1930, J. H. Jeans was arguing for an age of the Earth of around two billion years.<ref>Universal History of the World, p.76.</ref>

The inclusion of radiogenic heat makes however only insignificant difference in terms of age limit inferred from the time required for the surface gradient to reach its present-day estimated value of 20 °C/km supported by observational evidence.
As a matter of fact, it is freely acknowledged that radioactive heat sources within the earth do not account for its present internal temperatures if the earth had really existed for 4.5 Ga. The statements such as ''"Thanks to Madame Curie, the inexhaustible energies of the atom of the globe … are potentially available to geological speculation"'' and ''"Kelvin overthrown"''<ref name="KelvinRevisited"/> are logically incorrect; Kelvin's conclusion would be undermined by that discovery only if incorporation of the Earth's radioactive heat into his calculations produced a substantially different age limits for the earth.

The general conclusion is that, even if Kelvin had included a reasonable radiogenic heat production in his thermal calculations, he would still have found grounds for arguing that the age limit of the earth was of the order of 10<sup>8</sup> years and his estimate would have been virtually unaffected.<ref name="Richter"/>

=== The Scientific Dogma of 4.5 billion years ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Subjective biased approach to data selection
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"In general, dates in the correct ballpark are [[Paleoscience#Paleoscience.2C worldview of the scientists.2C sociological and psychological factors.2C political pressure|assumed to be correct]] and are published, but those in disagreement with other date are seldom published, nor are the discrepancies fully explained."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Richard K. Mauger<ref>{{cite journal |title= K-Ar ages of biotites from tuffs in Eocene rocks of the Green River, Washakie, and Uinta basins, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado |author= Richard L. Mauger |journal= |publisher=University of Wyoming |year=1977 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–42 (37)|url= https://geobookstore.uwyo.edu/sites/default/files/download/ConttoGeo_TOC.pdf |accessdate=13 June 2015 }}</ref> </div>
|}
In 1943 R.A. Daly of Harvard University published his authoritative paper ''“Meteorites and an Earth model,”'' where he studied the analogies between [[Rock (material)|terrestrial rocks]] and [[meteor]]ites, coupled with deductions on the probable nature of the Earth’s interior. He hypothesized that the latter ones originated by disruption of a planet once situated between Mars and Jupiter, in the region now occupied by [[asteroid]]s. At first textbooks have quoted his theory approvingly, but later it has been disfavored due to mineralogical discontinuities between different groups of meteorites which were interpreted as evidence against a single parent body hypothesis. Nevertheless, the meteorites, “enigmatic bodies,” have managed to attract the great resurgence of interest in scientific research.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Meteorites |author=Brian Mason|journal=American Scientist |volume=55| issue=4 |year=1967|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27837038?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents}}</ref>

In his 1956 paper named ''Age of Meteorites and the Earth'', Claire Patterson, using ''“certain assumptions which are apparently justified,”'' introduced for meteor age a figure of '''4.55 ± 0.07 × 10<sup>9</sup>yr.''' and commented that since earth lead meets the requirement for definition of ''“the isotopic evolution of lead for any meteoritic body,”'' it is therefore ''“believed that the age for the earth is the same as for meteorites”'' and that ''"this is the time since the earth attained its present mass"''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Age of meteorites and the earth |author= Claire Patterson |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Patterson1956.pdf |accessdate= }}</ref> In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors, this faith-based figure gradually became a scientific dogma that rarely anyone has dared to question.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ralph W. Matthews |title=Radiometric dating and the age of the Earth |date=December 1982 |publisher=Creation |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=41–44 |quote=In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors this number has been widely and enthusiastically accepted and is usually quoted as if the evidence was decisive and conclusive. It has assumed something of the status of a universal constant to which all other data must be fitted, thus it has become common practice to assume that data which does not fit this result is either wrong or unintelligible. |accessdate=December 30, 2014}}</ref> Henry Morris explains that the unprovable assumptions are not the only problem with radiometric dating. One huge concern is that the results published are only a selected sample, chosen especially to agree with preconceived ideas about the earth, life, and [[evolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Once upon a time … A Review of The Mythology of Modern Dating Methods by John Woodmorappe |author=Michael J. Oard |url=https://creation.com/once-upon-a-time |accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref>

When in 1972 N.H. Gale tried to corroborate this established figure, he discovered that U-Pb ages ''"showed apparent large excess of radiogenic lead compared with the amount expected from the decay of Uranium in the meteorites over 4.5AE. ... For each of the 4 meteorites there was an excess of radiogenic lead not supported by uranium decay over 4.5AE.”'' After short analysis:
*''“The superior modern analytical methods used made it impossible that analytical contamination could explain the result.''
*''The circumstances ... make it extremely unlikely that terrestrial contamination could explain the results for this meteorites.''
*''... a considerable excess of radiogenic lead in most fractions ...is difficult to attribute to contamination,“''
rather than starting to reckon with possibility to challenge the established figures and methods, after recalling that ''“Patterson was the first to show that several stony meteorites yield a ... model of 4.5AE,”'' he proposed the new explanation for discovered discrepancy: ''"discordant results can be attributed to contamination."''{{#tag:ref|The claim on the contamination explaining the "discordant result" is in direct contradiction with previous statements that neither analytical nor extremely unlikely terrestrial contamination could explain the results. According to Ryan Dobson, author of a book on [[moral relativism]], a person that holds conflicting opinions about something and starts disagreeing with himself of herself is in trouble.<ref name="Dobson">{{cite book
|author=Ryan Dobson, Jefferson Scott
|title=Be Intolerant in Love: Because Some Things Are Just Stupid
|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers
|location=Sisters, OR, USA
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1590-521526
|pages=23–26
|pages=121
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvSEGgAACAAJ
|quote= You can't recognize that you hold conflicting opinions about something and hang on to both of them for very long. When you start disagreeing with yourself, you're in trouble.}}</ref> The trouble maintaining a train of thought in logical and coherent manner is regarded by [[medical science]] as symptom and characteristic of [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Types, Causes, and Early Warning Signs |publisher=helpguide.org |url= http://www.helpguide.org/articles/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-types-and-causes.htm |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Fragmented thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia. Externally, it can be observed in the way a person speaks. People with schizophrenia tend to have trouble concentrating and maintaining a train of thought. They may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Assault on scientific [[Socratic principle]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Most advocates do not defend their theses out of conviction that they are true, but rather because they once declared them to be true."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Georg Christoph Lichtenberg </div>
|}
Consequently, his research of the Earth’s age turned into calculation of ''"the correct sample ratios"'' from ''"observed ratios"'' so that the Table in his paper could finally show the “correct” preconceived age, established in this field of research.<ref name= "GALE1972">{{cite journal |title=Uranium-Lead Chronology of Chrondritic Meteorites |author= Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |journal=Nature |issue=240 |pages=56–57 |date=20 November 1972 |doi=10.1038/physci240056a0
|url=http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v240/n99/pdf/physci240056a0.pdf
|quote= Considerable variations in uranium and lead concentrations are observed in different gram sized fragments of the same meteorite5·7,8, and fission track studies10 show that on the microscopic scale changes in uranium concentration by factors of 105 are observed over distances of ˜10˜2 cm. Because of experimental difficulties the uranium and lead concentrations and the lead isotopic abundances have not been measured hitherto in the same sample of a given meteorite, so that it is possible, but not proven, that the apparent lack of concordance between daughter and parent isotopes may be a direct consequence of these heterogeneities; this point of view has been well argued by Fisher11. Most of the early work on the determination of lead in meteorites was in any case badly hampered by analytical contamination by terrestrial lead.}}</ref><ref name="GALE1979">{{cite journal |title=U-Pb studies of the appley bridge meteorite |author=Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |publisher=Naturwissenschaften |year=1979 |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=419–420 |doi=10.1007/BF00368077 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r741164v5162r447}}</ref> This methodological flaw is known as [[data torturing]].

Using [[circular logic]] — assuming that decay rates remained constant despite necessarily changing physical characteristics as time approached the origin — Old Earth proponents insist that the Earth is 4.5 billion years old based on an assumption of constancy in [[Potassium-argon dating|Potassium-argon (K:Ar) decay rates]] and other radiometric methods.<ref>Peck, 2000, p.376.</ref>

===Turning science upside down===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Doctrine outside the realm of science
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"If a theory or point of view is treated only as a doctrine to be validated, and not one to be challenged, it is not within the realm of science."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Randall Hedtke<ref name="Hedtke">{{cite book
|author=Randall Hedtke
|title=Secrets of the Sixth Edition
|publisher=Master Books
|place=Portland, Oregon
|year=2010
|pages=57
|isbn=978-0-89051-597-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvyHquVubDoC}}</ref></div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Feeling overconfident of the truth of one's doctrine
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"I daresay I may have written too confidently from feeling so confident of the truth of my main doctrine."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Charles Darwin]]<ref name="DarwinToSedgwick26NOV1859">{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. To Adam Sedgwick 26 November [1859]|author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2555.xml |quote=You could not possibly have paid me a more honourable compliment than in expressing freely your strong disapprobation of my Book. ... |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref> to Prof. Sedgwick, 1859</div>
|}
After their acceptance of evolutionary dogma on ''“antiquity as a partially known factor”'' by faith, followers of evolutionary scientism started to assure that ''“the earth’s age must be very much greater than Kelvin calculated”''. Consequently, they commanded science to be turned upside down: ''”Kelvin’s problem must now be reversed”'' – instead of research finding the age of the earth, it should be already taken as given by their doctrine instead, and the only role left to science is to confirm it and determine the thermal history of the earth that would be in accord with it.<ref name="Holmes1913"/>

In 1978, ''Geotimes'' magazine published by American Geological Institute quoted John Eddy, a famous astronomer, who argued that due to ''“some new and unexpected results“'' scientists could live with bishop Ussher’s 4004 B.C. value for the age of Earth and Sun, ''a fortiori'' since there is not much in the way of [[Scientific observation|observational]] [[Scientific evidence|evidence]] in [[astronomy]] to conflict with his calculations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John Eddy quoted by R.G. Kazmann |title= It’s About Time: 4.5 Billion Years (report on Symposium at Louisiana State University)|publisher= Geotimes magazine (from 09/2008 renamed to Earth magazine) of American Geological Institute |year=1978 |issue=23 |pages=18–20|quote=I suspect that the Sun is 4.5 billion years old. However, given some new and unexpected results to the contrary, and some time for some frantic recalculation and theoretical readjustment, I suspect that we could live with bishop Ussher’s value for the age of Earth and Sun. I don’t think we have much in the way of observational evidence in astronomy to conflict with that.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Covey |title= Age of the Universe |publisher= Creation In The Crossfire |date= January 3, 2013 |url=http://www.creationinthecrossfire.com/documents/AgeOfUniverse/AgeOfTheUniverse.html |accessdate=December 30, 2014 |quote= Evolutionary astronomers confidently argue the universe is 12-20 billion years old, although there is no certainty about any astronomical observations. John Eddy, a famous astronomer, once said that there isn’t much in the way of observational astronomy that proves the universe is old. He said that with “frantic theoretical readjustment” if new evidence showed that astronomers have been wrong, they could live with Bishop Ussher’s date of 4,004 B.C.}}</ref> American astronomer Robert Jastrow maintains that for ''"the scientist who has lived by his faith in 'the power of reason', the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak"'' and ''"as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries."''<ref name="Jastrow">{{cite book
|author=Robert Jastrow
|title=God and the Astronomers
|location=New York
|publisher= W. W. Norton
|year=1992
|page=107
|isbn=978-0-393-85006-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IfLYHv5pyUC}}</ref>

== Geology ==

[[Image:516XZRGNCKL AA240 .jpg|right|300px]]
[[William R. Corliss]] is a cataloger of scientific [[Anomaly|anomalies]] (observations and facts that challenge prevailing scientific [[paradigm]]s) and has published many works on the subject.<ref name="sf">[http://www.science-frontiers.com/ Science Frontiers] (Corliss' web-site)</ref>
He also wrote 13 books for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), a dozen educational booklets for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC), and a dozen articles for the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF).<ref>Corliss, 2002</ref> The science magazine ''[[New Scientist]]'' had an article which focused on the career of William Corliss.<ref>Adrian Hope, "Finding a home for stray fact", ''New Scientist'', July 14, 1977, p. 83</ref>
''New Scientist'' wrote regarding Corliss's work: "All I can say to Corliss is carry on cataloging".<ref>Quoted on the [http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm Science Frontiers web-site]</ref> [[Arthur C. Clarke]] described Corliss as "[[Charles Fort|Fort]]'s latter-day — and much more scientific — successor."<ref>Clarke, Arthur C. (1990) ''Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography''. Gollancz. Page 110</ref>

Corliss's work on geological anomalies catalogs scores of anomalies which challenge the [[old-earth]] [[paradigm]].<ref>[http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm#Geology Geological Catalogs] (Science Frontiers)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]]
*[[Arguments for a recent creation]]
*[[Earth age opinions of prominent Christians - pre-1800]]
*[[Literalist Bible chronology]]

== Bibliography ==
* Burnet, Thomas, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/ste/ste36.htm The Sacred Theory of the Earth, chapter V], 1691.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition (1911). [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling On-line page facsimiles].
* Hammerton, J.A. (Ed.), "Universal History of the World" (8 volumes) The Educational Book Co., London, c1930.
* Batten, Don, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/417 Old-earth or young-earth belief: Which belief is the recent aberration?], ''Creation'' 24(1):24–27, December 2001.
* [http://www.ingv.it/~roma/SITOINGLESE/activities/geomagnetismo/analysistheory/historicalresearch/age.html The age of the Earth] (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)).
*Peck WH, Valley JW, Wilde SA, and Graham CM (2000) Ion microprobe Evidence for Pre-4.4 Ga Continental Crust and Low Temperature Water/Rock Interaction. ''Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr'', vol 32, no. 7.

== External links ==
*[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth Age of the earth] by [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/refuting-evolution-chapter-8-how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] - ''Refuting evolution'' - Chapter 8 by Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]] at [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa Age of the Earth and Universe] by [[Creation Ministries International]]

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geology]]

Arianism

2023-05-12T20:13:20Z

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'''Arianism''' derives its name from its ideological founder, [[Arius]] from around 320 AD. Denounced as [[heresy]] by Orthodox Roman Catholicism at the [[Council of Nicaea|First Council of Nicaea]] by its chief opponent [[Saint Athanasius|Athanasius of Alexandria]], all that is now known about this variant Roman Catholic belief is the shadows left us of its opponents as none of Arius' original works have survived into the present.

==Theology==
Responding to a very Platonistic presentation of Jesus Christ (in which our and his real entities are somewhere else like a puppet master) by the sect of the [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]], Arius presented a very human Jesus Christ: a [[Jesus Christ]] that was human "except as the scriptures declare". This means that Jesus Christ had no existence prior to his conception; a Jesus Christ that was human as we are except in ways that were specifically declared by the Scriptures, such as: "No man taketh [my life] from me, but I lay it down of myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This commandment have I received of my Father."<ref>https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/jhn/10/18/s_1007018</ref>

This belief of '''Arianism''' while rejected by the councils, morphed into a system known as '''Semi-Arianism'''. While in classic Arianism, Christ had no existence prior to his conception on Earth, in Semi-Arianism Christ was "the only begotten of the Father" in the eternities past and was then incarnated amongst humanity in the person of Jesus Christ.

==Historical Context==
===Arianism across the Roman Empire===

As a variant of the then [[Roman Catholicism]], the Arians asserted that they were the true Catholics and that the [[Athanasians]], [[Nestorians]] and [[Eutychians]] were the real heretics. While defeated at the Council, the belief entered its golden age with the death of [[Constantine|Constantine the Great]] and the ascension of his son [[Constantius II]] who adopted Arianism and then ordered that all opponents in both the East and West ought to be exiled (including [[Pope Liberius]]).

This continued until the next wave of Emperors spread their wings across the empire. Under [[Julian|Julian the Apostate]], the next Emperor, all exiled bishops were allowed back, in part to promote infighting among Christians.<ref>http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Arianism</ref> Arianism's sudden rise dissipated when [[Valentinian]], a trinitarian became Emperor in the West followed a decade later by [[Theodius]], a trinitarian, in the East. Religious uniformity was again restored when another religious council reiterated that Arianism was a heresy (379).

Now faced with new and Arian hostile emperors and never having the numerical support of most bishops, priests or laity to begin with, Arianism died out inside the Empire over the next 150 years, being stimulated by military action.

===Arianism amongst the Barbarians===

But in a kind of religious accident, Ulfias who codified the Gothic language and translated the Bible into their own language was a priest of Arian persuasion. As such his Bible was given an Arian flavour so that as the tribes accepted Roman Catholicism, they converted to the Arian persuasion of Roman Catholicism.

As the barbarian tribes invaded Rome and caused its fall in 476, these new powers carried Arianism in their wake. These include the [[Visigoths]], [[Vandals]], [[Burgudians]] and especially [[Theoderic the Great]] and his [[Ostrogoths]]. Centuries passed before the trinitarians prevailed in those regions. The 5th Ecumenical Council in 553 ended the last outreaches of Arianism within greater Europe.<ref>J. Herrin, ''The Formation of Christendom.'' (1987)</ref>

==Later developments==

Arianism died out as an organized force but its ideas were known to theologians. Arianism Unitarianism in [[Renaissance]] Europe grew out of the teachings of the Italians Lelio Sozzini, or Socinus (1525-1562), and his nephew Fausto (1539-1604) during the period of the [[Protestant Reformation]]. [[Isaac Newton]] was an Arian—indeed he modeled himself after Arius—but kept it secret because heresy would cost him his official academic and government appointments.

[[Unitarian]] ideas that emerged in England and the U.S. after 1770 have many similarities to Arianism.

==Bibliography==
* Barry, William. "Arianism" ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1905) [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/herbermann/cathen01.html?term=arianism online]
*Gonzalez, Justo L. '' A History of Christian Thought: Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon'' (2nd ed. 1987); [https://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Thought-Beginnings-Chalcedon/dp/0687171822/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200823941&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search vol 1]
* Williams, Rowan. ''Arius: Heresy and Tradition'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Arius-Heresy-Tradition-Rowan-Williams/dp/0802849695/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233553963&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
*"Schaff, P. "Arianism" in ''New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'' (1911)[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01.html?term=Arianism online]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Heresies]]
[[Category:Christian Denominations]]
[[Category:Trinity]]

Big Bang theory

2023-04-27T10:48:47Z

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[[Image:Universe expansion.png|right|thumb|250px|According to the Big Bang theory, the universe originated by expanding into space from an extremely dense and hot state called the ''original singularity''.]]
[[Image:End of universe.jpg|right|thumb|250px|According to the Big Bang theory, the three possible geometries of the universe depend on the value of the ''[[cosmological constant]]''.]]

The '''Big Bang theory''' is a scientific theory attempting to explain the origination and acceleration of matter throughout the Universe. The '''Big Bang theory''' contradicts many laws of physics, however, including [[quantum mechanics]]. "The Big Bang singularity is the most serious problem of general relativity because the laws of physics appear to break down there," observed physicist Ahmed Farag Ali in 2015.<ref>http://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html#jCp</ref>

Big bang theories are actually a ''class'' of scientific models that describe the Universe as expanding from a very hot, dense state approximately 13.7 billion years ago<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101age.html WMAP Cosmology 101: Age of the Universe]</ref> (although this number has been revised several times throughout recent history). It was first proposed by the Catholic priest [[Georges-Henri Lemaitre]] and evidence for the expansion was observed by [[Edwin Hubble]]<ref>Hubble, E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173.</ref>. Later George Gamow predicted that the Big Bang would leave an observable [[cosmic microwave background|microwave background radiation (or CMBR)]]. This radiation was discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at [[Bell Labs]]; it was found to be close to that predicted by Gamow (Gamow predicted a background radiation level equivalent to a roughly 3 K black body object, and the observed level is that of a 2.725 K body).

The name "Big Bang" was initially a pejorative coined by [[Fred Hoyle]] and used by other steady-state theorists to criticize the concept that the universe had a beginning. But the Big Bang Theory does not imply an explosion of matter into pre-existing space. Instead, the theory proposes that time began at that point and space expanded from then on, and more space is constantly created in the interstices between particles as the density of the universe falls. In other words, the Big Bang describes the expansion of space and time. Big Bang theorists state that the Hubble [[redshift]] is a consequence of this stretching of the fabric of space.

Observations of distant supernovae indicate that the Universe is actually undergoing accelerated expansion<ref>Riess, A. G., et al. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 116, Issue 3, pp. 1009-1038.</ref><ref>Perlmutter, S., et al. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 517, Issue 2, pp. 565-586.</ref> and galaxy surveys<ref>[http://www.sdss.org/dr5/ Sloan Digital Sky Survey]</ref><ref>Tegmark, M., et al. Physical Review D, vol. 74, Issue 12.</ref> and recent observations of the microwave background<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]</ref><ref>See, for example, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603449</ref> have allegedly corroborated these claims. [[Atheism|Atheists]] claim that the acceleration is caused by something called '[[dark energy]]', for which there is only observational evidence but no experimental evidence. There is no viable naturalistic explanation of what dark energy is, which even a few atheists admit, yet they insist that dark energy is a naturalistic phenomenon.

Scientists refer to the theoretical exact moment the Big Bang supposedly began as t=0 ("t" standing for "time"). At this time, according to their theory all of the matter in the universe - in fact, the universe itself - was contained within a single point (a single point in mathematics is infinitesimally small). A burst of energy known as the Big Bang is claimed to have issued forth, and the universe began.<ref>http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm</ref> 1.0×10<sup>-43</sup> seconds later, the force of gravity separated from the other forces.<ref>http://www.ccsf.edu/Departments/History_of_Time_and_Life/content/BigBang.htm</ref>

In 2006, researchers used the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (launched by NASA in 2001) to measure variations in the cosmic microwave background (a "faint glow which permeates the universe"). According to these measurements, the universe is estimated to be about 13.7 billion years old, "give or take a few hundred-thousand years".<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,188142,00.html</ref>

==Creationist and Theistic Evolutionary Views==
The universe appears to be [[Fine tuned universe | fine tuned]] for life, suggesting that God set the laws of physics that allow the universe, complexity, and life to exist. Some creationists argue that the Big Bang theory is part of an effort to deny [[God's]] creation of the universe. Christian physicists, such as Dr. John Hartnett,<ref>http://creation.com/starlight-and-time-a-further-breakthrough</ref> have claimed that the Big Bang theory was constructed to account for serious pitfalls to the [[theory of evolution]], particularly the needed timescale of billions of years, amply contradicted by terrestrial and astronomical evidence. Thus, the big bang is trotted out by atheist evolutionists to silence [[creationist]] opponents.

Young earth creationist scientists argue that the Big Bang Theory is scientifically unsound.<ref name="BB Critique">Thompson, Bert, Harrub, Brad, and May, Branyon [http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=9&article=1453 The Big Bang Theory—A Scientific Critique] ''Apologetics Press'', May 2003 - 23[5]:32-34,36-47.</ref><ref>Brown, Walt, 2001, [http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences16.html Big Bang?]</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/309</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2047</ref><ref>http://www.icr.org/article/343/</ref> In addition, [[young earth creationism]] holds that the book of Genesis is historical in nature and that [[Bible exegesis]] warrants a six-day creation with each day being 24 hours.<ref>[http://creationwiki.org/Days_of_creation Days of Creation] (CreationWiki).</ref><ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/genesis.asp Genesis Questions and Answers] (Answers in Genesis).</ref><ref>Niessen, Richard, [http://www.icr.org/article/164/ Theistic Evolution and the Day-Age Theory] ''Impact'' 81, March 1980.</ref>

Some Old Earth Creationists and Theistic Evolutionists argue that the Big Bang is in fact mentioned in the Bible. <ref>[http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml#big_bang_the_bible_taught_it_first http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml#big_bang_the_bible_taught_it_first]</ref> Some Christian apologists who believe in an old earth, such as William Craig use the Big Bang as an apologetic, arguing that it proves that the universe had a beginning.<ref>Strobel, Lee. ''The Case for a Creator''. Zondervan, 2004.</ref>

He further discusses the many theories that have been proposed to counter the Big Bang Theory due to its conclusion that there is a beginning or origin of creation. These additional theories have been broken down to still revert to a beginning. This in essence tries to proves a divine power or creator, which frustrates the many atheistic scientists that are trying to prove that God does not exist, including well known physicist [[Stephen Hawking]]. <ref>Stephen Hawking, ''A Brief History of Time.''</ref>

== Scientific Criticism ==
It should be noted that the Big Bang theory has received criticism because it ignores the theory of an oscillating universe. Also, no first cause from the Big Bang has ever been successfully identified, although none is needed as the universe does not exist within time. Furthermore, critics of the Big Bang point out that not everything in the universe is actually moving apart from everything else as some galaxies have collided with other galaxies in the past, although this could be explained through understanding of classical mechanics.

The big bang theory is entirely unable to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry. If the big bang theory did happen as they say, matter and antimatter would have been created in equal quantities. When antimatter was first discovered in the 1930's, scientists immediately began looking for traces of it in the universe. No traces have been found except what we produce in particle accelerators and positrons produced by a type of radiation called positron emission. This asymmetry means that the big bang theory would have had to violate the laws of physics, since matter would have had to be produced without its antimatter partner, which violates the laws of conservation of electric charge and mass. There was some excitement in the 1970's about electroweak symmetry breaking as a method by which the matter was "preferred" over antimatter, but the infrequency of the weak force made them conclude this was impossible.

== Big Bang Theory Dissent Letter ==
Many have dissented from the theory, including the British astronomer Sir [[Fred Hoyle]], the Nobel Prize winner Hannes Alfven, and astronomers Geoffrey Burbidge and [[Halton Arp]].<ref>http://www.icr.org/article/343/</ref> It was Hoyle who sarcastically coined the term during a radio broadcast.

In 2004, an ‘Open Letter to the Scientific Community’ disputing the Big Bang theory was signed by 33 scientists and has been published on the internet and in the science journal [[New Scientist]].<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2004/0601skepticism.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18224482.900</ref>

The dissent letter has subsequently been signed by hundreds of individuals around the world. <ref>http://www.cosmologystatement.org/</ref> Professional cosmologists are actively creating models (some of which contradict the Big Bang scenario) and collecting data that probe the specific nature of the earliest observable aspects of the Universe.

== The Horizon Problem ==
The [[horizon problem]] is an argument against the Big Bang theory.
As [[Jason Lisle]] explains:
{{quoteBox|The problem is this: even assuming the big bang timescale, there has not been enough time for light to travel between widely separated regions of space. So, how can the different regions of the current [cosmic microwave background] CMB have such precisely uniform temperatures if they have never communicated with each other? This is a light-travel–time problem.<ref>Lisle, Jason, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/167/ Light-travel time: a problem for the big bang], ''Creation'' 25(4):48–49, September 2003.</ref>}}

Recognizing this difficulty, physicist [[Alan Guth]] conjured an explanation he named [[cosmic inflation]].
According to this claim, during the universe's first 10<sup>-35</sup> of a second, a period of extremely rapid, exponential inflation occurred, expanding the universe by a factor of at least 10<sup>26</sup>.
It would be the equivalent of taking a pea and expanding it to the size of our solar system in a time less than a millionth of a blink of an eye.
If this occurred, it would mathematically allow for the uniformity of the [[CMBR]] - the vast distances were in thermodynamical contact before the rapid inflation.<ref>Castelvecchi, Davide, [http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000045 The Growth of Inflation] ''Symmetry'', 1(2), December 2004, p.12-17</ref><ref>Hinshaw, Gary, [http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/24768 WMAP data put cosmic inflation to the test], 3rd May, 2006 (PhysicsWorld.com).</ref>
However, no naturalistic mechanism that would cause this sudden expansion is known, and inflation remains, at present, entirely speculative.

== Other Criticisms of the Big Bang ==

* The Big Bang theory is unable to explain where the laws of [[gravity]] and [[inertia]] come from. It also cannot explain why the laws are consistent.

* Big Bang Theorists cannot explain where the matter arrived from in the first place. Also in order for the matter to move it requires energy and the Big Bang theory cannot explain its origins.

* If the Big Bang did happen then matter would be evenly distributed. Instead it is lumpy as there are clusters of stars and then great voids.

== See also ==

*[[Atheism and the origin of the universe]]
*[[Cosmic inflation]]
*[[Expanding universe]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.rareuniverse.org/general_science/bigbang.html Stages of the Big Bang]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Liberal Falsehoods]]

Clifford's injunction

2023-04-12T21:42:19Z

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'''Clifford's injunction''' can be stated as asseveration ''"It is wrong, always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence."'' It was affirmed by the nineteenth-century British mathematician W.K. Cliford and Berlinski ironically remarks that it is perhaps correct to guess Clifford believed what he wrote, but what evidence he had for his belief, he did not say. Berlinski further points out that the concept of sufficient evidence is "''infinitely elastic''," and depends on context. Something like ''Cliford's injunction'' is often misused as the premise in a popular argument for the inexistence of God and supporters of this application [[Evolutionary schizophrenia|schizophrenically]] fail to adopt the same standard on their own beliefs{{#tag:ref|Some of the beliefs upon insufficient evidence of contemporary atheistic scientists are enlisted in the Book ''"What we believe but cannot prove"''<ref>{{cite book |title=What we believe but cannot prove: Today’s Leading Thinkers on Science in the age of certainty |editor=John Brockman |chapter=Sam Harris |publisher=Harper Collins |place=New York |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-06-084181-2 |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060841818/ref=rdr_ext_tmb |quote=}}</ref>|group=note}} thus violating the parity of reasoning.<ref name="Devils">{{Cite book
| author = David Berlinski
| title = The Devil’s Delusion
| publisher = Basic Books, New York, 2009
| isbn = 978-0-465-01937-3
| pages = 47
| chapter = 3.Horses Do Not Fly
| url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/devils-delusion/about.php
| quote = }}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Methodology of Science]]

Devil

2023-04-12T21:20:17Z

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'''Devil''' (from the Greek word διάβολος; ''diábolos'') means:
*(physically) ''"one who throws things around"'' in the sense of creating the [[chaos]], or
*(in literature) ''"slanderer"'' in the sense of name-calling or "throwing" false accusations.

The physical meaning describes the many bad things which happen by chance: accidents, miscommunications, losing things, etc. The meaning in literature emphasizes the wrongdoing more: false accusations as forbidden by the [[Ten Commandments]]. The [[Bible]] mentions "devil" 106 times,<ref>[[King James Version]]. In contrast, the modern [[English Standard Version]] (ESV) mentions "devil" only 33 times.</ref> only 4 of which are in the [[Old Testament]]. As explained in the [[Gospel of John]], [[Jesus]] said to the [[Pharisees]]:
<blockquote>Ye are of your father the '''devil''', and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not.<ref>{{bibleref|John|8|44-45}}</ref></blockquote>

"Devil" is the name given to the unseen personification of [[evil]]. By causing chaos, the devil leads people away from [[God]], their [[Creator]], and sometimes even to curse God. According to Wilhelm Busch, a pastor who was persecuted by [[Nazi]]s in [[Germany]], it is totally impossible to understand the present state of the world if we have not accepted the fact that behind the scenes are the Devil and the powers of [[darkness]].<ref name="Busch"/> Acknowledging that the [[Evil]] is an active power and educating new generations in this respect helps humans to distinguish between good and evil and live a life in harmony with [[Natural Law]].<ref name="Kuby">{{cite book
|author=Gabriele Kuby
|title=Globálna Sexuálna Revolúcia. Strata Slobody v mene Slobody. (Global Sexual Revolution. The loss of Freedom in the name of Freedom.)
|location=Bratislava, Slovakia
|publisher=Lúč
|page=164
|isbn=978-80-7114-922-4
|quote=The title in German original is “Die Globale sexualle Revolution.”
|url=
|language=Slovak
}}</ref>

During the [[Three Temptations of Christ]], the '''devil''' explains how the world is his dominion. This amounts to [[Biblical scientific foreknowledge]], as the world is fundamentally uncertain and chaotic according to [[quantum mechanics]].

The term "devil" is often used synonymously with the term [[Lucifer]] or [[Satan]], although Satan has the connotation of a personal evil while the devil is a common name for demons or evil spirits.

Two-time [[Oscar]] winner [[Denzel Washington]] attributed the angry face-slap by [[Will Smith]] of [[Chris Rock]] on-stage at the 2022 [[Academy Awards]] to the devil.

==Etymology==
"Devil" literally means "to throw across." The connotation "to slander" is one inferred meaning in a linguistic sense, but the more obvious physical meaning is to create chaos. Linguists often prefer purely linguistic connotations rather than physical or scientific ones even where, as in the case of "devil", there is no real basis for preferring a linguistic rather than a physical meaning.

Though the meaning "to create chaos" may be more obvious in a physical sense, there is no evidence that any Greek speaker ever used it this way. In fact, in the Greek literature it is never used to indicate "creating chaos".

The concept underlying "devil" is traced by some to the early Hebrews during the Exodus from Egypt.<ref>The local religions they encountered when they entered into Canaan included tales of the demon spirits (''sa ir'' שעירים, "hairy ones" or "saytrs", Isaiah 13:21) of the desert, whose influence could be averted due to sacrifice. Despite being told to ''"...put away the gods which your fathers served on the other side of the flood, and in Egypt; and serve ye the LORD,"'' (Joshua 24:14) many had accepted this superstition and sacrificed goats on the Canaanite and other altars. From this came the Hebrew word ''ha-satan'' שָׂטָן, the root word of "Satan".</ref>

==Devil and Modern Physics==
The fundamental uncertainty discovered in [[quantum mechanics]] can be understood not as an unmasking of [[God]], but an unmasking of the Devil. The [[Second Law of Thermodynamics]], in describing the inexorable decline into chaos, is consistent with the view of the Devil as creating chaos, frustration, accidents, lost items, and miscommunications.

==Devil and Bible==
In His parable, [[Jesus]] equates Devil to the thief who comes only to steal, kill and destroy,<ref>{{cite web |title=John 10:10 |author=New International Version (NIV) |publisher=BibleGateway |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10%3A10&version=NIV |quote=}}</ref> i.e. to disrupt the natural order of the World. [[Bible]] also records that first followers of [[Christ]] claimed to struggle not against flesh and blood, i.e. against created [[mankind]], which mislead by Devil, often contributes to this disruption, but against these powers of darkness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ephesians 6:12 |author=New International Version (NIV) |publisher=BibleGateway |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians+6:12&version=NIV |quote=}}</ref> Bible further claims that a person can be delivered from the dominion of darkness, i.e. from life marked by disordered state, through faith in [[Christ]] causing an orderly life to be renewed again, referred to also as a life worthy of the [[Lord]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Colossians 1:10|author=New International Version (NIV) |publisher=BibleGateway |url= https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Colossians+1%3A10&version=NIV|quote=}}</ref> in the kingdom of the [[Son of Man|Son]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Colossians 1:13-14 |author=New International Version (NIV) |publisher=BibleGateway |url= https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Colossians+1%3A13-14&version=NIV |quote=}}</ref> Empirically, such experiences are reported by individuals including, for example, [[Michael Glatze]] or [[Jozef Demjan]].

==Devil and Lack of Time==
Bush asserts that the powers of darkness work with a very precise goal in view. They keep us running - and that is why we never have time. Every imaginable device is used by the Devil to hinder us from finding ''time to think'' - for if we did we would discover that we can be delivered from his hold.<ref name="Busch">{{cite book |title=Jesus our destiny |author=Wilhelm Busch |year=2001 |publisher=Brunen Publishing |place=Basel, Switzerland |pages=35, 209|isbn=0-86347-024-6 |url= }}</ref>

==Devil and [[Atheism]]==

''See also:'' [[Atheism and satanic deception|Atheism and Satanism]]

Bush further muses that the Devil himself "believes in God" and certainly is no atheist: "The Devil is perfectly aware of the existence of God. Yet, for all that, he is not at peace with God."<ref name="Busch"/> Humanists in Slovakia, who present themselves as being atheists and often show their [[Anti-Christian sentiment]], surprisingly asked Jaroslav A. Polák, a self-described [[satanist]] and rationalist who worships pagan gods, to write an essay on the book [[The God Delusion]] by professor [[Dawkins]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Odviatie vetrom - alebo ako to redakcia neustála (Taken by wind, or how the publisher changed the mind) |author= |publisher=humanisti.sk |url=http://forum.humanisti.sk/viewtopic.php?t=912 |quote=Nie tak veľmi dávno sme si o autorovi recenzie knihy Delúzia Boha mohli prečítať: Citácia: …racionalista, ktorý uspokojuje svoju potrebu iracionálna praktizovaním pohanských kultov: člen Prvého Česko-Sloveského chrámu cirkvi Satanovej a občianskeho združenia Dávny obyčaj. Po následnej diskusii: scirocco napísal(a): AntropologickaKonstanta - Tvoj osobny nazor nikoho nezaujima. Ale to ze na humanisti.sk dostava priestor aj "člen Prvého Česko-Slovenského chrámu Cirkvi Satanovej" a aj stari bolsevici povazujem za divne aj ja. Wink sme sa dozvedeli: Citácia: Redakcia si stojí za tým, že čo je tam uverejnené, a vie, že je to ich zodpovednosť. (http://forum.humanisti.sk/viewtopic.php?t=291) resp. o intelektuáloch s "s nezvládnutou traumou z totality". Jednako nie je úplne jasné kam sa podel neochvejne pevný postoj redakcie, žeby údaj o autorovi prestal byť aktuálny v dôsledku jeho možného prejdenia na inú formu uspokojovania svojej potreby iracionálna alebo že by sa táto potreba úplne vyparila? Jaroslav A. Polák v (Novopohanství a satanismus) napísal(a): Já, Jaroslav A. Polák známý též jako Kojot, vzývám pohanské bohy a současně jsem satanista. A jsem na to patřičně hrdý!
|accessdate=February 1, 2015 |language=Slovak}}</ref> In 2006, under the pretext of analysing "believing strange things", [[Michael Shermer]], the founder of The Skeptics Society, presented on the so-called 'TED event' the "hidden messages" that are supposedly there in reverse play of one musical record: ''"Oh, Here’s to my sweet satan, the one who’s little path would make me sad, whose power is satan"''. However, no information on discoverer of the alleged text was given.<ref>{{cite web |author=Michael Schermer |title=Why people believe weird things |date= February 2006 |location=TED2006 |pages=ca 10min:30sec |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_shermer_on_believing_strange_things#t-634757 |accessdate=February 1, 2015 }}</ref>

=== Atheism and Satan ===

''See also:'' [[Atheism and satanic deception]]

Pew Research reports:
{{Cquote|When asked who comes to mind when they think about [[atheism]], though, Americans are much less likely to name a well-known figure. While 6% say Satan, 4% say [[Richard Dawkins]] and 4% say [[Madalyn Murray O'Hair|Madalyn Murray O’Hair]], one-in-ten respondents just name themselves or another personal acquaintance such as a relative, friend or roommate. And roughly half (51%) say “no one” or “don’t know” or do not answer the question.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/17/when-americans-think-about-a-specific-religion-here-are-some-of-the-first-people-who-come-to-mind/ When Americans think about a specific religion, here are some of the first people who come to mind], Pew Research</ref>}}

=== Charles Baudelaire - atheism and satanic deception ===
[[File:Charles Baudelaire3.jpg|right|thumbnail|150px|[[Charles Baudelaire]] ]]
''See also:'' [[Atheism Quotes]]

[[Charles Baudelaire]] expressed a common belief concerning atheism and satanic deception in his short story ''The Generous Gambler'' written in 1864:
{{cquote|He complained in no way of the evil reputation under which he lived, indeed, all over the world, and he assured me that he himself was of all living beings the most interested in the destruction of [[Superstition]], and he avowed to me that he had been afraid, relatively as to his proper power, once only, and that was on the day when he had heard a preacher, more subtle than the rest of the human herd, cry in his pulpit: "My dear brethren, do not ever forget, when you hear the progress of lights praised, that the loveliest trick of the Devil is to persuade you that he does not exist!}}

==Devil and Humor==
In his ''The Screwtape Letters'' (1942), [[C.S. Lewis]] quotes Thomas More who claimed that ''“The Devil, the proud spirit, cannot endure to be mocked…”''<ref>{{cite book |author=C.S. Lewis |title=The Screwtape Letters by C. S. Lewis: Letters from a senior Demon Screwtape to his nephew Wormwood, a Junior Tempter |publisher=Amargo |date= September 28, 2014 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQmkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1&dq=Lewis+Screwtape&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3GrOVNWIL4rzaof8gcgP&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Thomas%20More&f=false}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]]
wrote in his ''Tischreden'' (Table Talk) that ''“The best way to drive out the devil ... is to jeer and flout him ...”''<ref>{{cite web |title=Quotations and Allusions in C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters |author=compiled by Arend Smilde |place=Utrecht, The Netherlands |url=http://lewisiana.nl/screwtapequotes/index.htm |accessdate=February 1, 2015}}</ref>

==Other names for the devil==
There are many pseudonyms used for the Devil, sometimes to clarify his nature and other times with the effect of obscuring his evil:

*Beelzebub (Hebrew: ba'al zevuv בעל זבוב; "Lord of the Flies")
*Baphomet, originally a [[Templar]] image, portrayed by a goat-headed man
*Ba'al
*the Prince of Darkness
*Old Nick, from a character in ''The Devil and Tom Walker''
*Pazuzu, ancient Sumerian and Babylonian demon-god, best known for its appearance in the film ''The Exorcist'' (1973).

===Inaccurate===

*[[Lucifer]]
*[[Satan]]

==References==
<References/>
==See also==
* [[Satan]]
* [[Revelation, Book of (historical exegesis)]]
* [[Wilhelm Busch's maxims]]

[[Category:Abrahamic Religions]]

Wilhelm Busch's maxims

2023-04-12T21:18:44Z

AK: Creating page

'''Wilhelm Busch's maxim'''s on [[Devil]] state:

# Is is totally impossible to understand the present state of the world if we have not accepted the fact that behind the scenes are the Devil and the powers of [[darkness]].<ref name="Busch">{{cite book |author=Wilhelm Busch |title=Jesus Our Destiny |publisher=Inter Publishing Services |year=2001 |pages=35 |isbn=0-86347-024-6 |url=http://bitflow.dyndns.org/english/WilhelmBusch/Jesus_Our_Destiny_2007.doc}}</ref>
# The Devil makes people ungodly, arrogant, and stupid.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wilhelm Busch |title=Spoveď pri Verdune (Confession near [[Verdun]])|publisher=ViViT|location=Kežmarok|year=2000|pages=66|isbn=80-88903-10-6|language=Slovak}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Metanoia]]
* [[Satan]]

[[Category:Logic]]
[[Category:Theology]]

Age of the Earth

2023-04-06T12:14:19Z

AK: /* See also */ Adding item

[[File:Blue Marble.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The historical and scientific evidence strongly indicates that the [[earth]] is approximately 6,000 years old.{{#tag:ref|cf.
*Age of the earth: 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe<ref name="101Evidences">{{cite web |title=Age of the earth; 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe |author=Don Batten |publisher= CMI |date= 4 June 2009 |url=https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth}}</ref>
*How old is the earth?<ref name="RefutingEvo">{{cite book |title=Refuting Evolution; How old is the earth? |author=Jonathan Sarfati |chapter =8 |url=https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth}}</ref>
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa ‘Young’ age of the Earth & Universe Q&A]
*[https://creation.com/jesus-age-earth Jesus on the age of the earth]|group=note}}]]
{{See also|Counterexamples to an Old Earth}}

The '''Age of the Earth''' has been a matter of interest to humans for millennia. All verifiable evidence indicates that the Earth is about 6,000 years old. Yet with circular reasoning and implausible assumptions, [[liberals]] insist that the Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years (4.54 × 10<sup>9</sup> ± 1%).<ref name="101Evidences"/><ref name="RefutingEvo"/><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/22/opinion/polls/main965223.shtml polling]</ref>

Old Earth advocates rely on one flawed assumption to the exclusion of other evidence, similar to how an investigator may mistakenly rely on one faulty eyewitness's opinion to the exclusion of all else. In fact, eyewitness testimony is proven to be less reliable than other indicators, just as the assumption by Old Earth proponents that the [[Radiometric dating|rate of radioactive decay]] has always been constant is flawed. Far from being constant, the rate of radioactive decay would almost certainly slow down as the universe cools.<ref>https://www.icr.org/article/nuclear-decay-evidence-for-young-world</ref><ref>https://www.icr.org/article/radioactive-decay-rates-not-stable</ref><ref>https://answersingenesis.org/geology/radiometric-dating/the-fallacies-of-radioactive-dating-of-rocks</ref> At the very least, it is not consistent and easily predictable.<ref>http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Radioactive_Decay_Rates</ref>

Moreover, a large number of physical processes, such as neutron capture and fluctuations in solar radiation, affect the rate of radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's crust and render radioactive dating measurements unreliable, depending upon the specific methods used.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899536205000138#bib6</ref>

Much scientific evidence points to a [[young earth creationism|young age]] of the earth and the universe and the biblical creation organization [[Creation Ministries International]] published articles entitled ''[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe]'' and [https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] which summarize some of the evidence for a young age of the earth. In addition, the biblical creation and [[Christian apologetics]] ministry [[Answers in Genesis]] published the article [https://answersingenesis.org/age-of-the-earth/how-old-earth/ How old is the earth?].

== Historical views ==
[[Image:Landscape.jpg|right|300px]]
=== Widespread Historical Acceptance of Biblical Account ===
{{See also|Earth age opinions of prominent Christians - pre-1800|Scriptural geologists}}
For most of recorded history humans of many backgrounds, such as the first-century [[historian]] [[Flavius Josephus]],<ref name="FLuke2007">{{cite journal |title=Josephus says, ‘Genesis means what it says!’ |author=Frank Luke |journal=Creation |publisher=CMI |issue=29 |volume=3 |pages=15–17 |date=June 2007 |url=https://creation.com/josephus-says-genesis-means-what-it-says |quote=Josephus ... explicitly states that man had been around for only 3,000 years by the time of Moses. |accessdate=1 Oct 2017}}</ref> St. Barnabas and St. Irenæus,<ref>Burnet, p. 259.</ref> viewed the age of the Earth to be around 6,000 years.<ref>Burnet, p. 258.</ref>

Saint [[Cyril]], who came into Great Moravia (present day [[Slovakia]] and Moravia in [[Czech Republic]]) from [[Byzantine Empire]] in 863 [[AD]] as [[Christian]] [[missionary]], wrote in his poem ''Proglas'',<ref>{{cite web
|title=Proglas
|publisher=sme.sk
|url=http://zlatyfond.sme.sk/dielo/93/Filozof_Proglas
|language=Slovak
|access date=05.05.2012
|quote=The parchment version of Proglas in Cyrillic from 13th century was discovered in 1858 by Russian Slavic scholar Hilferding}}</ref> dedicated to his works on translation of the four [[Bible|biblical]] [[The Gospels|Gospel]]s to Slavonic language, the following sentence that brings testimony about the perception of the age of the world that time:
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="4" |{{cquote|To the holy Gospels I am the Foreword:<br/> for as it was promised by the prophets long ago,<br/> Christ comes to gather the nations,<br/> for He sheds light on the world entire.<br/>That is what has happened ''in our '''seventh''' millennium.''}}
!''The seventh millennium'' since the [[Creation]] was calculated as follows:
|-
| '''5 508''' years that had passed since the Creation till [[Jesus Christ]]’s birth plus
|-
| '''863''' (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia)
|-
|results in figure of '''6 371'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proglas, the foreword to the Old Church Slavonic translation of the four Gospels|publisher=The Centre for Information on Literature, Slovakia|url=http://www.litcentrum.sk/36106|access date=05.05.2012|quote=Explanations: '''in our seventh millennium''' – it means the seventh millennium since the Creation. It was calculated as follows: 5 508 years that had passed since the Creation till Jesus Christ’s birth plus 863 AD (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia) added to the year 6 371 -- that is seventh millennium.}}</ref>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:brown; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the origin of [[mankind]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from, and contradicting one another, [as the Greeks have], but only twenty-two books, which contain '''the records of all the past times'''; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death. '''This interval of time was little short of three thousand years'''; …we men are the most excellent of the creatures of [[God]] upon earth."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Flavius Josephus]]<ref name="FLuke2007"/>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Truly six natural days
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"the six days were '''truly six natural days''', because here [[Moses]] says that [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] were created on the sixth day. One may not use [[Sophistry|sophistries]] with reference to this text."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Martin Luther]]<ref name="Luther">{{cite book |title=Luther's works: Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 1-5 |translator=George V. Schick |editor=Jaroslav Pelikan |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |place=Saint Louis |year=1958 |volume=1 |chapter=ONE |pages=69 |isbn=978-0-5700-6401-5 |url=https://www.cph.org/p-607-luthers-works-volume-1-lectures-on-genesis-chapters-1-5.aspx }}</ref>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | [[Physicist]] on age of mankind
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"[[mankind]] could not be much older than is represented in [[Scripture]]"''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Isaac Newton]]<ref name="Newton1728">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended
|publisher=Originally: J. TONSON, J. OSBORN and T. LONGMAN (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|year=MDCCXXVIII.(1728)
|chapter=I. Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15784
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Sep 2020}}</ref>
</div>
|}
Prior to the onset of [[totalitarian]] and [[uniformitarianism|uniformitarian]] (i.e. long-age) [[scientism]] promoted by [[Charles Lyell|Lyell]], [[Darwin]], [[T. H. Huxley|Huxley]], and others in the 19th century, when most people and scientists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] had a [[Christian]] or [[biblical]] worldview, the [[Atheism|atheist]]ic [[evolution]]ary concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to mainstream [[Western civilization|Western]] [[science]] beyond cursory [[philosophical]] speculations.<ref name="YECBritannica">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher=creation.com |url=https://creation.com/encyclopedia-britannica-supporting-a-young-earth |quote=The concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to science (or to the church[4]) before the rise of uniformitarianism in the 19th century. This is strong evidence that modern long-age views of creation do not originate in Genesis, but are a misguided attempt by some Christian leaders to try to reconcile what God has said with the atheistic pronouncements of evolutionary ‘science’.|accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref>

For example, in his 1619 book the ''Harmonices Mundi'' (The Harmony of the World), [[Johannes Kepler]], [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] whose [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|discoveries]] are used in present-day rocket science,<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to Rocket Science and Engineering |author=Travis S. Taylor |publisher=CRC Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781498772341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl&id=aAagDgAAQBAJ}}</ref> wrote that he does not care if his book will need to wait a century for a reader, as [[God]] has waited '''six thousand years''' for him as an [[Scientific observation|observer]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Harmony of the World |author=Johannes Kepler |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1997 |pages=IX, XXXVII, 391, 410 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEkLAAAAIAAJ&q=six+thousand#v=snippet&q=six%20thousand&f=false|quote=O, Almighty God, I am thinking Thy thoughts after Thee! ... The book is written, to be read either now or by posterity, I care not which. It may be well to wait a century for a reader, as God has waited six thousand years for an observer.}}</ref> Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and [[Isaac Newton]] also strongly defended [[Biblical chronology]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Greatest Hoax on Earth? Refuting Dawkins on Evolution |author=Jonathan Sarfati |publisher=Creation Books Publishers |year=2010 |place=Atlanta, Georgia, USA |pages=311 |isbn=978-1921-643064 |url=https://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php |quote=Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and Isaac Newton (1643-1727), probably the greatest scientist of all time, also strongly defended biblical chronology.}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John
|publisher=Originally: J. DARBY and T. BROWNE (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|chapter=PART I. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel.CHAP. I. Introduction concerning the Compilers of the Books of the Old Testament.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16878?msg=welcome_stranger
|quote=The Pentateuch is composed of the Law and the history of God’s people together; and the history hath been collected from several books, such as were the history of the Creation composed by Moses, Genesis 2:4; the book of the generations of Adam, #Ge 5:1;
|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Experimenting on a Small Planet: A Scholarly Entertainment
|author=William W. Hay |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |pages=63|isbn=9783642285608 |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=teJYlWH9vg4C |quote=Ussher’s was not the first nor last attempt to determine the age of the Earth from the Bible. Estimates had been made by the Venerable Bede in 723 (3952 BC) and John Lightfoot in 1644 (3929), and later by Johannes Kepler (3992 BC), and Isaac Newton (4000 BC) among others.}}</ref> The latter also vigorously opposed to a naturalistic cosmic evolution and suggested [[chemical]] processes that might aid in explaining the creation of the earth's [[crust]] during the '''six days'''.<ref name="Rappaport1997">{{cite book |title=When Geologists Where Historians, 1665-1750 |author=Rhoda Rappaport |publisher=Cornell University Press |place=Ithaca and London |year=1997 |pages=138, 197 |isbn=978-0801-433863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30U3W2kI7foC}}</ref> The vast majority of commentators in the past interpreted the days of [[Genesis]] as ordinary days. Furthermore, even those who did not, such as [[Origen]] and [[Augustine]], vigorously attacked long-age ideas and affirmed that the world was '''only thousands of years'''.<ref name="FLuke2007"/> The 17th century [[French]] [[philosopher]] and moralist Jean de La Bruyère wrote in his ''Des Ouvrages des esprits'' (''On works of the spirit'') that ''"Everything has been said, and one comes into the world too late after '''seven thousand years''' in which there have been thinking men."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Des Ouvrages des esprits (On works of the spirit) |author=Jean de La Bruyère |publisher=frenchphilosophes.weebly.com |url=http://frenchphilosophes.weebly.com/la-bruyegravere.html |accesdate=12 May 2019 |quote=Tout est dit, et l'on vient trop tard depuis plus '''de sept mille''' ans qu'il y a des hommes et qui pensent. Sur ce qui concerne les mœurs, le plus beau et meilleur est enlevé; l'on ne fait que glaner après les anciens et les habiles d'entre les modernes. |language=French}}</ref><br>

In 1771, the first edition of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the oldest English-language general encyclopedia that was first published as a 3-volume set in [[Scotland]], included a table of world events under the heading ‘[[Astronomy]]’ on page 493. These events begin with the [[creation]] of the world in the year 0, which they dated at 4007 years before Christ.<ref name="YECBritannica"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher= creation.com |url=https://creation.com/media-center?fileID=Rj4PFM_od9U |quote= The notion that the world in billions of years old has only been popular for about 200 years. Before that time most scientists understood that Noah's Flood was responsible for laying down the rocks which today are associated with millions of years. Richard Fangrad and Calvin Smith discuss the details. |accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref><br>

In 1830, Dr. Hales published a list of 120 historical authorities from various cultures who had decided on an official [[date of creation]].<ref name="Hales">{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> These ranged from 6984 B.C. to 3616 B.C.<ref>Batten 2002 quotes from "Young’s Analytical Concordance of the Holy Bible", 1879 8th Edition, 1939, which relates this, and reproduces the selection of the dates from Young.</ref>

Included in Hales' list is [[James Ussher]], who calculated the '''famous date of 4004 B.C.''' for creation<ref name="Carson">{{cite book
|author=David G. Dunbar et al.
|title=Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
|editor=D.A. Carson and J.D. Woodbridge
|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year=1986 (Zondervan), 2005
|location=Eugene, Oregon
|chapter=Nine: The Biblical Canon
|pages=256
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHoFAQAACAAJ
|isbn=1-59752-118-3
|quote= Professor John Redwood describes the commitments of seventeenth century Christians: “To the seventeenth-century biblical chronology, the account of Moses, and the science of geology were all part of the same world of learning. No one seeking to enquire into rocks or minerals, into earth history of formation of the earth’s configuration could afford to ignore or deny the value of his primary source, the Bible.” James Ussher in the early seventeenth century had based his dating of creation at 4004 B.C. on a detailed and literal reading of the historical accounts.}}</ref> and published it in his ''magnum opus'', ''[[The Annals of the World]]'' during the mid-1600s. Young Earth creationists, essentially adopting the same method as [[Nikola Tesla]] who was taught by his mother ''"to seek all truth in the Bible,"''<ref>{{cite book |title=My inventions: The autobiography of Nikola Tesla |author=Nikola Tesla |publisher=NuVision Publications LLC |year=1982 |pages=41 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=no&id=uBafTxRVtkAC&q=Bible#v=snippet&q=Bible&f=false |quote= Up to that time I never realized that I possed any particular gift of discovery, but the Lord Rayleigh, whom I considered an ideal man of science, had said so, and if that was the case, I felt that I should concentrate on some big idea. At this time, as many other times in the past, my thoughts turned towards my mother's teaching. The gift of mental power comes from God, Divine Being, and if we concentrate our minds on that truth, we become in tune with this great power. My Mother had taught me to seek all truth in the Bible; therefore I devoted the next few months to the study of this work.}}</ref> still consider this date to be close to the actual date.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Creation Seminar 1 - Age of the Earth (FULL)
|author=Kent Hovind
|publisher=Creation Science Evangelism
|page=31min:00sec
|url=https://youtu.be/szBTl3S24MY?t=1857
|accessdate=26 July 2015
}}</ref> The year 4004 [[B.C.]] was considered to be also a remarkable astronomical epoch by the great French astronomer [[Pierre Simon Laplace|Laplace]] who in his ''Méchanique Céleste'', Tom III.p. 113, announced a curious discovery - it was supposed to be a year when the great axis of the earth's [[orbit]] coincided with the line of the [[equinox]]es, and consequently true and mean equinoxes were united.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

=== Evolutionists vs. “odious spectre” Kelvin ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Time as key hero for [[naturalistic]] ‘[[Fog displacement|explanation]]’
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''“Time is in fact the hero of the plot … given so much time the "impossible" becomes [[Logic of possibility|possible]], the possible probable and the probably virtually certainly certain. One has only to wait: time itself performs [[miracle]]s.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— George Wald<ref>{{cite book |title= The Physics and Chemistry of Life|author=George Wald |publisher=G. Bell |year= 1957 |pages=12 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IlCgnQEACAAJ }}</ref><ref name="West">{{cite web |title=Western culture and the age of the earth; Review of The Dating Game: One Man’s Search for the Age of the Earth by Cherry Lewis, Cambridge University Press, 2000 |author= Tas Walker |publisher= CMI |url= https://creation.com/cherry-lewis-the-dating-game-one-mans-search-for-the-age-of-the-earth-book-review |accessdate=13 June 2015
}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Ad. “time itself performs miracles” - cf. [[Evolution of the gaps]]: An 'explanation' that has no other than philosophical implication and that cannot be tested is regarded for a key symptom of ideological thinking. Moreover, the Slovak poet Ondrej Fabrici maintained that [[idol]]s of the old [[pagan]] belief systems have been refurbished and disguised in the changed setting of the modern era under the new name of scientific endeavor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Prorok Daniel (Prophet Daniel)|author= Jozef Ondrej Markuš|publisher=Matica slovenská|year=2001|page=39|isbn=80-7090-600-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpnkAAAACAAJ|language=Slovak |quote=
Či zmenil dačo Chronos starý na plánoch tých Babylonu, hoci sa ako dieťa tvári vek atómu, elektrónu?! Len tváre figúr vymenené, technika ťahov spresnená, idoly staré postavené odiali sa v nové mená! Kulisy zmenil Chronos – čas Babylon žije prostred nás! (Ondrej Fabrici)}}</ref> For example, the “incomprehensibly vast periods of time” invoked by evolutionism is in fact nothing more than refurbished and masqueraded belief in creative power of elapsing time represented either by ancient [[Babylonian]] god, transposed into Greek mythology as [[Chronos]], or antique Aeon,<ref>{{cite web |title= ЭОН |publisher= dic.academic.ru |url= http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/3798/ЭОН |language=Russian |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= ЭОН (греч. ), термин др.-греч. философии, «жизненный век», «вечность», время в аспекте жизненного существования, как некая целостная самозамкнутая структура (ср. лат. aevum, рус. «век») в отличие от «хро-носа» как абстрактного, количественно-измерительного, объективного и аморфного времени. … В гностицизме зон – это силы, которые исходят от божества. … Эон в геологии длительный период времени, состоящий из нескольких эр.}}</ref> a divine power constituting a [[gnostic]] belief system.<ref name="Skarsaune">{{cite book
|author=Oskar Skarsaune
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influence on Early Christianity
|publisher=IVP Academic
|year=2002
|location=Downers Grove, IL
|pages=246
|chapter=12:Orthodoxy and Heresy
|isbn=978-0-8308-2844-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC
|quote=There are several gnostic “systems,” with a great deal of variety in details, but one can newertheless discern a basic pattern that is common to most or all Gnostic texts: There exists a highest God, who within himself comprises several divine powers. The Gnostics called these powers aeons, and there were different systems of arranging aeons. … This aeon, confused and in despair, created the material world…
}}</ref>|group=note}}</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On rewriting the history
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"The first battlefield is the rewriting of [[history]]."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Materialist]] [[Karl Marx]]<ref name="FIORAZO2012">{{cite book |author=David Fiorazo |title=ERADICATE: Blotting Out God in America |publisher=Life Sentence Publishing |place=Abbotsford, WA |year=2012 |chapter=3 |page=59 |isbn=978-1-62245-026-8 |url=http://davidfiorazo.com/2013/02/introduction-to-eradicate-blotting-out-god-in-america/}}</ref></div>
|}
Although [[materialism]] was at the time almost unanimously rejected by the scientific community,<ref name="Debré">{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=151|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C|quote=}}</ref> George-Louis Lecrerc, Count of [[Buffon]], rejected [[Christianity]], adopted [[Evolutionism|evolutionary thought]], and thus searched for [[materialistic]] explanations for the [[origin science|origin]] of earth.<ref name="Larson">{{cite book
|author=E.J. Larson
|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
|publisher=Modern Library
|location=New York
|year=2006
|pages=9, 13–18, 39, 58–62
|isbn=0-8129-6849-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Larson+Evolution:+The+Remarkable+History&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PbZfVJugD83vaJengLgI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=rejected%20Christianity%20&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. "Of course, no one can precisely gauge hom much [[Enlightenment]] thinking about material origin for life and organic species contributed to the political, social, and religious turmoil of the French Revolution, but some observers at the time saw a causal link. Notions of biological instability seemed to breed social disorder; ... and chaos ensued as the law of jungle became the rule in Paris. For [[Cuvier]], ... Speculative systems in natural history invited ruin. ... [He] took every opportunity to criticize the speculations of [[Buffon]] and other materialist-minded naturalists."<ref name="Larson"/>|group=note}} Despite his treatises lacking both a timescale and even a clearly developed sense of time, in 1778 he proposed, apparently following his own belief ''"past is so old and has left so few traces that one can say anything one likes about it"'',<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> that the Earth was about 74,832 years old,<ref name="ingv">INGV</ref> what was also in line with thinking that pushed God as [[Creator]] either back in time or out of the picture altogether.<ref name="Larson"/>
In the early nineteenth-century, the so called [[uniformitarian]]s conspired to overthrow the [[Biblical chronology]] that would measure geologic time in generations of man.<ref name="Richter">{{cite journal |title=Geological Notes: Kelvin and the Age of Earth |author=F.M. Richter |publisher=Journal of Geology |year=1986 |volume=94 |pages=395–401 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30068713}}</ref> The dictum as a fundamental maxim for their geological speculation and worldview<ref name="PerryInAS">{{cite web |title=Kelvin, Perry and the Age of the Earth |author=Philip C. England, Peter Molnar, Frank M. Richter |date= |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/kelvin-perry-and-the-age-of-the-earth |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Before dissecting Kelvin's arguments, it is worth describing the worldview that he was opposing.}}</ref> was expressed through [[James Hutton]]’s aphorism,<ref name="ingv"/> coming from his 1785 book ''Theory of the earth'': ''“The revolt, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find [[Singularity#Antipathy to the idea of beginning|no vestige of a beginning]], [[Horror of a Divine Foot|no prospect of an end]].“''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics">{{cite web |title=On Geological Dynamics |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow |year=1869 |url=http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_geological_dynamics.html |aaccessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Theory of the earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution and restoration of land upon the globe. |author=James Hutton |publisher=Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1785 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjYAAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Hutton's theory of the earth was not based on field observations but on his [[Wishful thinking|wishful]], speculative confusion of geological process with [[Newton]]ian [[physics]].<ref name="GOULDinNYT">{{cite web |title=IT'S AN OLD, OLD , OLD, OLD WORLD |publisher= NYT |author=D. R. Wallace |date= June 14, 1987 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/09/home/gould-arrow.html |accessdate=7 June 2015 |quote=Hutton's theory of the earth as a geological clockwork of eroding continents balanced against uplifting ocean basins was not based on field observations but on his wishful, speculative confusion of geological process with Newtonian physics....Hutton and Lyell were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state...The textbook legend of Hutton and Lyell seems dim and confused compared with that of Copernicus and Galileo. In demonstrating the shallowness of that legend}}</ref>

In 1822, [[Joseph Fourier|Fourier]] laid the groundwork for the mathematical analysis of the flow of [[heat]] in his treatise ''Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur''; and later, in 1827, he published arguments that the Earth must be cooling.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique">{{cite journal | title=John Perry’s neglected critique of Kelvin’s age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics |author=P. England, P. Molnar, F. Richter |journal=GSA Today |volume= 17 |number= 1 |date=January 2007 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 |url=http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/faculty/molnarpdf/2007GSAT.England.PerryKelvinBlownOpportunity.pdf |accessdate=5 June 2015 |quote= Fourier ... made arguments that the Earth must be cooling (Fourier, 1827), with which Lyell was certainly familiar (Lyell, 1830, p. 140–141).}}</ref> This was in line with so called [[Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis]], under which the earth would have gradually cooled from its assumed molten beginnings to its current state.

In 1830 [[Charles Lyell]], despite being familiar with Fourier's arguments,<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> supported, with a convert's zeal, the Hutton's idea of a
steady-state Earth of indefinite age in ''Principles of Geology'',<ref name="ingv" /> a book that later influenced [[Darwin]]. Lyell started his book with a self-serving history of geology that [[Academician Burdenko syndrome|uncritically hailed]] any insight anticipating uniformitarianism and under the banner ''“to free the science from Moses”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Charles Lyell |title= Principles of Geology |volume= 1 |year=1881 (1990)|publisher=University of Chicago Press (reprint) |pages=268 (XVII) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WjnbzHpvfEC |quote=Most other geologists, whether or not they agreed with Lyell on specific issues, would in fact have considered themselves his allies in hoping “to free the science from Moses” (Lyell 1881, vol.1, p.268).}}</ref> [[Kerkut’s student syndrome|utterly dismissed]] the contributions of [[Catastrophism|catastrophists]] including [[Georges Cuvier]], the "lion of nineteenth-century French science" and founder of modern comparative anatomy and paleontology, who as early as 1796 announced ''"the existence of a world previous to ours, destroyed by some kind of catastrophe"'' and whose scientific arguments for the theory of [[special creation]] held back the tide of evolutionary thought for a generation.<ref name="Larson"/> Lyell shown up to be a disciple of Buffon, who resolutely refused to accept the notion of catastrophes, including the [[Noah's Flood|Biblical Flood]], which many of their contemporaries upheld. Before Darwin boarded the HMS Beagle in 1831, his Cambridge tutor Adam Sedgwick, who had supplied just twenty-two years old Darwin with a reading list for the voyage, conspicuously omitted controversial Lyell’s ''Principles''. Darwin was however given a copy of the book by the ship's aristocratic captain Robert FitzRoy, who wished to have some scientific person on board.<ref name="Larson"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 1 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 1, 46min:15sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hoDaxVIVPE&feature=youtu.be&t=2850 |accessdate=May 17, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> Darwin was fascinated by book, he dedicated his own writings about the voyage to Lyell, and in his letters claimed that ''"I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell's brains ... the great merit of the Principles, was that it altered the whole tone of one's mind & therefore that when seeing a thing never seen by Lyell, one yet saw it partially through his eyes."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. to Horner, Leonard 29 Aug 1844 |author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-771 |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgrey; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About people who admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''If the question "When?" is asked, the natural reply is merely a look of astonishment, and persistent enquiry elicits '''nothing more definite than a vague "Long ago."'''{{#tag:ref|Ad. ''“nothing more definite than a vague ’Long ago’”'' cf.
*''«I asked Ramsay how long a time he allowed for that history. He answered that he could suggest no limit to it. I said “You don’t suppose geological history has run through 1,000,000,000 years?” “Certainly I do.” “10,000,000,000 years?” “Yes.” “The sun is a finite body. You can tell how many tons it is. Do you think it has been shining for a million million years? ” “I am as incapable of estimating and understanding the reasons which you physicists have for limiting geological time as you are incapable of understanding the geological reasons for our unlimited estimates.” I answered, “You can understand the physicists’ reasoning perfectly if you give your mind to it.”»'' Lord Kelvin, conversation on geological time with Sir Andrew Ramsay during the meeting of the British Association at Dundee in 1867<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Age of the Earth as an Abode Fitted for Life
|journal=Science |publisher= American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=9 |issue=228 |date= May 12, 1899 |page=668 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1626214?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents |accessdate=July 18, 2105}}</ref>
*''“I don't have millions billions of years”'' Gail E. Kennedy, Associate Professor, Anthropology, [[UCLA]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolution Vs. God Movie |publisher=Living Waters |pages=14min:48sec|date=6 Aug 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0u3-2CGOMQ&feature=youtu.be&t=885 |accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>
*''“I require for my theoretical views '''a very long''' period before the Cambrian formation.”'' Ch. Darwin<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869"/>
*Vallisneri, who together with [[Leibniz]] urged Louis Burguet to consider ''biblical time'' as ''too restricted'', '''could add nothing more''' to his early conviction that the earth is ''"of '''nearly incomprehensible antiquity'''"''. Rappaport (p.195-7)<ref name="Rappaport1997"/>|group=note}} Anything else, of course, could not be expected from a people whose [[Big Bang theory|conceptions of the development of the universe]] are limited to a recognition of the [[Geologic system#The system|alternation of seasons]] and the [[Abiogenesis|insistent mysteries of life]] and death.''<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Arthur Holmes <ref name="Holmes1913">{{cite web |title= The age of the earth |author= Arthur Holmes |publisher= Harper |place=London |year= 1913 |pages=2, 11, 135 |url= https://archive.org/details/ageofearth00holmuoft |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=As an example of one of the more extravagant demands, mention may be made of Darwin’s estimate in 1859 of the time elapsed since the latter part of the Cretaceous period. From the rate of chalk erosion in Kent, he deduced that the excavation of the Wealden valleys had required a period of 300 million years. Referring to this estimate, Jukes gave his opinion that while it might be a hundred time too great, it was equally probable that it was hundred times too small. Evidently 30,000 million years, in the absence of more reliable data, was not considered an absurdly excessive period for the erosion of the Weald. It should be noticed, however, that after the publication of Thomson’s views, Darwin withdrew this estimate from the origin of species.}}</ref></div>
|}
In his 1859 ''[[The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection|Origin of species by means of Natural selection]]'', Darwin declared that ''‘He who can read Sir Charles Lyell’s grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume.’''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/><ref>{{cite book |title= On the Origin of Species |author= Charles Darwin |year=1859 |pages=282 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdIp_XRopbcC&q=incomprehensibly+vast#v=snippet&q=incomprehensibly%20vast&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|For partisans of [[Clifford's injunction]] closing this volume at once definitely appears to be a highly commendable suggestion.|group=note}} Darwin based his views on Hutton and Lyell who were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state.<ref name="GOULDinNYT"/> It is believed a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories was a factor that might have contributed to FitzRoy’s tragic decision to suicide on 30 April 1865.<ref>{{cite web |title= FitzRoy's Bicentenary|publisher= The Friends of Charles Darwin |url=http://friendsofdarwin.com/articles/fitzroy/ |quote= The ridicule over the weather forecasts was probably the last straw that drove FitzRoy to suicide on 30th April, 1865. But there were numerous other factors that might have contributed to his tragic decision: his failed New Zealand governorship; a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories; his belief that suicide was a family trait; who knows what else might have helped push him over the edge? |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC67">{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 6&7 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 6&7, 1h:49min:35sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXY-EWZU5qo&feature=youtu.be&t=6575
|accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>

The doctrine that the Earth was of unlimited age allowed Uniformitarian geologists to evade [[explanation in science|explaining]] any [[phenomenon|phenomena]] by laws of [[physics]] and resort to [[Fog displacement|blurring]] them by ''“reckless drafts on the bank of time”'' instead. For the legendary British physicist William Thomson, later known as [[Lord Kelvin]], this game without rules was simply not scientific. The speculations of uniformitarians on age of the Earth were forbidden by the laws of the thermodynamics, which he had helped in developing. He showed, with the full force and prestige of mathematical physics,{{#tag:ref|cf.
*''"God is mathematician of a very high order and He used advanced mathematics in constructing the universe."'' [[Paul Dirac]]<ref name="Flew">{{Cite book|title=There is a God, How the world's most notorious atheist changed his mind|author=Antony Flew|publisher=HarperOne|year=2008|isbn=978-0-06-133530-3|pages=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbL66ePcjpQC |quote= }}</ref>
*''"Religion and natural science are fighting a joint battle in an incessant, never relaxing crusade against skepticism and against dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition … [and therefore] ‘On to God’"'' [[Max Planck]]<ref name="Flew"/>|group=note}} that, if one were to assume that the Earth is a solid body cooling from an initially high temperature, measurement of the rate of heat loss from its surface would clearly place limits on its age.

Kelvin started to advance his arguments under the title ''“Note on Certain Points in the Theory of Heat”'' first in 1844 in ''Cambridge Mathematical Journal''. After clarifying some of Fourier’s mathematics related to the conduction of heat and the dissipation of energy, he presented the upper boundary for the age of the Earth in his 1863 classic paper ''On the Secular Cooling of the Earth'' as '''98 millions of years'''.<ref name="OnSecularCooling">{{cite web |title= On the Secular Cooling of the Earth |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1864 (Read 1862) |volume= XXIII |pages= 167–169 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_secular_cooling_of_the_earth.html |aaccessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref> The figure was based i.a. on following assumptions and considerations:
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the Kelvin's calculations
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''I have sometimes been asked by friends interested in geology to criticise Lord Kelvin's calculation of the probable age of the earth. I have usually said that it is hopeless to expect that Lord Kelvin should have made an error in calculation.''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—John Perry<ref>{{cite journal |title= On the Age of the Earth |author=John Perry |journal=Nature |date= 3 January 1895 |issue=51 |pages=224–227 |doi=10.1038/051224a0 |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v51/n1314/pdf/051224a0.pdf
}}</ref> </div>
|}
* The ‘celebrated’ '''Poisson’s hypothesis''', that the present underground heat of Earth is due to a passage, at some former period, of the Solar system through hotter stellar regions, would not serve uniformitarians and evolutionists right, since it either grants only short time periods with moderate temperature on earth’s surface or, if the transition from hot region to cold region is shifted further back in time, it leads to extreme temperatures that must have destroyed all animal and vegetable life.
* The '''[[Leibniz’s theory of earth|Leibnitz’s theory]]''', which simply supposes the earth to have been at one time an incandescent liquid, without explaining how it got into that state, is the best for view of the geologists who require the longest periods.
* The initial temperature of molten blob to be 7000 °F or 3888 °C, respectively, corresponding to a high estimate of generally assumed temperature of melting rock. Later Kelvin explained that he could take lower value as more probable, but was most anxious not to underestimate the age of the earth based on the very meager information then available.<ref name="KelvinNature1895"/>
* The measurements of underground temperatures near Edinburgh served as basis for the estimated “general increase of temperature in the Earth downwards” alias mean geothermal gradient of 1/50th of a degree Fahrenheit per foot (~ ca 36 °C/km).

After taking into account the estimated uncertainties in thermal gradient and thermal conductivity, Kelvin broadened an upper limit for the age of the Earth to interval between 20 and 400 millions of years (20 ~ 400 Ma). In a later paper, based on experimental results performed by Carl Barus (who found out that diabase, a typical [[basalt]] of very primitive character, melts between 1100 °C and 1170 °C and is thoroughly liquid at 1300 °C),<ref name="KelvinNature1895">{{cite journal |title=On the Age of the Earth |author= Lord Kelvin |journal= Nature (reprint in SA)|date= January 3, 1895 |pages= 334–337 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lord-kelvin-on-the-age-of-the-earth/ |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Carl Barus (Phil. Mag., 1893, first half year, pp. 186, 187, 301-305) that diabase, a typical basalt of very primitive character, melts between 1,100° C. and 1,170° and is thoroughly liquid at 1,300°.}}</ref> he modified the value for supposed initial molten rock temperature to 1200 °C,<ref name="Richter"/> thus by the end of the 1800s narrowed down the interval to 20 ~ 40Ma,<ref name="chemeu">{{cite web |title=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin |publisher=chemeurope.com |url=http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin.html |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Thomson ultimately settled on an estimate that the Earth was 20-40 million years old }}</ref> with personal preference for the lower value which is also the most quoted one.<ref name="West"/><ref>{{cite book |title= The Dating Game: One Man's Search for the Age of the Earth |author= Cherry Lewis |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2012 |pages= 39 |isbn= 978-11076-59599 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vU1yZQ03Kz0C }}</ref>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About theoretical views requiring a very long period
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"When you measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it, but when you cannot express it in numbers your knowledge about it is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—William Thompson, Lord Kelvin<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Evelyn Lamb |publisher=Scientific American |date= 26 June 2013 |url= http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/roots-of-unity/lord-kelvin-age-of-the-eart/ |accessdate=19 April 2016
}}</ref> </div>
|}
Many scientists liked these values, since they appeared to be consistent with calculations made by [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], who in 1854 estimated the age of sun to be between 20 and 40 million years,<ref name="ingv"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Trial balloons and the age of the earth |author= Tas Walker |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> but for both evolutionists in biology as well as uniformitarians in geology they were distastefully low.<ref name="KelvinRevisited">{{cite web |title= Lord Kelvin revisited on the young age of the earth |author= John Woodmorappe |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> Darwin wrote in his letters that he has ''“not as yet been able to digest the fundamental notion of the shortened age of the sun and earth,”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Loren Eiseley
|title=Darwin’s Century: Evolution and the Men who Discovered It
|publisher=Anchor
|place=New York
|year=1961
|pages=234, 235, 240
|isbn= 978-03850-81412
|url=https://www.amazon.com/Darwins-Century-Evolution-Men-Discovered/dp/0385081413
}}</ref> and admitted that ''“Thompson's views of the recent age of the world”'' have been for some time one of his ''“sorest troubles.”'' (1869).<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 6706
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 14 Apr 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6706#mark-6706.f4
|quote=Thompson's views of the recent age of the world have been for some time one of my sorest troubles, & so I have been glad to read what you say.f4:William Thomson held that the crust of the earth had solidified only 100 million years ago, and had criticised [Charles Darwin]'s estimate in the first edition of Origin of 300 million years for the denudation of the Weald (see W. Thomson 1862a, pp. 391--2). See also Correspondence vol. 16, letter to G. H. Darwin, [9 December 1868].
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> Notwithstanding some Croll's ''"excellent remarks on the work which can be effected within a million years,"'' he felt ''"greatly troubled at the short duration of the world according to Sir W. Thompson,"'' for Darwin required for his ''"theoretical views '''a very long period''' before the [[Cambrian]] formation"''.<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869">{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Croll, James, Letter 6585
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 31 Jan 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6585
|quote= The physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) had calculated the age of the earth based on its cooling from a molten ball. He concluded that the earth could not possibly have existed with its crust in a similar state as at present for the length of time proposed by geologists (see W. Thomson 1865). In Origin 5th ed., p. 379, [Charles Darwin] noted that based on Thomson's calculation of the age of the earth and Croll's estimation that 60 million years had passed since the Cambrian period, the time left for the pre-Cambrian period (140 million years) was `hardly sufficient for the development of the varied forms of life which certainly existed towards the close of the Cambrian period'.|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> After the publication of Kelvins’s views, Darwin first halved, in the second edition of the ''[[Origin of species]]'' (p. 287), his own estimate of the time (''"far longer than 300 million years"'') allegedly elapsed since the latter part of the conjectured ''"[[Geologic system#The system|Cretaceous period]]"'', and later withdrew the discussion altogether from the third edition.<ref name="Holmes1913"/><ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., Letter 6841
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 24 July 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6841#back-mark-06841.f7
|quote= In [Tait] 1869, p. 429, Tait had quoted [Charles Darwin]'s conjecture, based on his estimate of time needed for the denudation of the Weald, that far longer than 300 million years must have elapsed since the latter part of the secondary period (Origin, p. 287). In response to criticisms in the Saturday Review, 24 December 1859, however, [Charles Darwin] halved his estimate in the second edition of Origin, and removed the discussion altogether from the third edition.
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> In 1871 he even named Kelvin ''“an odious spectre”'' that came so that Darwin could not ''“rely much on pre-[[Silurian]] times.”''<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 7858
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 12 July 1871
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-7858
|quote=I can say nothing more about missing links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-Silurian times; but then comes Sir W. Thompson like an odious spectre. Footnote: [Charles Darwin] discussed the absence of transitional forms in the fossil record in Origin 5th ed., pp. 208–15, 346–8. He thought William Thomson’s estimate of the time elapsed since the consolidation of the earth’s crust was probably too short for species to evolve according to his theory (Origin 5thed., p. 379)
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>

== Modernized pagan views ==
=== The game changer: Radioactivity mythmaking ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The age of the earth is definite
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years."'' ''"We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">— William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)<ref name=" OntheMiracleofLife">{{cite web |title= "On the Miracle of Life" [Actual title unknown.] Excerpt from an address at the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= as quoted in Heros of the Telegraph by J. Munro.|year= 1889 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_miracle_of_life.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote= I may refer to that old, but never uninteresting subject of the miracles of geology. Physical science does something for us here. St. Peter speaks of scoffers who said that ‘all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation;’ but the apostle affirms himself that ‘all these things shall be dissolved.’ It seems to me that even physical science absolutely demonstrates the scientific truth of these words. We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years. ... The science of dead matter, which has been the principal subject of my thoughts during my life, is, I may say, strenuous on this point, that the age of the earth is definite. We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years.}}</ref></div>
|}

By the end of the nineteenth century, Lord Kelvin had completely demolished all opposition.<ref name="West"/> He made uniformitarian geological community to accept that the age of the earth must be finite and that estimating the age by quantitative reasoning instead of supporting steady-state theory with [[Horror of a Divine Foot|philosophical bias]] should be crucial part of the geological endeavor. Even ‘''Darwin’s bulldog''’ and [[T. H. Huxley|musketeer of Darwinism Huxley]], who previously attacked Kelvin by making indirect allusions about ''“the first passer-by who fancies that our house is not so well built as it might be”'', ventured to suggest, in front of the Geological society of London, that ''“limitation of the period during which living beings have inhabited this planet to one, two, or three hundred million years, may be admitted, without a complete revolution in geological speculation.”''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/> This was in direct contradiction with [[Darwin]] who previously declared that ''“a far longer period than 300 million years has elapsed”'' since the latter part of period for which he declared to have available ''“a clear evidence of the existence … of whole groups of beings."''{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Evolutionary schizophrenia]]|group=note}} Materialistic philosophers, such as the British analytical [[Bertrand Russell]], realized that the Hutton's materialstic concept ''”no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”'' is further unmaintainable, and de facto denounced it while starting to proclaim Biblically compatible apocalyptic views{{#tag:ref|cf."Lift up your eyes to the heavens,
look at the earth beneath;
the heavens will vanish like smoke,
the earth will wear out like a garment
and its inhabitants die like flies.
But my salvation will last forever,
my righteousness will never fail." [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+51%3A6&version=NIV Bible, Isaiah 51:6 (NIV)]|group=note}}: ''“all the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday brightness of human genius, are destined to extinction in the vast death of Solar System”''. These things should be regarded, ''“if not quite beyond dispute,”'' ''“yet so nearly certain, that no philosophy which rejects them can hope to stand.”''<ref name="Signature">{{Cite book
| author = Meyer, Stephen C.
| title = Signature in the Cell
| publisher = HarperOne
| location= New York
| year= 2008
| isbn = 978-0-06-147279-2
| pages = 450
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUGKBdKawDUC| quote= }}</ref>

But T.C. Chamberlin, head of the Department of Geology at the [[University of Chicago]], was not prepared to concede defeat. While defending his faith in long-ages, he speculated, without any observational basis whatever, that there might yet be discovered new sources of energy that would allow more time than Kelvin had calculated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Earth |author= Frank Press, Raymond Siever |publisher=W. H. Freeman |edition=4 |year=1986 |pages=40 |isbn=978-0716717430 |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Earth-Frank-Press/dp/0716717433}}</ref> Thus, the quest for the age of the earth as a subjective, arbitrary and erratic pursuit, was set for an fascinating turn.<ref name="West"/> This came in 1896, when [[radioactivity]] was discovered by Henri Becquerel and when in 1903 [[Marie and Pierre Curie|Pierre Curie]] and Albert Laborde demonstrated that [[radioactive decay]] releases heat. Before long, several people argued that this source of heat was great enough to overturn Kelvin’s conclusion about the boundary for the age of the earth. The situation resembled the one in the previous two centuries when ''“those who sought to extend biblical time hardly knew where to begin, how to proceed, and what to conclude.”''<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> Among the followers of this effort was [[Ernest Rutherford]], who in 1904 suggested, in the Royal Institution, that ''“Lord Kelvin had limited the Age of the Earth, ‘provided no new source of heat was discovered.’ That prophetic utterance refers to what we are considering tonight, [[radium]]!”'' Later, Rutherford often repeated his tale of thinking on his feet in front of the “old bird” Kelvin who “beamed” at him. This episode and pleasing form of the anecdote, boosted by the eminence of its author, who was considered the father of the nuclear theory, provided a ready vehicle for mythmaking and uncritical acceptance of proposition that because the discovery of radioactive heat undermined an assumption behind Kelvin’s calculation, it also undermined his conclusion.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> As the half-life of radium's dominant isotope is 1600 yr, heat given out by radium obviously could not be the wanted missing energy.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"[Rutherford and Soddy] could not get away from the fact, however, that radium itself, although universally regarded as an element, decays far too rapidly to be as old as the minerals in which it is found. The only solution seemed to be that radium too must be a metabolon with a 'life' of a few thousand years."''<ref name ="BURCHFIELD">{{cite book |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Joe D. Burchfield |publisher= The University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |year=1975, 1990 |pages=173 |isbn=0-226-08043-9}}</ref>|group=note}} Nevertheless, later assumptions of equilibrium in decay series of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] allowed to consider heat sources with half-lives in gigayears (Ga; 1 Ga = 10<sup>9</sup> years).

The 1911 edition of the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] discussed dates up to 500 million years.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, pp 650-651.</ref>
By about 1930, J. H. Jeans was arguing for an age of the Earth of around two billion years.<ref>Universal History of the World, p.76.</ref>

The inclusion of radiogenic heat makes however only insignificant difference in terms of age limit inferred from the time required for the surface gradient to reach its present-day estimated value of 20 °C/km supported by observational evidence.
As a matter of fact, it is freely acknowledged that radioactive heat sources within the earth do not account for its present internal temperatures if the earth had really existed for 4.5 Ga. The statements such as ''"Thanks to Madame Curie, the inexhaustible energies of the atom of the globe … are potentially available to geological speculation"'' and ''"Kelvin overthrown"''<ref name="KelvinRevisited"/> are logically incorrect; Kelvin's conclusion would be undermined by that discovery only if incorporation of the Earth's radioactive heat into his calculations produced a substantially different age limits for the earth.

The general conclusion is that, even if Kelvin had included a reasonable radiogenic heat production in his thermal calculations, he would still have found grounds for arguing that the age limit of the earth was of the order of 10<sup>8</sup> years and his estimate would have been virtually unaffected.<ref name="Richter"/>

=== The Scientific Dogma of 4.5 billion years ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Subjective biased approach to data selection
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"In general, dates in the correct ballpark are [[Paleoscience#Paleoscience.2C worldview of the scientists.2C sociological and psychological factors.2C political pressure|assumed to be correct]] and are published, but those in disagreement with other date are seldom published, nor are the discrepancies fully explained."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Richard K. Mauger<ref>{{cite journal |title= K-Ar ages of biotites from tuffs in Eocene rocks of the Green River, Washakie, and Uinta basins, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado |author= Richard L. Mauger |journal= |publisher=University of Wyoming |year=1977 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–42 (37)|url= https://geobookstore.uwyo.edu/sites/default/files/download/ConttoGeo_TOC.pdf |accessdate=13 June 2015 }}</ref> </div>
|}
In 1943 R.A. Daly of Harvard University published his authoritative paper ''“Meteorites and an Earth model,”'' where he studied the analogies between [[Rock (material)|terrestrial rocks]] and [[meteor]]ites, coupled with deductions on the probable nature of the Earth’s interior. He hypothesized that the latter ones originated by disruption of a planet once situated between Mars and Jupiter, in the region now occupied by [[asteroid]]s. At first textbooks have quoted his theory approvingly, but later it has been disfavored due to mineralogical discontinuities between different groups of meteorites which were interpreted as evidence against a single parent body hypothesis. Nevertheless, the meteorites, “enigmatic bodies,” have managed to attract the great resurgence of interest in scientific research.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Meteorites |author=Brian Mason|journal=American Scientist |volume=55| issue=4 |year=1967|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27837038?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents}}</ref>

In his 1956 paper named ''Age of Meteorites and the Earth'', Claire Patterson, using ''“certain assumptions which are apparently justified,”'' introduced for meteor age a figure of '''4.55 ± 0.07 × 10<sup>9</sup>yr.''' and commented that since earth lead meets the requirement for definition of ''“the isotopic evolution of lead for any meteoritic body,”'' it is therefore ''“believed that the age for the earth is the same as for meteorites”'' and that ''"this is the time since the earth attained its present mass"''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Age of meteorites and the earth |author= Claire Patterson |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Patterson1956.pdf |accessdate= }}</ref> In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors, this faith-based figure gradually became a scientific dogma that rarely anyone has dared to question.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ralph W. Matthews |title=Radiometric dating and the age of the Earth |date=December 1982 |publisher=Creation |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=41–44 |quote=In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors this number has been widely and enthusiastically accepted and is usually quoted as if the evidence was decisive and conclusive. It has assumed something of the status of a universal constant to which all other data must be fitted, thus it has become common practice to assume that data which does not fit this result is either wrong or unintelligible. |accessdate=December 30, 2014}}</ref> Henry Morris explains that the unprovable assumptions are not the only problem with radiometric dating. One huge concern is that the results published are only a selected sample, chosen especially to agree with preconceived ideas about the earth, life, and [[evolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Once upon a time … A Review of The Mythology of Modern Dating Methods by John Woodmorappe |author=Michael J. Oard |url=https://creation.com/once-upon-a-time |accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref>

When in 1972 N.H. Gale tried to corroborate this established figure, he discovered that U-Pb ages ''"showed apparent large excess of radiogenic lead compared with the amount expected from the decay of Uranium in the meteorites over 4.5AE. ... For each of the 4 meteorites there was an excess of radiogenic lead not supported by uranium decay over 4.5AE.”'' After short analysis:
*''“The superior modern analytical methods used made it impossible that analytical contamination could explain the result.''
*''The circumstances ... make it extremely unlikely that terrestrial contamination could explain the results for this meteorites.''
*''... a considerable excess of radiogenic lead in most fractions ...is difficult to attribute to contamination,“''
rather than starting to reckon with possibility to challenge the established figures and methods, after recalling that ''“Patterson was the first to show that several stony meteorites yield a ... model of 4.5AE,”'' he proposed the new explanation for discovered discrepancy: ''"discordant results can be attributed to contamination."''{{#tag:ref|The claim on the contamination explaining the "discordant result" is in direct contradiction with previous statements that neither analytical nor extremely unlikely terrestrial contamination could explain the results. According to Ryan Dobson, author of a book on [[moral relativism]], a person that holds conflicting opinions about something and starts disagreeing with himself of herself is in trouble.<ref name="Dobson">{{cite book
|author=Ryan Dobson, Jefferson Scott
|title=Be Intolerant in Love: Because Some Things Are Just Stupid
|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers
|location=Sisters, OR, USA
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1590-521526
|pages=23–26
|pages=121
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvSEGgAACAAJ
|quote= You can't recognize that you hold conflicting opinions about something and hang on to both of them for very long. When you start disagreeing with yourself, you're in trouble.}}</ref> The trouble maintaining a train of thought in logical and coherent manner is regarded by [[medical science]] as symptom and characteristic of [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Types, Causes, and Early Warning Signs |publisher=helpguide.org |url= http://www.helpguide.org/articles/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-types-and-causes.htm |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Fragmented thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia. Externally, it can be observed in the way a person speaks. People with schizophrenia tend to have trouble concentrating and maintaining a train of thought. They may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Assault on scientific [[Socratic principle]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Most advocates do not defend their theses out of conviction that they are true, but rather because they once declared them to be true."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Georg Christoph Lichtenberg </div>
|}
Consequently, his research of the Earth’s age turned into calculation of ''"the correct sample ratios"'' from ''"observed ratios"'' so that the Table in his paper could finally show the “correct” preconceived age, established in this field of research.<ref name= "GALE1972">{{cite journal |title=Uranium-Lead Chronology of Chrondritic Meteorites |author= Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |journal=Nature |issue=240 |pages=56–57 |date=20 November 1972 |doi=10.1038/physci240056a0
|url=http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v240/n99/pdf/physci240056a0.pdf
|quote= Considerable variations in uranium and lead concentrations are observed in different gram sized fragments of the same meteorite5·7,8, and fission track studies10 show that on the microscopic scale changes in uranium concentration by factors of 105 are observed over distances of ˜10˜2 cm. Because of experimental difficulties the uranium and lead concentrations and the lead isotopic abundances have not been measured hitherto in the same sample of a given meteorite, so that it is possible, but not proven, that the apparent lack of concordance between daughter and parent isotopes may be a direct consequence of these heterogeneities; this point of view has been well argued by Fisher11. Most of the early work on the determination of lead in meteorites was in any case badly hampered by analytical contamination by terrestrial lead.}}</ref><ref name="GALE1979">{{cite journal |title=U-Pb studies of the appley bridge meteorite |author=Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |publisher=Naturwissenschaften |year=1979 |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=419–420 |doi=10.1007/BF00368077 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r741164v5162r447}}</ref> This methodological flaw is known as [[data torturing]].

Using [[circular logic]] — assuming that decay rates remained constant despite necessarily changing physical characteristics as time approached the origin — Old Earth proponents insist that the Earth is 4.5 billion years old based on an assumption of constancy in [[Potassium-argon dating|Potassium-argon (K:Ar) decay rates]] and other radiometric methods.<ref>Peck, 2000, p.376.</ref>

===Turning science upside down===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Doctrine outside the realm of science
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"If a theory or point of view is treated only as a doctrine to be validated, and not one to be challenged, it is not within the realm of science."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Randall Hedtke<ref name="Hedtke">{{cite book
|author=Randall Hedtke
|title=Secrets of the Sixth Edition
|publisher=Master Books
|place=Portland, Oregon
|year=2010
|pages=57
|isbn=978-0-89051-597-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvyHquVubDoC}}</ref></div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Feeling overconfident of the truth of one's doctrine
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"I daresay I may have written too confidently from feeling so confident of the truth of my main doctrine."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Charles Darwin]]<ref name="DarwinToSedgwick26NOV1859">{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. To Adam Sedgwick 26 November [1859]|author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2555.xml |quote=You could not possibly have paid me a more honourable compliment than in expressing freely your strong disapprobation of my Book. ... |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref> to Prof. Sedgwick, 1859</div>
|}
After their acceptance of evolutionary dogma on ''“antiquity as a partially known factor”'' by faith, followers of evolutionary scientism started to assure that ''“the earth’s age must be very much greater than Kelvin calculated”''. Consequently, they commanded science to be turned upside down: ''”Kelvin’s problem must now be reversed”'' – instead of research finding the age of the earth, it should be already taken as given by their doctrine instead, and the only role left to science is to confirm it and determine the thermal history of the earth that would be in accord with it.<ref name="Holmes1913"/>

In 1978, ''Geotimes'' magazine published by American Geological Institute quoted John Eddy, a famous astronomer, who argued that due to ''“some new and unexpected results“'' scientists could live with bishop Ussher’s 4004 B.C. value for the age of Earth and Sun, ''a fortiori'' since there is not much in the way of [[Scientific observation|observational]] [[Scientific evidence|evidence]] in [[astronomy]] to conflict with his calculations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John Eddy quoted by R.G. Kazmann |title= It’s About Time: 4.5 Billion Years (report on Symposium at Louisiana State University)|publisher= Geotimes magazine (from 09/2008 renamed to Earth magazine) of American Geological Institute |year=1978 |issue=23 |pages=18–20|quote=I suspect that the Sun is 4.5 billion years old. However, given some new and unexpected results to the contrary, and some time for some frantic recalculation and theoretical readjustment, I suspect that we could live with bishop Ussher’s value for the age of Earth and Sun. I don’t think we have much in the way of observational evidence in astronomy to conflict with that.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Covey |title= Age of the Universe |publisher= Creation In The Crossfire |date= January 3, 2013 |url=http://www.creationinthecrossfire.com/documents/AgeOfUniverse/AgeOfTheUniverse.html |accessdate=December 30, 2014 |quote= Evolutionary astronomers confidently argue the universe is 12-20 billion years old, although there is no certainty about any astronomical observations. John Eddy, a famous astronomer, once said that there isn’t much in the way of observational astronomy that proves the universe is old. He said that with “frantic theoretical readjustment” if new evidence showed that astronomers have been wrong, they could live with Bishop Ussher’s date of 4,004 B.C.}}</ref> American astronomer Robert Jastrow maintains that for ''"the scientist who has lived by his faith in 'the power of reason', the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak"'' and ''"as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries."''<ref name="Jastrow">{{cite book
|author=Robert Jastrow
|title=God and the Astronomers
|location=New York
|publisher= W. W. Norton
|year=1992
|page=107
|isbn=978-0-393-85006-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IfLYHv5pyUC}}</ref>

== Geology ==

[[Image:516XZRGNCKL AA240 .jpg|right|300px]]
[[William R. Corliss]] is a cataloger of scientific [[Anomaly|anomalies]] (observations and facts that challenge prevailing scientific [[paradigm]]s) and has published many works on the subject.<ref name="sf">[http://www.science-frontiers.com/ Science Frontiers] (Corliss' web-site)</ref>
He also wrote 13 books for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), a dozen educational booklets for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC), and a dozen articles for the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF).<ref>Corliss, 2002</ref> The science magazine ''[[New Scientist]]'' had an article which focused on the career of William Corliss.<ref>Adrian Hope, "Finding a home for stray fact", ''New Scientist'', July 14, 1977, p. 83</ref>
''New Scientist'' wrote regarding Corliss's work: "All I can say to Corliss is carry on cataloging".<ref>Quoted on the [http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm Science Frontiers web-site]</ref> [[Arthur C. Clarke]] described Corliss as "[[Charles Fort|Fort]]'s latter-day — and much more scientific — successor."<ref>Clarke, Arthur C. (1990) ''Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography''. Gollancz. Page 110</ref>

Corliss's work on geological anomalies catalogs scores of anomalies which challenge the [[old-earth]] [[paradigm]].<ref>[http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm#Geology Geological Catalogs] (Science Frontiers)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]]
*[[Arguments for a recent creation]]
*[[Earth age opinions of prominent Christians - pre-1800]]
*[[Literalist Bible chronology]]

== Bibliography ==
* Burnet, Thomas, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/ste/ste36.htm The Sacred Theory of the Earth, chapter V], 1691.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition (1911). [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling On-line page facsimiles].
* Hammerton, J.A. (Ed.), "Universal History of the World" (8 volumes) The Educational Book Co., London, c1930.
* Batten, Don, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/417 Old-earth or young-earth belief: Which belief is the recent aberration?], ''Creation'' 24(1):24–27, December 2001.
* [http://www.ingv.it/~roma/SITOINGLESE/activities/geomagnetismo/analysistheory/historicalresearch/age.html The age of the Earth] (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)).
*Peck WH, Valley JW, Wilde SA, and Graham CM (2000) Ion microprobe Evidence for Pre-4.4 Ga Continental Crust and Low Temperature Water/Rock Interaction. ''Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr'', vol 32, no. 7.

== External links ==
*[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth Age of the earth] by [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/refuting-evolution-chapter-8-how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] - ''Refuting evolution'' - Chapter 8 by Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]] at [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa Age of the Earth and Universe] by [[Creation Ministries International]]

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geology]]

Sexual disorientation

2022-11-20T21:43:00Z

AK: /* See also */ adding cat

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About formative years of impressionable youth
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"She was then just seventeen. In that age, everybody is prone to some kind of juvenile imprudence without realizing the consequences."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Major Francis "Frank" Edward Foley<ref name="Gilbert2006">{{cite book |title=Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction |author=Martin Gilbert |publisher=Harper Collins |place= |year=2006 |pages=138 (Czech edition) |isbn=978-00071-92403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RixovZRH238C |quote=[Czech 2007 edition:] Foley talked to her and decided: "... jí bylo sedmnáct let. V tom věku je každý náchylný k nějaké mladické nerozvážnosti, aniž by si byl vědom následků."|language=English, Czech}}</ref></div>
|}
In a [[generalization|general]] sense, '''disorientation''' is a ''cognitive [[disability]]'' in which the senses of time, direction, and recognition of items (things), ''[[people]]'' and places become difficult to distinguish/identify.<ref>{{cite book |author=Isaac M., Janca A., Sartious N. |year=1994 |title=ICD-10 Symptom Glossary For Mental Disorders |edition=10 |publisher=WHO |url=http://www.who.int/}}</ref> It can be due to various conditions, e.g. from delirium<ref>{{cite web |title=Delirium |publisher=Patient, the independent health platform |url=http://patient.info/doctor/delirium-pro |accessdate=14 Feb 2016}}</ref> to intoxication. Typically, disorientation is first in time, then in place and finally in ''[[person]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Berrios G. E. |year=1982 |title=Disorientation States in Psychiatry. |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |issue=23 |pages=479–491 |url=http://www.journals.elsevier.com/comprehensive-psychiatry/}}</ref> '''Mental disorientation''' is closely related, and often intermixed with ''trauma shock'', including physical shock. In case of '''sexual disorientation''', the ''cognitive disability'' pertains to recognition of own [[sexual identity]], it can also be fueled by delirium<ref>{{cite web |title=Drunk Danes - Gay parade (18+; Parental Supervision is Advised) |date=7 Jan 2008 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=so5SNSh12io |accessdate=14 Feb 2016}}</ref> and intoxication,<ref name="Yuan's Book">{{cite book |title=christopheryuan |year=2011 |publisher=WaterBrook Press |pages=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3KR3nFcl1oC |isbn=978-0-307-72935-4 |quote=I felt like we had become one - our souls enmeshed. But in reality, much of the passion between us was fueled by Ecstasy - thus our relationship was fierce and intense, both good and bad.}}</ref> and finally ends up in difficulties to properly distinguish/identify a ''person'' normal to mate with (i.e. in focusing on individual(s) or object(s) other than ''person'' of the opposite sex of legal age instead, See Also: [[Paraphilia]]). With respect to sexual disorientation, the ''trauma shock'' often comes from [[child molestation]] or [[Sexual abuse being a contributing factor for homosexuality|sexual abuse]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Childhood sexual abuse among homosexual men. Prevalence and association with unsafe sex. |author=Lenderking WR et al. |journal=J Gen Intern Med. |date=12 Apr 1997 |issue=4 |pages=250–3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9127231 |quote=Of 327 homosexual and bisexual men participating in an ongoing cohort study pertaining to risk factors for HIV infection who completed a survey regarding history of sexual abuse, 116 (35.5%) reported being sexually abused as children. Those abused were more likely to have more lifetime male partners, to report more childhood stress, to have lied in the past in order to have sex, and to have had unprotected receptive anal intercourse in the past 6 months (odds ratio 2.13; 95% confidence interval 1.15-3.95). Sexual abuse remained a significant predictor of unprotected receptive anal intercourse in a logistic model adjusting for potential confounding variables. |accessdate=14 Feb 2016}}</ref> respectively. Sexual disorientation can be the aim of [[pressure group]]s spreading the [[homosexual agenda]],<ref>{{cite web |title=CWA: School Tells Kids to Hide Pro-'Gay' Propaganda from Parents |author=Stacey Holliday |publisher=Christian Newswire |url=http://www.christiannewswire.com/news/720502467.html |quote=This goes to the heart of the homosexual agenda. The professional propagandists in the 'gay-rights' lobby know the method all too well. If you can maintain control of undeveloped and impressionable youth and spoon-feed them misinformation, lies and half-truths about dangerous, disordered and extremely risky behaviors, then you can control the future and ensure that those behaviors are not only fully accepted, but celebrated. That's what homosexual activists from GSA are attempting to do... |accessdate= 05 Mar 2017}}</ref> in order to deliberately augment the misinterpretation of [[same-sex attraction]]s among impressionable children and young people{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"Homosexual activist organizations ... take advantage of the humanitarian idealism of teenagers and young adults who are too immature to recognize that they are being manipulated. So central is this tactic to their strategy that the homosexual program for promoting “gay” activism in public schools is known as the “Gay”/Straight Alliance."''<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|chapter=5: The History, Goals & Strategy of the Homosexual Movement |pages=70 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref>|group=note}} in their formative years,<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Parents Should Keep Their Children Home from School on the Day of Silence |author=CWALAC Staff |date=01 Mar 2012 |publisher=Concerned Women for America (CWA)|url=http://concernedwomen.org/why-parents-should-keep-their-children-home-from-school-on-the-day-of-silence/ |quote=On Friday April 20, 2012 the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) is once again exploiting public schools to promote homosexuality and gender confusion as moral and normative through the political protest called the Day of Silence. |accessdate=05 Mar 2017}}</ref> by misusing the [[ideomotor effect]] in form of so-called ''gender senzitization''. The so-called '[[LGBT]]' advocates and [[activist]]s try to stir a [[Politically correct|politically-correct]] mass-delusion that insists ''sexual disorientation'', promulgated under the banner of [[Gleichschaltung#LGBTI Gleichschaltung|LGBT gleichschaltung]] term '[[sexual orientation]]', is good and normal,<ref name="Lively2016"/><ref>{{cite web |title=An Open Letter to President Vladimir Putin |publisher=Scott Lively Ministries |date=30 Aug 2013 |url=http://www.scottlively.net/2013/08/30/an-open-letter-to-president-vladimir-putin/ |quote=the militant gay movement it is important to understand that their propaganda and policies adhere invariably to the narrative that all disapproval of homosexuality leads inevitably to hatred, violence and murder of homosexuals. All of the pro-homosexual policies in the United States and Europe rest on this unstated and unchallenged but fictional premise. Thus, the homosexualist movement is not simply seeking social tolerance, or acceptance, but political power and control. They want the power to stamp out all disapproval of homosexuality in your society and to compel every citizen (especially the youth) to embrace the view that homosexual conduct is good and normal. |accessdate=22 Mar 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How the Gay Agenda Began |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RuYFy2CuQU&feature=youtu.be |accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> although [[scientific]] devices used for investigation of nature of things, such as [[thought experiment]], show otherwise. According to [[Erich Fromm]], there are hopeless victims of [[mental illness]] who are ''normal'' only in relation to a profoundly ''abnormal'' society. Their human voice has been silenced so early in their lives, that they do not even struggle or develop symptoms as the neurotic does. Their perfect adjustment to that abnormal society is a measure of their mental sickness.<ref>{{cite book |title=Brave New World Revisited |author=Aldous Huxley |publisher=Vintage Classics (First published by: Chatto & Windus)|place=London |year=1994 (First: 1959) |chapter=III. Over-organization |pages=27–8 |isbn=978-00994-58234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXimvGx0GRMC}}</ref>

==Types of Sexual Disorientation==
The result of gender imbalance are both homosexual and gender-confused sexual disorientation that can be plotted on a scale that measures the degree of this imbalance.<ref name="Lively2016">{{cite web |title=Understanding Sexual Disorientation |author=Scott Lively |publisher=Scott Lively Ministries |date=20 Feb 2016 |pages=48+ |url=http://www.scottlively.net/2016/02/20/understanding-sexual-disorientation/ |accessdate=12 Jan 2017 }}</ref>

===Gender-Confused Males: Men Imbalanced to the Feminine Extreme===
A gender-confused male, also called by the pseudo-scientific term "male-to-female transsexual" (MTS), is characterized by a complete rejection of masculine identity. The identification with the feminine side is so complete that the man will resort to surgical mutilation to remove his penis, replace it with an artificial vagina, and fit him with breast implants. This person, who will always remain genetically male, is at the furthest feminine extreme of the gender imbalance scale. He has completely rejected masculinity and all that it represents.

===Gender-Confused Females: Women Imbalanced to the Masculine Extreme===
A gender-confused female, also called by the pseudo-scientific term "female-to-male transsexual" (FTS), is defined by exactly the reverse process to the gender-confused male. The woman so completely rejects her feminine nature that she wants to "become a man". Since this is genetically impossible, she pursues the next best thing: Surgical mutilation to make her body look like that of a man.

===Transvestites===
A transvestite is a person whose gender confusion is severe enough to cause him or her to want to be perceived by others as the opposite gender. A Male Transvestite (MTV) will dress as a woman, and a Female Transvestite (FTV) will dress as a man. The confusion is not so extreme that the person will seek surgical mutilation, and he or she may actually spend most of their time clothed appropriately for their sex, but their sense of gender identity is disordered and manifests in an attempt to masquerade as the opposite sex on a part-time or full-time basis.

===Effeminate Male Homosexuals===
Effeminate Male Homosexuality (EMH) is less severe form of gender disorder in men. A man in this category acts much like a woman. He does not dress in women's clothing or mutilate his body with surgery, but still his sense of gender identity leans strongly to the feminine. This is the "classic" male homosexual type, in many ways a caricature of womanhood; this is the type of homosexual most likely to come to mind when one hears the term "gay man". Some of this is due to media stereotyping, but it is also self-evident that a homosexual man acting like a woman will stand out more than a homosexual man with more masculine leanings.

===Masculine Female Homosexuals===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The radical feminist demagoguery
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Until all woman are lesbians, there will be no true political revolution."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Radical feminist author and journalist Jill Johnston<ref name="Johnston1973">{{cite book |title=Lesbian nation: the feminist solution |author=Jill Johnston |publisher=Simon and Schuster |place=New York |year=1973 |pages=166, 271 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.sk/books?id=kSgbAAAAYAAJ |quote=...theory and practice come together we'll have the revolution. Untill all women are lesbians...}}</ref></div>
|}
Masculine Female Homosexuality (MFH) is the form of gender disorder in women parallel to EHM. A woman of this type acts like a man. She does not necessarily dress in men's clothing, although she might. The social taboo regarding women dressing like men is much less pronounced than for men dressing like women, so it is difficult to draw a line between the outward manifestation of female transvestites and lesbians in the same way it can be drawn between that of effeminate homosexual men and male transvestites. In addition, female gender identity disorder is much more based on fear and rejection of one's own gender than on attraction to and identification with one's opposite gender. A woman in this category fits most people's idea of a lesbian, a slightly masculine-acting woman whose gender disorder manifests itself in [[same-sex attraction]] but not in a complete rejection of her femininity.<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|chapter=4: The Causes and Types of Homosexual Disorder |pages=50–6 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref>
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The consequences of bad relationships
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Cothran had come into the lesbian lifestyle at 19, after several bad relationships with boys."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— About [[Charlene Cothran]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A Lesbian's Deliverance |author=Charlene Aaron |publisher=CBN News |date=26 December 2007 |url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2007/december/a-lesbians-deliverance/?mobile=false |quote=Cothran says she longed for peace, but even in the midst of a long-term relationship, she felt intense loneliness. She'd grown up in a Christian home, and had come into the lesbian lifestyle at 19, after several bad relationships with boys. |accessdate= 17 April 2016}}</ref></div>
|}
There is apparently a connection between [[feminism]] and [[lesbianism]]. Both claim to fight for so-called "equality" between sexes by going into extremes but ironically the only prevailing result is antagonism toward both men and non-feminist women. Instead of harmony, the typical behavioral trait of many radical feminists and lesbians is spiteful bitterness<ref>{{cite book |title=Hnutí Homosexuálů: Boj za lidská práva, nebo propagada? |author=Frank LaGard Smith |publisher=Harvest House Publishing |place=Praha, Czech Republic |year=2004 |chapter=7.Lesbické ženy a Playboyové:Sexuální dezorientace |pages=66–78 |isbn= 978-80239-41227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9k7OAAAACAAJ |language=Czech}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Beth Panilaitis]]|group=note}} transforming into phenomena like pure rage{{#tag:ref|cf.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Ugly Cases of Rainbow Rage |url=https://youtu.be/mkOlVyTquAM?t=0h01m55s |publisher=TFP Student Action|accessdate=6 Jul 2017}}</ref>|group=note}}, an all-cosuming hatred of men, and often a hatred of [[God]] also. The shocking depth and intensity of their anger is of kind one associates with deep personal violation or trauma. In some well-known cases, radical feminist leaders report having been sexually abused as children or beaten by violent husband. Apparently, they have concluded in their blind anger that all men are predatory beasts an molesters, and thus these radical feminists are determined to save their fellow women from what they portray as "slavery" and "oppression" of family life.<ref name="Kupelian2005">{{cite book |title=The marketing of evil: How radicals, elitists, and pseudo-experts sell us corruption disguised as freedom |author=David Kupelian |publisher=WND Books |year=2005 |pages=112–3 |isbn=978-1-58182-459-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQpXAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>
===Monsters===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:grey; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Moral dissolution before [[WWI]] and beyond
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |[And something else. For a long time you have been hiding your attraction to men, what's called homosexuality. But this became known after you agreed to the shameful affair of citizen V. ... in your apartment, and before that in V's presence you amused yourself with his wife in bed. Do you understand how far you have fallen? You are simply a '''monster''', Yezhov, a filthy person and a pervert.]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«At that time I was very drunk…I don’t remember anything…»''
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |[...we know that you told V. about your passion for homosexuality since childhood and that men could completely replace women for you. You should write in detailed when you became a homosexual and with whom you then became involved in this filthy business...]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«At about the age of 15 or 16 years I had a few instances of perverse sexual acts with other apprentices of my own age of the same tailor shop. ... This vice renewed itself in the old [[Tsar]]ist army in frontline conditions. Aside from one chance contact with one of the soldiers of our company I had relations with a certain Filatov, my friend from [[Leningrad]] with whom we served in the same regiment. Our relations were "mutual", that is the "female" part was played first by one side, then by the other. ... On several occasions in 1924 I had homosexual relations with [my old friend Dement’ev] in which only I played the active role. [Yezhov apparently means Dement’ev played the "female" role.]»''<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Stalin]]'s hangman [[Nikolai Yezhov]]<ref name="PetrovIansen">{{cite web |title=Interrogations of Nikolai Ezhov, former People's Commissar for Internal Affairs. |chapter=Ezhov interrogation 04.23.39 (04.24.39) |url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/ezhovinterrogs.html |quote=Pavliukov – no sign this confession was forced, or even asked about this (522). Petrov & Iansen, 365-6: "I think it essential that I inform the investigation of a series of new facts concerning my moral-personal dissoluteness. I mean my longtime vice of homosexuality. This began in my early youth when I lived as an apprentice to a tailor. At about the age of 15 or 16 years I had a few instances of perverse sexual acts with other apprentices of my own age of the same tailor shop. This vice renewed itself in the old Tsarist army in frontline conditions. Aside from one chance contact with one of the soldiers of our company I had relations with a certain Filatov, my friend from Leningrad with whom we served in the same regiment. Our relations were "mutual", that is the "female" part was played first by one side, then by the other. Afterwards Filatov was killed at the front. In 1919 I was appointed commissar of the 2nd base of radio-telegraph formations. My secretary was a certain Antoshin. I know that in 1937 he was still in Moscow and was working somewhere as chief of a radio station. He is an engineer radio technician. In 1919 I had mutual homosexual relations with this same Antoshin. In 1924 I was working in Semiplatinsk [now the city of Semei, Kazakhstan – GF]. My old friend Dement’ev went there with me. On several occasions in 1924 I had homosexual relations with him in which only I played the active role. [Ezhov apparently means Dement’ev played the "female" role. – GF] In 1925 in Orenburg I established homosexual relations with a certain Boiarskii, at that time the chairman of the Kazakh oblast’ trade union council. As far as I know he is now working as the director of an artistic theater in Moscow. Our relations were mutual. At that time he and I had just arrived in Orenburg and were living in the same hotel. Our relations were shot-lived, until the arrival of his wife, who arrived quickly. In the same year 1925 the capital of Kazakhstan was transferred from Orenburg to Kzyl-Orda, whence I also went to work. Soon F.I. Goloshchekin arrived there as the secretary of the regional [Party] committee (he is now employed as a chief arbiter). He arrived as a bachelor, without a wife, and I was also living as a bachelor. Before my departure for Moscow (for about 2 months) I had de facto moved into his apartment and often spent the night there. I quickly established homosexual relations with him as well, and they continued off and on until my departure. As with the others, our relations were mutual. In 1938 I had two instances of homosexual activity with Dement’ev, with whom I had also had relations in 1924, as I stated above. These relations were in Moscow in the autumn of 1938 in my apartment, after I had already been dismissed from the post of Commissar of Internal Affairs. Dement’ev lived with me at that time about two months. A little later, also in 1938, there occurred two instances of homosexual activity between myself and Konstantinov. I have known Konstantinov since 1918 in the army. He worked with me before 1921. Since 1921 we hardly saw each other at all. In 1938 on my invitation he began to visit me often at my apartment and two or three times he was at my dacha. He came twice with his wife; the other visits were without wives. He often stayed the night with me. As I have said above, at that time he and I had two instances of homosexual relations. Our relations were mutual. I should also say that during one of his visits to my apartment with his wife I also had sexual relations with her. All of this was accompanied, as a rule, with heavy drinking. I give this information to the investigation as an additional detail characterizing my moral dissolution. April 24, 1939. N. Ezhov. ...Ezhov interrogation 07.02.39 by Rodos re Mnatsakanov:... And something else. For a long time you have been hiding your attraction to men, what’s called homosexuality. But this became known after you agreed to the shameful affair of citizen V. from the Commissariat of Water Transport in your apartment, and before that in V’s presence you amused yourself with his wife in bed. Do you understand how far you have fallen? You are simply a monster, Ezhov, a filthy person and a pervert. I’m disgusted to look at you. At that time I was very drunk… What’s that, justification? No, but I don’t remember anything, I woke up in the morning and they were no longer there. The chauffer then told me that he took them away at 3 a.m. I could have done anything at all then… I’m not interested in that. But we know that you told V. about your passion for homosexuality since childhood and that men could completely replace women for you. You should write in detailed when you became a homosexual and with whom you then became involved in this filthy business…}}</ref></div>
|}
At the furthest extreme of the scale are men whose gender imbalance has left them without any hint of feminine restraint.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"[[Gay]] [[psychoterapist]] Joe Brewer says that homosexual sex is made all the more promiscuous because there is «nobody to say ‘no’ — no moderating role like that a woman plays in the heterosexual milieu.» Even in a promiscuous heterosexual world, the woman is still likely to put on the breaks. Among homosexual males, by contrast, the absence of a woman's moderating influence leaves only a crotch menatlity."''<ref>{{cite book |title=Sodom's Second Coming: Equipping You and Your Family for the Coming Homosexual Assault |author=Frank LaGard Smith |publisher=Harvest House Publishers |place=Eugene, Oregon |year=1993 |chapter=8. The Dark Side of Being Gay: A different kind of promiscuity |pages=103–4 |isbn=978-1565071544 |url=https://books.google.sk/books?isbn=1565071549 }}</ref>|group=note}} Fortunately there are few of them, because they are capable of the worst [[atrocities]]. Many of the guards of the [[Nazi]] [[Concentration camp|extermination camps]] or the [[Tyrant|tyrannical]] hangman [[Nikolai Yezhov]] who killed for [[Stalin]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him |author=Donald Rayfield |publisher= Random House Publishing Group |date=18 Dec 2007 |pages=338 |isbn=9780307431837 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C |quote=Ezhov was charged with ... Sodomy.}}</ref> were of this type.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"Coincident with the show trials against the original leadership of the party, unpublicized purges swept through the ranks of younger leaders in party, government, industrial management, and cultural affairs. Party purges in the non-Russian republics were particularly severe. The Ezhovshchina ("era of Ezhov," named for NKVD chief Nikolai Ezhov) ravaged the military as well, leading to the execution or incarceration of about half the entire military officer corps. The secret police also terrorized the general populace, with untold numbers of common people punished for spurious crimes. By the time the purges subsided in 1938, millions of Soviet leaders, officials, and other citizens had been executed, imprisoned, or exiled."'' in [[History of the Soviet Union]]|group=note}} Sodomites alias homosexuals Edmund Heines, [[Karl Ernst]], Ernst's partner Captain Paul Rohrbein, Captain Petersdorf, Count Ernst Helldorf were the men who orchestrated the [[Nazi]] campaign of intimidation and [[terror]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Part |author=Scott Eric Lively, Kevin Abrams |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield |year=Feb 2017 |edition=5 |pages=100 |isbn=978-0-9647609-7-4 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Pink-Swastika-5th/dp/0964760975 }}</ref> In contemporary [[society]], such men have often been responsible for [[mass murder]]s, [[Serial killer|serial killings]], [[torture]] slayings, and the like. They seem less like men than like [[animal]]s to us, since we recognize that a fully [[human nature]] is made up of complementary, balancing and mutually restraining male and female components.<ref name="Lively2009"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Natural order]]|group=note}} In [[Britain]], Justice Moor labeled Matthew Scully-Hicks a "Monster" because Scully-Hicks was convinced of killing the [[infant]], given for [[adoption]] to their “gay” couple in “marriage" by [[politically correct]] social services.<ref>{{cite web |title=A MONSTER KILLED OUR ELSIE' Matthew Scully-Hicks’s horrified husband took off his wedding ring after finding out ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ dad murdered their adopted baby daughter |author=John Shammas |publisher=The Sun |date=20 Nov 2017 |url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4958759/matthew-scully-hickss-horrified-husband-took-off-his-wedding-ring-after-finding-out-jekyll-and-hyde-dad-murdered-their-adopted-baby-daughter/ |quote=MATTHEW Scully-Hicks' husband removed his wedding ring and ended their relationship after medical evidence proved the "monster" killed their daughter, it has emerged. ...During the family court proceedings, Craig Scully-Hicks told the judge he will continue to "beat himself up" about being more concerned about Elsie's health rather than how her injuries were caused. There is "nothing" that makes him think he should have picked up on his husband's behaviour at the time and no concerns were raised with him by professionals, the judgement states. ...He said he didn't know this 'monster'," Mr Justice Moor said. |accessdate=20 Jan 2018}}</ref>

==Causes of Sexual Disorientation==
===Childhood wounds to psychosexual and/or psychosocial development===
<ref name="VoicesOfChange"/> cf. [[Emotional Incest Syndrome]]
===Sexual Abuse===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Victims of [[LGBT]]I [[ideomotor effect]] with reports on early [[Sexual abuse being a contributing factor for homosexuality|sexual abuse]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“Jozef as a child was sexually abused by adult man and in his view this was the cause why he became [[gay]].”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— About [[Jozef Demjan]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Manželia gay a opatrovateľka: Dva týždne v mesiaci je Jozef sám! (Gay and nurse married couple: Two weeks in a month is Josef alone!) |author=den |publisher=Nový Čas |date=September 8, 2012 |url=http://www.cas.sk/clanok/231904/manzelia-gay-a-opatrovatelka-dva-tyzdne-v-mesiaci-je-jozef-sam.html |language=Slovak|quote=Jozefa ako dieťa sexuálne zneužil muž a práve to podľa neho spôsobilo, že sa stal gayom.|accessdate=February 16, 2014}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“I have put the childhood abuse, and the teenage confusion behind me. What others intended for harm has resulted in untold good. I have overcome, and will not allow evil to win.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Bob Dixon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The twists and turns of Missouri’s gubernatorial race |author=Steve Benen |publisher=MSNBC |date=28 Jul 2015 |url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-twists-and-turns-missouris-gubernatorial-race |accessdate=06 Feb 2017 |quote=Bob Dixon, is claiming to be a former gay person. ...In a statement, the Republican lawmaker added, “I have put the childhood abuse, and the teenage confusion behind me. ...”}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“These circumstances made me a magnet for manipulation so at the age of 13 an older boy in my church sexually molested me. The feelings in my heart became a vortex of battling conflicts. I hated his touch and I longed for his touch. I hated liking his attention and I hated not having his attention.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Darryl L. Foster]]<ref name="Life of Change">{{cite web
|title=Telling our stories in first person...Living a Life of Change and Promise
|author=Pastor Darryl L. Foster
|url=http://www.witnessfortheworld.org/dlfoster.html
|quote=...at the age of 13 an older boy in my church sexually molested me...
|accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“When I was five years old an adult male confronted me in a sexual manner. As a child I was very emotionally sensitive, artistic, and musical…”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Dennis Jernigan]]<ref name="NoOneBornGay">{{cite book |title=No One is Born Gay |url=https://www.dennisjernigan.com/needhelp/1257-no-one-is-born-gay
|author=Dennis Jernigan |publisher=DennisJernigan.com |quote=I used to struggle daily with unwanted same sex attraction – unwanted homosexuality. From my earliest recollections I felt drawn to other males. Many circumstances came my way that only seemed to reinforce those feelings. When I was five years old an adult male confronted me in a sexual manner. As a child I was very emotionally sensitive, artistic, and musical…and the other boys at school in my formative years seemed to relish in reminding me how much of a fag I was. In my college days, a friend and mentor – married with children, Christian, and community leader – made a sexual advance…and I was convinced this was my lot in life. The only problem with that is that I became more miserable than ever. When I got to the end of my rope, God met me there with a new identity and the power to change my way of thinking. To my great dismay (but not to my surprise), the world has begun to think in an upside-down manner, calling what is righteous ridiculous and what is perverse normal and acceptable.|accessdate=2 Jul 2016}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“Finally, someone really paid attention to me. He was an older second cousin who sexually molested me at age 12. I kept this dark shame a secret, for 13 years, telling no one until I was 25. This, and other factors, opened the door to homosexual attraction. ... I didn’t choose to have homosexual feelings. My research and experience has shown the development of my [[same-sex attraction]] was rooted in a number of factors: an absent father, abusive stepfather, strong-willed grandmother, passive grandfather, sensitive personality and sexual abuse. These were things that happened to me.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Dave, a special guest at the 2016 [[NEA Ex-Gay Educators' Caucus]] booth.<ref name="SHALVORS28102016">{{cite web |title=Dave's Testimony |url=https://nea-exgay.org/|author=Susan Halvorson |publisher=NEA Ex-Gay Educators Caucus |quote= |accessdate=17 Jul 2017}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“...when Christopher was sixteen years old ... I found out from his brother that he had a sexual relationship with a thirty-year-old man. ... Sure, Christopher may have sought the man out, but no matter how you look at it, this man had used and soiled my son. ...I was also furious at the man who took advantage of my son. Christopher was robbed of the chance to be a normal teenager, and what's worse, I couldn't tell anyone about it.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Angela Yuan, mother of [[Christopher Yuan]]<ref name="Yuan's Book">{{cite book |title=Out of a Far Country: A Gay Son's Journey to God. A Broken Mother's Search for Hope.|author1=Christopher Yuan |author2=Angela Yuan |year=2011 |publisher=WaterBrook Press |pages=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=UNwhUqPuDcqbtQb4qID4Bg&hl=sk&id=g3KR3nFcl1oC |isbn=978-0-307-72935-4 |quote=That. He couldn't even say the word...Christopher had contacted the man, who then invited him over. ...}}</ref></div>
|}
Childhood sexual abuse is likely the most common cause of homosexual disoriented self-misidentification. Children are deeply traumatized by sexual abuse and this trauma often results in the adoption of a [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|homosexual lifestyle]] as an adult. A review of the autobiographies of “gay” leaders is enough to confirm this assertion. A large number of them report homosexual molestation by an adult during their childhood or early adolescence, from the German “grandfather of the ‘gay’ movement,” [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]], to the father of the American “gay” movement, [[Harry Hay]], and many of the leading activists of the past half-century. Many men like [[CNN]] anchor [[Don Lemon]] who identify as “gay” were sexually abused by adult men as boys.<ref name="LaBarberaFEB2017">{{cite web |title=Founder of first ‘ex-gay’ ministry dies, and the tributes are pouring in |author=Peter LaBarbera |publisher=LifeSiteNews |date=20 Feb 2017 |url=https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/tributes-pour-in-for-frank-worthen-father-of-ex-gay-ministry-who-died-at-ag |accessdate= 31 Mar 2017}}</ref> Significantly, however, in the case of many of those who do later adopt a homosexual pseudoidentity, these early sexual encounters are not characterized as abuse or molestation, but more often as “consensual” sex.{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Stockholm Syndrome]]|group=note}}

While abuse is a common factor in male homosexuality, the correlation of [[Child molestation|childhood sexual molestation]] with adult [[lesbianism]] is almost universal, and that of many people who have ministered to or professionally observed women who misidentify themselves as lesbians. In their cases, however, the molestations are far more often perpetrated by men than by women and are almost never later characterized as consensual. Virtually every lesbian [[Scott Lively|Lively]] have ever known personally was sexually molested by a man when she was a child or early adolescent. In fact, it is not unreasonable to define these women's later adult lesbianism as a retreat from the company of men.
The Greek legend of the Island of [[Lesbos]] lends credence to this conclusion: Lesbos was a female sanctuary where men were not allowed. Such sanctuary communities are not uncommon even today.

Although childhood sexual abuse does not always result in homosexual self-identification as an adult and there are many adult survivors of such attacks who never adopt a homosexual lifestyle, the percentages of those who have is quite high.<ref name="Lively2016"/>

===Emotional abuse===
cf. [[Emotional manipulation]]
<ref name="VoicesOfChange"/>

===LGBTI labeling and suggestion===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | "LGBTI" labeling—examples
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"In a 2012 interview with Pure Passion, a Christian video ministry launched by Foster, Worthen calmly recalled how at the tender age of 13 his pastor told him, “Frank, you are a homosexual.” The boy, who had recently lost his father and looked to the pastor as a father figure, had to look up what a homosexual was."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— About [[Frank Worthen]]<ref name="LaBarberaFEB2017">{{cite web |title=Founder of first ‘ex-gay’ ministry dies, and the tributes are pouring in |author=Peter LaBarbera |publisher=LifeSiteNews |date=20 Feb 2017 |url=https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/tributes-pour-in-for-frank-worthen-father-of-ex-gay-ministry-who-died-at-ag |accessdate= 31 Mar 2017}}</ref>
</div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"I was often told: “You’re gay!” –“What?” – as a child, I had no notion what homosexuality is. Even though I didn't know whom I'm and what I'd like, others were keeping saying that they know how things are with me. Owing to their prejudices, I got lumped in with the cliché of homosexual. If you early embrace the belief that you certainly must be a homosexual and try it out, then, through acting upon this belief, you're at risk to become one! The prejudices may cause lots of evil."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Testimony in the book ''Kreuz & Quer in der Szene''<ref>{{cite book |title=Kreuz & Quer in der Szene |author=Novak, Kornelius et al. |publisher=Lichtzeichen-Verlag |year=2010 |pages=87 |isbn=9783869540184 |url=http://lichtzeichen-shop.com/Buecher/Evangelistische-Literatur/Kreuz-Quer-in-der-Szene.html |language=German}}</ref>
</div>
|}
===Egophilia===
cf. [[Egocentric_Thinking#Ego-centered_thinking_and_homosexuality|Ego-centered thinking and homosexuality]]

===Unmet emotional needs and/or [[clinical depression]]===
<ref name="VoicesOfChange"/> cf. [[Lisa Miller]]
===[[OCD]] or other co-morbid disorders===
<ref name="VoicesOfChange">{{cite web |title=Men and Women Who Have Experienced Authentic Change in Sexual Orientation Through Therapy that Works! |publisher=PATH: Positives Alternatives to Homosexuality |url=http://www.voices-of-change.org |quote=The testimonials presented on this site are authentic Voices of Change by men and women who have experienced profound changes in their sexual orientation. These brave men and women represent thousands of people around the world who feel same-sex attraction (SSA) but don't believe these unwanted feelings represent who they truly are as people nor did they believe these feelings to be unchangeable. Because they understood their SSA was not inborn but rather the result of a number of underlying risk factors, they chose to work on and resolve these issues, such as: emotional and/or sexual abuse; unmet emotional needs; depression, OCD or other co-morbid disorders; and childhood wounds to their psychosexual and/or psychosocial development. |accessdate=26 Feb 2017}}</ref>

===Increased Sexualization of Society===
One of the reasons for sexual disorientation occurring at a young age, and even after people practised many years of normal relationships based on complementary sexes, is the increased sexualization of society. Exposure to [[pornography]] and sexual imagery is at an all-time high and serious problems are caused by people being exposed to it at a young age. Pornography is easily available via the internet and it is large money spinner with millions feasting on it. Every type of sexual disorientation can be viewed, what sexualizes [[individual]]s, both [[male]] and [[female]]. The [[addiction]] to soft [[drug]]s often leads to harder drugs. In the same way, pornography often leads to sexual experimentation as a means of attempting to reap greater sexual gratification.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gay Marriage:right or wrong? And who decides? |author=Gary Bates and Lita Cosner |publisher=Creation Book Publishers |location=Powder Springs, GA, USA |year=2013 |pages=20 |isbn=978-1921-643750|url=https://creation.com/gay-marriage-right-or-wrong}}</ref>

== Response to sexually disoriented people ==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgreen; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Full recovery from sexual disorientation takes time
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"I began to realize that it had taken many years for me to develop a homo'''sexual disorientation''', and that it would take a number of years for my full recovery. But I had crossed over a threshold of hope and I began to feel more and more confident about my new life."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Anthony A. Falzarano]]<ref name="Falzarano2009">{{cite book |title=And Such Were Some Of You! One Man's Walk Out Of The Gay Lifestyle |author=Anthony Falzarano |publisher=Xulon Press |place=U.S.A. |year=2009 |chapter=8.The light at the end of the tunnel |pages=84 |isbn=978-1606473863 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Such-Were-Some-You/dp/1606473867 }}</ref>

</div>
|}
The response to people exhibiting the traits of being sexually disoriented must be marked by ''genuine compassion''. But a central task of ''genuine compassion'' is telling the [[truth]].{{#tag:ref| [[Christian]]s believe, i.a. based on [[scientific evidence]], [[Scientific observation|observation]] and [[Gedankenexperiment|scientific devices]], that [[Bible]] reveals a true message about this World on so called [[Natural order]].|group=note}} [[Lying]] is never compassionate, and ultimately may lead to [[death]].{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Bug chasing]], [[Homosexuality and AIDS]]|group=note}}<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=117 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhhCAAAQBAJ |quote=}}</ref> [[Michael Glatze]] who was saved from sexual disorientation have admitted that apart from other factors that lead him into experiencing the [[Dean Bailey#Sexual restoration|sexual restoration]] he was also partly influenced by his [[Christian]] aunt. She had always disapproved homosexual lifestyle and Glatze now portrays her as ''“never judgmental, but always firm.”''

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== See also ==
*[[Dialectical unity of self-contradictions|Dialectical Unity of Self-contradictions in Gender/LGBT+ ideology]]
*[[Gender identity disorder]]
*[[Ideomotor effect]]
*[[Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder]]
*[[Gender confusion]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]

Mary Stachowicz

2022-10-25T06:37:02Z

AK: Adding category, blogger's claim and source

'''Mary Stachowicz''' (1951-2002) was a mother of four who was punched, stabbed, raped and ultimately murdered by a co-worker who disliked her criticism of his [[homosexuality]]. The murderer, Nicholas Gutierrez, then wrapped her body in bedsheets and plastic bags, and hid it by stuffing it into a crawlspace.

Gutierrez was eventually convicted of murder and the prosecutor sought the [[death penalty]]. "Knowing exactly what he did to my mother, he absolutely, 100 percent deserved the death penalty," said Stachowicz's daughter, Angie Ruffolo.<ref>Judge spares life of rapist-murderer; 'He absolutely, 100 percent deserved the death penalty', [[Chicago Sun Times]], p. 20 (July 3, 2007)</ref> However, the judge refused to impose the [[death penalty]] and instead sentenced Gutierrez to life in jail.

On the [[ACLU]] online forum, some posters praised the murder,{{fact}} the gay blogger James Wagner stated that ''"The woman who did such great evil is dead, but unfortunately the evil and the church and the society which creates it is not"''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rod Dreher |title=Hate is hate is hate |publisher=The Washington Times |date= 4-Dec-2002 |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2002/dec/4/20021204-104334-5923r/ |accessdate=5 Oct 2022 |quote=The savage murder of Mary Stachowicz, the middle-aged Chicago churchgoer allegedly killed by 19-year-old coworker Nicholas Gutierrez, has met with a deafening media silence.
Gutierrez, who is homosexual, confessed that he set upon Stachowicz when she asked him, “Why do you [have sex with] boys instead of girls?” A state’s attorney told the Chicago Tribune: “The defendant punched and kicked and stabbed the victim until he was tired. He then placed a plastic garbage bag over her head and strangled her.”
Gutierrez then jammed Stachowicz’s body into a crawlspace under his floor. A 19-year-old man did this to a 51-year-old woman not because of anything she did to him, but of what she supposedly said to him. He didn’t say, “Ma’am, my private life is none of your business,” or even, “Begone, bigot.” Instead, he tortured her to death. ... One cannot help wondering if our media don’t privately share the view of gay blogger James Wagner, who said of Stachowicz’s strangling:
“The woman who did such great evil is dead, but unfortunately the evil and the church and the society which creates it is not, and it will continue to destroy Nicholas Gutierrez and many others. I shake, safely sitting here at home, fully understanding, and fully familiar with, the horrible impact her words must have had for a man already so terribly damaged by his society, and his own mother.”}}</ref> The [[liberal media]] largely ignored it. Leading [[homosexual]] groups did not condemn it.<ref>http://www.cultureandfamily.org/articledisplay.asp?id=2877&department=CFI&categoryid=cfreport</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stachowicz, Mary}}

[[Category:Women]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Victims of Homo-Fascism]]

Causes of Homosexuality

2022-08-22T12:35:32Z

AK: /* See also */ Adding item: Ego-centered thinking and homosexuality

[[File:70810564 64d3a67932.jpg|alt=Causes of homosexuality|right|275px|thumb|Homosexuality is rare in [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]]. For more information please see: [[Religious Upbringing and Culture Affects Rates of Homosexuality]].]]

The '''causes of [[homosexuality]]''' are attributable to man's sinful nature, nurture and environment, and personal choice. How important each factor is, though, is an issue that is debated. Those from the most [[liberal]] school usually assume a philosophy of determinism, treating homosexuality as an identity or orientation which one has no choice over, and which cannot be changed. This belief is then used to justify acting it out.<ref>Sylvia Thorson-Smith, ''Reconciling the broken silence'', p. 30</ref> The contrasting and warranted position is that homosexuality is a choice, that of yielding to ultimately harmful desires, and which choice is partly affected by nurture and environment. '''''As with all choices, [[faith]] can overcome unwanted desire'''''.

==Causes of homosexuality - Biblical explanation ==

The [[Bible]], being the most comprehensive transcendent moral authority, abundantly deals with human nature and behavior and consistently manifests that the nature of man has not changed since [[the Fall]]. So the Bible is certainly the preeminent authoritative source when it comes to providing a framework when determining the causes of homosexuality. Man is shown to have been created as a perfectly made being (Gn. 1:31) - yet not as a robot - but as a being designed to be able to make choices, which thereby allowed him to distort his perfection. God from the beginning also joined male and female in lifelong marriage, and placed a priority on the family, and provided laws, as needed, for its health and preservation and that of society, while aberrations result from failure to abide by them. ''For more information please see:'' [[Homosexuality and the Bible]] and [[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation]]''

===Nature of man and causes of homosexuality ===
In the beginning, man disobeyed his Creator, and as part of the punishment for so doing both mankind and that which he was given stewardship of was negatively affected. In addition to physical decay and the suffering and natural death of living creatures being introduced into the world, (Gn. 2:17; 3:17-19; Rm. 5:12,17; 6:23; ) the Fall resulted in the nature of man demonstrating a certain proclivity to sin. However, this does not determine that a man must practice a certain sin, nor does it justify man giving into this attraction to sin, as God also gave man ability to resist sin. (Gn. 4:7)<ref>http://www.sbts.edu/documents/tschreiner/Homosexuality.pdf</ref>

Certain negative physical effects of sin are also seen as being progressive, as with time more diseases and other aberrations seemed to have occurred, and laws against incest later became necessary. In addition, as men continued to act contrary to the basic moral laws which they knew innately and through creation, conscience and oral tradition, a formal body of law was given through [[Moses]], which detailed and codified the immutable morality God enjoins upon man. (Ex. 20; Dt. 4:8,9; Lv. 18; Gal. 3:19) Addition laws include ceremonial laws which the [[New Testament]] reveals were typological. ''For more information please see:'' [[Leviticus 18]].''

As regards homosexuality, from the beginning of the Bible and throughout, it consistently teaches that God only sexually joined opposite genders together, sanctifying them in marriage, having created men and women uniquely compatible and complementary.(Gn. 2:18-24; Mt. 19:4; 1Cor. 11:8-12)<ref>http://www.cbmw.org/Articles/</ref>

In contrast to what God had ordained by design and decree, homosexuality is one of many sins which are a result of man yielding to his sinful nature, and is a form of fornication, although a most perverse kind. The prohibition of it is given along with sexual relations with animals, (Lv. 18:23) and is clearly condemned wherever it is manifestly dealt with. (Lv. 18:22; 20:13; Mk. 7:21; Rm. 1:20-27; 1Cor. 6:9; 1Tim. 1:10)

The Bible, as well as history, also evidences that while there are three areas in which man sins, those of lust for pleasure, possessions and power, (1Jn. 2:16) individuals may differ as regards which type of sins present the greatest temptation for them, with genetics playing at least a part in that. That judgment upon a people who gave into a specific sin could result in a genetic predisposition to that same sin among their offspring may be speculated, but it is not proven.

===Environment===

The Bible provides a clear link between the adherence of a family or a nation to the laws of God and the moral choices of offspring. (Prov. 22:6) The Bible also positively examples close father-son and familial relationships, and may be seen to partially implicate detachment with rebellion. (Gn. 37–50; 2 Sam. 13-18) Studies today have shown that [[Religious Upbringing and Culture Affects Rates of Homosexuality|religious upbringing and culture can strongly affect rates of homosexuality]].

The record of [[Sodom]], as well as accounts of nations elsewhere, testify that living within the environment of people where [[iniquity]] abounds is conducive to furthering the same iniquity among succeeding generations, resulting in the necessity of Divine judgment when nations became given over to such. (Lv. 18:24; 20:22; Dt. 18:12; 28; Jer. 14:9,10; Rm. 2:2)

In Genesis 19, the city of Sodom is revealed as a place in which men sexually lusted after men, from which the term "sodomy" was derived (like as homosexuals use the term "gay", although this is contradictory in the end), and Jude 7 refers to Sodom and its region being given to fornication, including that of unnatural relations.

In Ezekiel 16:49 the general iniquity of Sodom and its "sisters" is given as "pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness" and general indifference to the needy. The next verse proceeds to inform that "the Sodomites were haughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore I took them away as I saw good." The word for ''abomination'' here is ''tô‛êbah'', which is not the word often used for ritual uncleanness, but is often used for sexual sin, in particular sexual sins and including sodomy. (Lv.18:22; 26–27,29,30; 20:13; Dt. 23:18; 24:4 1Ki. 14:24; Ezek. 22:11; 33:26) Sodom is also associated more with sexual sins than with any other ''physical'' type of sin.

What the Bible, as well as secular history, reveals is that prevalent homosexuality is concomitant with pride, affluence, increased free time, and selfish indulgence and carelessness.<ref>[http://peacebyjesus.witnesstoday.org/Homosex_versus_the_Bible.html Homosexual relations and the Bible: see Genesis 19 to Ezekiel 16:49]</ref> Therefore, rebellion against God's laws and order and the resultant environmental factors are seen to be a cause in promoting sensuality and homosexuality.

===Idolatry and judgment===
[[Image:Martin destruction sodom640x422.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Destruction of [[Sodom]] by [[God]] - [[Painting]] by John Martin]]

See also: [[Homosexuality as a judgement from God]]

In [[Romans 1]], God, through the [[apostle Paul]], condemns both male and female homoeroticism, which, as a cultural practice, is shown to be a manifestation and a result of idolatry, in which man progressively acted contrary to that which God has revealed by creation, by design and normality. This is morality which is confirmed by written decree (the Law), as the next chapter declares. As a result of this continued rebellion, which was partly manifest in God being reduced to an image like unto corruptible creatures (like as today with homosexuals construing Christ to be homosexual, or sanctioning it, as well as nature effectively being worshiped), "God gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves." (v. 24)

It is also stated that a certain afflictive punishment(s) of the body were incurred by those men who engaged in relations with each other. (v. 27) Unless repentance takes place, worse consequences will follow. (Rv. 21:28)

While some seek to render this chapter as only condemning homosexual relations when done as part of idolatry, the condemnation is not due to its association with paganism, rather as it inherently contrary to that which God ordained, then it is a manifestation of false religion, regardless of its form, though in ancient times in which religion was an inseparable part of culture, then formal idolatry was what was more manifested. Romans 1 proceeds to show that homosexuality is not alone as a fruit of idolatry, but that this particular pernicious physical sin is one of many inherently evil things. (Rm. 1:28-32) ''For more information please see:'' [[Romans 1]].

In summary, God's eternal power is manifest in His [[creation]] (Romans 1:18-20). Nonetheless, certain people chose to worship the creature more than the Creator (Romans 1:21-25). Therefore, God gave them up to homosexuality and other sins and gave them over to a reprobate mind (Romans 1:26-32). As an example of the truth of this teaching, [[feminist]]s, wishing to deny the [[Women#New Testament statements on the role of women|God-given role of women]], often engage in [[goddess]] worship and other forms of [[idolatry]]<ref>[http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/goddess.html "Probe Ministries: Goddess Worship," by Russ Wise]</ref> and as a consequence are often given up to lesbianism.<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56458 Hetero woman: Feminism turned me into a lesbian], from [[WorldNetDaily]]</ref>

=== Conclusion of Biblical explanation ===

What is revealed in the Bible is that homosexuality is a practice due to man yielding to his sinful nature and disobeying the good laws of God, and misusing, among other things, his sexual abilities. This disobedience itself is idolatry (whatever holds your chief allegiance is your god, at least at that time), while continued idolatry results in homosexuality as a practice, as God delivers one over to perverse desires. In addition, individual and societal disobedience to the laws of God creates an environment which is conducive to perpetuating and further intensifying iniquity, which if continued, in time requires judgment. Studies today have shown that [[Religious Upbringing and Culture Affects Rates of Homosexuality|Religious upbringing and culture can strongly affect rates of homosexuality]].

== Modern studies concerning the causes of homosexuality ==

Some studies indicate environmental factors can be involved in persons becoming homosexuals. Stanton L. Jones, Mark A. Yarhouse state in ''Homosexuality: the use of scientific research in the church's moral debate'' (and a main source for this section),
<blockquote>
The origins of homosexuality are not clearly understood by scientists, and the topic is a subject of hot debate. Theories and and empirical studies, which often contrast sharply, abound. The theories about the [[etiology]] of homosexuality fall into two very large categories: theories that point to nature (that is, biological variables) and theories that point to nurture (that is, the influence of experience, of psychological variables." (p. 52).
</blockquote>

Those who emphasize nurture, sometimes known as the ''[[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytical theory]]'', see powerful psychological forces at work, shaping and molding children from their birth, while those who emphasize nature contend that early homosexual traits attest to a biological cause. (p. 53)

Despite many psychological studies which indicate that the parent-child relationship, early childhood development, early homosexual experiences, and childhood abuse foster homosexuality, liberals tend to reject the environmental aspect, and favor a biological influence.<ref>David G. Myers, ''A level of explanations view'', Psychology of Christianity: four views. pp. 54-83</ref> This is then used to render homosexuals to be slaves to genes, and justified in acting it out.

==Environment and nurture==
[[Image:325979 dna150.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|[[Columbia University]] [[psychiatry]] professors Drs. William Byrne and Bruce Parsons stated: "There is no evidence that at present to substantiate a [[biology|biological]] theory. [T]he appeal of current biological explanations for sexual orientation may derive more from dissatisfaction with the present status of [[psychosocial]] explanations than from a substantiating body of [[Experimental science|experimental]] data".<ref>http://www.cwfa.org/images/content/bornorbred.pdf</ref>]]

That homosexuality is affected by environment and nurture has been the historical secular position.

In his 1980 work ''Overcoming Homosexuality'', Robert Kronemeyer writes: "With rare exceptions, homosexuality is neither inherited nor the result of some glandular disturbance or the scrambling of genes or chromosomes. Homosexuals are made, not born 'that way.' I firmly believe that homosexuality is a learned response to early painful experiences and that it can be unlearned. For those homosexuals who are unhappy with their life and find effective therapy, it is 'curable.'<ref>Robert Kronemeyer, ''Overcoming Homosexuality'', p. 7 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1980)</ref>

Similarly, in a 1989 ''[[USA Today]]'' article, [[San Francisco]] State University professor of psychology John DeCecco, and the former editor of the 25-volume, ''Journal of Homosexuality'', stated, "The idea that people are born into one type of sexual behavior is entirely foolish". Homosexuality is "a behavior, not a condition," and something that some people can and do change, just like they sometimes change other tastes and personality traits."<ref>Kim Painter, ''A Biological Theory for Sexual Preference'', USA Today, 1 January 1989, p. 4D</ref>

===Parental relationships with offspring===

The psychoanalytical theory is the historical position, which implicates a detached, rejecting or absent father, often along with a close bond to the mother, as working, on the conscious and unconscious level, against a secure sexual identity. Also contributing to this can be a so called [[Emotional Incest Syndrome]], for example when a mother who has animosity toward the father, or men in general, and who works to present him negatively, and to make the child side with her.

One of the earliest studies supporting this position was that of Irving Bieber and associates.<ref>Bieber, ''Homsexuality: A psychoanalytical study of male homosexuality'' (1962)</ref> Comparison of 106 homosexuals with 100 male heterosexuals showed that mothers of the former had enmeshed seductive type relationships with their sons, while their fathers were detached, distant or rejecting. This study was contested by some who charged the researchers with bias, but a further study by Ray B. Evans, which also compared homosexuals with heterosexuals, reported similar results, this time among self-identified homosexuals who had never sought treatment.<ref>Ray b. Evans, "Childhood parental relationships of homosexual men", ''Journal of Consulting and clinical psychology'', 33. (1969), pp. 129-33.</ref>

Based upon his work with 200 male homosexuals, Gerard van den Aardweg stated that 79 percent described their mother as "overanxious", or "overconcerned" about them; their safety, health, and being overly sentimental when they met with some hardship, as well as manifesting other aspects of over-mothering. In addition, in 71 percent of homosexual cases, "the most important factor was the father's detachedness or nonparticipation in the son's upbringing. The fathers of 38 percent of the men were so hypercritical that the sons were made to feel either rejected and/or inferior.<ref>Gerard van den Aardweg, ''on the origins and treatment of homosexuality'' (1985), pp.184-85.</ref>

Another study of about 1500 homosexuals showed much less influence by the mother, while far more reported an unaffectionate or detached father, and approximately half of homosexuals reported they had negative feelings toward their fathers, versus 29 percent of heterosexuals.<ref>Bell, Weinberg, Hammersmith, ''Sexual preference: Its development in men and women'' (1981).</ref>

While these factors are conducive to homosexuality, it should be stressed that these do not ensure that children raised this way will become homosexual, nor are these factors alone in influencing it.

===Sexual abuse===

Childhood sexual abuse is well attested to demonstrate a correlation to the incidence of homosexuality among those affected by it. A large national survey of almost 35,000 Americans showed that more than three times as many men and women who had been sexually abused as children became homosexuals, versus that of heterosexuals.<ref>7.4 percent or homosexual men and 3.1 percent of females, versus 2.0 percent of heterosexual men and 0.8 percent women.</ref><ref>Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, and Michaels, ''The social organization of homosexuality:...'', (1994) p. 344</ref> Another study reported that 58 percent of male adolescents who later became homosexuals suffered sexual abuse as children, while 90 percent who did not suffer sexual abuse identified themselves as heterosexuals.<ref>Sheir and Johnson, ''Sexual victimization of boys:... (1988) pp. 1189-93</ref> In addition, 43 percent of male homosexuals reported sexual activity with another male during the ages of 10-12, versus 9 percent of heterosexuals.<ref>Manosevitz, "Early sexual behavior in adult homosexual and heterosexual males", ''Journal of abnormal psychology'', 76 (1970), 396-402.</ref>

===Educational indoctrination===
As part of the liberal ideology in modern [[education]], and as a result of psychological tactics used by homosexual [[activist]]s, schools have increasingly fostered the promotion of homosexuality, whether as part of official policy through homosexual activists working with or in schools. As a form of indoctrination which begins at the kindergarten level, homosexuality is deceptively treated as "healthy" and "normal", with students at very impressionable ages sometimes being influenced to experiment with homosexual behavior. This is often done under the rubric of [[HIV]] instruction of preventing [[suicide]] by homosexuals, and preventing "[[homophobia]]".<ref>[http://www.cwfa.org/articledisplay.asp?id=12546&department=MEDIA&categoryid=family CWA: School Tells Kids to Hide Pro-‘Gay’ Propaganda From Parents], Concerned Women for America, 3/13/2007</ref><ref>[http://www.missionamerica.com/agenda.php Fighting the Gay Agenda in Schools Articles], Mission America</ref><ref>[http://www.chroniclewatch.com/2009/06/17/indoctrination-of-youth/ Roberto Santiago, The Indoctrination of our Youth],The Chronicle Watch, June 17, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.missionamerica.com/oldagenda26.php GLSEN, Corruption and Crime], Mission America</ref><ref>[https://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=127050 'Hate' laws could label 5-year-olds 'offenders'] WorldNetDaily, March 05, 2010</ref><ref>[https://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=126233 'Czar' sees transgender school goals in reach], WorldNetDaily, February 25, 2010</ref><ref>[https://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=54683 District gags 14-year-olds after 'gay' indoctrination], WorldNetDaily, March 13, 2007</ref>

=== Xenoestrogens and Xenoandrogens ===

Environmental chemicals, specifically sex steroids such as [[xenoestrogens]] and [[xenoandrogens]], change the brain's gender preference resulting in homosexuality in nature. According to Melissa Hines, "This article reviews the evidence regarding prenatal influences of gonadal steroids on human sexual orientation, as well as sex-typed childhood behaviors that predict subsequent sexual orientation. The evidence supports a role for prenatal testosterone exposure in the development of sex-typed interests in childhood, as well as in sexual orientation in later life, at least for some individuals... The empirical record generally supports this model for a wide range of brain regions and behaviors that differ on the average for male and female animals. For example, treating female rodents with testosterone early in life decreases their female-typical behavior in adulthood, and increases their male-typical behavior."<ref name=hines>{{cite journal |last=Hines |first=Melissa |last2= |first2= |date=2011-02-17 |title=Prenatal endocrine influences on sexual orientation and on sexually differentiated childhood behavior |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296090/ |journal=Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–182 |doi=10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.006 |pmid=21333673}}</ref>

These chemicals are produced in quantities of billions of kg. per year, and are used prominently in cosmetics and pesticides such as [[diethylstilbestrol]] (DES) and [[DDT]] while appearing also in food and dust particles. When in the form of [[phthalate]]s they can be widely used in plastics including children's toys, food and drink containers, and medical devices.<ref name=intersect>{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Bernard |last2= |first2= |date=2013-12-01 |title=The Intersection of Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Disruption |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458140/ |journal=Neurotoxicology |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1410–1419 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2012.05.014 |pmid=22659293}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=He |first=Zhen |last2=Ferguson |first2=Sherry Ann |last3=Cui |first3=Li |last4=Greenfield |first4=Lazar John |last5=Paul3 |first5=Merle Gale |date=2013-10-15 |title=Development of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area and the influence of estrogen-like compounds |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145994/ |journal=Neural Regen Res. |volume=8 |issue=29 |pages=2763–2774 |doi= |pmid=25206587}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Svechnikov |first=Konstantin |last2=Stukenborg |first2=Jan-Bernd |last3=Savchuck |first3=Iuliia |last4=Söder |first4=Olle |date=2014 |title=Similar causes of various reproductive disorders in early life |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3901882/ |journal=Asian Journal of Andrology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–59 |doi=10.4103/1008-682X.122199 |pmid=24369133 }}</ref> Xenoestrogens and xenoandrogens alter the brain's [[sexual differentiation]] in a number of species, including rams, ferrets, zebra finches,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roselli |first=C.E. |last2=Stormshak |first2=F. |date=2009 |title=Prenatal Programming of Sexual Partner Preference |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668810/ |journal=J. Neuroendocrinol |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=359–364 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01828.x |pmid=19207819}}</ref> gulls, primates,<ref name=intersect/> and rodents,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsuda |first=Ken Ichi |last2= |first2= |date=2014-10-28 |title=Epigenetic changes in the estrogen receptor α gene promoter: implications in sociosexual behaviors |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211403/ |journal=Front Neurosci |volume=8 |issue=344 |pages= |doi=10.3389/fnins.2014.00344 |pmid=25389384}}</ref> resulting in the masculinization of female brains/behavior (e.g. 'lesbian gulls') and feminization of male brains/behavior.<ref name=intersect/>

According to Bernard Weiss, "disagreements arise partly from arguments about the roots of homosexuality, and about questions of gender identity and others that at one time would have seemed quite remote from neurotoxicology." Due to concern over environmental health risks including cancer, thinning of bald eagle eggshells, and reduced species reproduction, [[endocrine disruption]] was the primary theme of the 27th International Neurotoxicology Conference.<ref name=intersect/>

==Biological research on the causes of homosexuality ==

''For more information please see:'' [[Genetics, Homosexuality, Evolutionary Paradigm, and Creation Science]] and [[Homosexuality and Genetics]].

The belief that homosexuality has a biological cause can be traced back to the preliminary findings of neuroscientist Dr. Simon LeVay. In 1991 LeVay's studied the brains of 41 cadavers which included 19 homosexual males, and claimed that "a tiny area believed to control sexual activity [the hypothalamus] was less than half the size in the gay men than in the heterosexuals."<ref>Charlene Crabb, ''Are Some Men Born to Be Homosexual?'', U. S. News & World Report, 9 September 1991, p. 58</ref><ref>S. LeVay, "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (1991), pp. 1034-37</ref> This study was immediately seized upon by many as proof that homosexuality was biologically determined.

However, further scrutiny showed this hasty conclusion as lacking in warrant.

*1. The range of sizes of the hypothalamic region varied and was inconsistent. The region at subject was the same size in a few homosexual men as that of the heterosexuals, while in a few other heterosexuals this region was a small as that of a homosexual.
*2. The fact that all 19 of the homosexual men had died of [[AIDS]] could easily have accounted for or contributed to the differences.
*3. It has not been determined if the smaller hypothalamuses were the cause rather than the effect of homosexual activity. "Researchers have found that when people who become blind begin to learn Braille, the area of the brain controlling the reading finger actual grows larger."<ref>Reported in D. Gelman "Born or Bred?" Newsweek, 24 February 1992, pp. 46-53</ref><ref name="leaderu.com">http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/homotheo.html</ref>
*4. LeVay's study was based upon a supposed sexual functional correlation between the SDN-POA brain center in male rats and a brain center called INAH3 in humans, but which assumption was shown to be false.<ref>http://www.biblebelievers.com/Cameron4.html</ref>
*5. The sexual history of the "heterosexual" men was not known, and LeVay's samples included 16 brains from men whose sexual orientation was unknown.<ref>[http://www.equip.org/PDF/DH055-1.pdf Joseph P. Gudel, ''HOMOSEXUALITY: Fact and Fiction'']</ref>
*6. And as William Byne noted, LeVay's work "has not been replicated, and human neuroanatomical studies of this kind have a very poor track record for reproducibility. Indeed, procedures similar to those LeVay used to identify nuclei have previously led researchers astray".<ref>Byne, William (1994), “The Biological Evidence Challenged,” Scientific American, May, 1994, 270: p. 53</ref>
*7. The conclusions were that which were sought by the researcher. Dr. LeVay, a homosexual himself, confessed that his study was not entirely a dispassionate scientific endeavor,<ref>Simon LeVay on The Phil Donahue Show, ''Genetically Gay: Born Gay or Become Gay?'', January 3, 1992</ref> He also later stated, "I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay."<ref>Byrd, A. Dean, Shirley E. Cox, and Jeffrey W. Robinson (2001), ''Homosexuality: The Innate-Immutability Argument Finds No Basis in Science'', The Salt Lake Tribune</ref><ref>http://www.sltrib.com/2001/may/05272001/commenta/100523.htm</ref>

Two prominent geneticists, Paul Billings and Jonathan Beckwith, commenting on the quality of the LeVay research, stated that LeVay, "could not really be certain about his subject's sexual preferences, since they were dead", and that his "research design and subject sample did not allow others to determine whether it was sexual behavior, drug use, or disease history that was correlated with the observed differences among the subjects' brains." And in addition, it was very likely that LeVay's method of defining homosexuality would "create inaccurate or inconsistent study groups." <ref>P. Billings and J. Beckwith, "Born Gay?" Technology Review, July 1993, p. 60,61</ref>

Another study, published in ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America'', examined the ''anterior commissure'' (a structure that divides the left and right halves of the brain) of male heterosexuals and homosexual men, most of whom died of AIDS. The study shows that the anterior commissure was larger in women and in 27 of the 30 homosexual men than in heterosexual men.<ref>L. Allen, et al., ''Sexual Orientation and the Size of the Anterior Commissure in the Human Brain,'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 89, no. 15 (1992), pp. 7199-7202</ref>

Here again, how AIDS might have factored in this difference is an issue, and the findings of this study were overall in contradiction to another study published in 1988, which found, in part, that the anterior commissure was larger in men than in women.<ref>S. Demeter et al., "Morphometric analysis of the human corpus callosum and anterior commissure," Human Neurobiology 6 1988), pp. 219-26</ref>

A 1991 study of twins by Michael Bailey and Richard Pillard was also promoted as establishing biological determination of homosexuality, but which conclusion was also soon found to be lacking in warrant, and contrary to other studies.<ref name="leaderu.com"/><ref>[http://www.biblebelievers.com/Cameron4.html Dr. Paul Cameron, ''Born WHAT Way?'']</ref>

That blood chemistry as well as brains can change over time in response to environment and lifestyle has been documented by studies.<ref name="ReferenceA">http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/narth/bioresearch.html</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Dr. Jeffrey Satinover, ''The Biology of Homosexuality: Science or Politics?''</ref>
[[File:Richard Dawkins Australian picture.jpg|alt=Richard Dawkins|thumbnail|260px|right|The [[New Atheism|new atheist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] speculates that a "gay gene" causes homosexuality, but science has not discovered such a gene.<ref>[http://anglicansamizdat.wordpress.com/2010/04/26/richard-dawkins-explains-how-the-gay-gene-was-preserved/ Richard Dawkins speculates that gene for homosexuality exists]</ref> ]]

=== Causes of homosexuality and origins paradigms ===

In 1993, Professor [[Miron Baron]], M.D., the renowned medical researcher and Professor at [[Columbia University]], wrote in [[BMJ]] (British Medical Journal) that there is a conflict relative to the theory of [[evolution]] and the notion of [[gene]]tic [[determinism]] concerning [[homosexuality]]. Dr. Baron wrote "...from an evolutionary perspective, [[homosexuality and genetics|genetically determined homosexuality]] would have become [[extinct]] long ago because of reduced reproduction."<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1678219 BMJ. 1993 August 7; 307(6900): 337–338.]</ref> In the United States, [[Theory of evolution and liberalism|liberals are more likely to believe in the theory of evolution]].<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/22/opinion/polls/main965223.shtml</ref> Also, in the United States, twice as many liberals as conservatives (46% versus 22%) believe people are born homosexual and [[Views on Homosexuality|liberals generally have more favorable opinions about homosexuality]].<ref>http://people-press.org/report/?pageid=764</ref> Given Dr. [[Miron Baron]]'s commentary about homosexuality, many American liberals are inconsistent on the issues of evolution and homosexuality.

==Conclusions==

Sociologist Steven Goldberg, Ph.D. states,
<blockquote>
Virtually all of the evidence argues against there being a determinative physiological causal factor and I know of no researcher who believes that such a determinative factor exists...such factors play a predisposing, not a determinative role...I know of no one in the field who argues that homosexuality can be explained without reference to environmental factors.
</blockquote>

Goldberg also expressed, "Gay criticism has not addressed the classic family configuration"; it has merely "asserted away the considerable evidence" for the existence of family factors. Studies which attempt to disprove the existence of the classic family pattern in homosexuality are "convincing only to those with a need to believe." <ref>S. Goldberg, ''When Wish Replaces Thought: Why So Much of What You Believe is False'' (1994), Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books</ref>

Psychiatrists Friedman and Downey: "Despite recent neurobiological findings suggesting homosexuality is genetically-biologically determined, credible evidence is lacking for a biological model of homosexuality." <ref>R. Friedman, M.D. and J. Downey, M.D., ''Journal of Neuropsychiatry'', vol. 5, No. 2, Spring l993</ref>

Psychiatrist and author Jeffrey Satinover, M.D. concludes,
<blockquote>
Like all complex behavioral and mental states, homosexuality is...neither exclusively biological nor exclusively psychological, but results from an as-yet-difficult-to-quantitate mixture of genetic factors, intrauterine influences...postnatal environment (such as parent, sibling and cultural behavior), and a complex series of repeatedly reinforced choices occurring at critical phases of development.<ref>J. Satinover, M.D., ''Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth'', (1996). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books</ref></blockquote>

Drs. William Byne and Bruce Parsons, researchers at the New York State Psychiatric Institute,having carefully analyzed all the major biological studies of homosexuality, found none that definitively supported a biological theory of causation. "Human Sexual Orientation: The Biologic Theories Reappraised." Archives of General Psychiatry 50, no.3. (1993)

Other similarly express that nurture and choice factor as being mostly or wholly determinative.<ref>[http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/narth/homorig.html On the Origins of Homosexuality: Is a Person "Born that Way"?]</ref>

===Indications of onset homosexuality===

Childhood manifestations of gender non-conformity such as consistent preference by a boy for the clothing, company and play things (dolls, etc.) of girls over that of boys is generally seen as predisposing such to homosexuality.<ref>Stanton L. Jones, Mark A. Yarhouse, ''Homosexuality: the use of scientific research in the church's moral debate'', pp. 52-92</ref> However, this is not always the case, and many children who manifest gender non-conformity are simply trying to discover what gender is.

==Homosexuality as a choice==
The Bible shows that while nurture and environment can make one more predisposed to certain types of behavior, man's sinful nature can also deceive one into believing that sinful behaviors are not sin, while yielding to sin reduces ones ability to resist it. Secular studies also indicate that most homosexuals have been attracted to the opposite gender.

A research project (2004) of Robert Goetze identified 84 articles or books that contain some relevance to the possibility of sexual orientation change. Of the data reported, 31 of the 84 studies showed a quantitative outcome of individuals able to change sexual orientation.<ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2553</ref>

Ironically, the homosexuals themselves argued back in 1971 that homosexuality is "merely a preference, orientation, or propensity".<ref name="RainbowHistory">{{cite web |title=The Rainbow History Project|url=http://www.rainbowhistory.org/html/apazap.htm}}</ref> One homosexual received the question on this topic in the CBS documentary from 1967: "Most homosexuals if they had a chance [i.e. choice] to be a heterosexual, would they? Well, I have a friend who took a poll of 300 people on that very question, he asked them: If you were able to take a pill to change yourself from homosexual to heterosexual, would you do it? And something like 95% of men said: “No.”"<ref name="CBS">{{cite web |title=Time Capsule: Mike Wallace tells truth about homosexuality in 1967 documentary |publisher=CBS |page=02min:58sec |url=https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/time-capsule-mike-wallace-tells-truth-about-homosexuality-in-1967-documenta}}</ref>

Romana Schlesinger, a prominent gay activist and organizer of [[Gay pride|Gay parades]] in Slovakia, referred to homosexuality as to 'way of living' (lifestyle) in an interview.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Schlesinger: Prestaňme sa točiť okolo hriechu
|author=Michal Piško
|publisher=sme.sk
|date=08-June-2012
|url=http://www.sme.sk/c/6410997/schlesinger-prestanme-sa-tocit-okolo-hriechu.html
|quote= Takisto by som nesúhlasila s tým, aby homosexuálny učiteľ presviedčal, že homosexualita je jediný správny spôsob života. (In the same way I would not agree that the homosexual lifestyle is the only correct one.)
|accessdate=10-February-2013
|language=Slovak}}</ref>

===Former homosexuals===
[[Image:St Paul Preaching.jpg|left|thumb|200px|St. [[Paul]] defends his preaching (Giovanni Ricco)]]
''For more information please see'': [[Ex-Homosexuals]] and [[Overcoming Homosexuality]]

One of the earliest historical records of the existence of [[Ex-Homosexuals|ex-homosexuals]] is found in the letter of the [[Paul|Apostle Paul]] to the [[Corinth]]ian [[Christianity|Christian]] church (approx. 59 AD).
{{cquote|Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the [[kingdom of God]]? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God. And such '''were''' some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the [[Holy Spirit|Spirit]] of our [[God]]. - I Corinthians 6:9-11 (KJV)}}

Today people still report leaving homosexuality and becoming heterosexual by being born again through repentance and faith in the Lord [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>https://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56481</ref><ref>http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?ID=19650</ref><ref>http://www.cwfa.org/articles/4216/CFI/cfreport/index.htm</ref><ref>http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.aspid=25145</ref><ref>http://www.witnessfortheworld.org/blkexgbks.html</ref><ref>http://www.frontlinemin.org/wasgay.asp</ref><ref>http://www.charismamag.com/display.php?id=9019</ref><ref>http://www.apocalipsis.org/testimony.htm</ref><ref>http://www.baylor.edu/lariat/news.php?action=story&story=13784</ref>

[[Peter LaBarbera]] is the President of [[Americans for Truth]] which is an organization which counters the [[Homosexual Agenda|homosexual agenda]]. Peter LaBarbera stated the following regarding Christian ex-homosexuals who reported being transformed by the power of God:
{{cquote|Another factor from my experience as a close observer of the “ex-gay” phenomenon is that many former homosexuals do not linger in “[[Reparative Therapy|reparative therapy]]” programs, or participate in them at all. They attribute their dramatic and (relatively) rapid transformation to the power of God, and likely would not show up in a study of this kind. In fact, these “unstudied” overcomers would appear to be the most successful ex-homosexuals because they’ve moved on with their lives — as “reborn” Christians can move on after overcoming any besetting sin.<ref>http://www.americansfortruth.com/news/landmark-study-change-for-homosexuals-is-possible.html</ref>}}

==Additional sources concerning the causes of homosexuality ==

There has been much work done since the latter part of the 20th century. Below are some resources in regards to the various causes of homosexuality:

*[[Religious Upbringing and Culture Affects Rates of Homosexuality]]
*[[Sexual Abuse Being a Contributing Factor for Homosexuality]]
*[[Homosexuality and Choice]]
*[[Homosexuality and Genetics]]
*[[Homosexuality in animals myth]]
*[[Genetics, Homosexuality, Evolutionary Paradigm, and Creation Science]]
*[http://www.mygenes.co.nz/download.htm My genes made me do it!]

==See also==
*[[Resources on becoming a Christian]]
*[[ABC Theory of Emotion]]
*[[Defensive detachment]]
*[[Egocentric_Thinking#Ego-centered_thinking_and_homosexuality|Ego-centered thinking and homosexuality]]
*[[Ex-Homosexuals]]
*[[Homosexuality and the Bible]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation]]
*[[Homosexuality and bestiality]]
*[[Homosexuality Research]]
*[[Homosexuality Statistics]]
*[[Teenager Homosexuality]]
*[[Homosexuality and genetic mutations]]

==External links==
*[http://www.allaboutworldview.org/causes-of-homosexuality-faq.htm What are some of the causes of homosexuality?]
*[http://ankerberg.org/Articles/_PDFArchives/streams-of-life/SL2W0803.pdf What Causes Homosexuality] by Dr. John F. Ankerberg
* [http://www.godandscience.org/evolution/genetics_of_homosexuality.html Rich Deem, ''Genetics and Homosexuality: Are People Born Gay? The Biological Basis for Sexual Orientation]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{homosexualityb}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Sexual disorientation

2022-07-25T22:25:38Z

AK: /* Response to sexually disoriented people */ typo (missing space)

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About formative years of impressionable youth
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"She was then just seventeen. In that age, everybody is prone to some kind of juvenile imprudence without realizing the consequences."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Major Francis "Frank" Edward Foley<ref name="Gilbert2006">{{cite book |title=Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction |author=Martin Gilbert |publisher=Harper Collins |place= |year=2006 |pages=138 (Czech edition) |isbn=978-00071-92403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RixovZRH238C |quote=[Czech 2007 edition:] Foley talked to her and decided: "... jí bylo sedmnáct let. V tom věku je každý náchylný k nějaké mladické nerozvážnosti, aniž by si byl vědom následků."|language=English, Czech}}</ref></div>
|}
In a [[generalization|general]] sense, '''disorientation''' is a ''cognitive [[disability]]'' in which the senses of time, direction, and recognition of items (things), ''[[people]]'' and places become difficult to distinguish/identify.<ref>{{cite book |author=Isaac M., Janca A., Sartious N. |year=1994 |title=ICD-10 Symptom Glossary For Mental Disorders |edition=10 |publisher=WHO |url=http://www.who.int/}}</ref> It can be due to various conditions, e.g. from delirium<ref>{{cite web |title=Delirium |publisher=Patient, the independent health platform |url=http://patient.info/doctor/delirium-pro |accessdate=14 Feb 2016}}</ref> to intoxication. Typically, disorientation is first in time, then in place and finally in ''[[person]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Berrios G. E. |year=1982 |title=Disorientation States in Psychiatry. |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |issue=23 |pages=479–491 |url=http://www.journals.elsevier.com/comprehensive-psychiatry/}}</ref> '''Mental disorientation''' is closely related, and often intermixed with ''trauma shock'', including physical shock. In case of '''sexual disorientation''', the ''cognitive disability'' pertains to recognition of own [[sexual identity]], it can also be fueled by delirium<ref>{{cite web |title=Drunk Danes - Gay parade (18+; Parental Supervision is Advised) |date=7 Jan 2008 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=so5SNSh12io |accessdate=14 Feb 2016}}</ref> and intoxication,<ref name="Yuan's Book">{{cite book |title=christopheryuan |year=2011 |publisher=WaterBrook Press |pages=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3KR3nFcl1oC |isbn=978-0-307-72935-4 |quote=I felt like we had become one - our souls enmeshed. But in reality, much of the passion between us was fueled by Ecstasy - thus our relationship was fierce and intense, both good and bad.}}</ref> and finally ends up in difficulties to properly distinguish/identify a ''person'' normal to mate with (i.e. in focusing on individual(s) or object(s) other than ''person'' of the opposite sex of legal age instead, See Also: [[Paraphilia]]). With respect to sexual disorientation, the ''trauma shock'' often comes from [[child molestation]] or [[Sexual abuse being a contributing factor for homosexuality|sexual abuse]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Childhood sexual abuse among homosexual men. Prevalence and association with unsafe sex. |author=Lenderking WR et al. |journal=J Gen Intern Med. |date=12 Apr 1997 |issue=4 |pages=250–3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9127231 |quote=Of 327 homosexual and bisexual men participating in an ongoing cohort study pertaining to risk factors for HIV infection who completed a survey regarding history of sexual abuse, 116 (35.5%) reported being sexually abused as children. Those abused were more likely to have more lifetime male partners, to report more childhood stress, to have lied in the past in order to have sex, and to have had unprotected receptive anal intercourse in the past 6 months (odds ratio 2.13; 95% confidence interval 1.15-3.95). Sexual abuse remained a significant predictor of unprotected receptive anal intercourse in a logistic model adjusting for potential confounding variables. |accessdate=14 Feb 2016}}</ref> respectively. Sexual disorientation can be the aim of [[pressure group]]s spreading the [[homosexual agenda]],<ref>{{cite web |title=CWA: School Tells Kids to Hide Pro-'Gay' Propaganda from Parents |author=Stacey Holliday |publisher=Christian Newswire |url=http://www.christiannewswire.com/news/720502467.html |quote=This goes to the heart of the homosexual agenda. The professional propagandists in the 'gay-rights' lobby know the method all too well. If you can maintain control of undeveloped and impressionable youth and spoon-feed them misinformation, lies and half-truths about dangerous, disordered and extremely risky behaviors, then you can control the future and ensure that those behaviors are not only fully accepted, but celebrated. That's what homosexual activists from GSA are attempting to do... |accessdate= 05 Mar 2017}}</ref> in order to deliberately augment the misinterpretation of [[same-sex attraction]]s among impressionable children and young people{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"Homosexual activist organizations ... take advantage of the humanitarian idealism of teenagers and young adults who are too immature to recognize that they are being manipulated. So central is this tactic to their strategy that the homosexual program for promoting “gay” activism in public schools is known as the “Gay”/Straight Alliance."''<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|chapter=5: The History, Goals & Strategy of the Homosexual Movement |pages=70 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref>|group=note}} in their formative years,<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Parents Should Keep Their Children Home from School on the Day of Silence |author=CWALAC Staff |date=01 Mar 2012 |publisher=Concerned Women for America (CWA)|url=http://concernedwomen.org/why-parents-should-keep-their-children-home-from-school-on-the-day-of-silence/ |quote=On Friday April 20, 2012 the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) is once again exploiting public schools to promote homosexuality and gender confusion as moral and normative through the political protest called the Day of Silence. |accessdate=05 Mar 2017}}</ref> by misusing the [[ideomotor effect]] in form of so-called ''gender senzitization''. The so-called '[[LGBT]]' advocates and [[activist]]s try to stir a [[Politically correct|politically-correct]] mass-delusion that insists ''sexual disorientation'', promulgated under the banner of [[Gleichschaltung#LGBTI Gleichschaltung|LGBT gleichschaltung]] term '[[sexual orientation]]', is good and normal,<ref name="Lively2016"/><ref>{{cite web |title=An Open Letter to President Vladimir Putin |publisher=Scott Lively Ministries |date=30 Aug 2013 |url=http://www.scottlively.net/2013/08/30/an-open-letter-to-president-vladimir-putin/ |quote=the militant gay movement it is important to understand that their propaganda and policies adhere invariably to the narrative that all disapproval of homosexuality leads inevitably to hatred, violence and murder of homosexuals. All of the pro-homosexual policies in the United States and Europe rest on this unstated and unchallenged but fictional premise. Thus, the homosexualist movement is not simply seeking social tolerance, or acceptance, but political power and control. They want the power to stamp out all disapproval of homosexuality in your society and to compel every citizen (especially the youth) to embrace the view that homosexual conduct is good and normal. |accessdate=22 Mar 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How the Gay Agenda Began |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RuYFy2CuQU&feature=youtu.be |accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> although [[scientific]] devices used for investigation of nature of things, such as [[thought experiment]], show otherwise. According to [[Erich Fromm]], there are hopeless victims of [[mental illness]] who are ''normal'' only in relation to a profoundly ''abnormal'' society. Their human voice has been silenced so early in their lives, that they do not even struggle or develop symptoms as the neurotic does. Their perfect adjustment to that abnormal society is a measure of their mental sickness.<ref>{{cite book |title=Brave New World Revisited |author=Aldous Huxley |publisher=Vintage Classics (First published by: Chatto & Windus)|place=London |year=1994 (First: 1959) |chapter=III. Over-organization |pages=27–8 |isbn=978-00994-58234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXimvGx0GRMC}}</ref>

==Types of Sexual Disorientation==
The result of gender imbalance are both homosexual and gender-confused sexual disorientation that can be plotted on a scale that measures the degree of this imbalance.<ref name="Lively2016">{{cite web |title=Understanding Sexual Disorientation |author=Scott Lively |publisher=Scott Lively Ministries |date=20 Feb 2016 |pages=48+ |url=http://www.scottlively.net/2016/02/20/understanding-sexual-disorientation/ |accessdate=12 Jan 2017 }}</ref>

===Gender-Confused Males: Men Imbalanced to the Feminine Extreme===
A gender-confused male, also called by the pseudo-scientific term "male-to-female transsexual" (MTS), is characterized by a complete rejection of masculine identity. The identification with the feminine side is so complete that the man will resort to surgical mutilation to remove his penis, replace it with an artificial vagina, and fit him with breast implants. This person, who will always remain genetically male, is at the furthest feminine extreme of the gender imbalance scale. He has completely rejected masculinity and all that it represents.

===Gender-Confused Females: Women Imbalanced to the Masculine Extreme===
A gender-confused female, also called by the pseudo-scientific term "female-to-male transsexual" (FTS), is defined by exactly the reverse process to the gender-confused male. The woman so completely rejects her feminine nature that she wants to "become a man". Since this is genetically impossible, she pursues the next best thing: Surgical mutilation to make her body look like that of a man.

===Transvestites===
A transvestite is a person whose gender confusion is severe enough to cause him or her to want to be perceived by others as the opposite gender. A Male Transvestite (MTV) will dress as a woman, and a Female Transvestite (FTV) will dress as a man. The confusion is not so extreme that the person will seek surgical mutilation, and he or she may actually spend most of their time clothed appropriately for their sex, but their sense of gender identity is disordered and manifests in an attempt to masquerade as the opposite sex on a part-time or full-time basis.

===Effeminate Male Homosexuals===
Effeminate Male Homosexuality (EMH) is less severe form of gender disorder in men. A man in this category acts much like a woman. He does not dress in women's clothing or mutilate his body with surgery, but still his sense of gender identity leans strongly to the feminine. This is the "classic" male homosexual type, in many ways a caricature of womanhood; this is the type of homosexual most likely to come to mind when one hears the term "gay man". Some of this is due to media stereotyping, but it is also self-evident that a homosexual man acting like a woman will stand out more than a homosexual man with more masculine leanings.

===Masculine Female Homosexuals===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The radical feminist demagoguery
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Until all woman are lesbians, there will be no true political revolution."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Radical feminist author and journalist Jill Johnston<ref name="Johnston1973">{{cite book |title=Lesbian nation: the feminist solution |author=Jill Johnston |publisher=Simon and Schuster |place=New York |year=1973 |pages=166, 271 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.sk/books?id=kSgbAAAAYAAJ |quote=...theory and practice come together we'll have the revolution. Untill all women are lesbians...}}</ref></div>
|}
Masculine Female Homosexuality (MFH) is the form of gender disorder in women parallel to EHM. A woman of this type acts like a man. She does not necessarily dress in men's clothing, although she might. The social taboo regarding women dressing like men is much less pronounced than for men dressing like women, so it is difficult to draw a line between the outward manifestation of female transvestites and lesbians in the same way it can be drawn between that of effeminate homosexual men and male transvestites. In addition, female gender identity disorder is much more based on fear and rejection of one's own gender than on attraction to and identification with one's opposite gender. A woman in this category fits most people's idea of a lesbian, a slightly masculine-acting woman whose gender disorder manifests itself in [[same-sex attraction]] but not in a complete rejection of her femininity.<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|chapter=4: The Causes and Types of Homosexual Disorder |pages=50–6 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref>
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The consequences of bad relationships
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Cothran had come into the lesbian lifestyle at 19, after several bad relationships with boys."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— About [[Charlene Cothran]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A Lesbian's Deliverance |author=Charlene Aaron |publisher=CBN News |date=26 December 2007 |url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2007/december/a-lesbians-deliverance/?mobile=false |quote=Cothran says she longed for peace, but even in the midst of a long-term relationship, she felt intense loneliness. She'd grown up in a Christian home, and had come into the lesbian lifestyle at 19, after several bad relationships with boys. |accessdate= 17 April 2016}}</ref></div>
|}
There is apparently a connection between [[feminism]] and [[lesbianism]]. Both claim to fight for so-called "equality" between sexes by going into extremes but ironically the only prevailing result is antagonism toward both men and non-feminist women. Instead of harmony, the typical behavioral trait of many radical feminists and lesbians is spiteful bitterness<ref>{{cite book |title=Hnutí Homosexuálů: Boj za lidská práva, nebo propagada? |author=Frank LaGard Smith |publisher=Harvest House Publishing |place=Praha, Czech Republic |year=2004 |chapter=7.Lesbické ženy a Playboyové:Sexuální dezorientace |pages=66–78 |isbn= 978-80239-41227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9k7OAAAACAAJ |language=Czech}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Beth Panilaitis]]|group=note}} transforming into phenomena like pure rage{{#tag:ref|cf.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Ugly Cases of Rainbow Rage |url=https://youtu.be/mkOlVyTquAM?t=0h01m55s |publisher=TFP Student Action|accessdate=6 Jul 2017}}</ref>|group=note}}, an all-cosuming hatred of men, and often a hatred of [[God]] also. The shocking depth and intensity of their anger is of kind one associates with deep personal violation or trauma. In some well-known cases, radical feminist leaders report having been sexually abused as children or beaten by violent husband. Apparently, they have concluded in their blind anger that all men are predatory beasts an molesters, and thus these radical feminists are determined to save their fellow women from what they portray as "slavery" and "oppression" of family life.<ref name="Kupelian2005">{{cite book |title=The marketing of evil: How radicals, elitists, and pseudo-experts sell us corruption disguised as freedom |author=David Kupelian |publisher=WND Books |year=2005 |pages=112–3 |isbn=978-1-58182-459-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQpXAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>
===Monsters===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:grey; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Moral dissolution before [[WWI]] and beyond
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |[And something else. For a long time you have been hiding your attraction to men, what's called homosexuality. But this became known after you agreed to the shameful affair of citizen V. ... in your apartment, and before that in V's presence you amused yourself with his wife in bed. Do you understand how far you have fallen? You are simply a '''monster''', Yezhov, a filthy person and a pervert.]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«At that time I was very drunk…I don’t remember anything…»''
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |[...we know that you told V. about your passion for homosexuality since childhood and that men could completely replace women for you. You should write in detailed when you became a homosexual and with whom you then became involved in this filthy business...]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«At about the age of 15 or 16 years I had a few instances of perverse sexual acts with other apprentices of my own age of the same tailor shop. ... This vice renewed itself in the old [[Tsar]]ist army in frontline conditions. Aside from one chance contact with one of the soldiers of our company I had relations with a certain Filatov, my friend from [[Leningrad]] with whom we served in the same regiment. Our relations were "mutual", that is the "female" part was played first by one side, then by the other. ... On several occasions in 1924 I had homosexual relations with [my old friend Dement’ev] in which only I played the active role. [Yezhov apparently means Dement’ev played the "female" role.]»''<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Stalin]]'s hangman [[Nikolai Yezhov]]<ref name="PetrovIansen">{{cite web |title=Interrogations of Nikolai Ezhov, former People's Commissar for Internal Affairs. |chapter=Ezhov interrogation 04.23.39 (04.24.39) |url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/ezhovinterrogs.html |quote=Pavliukov – no sign this confession was forced, or even asked about this (522). Petrov & Iansen, 365-6: "I think it essential that I inform the investigation of a series of new facts concerning my moral-personal dissoluteness. I mean my longtime vice of homosexuality. This began in my early youth when I lived as an apprentice to a tailor. At about the age of 15 or 16 years I had a few instances of perverse sexual acts with other apprentices of my own age of the same tailor shop. This vice renewed itself in the old Tsarist army in frontline conditions. Aside from one chance contact with one of the soldiers of our company I had relations with a certain Filatov, my friend from Leningrad with whom we served in the same regiment. Our relations were "mutual", that is the "female" part was played first by one side, then by the other. Afterwards Filatov was killed at the front. In 1919 I was appointed commissar of the 2nd base of radio-telegraph formations. My secretary was a certain Antoshin. I know that in 1937 he was still in Moscow and was working somewhere as chief of a radio station. He is an engineer radio technician. In 1919 I had mutual homosexual relations with this same Antoshin. In 1924 I was working in Semiplatinsk [now the city of Semei, Kazakhstan – GF]. My old friend Dement’ev went there with me. On several occasions in 1924 I had homosexual relations with him in which only I played the active role. [Ezhov apparently means Dement’ev played the "female" role. – GF] In 1925 in Orenburg I established homosexual relations with a certain Boiarskii, at that time the chairman of the Kazakh oblast’ trade union council. As far as I know he is now working as the director of an artistic theater in Moscow. Our relations were mutual. At that time he and I had just arrived in Orenburg and were living in the same hotel. Our relations were shot-lived, until the arrival of his wife, who arrived quickly. In the same year 1925 the capital of Kazakhstan was transferred from Orenburg to Kzyl-Orda, whence I also went to work. Soon F.I. Goloshchekin arrived there as the secretary of the regional [Party] committee (he is now employed as a chief arbiter). He arrived as a bachelor, without a wife, and I was also living as a bachelor. Before my departure for Moscow (for about 2 months) I had de facto moved into his apartment and often spent the night there. I quickly established homosexual relations with him as well, and they continued off and on until my departure. As with the others, our relations were mutual. In 1938 I had two instances of homosexual activity with Dement’ev, with whom I had also had relations in 1924, as I stated above. These relations were in Moscow in the autumn of 1938 in my apartment, after I had already been dismissed from the post of Commissar of Internal Affairs. Dement’ev lived with me at that time about two months. A little later, also in 1938, there occurred two instances of homosexual activity between myself and Konstantinov. I have known Konstantinov since 1918 in the army. He worked with me before 1921. Since 1921 we hardly saw each other at all. In 1938 on my invitation he began to visit me often at my apartment and two or three times he was at my dacha. He came twice with his wife; the other visits were without wives. He often stayed the night with me. As I have said above, at that time he and I had two instances of homosexual relations. Our relations were mutual. I should also say that during one of his visits to my apartment with his wife I also had sexual relations with her. All of this was accompanied, as a rule, with heavy drinking. I give this information to the investigation as an additional detail characterizing my moral dissolution. April 24, 1939. N. Ezhov. ...Ezhov interrogation 07.02.39 by Rodos re Mnatsakanov:... And something else. For a long time you have been hiding your attraction to men, what’s called homosexuality. But this became known after you agreed to the shameful affair of citizen V. from the Commissariat of Water Transport in your apartment, and before that in V’s presence you amused yourself with his wife in bed. Do you understand how far you have fallen? You are simply a monster, Ezhov, a filthy person and a pervert. I’m disgusted to look at you. At that time I was very drunk… What’s that, justification? No, but I don’t remember anything, I woke up in the morning and they were no longer there. The chauffer then told me that he took them away at 3 a.m. I could have done anything at all then… I’m not interested in that. But we know that you told V. about your passion for homosexuality since childhood and that men could completely replace women for you. You should write in detailed when you became a homosexual and with whom you then became involved in this filthy business…}}</ref></div>
|}
At the furthest extreme of the scale are men whose gender imbalance has left them without any hint of feminine restraint.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"[[Gay]] [[psychoterapist]] Joe Brewer says that homosexual sex is made all the more promiscuous because there is «nobody to say ‘no’ — no moderating role like that a woman plays in the heterosexual milieu.» Even in a promiscuous heterosexual world, the woman is still likely to put on the breaks. Among homosexual males, by contrast, the absence of a woman's moderating influence leaves only a crotch menatlity."''<ref>{{cite book |title=Sodom's Second Coming: Equipping You and Your Family for the Coming Homosexual Assault |author=Frank LaGard Smith |publisher=Harvest House Publishers |place=Eugene, Oregon |year=1993 |chapter=8. The Dark Side of Being Gay: A different kind of promiscuity |pages=103–4 |isbn=978-1565071544 |url=https://books.google.sk/books?isbn=1565071549 }}</ref>|group=note}} Fortunately there are few of them, because they are capable of the worst [[atrocities]]. Many of the guards of the [[Nazi]] [[Concentration camp|extermination camps]] or the [[Tyrant|tyrannical]] hangman [[Nikolai Yezhov]] who killed for [[Stalin]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him |author=Donald Rayfield |publisher= Random House Publishing Group |date=18 Dec 2007 |pages=338 |isbn=9780307431837 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C |quote=Ezhov was charged with ... Sodomy.}}</ref> were of this type.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"Coincident with the show trials against the original leadership of the party, unpublicized purges swept through the ranks of younger leaders in party, government, industrial management, and cultural affairs. Party purges in the non-Russian republics were particularly severe. The Ezhovshchina ("era of Ezhov," named for NKVD chief Nikolai Ezhov) ravaged the military as well, leading to the execution or incarceration of about half the entire military officer corps. The secret police also terrorized the general populace, with untold numbers of common people punished for spurious crimes. By the time the purges subsided in 1938, millions of Soviet leaders, officials, and other citizens had been executed, imprisoned, or exiled."'' in [[History of the Soviet Union]]|group=note}} Sodomites alias homosexuals Edmund Heines, [[Karl Ernst]], Ernst's partner Captain Paul Rohrbein, Captain Petersdorf, Count Ernst Helldorf were the men who orchestrated the [[Nazi]] campaign of intimidation and [[terror]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Part |author=Scott Eric Lively, Kevin Abrams |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield |year=Feb 2017 |edition=5 |pages=100 |isbn=978-0-9647609-7-4 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Pink-Swastika-5th/dp/0964760975 }}</ref> In contemporary [[society]], such men have often been responsible for [[mass murder]]s, [[Serial killer|serial killings]], [[torture]] slayings, and the like. They seem less like men than like [[animal]]s to us, since we recognize that a fully [[human nature]] is made up of complementary, balancing and mutually restraining male and female components.<ref name="Lively2009"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Natural order]]|group=note}} In [[Britain]], Justice Moor labeled Matthew Scully-Hicks a "Monster" because Scully-Hicks was convinced of killing the [[infant]], given for [[adoption]] to their “gay” couple in “marriage" by [[politically correct]] social services.<ref>{{cite web |title=A MONSTER KILLED OUR ELSIE' Matthew Scully-Hicks’s horrified husband took off his wedding ring after finding out ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ dad murdered their adopted baby daughter |author=John Shammas |publisher=The Sun |date=20 Nov 2017 |url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4958759/matthew-scully-hickss-horrified-husband-took-off-his-wedding-ring-after-finding-out-jekyll-and-hyde-dad-murdered-their-adopted-baby-daughter/ |quote=MATTHEW Scully-Hicks' husband removed his wedding ring and ended their relationship after medical evidence proved the "monster" killed their daughter, it has emerged. ...During the family court proceedings, Craig Scully-Hicks told the judge he will continue to "beat himself up" about being more concerned about Elsie's health rather than how her injuries were caused. There is "nothing" that makes him think he should have picked up on his husband's behaviour at the time and no concerns were raised with him by professionals, the judgement states. ...He said he didn't know this 'monster'," Mr Justice Moor said. |accessdate=20 Jan 2018}}</ref>

==Causes of Sexual Disorientation==
===Childhood wounds to psychosexual and/or psychosocial development===
<ref name="VoicesOfChange"/> cf. [[Emotional Incest Syndrome]]
===Sexual Abuse===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Victims of [[LGBT]]I [[ideomotor effect]] with reports on early [[Sexual abuse being a contributing factor for homosexuality|sexual abuse]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“Jozef as a child was sexually abused by adult man and in his view this was the cause why he became [[gay]].”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— About [[Jozef Demjan]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Manželia gay a opatrovateľka: Dva týždne v mesiaci je Jozef sám! (Gay and nurse married couple: Two weeks in a month is Josef alone!) |author=den |publisher=Nový Čas |date=September 8, 2012 |url=http://www.cas.sk/clanok/231904/manzelia-gay-a-opatrovatelka-dva-tyzdne-v-mesiaci-je-jozef-sam.html |language=Slovak|quote=Jozefa ako dieťa sexuálne zneužil muž a práve to podľa neho spôsobilo, že sa stal gayom.|accessdate=February 16, 2014}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“I have put the childhood abuse, and the teenage confusion behind me. What others intended for harm has resulted in untold good. I have overcome, and will not allow evil to win.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Bob Dixon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The twists and turns of Missouri’s gubernatorial race |author=Steve Benen |publisher=MSNBC |date=28 Jul 2015 |url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-twists-and-turns-missouris-gubernatorial-race |accessdate=06 Feb 2017 |quote=Bob Dixon, is claiming to be a former gay person. ...In a statement, the Republican lawmaker added, “I have put the childhood abuse, and the teenage confusion behind me. ...”}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“These circumstances made me a magnet for manipulation so at the age of 13 an older boy in my church sexually molested me. The feelings in my heart became a vortex of battling conflicts. I hated his touch and I longed for his touch. I hated liking his attention and I hated not having his attention.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Darryl L. Foster]]<ref name="Life of Change">{{cite web
|title=Telling our stories in first person...Living a Life of Change and Promise
|author=Pastor Darryl L. Foster
|url=http://www.witnessfortheworld.org/dlfoster.html
|quote=...at the age of 13 an older boy in my church sexually molested me...
|accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“When I was five years old an adult male confronted me in a sexual manner. As a child I was very emotionally sensitive, artistic, and musical…”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Dennis Jernigan]]<ref name="NoOneBornGay">{{cite book |title=No One is Born Gay |url=https://www.dennisjernigan.com/needhelp/1257-no-one-is-born-gay
|author=Dennis Jernigan |publisher=DennisJernigan.com |quote=I used to struggle daily with unwanted same sex attraction – unwanted homosexuality. From my earliest recollections I felt drawn to other males. Many circumstances came my way that only seemed to reinforce those feelings. When I was five years old an adult male confronted me in a sexual manner. As a child I was very emotionally sensitive, artistic, and musical…and the other boys at school in my formative years seemed to relish in reminding me how much of a fag I was. In my college days, a friend and mentor – married with children, Christian, and community leader – made a sexual advance…and I was convinced this was my lot in life. The only problem with that is that I became more miserable than ever. When I got to the end of my rope, God met me there with a new identity and the power to change my way of thinking. To my great dismay (but not to my surprise), the world has begun to think in an upside-down manner, calling what is righteous ridiculous and what is perverse normal and acceptable.|accessdate=2 Jul 2016}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“Finally, someone really paid attention to me. He was an older second cousin who sexually molested me at age 12. I kept this dark shame a secret, for 13 years, telling no one until I was 25. This, and other factors, opened the door to homosexual attraction. ... I didn’t choose to have homosexual feelings. My research and experience has shown the development of my [[same-sex attraction]] was rooted in a number of factors: an absent father, abusive stepfather, strong-willed grandmother, passive grandfather, sensitive personality and sexual abuse. These were things that happened to me.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Dave, a special guest at the 2016 [[NEA Ex-Gay Educators' Caucus]] booth.<ref name="SHALVORS28102016">{{cite web |title=Dave's Testimony |url=https://nea-exgay.org/|author=Susan Halvorson |publisher=NEA Ex-Gay Educators Caucus |quote= |accessdate=17 Jul 2017}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“...when Christopher was sixteen years old ... I found out from his brother that he had a sexual relationship with a thirty-year-old man. ... Sure, Christopher may have sought the man out, but no matter how you look at it, this man had used and soiled my son. ...I was also furious at the man who took advantage of my son. Christopher was robbed of the chance to be a normal teenager, and what's worse, I couldn't tell anyone about it.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Angela Yuan, mother of [[Christopher Yuan]]<ref name="Yuan's Book">{{cite book |title=Out of a Far Country: A Gay Son's Journey to God. A Broken Mother's Search for Hope.|author1=Christopher Yuan |author2=Angela Yuan |year=2011 |publisher=WaterBrook Press |pages=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=UNwhUqPuDcqbtQb4qID4Bg&hl=sk&id=g3KR3nFcl1oC |isbn=978-0-307-72935-4 |quote=That. He couldn't even say the word...Christopher had contacted the man, who then invited him over. ...}}</ref></div>
|}
Childhood sexual abuse is likely the most common cause of homosexual disoriented self-misidentification. Children are deeply traumatized by sexual abuse and this trauma often results in the adoption of a [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|homosexual lifestyle]] as an adult. A review of the autobiographies of “gay” leaders is enough to confirm this assertion. A large number of them report homosexual molestation by an adult during their childhood or early adolescence, from the German “grandfather of the ‘gay’ movement,” [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]], to the father of the American “gay” movement, [[Harry Hay]], and many of the leading activists of the past half-century. Many men like [[CNN]] anchor [[Don Lemon]] who identify as “gay” were sexually abused by adult men as boys.<ref name="LaBarberaFEB2017">{{cite web |title=Founder of first ‘ex-gay’ ministry dies, and the tributes are pouring in |author=Peter LaBarbera |publisher=LifeSiteNews |date=20 Feb 2017 |url=https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/tributes-pour-in-for-frank-worthen-father-of-ex-gay-ministry-who-died-at-ag |accessdate= 31 Mar 2017}}</ref> Significantly, however, in the case of many of those who do later adopt a homosexual pseudoidentity, these early sexual encounters are not characterized as abuse or molestation, but more often as “consensual” sex.{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Stockholm Syndrome]]|group=note}}

While abuse is a common factor in male homosexuality, the correlation of [[Child molestation|childhood sexual molestation]] with adult [[lesbianism]] is almost universal, and that of many people who have ministered to or professionally observed women who misidentify themselves as lesbians. In their cases, however, the molestations are far more often perpetrated by men than by women and are almost never later characterized as consensual. Virtually every lesbian [[Scott Lively|Lively]] have ever known personally was sexually molested by a man when she was a child or early adolescent. In fact, it is not unreasonable to define these women's later adult lesbianism as a retreat from the company of men.
The Greek legend of the Island of [[Lesbos]] lends credence to this conclusion: Lesbos was a female sanctuary where men were not allowed. Such sanctuary communities are not uncommon even today.

Although childhood sexual abuse does not always result in homosexual self-identification as an adult and there are many adult survivors of such attacks who never adopt a homosexual lifestyle, the percentages of those who have is quite high.<ref name="Lively2016"/>

===Emotional abuse===
cf. [[Emotional manipulation]]
<ref name="VoicesOfChange"/>

===LGBTI labeling and suggestion===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | "LGBTI" labeling—examples
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"In a 2012 interview with Pure Passion, a Christian video ministry launched by Foster, Worthen calmly recalled how at the tender age of 13 his pastor told him, “Frank, you are a homosexual.” The boy, who had recently lost his father and looked to the pastor as a father figure, had to look up what a homosexual was."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— About [[Frank Worthen]]<ref name="LaBarberaFEB2017">{{cite web |title=Founder of first ‘ex-gay’ ministry dies, and the tributes are pouring in |author=Peter LaBarbera |publisher=LifeSiteNews |date=20 Feb 2017 |url=https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/tributes-pour-in-for-frank-worthen-father-of-ex-gay-ministry-who-died-at-ag |accessdate= 31 Mar 2017}}</ref>
</div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"I was often told: “You’re gay!” –“What?” – as a child, I had no notion what homosexuality is. Even though I didn't know whom I'm and what I'd like, others were keeping saying that they know how things are with me. Owing to their prejudices, I got lumped in with the cliché of homosexual. If you early embrace the belief that you certainly must be a homosexual and try it out, then, through acting upon this belief, you're at risk to become one! The prejudices may cause lots of evil."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Testimony in the book ''Kreuz & Quer in der Szene''<ref>{{cite book |title=Kreuz & Quer in der Szene |author=Novak, Kornelius et al. |publisher=Lichtzeichen-Verlag |year=2010 |pages=87 |isbn=9783869540184 |url=http://lichtzeichen-shop.com/Buecher/Evangelistische-Literatur/Kreuz-Quer-in-der-Szene.html |language=German}}</ref>
</div>
|}
===Egophilia===
cf. [[Egocentric_Thinking#Ego-centered_thinking_and_homosexuality|Ego-centered thinking and homosexuality]]

===Unmet emotional needs and/or [[clinical depression]]===
<ref name="VoicesOfChange"/> cf. [[Lisa Miller]]
===[[OCD]] or other co-morbid disorders===
<ref name="VoicesOfChange">{{cite web |title=Men and Women Who Have Experienced Authentic Change in Sexual Orientation Through Therapy that Works! |publisher=PATH: Positives Alternatives to Homosexuality |url=http://www.voices-of-change.org |quote=The testimonials presented on this site are authentic Voices of Change by men and women who have experienced profound changes in their sexual orientation. These brave men and women represent thousands of people around the world who feel same-sex attraction (SSA) but don't believe these unwanted feelings represent who they truly are as people nor did they believe these feelings to be unchangeable. Because they understood their SSA was not inborn but rather the result of a number of underlying risk factors, they chose to work on and resolve these issues, such as: emotional and/or sexual abuse; unmet emotional needs; depression, OCD or other co-morbid disorders; and childhood wounds to their psychosexual and/or psychosocial development. |accessdate=26 Feb 2017}}</ref>

===Increased Sexualization of Society===
One of the reasons for sexual disorientation occurring at a young age, and even after people practised many years of normal relationships based on complementary sexes, is the increased sexualization of society. Exposure to [[pornography]] and sexual imagery is at an all-time high and serious problems are caused by people being exposed to it at a young age. Pornography is easily available via the internet and it is large money spinner with millions feasting on it. Every type of sexual disorientation can be viewed, what sexualizes [[individual]]s, both [[male]] and [[female]]. The [[addiction]] to soft [[drug]]s often leads to harder drugs. In the same way, pornography often leads to sexual experimentation as a means of attempting to reap greater sexual gratification.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gay Marriage:right or wrong? And who decides? |author=Gary Bates and Lita Cosner |publisher=Creation Book Publishers |location=Powder Springs, GA, USA |year=2013 |pages=20 |isbn=978-1921-643750|url=https://creation.com/gay-marriage-right-or-wrong}}</ref>

== Response to sexually disoriented people ==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgreen; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Full recovery from sexual disorientation takes time
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"I began to realize that it had taken many years for me to develop a homo'''sexual disorientation''', and that it would take a number of years for my full recovery. But I had crossed over a threshold of hope and I began to feel more and more confident about my new life."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Anthony A. Falzarano]]<ref name="Falzarano2009">{{cite book |title=And Such Were Some Of You! One Man's Walk Out Of The Gay Lifestyle |author=Anthony Falzarano |publisher=Xulon Press |place=U.S.A. |year=2009 |chapter=8.The light at the end of the tunnel |pages=84 |isbn=978-1606473863 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Such-Were-Some-You/dp/1606473867 }}</ref>

</div>
|}
The response to people exhibiting the traits of being sexually disoriented must be marked by ''genuine compassion''. But a central task of ''genuine compassion'' is telling the [[truth]].{{#tag:ref| [[Christian]]s believe, i.a. based on [[scientific evidence]], [[Scientific observation|observation]] and [[Gedankenexperiment|scientific devices]], that [[Bible]] reveals a true message about this World on so called [[Natural order]].|group=note}} [[Lying]] is never compassionate, and ultimately may lead to [[death]].{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Bug chasing]], [[Homosexuality and AIDS]]|group=note}}<ref name="Mohler2015">{{cite book |title=We Cannot Be Silent: Speaking Truth to a Culture Redefining Sex, Marriage, and the Very Meaning of Right and Wrong |author=R. Albert Mohler, Jr. |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |pages=117 |isbn=978-07180-32487 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhhCAAAQBAJ |quote=}}</ref> [[Michael Glatze]] who was saved from sexual disorientation have admitted that apart from other factors that lead him into experiencing the [[Dean Bailey#Sexual restoration|sexual restoration]] he was also partly influenced by his [[Christian]] aunt. She had always disapproved homosexual lifestyle and Glatze now portrays her as ''“never judgmental, but always firm.”''

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== See also ==
*[[Dialectical unity of self-contradictions|Dialectical Unity of Self-contradictions in Gender/LGBT+ ideology]]
*[[Gender identity disorder]]
*[[Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder]]
*[[Gender confusion]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]

Alfred Kinsey

2022-02-15T07:58:50Z

AK: Intlink

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Kinsey as the battleground
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«"[[Biography]] is the battleground."'' Should Kinsey be discredited, Vance warned, ''"200 years of sexual progress can be undone."»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Carol Vance]]<ref name="FIORAZO2012">{{cite book |author=David Fiorazo |title=ERADICATE: Blotting Out God in America |publisher=Life Sentence Publishing |place=Abbotsford, WA |year=2012 |chapter=8.Normalizing homosexuality |pages=178–9 |isbn=978-1-62245-026-8 |url=http://davidfiorazo.com/2013/02/introduction-to-eradicate-blotting-out-god-in-america/}}</ref></div>
|}
'''Alfred Charles Kinsey''' (23 June 1894—26 August 1956) was a sex researcher who waged a "private war against conservative morality."<ref>[http://thewaronintimacy.com/chapter_5.html]</ref>
He has been described as having an influence on modern society greater than almost anybody else.<ref>Bergman 2006, p.111.</ref> Kinsey was an admirer of the occultist [[Satanist]] [[Aleister Crowley]] and saw him as his idol.

* Why did Alfred Kinsey, the father of sex research, seek out convicted [[sex offender]]s and represent their behavior as that of typical American males? Why did he say that [[adult-child sex]] was "harmless"?<ref>Multiple references:
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120824001657/http://thewaronintimacy.com/21_questions_answered.html
* https://www.lifenews.com/2012/10/28/like-alfred-kinsey-obama-hhs-grooming-children-for-sex/</ref>

He was also a [[homosexual]] sadomasochist <ref>Kinsey's idea of utopia was sexual activity spanning from childhood to adulthood, indiscriminate and as varied as possible. He believed it was vital for children to engage in sex by age 6, before they picked up "cultural taboos" based on "religion." A practicing sadomasochistic homosexual himself, he deliberately blurred the distinction between normal and abnormal sex. Knight, 2004</ref>
who aided and abetted the molestation of hundreds of children in order to obtain data on "child sexuality."<ref>The Truth about Alfred Kinsey</ref>

Kinsey’s research, which helped launch the sexual revolution, was utterly exposed in Dr. Judith Reisman’s and Edward Eichel’s 1990 book ''Kinsey, Sex and Fraud: The Indoctrination of a People'' (Huntington House-Lochinvar). The British medical journal ''Lancet'' said the authors "demolish the two [Kinsey] reports."<ref name="k02">Knight, 2002</ref>

Kinsey falsely claimed that 10% of American men were [[homosexual]].<ref>Laumann, E.O., Ellingson, S., Mahay, J., Paik, A., and Youm Y. (Eds.) ''The Sexual Organization of the City'', The University of Chicago Press, 2004, p.207, cited by Bergman 2006, p.115.</ref>
He used faulty statistical sampling methods to baffle the unsophisticated.<ref>Kinsey deliberately weighted his samples with homosexuals, convicted criminals and other unorthodox subjects. Knight 2002</ref><ref>Jones and Koshes, p. 16.; Smith 1991, p. 104; Rensberger 1993, p. A-1; Barringer 1993, p. A-1; Vobejda 1994, p. A-1; Seidman and Rieder 1994, p. 339; Reisman 1998.</ref>

Dr. Reisman,<ref>[http://www.drjudithreisman.com/about_dr_reisman.html About Dr. Reisman], retrieved from The Institute for Media Education 8 May 2007.</ref> who debunked the famed ''Kinsey Reports'' stated,
{{QuoteBox|Under scrutiny is the role of Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey and his contention that Americans are 10% to 47%, more or less, homosexual. Kinsey's percentage was seized upon by [[Harry Hay]], the father of the homosexual "civil rights" movement, when Hay formed the [[Mattachine Society]], urging that homosexuality be seen no longer as an act of sodomy but as a 10% minority class.<ref>Reisman 2002</ref>}}

Anything but disinterested, he approached his work with missionary fervor. Kinsey loathed Victorian morality. … He was determined to use science to strip human sexuality of its guilt and repression. He wanted to undermine traditional morality, to soften the rules of restraint.<ref name="k02" />

He wrote ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Male'' and ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female''.

==Collaboration with Nazi officer==
One Kinsey pedophile collaborator was a former WWII Nazi officer, Dr. Fritz von Balluseck. Kinsey had asked the nazi paedophile specifically for material of his perverse actions and the presiding Judge, Dr.Berger, who read the letters between von Balluseck and Kinsey, exclaimed: <em>"I had the impression that you got to the children in order to impress Kinsey and to deliver him material. ... It must be a strange scientist who would rely on experience reports with such disgusting content."</em> Although the German press widely publicized the connection between the two on the front page and even referred to Balluseck as the worst sex-offender since World War II, the American press remained silent on this connection, as had Kinsey's various biographers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alfred C. Kinsey: Nazi Pedophile Collaborator |author=Judith A. Reisman |date=October 11, 2010 |url=http://www.drjudithreisman.com/archives/2010/10/alfred_c_kinsey.html |accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref>

==Support from Rockefeller Foundation==
In the late 1930's, Alfred Kinsey's fraudulent research was funded by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref name="FIORAZO2012"/> This was investigated by the [[Reece Committee]] during the 1950s.<ref>FascinatingPolitics (December 22, 2019). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2019/12/22/the-reece-committee-on-foundations-conspiratorial-nonsense-or-an-expose-of-a-threat-to-the-nation/comment-page-1/ The Reece Committee on Foundations: Conspiratorial Nonsense or an Expose of a Threat to the Nation?]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved August 7, 2021.</ref>

== Sources ==

* Barringer, Felicity, "Sex Survey of American Men Finds 1% Are Gay," ''The New York Times'', April 15, 1993.
* Bergman, Jerry, "Kinsey, Darwin and the sexual revolution", [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4775/ Journal of Creation 20(3) 2006], pp. 111–117.
* Jones, Franklin D., and Koshes, Ronald J., "Homosexuality and the Military," ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', Vol. 152, No. 1, January 1995.
* Knight, Robert H., [http://www.cwfa.org/articles/2099/CFI/cfreport/index.htm How Bad Science Helped Launch the 'Gay' Revolution] (Concerned Women for America), September 18, 2002
* Knight, Robert H., [http://www.cwfa.org/images/content/kinseyculture04.pdf Kinsey and Our Culture] (Concerned Women for America) August 2004
* Reisman, Judith A., [http://www.rsvpamerica.org/chapter%202.pdf ''Kinsey: Crimes and Consequences the Red Queen and the Grand Scheme''], 1998 Chapter 2.
* Reisman, Judith A., [http://www.leaderu.com/jhs/reisman.html ''Kinsey and the Homosexual Revolution''], July 2002.
* Rensberger, Boyce, "How Many Men in U.S. Are Gay?," ''The Washington Post'', April 17, 1993
* Seidman, Stuart N., and Rieder, Ronald O., "A Review of Sexual Behavior in the United States," ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', Vol. 151, March 1994.
* Smith, Tom W., "Adult Sexual Behavior in 1989: Number of Partners, Frequency of Intercourse and Risk of AIDS," ''Family Planning Perspectives'', Vol. 23, No. 3, May/June 1991
* [http://www.cwfa.org/kinsey.asp The Truth about Alfred Kinsey] (Concerned Women for America)
* Vobejda, Barbara, "Survey Finds Most Adults Sexually Staid," ''Washington Post'', October 7, 1994.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinsey, Alfred C.}}
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Best Selling Authors]]
[[Category:Liberal Deceit]]
[[Category:Pedophiles]]
[[Category:Homosexuals]]

Brendan Eich

2022-01-08T09:17:26Z

AK: adding cat

'''Brendan Eich''', scientist and software designer, co-founder of the [[Mozilla]] Company. Eich is the creator of the programming language [[javascript]] and he designed the widely used browser "[[Mozilla Firefox]]".

In 2014, Eich was shamefully bullied out of his newly appointed position as C.E.O. of Mozilla by [[LGBT]] militants who discovered that he had opposed [[same-sex "marriage"]] by making a donation of $1,000 to [[California]]'s [[Proposition 8]] upholding traditional [[marriage]]. These donations are supposed to be protected by confidentiality legislation but the [[homo-fascism|homo-fascists]] managed to snoop out and expose his involvement.
After a few days of pressure, Eich stepped down.

Newt Gingrich called the event an "open, blatant example of the new [[fascism]]." Charles Krauthammer called it "[[totalitarian]]." Pat Buchanan labeled it "the new blacklist" and RedState headlined it as "a fascist purge."

Leftist comedian Bill Maher called the perpetrators the "gay mafia," and even well-known homosexual media personalities condemned it. Andrew Sullivan said "it disgusts me" and radio broadcaster Tammy Bruce called those responsible the "gay gestapo."

"What could be stranger," commented Whistleblower editor David Kupelian, on the stunning hypocrisy of today's left, "than witnessing the ongoing 'fundamental transformation' of [[United States|America]] at the hands of people claiming to stand for fairness, tolerance, diversity, free speech and the common man - yet who unfailingly end up taking us, kicking and screaming, in the exact opposite direction?" He called his article "THE NEW FASCISM."
<ref><http://email.wnd.com/HS?a=ENX7Cqk-fnil8SA9MKJuJU_nGHxKLl7dK_cStGb5lw8W0bBhOG5mpqVsje_Hhe-ud1Pt> <http://email.wnd.com/HS?a=ENX7Cqk-fnil8SA9MKJuJU_nGHxKLl7dKPcStGb5lw8W0bBhOG5mpqVsje_Hhe-ud1Py>
<http://email.wnd.com/HS?a=ENX7Cqk-fnil8SA9MKJuJU_nGHxKLl7dKfcStGb5lw8W0bBhOG5mpqVsje_Hhe-ud1Pz>
http://www.qui ...p://voxday.blogspot.de/2014/05/why-brendan-eich-had-to-go.html</ref>

President [[Barack Obama]] said nothing as he did not wish to anger the powerful Gaystapo lobby in America.

Eich has since set up his own independent software company Brave.com which has launched its own original and independent browser named [[Brave]] as a free alternative to Mozilla Firefox. BRAVE has a lot of new ideas and firewalls built into it that are not offered by Mozilla. It blocks ads and trackers enabling the user to browse the web more speedily. By using it members of the public can help Eich and do their bit to fight injustice and tyranny.
There is more information on his own websites.
<ref>https://brendaneich.com/</ref>
<ref>https://brave.com/</ref>

On February 14, 2019, the social media network [[Gab]] developed a web browser named [[Dissenter (web browser)|Dissenter]], an open source web browser based on Brave,<ref>https://apps.gab.com/application/5d3f93a29dd49a5b1d9fc27f</ref> that allows conversations around individual URL's and creates a public square on them where anyone can leave a comment.<ref>https://dissenter.com/help/faq</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eich, Brendan}}
[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:Computer Engineers]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Victims of Homo-Fascism]]

Isaac Newton

2021-12-19T13:43:43Z

AK: unique achievements in natural science & God

[[Image:Newton.png|right|200px]]
'''Sir Isaac Newton''' (1642-1727) was an [[England|English]] [[physicist]], [[astronomer]], [[mathematician]], [[theologian]], [[alchemy|alchemist]] and government official. He is one of the most well known [[scientist]]s in world history for his [[Theory of Universal Gravitation]], his Laws of Motion, and his theories in optics, as well as invention of differential [[calculus]].<ref>Newton's discovery of calculus was independent of, and likely before, a similar discovery of calculus by the German scientist [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. (Each accused the other of plagiarism, but neither could prove it. [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html Newton Biography]).</ref> In addition, Newton invented the reflecting [[telescope]], and made numerous other contributions to his fields of study. His [[Classical mechanics]] comprises the four main fields of modern physics (alongside the later fields of [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]], [[thermodynamics]], and quantum mechanics). In his opinion, his unique achievements in [[natural science]] were conveyed to him by [[God]] alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Prophet Interprets Another: Sir Isaac Newton and Daniel |author=Matania Z. Kochavi |accessdate=19-Dec-2021 |quote=The sense of chosenness grew in Newton, not as a result of his study of prophecies, but following his unique achievements in natural science, which in his opinion, were conveyed to him by God alone. |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG. |isbn=978-94-017-3249-9 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-3249-9_7}}</ref>

Proving the value of [[Biblical scientific foreknowledge]], Newton attributed his insights to his efforts in translating the [[Bible]]: "Amongst the Interpreters of the last age there is scarce one of note who hath not made some discovery worth knowing; and thence seem to gather that [[God]] is about opening these mysteries."<ref>http://www.pretribulation.com/isaac-newton.htm</ref>

Newton's view of science was that far more remained undiscovered. "I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me."<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/100/195.1.html Bartlett's Quotations]</ref>

Newton rejected basing scientific theories on assumptions rather than observations. "Hypotheses non fingo," Newton famously declared, which is Latin for "I feign no hypotheses."
* [Newton] "... believed that ideas in science should be tested and only accepted if their usefulness could be demonstrated." [http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v12/i3/newton.asp]
This stands in contrast with the [[Theory of Relativity]] that is contrary to Newtonian physics.

Newton emphasized that conclusions are drawn from experiments, "But hitherto I have not been able to discover the cause of those properties of gravity from phenomena, and I frame no hypotheses; for whatever is not deduced from the phenomena, is to be called an hypothesis; and hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, whether of occult qualities or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy."<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mlLAG5EUZqQC&pg=PA428&dq=I+have+not+been+able+to+discover+the+cause+of+those+properties+of+gravity+from+phenomena,+and+I+frame+no+hypotheses;+for+whatever+is+not+deduced+from+the+phenomena+is+to+be+called+a+hypothesis,+and+hypotheses,+whether+metaphysical+or+physical,+whether+of+occult+qualities+or+mechanical,+have+no+place+in+experimental+philosophy.&hl=en&ei=h_xmTdWUE4KCsQObj82mBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>

In 1705, in recognition of Isaac Newton's role as master of the [[Mint]], [[Queen Anne]] [[knighted]] him.<ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v12/i3/newton.asp Sir Isaac Newton (1642/3–1727): A Scientific Genius, by Ann Lamont]</ref> It was the first knighthood to be given for scientific achievement rather than prowess on the battlefield or work in government.<ref>[http://www.doesgodexist.org/NovDec01/IsaacNewtonAndGodsLawOfGravity.html Isaac Newton and God's Law of Gravity]</ref>

Newton is often seen as one of the most influential men in all of history and perhaps the greatest scientist ever. His work was influential in shaping the philosophical outlook of the entire [[Enlightenment]], especially after writers such as [[Voltaire]] published simplified versions comprehensible to the non-scientist.

==Life==
Newton was born on [[Christmas]] day December 25, 1642<ref>He was born a little more that a year after Galileo died. [[Italy]] and England used different calendars, however, so there is a mistake to the effect they died in the same year. Galileo died in 1641 by the English calendar.</ref> in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire; his father, also Isaac, died before his birth. The senior Isaac Newton (1606–1642) was a wealthy but illiterate farmer who left extensive lands as well as goods worth £459, including a flock of 235 sheep and a herd of 46 cattle. The annual income was about £150, and Newton drew on that income to supplement his college fellowship while at Cambridge. The Newtons were a well-to-do, upwardly mobile family of farmers, but never had a prominent member. When he was a little more than two years old, his mother Hannah (1610–1679), remarried, and his upbringing was taken over by his maternal grandmother. He began his schooling in neighboring villages, and, at ten, was sent to the grammar school at Grantham, the nearest town of any size. He boarded during terms at the house of an apothecary from whom he may have derived his lifelong interest in chemistry. The young Newton seems to have been a quiet, not particularly bookish, lad, but very ready with his hands; he made sun dials, model windmills, a water clock, a mechanical carriage, and flew kites with lanterns attached to their tails. Throughout his life he built mechanical devices and fashioned his own tools for high-precision work.

In 1656, Newton's mother, on the death of her second husband, returned to Woolsthorpe and took her son out of school with the idea of making him a farmer. He hated farming. His mother, after considerable persuasion by his teacher at Grantham, who had recognized his intellectual gifts, allowed him to prepare for entrance to [[Cambridge University]]. In June 1661, he was admitted to prestigious Trinity College as a lowly "sub-sizar" (a student required to do work-study). The main curriculum was the study of Aristotle, but early in 1664, as Newton's notebooks indicate, he began an intensive self-study of geometry, Copernican astronomy and optics. On his own he read Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Galileo, Robert Boyle, Thomas Hobbes, Kenelm Digby, Joseph Glanville, and Henry More. He was a loner with only one friend, but he was stimulated by the distinguished mathematician and theologian Isaac Barrow, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, who recognized Newton's genius and did all he could to foster it.

Newton took his bachelor's degree in January 1665 and was selected for a scholarship in 1664 and a fellowship in 1667. Upon taking his MA he became one of Trinity college's sixty fellows, with an income of £60, part of which came in the form of room and board. He had no duties at Trinity over the next 28 years; he did no teaching apart from a few lectures (to nearly empty halls) and tutoring an occasional student. At the urging of Isaac Barrow in 1669 he wrote out some of his findings, which circulated in manuscript. He invented the reflecting telescope, which caused a sensation in London in 1671 and his election to the Royal Society. Newton became Lucasian professor of mathematics in 1669 at £100 per annum. Added to his fellowship and family estate, Newton was well off. He spent most of his time with experiments in alchemy and speculations in Arian theology, which had no influence whatever at the time or later. Newton made enemies easily, with an almost paranoid style of [[disputation]]. Many scientists in the era were repeatedly charging each other with plagiarism, and sometimes hid their discoveries in code so that in future years they could decode the message and claim priority. In 1704 he published his great book on ''Opticks'', which had been mostly written three decades before.

After his death and burial, Newton was exhumed so he could be buried in a more prominent location in [[Westminster Abbey]]. During this exhumation process, it was discovered that Newton had large amounts of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] in his body, probably as a direct result of his [[alchemy|alchemical]] experiments. Exposure to large amounts of mercury may explain Newton's eccentricity in his latter years, as well as his cause of death.<ref>[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html Newton Biography]</ref>

==National affairs==
Publication in 1687 of the ''Principia'', considered by many to be the most important scientific publication ever, made Newton one of the best known intellectual figures in Europe. At the same time Newton became a leader of the University against King [[James II]], who was promoting Catholicism there. When James was overthrown, Newton's political reputation soared. In 1694 he suffered an emotional breakdown and his intellectual productivity ended. In 1696 he left Cambridge for London, where he became Warden of the [[mint|Royal Mint]]. The appointment was intended as an honorary sinecure for England's most famous intellectual, but Newton characteristically threw himself into a successful effort to reform the nation's coinage and crack down on counterfeiters. He became Master of the Mint in 1699; in 27 years as Master he averaged an income of about £1650 a year, one of the highest salaries in London. He was president of the Royal Society from 1703 to his death, turning that honorific position into an operational one that upgraded the Society's usefulness. In 1705 he became the first scientist in European history to be knighted.

Newton never married, but he brought his niece to London as his hostess and lived in upper class style.

==Year of great discovery==
[[File:Isaac Newton.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Isaac Newton]]
The year 1666 is known as Newton's ''annus mirabilis'' (miraculous year—more precisely the two years 1665-1666), about twenty-four years of age. He later recalled, "For in those days I was in the prime of my age for invention & minded Mathematicks & Philosophy more than at any time since." (By "philosophy" he meant physics.)

===Calculus===
Newton broke ground with his innovative work founding the field of [[calculus]]. He had been motivated by the need for alternate ways to compute [[pi]]. He isolated a formulation of pi as the area under an [[arc]] of the unit circle; thus to calculate pi he would only have to compute this area. Whereas [[Pierre de Fermat]] had already worked out how to compute the areas under [[polynomial]] curves, Newton faced a curve given by a formula involving a [[square root]]. To solve this problem, he re-expressed the square root in terms of an infinite sum of polynomials—this was the motivating idea for his generalized binomial theorem. The standard binomial theorem gave an expansion for ''(x+y)<sup>n</sup>'' for any nonnegative [[integer]] ''n''. The resulting expression involves binomial [[coefficient]]s. Newton's work extended this theorem to all [[real]] values of ''n'', by using [[convergent]] [[infinite series]] and generalized binomial coefficients. Therefore, to compute the area under the arc, he simply had to use Fermat's theorem to compute the area under each of the polynomial terms of the infinite series and then add them together (proving along the way that this sum converges).

Proceeding from this method, Newton formulated the idea of [[integration]]—a computation of the area under any curve by using infinite series of areas. He followed that with a method for [[differentiation]], and came upon the [[fundamental theorem of calculus]], which relates differentiation and integration. Having invented the calculus, he put aside mathematics for two years and turned to physics.

Although Newton had communicated his discoveries in the calculus privately, he did not publish anything formal about it until finally, in 1704, he published ''Opticks''. In the meantime the German mathematician [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] had developed his own very similar version of the calculus. Both mathematicians used similar ideas of infinitesimals to smooth out details of division by zero and other seeming mathematical obstacles.

Although Leibniz acknowledged that Newton was earlier, a nasty priority conflict broke out in the 1710s. Newton and his (mainly English) followers accused Leibniz of plagiarism, and the Germans retaliated in kind. The modern view is that both mathematicians discovered the calculus independently. The symbolism in modern use comes from Leibniz and 18th century French mathematicians.

===Optics===
While waiting out [[The Plague]] he began to investigate the nature of [[light]]. White light, according to the prevailing theories, was homogeneous. His first experiments with a [[prism]] provided the true explanation of color. Passing a beam of sunlight through a prism, he observed that the beam spread out into a colored band of light ([[spectrum]]) like a rainbow.<ref>[http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html Newton and the color spectrum]</ref> While others had undoubtedly performed similar experiments, it was Newton who showed that the differences in color were caused by differing degrees of refrangibility. A ray of violet light, for example, when passed through a refracting medium, was refracted through a greater angle than a ray of red light. His conclusions, checked by ingenious experiments, were that sunlight was a combination of all the colors and that the colors themselves were monochromatic (his term was "homogeneal"), and separated merely because they were of differing refrangibility.

== Gravity ==
[[Image:Isaac Newton apple.JPG|right|230px]]
Newton developed the [[Theory of Universal Gravitation]], more commonly known as gravity, when, according to Newton himself, he was thinking about the moon and saw an apple fall one day. It fell straight down, and why was that? Then he had one of the most astonishing and brilliant thoughts in human history: the moon and the apple were just alike and both were being drawn straight toward the earth. What then kept the moon up there, or the four moons of Jupiter in their orbits? His theory stated that all matter is attracted to matter by a force, whose strength increases proportionally to the mass of the objects involved, and inversely proportional to the squared distance between them. The moons stayed in place because they had a momentum that offset gravity and forced them into elliptical orbits.

Newton's theory is based on action-at-a-distance which has always been opposed by some scientists, and now most physicists endorse the very different [[theory of relativity]]. Both theories predict identical results at small scales, similar results at the scale of the [[solar system]] and very different results at [[Cosmology|cosmological]] scales beyond the [[solar system]].

Newton had already made great progress in his devising "method of fluxions" (the infinitesimal calculus). During the plague years he recorded his first thoughts on gravitation, inspired by watching an apple fall. It fell straight down—why was that? He was trying at that time to determine what type of force could hold the moon in its path. The fall of the apple led him to think that it might be the same gravitational force, suitably diminished by distance, that had acted on the apple. Thereby he discovered the law of [[gravitation]] (attraction is proportional with inverse distance squared). He verified his conjecture approximately by a numerical calculation. He did not, at the time, pursue the matter, because the problem of calculating the combined attraction of the whole earth on a small body near its surface was obviously one of great difficulty.<ref>The problem was enormously simplified when he later used his calculus to prove that, for purposes of gravity, a uniform sphere of any size can be considered as a single mass located at one point, the center.</ref>

Newton struggled with how to conceptualize gravity. He had early rejected Descartes's vortex account of the cause of the motion of the planets. Descartes had argued that forces were transmitted through contact and that this required that matter be continuous and that hence there could be no vacuums. As early as 1665 Newton attempted to find a physical explanation of the cause of gravity but never found a suitable answer. As Newton said later in his ''Principia,'' "I have not as yet been able to deduce from phenomena the reason for these properties of gravity, and I do not feign hypotheses. For whatever is not deduced from the phenomena must be called hypothesis; and hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, or based on occult qualities, or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy". Thus Newton offers no explanation of gravity but shows through his mathematics that it "acts" in accordance to the mathematical laws he offers us in the ''Principia''. This was a difficult approach for his contemporaries to accept. [[Robert Hooke]], in particular, saw experimentation as the heart of science and disapproved of Newton's focus on theory and mathematics.

==Three laws==
See [[Classical mechanics]]

Later in life, as a holder of the Cambridge Lucasian chair of mathematics, Newton worked out his initial ideas into a set of mechanical laws, with his second and most important law: Force is the rate of change of momentum with respect to time. This can often be simplified, in the case of constant mass to the well known <math>\scriptstyle F = m a</math>. Newton was the first to understand the concept of inertial forces, notably the centrifugal force, although Christian Huyghens was close to understanding this effect. In 1684 Newton proved that [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler's laws]] follow from his own second law in conjunction with his gravitational law. This proof completed the astronomical revolution initiated by [[Nicolaus Copernicus]].

==Principia Mathematica==
Newton avoided publishing his results, preferring to communicate them to close colleagues. It took [[Edmond Halley]] great efforts to convince Newton to write his opus magnum ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" written in Latin, it was called the ''Principia'') that appeared in 1687. A second expanded edition appeared in 1713. It was a work on [[Classical mechanics|mechanics]] that used Newton's new principle of universal gravitation to explain falling bodies on the earth and the motions of planets and comets in the heavens. The first part covers [[dynamics]] and includes Newton's three famous laws of motion. The second part concerns fluid motion; the third part deals with "the system of the world" ("De mundi systemate"), that is, the unification of terrestrial and celestial mechanics under the principle of gravitation and the explanation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The material was very advanced and difficult, especially since the underlying calculus was deliberately hidden from view. Scientists across Europe immediately recognized its importance and tried to read it.

==Newtonianism==
Feingold (2004) explains the rapid dissemination of Newton's science came first via the members of the Royal Society, both British and Continental. The scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers of Germany, Holland, France, and Italy read the editions of the ''Principia'' and the ''Opticks'' and taught the ideas to their students. Newton's work was widely accepted, except in Italy, where the Catholic Church, having silenced Galileo, tried as well to suppress Newton's ideas. Despite the importance of Descartes to the French, Newton carried the day in France. [[Voltaire]] in particular made Newton the great hero of the modern world of ideas. Voltaire's ''Elemens de la philosophie de Neuton,'' (1737), was a success that rendered Newton intelligible and his work accessible, to the nonspecialists and amateurs who flourished in the [[Enlightenment]]. In Germany [[Leibniz]] praised Newton's ''Principia'', but was uncomfortable with Newton's position regarding gravity. It was philosophically untenable to merely dismiss the problem of its cause. French scientists, especially [[Pierre Simon Laplace]] (1749-1827) developed and systemized Newton's ideas into modern [[Classical mechanics]] in the late 18th century.<ref>Roger Hahn, ''Pierre Simon Laplace, 1749-1827: A Determined Scientist.'' (2005). 310 pp.</ref>

Newton's science dominated science and educated thought throughout the 18th century, being seen as the highest achievement of pure reason and classical culture.<ref>Feingold, ''The Newtonian Moment'' (2004); Larry Stewart, ''The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750.'' (1992)</ref> In the 19th century, however, Romantic scientists went in entirely new directions, exploring non-Newtonian topics in electricity, magnetism and thermodynamics, and in mathematics turning to topics unrelated to calculus, like group theory. The leading German poet, [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] - who was also a renowned Natural philosopher - even tried to challenge Newton's optics.

== Religious Beliefs ==
Newton was an [[Arian]] (Illegalized in Europe since the First Council of Nicaea) who rejected the Trinity and was ambiguous about the divinity of Christ. As his leading biographer concludes, "Well before 1675, Newton had become an Arian in the original sense of the term." That is, he emphasized the powers of God the father and deemphasized Jesus.<ref>Westfall, ''Never at Rest'' p. 103. Westfall notes, p. 350, "No evidence at all indicates that Newton ceased to be an Arian."</ref> He considered himself a [[Christian]] who accepted the [[Bible]] as the Word of [[God]],<ref>"I have a fundamental belief in the [[Bible]] as the Word of God, written by those who were inspired. I study the Bible daily." Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref> after the age of 25 he devoted much—perhaps most—of his thinking to religion. His unorthodox views violated the rules at Cambridge University, but his colleagues protected him. Newton wrote the book ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cIoPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22An+Historical+Account+of+Two+Notable+Corruptions+of+Scripture%22#v=onepage&q=&f=false An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture]'' and removed the parts of 1 John 5:7-8 and 1 Timothy 3:16 that do not appear in the earliest [[Koine Greek]] [[New Testament]] manuscripts. The first one is called the ''[[Johannine Comma]]'' in Latin. These passages in the KJV are (with the unoriginal parts added later in <span style="color:darkred">'''''red'''''</span>):

:7 For there are three that bear record [<span style="color:darkred">'''''in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. 8 And there are three that bear witness in earth,'''''</span>] the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one. (1 John 5:7-8)
:And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God [<span style="color:darkred">'''''was manifest in the flesh'''''</span>], justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory. (1 Timothy 3:16)

And in [[Koine Greek]]:

:7 ὅτι τρεῖς εἰσιν οἱ μαρτυροῦντες [<span style="color:darkred">'''''ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, ὁ Πατήρ, ὁ Λόγος, καὶ τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα· καὶ οὗτοι οἱ τρεῖς ἔν εἰσι. 8 καὶ τρεῖς εἰσιν οἱ μαρτυροῦντες ἐν τῇ γῇ'''''</span>] τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ τὸ αἷμα, καὶ οἱ τρεῖς εἰς τὸ ἕν εἰσιν. (1 John 5:7-8)
:και ομολογουμενως μεγα εστιν το της ευσεβειας μυστηριον θεος [<span style="color:darkred">'''''εφανερωθη εν σαρκι'''''</span>] εδικαιωθη εν πνευματι ωφθη αγγελοις εκηρυχθη εν εθνεσιν επιστευθη εν κοσμω ανεληφθη εν δοξη. (1 Timothy 3:16)

Newton was a sincere religious believer, who said his discoveries were inspired by [[God]]. He devoted more time to the study of Scripture than to science. Newton wrote, "This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent Being... All variety of created objects which represent order and life in the universe could happen only by the willful reasoning of its original Creator, Whom I call the Lord God."

Newton believed that God's creation of the universe was self-evident given its grandeur.<ref>Webb, R.K. ed. Knud Haakonssen. “The emergence of Rational Dissent.” Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996. p19.</ref> He also warned against using his laws to replace the creator. He said, "Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done."<ref>Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref>

Newton wrote over a million words on religion—nearly all in unpublished hand-written manuscripts and unavailable for research until the 20th century. Although older scholars did not have access to his writings, "Among contemporary scholars, the consensus is that Newton was an Arian," concludes Pfizenmaier (1997).<ref>Thomas C. Pfizenmaier, "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?," ''Journal of the History of Ideas,'' Vol. 58, No. 1 (Jan., 1997), pp. 57-80 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3653988 in JSTOR]</ref> Arians were Christians but the Arian theology died out as an organized force a thousand years before; Newton read the old texts and identified himself with Arius and his beliefs.

In an effort to debunk widespread claims of his time that the world would be ending soon, Newton wrote a private manuscript estimating that the world would not end prior to the year A.D. 2060.<ref>http://www.isaac-newton.org/newton_2060.htm</ref>

== Quotes ==

* "Opposition to godliness is [[Atheism]] in profession and idolatry in practice. Atheism is so senseless and odious to mankind that it never had many professors." - Sir Isaac Newton<ref>Newton, Isaac. ''A Short Scheme of the True Religion''. Unpublished writing quoted in Brewster, David (1855).</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
* Bardi, Jason Socrates. ''The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time.'' (2006). 277 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Wars-Leibniz-Greatest-Mathematical/dp/1560259922/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345258&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Bechler, Zev. ''Newton's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific Revolution.'' (1991). 588 pp.
* Berlinski, David. ''Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World.'' (2000). 256 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Gift-Newton-Unlocked-System/dp/0743217764/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345336&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard, eds. ''Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy.'' MIT Press, 2001. 354 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Natural-Philosophy-Institute-Technology/dp/0262524252/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345369&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Casini, P. "Newton's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment." ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London'' 1988 42(1): 35–52. Issn: 0035-9149 Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org/pss/531368 Jstor]
* Christianson, Gale E. ''Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution.'' Oxford U. Press, 1996. 160 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Isaac-Newton-Lives-Legacies-Christianson/dp/019530070X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337095&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Christianson, Gale E. ''In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times.'' (1984). 608 pp.
* Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Newton.'' (2002). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only; [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Companion-Newton-Companions-Philosophy/dp/0521656966/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337095&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.questia.com/read/105054986 complete edition online]
* Cohen, I. Bernard. ''The Newtonian Revolution with Illustrations of the Transformation of Scientific Ideas.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 404 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newtonian-Revolution-I-Bernard-Cohen/dp/0521273803/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345406&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* DeGandt, François. ''Force and Geometry in Newton's Principia.'' Princeton U. Press, 1995. 296 pp.
* Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter. ''The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1991. 359 pp.
* Fara, Patricia. ''Newton: The Making of a Genius.'' Columbia U. Press, 2003. 347 pp [https://www.amazon.com/Newton-Making-Genius-Patricia-Fara/dp/023112807X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345174&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Fauvel, John et al., ed. ''Let Newton Be!'' Oxford U. Press, (1989). 272 pp.
* Feingold, Mordechai. ''The Newtonian Moment: Isaac Newton and the Making of Modern Culture.'' (2004) 218 pp. catalog of exhibit at New York Public Library, 2004-5
* Force, James E. and Hutton, Sarah, ed. ''Newton and Newtonianism: New Studies.'' (2004). 246 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newton-Newtonianism-International-internationales-dhistoire/dp/1402019696/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345450&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Gjertsen, Derek. ''The Newton Handbook.'' (1987). 665 pp.
* Gleick, James. ''Isaac Newton.''(2003). 272 pp.
* Hall, A. Rupert. ''All Was Light: An Introduction to Newton's Opticks.'' Oxford U. Press, 1993. 252 pp.
* Hall, A. Rupert. ''Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought.'' (1992). 468 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Isaac-Newton-Adventurer-Cambridge-Biographies/dp/052156669X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196336989&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hofmann, Joseph Ehrenfried. ''Classical Mathematics: A Concise History of the Classical Era in Mathematics.'' (1959) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/classical-mathematics-a-concise-history-of-the-classical-era-in-mathematics-by-joseph-ehrenfried-hofmann.jsp online edition]
* Hoskin, Michael. "Newton and Newtonianism" pp 130–67 in Hoskin, ed. ''The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Concise-History-Astronomy/dp/0521576008/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt and text search]
* Kline, Morris. ''Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times''. Volume: 1. (1972).
* Mandelbrote, Scott. ''Footprints of the Lion: Isaac Newton at Work.'' Cambridge U. Press, (2001). 142 pp
* Olby, R.c. et al. ''Companion to the History of Modern Science.'' (1990) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106933088 online edition], on the history of Newtonianism
* Park, Katharine, and Lorraine Daston, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 3: Early Modern Science'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521572444/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S008#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Rankin, William. ''Introducing Newton'' (3rd ed. 2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Newton-Introducing-William-Rankin/dp/1840468424/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345513&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Sepper, Dennis L. ''Newton's Optical Writings: A Guided Study.'' Rutgers U. Press, 1994. 224 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Optical-Writings-Masterworks-Discovery/dp/081352038X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337057&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Shapiro, Alan E. ''Fits, Passions, and Paroxysms: Physics, Method, and Chemistry and Newton's Theories of Colored Bodies and Fits of Easy Reflection.'' Cambridge U. Press, (1993). 400 pp.
* Thrower, Norman J. W., ed. ''Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: A Longer View of Newton and Halley: Essays Commemorating the Tercentenary of Newton's Principia and the 1985-1986 Return of Comet Halley.'' U. of California Press, 1990. 429 pp.
* Westfall, Richard S. ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton.'' 2 vol. Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 895 pp. the major scholarly biography [https://www.amazon.com/Never-Rest-Biography-Cambridge-Paperback/dp/0521274354/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337354&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
** Westfall, Richard S. ''The Life of Isaac Newton.'' Cambridge U. Press, (1993). 328 pp., short version [https://www.amazon.com/Life-Isaac-Newton-Canto-original/dp/0521477379/ref=sip_rech_dp_10 excerpt and text search]
* Westfall, Richard S. "Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004); online edition
* White, Michael. ''Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer.'' (1998). 416 pp. Newton as alchemist [http://www.questia.com/read/9931462 online edition]
===Newton and religion===
* Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. ''The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.'' (1991), links the alchemy to Arianism
* Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. ''Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence.'' (1999), 342pp . Pp. xvii + 325. 13 papers by scholars using newly opened manuscripts
* Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 34: 417–438. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4028372 in JSTOR], argues that his calculus had a theological basis
* Snobelen, Stephen D. "'God of Gods, and Lord of Lords': The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia," ''Osiris,'' 2nd Series, Vol. 16, (2001), pp. 169–208 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/301985 in JSTOR]
* Snobelen, Stephen D. "Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite," ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 32: 381–419. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4027945 in JSTOR]
* Pfizenmaier, Thomas C. "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?," ''Journal of the History of Ideas,'' Vol. 58, No. 1 (Jan., 1997), pp. 57–80 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3653988 in JSTOR]
* Westfall, Richard S. ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton.'' 2 vol. Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 895 pp. the major scholarly biography [https://www.amazon.com/Never-Rest-Biography-Cambridge-Paperback/dp/0521274354/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337354&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wiles, Maurice. ''Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries.'' (1996) 214pp, with chapter 4 on 18th century England; pp 77–93 on Newton [https://www.amazon.com/Archetypal-Heresy-Arianism-through-Centuries/dp/0199245916/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1221655973&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search],

===Primary sources===
* Newton, Isaac. ''The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.'' U. of California Press, (1999). 974 pp.
* Newton, Isaac. ''The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton. Vol. 1: The Optical Lectures, 1670-1672.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1984. 627 pp.
* Newton, Isaac. ''Opticks'' (4th ed. 1730) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GnAFAAAAQAAJ&dq=newton+opticks&pg=PP1&ots=Nnl345oqo_&sig=0mBTaXUI_K6w-JDEu_RvVq5TNqc&prev=http://www.google.com/search?q=newton+opticks&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=ie7&rlz=1I7GGLJ&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail online edition]
* Newton, Isaac. ''The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton,'' 8 vols. (Cambridge University Press, 1967–81).
* Newton, Isaac. ''The correspondence of Isaac Newton,'' ed. H. W. Turnbull and others, 7 vols. (1959–77).
* Brackenridge, J. Bruce. ''The Key to Newton's Dynamics: The Kepler Problem and the Principia: Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from the First (1687) Edition of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.'' U. of California Press, 1996. 299 pp.
* ''Newton's Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings'' edited by H. S. Thayer, (1953), [http://www.questia.com/read/5876270 online edition]
* Newton, Isaac. ''Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John'' [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16878/16878-h/16878-h.htm The Project Gutenberg EBook]

==External links==
*[http://www.relativitycalculator.com/Newton_Axioms.shtml Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion]
*[http://www.college-optometrists.org/index.aspx/pcms/site.college.What_We_Do.museyeum.online_exhibitions.observatory.newton/ Newton & the Colour of Light]
* [https://librivox.org/author/2836 Works by Sir Isaac Newton - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]

{{Greatest Thinkers}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Newton, Isaac}}

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After the Ball

2021-08-07T00:20:57Z

AK: /* Relevant excerpts-typo

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | [[Mein Kampf]] as a working model
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''“I have helped to create a truly [[fascist]] organization. We conspired to bring into existence an [[Pressure group|activist group]] that … could effectively exploit the [[media]] for its own ends, and that would work covertly and break the law with impunity…[W]e subscribed to consciously subversive modes, drawn largely from voluminious [[Mein Kampf]], which some of us studied as a working model. As [[ACT-UP]]/DC grew, we struck intently and surgically into whatever institutions we believed to stand in our way.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Eric Pollard,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Time to Give Up Fascist Tactics |page=Letters to the Editor |author=Eric Pollard |journal=Washington Blade |date=31 Jan 1992}}</ref> former member and cofounder of the militant homosexual organization [[ACT-UP]]/DC<ref name="Reilly2014">{{cite book |title=Making Gay Okay: How Rationalizing Homosexual Behavior is Changing Everything |author=Robert R. Reilly |publisher=Ignatius Press |place=San Francisco |pages=121 |isbn=978-1-58617-833-8 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rO-JTobNH80}}</ref> </div>
|}
'''''After the Ball'''''<ref>{{cite book |title=After the Ball: How America Will Conquer Its Fear and Hatred of Gays in the 90s |author=Marshall Kirk, Hunter Madsen |publisher=Plume |year=1989 |isbn=978-0452264984 |url=https://books.google.no/books?id=oDwEAQAAIAAJ |quote=}}</ref> is the 1989 book by [[Marshall Kirk]] and [[Hunter Madsen]], which has been the homosexual movement's marketing blueprint for the now global homosexual [[propaganda]] campaign to replace marriage-based society with a culture of sexual anarchy. The book is based on a November 1987 ''Guide'' magazine article titled ''"The Overhauling of Straight America"'', which was intended for [[Homosexual rights advocacy|homosexual activist]] eyes only,<ref name="Smith 1993">{{cite book |title=Sodom's second coming |author=Frank LaGard Smith |publisher=Harvest House Publishers |year=1993 |pages=43|isbn=978-15650-71544|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=no&id=G-U4b1FqhygC |quote=Irresistible propaganda ...so how did it happen that Kinsey's 10 percent figure got so much public airtime? Marshall Kirk and Hunter Madsen, writing for a gay audience, in ''After the Ball'', have let the cat out of the bag with this admission: "Based on their personal experience, most straights probably would put the gay population at 1% or 2% of the general population. Yet ... when straights are asked by pollsters for a formal estimate, the figure played back most often ..."}}</ref> and is a remarkably frank summary of the book's thesis. It is regarded as a must-read for anyone who wants to understand the [[homosexual agenda]]. Although the ''After the Ball'' book, based on this outline, has become the [[LGBT]]I ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' or ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'' of homosexual propagandists,<ref name="Runyon2015">{{cite book |title=Gay Marriage Considerations: A review of "After the Ball" |author=Daniel V.Runyon |publisher=Saltbox Press |place=Spring Arbor, Michigan |year=2015 |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-1-878559-06-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1878559060 |quote=Ball begins by thanking those who helped write or inspire this "gay manifesto"...}}</ref> only the 1987 article states the homosexual goals and tactics with alarming frankness.<ref>{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |pages=208 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow/Redeeming%20the%20Rainbow%20smaller%20file%20for%20e-mail.pdf }}</ref> Defenders of "The Overhauling of Straight America" have tried to minimize its impact, and even outright deceive the public about the truth of its contents, by publicly branding the article as "satire" and ridiculing anyone who takes it seriously, but few people are fooled by this attempt at LGBTI deceit, especially in the wake of recent events that have seen the homosexual agenda, with aid from sympathizers in politics, the courts, academia and the [[liberal media]], make unprecedented gains at society's expense. The publication gave [[homosexual]]s in [[America]] the traction needed to bring about the "[[gay]]" revolution.<ref name="Runyon2015"/>

==Relevant excerpts<ref>{{cite web |title=The Overhauling of Straight America |author=Marshall Kirk and Erastes Pill |publisher=Guide Magazine |date=November 1987 |url=http://library.gayhomeland.org/0018/EN/EN_Overhauling_Straight.htm |accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref>==
The 1987 article ''The Overhauling of Straight America'' basically outlines a program how to perform a [[Gleichschaltung#LGBTI Gleichschaltung|LGBTI gleichschaltung]] in the society by adopting salami tactics (cf. ''"By this point, our salami tactics will have carved out, slice by slice, a large portion of access to the mainstream media."'').

===Desensitization of public opinion===
The first order of business is desensitization of the American public concerning gays and gay rights. To desensitize the public is to help it view homosexuality with ''indifference'' instead of with ''keen emotion''. Ideally, we would have straights register differences in sexual preference the way they register ''different tastes'' for ice cream or sports games: she likes strawberry and I like vanilla; he follows baseball and I follow football. No big deal.
At least in the beginning, we are seeking public desensitization and nothing more. We do not need and cannot expect a full “appreciation” or “understanding” of homosexuality from the average American. You can forget about trying to persuade the masses that homosexuality is a good thing.
But if only you can get them to think that it is ''just another thing'', with a shrug of their shoulders, then your battle for legal and social rights is virtually won. And to get to shoulder-shrug stage, ''gays as a class'' must cease to appear mysterious, alien, loathsome and contrary. A ''large-scale media campaign'' will be required in order to change the image of gays in America. And any ''campaign to accomplish'' this turnaround should do '''six things''':
# '''TALK ABOUT GAYS AND GAYNESS AS LOUDLY AND AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE'''
# '''PORTRAY GAYS AS VICTIMS, NOT AS AGGRESSIVE CHALLENGERS'''
# '''GIVE PROTECTORS A JUST CAUSE'''
# '''MAKE GAYS LOOK GOOD'''
# '''MAKE THE VICTIMIZERS LOOK BAD'''
# '''SOLICIT FUNDS: THE BUCK STOPS HERE'''

==See also==
*[[Homo-fascism]]
*[[Homosexual Agenda]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Revolution]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]

Emotional contagion

2021-03-06T13:44:57Z

AK: creating page

'''Emotional contagion''' is a method how babies and little children communicate their feelings and needs. In effort to get other people to feel what they are feeling, they cry and fuss until their adult caretaker figures out what is wrong with them and then does anything necessary to calm them.<ref name="Gibson2015">{{cite book |title=Adult Children of Emotionally Immature Parents: How to Heal from Distant, Rejecting, or Self-Involved Parents |author=Lindsay C. Gibson |publisher=New Harbinger Publications |year=2015 |chapter=3 |pages=53-58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZpGCQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

== Emotionally immature adults ==
The similar primitive way of communicating their feelings, esp. when they are distressed, is adopted by emotionally immature adults. They try to upset targeted people around them, typically with result that those are then willing to do anything to make emotionally immature person feel better. In addition, these people — unlike assertive ones — tend to expect others to read their minds and are often quick to anger if other side does not anticipate their wishes fast enough. They extremely dislike having to tell others what they need and instead hold back, waiting to see whether anyone will notice how they are feeling. Instead of assertively speaking up about what they need, emotionally immature people create a malignant guessing game that keeps everybody uneasy. They only feel good about themselves when they can get other people to give them what they want and to act like they think they should. When being confronted, they tend to become defensive, respond with anger, react with impulsive and insensitive responses which they rationalize with excuses, or dismiss the criticism altogether as ridiculous. Emotionally immature people crave attention to their needs, yet they are themselves — unlike emotionally mature people who are almost always sensitive to others — actually hard to give to. They typically believe that they are not required to be tuned in to others’ feelings. They often accuse the person hurt by their misbehavior to be overly emotional or too sensitive.<ref name="Gibson2015"/>

===Helping emotionally immature people===
Emotionally immature people want others to show concern about their problems, but they are not likely open-minded to accept helpful suggestions. They reflexively reject endeavors to make them feel cared about. They pull others in, but when those try to help, they pushed them away.

Helpers must offer comfort tactfully and obliquely, allowing the emotionally immature person to save the face.<ref name="Gibson2015"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Psychology]]

Self-reflection

2021-03-06T10:12:42Z

AK: creating page

'''Self-reflection''' is the ability of people to analyze their thoughts, feelings, an [[behavior]]s over time.<ref name="Gibson2015">{{cite book |title=Adult Children of Emotionally Immature Parents: How to Heal from Distant, Rejecting, or Self-Involved Parents |author=Lindsay C. Gibson |publisher=New Harbinger Publications |year=2015 |chapter=3 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZpGCQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Psychology]]

ABC Theory of Emotion

2021-02-09T02:25:19Z

AK: /* The consequences of lack of universal standards of right and wrong */ Whiteheads on 10% genetic influence in behavior

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:orange; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The rational-emotive process
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |Activating Event '''A''' + Belief '''B''' ------> Emotional Consequence '''C'''
|}
'''The ABC Theory of Emotion''' represents a widely accepted model of how one's feelings and behavioral patterns are created. It asserts that the emotions we experience such as, for example, frustration or anxiety, and resulting [[behavior]], do not come directly from the events in our lives, but from the interpretations{{#tag:ref|cf. "The difference between believing and disbelieving a statement – your spouse is cheating on you; you’ve just won $10 million [“You’re gay. You were born that way. Accept it.”<ref name="HURLBUT2013"/>] – is one of the most potent regulators of human behavior and emotion. The instant we accept a given representation of the world as true, it becomes the basis for further thought and action; rejected as false it remains a string of words."<ref>{{cite book |title=What we believe but cannot prove: Today’s Leading Thinkers on Science in the age of certainty |editor=John Brockman |chapter=Sam Harris |publisher=Harper Collins |place=New York |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-06-084181-2 |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060841818/ref=rdr_ext_tmb |quote=}}</ref> Our thoughts — cognition — play the key role in determining what emotions will be roused. Once we make an appraisal — ''"that taxi driver is cheating me"'' or ''"this baby is adorable,"'' a fitting emotional response follows.<ref name="Goleman1995">{{cite book |title=Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ |author=Daniel Goleman |publisher=Bantam Books |place=New York |year=1995 |chapter=Appendix B: Hallmarks of the Emotional Mind |pages=328, 336–7 |isbn=978-05538-40070 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgXxhmGiRB0C}}</ref> |group=note}} we make of those events, i.e. from conscious or subconscious beliefs we bring to that situation.<ref name="Virkler">{{cite book |last1= Virkler|first1= Henry A.|title= A Christian's Guide to Critical Thinking|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=rUgqAAAACAAJ&dq=virkler+A+Christian%27s+Guide+to+critical+thinking&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lzc9T9DDD4nN4QSy-fmACA&redir_esc=y |accessdate=16.2.2012 |type= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |month= |year=1993 |publisher= Wipf and Stock Publishers|location= Eugene, OR|isbn= 1-59752-661-4|page=253 3|pages=336 |at= Dealing with our Discomfort when Long-Established Beliefs are Threatened |chapter= 9 |quote= |ref= }}</ref> Its roots stem from a Rational-Emotive Therapy ('''RET''') developed initially by Albert Ellis in 1955.<ref name="Ellis">{{cite web |title=Expanding the ABCs of RET |author=Albert Ellis |publisher= |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02281207#page-1 |accessdate=August 30, 2013 |quote=The original ABCs of rational-emotive therapy (RET)—where A stands for the Activating events in people's lives, B for their Beliefs about these events, and C for the emotional and behavioral Consequences or Concomitants of their Beliefs—have proved very popular and therapeutically useful since RET was created in 1955. These ABCs have been expanded over the years by Ellis and other writers on RET. This article presents an up-to-date and more detailed expansion of the ABCs, with special emphasis on expanding the more common rational Beliefs (rBs) and irrational Beliefs (iBs)}}</ref> According to him, over 200 research articles confirm this theory.<ref name="Virkler"/>

The traditional viewpoints and approaches about human behavior fail especially when it comes to understanding and dealing with so called [[disturbed character]]. Problems with functioning well in a social context are not so much a consequence of the way a person feels, but are associated with distorted thinking patterns and dysfunctional core beliefs.<ref name="SimonCharDist"/> The current research indicates that the cognitive-behavioral therapy consisting in confronting these erroneous thinking patterns and reinforcing a person's willingness to change them, together with their resulting behavior patterns, is the treatment of choice in such case.<ref name="Simon"/> Taking constructive action in one's life, such as disputing old irrational beliefs,<ref name="Ellis"/> helps one to live a full and meaningful existence and not be ruled by one's emotional state.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Trouble With Self-Esteem |author=Lauren Slater |publisher=The New York Times |date=February 3, 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/03/magazine/03ESTEEM.html |accessdate=December 22, 2014 |quote= Reynolds writes, ''Cure is not defined by the alleviation of discomfort or the attainment of some ideal state (which is impossible) but by taking constructive action in one's life which helps one to live a full and meaningful existence and not be ruled by one's emotional state.''}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"Feelings come and go, and clearly do not last forever."''<ref>{{cite book |title=Pochybnosti a úžas (Doubt and awe)|author=Ulrich Parzany |publisher=ViViT |year=2009 |pages=52 |isbn=978-80892-64223 |quote=Pocity prichádzajú a odchádzajú, no jednoznačne nemajú trvácnosť. |language=Slovak}}</ref>|group=note}} Disturbed emotions as consequences and concomitants of irrational beliefs can be inappropriately fueled and amplified beyond control also by [[substance abuse|addictive abuse]] of [[Ecstasy|psychoactive substances]].<ref name="Yuan's Book"/>

== The Basic model ==
The model's fundamental principle can be outlined as follows:<ref name="Ellis"/>
*'''A'''...stands for '''A'''ctivating events in people's lives; these events represent what happens.
*'''B'''...stands for people's conscious or subconscious '''B'''eliefs about these events and their meaning.
*'''C'''...stands for emotional and behavioural '''C'''onsequences or '''C'''oncomitants of their beliefs; they represent the feelings and behavioural patterns ('''C'''onduct) these people have as a result.

After identifying these elements the central proposition of the theory is that the emotional and behavioural consequence (C) is not caused by the Activating event (A) directly, but by interpretation or belief (B) one has of the meaning of the activating event.

== The Extended model ==
According to practitioners of RET, there is also extension of ABC theory for corrective approach consisting in learning how to dispute with our previous beliefs and replace them with new ones:
*'''D'''...stands for '''D'''isputive belief or statement representing more accurate self-talk as result of effort to bring our emotional responses and behaviours under the control by learning to identify what we are saying to ourselves.{{#tag:ref|cf. "Neither emotion nor will are an argument, if there is no common sense involved." [[T.G. Masaryk|Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Zapomenutý prorok Tomáš G. Masaryk |author=Bohumil Sláma |publisher=Ateliér Sláma |place=Brno |year=2010 |pages=31 |isbn=978-8025-484333 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkUHaAEACAAJ |quote=Cit ani vůle nejsou argument, chybí-li rozum.|language=Czech}}</ref> It takes will to keep emotion under the control of reason.<ref name="Goleman1995"/> |group=note}} This would then likely lead to:
*'''E'''...stands for the new '''E'''motional consequence, feeling of relief and/or functional behavior.

== The consequences of lack of universal standards of right and wrong ==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Novelist on shifting the blame away from oneself
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«I don’t think that after about the age of 25 you can carry on blaming either your parents or your [[DNA]] for anything that you do.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Ken Follet: The Third Twin<ref name="Follet1996">{{cite book |title=The Third Twin |author=Ken Follett |publisher=Crown Publishers |place=New York |date=30 October, 2019 |pages= |isbn=978-0-517-70296-3 |url=https://ken-follett.com/bibliography/the_third_twin/ |quote=Ken’s view Steve, the hero of The Third Twin, is troubled when he finds he has an identical twin who is a murderer. He's led to examine himself and he worries that he is like his brother. He asks, “do my genes make me what I am? Or is it my upbringing and my environment?” He comes to the conclusion that, in the end, he himself is responsible for what he is. That isn’t really a philosophical answer, but it is a personal answer, and it is one that I believe in. I don’t think that after about the age of 25 you can carry on blaming either your parents or your DNA for anything that you do. My readers don’t buy my books to learn about philosophy, of course, but they like a story to have a thoughtful side.}}</ref></div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Scientist on shifting the blame away from oneself
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in their behavior— because without genes there can be no human behavior of any kind.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— NE and BK Whitehead: My Genes Made Me Do It!<ref name="Whitehead2020">{{cite book |title= My Genes Made Me Do It!: Homosexuality and the Scientific Evidence |author= N. Whitehead, Briar Whitehead |publisher=Whitehead Associates |place= New Zealand |year=2020 |edition=6 |pages= |isbn=978-0-473-17486-6 |url=https://www.mygenes.co.nz/summary.html |quote= Everyone has at least a 10% genetic influence in their behavior— because without genes there can be no human behavior of any kind. Twin studies show that individualistic reactions to chance events (in which one identical twin reacts differently from the other) are by far the strongest contributors to homosexuality. In other words personal individual reactions to random events are a strong factor.}}</ref></div>
|}
[[Stoic]] [[philosopher]]s such as [[Epictetus]] placed great emphasis on [[self-control]] – and, therefore, they rejected the idea that ''emotion'' may have any worth in deciding whether an ''action'' or ''goal'' is worthy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual on the art of living |author=Epictetus (Introduction by Kristan K. Husby) |translator=P.E. Matheson |publisher=AIORA Press |place=Athens, Greece |year=2017 |chapter=Introduction |pages=15 |isbn=978-618-5048-70-9 |quote=}}</ref>

When people are no longer guided by universal standards of right or wrong, they have nothing more reliable than their own ''feelings'' to guide them. When people are operating primarily on the basis of ''feelings'' and ''emotions'', they are wide open to every sort of imaginable [[psychological manipulation]]. This is then misused by modern [[marketing]] techniques that do not operate through ''appeal to reason'' but by directly targeting the ''emotions''.<ref name="Kupelian2005">{{cite book |title=The marketing of evil: How radicals, elitists, and pseudo-experts sell us corruption disguised as freedom |author=David Kupelian |publisher=WND Books |year=2005 |pages=99 |isbn=978-1-58182-459-9 |url=https://books.google.no/books?id=kQpXAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

== Assertive thinking challenges irrational beliefs ==
Sometimes people's thinking is so influenced by their ''emotions'' that their thinking is neither ''logical'' nor ''truthful''. At those times, they "''can't think straight''," and '''irrational beliefs''' may form the basis for their ''choices'' and ''decisions''. Those irrational beliefs however may be challenged by [[Assertiveness|assertive thinking]]. Assertive thinking seeks the truth by trying to determine what is ''unreasonable'', ''illogical'', or ''absurd'', and then leads to rejecting those thoughts marked by such traits.<ref>{{cite book |title=Speaking the Truth in Love |author=Ruth N. Koch & Kenneth C. Haugk |publisher=Stephen Ministries |place=St. Louis, Missouri |year=1992 |chapter=2. The Assertive Life-style |pages=33 |isbn=978-09633-83112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QkHVGig2q4C |quote=Thoughts Sometimes Come First, Then Feelings ... Thoughts Can Modify Feelings ... Assertive Thinking Focuses on the Truth ... Assertive Thinking Identifies and Challenges Irrational Beliefs}}</ref>

== Character disturbance is associated with rejection of assertive thinking ==
[[Disturbed character]]s, whose aggressive behavior is characterized by stubborn rejection of exerting assertive skills, often claim that some ''person'' or ''circumstance'' made them do what they did instead of acknowledging that they had a ''choice'' about how to respond to the situation and failed to choose wisely.<ref>{{cite web |title=Playing the Blame Game as a Manipulation Tactic |author=George Simon |publisher=CounsellingResource |date=27 Feb 2009 |url=https://counsellingresource.com/features/2009/02/27/blame-game/ |accessdate=21 Nov 2018}}</ref> Hardened heads who persist in their defiance and [[pride]]; whatever is preached or said to them, they will not listen; when they are reproved, in order that they may learn to know themselves and amend, they become ''mad'' and ''foolish'' so as to fairly merit wrath.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Large Catechism |author=Martin Luther |chapter=The Ten Commandments The First Commandment. Thou shalt have no other gods before Me. |url=http://bookofconcord.org/lc-3-tencommandments.php#para38 |accessdate=21 Nov 2018}}</ref>

== Examples ==
===Homosexual Lifestyle===
**''A: Activating event:'' [[Christopher Yuan]] explains in his book 'Out of A Far Country',<ref name="Yuan's Book">{{cite book |title=christopheryuan |year=2011 |publisher=WaterBrook Press |pages=6, 11, 82, 186, 187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3KR3nFcl1oC&dq=Christipher+Yuan+Out+of+far+country&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=UNwhUqPuDcqbtQb4qID4Bg&redir_esc=y |isbn=978-0-307-72935-4 |quote=It's not something I can choose. I was born this way...I am gay. ... I went from thinking, ''There is something wrong with me'', to, This is who I am. ... When I stepped into the gay community, I was introduced to a world of outcasts who had come together and become family. ... With my newfound confidence, I became popular in the gay club scene. ... Life with Derek was a roller-coaster ride from the start. For the first few weeks, every morning he'd tell me how much he loved me, how glad he was I'd moved in with him. I felt like we had become one - our souls enmeshed. But in reality, much of the passion between us was fueled by Ecstasy - thus our relationship was fierce and intense, both good and bad. ... When I asked where he'd been, he got angry and told me that I should get my own place. So I started packing my staff. ... Derek had told me so many times that I was the one. Now I couldn't break free of his strong grip, and he was about to kill me. ... he pushed me away and yelled, "Get out!"}}</ref> co-authored with his mother, that what happened to him, when he was just 9 years old, was that he was exposed to [[pornography]] in a friend's house.<ref name="Yuan's Story">{{cite web |title=Christopher Yuan's story |publisher= |date=3 May 2010 |page=00min:33sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwmUNqrirO4 |accessdate=August 30, 2013 |quote=When he was 9 years old, Christopher saw pornography in a friend's house. That's when he started thinking: Maybe he was different. Those images just awoke something in me that I didn't know was there but I also noticed that I was attracted by images of both men and women. He decided to keep his feelings secret with hope they will go away, but they didn't. All these feelings were kind of bubbling up in me and I was kind of keeping them held down. ...}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. Exposure to pornography, especially at a young age, can also be gateway into the „gay“ lifestyle itself.<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|page=60 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow }}</ref> Just as happy memories cheer us up, or melancholy thoughts make us reflective, so can a sexual fantasy lead to sexual feelings.<ref name="Goleman1995"/>|group=note}} That gave him a distorted view of what sexuality is and awoke feelings of being attracted by images of both men and women.<ref name="Yuan's web">{{cite web |title=HOPE+ CrossRoads Video |author=Christopher Yuan |publisher=christopheryuan.com |date=3 May 2010 |url=http://www.christopheryuan.com/main/index.html |accessdate=August 30, 2013 |quote= Then at an early age I was exposed to pornography when I was just 9 years old. That really gave me a distorted view of what sexuality is... it was at that point that I realized that there was this attraction that I didn't really understand to both sexes ... I began to experiment with all these things that most kids experiment in college going to the bar and experiment sexually...I came across the gay clubs so I started going to those and I decided this is the way, this is what I was...}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf.
*Feeling distant from her unsympathetic mother, Anne Frank, a teenage girl, writes of her confusing sexual attraction for females in a diary addressed to imaginary friend: ''"I remember that once when I slept with a girlfriend, I had a strong desire to kiss her and that I did so. I could not help being terribly inquisitive over her body, for she had always kept it hidden from me. ... I go into ecstasies every time I see the naked figure of a woman. ... It strikes me as so wonderful and exquisite that I have difficulty in stopping the tears rolling down my cheeks. If only I had a girlfriend.''" Anne Frank's disclosure is a vivid example of the kinds of thoughts within many young people who occasionally experience this type of attraction. They are both alarmed and excited in the fleeting moments or dreams when their bodies are sexually drawn to the same sex. [[Same-sex attraction]]s are not unusual among teenagers. Some say that these attractions qualify a person as "homosexual." But this isn't true. The attractions exist, in part, for reasons outside of a person and do not mean they are abnormal. The existence of such feelings, however, signals a deep hunger and profound confusion.<ref name="RBC"/> Longing to escape from our isolation is very often combined with the greatest force we have within us: our sexual impulse. When this is so, we will readily ignore any restraints.<ref name="Busch">{{cite book |author=Wilhelm Busch |title=Jesus Our Destiny |publisher=Inter Publishing Services |year=2001 |pages=85 |isbn=0-86347-024-6 |url=http://bitflow.dyndns.org/english/WilhelmBusch/Jesus_Our_Destiny_2007.doc}}</ref> Ex-lesbian [[Lisa Miller]] explained that after she quit the homosexual lifestyle she realized that her feelings of same-sex attractions can just as easily be transferred to a man - ''"it's as if I just want someone to love me,"'' she wrote. The struggles with same-sex attractions are no different than the struggles with loneliness, insecurity, and wanting to fill that emptiness and void with someone who could make a person feel special, loved, and wanted. Especially without a support system such a functional family, these feelings and strong desire to be loved unconditionally could lead to inappropriate thoughts of relationships,<ref name="Only1Mommmy"/> in the ''Extended ABC Theory of Emotion'' called '''irrational Beliefs'''.
* The first Slovak documentary film on the gay community ''Crying of Angels'' (2005-2008) by Zuza Piussi captures the activating event for entering the homosexual lifestyle by one of the film’s major young protagonists in the following way:
''"This is the first man in my life to whom I feel so incredibly attached, when I’m falling asleep, I’m thinking of him, my first morning thought belongs to him, when I'm doing whatsoever, I’m thinking of him. Can you imagine how it feels when somebody tells you how he desperately likes you, how he wants you, how he adores every simple bit of your body - I have never experienced anything like that before."'' Yet, after some time, the very same protagonist exhibits signs of replacing his old beliefs and adopting more accurate self-talk as result of effort to bring his emotional response and behaviour under the control after the lesson learnt how important it is to identify what we are saying to ourselves (In the Extended version of ABC theory of Emotion this is called: Detecting/Debating/Discriminating '''irrational Beliefs''' (iB) about Activating event, and replacing them and dysfunctional behaviour with Effective rational beliefs/Effective appropriate emotions/Effective functional behaviour):<ref name="Ellis"/> ''"We broke up... What if... I became straight. What if I try to attract these chicks, there seem to be passing some right now. Now, after the last break-up, I feel like having an aversion to all guys, I don’t even meet with other males at the moment, nothing, nada, it does not matter whether they are straight or gay... I just feel such inner aversion to all penises...It's brutal how something broke that radically within me, for the first time I started thinking much differently -what if I have my own child, and this kid would not be with a man, what if I have it with wife and live with a woman. Perhaps it would be like passing to some sort of higher level."''<ref name="Piussi">{{cite web
|title=Crying of Angels
|author= Zuza Piussi
|publisher=atelier.doc
|year=2005
|pages=01min:55sec
|url=http://www.atelierdoc.sk/projekty/20/41/Zuza-Piussi-THE-CRYING-OF-ANGELS/
|accessdate=November 3, 2013 |quote=To je prvý človek na ktorého som tak neskutočne naviazaný, ja zaspávam myslím na neho, sa zobúdzam, myslím na neho, ja robím hocičo, myslím na neho. Vieš aký je to pocit keď Ti niekto rozpráva ako sa mu strašne páčiš, ako Ťa chce, ako Ťa zbožňuje, každý kúsok Tvojho tela – to sa mi v živote nestalo. … Rozišli sme sa ... … čo keby som sa stal heterákom. Čo keby som zbalil tieto pipiny, tu idú nejaké. Teraz som po tom poslednom rozchode taký že mám averziu voči všetkým chlapom, teraz sa ani nestretám s rôznymi chlapmi, nič, to je jedno či je to heterák, či je teplý... Taká vnútorná averzia voči penisom, .... Je to brutálne, so mnou sa niečo tak zlomilo, že aké by to bolo keby som ja mal svoje vlastné dieťa, a som prvý krát začal rozmýšľať že keby to dieťa nebolo s mužom, že keby to jednoducho bolo dieťa, keby som ho mal so ženou -a žil so ženou. Možno že by to bolo také postúpenie do nejakého vyššieho levelu. |language=Slovak, English}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgreen; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The first principle
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''“The first principle is that you must not fool yourself and you are the easiest person to fool.” {{#tag:ref|cf. [[Ideomotor effect]]|group=note}}''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Richard Feynman]]<ref>{{cite web |title="Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!": Adventures of a Curious Character |author=Richard P. Feynman |editor=Ralph Leighton |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2010 |pages=343 |isbn=978-03933-39857 |url=https://books.google.no/books?id=7papZR4oVssC|quote= }}</ref>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:purple; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The luring demand upon sense of curiosity
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''“In my lifetime, [pornography that my dad never even have tried to hide in a place where there'd be no risk of me finding it] has only served to awaken and exacerbate temptations I was fighting to overcome, and I found that it placed an unexpected kind of luring demand upon my sense of curiosity toward homosexual experiences I hadn't yet tried. Any way you dissect it, it's just dangerous to view it.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Dean Bailey]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Beyond the Shades of Gray: Because Homosexuality Is a Symptom, Not a Solution |author=Dean Bailey |publisher=WestBow Press |place=Bloomington, IN |year=2011 |chapter=13.My Testimony: Captured by Homosexual Sin, and then Rescued by Christ |pages=102 |isbn=978-03933-39857 |url=http://www.beyondtheshadesofgray.org/ |quote= }}</ref>
</div>
|}
**''B: Belief about the activation event and its meaning:'' Little by little, he interpreted the activation event in line with popular unscientific misbelief that such feelings of [[same-sex attraction|sexual attraction]] can only be the result of being 'born gay'.<ref name="Yuan's Book"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.:
*External Link: [http://www.mygenes.co.nz/PDFs/Ch8.pdf Are brains "gay"?]<ref>{{cite web |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! - Homosexuality and the scientific evidence. |author= |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/download.htm}}</ref>
*"Worse yet: when people lament their homosexual tendencies, you have just told them, “You’re gay. You were born that way. Accept it.” Of course what you do not realize is that homosexuality is a learned response, a teachable response, and a recruitable response. Such recruitment took place in ancient Greece, and again in medieval Rome. And recent evidence suggests it is taking place again."<ref name="HURLBUT2013">{{cite web |title=Homosexuality: Open Letter To Christie |author=Terry Hurlbut |date=August 24, 2013 |url=https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2013/08/24/family/homosexuality-open-letter-governor-christie/ |accessdate=October 31, 2013}}</ref>
*The Christians are frequently blamed and labeled for being [[Moral relativism#Moral relativism as TUMOR|intolerant]] against homosexuals. Recently it became a part of public debate in Germany when at one event there was held a workshop offering help to people struggling with same-sex attractions. One of my teachers asked me how come that Christians are so ''“intolerant”''. I gave her the following answer: “Think twice who is actually intolerant. There are number of people who have “homosexual” tendencies, because they were [[Sexual abuse being a contributing factor for homosexuality|abused]] as children, seduced, or something similar. Many simply have homosexual fantasies, but they don’t like it and feel concerned about it. They seek for help, but at the same time they feel embarrassed to acknowledge it. They would like to live in normal way, but are struggling with their emotions. And today they are told: ''“You cannot have any problem! Just be homosexuals, whether you like it or not! It is compulsory upon you to be them!”'' Is this tolerant? There are multiples of people being ignored, who search for help, but it cannot be granted to them. They are being ignored by totalitarian homo-policy, and not tolerated! And woe to you should you be interested to help them.” This teacher was not stupid, she acknowledged my point.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kreuz & Quer in der Szene |author=Novak, Kornelius et al. |publisher=Lichtzeichen-Verlag |year=2010 |pages=110 |isbn=9783869540184 |url=http://lichtzeichen-shop.com/Buecher/Evangelistische-Literatur/Kreuz-Quer-in-der-Szene.html |language=German}}</ref>|group=note}} Such [[phenomenon]] when our ability to fool ourselves can push us towards erroneous conclusions is recognized as [[ideomotor effect]].
**''C: Behavioural consequences of the belief:'' His irrational belief about the activation event produced his later behavioural patterns including sexual experimentation, visiting gay clubs and bars, and promiscuous sexual encounters with other men.<ref name="Yuan's web"/> This homosexual lifestyle{{#tag:ref|Note: The [[Christian]] [[ethics]] is based on [[Christ]]'s teaching in the [[Gospel]]s that we should multiply our [[talent]]s, behave [[ethical]]ly, and not be extravagant in [[lifestyle]].<ref name="Salt">{{cite book
|title=Light, Salt and the world of business
|author=Fred Catherwood
|publisher=International Fellowship of Evangelical Students
|isbn=978-1-899464-05-0
|url=http://www.didaskofiles.com/?page_id=52
}}</ref> Homosexual lifestyle is based on nonprocreative, essentially sterile act of sodomy that is, as [[Gedankenexperiment#Marriage vs. Homosexual Life-style|scientific device shows]], intrisically unfit for generation. It includes morally corrupt sexual behavior, such as anal intercourse, thus as such can be regarded as extravagant and representing antithesis to moral and ethical behaviour and lifestyle.<ref name="Reilly2014">{{cite book |title=Making Gay Okay: How Rationalizing Homosexual Behavior is Changing Everything |author=Robert R. Reilly |publisher=Ignatius Press |place=San Francisco |pages=91- |isbn=978-1-58617-833-8 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rO-JTobNH80}}</ref>|group=note}} was not caused directly by activation event itself, but by his interpretation of its meaning. Later, after being diagnosed as [[HIV]] positive, he realized that his justification for homosexuality was wrong and he mistakenly allowed his feelings and sexual passions to dictate who he was.<ref name="Yuan's Book"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.
*“This 'knowledge' of ''who we really are'' is the ''gnosis'' that [[Gnosticism]] is all about.”<ref name="Skarsaune">{{cite book
|author=Oskar Skarsaune
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influence on Early Christianity
|publisher=IVP Academic
|year=2002
|location=Downers Grove, IL
|pages=246
|chapter=12:Orthodoxy and Heresy
|isbn=978-0-8308-2844-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Oskar+Skarsaune+In+the+shadow+of+the+temple&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6WuMUIihIJTN4QSbnoGIBQ&redir_esc=y
}}</ref>
*“One who does not know the Holy God cannot know what one is himself.”<ref>{{cite book |title=Mojžiš a Desatoro |author=Jozef Ondrej Markuš |publisher=Matica slovenská |year= 2003 |place=Martin, Slovakia |pages=86 |isbn= 978-807-096-9038|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCkzywAACAAJ |quote=Kto však nepozná svätého Boha, ten nemôže poznať ani seba samého. |language=Slovak}}</ref>
* Without the understanding of our spiritual origin and destiny — of who we are and what purpose our maker intended for us — we can’t possibly understand sex and its intended role in our lives.<ref>{{cite book |title=How Evil Works: Understanding and Overcoming the Destructive Forces That Are Transforming America |author=David Kupelian |publisher=Simon and Schuster |place= |year=2010 |chapter=2. Sexual anarchy |pages=39 |isbn=978-14391-68646 |url=https://books.google.sk/books?id=cPeogcSyymsC }}</ref>|group=note}} When passions are confused with same-sex attractions, people still have to choose to act on those feelings and their personal beliefs play the key role in this respect.<ref name="Only1Mommmy">{{cite book |author=Rena M. Lindevaldsen |title=The Lisa Miller Story: Only One Mommy: A Woman's Battle for Her Life, Her Daughter, and Her Freedom |publisher=New Revolution Publishers |year=2011 |pages=69, 118 |isbn=978-1-937102-01-2 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Only-One-Mommy-Daughter-Freedom/dp/1937102017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Homosexuality and the Christian: Guide for parents, pastors, and friends |author=Mark A.Yarhouse |publisher=Bethany House |year=2010 |chapter=2.Why is sexual identity the hearth of the matter? |pages=40–1 |isbn=978-0-7642-0731-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFJAi9QEfAIC |quote=Being attracted to someone and acting on those attractions are two separate things.}}</ref> [[Slovak]] homosexual [[Jozef Demjan]] who previously had six relations with men quit his homosexual lifestyle and in 2012 married Julia after he changed the interpretation of his same-sex attractions. He compares them to birds that ''"one cannot prevent from flying all over your head but what one can do is to prevent them to make a nest upon it."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Svadba bez pretvárky, ale plná kontroverznosti! Róm s homosexuálnou minulosťou sa oženil s nerómkou, baptistkou! (Romany young lad with homosexual past has married non-romany babtist girl) |publisher=markiza.sk |date=05. September 2012 |url=http://modrezneba.markiza.sk/clanok/svadba-bez-pretvarky-ale-plna-kontroverznosti.html |accessdate=August 6, 2013|language=Slovak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oslobodený z homosexuality - Príbeh Jozefa a Júlie Modré z Neba (Set free from homosexuality: The story of Jozef and Júlia)|url=http://en.gloria.tv/?media=330027 |quote=nezabrániš vtákom aby leteli nad tvojou hlavou ale môžeš zabrániť aby si na nej spravili hniezdo |language=Slovak}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Homosexuality]] is a persistent preoccupation with erotic encounters involving members of the same sex, which may or may not be acted out with another person. Put another way, it is making deliberate plans to entertain and cooperate in sexual fantasies or behaviors with someone of the same sex. Although having the same-sex attractions is not something for which we are morally responsible, it is when we begin planning to entertain these attractions in fantasy or behavior that we cross the [[Boundaries (Psychology)|line]]. If the attractions turn into a preoccupation, the temptation to embrace homosexual behavior is great<ref name="RBC">{{cite book |title=When Passions Are Confused|author=Jeff Olson|publisher=RBC Ministries, discoveryseries.org |year=1996 |pages=14 |url=http://jesus-revolution.com/Documents/When_Passions_Are_Confused_Understanding_Homosexuality.pdf}}</ref> and at the end it can develop into [[obsessive compulsive disorder]]. At the heart of the homosexual condition is a deep loneliness, the natural human hunger for mutual love, a search for identity, and a longing for completeness.<ref>{{cite book |title=Same-Sex Partnerships? A Christian Perspective |author=John Stott |isbn=978-08007-56741 |publisher=Baker Book House Co. |location=Grand Rapids, MI |year=1998 |pages=81 |url=http://www.bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/same-sex-partnerships/219040}}</ref>|group=note}} Similarly, [[Michael Glatze]], an ex-prominent gay activist and former editor of a [[San Francisco]]-based, youth-focused homosexual magazines XY Magazine and Young Gay America (Y.G.A.), renounced homosexuality, decided to break up with his ex-partner of 10 years and in October 2013 married a woman, Rebekah. His transformation from gay to straight began after he started to question his lifestyle following a health scare. Now he stands by his opinion about homosexuality as a flawed and mistaken lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Gay Activist Marries Woman; Addresses Critics Who Condemn His New Heterosexual Lifestyle |author=Jessica Martinez|date=December 13, 2013 |publisher= CP U.S. |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/former-gay-activist-marries-woman-addresses-critics-who-condemn-his-new-heterosexual-lifestyle-110736/ |accessdate=December 25, 2013 |quote=}}</ref> How we think, what we believe, and the attitudes we've developed largely determine how we will act.<ref name="SimonCharDist">{{cite book
|title=Character Disturbance: The Phenomenon of Our Age
|author=George K. Simon
|publisher=Parkhurst Brothers
|year=2011
|location=Little Rock, USA
|chapter=Introduction
|pages=42
|isbn=978-1-935166-33-7
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvDSRwAACAAJ
|quote=How we think in large measure determines how we will act.
}}</ref><ref name="Simon">{{cite book
|title=In Sheep's Clothing: Understanding and dealing with Manipulative People
|author=George Simon
|publisher=Parkhurst Brothers
|year=1996, 2010
|location=Little Rock, USA
|chapter=8 The Manipulaive Child
|pages=38, 105
|isbn=978-1-935166-30-6
|url=http://www.pbros.net/sheep.htm
}}</ref> [[Dennis Jernigan]] who walked out of a homosexual lifestyle explains that more he changed the way he thought, the more his true needs and desires were met. His disturbed and twisted feelings as result of former irrational beliefs were replaced with right feelings due to the new way he was thinking.<ref>{{cite book |title=Renewing your mind: Identity and the matter of choice |author=Dennis Jernigan |publisher=Innovo Publishing |year=October 2017 |pages=41 |isbn=978-1-61314-373-5 |url=http://www.standardnewswire.com/news/6131612800.html }}</ref>

===[[Marriage]]===
People tend to give to feelings of romantic love a status of autonomous authority over marriage. When the disillusioned couples discover that ''"we just don't love each other anymore,"'' they tearfully conclude that their marriage has lost its essential basis for existence. Although love is essential ingredient of marriage, the marriage does not depend upon love for its continued existence. The nature and place of romantic love needs to be reexamined. Marriage gives to love a situation of stability and permanence, wherin it can grow toward maturity and rescues love from tyranny of strong but ''immature feelings''. It helps a person to live out times of difficulty and win through to new depths of love and understanding. In line with ABC theory of emotion, love is far more subject to ''will'' than we suppose. We help cultivate and develop love (emotional Consequence C) because we set our mind (Belief B) to do so in reaction to awareness of being married (Activation event A). Couples who come to the despairing conclusion that ''"we just don't love each other anymore"'' should be told quite simply, ''"Well, start learning!"'' In marriage, we are not the helpless pawns of love, but rather we train love to be the willing servant of our marriage. This kind of love does not grow in the sandy soil of our immediate feelings, but it roots down into the rich subsoil of mutual esteem. In considering the structure of marriage, the Christian woman holds her mate in the high regard which God has conferred on him with the name 'husband'; the Christian man likewise cherises the woman whom God has honored with the name 'wife'. A reverence for the dignity and honor which God has bestowed upon one's mate establishes married love upon an enduring foundation. From Biblical perspective, romantic feelings of love are not the basis for marriage, but the issue or outcome of successful marriage.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Christian Family |author=Larry Christenson |publisher=Betany House Publishers |year=1970 |pages=29–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=ylptFvibvuYC}}</ref> Biblical approach consisting in commanding us to love one another is compatible with the principles discovered in the ABC Theory of Emotion.

==Notes==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Psychology]]

Frank LaGard Smith

2021-01-17T21:16:36Z

AK: Creating page on Frank LaGard Smith

'''Frank LaGard Smith''' (born 1944 [[Houston]]) is retired professor of law at [[Pepperdine University]], former [[district attorney]] for Malheur [[County]] in [[Oregon]] and author of more than dozen books on law and [[Christianity]] – legal, social, doctrinal, and devotional. He is most widely known as the compiler and narrator of “The Daily Bible,” the [[NIV]] in chronological order. While teaching, he was focusing on Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, Trial Practice, and Law and Morality.<ref>{{cite book |title=ACLU: The Devil's Advocate : the Seduction of Civil Liberties in America |author=Frank LaGard Smith |publisher=Marcon Publishers |year=1996 |chapter=7.Taking Sexual Liberties |pages=envelope |isbn=9781886547032 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VpWDAAAAMAAJ |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Author F. LaGard Smith |url=https://lagardsmith.com/#about}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Criminal Law Concepts'' (1978)
* ''The Narrated Bible: In Chronological Order'' (1984)
* ''Crystal Lies: Choices in the New Age'' (1989)
* ''Men of Strength for Women of God'' (1989)
* ''Sodom's Second Coming''<ref>{{cite book |title=Sodom's second coming |author=Frank LaGard Smith |publisher=Harvest House Publishers|place=Eugene, Oregon |year=1993 |pages= |isbn=978-15650-71544 |url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=G-U4b1FqhygC}}</ref> (1993)
* ''Trial of the Century: You be the Juror : an Interactive Trial Guide'' (1994, co-author)
* ''ACLU: The Devil's Advocate : the Seduction of Civil Liberties in America'' (1996)
* ''Who Is My Brother: Facing a Crisis of Identity & Fellowship'' (1997)

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:LaGard Smith, Frank}}
[[Category:Christian Authors]]

Sexual freedom

2021-01-17T20:49:20Z

AK: LaGard Smith: Final Solution for sexual freedom

'''Sexual freedom''' as proclaimed by its proponents is the "right" to engage in any sexual behavior at all, without any restriction of morality, ethics or law.<ref>This includes [[BDSM]], "[[swinging]]", and [[polyamory]] [http://www.ncsfreedom.org/]</ref> The advocates of such licence invariably deny the inevitable spiritual, physical and emotional damage - often deadly damage - caused by such behaviour. [[Frank LaGard Smith]] points out that sexual liberties lead to killing of millions of unborn children, the [[nazi]]-style [[Final Solution]] for sexual freedom.<ref>{{cite book |title=ACLU: The Devil's Advocate : the Seduction of Civil Liberties in America |author=Frank LaGard Smith |publisher=Marcon Publishers |year=1996 |chapter=7.Taking Sexual Liberties |pages=111 |isbn=9781886547032 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VpWDAAAAMAAJ |quote=sexual license ...; and finally takes a quantum leap to the killing of millions of unborn children, the Final Solution for sexual freedom.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Promiscuity]]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Sin]]

Liz Cheney

2021-01-14T02:04:26Z

AK: Intlink

{{Officeholder
|name=Elizabeth “Liz” Cheney
|image=Liz Cheney (cropped).jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Philip Perry
|religion=[[Methodist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Wyoming
|district=At-Large
|terms=January 3, 2017 – present
|preceded=[[Cynthia M. Lummis]]
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
}}

'''Elizabeth Lynne “Liz” Cheney''' (born July 28, 1966)<ref name="Curr Bio">{{cite book|title=Current Biography Yearbook 2010|year=2010|publisher=H.W. Wilson|location=Ipswich, MA|isbn=9780824211134|pages=103–107|chapter=Cheney, Liz}}</ref> is the daughter of former Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and former Second Lady [[Lynne Cheney]]. She is a current member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], serving since January 3, 2017. Cheney previously worked as an American political tactician and a news broadcaster, filling in for [[Bill O'Reilly]] on [[Fox News]]' ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'' among other broadcast roles. Cheney is an heir to a fortune garnered by her father [[Dick Cheney]] in $45 million paid to him by the multinational defense contractor [[Halliburton]], as he advanced the [[neocon]] agenda prior to becoming Vice President.<ref>https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/did-dick-cheney-sink-halliburton-and-will-it-sink-him/</ref>

Cheney has practiced law and served in the State Department as a senior Middle East advisor. From 2009–2013, she chaired ''Keep America Safe'', "a non-profit organization that was instrumental in preventing President Obama from transferring terrorists detained at [[Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp|Guantanamo]]—including the mastermind of [[9/11]], Khaled Sheikh Mohamed—into the United States."<ref>[http://www.cheneyforwyoming.com/about/ "About Liz Cheney"] (February 2016). Cheney for Wyoming website. Retrieved on February 15, 2016.</ref>

A [[neoconservative]] and [[RINO]], Cheney has attacked and opposed [[President Trump]] and many prominent [[conservatives]] using [[lamestream media]] agitprop to appease the D.C. [[establishment]]. She is currently the chair of the House Republican Conference, but many prominent House Republicans have called on her to resign after her disgraceful siding with [[Dems]] in their unjustified second [[impeachment and removal|impeachment]] of President [[Donald Trump|Trump]].

==United States House of Representatives==
===2016 election===
On February 1, 2016, Cheney announced her candidacy for the [[Wyoming]] at-large open seat vacated by Rep. Cynthia Lummis in the House of Representatives as a Republican. She won the primary and later general election held on November 8, 2016.

===Opposition to Trump and conservatives===
Following poorly worded remarks by adamant [[conservative]] [[Steve King]] that were completely misconstrued by [[liberals]] and the [[MSM]] to falsely portray him as "racist",<ref>Kirkwood, R. Cort (January 16, 2019). [https://thenewamerican.com/king-the-times-garbled-my-remarks-censure-coming/ King: The Times Garbled My Remarks. Censure Coming?] ''The New American''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref> Cheney joined the [[establishment]] smears against him and called for his resignation.<ref>Marcin, Tim (January 10, 2019). [https://www.newsweek.com/high-ranking-republican-cheney-steve-king-racist-gop-abhorrent-white-1287439 High-Ranking Republican Cheney Calls GOP Representative Steve King's Comments 'Racist' and 'Abhorrent']. ''Newsweek''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref><ref>McPherson, Lindsey (January 15, 2019). [https://www.rollcall.com/2019/01/15/steve-king-controversy-deepens-with-liz-cheney-now-calling-for-resignation/ Steve King controversy deepens, with Liz Cheney now calling for resignation]. ''Roll Call''.</ref> King quickly pushed back at Cheney's slanderous claims.<ref>Caralle, Katelyn (January 15, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/politics/steve-king-slams-liz-cheney-kevin-mccarthy-over-white-nationalist-comment-fallout Steve King slams Liz Cheney, Kevin McCarthy over 'white nationalist' comment fallout]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref>

Cheney again attacked Rep. King in mid-August 2019 after he bluntly argued against only allowing abortions for children who were conceived out of rape,<ref>Vogt, Baily (August 15, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/aug/15/liz-cheney-calls-for-steve-kings-resignation-after/ Liz Cheney calls for Steve King's resignation after rape comments: 'It's time for him to go']. ''Washington Times''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref> calling on him to resign. This was concurrent with other attacks against the representative, all of which misconstrued his obvious point and instead tried to portray him as a misogynist.<ref>Bleau, Hannah (August 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/08/15/house-gop-leaders-condemn-steve-kings-controversial-remarks/ House GOP Leaders Condemn Steve King’s Controversial Remarks]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref>

After [[libertarian]] Republican representative [[Thomas Massie]] forced a vote on a [[pork barrel|pork]]-filled [[coronavirus]] relief bill,<ref>Nelson, Steven (March 27, 2020). [https://nypost.com/2020/03/27/who-is-thomas-massie-masshole-infuriates-dc-with-coronavirus-aid-stunt/ Who is Thomas Massie? ‘Masshole’ infuriates DC with coronavirus aid stunt]. ''New York Post''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref> angering many, Cheney donated to his primary opponent Todd McMurtry.<ref>Giroux, Greg (April 16, 2020). [https://about.bgov.com/news/liz-cheney-donates-to-massie-opponent-after-forced-stimulus-vote/ Liz Cheney Donates to Massie Opponent After Forced Stimulus Vote]. ''Bloomberg Government''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref> Cheney later embarrassingly demanded McMurtry return campaign contributions after racist tweets of his surfaced.<ref>Two references"
*Edmondson, Catie (April 17, 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/politics/house-republicans-thomas-massie.html House Republicans Take Aim at Thomas Massie After Stimulus Vote]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Brufke, Juliegrace (April 18, 2020). [https://thehill.com/homenews/house/493487-cheney-turner-request-return-of-donations-to-massies-primary-opponent-after Cheney, Turner request return of donations to Massie's primary opponent after racist tweets surface]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref> Massie, after handily winning his primary, called out Cheney for the failed attempt to oust him.<ref>Picket, Kerry (June 26, 2020). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/thomas-massie-unloads-on-liz-cheney-for-backing-failed-primary-opponent Thomas Massie unloads on Liz Cheney for backing failed primary opponent]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref>

Cheney defended and praised entrenched fraud [[Anthony Fauci]] after he was rebuked by Sen. [[Rand Paul]].<ref>Two references:
*Chiu, Allyson (May 13, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/05/13/fauci-cheney-fox-coronavirus/ Liz Cheney defends Fauci as Fox News hosts and Rand Paul attack him]. ''Washington Post''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref><ref>Hunt, Casie (July 21, 2020). [https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/liz-cheney-attacked-over-fauci-support-during-gop-meeting-n1234489 Liz Cheney attacked over support for Fauci during GOP meeting]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref>

At a House [[GOP]] conference held on July 21, 2020, Cheney faced massive criticism from the much more [[conservative]], pro-Trump [[House Freedom Caucus]], whose members called her out on mere lip service to Trump and conservative causes.<ref>Multiple references:
*Zanona, Melinda (July 21, 2020). [https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/21/house-cheney-gop-conference-375812 House conservatives pile on Cheney at GOP conference meeting]. ''Politico''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Fram, Alan and Jalonick, Mary Clare (July 24, 2020). [https://apnews.com/article/jim-jordan-anthony-fauci-foreign-policy-politics-thomas-massie-b8b3721333e51fa4fd221bf552997b2c Conservatives lash out at Liz Cheney over Trump criticism]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Brufke, Juliegrace (July 21, 2020). [https://thehill.com/homenews/house/508326-conservatives-clash-with-cheney-over-support-for-fauci-massie-primary-opponent Conservatives clash with Cheney over her support for Fauci, Massie primary challenger]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Moran, Sean (July 21, 2020). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/07/21/house-conservatives-revolt-against-liz-cheney/ House Conservatives Launch Revolt Against Liz Cheney, Draw High-Profile GOP Support]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Marquette, Chris and McPherson, Lindsey (July 21, 2020). [https://www.rollcall.com/2020/07/21/cheney-and-gaetz-and-massie-and-trump-house-gop-tangled-up-over-loyalty/ Cheney and Gaetz and Massie and Trump: House GOP tangled up over loyalty]. ''Roll Call''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Segers, Grace (July 21, 2020). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/house-republicans-liz-cheney-matt-gaetz-thomas-massie-conference-chair/ House conservatives target Liz Cheney in contentious meeting]. ''CBS News''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Wu, Nicholas and Hayes, Christal (July 21, 2020). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/07/21/liz-cheney-asked-some-republicans-step-down-after-trump-criticisms/5480384002/ GOP Trump allies urge Liz Cheney to step down from leadership over her criticisms of the president]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Zanona, Melanie (July 21, 2020). [https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/21/house-cheney-gop-conference-375812 House conservatives pile on Cheney at GOP conference meeting]. ''Politico''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref> In the closed-door meeting, she sparred with several anti-establishment [[movement conservatives]] including [[Matt Gaetz]], [[Jim Jordan]], and [[Chip Roy]]; Gaetz later called for Cheney to resign from her position. Roy reportedly had called out the Wyoming representative for being highly supportive of Fauci, and others criticized her for backing [[fiscal conservative]] [[Thomas Massie]]'s primary challenger. [[President Trump]] soon called Cheney, tweeting that she "is only upset because I have been actively getting our great and beautiful Country out of the ridiculous and costly Endless Wars."<ref>Two references:
*Raju, Manu (July 22, 2020). [https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/22/politics/rand-paul-liz-cheney-attack/index.html Rand Paul on Liz Cheney: 'I don't think she's good for the country']. ''CNN''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Moore, Mark (July 23, 2020). [https://nypost.com/2020/07/23/trump-hits-at-liz-cheney-as-republicans-call-on-her-to-step-down/ Trump hits at Liz Cheney as Republicans call on her to step down]. ''New York Post''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref>

A [[neoconservative]] and hawkish backer of nonstop wars, Cheney worked with liberal [[anti-Trump]] Democrats in early July 2020 to undermine [[President Trump]]'s plans to withdraw troops from the [[Middle East]].<ref>Greewald, Glenn (July 2, 2020). [https://theintercept.com/2020/07/02/house-democrats-working-with-liz-cheney-restrict-trumps-planned-withdrawal-of-troops-from-afghanistan-and-germany/ House Democrats, Working With Liz Cheney, Restrict Trump’s Planned Withdrawal of Troops From Afghanistan and Germany]. ''The Intercept''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref>

Following heavy [[2020 Election fraud timeline|election fraud]] in the [[2020 U.S. presidential election]], Cheney in late November 2020 called for Trump to concede.<ref>Baumann, Beth (November 20, 2020). [https://townhall.com/tipsheet/bethbaumann/2020/11/22/sorry-liz-president-trump-claps-back-at-rep-cheneys-calls-to-accept-the-ele-n2580486 How Trump Responded When a High-Ranking Republican Called on Him to Concede]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref> She later sent a memo to other House Republicans in opposition to objecting to the Biden electors.<ref>Multiple references:
*McCormack, John (January 3, 2021). [https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/liz-cheney-objecting-to-electoral-college-votes-sets-exceptionally-dangerous-precedent/ Liz Cheney: Objecting to Electoral College Votes Sets ‘Exceptionally Dangerous Precedent’]. ''National Review''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Caruso, Jay (January 3, 2021). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/in-memo-republican-liz-cheney-condemns-pro-trump-election-challenges In memo, Republican Liz Cheney condemns pro-Trump election challenges]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Miguel, Luis (January 4, 2021). [https://thenewamerican.com/mccarthy-supports-challenge-of-electoral-college-results-liz-cheney-calls-it-dangerous-precedent/ McCarthy Supports Challenge of Electoral College Results, Liz Cheney Calls It “Dangerous Precedent”]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref> After a largely peaceful protest organized by Trump supporters in the [[U.S. Capitol]] where a small mob likely comprised partly of [[Antifa]] infiltrators and paid protesters violently broke into the Capitol building, Cheney absurdly blamed Trump for the breaking and entering, saying: "There’s no question the president formed the mob, the president incited the mob, the president addressed the mob. He lit the flame."<ref>Two references:
*Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). [https://thehill.com/homenews/house/533024-liz-cheney-blames-trump-for-riots-he-lit-the-flame Liz Cheney blames Trump for riots: 'He lit the flame']. ''The Hill''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
*Kruta, Virginia (January 6, 2021). [https://dailycaller.com/2021/01/06/liz-cheney-says-trump-created-incited-mob/ ‘He Lit The Flame’: Liz Cheney Says Trump Created And Incited The Mob]. ''Daily Caller''. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref>

==Books==
''In My Time'' (2011) with Dick Cheney.<br>
''Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Strong America'' (2015) with Dick Cheney.

==Quotes==
"When we stop fighting before our enemies are defeated, that's not ending wars. That's losing wars." (January 20, 2015).

"When will media ask [[Barack Obama]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] key question for 2016—Knowing what we know now, would you still have abandoned Iraq?" (May 17, 2015).

"All that is wrong with the Iran Deal stems from two fundamental facts: America can't trust Iran and America can't trust Barack Obama." (July 16, 2015).

"[[Islamic State|ISIS]] attacks Paris hours after Barack Obama claims he has 'contained' them, just like he 'defeated' [[al Qaeda]] and 'ended the war' in Iraq." (November 13, 2015).

"#Kaepernick won't have to worry much longer about standing for our National Anthem. With his stats, he'll be playing in Canada soon." (August 30, 2016).

"@POTUS refusal to veto UN resolution against Israel is latest shameful chapter in Obama presidency. US has no stronger ally than Israel." (December 23, 2016).

"Same day @POTUS shamefully commutes Manning sentence, we learn he also freed Bin Laden bodyguard from GTMO." (January 17, 2017).

"Hi @RandPaul I know the 2016 race was painful for you since you were such a big loser (then & now) with a dismal 4.5% in Iowa. No surprise since your motto seems to be “Terrorists First, America Second.”" (September 12, 2019).

==See also==
*[[Adam Kinzinger]]
*[[Steve Stivers]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://cheneyforwyoming.com/ Campaign Website]
*[https://cheney.house.gov/ House Website]
*[https://ballotpedia.org/Liz_Cheney Profile] at ''Ballotpedia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheney, Liz}}
[[Category:Wyoming]]
[[Category:United States Representatives]]
[[Category:Neoconservatives]]
[[Category:Republicans]]
[[Category:RINOs]]
[[Category:RINO Backers]]
[[Category:Anti-Trump]]
[[Category:Anti-American]]
[[Category:Bigotry]]
{{Republican establishment}}
[[Category:Lawyers]]
[[Category:Broadcasters]]
[[Category:115th United States Congress]]
[[Category:116th United States Congress]]
[[Category:117th United States Congress]]

Halliburton

2021-01-14T02:00:15Z

AK: Camp Bondsteel by Halliburton &subtitles

'''Halliburton''' is an [[oil]] services company founded in 1919.
==Dick Cheney as [[CEO]]==
After the [[Gulf War]] [[Dick Cheney]] was CEO. As [[Vice President]], Cheney and the company came under criticism for sweetheart deals and no-bid contracts to develop [[fracking]] technology and energy independence. It is estimated that Halliburton made $39.5 billion off the [[Iraq War]].<ref>https://readersupportednews.org/news-section2/308-12/16561-focus-cheneys-halliburton-made-395-billion-on-iraq-war</ref>

Dick Cheney personally received a payout of about $35 million from Halliburton when he left the company to join the ticket of presidential candidate [[George W. Bush]],<ref>https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2010/may/24/chris-matthews/chris-matthews-says-cheney-got-34-million-payday-h/</ref> and Cheney's total compensation from that company could have been far in excess of even that number.

==Camp Bondsteel==
Camp Bondsteel, the main base of the US Army under KFOR command in [[Kosovo]], was built by Brown & Root -- a subsidiary of Halliburton, which Dick Cheney headed when he was in the private sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=BUSH, IN KOSOVO, TELLS U.S. TROOPS ROLE IS ESSENTIAL |author=David E. Sanger |publisher=[[NYT]] |date=25-Jul-2001 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/25/world/bush-in-kosovo-tells-us-troops-role-is-essential.html |quote=Camp Bondsteel did not exist until the end of the air war in Kosovo in 1999. In 25 months, however, after a building spree by Brown & Root -- a subsidiary of Halliburton, which Vice President Dick Cheney headed when he was in the private sector -- it has become a sprawling town for American troops and their allies.}}</ref>

==Headquarters==
Their headquarters is moving from [[Texas]] to [[Dubai]], in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6440365.stm Halliburton plans move to Dubai] BBC News - Business section</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==See Also:==
*Financing Halliburton in [[George_Soros#Financing_Halliburton|George Soros]]
*[http://www.halliburton.com/ Halliburton Corporate Website]
[[Category:United States Politics]]
[[Category:Business]]

Dick Cheney

2021-01-14T01:35:47Z

AK: /* Political career */ Intlink

{{Officeholder
|name=Richard "Dick" Cheney
|image=408px-Richard Cheney 2005 official portrait.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=[[Lynne Cheney]]
|religion=[[Methodist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/vice president
|country=the United States
|number=46th
|terms=January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
|president=[[George W. Bush]]
|preceded=[[Al Gore]]
|former=y
|succeeded=[[Joe Biden]]
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Wyoming
|district=At-large
|terms=January 3, 1979 – March 20, 1989
|preceded=Teno Roncalio
|former=y
|succeeded=Craig L. Thomas
}}
{{Officeholder/secretary (cabinet)
|of=Defense
|number=17th
|deputy=n
|president=[[George H. W. Bush]]
|terms=March 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
|preceded=Frank Carlucci
|former=y
|succeeded=Les Aspin
}}
}}

'''Richard B. Cheney''' served as the 46th [[Vice President]] of the [[United States]], 2001–2009. He was elected as a [[Republican]] in 2000 with President [[George W. Bush]]. Cheney was re-elected along with President [[George Bush|Bush]] in 2004.

Though somewhat [[conservative]] in his early days as a congressman, Cheney subsequently reaped tens of millions of dollars from a multinational corporation associated with a policy of foreign interventionalism by the United States. Cheney then became an aggressive cheerleader for the [[neocon]] agenda of foreign wars and even the [[NSA]] domestic spying program.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/cheney-defends-nsa-programs-says-snowden-a-traitor-obama-lacks-credibility Cheney defends NSA programs, says Snowden a 'traitor,' Obama 'lacks credibility']</ref> With his neocon positions, Cheney's approval rating hovered at about only 30% as vice president,<ref>[https://news.gallup.com/poll/28159/americans-ratings-dick-cheney-reach-new-lows.aspx Americans' Ratings of Dick Cheney Reach New Lows]</ref> dropping to 13% when he left office.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/08/remembering-why-americans-loathe-dick-cheney/244306/ Remembering Why Americans Loathe Dick Cheney]</ref>

== Life and Family ==
Richard 'Dick' Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. After dropping out of Yale College, he took a BA and an MA in Political Science from the University of Wyoming. He was twice arrested for DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) in his early 20's. He did graduate work in political science at the University of Wisconsin, where in 1964 he met [[Lynne Cheney]], who was finishing her Ph.D. in literature. They have two daughters; Elizabeth and Mary.

==Gay Marriage==
During the 2004 Presidential Race it entered the public sphere that his daughter Mary and her lesbian partner were having a child. After leaving office as vice president he announced that he was in favor of gay marriage though he believes it should be decided on a state-by-state basis. He summed up his point of view by saying, "With respect to the question of relationships, my general view is that freedom means freedom for everybody."<ref>http://articles.cnn.com/2004-08-24/politics/cheney.samesex_1_basic-fundamental-decision-ban-such-unions-gay-daughter?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS Cheney describes same-sex marriage as state issue</ref>

== Political career ==
Cheney assumed his first political post as an assistant to [[Wisconsin]] Governor Warren P. Knowles in the early 1960s, at the age of 28 when he became an intern near the beginning of the [[Nixon]] Administration. He quickly came to the attention of [[Donald Rumsfeld]], then directing the Office of Economic Opportunity, and was promoted to a paid position in 1971. When [[Watergate]] forced Nixon's resignation in 1973, Cheney became vice president of an investment firm for a year, but Rumsfeld convinced [[Gerald Ford]] upon the latter's accession to the presidency that Cheney was indispensable, and he was recalled to public service. Eventually Cheney replaced Rumsfeld as [[Chief of staff|Chief of Staff]] to Ford as Rumsfeld was promoted to [[Secretary of Defense]]. In 1978–88, Cheney served in Congress from Wyoming, becoming the Republican Whip (the #2 job).

Cheney served as Secretary of Defense for President [[George H. W. Bush]] in the late 1980s. In the 1990s Cheney worked for the big oil-supply company [[Halliburton]], becoming CEO in 1995. After he left the company with a retirement package of $33 million (which went into a blind trust which Cheney does not control), leftist critics alleged that he twisted American foreign policy for the benefit of Halliburton. There is little or no evidence to backup such claims, however.

[[Image:Cheney3.jpg‎|left|thumb|200px|Vice President Dick Cheney and his wife Mrs. Lynne Cheney welcomed their fifth grandchild, 2006]]

==Hunter==
On February 11, 2006, Mr. Cheney accidentally<ref>Bash, Dana. [https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/12/cheney/ Cheney accidentally shoots fellow hunter]. February 12, 2006 (accessed July 16, 2007), ''CNN''</ref> shot a hunting partner, Mr. Harry Whittington, in the face with [[Shotgun|birdshot]] while the pair were hunting Quail in [[Corpus Christi]], [[Texas]]. Mr. Whittington suffered a minor heart attack due to the incident,<ref>Lavandera, Ed. [https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/17/cheney/ Man shot by Cheney: 'Accidents do and will happen'] February 20, 2006 (accessed July 16, 2007), ''CNN''</ref> and Cheney accepted full responsibility for the incident.<ref>Dana Bash, Suzanne Malveaux, Tim McCaughan. [https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/15/cheney/ Cheney: 'One of the worst days of my life']. February 16, 2006 (accessed July 16, 2007), ''CNN''</ref> The incident was, according to all involved, an accident.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11409731/ Harry Whittington's hospital statement]. February 2006 (accessed July 16, 2007), ''MSNBC''</ref>

== Health Issues ==
A survivor of several heart attacks, Cheney's health was too precarious to run for president. In March 2007 he had surgery to remove a blood clot in his leg, the result of extended periods of sitting while airborne.

== Political positions ==
On June 1, 2009, Cheney spoke out in favor of [[gay marriage]] at the National Press Club.<ref>https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/01/cheney-reasserts-stance-on-gay-marriages/?scp=1&sq=cheney%20gay%20marriage&st=cse</ref>

== Memoirs ==
In August 2011 Cheney released a book entitled ''In My Time'' about his experiences as vice president of the United States. In it he discusses a range of sensitive topics such as keeping a drafted letter of resignation in a safe in case he were to ever suffer debilitating health complications.

==Quotes==
* "It is easy to take liberty for granted, when you have never had it taken from you." <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MRalq4bgd60C&pg=PA15&dq=It+is+easy+to+take+liberty+for+granted,+when+you+have+never+had+it+taken+from+you&ei=XBMWSu7AKJaQyAS2i-z9CQ He Kept the Colors: The True Story of the General, the Old Man and the Flag‎ - Page 15] L.E. Johnson</ref>
==Further reading==
* Hayes, Stephen F. ''Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President'' (2007) by a conservative journalist. [https://www.amazon.com/Cheney-Americas-Powerful-Controversial-President/dp/B001AQVTJE/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253687382&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
==Books==
*''In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir'' (2011)

==See also==
[[Previous Breaking News/Dick Cheney|Articles about '''Dick Cheney''' from previous "Breaking News"]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/dickcheney Facebook account]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheney, Dick}}
{{Deep State}}
{{Globalism}}
[[Category:Republican Party]]

{{USVicePresidents}}
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Neoconservatives]]
[[Category:Establishment]]
[[Category:Globalists]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
[[Category:RINOs]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom award winners]]
[[Category:Pro Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Men]]

Responsibility

2020-10-18T11:39:04Z

AK: Stott on responsibility

A '''Responsibility''' is an [[obligation]] which an individual needs to act on in order to maintain his [[integrity]]. A person who establishes a reputation as responsible, will be given more responsibilities.
== Human moral responsibility ==
In general, the whole judicial trial process of [[proof]], [[conviction]] and [[judgment]] in [[court]]s rests on an assumption that [[human beings]] have freedom in decision-making and bear responsibility for their choices.<ref name="Stott2012">{{cite book |title=The Cross of Christ |author=John Stott |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2012 |chapter=4. The Problem of Forgiveness |pages=95 |isbn=978-08308-66366 |quote= ...generally speaking, the whole procedure of trying, convicting and sentencing ... }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Dictionary]]

Camouflaged sacredness

2020-10-06T15:31:49Z

AK: /* Examples */ Infobox - Luther on curses of the godless vs. hallelujahs of the pious

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The restless hearts
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |«'' You have made us for Yourself, O [[Lord]], and our hearts are restless until they rest in You.'' »
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Saint Augustine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stoa.org/hippo/text1.html|title= Confessions of Augustine |chapter=Liber primus 1.1.1 |author=Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis |publisher=The Stoa Consortium |date= |quote=Fecisti nos ad te et inquietum est cor nostrum donec requiescat in te.
|language=Latin |accessdate=30 Apr 2016}}</ref></div>
|}
'''Camouflaged sacredness''' is artificially suppressed natural desire of [[human being]]s for the fellowship with [[God]] as their [[Creator]] that can never be completely dismissed but rather takes other forms of expression instead. According to Slovak [[theologian]] Ján Bohdan Hroboň the natural longing for [[holiness]] might be transposed and disguised, for example, under various [[secular]], and often even quite drastic terms and expressions, or even under completely vulgar language, but the basic need for ''“something that goes beyond me”'' is equally strong, perhaps even stronger than in the traditional forms of the [[sacrament]]s,<ref name="Hrobon">{{cite web |url=http://www.tyzden.sk/casopis/16165/j-n-bohdan-hrobo/ |title= Kazateľ Ján Bohdan Hroboň |author= Zuzana Bukovská |publisher= Cirkevný zbor ECAV Martin a tyzden.sk |date=23.august 2014 |quote=pri čítaní … štúdií Mircea Eliadeho porozumel, že sacrum, teda túžba duchovnosti a svätosti je človeku vlastné a ako také sa nikdy nemôže celkom vytratiť, len sa „zamaskuje“: „Používa sekulárne výrazy, formy, ale ,žasnutie', potreba toho, čo ma presahuje, je rovnako silná, ba možno ešte silnejšia ako v tradičných formách svätého.“ K teoretickej úvahe hneď pridáva „trochu drastickú skúsenosť s tým skrytým, zamaskovaným ,svätým' doslova z dnešnej ulice.“ Pred kostolom na Memorandovom námestí v Martine sa dal do reči so zvedavým mladíkom. Rozprával mu o cirkevnom zbore, o kostole, o Bohu. „Môj nečakaný hosť sa oprel o bráničku a sústredene počúval. Po mojom vysvetlení sa zmohol na slovo obdivu a úžasu. Jeho komentár s pokrútením hlavy a presvedčivým prízvukom, že to, čo počul sa ho hlboko dotklo, znel: ,Kurva!' Prijal som to ako náboženský prejav v surovo sekulárnej forme. Sakrálna forma by povedzme bola: ,Haleluja!' Bolo by zaujímavé vyskúmať, v ktorom prejave by sa dala nájsť väčšia hĺbka posvätného úžasu.“ |language=Slovak |accessdate=29 Apr 2016}}</ref> and as such remains unfilled until a person reconciles with God. Nazi resister Wilhelm Bush points out that such reconciliation is portrayed in [[The Parable of the Pharisee and the Publican]], where ''"publican, a man who was not a very commendable person"'', still in his deep longing for God could eventually only wring his hands and murmur this short prayer: ''"God, have [[mercy]] on me, a [[sinner]]."''<ref name="Busch">{{cite book |title=Jesus our destiny |author=Wilhelm Busch |year=2001 |publisher=Brunen Publishing |place=Basel, Switzerland |page=102|isbn=0-86347-024-6 |url=http://bitflow.dyndns.org/english/WilhelmBusch/Jesus_Our_Destiny_2007.doc |quote=The other man was not a very commendable person. More or less a crook - a black-marketeer, a smuggler, or something along those lines - he was on the fringe of society. (The Bible calls him a "publican"; in other words, a tax collector.) Struck by the solemnity of the place as he came in, the poor fellow was overcome by fear. Keeping close to the entrance, he thought, "This is no place for me. The lively atmosphere in the pub around the corner suits me a lot better. I feel at home in the pub, but I don't here!" He was just about to take to his heels when he suddenly remembered why he had come to the place. He had a deep longing for God. (Aren't we all in the same state? Longing to go back home, longing to go back to our Father?) No, he could not turn away! Nor could he go forward. As memories of the type of life he had led flooded him, he could only wring his hands and murmur this short prayer: "God, have mercy on me, a sinner." The Bible says that at that very moment the hosts of heaven began to sing for joy. A man had found life!}}</ref>

==Examples==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:purple; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The curses of the godless vs. the hallelujahs of the pious
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''“Sometimes the curses of the godless sound better than the hallelujahs of the pious.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]]'s actualization of [[Martin Luther]]<ref>{{cite book |title= Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy |chapter=8. Berlin 1931–32 |author= Eric Metaxas |publisher= Thomas Nelson |year= 2011 |pages=120 |isbn= 978-14185-56341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixaluvF7Mx8C |quote=}}</ref></div>
|}
Among typical examples of ''camouflaged sacredness'' would be a sentence presented in the following hyperlinked edit [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Evolutionary_schizophrenia&diff=1213787&oldid=1213776 *************] (parental supervision advised). The sacral outflow of the same excitement of the author of the edit would be most likely something like ''“[[Hallelujah]]!”'' Hroboň mused that it would be interesting to examine and find out which of the two types of manifestation of the sacred amazement would eventually show the greater depth of awesome tribute and authentic praise.<ref name="Hrobon"/>

==References==
<references/>
==See also==
*[[Devil#Devil and Humor|Devil and Humor]]
*[[Nimrodian aspirations]]

[[Category:Christian Terms]]
[[Category:Christian Theology]]
[[Category:Psychology]]

Homo-fascism

2020-09-29T23:41:15Z

AK: /* See also */ adding 'See Also' item

'''Homo-fascism''' is the phenomenon when [[Gay activist|homosexual activists]] strive for advancing themselves beyond favored status to supremacy. In line with instructions in ''[[After the Ball]]'' (the [[LGBT]]I equivalent to ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' and the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]''), the homosexual movement avoids using such terms as "favored status" or "supremacy", but rather outwardly pretend their goal is "[[Moral relativism#Moral relativism as TUMOR|tolerance]]" or "acceptance". Supremacy is then the stage in which the homosexual movement and its allies take effective control of most or all of the centers of power of a [[government]] or other [[organization]]. When they have achieved this level of control they use and abuse their power to suppress and/or punish those who openly disapprove of the [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|homosexual lifestyle]] or [[homosexual agenda|its agenda]].<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|pages=24, 64, 72, 103 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Homo-fascism – Intimidation by Gay Lobby |author=Peter LaBarbera |publisher=AFTAH, Americans for Truth |date=14 Aug 2015 |url=http://americansfortruth.com/issues/homo-fascism-intimidation-by-gay-lobby/ |quote=Victim of Homo-Fascism: Lakewood, CO baker Jack Phillips has lost 40 percent of his business after closing down the wedding cake part of his business so as not to be forced to make a cake celebrating a homosexual-sin-based “wedding.” To read an in-depth 2014 article documenting the battle between freedom of conscience and homosexual “rights,” go HERE. |accessdate=05 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What are the "Useful Idiots" in the Media Afraid of? (Warning: Content May Be Offensive) |publisher=The Sons of Liberty |date=29 Mar 2012 |url=https://youtu.be/xaSQpEA8e8k |accessdate=2 Apr 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
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!Etymology of the term<ref name="Lively2009"/>
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|One of the first to use the term ''homo-fascism'' is Pastor Ralph Ovadal of Wisconsin, who defines it as follows:
''“[[Fascism]] is a political system whereby all opposition to and dissent from the government is disallowed and crushed. Fascism is a philosophy which tolerates '''no deviation from an established norm''', that being the dictates of a [[interest group|powerful elite]]. Fascism is opposed to the eternal, unchanging, objective law of God and is '''based on the subjective desires and goals of those who have the power to crush their opposition'''. In many Western nations, a form of fascism has taken root and presents a clear, present, and growing danger to [[Christian]] [[liberty]] and the [[Church]] of [[Jesus Christ]]. This force for [[evil]] may justly be referred to as “'''homo-fascism'''” due to the fact that '''those espousing and driving it have as their goal to demonize, marginalize, and silence any criticism of or opposition to [[homosexual act]]s and the sodomite agenda'''. Already Christians in many countries are being arrested for preaching what the [[Bible]] teaches concerning homosexual acts. The machinery of [[tyranny]] is being put into place.”''
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[[Homosexual]]s can be compared to their chief adversaries, the [[radical]] [[nationalist]]s. Both groups hate each other, and would like to do away with the other. Neither side is embraced by the majority, but both deserve the right to freedom of their [[belief]]s and to [[freedom of speech]] within reasonable limits. The rest of us must be willing to tolerate these ''difficult neighbors'' to preserve civility for [[society]] as a whole.

==Corporate Homo-Fascism==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The first step in a homosexual takeover of corporation completed - Example
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| style="padding:15px;" |“[[IBM]] is committed to creating a [[Diversity|diverse environment]] and is proud to be an [[Equality|equal opportunity]] employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, '''[[gender identity]] or expression, [[sexual orientation]]''', national origin, genetics, disability, age, or veteran status.
”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[IBM]] [[Corporation]] after [[LGBT]] [[gleichschaltung]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM IS NOW HIRING Client Experience Advisor |url=http://www.profesia.sk/praca/ibm/O2902763 |accessdate=07 Feb 2017 |quote=Job Description, Requirements, Additional information}}</ref></div>
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An anti-discrimination policy based upon so called "sexual orientation" (used as the [[politically correct]] term for both sexual preference and [[sexual disorientation]]) is always the first step in a homosexual takeover of any organization because it locks in pro-homosexual assumptions. Following the adoption of this policy, the organization must accept as fact that homosexuality is "immutable", "equivalent" to heterosexuality, and deserving of "special protection" without regard to moral or public health considerations. Criticism of these positions, or even failure to affirm them, can be considered violation of the policy. Where such a policy is enacted, adoption of the rest of the homosexual political agenda is virtually guaranteed. The conclusions are assured by the premises.

===Going after strategic positions in the company===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:purple; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | [[CEO]]s can wield more power than state and voters
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| style="padding:15px;" |“In many regards, workplace is the leading edge of change for the [[LGBT|GLBT]] community. Company CEOs and executives can often wield more power than state and local officials in creating significant changes that affect their employees' lives. They can enact new policies with the approval of a few board members rather than thousands or even millions of voters.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Organizing Manual<ref name="SearsOsten2003">{{cite book |title=The Homosexual Agenda: Exposing the principal threat to religious freedom today |author=Alan Sears and Craig Osten |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |place=Nashville, Tennessee |chapter=7.The Seduction of Corporate America 8.The End of Tolerance (for Those Who Disagree) |pages=165, 182 |isbn=978-0-8054-2698-4 |url=https://www.christianbook.com/homosexual-exposing-principal-threat-religious-freedom/alan-sears/9780805426984/pd/26981}}</ref></div>
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| style="padding:15px;" |“The deepest and most enduring forms of cultural change nearly always occur from the ‘top down.’ In other words, the work of world-making and world-changing are, by and large, the work of elites.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— sociologist James Davison Hunter<ref name="CW4NOV2016">{{cite web |title=A Review of We Cannot Be Silent. By Albert Mohler. |author=Thomas Nelson |publisher=CultureWatch/Bill Muehlenberg |date=4 Nov 2016 |url=https://billmuehlenberg.com/2016/11/04/review-cannot-silent-albert-mohler/ |accessdate=9 Nov 2018}}</ref>
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According to [[Benito Mussolini]], ''“Fascism should more appropriately be called Corporatism because it is a merger of state and corporate power.”''<ref>{{cite web |title=Benito Mussolini quotes |publisher=Goodreads |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/221166.Benito_Mussolini |accessdate= 09 Feb 2017}}</ref> In case of homo-fascism, the takeover of a corporation begins with the placement of an activist (usually in-the-closet) homosexual in a hiring position. Other undisclosed homosexuals are then hired to fill strategic positions in the company. When the ability to control the process is assured, some of the activists "come out of the closet"<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple CEO comes out of the closet |author=Juliet Mutegi |publisher=the Daily Nation |date=30 Oct 2014 |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/business/Apple-CEO-comes-out-of-the-closet/996-2505164-67ktg1z/index.html |accessdate=09 Feb 2017 |quote=Apple CEO Tim Cook came out as gay on October 30, 2014 and said that fighting for equality is at the core of his personal and business ethos. ... The CEO who took over from the iconic Steve Jobs, is known for his solitary lifestyle and little is known about his private life.}}</ref> and form a "''Gay and Lesbian Employees Association''" or similarly named group.<ref name="IBM Diversity">{{cite web |title= IBM Diversity - Gay Lesbian Bi-Sexual & Transgender (GLBT) |publisher=you-tube.com |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al5Euju-rOg |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= What’s great about IBM is that I can feel open when I come to work. I’m part of invisible minority group – gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender - LGBT. What is unique about this group is said that it is represented in all other [[diversity]] network groups. When working with people from … group, it is important not to make assumptions. Because 6 to 8 percent of time you may make an incorrect one. For example, when assessing someone’s relationship status, consider using the word ‘partner’ as it is more inclusive and would make person to feel more comfortable.}}</ref> That group then introduces an amendment to the company anti-discrimination policy to include "sexual orientation".

===LGBTI Bundling===
Exploitation of community organizations often involves a public relations ploy that can be called "''bundling''". Bundling is the homosexual activists’ tactic of wrapping themselves in the cloak of "[[civil rights]]" by sponsoring coalitions of minorities and including themselves as a member minority. Their purpose is to advance the idea that "''sexual orientation''" is a genuine basis for minority status by bundling it together with [[race]], [[ethnicity]], [[gender]], etc. Importantly, the homosexuals almost always place racial minorities as the figureheads of these coalitions to create the impression that their primary interest is the advancement of the legitimate minorities. This is not a difficult proposition, since there are some homosexuals who are also racial minorities. The optimum scenario for the homosexual movement is a coalition headed by an in-the-closet homosexual of a minority race who can pretend neutrality when promoting a homosexual goal.{{#tag:ref|cf. "It happened as a result of good strategizing. For example, two black lesbians, Betty Powell of the National Gay Task Force board and Barbara Smith of the Combahee River Collective, attended a conference meeting of the Black Women's Caucus where they gave impassioned speeches supporting that group's stance on problems such as domestic violence and welfare rights. Then they asked the the Black Women's Caucus to support the sexual preference resolution."<ref name="Faderman2015">{{cite book |title=The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle |author=Lillian Faderman |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2015 |chapter= |pages=314 |isbn=9781451694116 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Gay_Revolution.html?id=QWF5CgAAQBAJ |quote=}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Attacking the pro-family leaders
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| style="padding:15px;" |''"Over the last thirty years I've been verbally and physically attacked at least twenty-seven times because of my stand on the [[homosexual agenda]]. ... These are the examples of the homo-fascist [[tactics]] that [[homosexual activist]]s have learned from [[Adolf Hitler]]: when you have no valid arguments, and when you can't persuade by [[reason]] alone, then take over and intimidate by violence."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Louis Sheldon|Louis P. Sheldon]]<ref name="Sheldon2005">{{cite book |title=The Agenda: The homosexual plan to change america |author=Louis P.Sheldon |publisher=FrontLine |place=Lake Mary, Florida |year=2005 |chapter=4.Beyond the law and order |pages=95–101 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Agenda-homosexual-plan-change-America/dp/1591857961 |quote=Homo-fascist tactics }}</ref>
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Most important to homosexual strategy in all of these tactics is to hold the key positions and then to directly or indirectly use the power of those positions to change the society, by marketing the homosexual message to the public<ref>{{cite web |title=Dúhový pochod v Bratislave (Rainbow march in [[Bratislava]]) |publisher=Západoslovenská televízia |date=05 Jul 2014 |url=https://youtu.be/0iWM1m9jKxQ?t=155 |quote=video shows IBM and DELL "LGBTI minority" - "a part of all other 'diversity' groups" - supporting the "GAY PRIDE" in Bratislava, Slovakia |language=Slovak |accessdate=06 Mar 2017 }}</ref> while also attacking and marginalizing the pro-family leaders and organizations, for example, by introducing so called Anti-award 'The [[homophobia|homophobe]] of the Year'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anton Chromík: Kým Peter Weisenbacher neodovzdá cenu víťazovi minulého roka, nemal by robiť ďalší ročník! (If Peter Weisenbacher [LGBT Activist] does not hand over the Award to the vinner from the last year, he should forget starting the new one)|publisher=hlavnespravy.sk |date=18 Aug 2016 |url=http://www.hlavnespravy.sk/anton-chromik-kym-peter-weisenbacher-neodovzda-cenu-vitazovi-minuleho-roka-nemal-by-robit-dalsi-rocnik/821257 |accessdate=21 Feb 2017 |language=Slovak |quote=Cena Homofób roka mi každý rok pripomína, že Slovenská republika je vo vzťahu k úcte k ľuďom s homosexuálnym cítením na tom dobre a ja som tomu veľmi rád. Mnohé nominované výroky za posledné roky (napr. nominovaní poslanci za novelu Ústavy o manželstve muža a ženy) a aj môj výherný výrok za rok 2015 to jasne dokazujú. Verím, že autori by nominovali skutočné výroky nenávisti, ak by existovali. V tejto súťaži zrejme nezáleží na obsahu výrokov, ale skôr na tom, že sa hlasovaním dá prejaviť nenávisť voči konkrétnej osobe s iným názorom. Skutočné informovanie o konkrétnych prípadoch nenávisti voči homosexuálne cítiacim absentuje. Aj vďaka takejto súťaži nadobudol pojem homofób skôr význam zástancu manželstva a rodiny muža a ženy. Aj preto som minulý rok zverejnil tlačovú správu, že cenu Homofób roka si rád preberiem verejne na námestí „ešte” Slobody v Bratislave. Aké bolo moje prekvapenie, keď včera Denník SME a portál Aktuality.sk zverejnil, že cenu som si odmietol prevziať. Toto nie je pravda a tým som bol obvinený zo lži. Organizátori súťaže sa zaviazali, že sa cenu pokúsia doručiť, ale nič také neudialo. Viackrát som sa odovzdania ceny domáhal, o čom svedčia aj moje viacnásobné požiadavky v mailovej komunikácii s Inštitútom Petra Weisenbachera. Predložím ich na požiadanie k dispozícii médiám. Žiadam, aby sa mi verejne Peter Weisenbacher a Inštitút ľudských práv ospravedlnil za lož, ktorú o mne zrejme on uviedol v tlačovej správe a aby nabral odvahu namiesto lži mi cenu skutočne odovzdať. Anton Chromík, predseda Aliancia za rodinu. TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH: The Anti-Award ‘Homphobe of the Year’ reminds me year by year that Slovakia is doing well when it comes to respecting people suffering from same-sex attractions and I’m very pleased about it. Many nominated quotes in recent years (e.g. Nomination of MPs for their passing the amendment to the Constitution on definition of marriage as union between one man and one woman) and also my winning statement in 2015 are clear evidence of this. I believe that authors of contest would nominate real examples of hate speech, if such existed. Obviously, what matters in this award competition is an effort to bully concrete persons who differ in their opinion with organizers, rather than focusing on the meaning of actual quotes. The real information on specific cases of hate speech towards people with same-sex attractions is completely absent. Also owing to this competition, the term ‘homophobe’ became rather a label for defender of marriage and family consisting of man and woman. That's why last year I published a press release informing that I’m ready to publicly receive the Anti-Award ‘Homphobe of the Year’ at the square, so far still of Freedom, in Bratislava. However, I was absolutely taken aback when the mainstream newspaper SME and the internet portal Aktuality.sk published the misinformation asserting that I allegedly refused to receive the accolade. This is not true whatsoever and thus I was accused of lying. The organizers of award-contest have committed themselves to try to deliver the prize to the winner, but nothing like that happened. More than once, I have sought to get the award handed over, as can be proved by my multiple requests in the e-mail communication with the LGBT Institute of human rights run by Peter Weisenbacher. They are available on request to the media. I demand that Peter Weisenbacher and the Institute of human rights should apologize in public for the lie about me that they evidently stated in the press release for the media; and pull up the courage to arrange for the real award-delivery instead of spreading lies. Anton Chromík, president of Coalition for family (in Slovak: Aliancia za rodinu)}}</ref>

===Consolidation of homosexual power through psychological coercion tactics===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Sign against your conscience or you will be fired
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| style="padding:15px;" |''«Albert Buonanno was an employee for AT&T Broadband. When he was told that he would have to sign an employee handbook that demanded that he "value" a person's "[[sexual orientation]]," he respectfully declined, citing his religious beliefs. He told his supervisors: "As a [[Christian]], I am supposed to love my neighbor, regardless of what their sexual orientation is, but I'm not supposed to value the lifestyle of any person that contradicts the [[Word of God]]." He was fired almost immediately.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Steve Jordahl, Family News in Focus<ref name="SearsOsten2003"/></div>
|}
Every takeover is followed by consolidation of homosexual power within the organization, starting with some form of "''sensitivity training''". Sensitivity training employs proven psychological coercion tactics (i.e. "[[brainwashing]]") to indoctrinate members of the organization in pro-homosexual thinking. By the very nature of the manipulative tactics used, few dare to openly dissent. Those who do are duly noted by the control group and if they are considered a real threat, they are marginalized and may in time be forced out.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slovenský IT manažér sa zastal tradičnej rodiny, vyhodili ho z práce (Slovak IT manager defended traditional family, he was fired afterwards) |author=Lukáš Obšitník |publisher=postoy.sk |date=23 Jun 2014 |url=https://www.postoj.sk/3763/slovensky-it-manazer-sa-zastal-tradicnej-rodiny-vyhodili-ho-z-prace |quote=Prinášame vám rozhovor s bývalým zamestnancom medzinárodnej IT firmy s pobočkou v Brne v Českej republike, ktorý bol prepustený po tom, čo vo vnútrofiremnej emailovej komunikácii prejavil nesúhlas s firemnou podporou pre LGBT agendu. Prvý raz za deväť rokov fungovania portálu Postoy prinášame rozhovor bez uvedenia mena respondenta. Viacerí členovia redakcie ho poznajú už roky, preto sa vieme zaručiť za jeho hodnovernosť. Translation into English: We bring you an interview with a former employee of an international IT company with a branch office in [[Brno]], the [[Czech Republic]], who was fired after he revealed disagreement with the company's support for [[Gay agenda|LGBT agenda]] in his internal company e-mail communication. For the first time in nine years of existence of portal Postoy.sk we bring an interview without explicitly disclosing the name of our respondent. However, several members of the editorial staff have known him personally for years, thus we can vouch for authenticity of our source.|accessdate=04 Feb 2017 |language=Slovak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spineless College Fires Retired General Due to LGBT Pressure |publisher=Before It's News |date=20 May 2016 |url=http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion-conservative/2016/05/spineless-college-fires-retired-general-due-to-lgbt-pressure-3140189.html |quote=Former commander of America’s elite Delta Force, General Jerry Boykin, received news from Hampton-Sydney College that he was being terminated because of comments he made concerning Obama’s demands that schools should comply with the new bathroom laws that basically render restrooms and locker rooms genderless. ... Of course the militant LGBT community jumped all over his comment, claiming the distinguished military hero to have called for violence against transgender people. They demanded Boykin’s job be terminated through emails, phone calls, and social media. ...In another article, Boykin states, “I was referring to perverts who will use these policies to get into locker rooms with girls and women, and I object to that,” He added, “Nonetheless, I gave the LGBT community just what they needed to pressure the college leadership to terminate me and they did.” |accessdate=08 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brendan Eich has the right to fight gay rights, but not to be Mozilla's CEO |author=Mary Hamilton |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/07/brendan-eich-has-the-right-to-fight-gay-rights-but-not-to-be-mozillas-ceo |publisher=The Guardian |date=7 Apr 2014 |quote=Eich, the creator of Javascript, is a very well-regarded techie who was recently promoted from CTO, whereupon it became suddenly apparent that his record of donating to anti-gay political movements, particularly California's Prop 8, which sought to ban same-sex marriage, was a problem for many of his employees ... Mozilla is a special case when it comes to a CEO acting in a way that polarises its community. Its primary mission, as Farhad Manjoo notes, is not to make money: it's to spread an open internet philosophy, and to do so it requires inclusivity, goodwill and – crucially – a CEO who can articulate that vision to a hugely diverse community. As Mozilla employee Erin Kissane wrote: A CEO is a symbol. Mozilla’s work is made cohesive by an activist mission, rather than by a mandate to make as much money as possible. It is difficult for me to understand how we are best served by a leader whose capacity to divide our community is so apparent. ... It was a coalition of those, gay and straight, who do not believe that people with different views than theirs’ should be tolerated in a leadership position. ...Rather than some shadowy coalition, it was a group of Mozilla's employees and associates, gay and straight, who do not want to work with or for someone who has actively worked to hurt them, their friends and their families. The situation was exacerbated by Eich's failure to reassure his community that his anti-gay activism was a thing of the past. Three board members stood down, the community was fracturing beneath him, and that meant he was failing in his first duty as CEO. ...Eich clearly could not lead Mozilla in the way Mozilla needs and wants to be led. I'm sure he will have many other opportunities elsewhere, and I wish him well. I also hope he never again has the opportunity to actively assist in the oppression of LGBT people, and that if he does have it, he decides, this time, that the consequences just aren't worth it.|accessdate= 09 Feb 2017}}</ref> Sensitivity training is usually mandatory for all members of the organization.

===Diverting Company Resources into homosexual political agenda===
Once the control group has consolidated power, the organization is plundered for its available resources.{{#tag:ref|cf. Instructions "SOLICIT FUNDS: THE BUCK STOPS HERE" stated in the [[LGBT]] manifesto ''[[After the Ball]]'' and meant for [[activists]] spreading [[Homosexual Agenda|homosexual agenda]]|group=note}} These include tangible resources such as money and property, but also intangibles such as advertising and vendor contracts and even community goodwill. Charitable giving, too, is exploited, as gifts and grants are diverted away from previously-favored beneficiaries like the Boy Scouts or [[Saint Patrick#Saint Patrick.27s Day|St. Patrick's Day]] Parades<ref>{{cite web |title=Concerns, Confusion Over ‘LGBT’ Group in St. Patrick’s Parade |author=Kevin Jones/CNA |publisher=National Catholic Register |date=5 Sep 2014 |url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/concerns-confusion-over-lgbt-group-in-st.-patricks-parade |accessdate=05 Feb 2017 |quote=NEW YORK — A spokesman for the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade said this week’s announcement of the inclusion of an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered) activist group in the traditionally Catholic parade was a “gesture of goodwill.” ... “One would hope that all the new entries will conduct themselves in a manner that honors St. Patrick, lest another round of controversy emerges” ...“Now, the pro-abortion groups and the radical gay groups want in as well.” ... '''Target of Homosexual Activists'''. Parade organizers’ refusal to approve applications from LGBT advocacy groups made the parade the target of lawsuits, critical media coverage and corporate boycotts. The St. Patrick’s Day Parade website said that, in the early 1990s, the parade was “attacked for its traditional values” but noted that organizers’ rights were “upheld all the way to the Supreme Court.”...“Anyone is free to apply, any group can be free to apply, but for an abortion group to apply to march in a Catholic parade would be a great anomaly, to say the least.”...Donohue blamed “'''corporate pressure'''” from NBC and others, including Wall Street companies and Guinness. The Ireland-based brewer pulled its sponsorship from the parade this year because of the policy on the participation of homosexual groups.}}</ref> to homosexual-controlled organizations<ref>{{cite web |title=Obama Champions Gay Task Force’s ‘Creating Change’ Conference – Which Promotes ‘Kinky Sex’ (Sadomasochism) and Multi-Partner Unions; Event Funded by Southwest Airlines, Office Depot, [[AARP]] and Wells Fargo |publisher=Americans for Truth |year=2013 |url=http://americansfortruth.com/2013/01/25/breaking-obama-champions-gay-task-force-creating-change-conference-which-promotes-sadomasochism-multi-partner-unions/ |accessdate=09 Feb 2017 |quote=This year’s annual “Creating Change” conference sponsored by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) — with major '''corporate sponsors''' like Southwest Airlines, Wells Fargo and Office Depot – is again celebrating sadomasochism, “polyamory” (multiple-partner sexual unions) and other deviant perversions on the sexual and gender fringe.}}</ref> spreading [[LGBT]]I [[demagogue]]ry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Romance: Love, Marriage & Monogamy |author=Dan Savage & Esther Perel |publisher=Talks at Google |url=https://youtu.be/s7E9ASb3LfE?t=365
|date=22 Jan 2016|quote=Moderated by Logan Ury; “We have to stop telling people that monogamy is only thing that you have to execute perfectly 100% of time to be regarded as good at it. … We need to tell people that if you were with somebody for – really, now, because of expanding lifespans, 50, 60 years, if you make a commitment in your early and mid-20s, or late 20s or 30s – if you were with somebody for 60 yrs and they only cheated on you a handful of time, and you only cheated on them a handful of times, you were both pretty good at monogamy, not bad at it. … Most of history monogamy was one person for life, and at this moment, monogamy is one person at a time.” |accessdate=07 Feb 2017}}</ref> While some resources benefit the internal control group (i.e. domestic partnership benefits and employee perks), most are focused strategically outside of the organization to further the homosexual political agenda in the community.<ref name="Lively2009"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Heineken, Sam Adams Withdraw Support From St. Patrick’s Day Parades Over LGBT Discrimination |author= NewNowNext Staff |date=14 Apr 2014 |url=http://www.newnownext.com/heinekin-sam-adams-withdraw-support-from-st-patricks-day-parades-over-lgbt-discrimination/03/2014/ |accessdate=05 Feb 2017 |quote=Heineken has announced it is dropping its sponsorship of the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade, which prohibits LGBT groups from participating. ... “By ending support of the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade, Heineken sent the right message to LGBT youth, customers and employees, who simply want to be part of the celebration. Other sponsors who support LGBT families should be quick to follow.” ...While LGBT individuals are welcome to participate in either event, both parades ban groups from carrying banners or signs identifying themselves as gay.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guinness withdraws from New York St Patrick’s day parade |author=Shannon Bond |publisher=FT |date=17 Mar 2014 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/17bd2290-adcc-11e3-9ddc-00144feab7de|quote=The Irish brewer owned by the UK’s Diageo pulled out of Monday’s parade in New York City, where organisers have said gay and lesbian groups may march but cannot carry signs or identify themselves. “Guinness has a strong history of supporting diversity and being an advocate for equality for all. We were hopeful that the policy of exclusion would be reversed for this year’s parade,” Diageo said. “As this has not come to pass, Guinness has withdrawn its participation. We will continue to work with community leaders to ensure that future parades have an inclusionary policy.” The move by Guinness, a beer brand with origins in Dublin that is considered a historic part of Ireland’s drinking culture, followed decisions by Boston Beer, brewer of Sam Adams, and Heineken to pull out of St Patrick’s day events in Boston and New York. Major marketers from Coca-Cola to General Mills are increasingly emphasising multicultural and diversity efforts in their campaigns as Americans’ support for gay rights, including same-sex marriage, has strengthened sharply in recent years. Honey Maid, Mondelez’s graham cracker brand, recently released a campaign that features interracial and gay couples. A recent promotion for General Motors’ Chevrolet brand also included gay and interracial couples with the tagline: “The new us.” |accessdate=05 Feb 2017}}</ref>

All the processes described above are made possible simply by the acceptance of '[[Sexual orientation theory|'sexual orientation' as a theory]] of human [[sexuality]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==The New Fascism of the future==
According to study made by Robert O. Paxton, the new fascism of future does not need necessarily resemble the classical one. Some new movement that would get rid of free institutions for the purpose of applying the techniques of mass mobilization in order to unite all in favor of some 'discriminated minority', would also have a new name and it would use new symbols. That would not make it any less dangerous. For example, while a new fascism would necessarily diabolize some enemy, both internal and external, the enemy would not necessarily be [[Jews]]. The new forms of ''updated fascism'' should be understood by comparing their ways of functioning, i.e. by looking at how they work, and not by superficial attention to external symbols.<ref name="Paxton">{{cite book |title=The Anatomy of Fascism |author=Robert O. Paxton |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2011 |chapter=7. Other times, other places: Is fascism still possible? |pages=201–2|isbn=9780241958704 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmV1moZB6EAC |quote=...and draw on fresh symbols. That would not make it any less dangerous. For example, while a new fascism would necessarily diabolize some enemy, both internal and external, the enemy would not necessarily be Jews. ... The British moralist George Orwell noted in the 1930s that an authentic British fascism would come reassuringly clad in sober English dress. (pages references are from Czech 2007 translation)}}</ref> In case of homo-fascism, as 'discriminated minority' is portrayed the so-called 'LGBT+ community' and 'public enemies' are alleged 'homophobes'{{#tag:ref|For example, cf. efforts of [[Tim Gill]] to ''"strike down the personal or religious opposition to same-sex unions."''|group=note}} and people who left the sodomitical lifestyle.{{#tag:ref|For example, cf. attacks on [[NEA Ex-Gay Educators' Caucus]].|group=note}}

According to [[Italian]] writer and former [[communist]] Ignazio Silone, the new fascism will not say: "I am fascism", but it will instead say: "I am anti-fascism".<ref>{{cite book |title=Pfade der Neugier: Portraits |author=François Bondy |publisher=Benziger |year=1988 |pages=72 |isbn=9783545340787 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9IsAQAAIAAJ |quote=《When der Faschismus wiederkehrt, wird er nicht sagen: "Ich bin der Faschismus". Nein, er wird sagen: "Ich bin der Antifaschismus".》 |language=German}}</ref>
As maintained by [[C.S. Lewis]] in his book ''The Abolition of Man'', there is a process going on apace among [[Communist]]s and [[Democrat]]s, no less than has been among [[Fascist]]s, which, if not checked, will abolish [[Man]]. At first, the methods may differ in brutality, but in the long run many, incl. mild-eyed scientists, amateur philosophers, and popular dramatists, have the same goal as the [[Nazi]] rulers of [[Germany]]. Traditional values are to be "debunked" and [[mankind]] to be cut into some fresh shape at the arbitrary will of some [[Interest group|few lucky people]] in one lucky generation who have learned how to do it. C.S. Lewis also identified the beginning of this process in phenomena like the language being affected by belief that humans can invent "ideologies" at pleasure, and the consequent treatment of mankind as mere specimens and preparations.<ref name="AbolitionOfMan">{{cite book |title=The Abolition of Man |author=C.S. Lewis |publisher=HarperOne |place=New York |year=2001 (1944) |pages=50–1 |isbn=978-00606-52944 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST87o-KSzp0C}}</ref>

==Common traits of fascism and other authoritarian ideologies==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:yellow; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Christian Church in the way of totalitarianism
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«The [[Homosexual rights advocacy|LGBT movement]] despises [[biblical]] [[Christianity]], following the teaching of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Engels]], who were passionately opposed to [[monogamy]]. Over two millennia the Christian faith has been a bastion against [[totalitarian]] regimes, and the [[Church]] today needs to recognise that the media and government campaigns for the populace to embrace a new morality are just carrying out the mission of radical [[atheist]]s. It is nothing to do with the clarion cry of '[[Ideomotor_effect#People_supposedly_.E2.80.98born_that_way.E2.80.99|being born like it]]' – science and reason refute this claim anyway! Their aim is the abolition of the Christian church as a critical and creative force for good in this country, as one more stage on the journey towards fascist and communist totalitarianism.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Anthony Busk<ref name="edRose2016">{{cite book
|title=What Are They Teaching the Children? |editor=Lynda Rose |publisher=Wilberforce Publications Ltd. |place=London |year=2016 |chapter=5: The secularist siege – within and out of school [by Anthony Busk] |pages= 115 |isbn=978-0-9575725-8-4 |url=https://www.wilberforcepublications.co.uk/what-are-they-teaching-the-children
}}</ref></div>
|}
The common trait of [[leftist]] [[liberalism]], which is promoting the homosexual agenda,<ref>{{cite web |title=An Open Letter to President Vladimir Putin |publisher=Scott Lively Ministries |date=30 Aug 2013 |url=http://www.scottlively.net/2013/08/30/an-open-letter-to-president-vladimir-putin/ |quote= the homosexualist movement ... They ask for a place at the table, but once they have one all the social ideals they exploited to get there, such as social tolerance, freedom of speech, and respect for cultural diversity, are discarded. In place of those ideals is inserted a new backwards and upside-down morality and world-view that condemns all disapproval of homosexuality as a new fictionalized form of bigotry. I have termed this phenomenon “Homo-fascism” and defined it as a form of extreme left-wing, regressive radicalism which seeks to establish rigid authoritarian controls over all public discourse and government policies regarding sexual norms and proprieties, and to enact punitive measures against conscientious objectors that would punish or suppress all disapproval of homosexuality and related sexual behaviors (that would of course even though they deny it, quickly include a sexual indoctrination and exploitation of children).|accessdate=22 Mar 2017}}</ref> with [[fascism]] and [[Communism]], is not only their endeavor for stronger [[authoritarian]] state, which is supposed to make citizens "happy", but also their [[moral relativism]] and moral [[Mind#Voluntarism|voluntarism]]: What is right is not given [[objective]]ly, but a [[human]] determines it by one's own [[will]].{{#tag:ref|cf. ''“I decide who is a Jew and who is not”'' (In German: ''"Wer Jude ist, bestimme ich"'') in [[Göring's syndrome]]|group=note}} In fascism it is to be determined by [[Il Duce|Duce]], in [[Nazism]] by [[Führer]], in Communism by [[Politburo]] and in ''leftist liberalism'' by [[person]] himself/herself.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"The most pitilessly and self-righteously violent regimes of modern history have been those that have most explicitly cast off the [[Christian]] vision of reality and sought to replace it with a more "human" set of values."'' in [[Nimrodian aspirations]]|group=note}} None of these totalitarian ideologies recognizes the [[Natural right|natural]] [[right to life]]{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer#Bonhoeffer on Abortion|Bonhoeffer on Abortion]]|group=note}}; the difference between fascists and leftist liberals consists in question who will gratuitously sent whom to [[death]].<ref>{{cite web
|title= Ľavicovo-liberálny fašizmus (Leftist Liberal Fascism)
|author=Roman Joch
|publisher=.týždeň
|date= October 6, 2013
|accessdate=September 14, 2014
|url=http://www.tyzden.sk/casopis/2013/41/lavicovo-liberalny-fasizmus.html
|quote= To je ďalší spoločný rys ľavicového liberalizmu s fašizmom (a komunizmom) – nielen ich snaha o silnejší štát, ktorý má ľudí činiť „šťastnými,“ ale aj ich hodnotový relativizmus a morálny voluntarizmus: to, čo je správne, nie je objektívne dané, ale človek si to určí vôľou. Vo fašizme to určí Duce, v nacizme Führer, v komunizme politbyro a v ľavicovom liberalizme človek sám. Ani jeden z nich neuznáva prirodzené právo na život; u každého z nich o tom, kto bude zabitý, rozhodne niečia vôľa. Rozdiel medzi fašistami a ľavicovými liberálmi je v tom, kto a koho svojvoľne pošle na smrť.
|language=Slovak
}}</ref>

Homo-fascists know that preserving the people's option to destroy unborn life is essential to maintaining so called "[[sexual freedom]]" as a social "norm". If women lost their choice to legally kill their unborn offspring, the resulting inevitable shift of emphasis from self-gratification to family responsibility in such a large section of the population would change the entire culture. When a woman gives in to fear and [[Egocentric Thinking|selfishness]] to kill the child in her womb, she will not feel that she can criticize other [[sinner]]s. The choice to kill their unborn children morally compromises both men and women (making them unwilling to criticize choices to engage in other forms of [[immoral]] behavior), and ensures that the outcome of an unwanted child will not be a lasting deterrent to those who have chosen sexual "freedom" over family. This explains why homosexuals, who by definition cannot conceive children together, are among the most militant advocates of [[abortion]] on demand.

The homosexual movement has many allies in its campaign to promote sexual immorality, but it is the only social movement in the history of the world whose primary purpose is to eliminate social restraints on [[sexual]] conduct.{{#tag:ref|cf. What distinguishes homosexuality (the indulgence of same-sex attraction) from other sins is that some of those who practice it have created a social and political movement to normalize and legitimize it.<ref name="Lively2009"/>|group=note}} It is heavily funded, highly organized and strategically positioned to maximize its ability to change societies and cultures<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|chapter=1: Pro-family answers to common questions about homosexuality and "gay" agenda |pages= i, 8, 60, 161, 176|url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref> by means of [[Gleichschaltung#LGBTI Gleichschaltung|LGBTI gleichschaltung]].

==Notes==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[After the Ball]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Anthropological Revolution#Homosexual Agenda|Homosexual agenda]]
*[[Militant gays]]
*[[Nazi Germany and homosexuality]]
*[[Rainbow#Liberal redefinitions|Rainbow: Liberal redefinitions]]
*[[Sexual_disorientation#Monsters|Sexual disorientation: Monsters]]
*[[Zapping the shrinks]]

[[Category:Homo-Fascism]]

Age of the Earth

2020-09-18T02:37:56Z

AK: /* Widespread Historical Acceptance of Biblical Account */ typo in infobox definition

[[File:Blue Marble.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The historical and scientific evidence strongly indicates that the [[earth]] is approximately 6,000 years old.{{#tag:ref|cf.
*Age of the earth: 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe<ref name="101Evidences">{{cite web |title=Age of the earth; 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe |author=Don Batten |publisher= CMI |date= 4 June 2009 |url=https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth}}</ref>
*How old is the earth?<ref name="RefutingEvo">{{cite book |title=Refuting Evolution; How old is the earth? |author=Jonathan Sarfati |chapter =8 |url=https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth}}</ref>
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa ‘Young’ age of the Earth & Universe Q&A]
*[https://creation.com/jesus-age-earth Jesus on the age of the earth]|group=note}}]]
{{See also|Counterexamples to an Old Earth}}

The '''Age of the Earth''' has been a matter of interest to humans for millennia. All verifiable evidence indicates that the Earth is about 6,000 years old. Yet with circular reasoning and implausible assumptions, [[liberals]] insist that the Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years (4.54 × 10<sup>9</sup> ± 1%).<ref name="101Evidences"/><ref name="RefutingEvo"/><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/22/opinion/polls/main965223.shtml polling]</ref>

Old Earth advocates rely on one flawed assumption to the exclusion of other evidence, similar to how an investigator may mistakenly rely on one faulty eyewitness's opinion to the exclusion of all else. In fact, eyewitness testimony is proven to be less reliable than other indicators, just as the assumption by Old Earth proponents that the [[Radiometric dating|rate of radioactive decay]] has always been constant is flawed. Far from being constant, the rate of radioactive decay would almost certainly slow down as the universe cools.<ref>https://www.icr.org/article/nuclear-decay-evidence-for-young-world</ref><ref>https://www.icr.org/article/radioactive-decay-rates-not-stable</ref><ref>https://answersingenesis.org/geology/radiometric-dating/the-fallacies-of-radioactive-dating-of-rocks</ref> At the very least, it is not consistent and easily predictable.<ref>http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Radioactive_Decay_Rates</ref>

Moreover, a large number of physical processes, such as neutron capture and fluctuations in solar radiation, affect the rate of radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's crust and render radioactive dating measurements unreliable, depending upon the specific methods used.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899536205000138#bib6</ref>

Much scientific evidence points to a [[young earth creationism|young age]] of the earth and the universe and the biblical creation organization [[Creation Ministries International]] published articles entitled ''[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe]'' and [https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] which summarize some of the evidence for a young age of the earth.

== Historical views ==
[[Image:Landscape.jpg|right|300px]]
=== Widespread Historical Acceptance of Biblical Account ===
{{See also|Earth age opinions of prominent Christians - pre-1800|Scriptural geologists}}
For most of recorded history humans of many backgrounds, such as the first-century [[historian]] [[Flavius Josephus]],<ref name="FLuke2007">{{cite journal |title=Josephus says, ‘Genesis means what it says!’ |author=Frank Luke |journal=Creation |publisher=CMI |issue=29 |volume=3 |pages=15–17 |date=June 2007 |url=https://creation.com/josephus-says-genesis-means-what-it-says |quote=Josephus ... explicitly states that man had been around for only 3,000 years by the time of Moses. |accessdate=1 Oct 2017}}</ref> St. Barnabas and St. Irenæus,<ref>Burnet, p. 259.</ref> viewed the age of the Earth to be around 6,000 years.<ref>Burnet, p. 258.</ref>

Saint [[Cyril]], who came into Great Moravia (present day [[Slovakia]] and Moravia in [[Czech Republic]]) from [[Byzantine Empire]] in 863 [[AD]] as [[Christian]] [[missionary]], wrote in his poem ''Proglas'',<ref>{{cite web
|title=Proglas
|publisher=sme.sk
|url=http://zlatyfond.sme.sk/dielo/93/Filozof_Proglas
|language=Slovak
|access date=05.05.2012
|quote=The parchment version of Proglas in Cyrillic from 13th century was discovered in 1858 by Russian Slavic scholar Hilferding}}</ref> dedicated to his works on translation of the four [[Bible|biblical]] [[The Gospels|Gospel]]s to Slavonic language, the following sentence that brings testimony about the perception of the age of the world that time:
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="4" |{{cquote|To the holy Gospels I am the Foreword:<br/> for as it was promised by the prophets long ago,<br/> Christ comes to gather the nations,<br/> for He sheds light on the world entire.<br/>That is what has happened ''in our '''seventh''' millennium.''}}
!''The seventh millennium'' since the [[Creation]] was calculated as follows:
|-
| '''5 508''' years that had passed since the Creation till [[Jesus Christ]]’s birth plus
|-
| '''863''' (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia)
|-
|results in figure of '''6 371'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proglas, the foreword to the Old Church Slavonic translation of the four Gospels|publisher=The Centre for Information on Literature, Slovakia|url=http://www.litcentrum.sk/36106|access date=05.05.2012|quote=Explanations: '''in our seventh millennium''' – it means the seventh millennium since the Creation. It was calculated as follows: 5 508 years that had passed since the Creation till Jesus Christ’s birth plus 863 AD (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia) added to the year 6 371 -- that is seventh millennium.}}</ref>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:brown; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the origin of [[mankind]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from, and contradicting one another, [as the Greeks have], but only twenty-two books, which contain '''the records of all the past times'''; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death. '''This interval of time was little short of three thousand years'''; …we men are the most excellent of the creatures of [[God]] upon earth."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Flavius Josephus]]<ref name="FLuke2007"/>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Truly six natural days
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"the six days were '''truly six natural days''', because here [[Moses]] says that [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] were created on the sixth day. One may not use [[Sophistry|sophistries]] with reference to this text."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Martin Luther]]<ref name="Luther">{{cite book |title=Luther's works: Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 1-5 |translator=George V. Schick |editor=Jaroslav Pelikan |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |place=Saint Louis |year=1958 |volume=1 |chapter=ONE |pages=69 |isbn=978-0-5700-6401-5 |url=https://www.cph.org/p-607-luthers-works-volume-1-lectures-on-genesis-chapters-1-5.aspx }}</ref>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | [[Physicist]] on age of mankind
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"[[mankind]] could not be much older than is represented in [[Scripture]]"''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Isaac Newton]]<ref name="Newton1728">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended
|publisher=Originally: J. TONSON, J. OSBORN and T. LONGMAN (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|year=MDCCXXVIII.(1728)
|chapter=I. Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15784
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Sep 2020}}</ref>
</div>
|}
Prior to the onset of [[totalitarian]] and [[uniformitarianism|uniformitarian]] (i.e. long-age) [[scientism]] promoted by [[Charles Lyell|Lyell]], [[Darwin]], [[T. H. Huxley|Huxley]], and others in the 19th century, when most people and scientists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] had a [[Christian]] or [[biblical]] worldview, the [[Atheism|atheist]]ic [[evolution]]ary concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to mainstream [[Western civilization|Western]] [[science]] beyond cursory [[philosophical]] speculations.<ref name="YECBritannica">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher=creation.com |url=https://creation.com/encyclopedia-britannica-supporting-a-young-earth |quote=The concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to science (or to the church[4]) before the rise of uniformitarianism in the 19th century. This is strong evidence that modern long-age views of creation do not originate in Genesis, but are a misguided attempt by some Christian leaders to try to reconcile what God has said with the atheistic pronouncements of evolutionary ‘science’.|accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref>

For example, in his 1619 book the ''Harmonices Mundi'' (The Harmony of the World), [[Johannes Kepler]], [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] whose [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|discoveries]] are used in present-day rocket science,<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to Rocket Science and Engineering |author=Travis S. Taylor |publisher=CRC Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781498772341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl&id=aAagDgAAQBAJ}}</ref> wrote that he does not care if his book will need to wait a century for a reader, as [[God]] has waited '''six thousand years''' for him as an [[Scientific observation|observer]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Harmony of the World |author=Johannes Kepler |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1997 |pages=IX, XXXVII, 391, 410 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEkLAAAAIAAJ&q=six+thousand#v=snippet&q=six%20thousand&f=false|quote=O, Almighty God, I am thinking Thy thoughts after Thee! ... The book is written, to be read either now or by posterity, I care not which. It may be well to wait a century for a reader, as God has waited six thousand years for an observer.}}</ref> Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and [[Isaac Newton]] also strongly defended [[Biblical chronology]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Greatest Hoax on Earth? Refuting Dawkins on Evolution |author=Jonathan Sarfati |publisher=Creation Books Publishers |year=2010 |place=Atlanta, Georgia, USA |pages=311 |isbn=978-1921-643064 |url=https://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php |quote=Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and Isaac Newton (1643-1727), probably the greatest scientist of all time, also strongly defended biblical chronology.}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John
|publisher=Originally: J. DARBY and T. BROWNE (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|chapter=PART I. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel.CHAP. I. Introduction concerning the Compilers of the Books of the Old Testament.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16878?msg=welcome_stranger
|quote=The Pentateuch is composed of the Law and the history of God’s people together; and the history hath been collected from several books, such as were the history of the Creation composed by Moses, Genesis 2:4; the book of the generations of Adam, #Ge 5:1;
|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Experimenting on a Small Planet: A Scholarly Entertainment
|author=William W. Hay |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |pages=63|isbn=9783642285608 |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=teJYlWH9vg4C |quote=Ussher’s was not the first nor last attempt to determine the age of the Earth from the Bible. Estimates had been made by the Venerable Bede in 723 (3952 BC) and John Lightfoot in 1644 (3929), and later by Johannes Kepler (3992 BC), and Isaac Newton (4000 BC) among others.}}</ref> The latter also vigorously opposed to a naturalistic cosmic evolution and suggested [[chemical]] processes that might aid in explaining the creation of the earth's [[crust]] during the '''six days'''.<ref name="Rappaport1997">{{cite book |title=When Geologists Where Historians, 1665-1750 |author=Rhoda Rappaport |publisher=Cornell University Press |place=Ithaca and London |year=1997 |pages=138, 197 |isbn=978-0801-433863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30U3W2kI7foC}}</ref> The vast majority of commentators in the past interpreted the days of [[Genesis]] as ordinary days. Furthermore, even those who did not, such as [[Origen]] and [[Augustine]], vigorously attacked long-age ideas and affirmed that the world was '''only thousands of years'''.<ref name="FLuke2007"/> The 17th century [[French]] [[philosopher]] and moralist Jean de La Bruyère wrote in his ''Des Ouvrages des esprits'' (''On works of the spirit'') that ''"Everything has been said, and one comes into the world too late after '''seven thousand years''' in which there have been thinking men."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Des Ouvrages des esprits (On works of the spirit) |author=Jean de La Bruyère |publisher=frenchphilosophes.weebly.com |url=http://frenchphilosophes.weebly.com/la-bruyegravere.html |accesdate=12 May 2019 |quote=Tout est dit, et l'on vient trop tard depuis plus '''de sept mille''' ans qu'il y a des hommes et qui pensent. Sur ce qui concerne les mœurs, le plus beau et meilleur est enlevé; l'on ne fait que glaner après les anciens et les habiles d'entre les modernes. |language=French}}</ref><br>

In 1771, the first edition of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the oldest English-language general encyclopedia that was first published as a 3-volume set in [[Scotland]], included a table of world events under the heading ‘[[Astronomy]]’ on page 493. These events begin with the [[creation]] of the world in the year 0, which they dated at 4007 years before Christ.<ref name="YECBritannica"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher= creation.com |url=https://creation.com/media-center?fileID=Rj4PFM_od9U |quote= The notion that the world in billions of years old has only been popular for about 200 years. Before that time most scientists understood that Noah's Flood was responsible for laying down the rocks which today are associated with millions of years. Richard Fangrad and Calvin Smith discuss the details. |accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref><br>

In 1830, Dr. Hales published a list of 120 historical authorities from various cultures who had decided on an official [[date of creation]].<ref name="Hales">{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> These ranged from 6984 B.C. to 3616 B.C.<ref>Batten 2002 quotes from "Young’s Analytical Concordance of the Holy Bible", 1879 8th Edition, 1939, which relates this, and reproduces the selection of the dates from Young.</ref>

Included in Hales' list is [[James Ussher]], who calculated the '''famous date of 4004 B.C.''' for creation<ref name="Carson">{{cite book
|author=David G. Dunbar et al.
|title=Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
|editor=D.A. Carson and J.D. Woodbridge
|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year=1986 (Zondervan), 2005
|location=Eugene, Oregon
|chapter=Nine: The Biblical Canon
|pages=256
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHoFAQAACAAJ
|isbn=1-59752-118-3
|quote= Professor John Redwood describes the commitments of seventeenth century Christians: “To the seventeenth-century biblical chronology, the account of Moses, and the science of geology were all part of the same world of learning. No one seeking to enquire into rocks or minerals, into earth history of formation of the earth’s configuration could afford to ignore or deny the value of his primary source, the Bible.” James Ussher in the early seventeenth century had based his dating of creation at 4004 B.C. on a detailed and literal reading of the historical accounts.}}</ref> and published it in his ''magnum opus'', ''[[The Annals of the World]]'' during the mid-1600s. Young Earth creationists, essentially adopting the same method as [[Nikola Tesla]] who was taught by his mother ''"to seek all truth in the Bible,"''<ref>{{cite book |title=My inventions: The autobiography of Nikola Tesla |author=Nikola Tesla |publisher=NuVision Publications LLC |year=1982 |pages=41 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=no&id=uBafTxRVtkAC&q=Bible#v=snippet&q=Bible&f=false |quote= Up to that time I never realized that I possed any particular gift of discovery, but the Lord Rayleigh, whom I considered an ideal man of science, had said so, and if that was the case, I felt that I should concentrate on some big idea. At this time, as many other times in the past, my thoughts turned towards my mother's teaching. The gift of mental power comes from God, Divine Being, and if we concentrate our minds on that truth, we become in tune with this great power. My Mother had taught me to seek all truth in the Bible; therefore I devoted the next few months to the study of this work.}}</ref> still consider this date to be close to the actual date.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Creation Seminar 1 - Age of the Earth (FULL)
|author=Kent Hovind
|publisher=Creation Science Evangelism
|page=31min:00sec
|url=https://youtu.be/szBTl3S24MY?t=1857
|accessdate=26 July 2015
}}</ref> The year 4004 [[B.C.]] was considered to be also a remarkable astronomical epoch by the great French astronomer [[Pierre Simon Laplace|Laplace]] who in his ''Méchanique Céleste'', Tom III.p. 113, announced a curious discovery - it was supposed to be a year when the great axis of the earth's [[orbit]] coincided with the line of the [[equinox]]es, and consequently true and mean equinoxes were united.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

=== Evolutionists vs. “odious spectre” Kelvin ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Time as key hero for [[naturalistic]] ‘[[Fog displacement|explanation]]’
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''“Time is in fact the hero of the plot … given so much time the "impossible" becomes [[Logic of possibility|possible]], the possible probable and the probably virtually certainly certain. One has only to wait: time itself performs [[miracle]]s.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— George Wald<ref>{{cite book |title= The Physics and Chemistry of Life|author=George Wald |publisher=G. Bell |year= 1957 |pages=12 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IlCgnQEACAAJ }}</ref><ref name="West">{{cite web |title=Western culture and the age of the earth; Review of The Dating Game: One Man’s Search for the Age of the Earth by Cherry Lewis, Cambridge University Press, 2000 |author= Tas Walker |publisher= CMI |url= https://creation.com/cherry-lewis-the-dating-game-one-mans-search-for-the-age-of-the-earth-book-review |accessdate=13 June 2015
}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Ad. “time itself performs miracles” - cf. [[Evolution of the gaps]]: An 'explanation' that has no other than philosophical implication and that cannot be tested is regarded for a key symptom of ideological thinking. Moreover, the Slovak poet Ondrej Fabrici maintained that [[idol]]s of the old [[pagan]] belief systems have been refurbished and disguised in the changed setting of the modern era under the new name of scientific endeavor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Prorok Daniel (Prophet Daniel)|author= Jozef Ondrej Markuš|publisher=Matica slovenská|year=2001|page=39|isbn=80-7090-600-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpnkAAAACAAJ|language=Slovak |quote=
Či zmenil dačo Chronos starý na plánoch tých Babylonu, hoci sa ako dieťa tvári vek atómu, elektrónu?! Len tváre figúr vymenené, technika ťahov spresnená, idoly staré postavené odiali sa v nové mená! Kulisy zmenil Chronos – čas Babylon žije prostred nás! (Ondrej Fabrici)}}</ref> For example, the “incomprehensibly vast periods of time” invoked by evolutionism is in fact nothing more than refurbished and masqueraded belief in creative power of elapsing time represented either by ancient [[Babylonian]] god, transposed into Greek mythology as [[Chronos]], or antique Aeon,<ref>{{cite web |title= ЭОН |publisher= dic.academic.ru |url= http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/3798/ЭОН |language=Russian |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= ЭОН (греч. ), термин др.-греч. философии, «жизненный век», «вечность», время в аспекте жизненного существования, как некая целостная самозамкнутая структура (ср. лат. aevum, рус. «век») в отличие от «хро-носа» как абстрактного, количественно-измерительного, объективного и аморфного времени. … В гностицизме зон – это силы, которые исходят от божества. … Эон в геологии длительный период времени, состоящий из нескольких эр.}}</ref> a divine power constituting a [[gnostic]] belief system.<ref name="Skarsaune">{{cite book
|author=Oskar Skarsaune
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influence on Early Christianity
|publisher=IVP Academic
|year=2002
|location=Downers Grove, IL
|pages=246
|chapter=12:Orthodoxy and Heresy
|isbn=978-0-8308-2844-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC
|quote=There are several gnostic “systems,” with a great deal of variety in details, but one can newertheless discern a basic pattern that is common to most or all Gnostic texts: There exists a highest God, who within himself comprises several divine powers. The Gnostics called these powers aeons, and there were different systems of arranging aeons. … This aeon, confused and in despair, created the material world…
}}</ref>|group=note}}</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On rewriting the history
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"The first battlefield is the rewriting of [[history]]."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Materialist]] [[Karl Marx]]<ref name="FIORAZO2012">{{cite book |author=David Fiorazo |title=ERADICATE: Blotting Out God in America |publisher=Life Sentence Publishing |place=Abbotsford, WA |year=2012 |chapter=3 |page=59 |isbn=978-1-62245-026-8 |url=http://davidfiorazo.com/2013/02/introduction-to-eradicate-blotting-out-god-in-america/}}</ref></div>
|}
Although [[materialism]] was at the time almost unanimously rejected by the scientific community,<ref name="Debré">{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=151|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C|quote=}}</ref> George-Louis Lecrerc, Count of [[Buffon]], rejected [[Christianity]], adopted [[Evolutionism|evolutionary thought]], and thus searched for [[materialistic]] explanations for the [[origin science|origin]] of earth.<ref name="Larson">{{cite book
|author=E.J. Larson
|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
|publisher=Modern Library
|location=New York
|year=2006
|pages=9, 13–18, 39, 58–62
|isbn=0-8129-6849-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Larson+Evolution:+The+Remarkable+History&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PbZfVJugD83vaJengLgI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=rejected%20Christianity%20&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. "Of course, no one can precisely gauge hom much [[Enlightenment]] thinking about material origin for life and organic species contributed to the political, social, and religious turmoil of the French Revolution, but some observers at the time saw a causal link. Notions of biological instability seemed to breed social disorder; ... and chaos ensued as the law of jungle became the rule in Paris. For [[Cuvier]], ... Speculative systems in natural history invited ruin. ... [He] took every opportunity to criticize the speculations of [[Buffon]] and other materialist-minded naturalists."<ref name="Larson"/>|group=note}} Despite his treatises lacking both a timescale and even a clearly developed sense of time, in 1778 he proposed, apparently following his own belief ''"past is so old and has left so few traces that one can say anything one likes about it"'',<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> that the Earth was about 74,832 years old,<ref name="ingv">INGV</ref> what was also in line with thinking that pushed God as [[Creator]] either back in time or out of the picture altogether.<ref name="Larson"/>
In the early nineteenth-century, the so called [[uniformitarian]]s conspired to overthrow the [[Biblical chronology]] that would measure geologic time in generations of man.<ref name="Richter">{{cite journal |title=Geological Notes: Kelvin and the Age of Earth |author=F.M. Richter |publisher=Journal of Geology |year=1986 |volume=94 |pages=395–401 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30068713}}</ref> The dictum as a fundamental maxim for their geological speculation and worldview<ref name="PerryInAS">{{cite web |title=Kelvin, Perry and the Age of the Earth |author=Philip C. England, Peter Molnar, Frank M. Richter |date= |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/kelvin-perry-and-the-age-of-the-earth |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Before dissecting Kelvin's arguments, it is worth describing the worldview that he was opposing.}}</ref> was expressed through [[James Hutton]]’s aphorism,<ref name="ingv"/> coming from his 1785 book ''Theory of the earth'': ''“The revolt, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find [[Singularity#Antipathy to the idea of beginning|no vestige of a beginning]], [[Horror of a Divine Foot|no prospect of an end]].“''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics">{{cite web |title=On Geological Dynamics |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow |year=1869 |url=http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_geological_dynamics.html |aaccessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Theory of the earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution and restoration of land upon the globe. |author=James Hutton |publisher=Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1785 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjYAAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Hutton's theory of the earth was not based on field observations but on his [[Wishful thinking|wishful]], speculative confusion of geological process with [[Newton]]ian [[physics]].<ref name="GOULDinNYT">{{cite web |title=IT'S AN OLD, OLD , OLD, OLD WORLD |publisher= NYT |author=D. R. Wallace |date= June 14, 1987 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/09/home/gould-arrow.html |accessdate=7 June 2015 |quote=Hutton's theory of the earth as a geological clockwork of eroding continents balanced against uplifting ocean basins was not based on field observations but on his wishful, speculative confusion of geological process with Newtonian physics....Hutton and Lyell were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state...The textbook legend of Hutton and Lyell seems dim and confused compared with that of Copernicus and Galileo. In demonstrating the shallowness of that legend}}</ref>

In 1822, [[Joseph Fourier|Fourier]] laid the groundwork for the mathematical analysis of the flow of [[heat]] in his treatise ''Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur''; and later, in 1827, he published arguments that the Earth must be cooling.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique">{{cite journal | title=John Perry’s neglected critique of Kelvin’s age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics |author=P. England, P. Molnar, F. Richter |journal=GSA Today |volume= 17 |number= 1 |date=January 2007 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 |url=http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/faculty/molnarpdf/2007GSAT.England.PerryKelvinBlownOpportunity.pdf |accessdate=5 June 2015 |quote= Fourier ... made arguments that the Earth must be cooling (Fourier, 1827), with which Lyell was certainly familiar (Lyell, 1830, p. 140–141).}}</ref> This was in line with so called [[Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis]], under which the earth would have gradually cooled from its assumed molten beginnings to its current state.

In 1830 [[Charles Lyell]], despite being familiar with Fourier's arguments,<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> supported, with a convert's zeal, the Hutton's idea of a
steady-state Earth of indefinite age in ''Principles of Geology'',<ref name="ingv" /> a book that later influenced [[Darwin]]. Lyell started his book with a self-serving history of geology that [[Academician Burdenko syndrome|uncritically hailed]] any insight anticipating uniformitarianism and under the banner ''“to free the science from Moses”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Charles Lyell |title= Principles of Geology |volume= 1 |year=1881 (1990)|publisher=University of Chicago Press (reprint) |pages=268 (XVII) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WjnbzHpvfEC |quote=Most other geologists, whether or not they agreed with Lyell on specific issues, would in fact have considered themselves his allies in hoping “to free the science from Moses” (Lyell 1881, vol.1, p.268).}}</ref> [[Kerkut’s student syndrome|utterly dismissed]] the contributions of [[Catastrophism|catastrophists]] including [[Georges Cuvier]], the "lion of nineteenth-century French science" and founder of modern comparative anatomy and paleontology, who as early as 1796 announced ''"the existence of a world previous to ours, destroyed by some kind of catastrophe"'' and whose scientific arguments for the theory of [[special creation]] held back the tide of evolutionary thought for a generation.<ref name="Larson"/> Lyell shown up to be a disciple of Buffon, who resolutely refused to accept the notion of catastrophes, including the [[Noah's Flood|Biblical Flood]], which many of their contemporaries upheld. Before Darwin boarded the HMS Beagle in 1831, his Cambridge tutor Adam Sedgwick, who had supplied just twenty-two years old Darwin with a reading list for the voyage, conspicuously omitted controversial Lyell’s ''Principles''. Darwin was however given a copy of the book by the ship's aristocratic captain Robert FitzRoy, who wished to have some scientific person on board.<ref name="Larson"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 1 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 1, 46min:15sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hoDaxVIVPE&feature=youtu.be&t=2850 |accessdate=May 17, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> Darwin was fascinated by book, he dedicated his own writings about the voyage to Lyell, and in his letters claimed that ''"I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell's brains ... the great merit of the Principles, was that it altered the whole tone of one's mind & therefore that when seeing a thing never seen by Lyell, one yet saw it partially through his eyes."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. to Horner, Leonard 29 Aug 1844 |author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-771 |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgrey; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About people who admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''If the question "When?" is asked, the natural reply is merely a look of astonishment, and persistent enquiry elicits '''nothing more definite than a vague "Long ago."'''{{#tag:ref|Ad. ''“nothing more definite than a vague ’Long ago’”'' cf.
*''«I asked Ramsay how long a time he allowed for that history. He answered that he could suggest no limit to it. I said “You don’t suppose geological history has run through 1,000,000,000 years?” “Certainly I do.” “10,000,000,000 years?” “Yes.” “The sun is a finite body. You can tell how many tons it is. Do you think it has been shining for a million million years? ” “I am as incapable of estimating and understanding the reasons which you physicists have for limiting geological time as you are incapable of understanding the geological reasons for our unlimited estimates.” I answered, “You can understand the physicists’ reasoning perfectly if you give your mind to it.”»'' Lord Kelvin, conversation on geological time with Sir Andrew Ramsay during the meeting of the British Association at Dundee in 1867<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Age of the Earth as an Abode Fitted for Life
|journal=Science |publisher= American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=9 |issue=228 |date= May 12, 1899 |page=668 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1626214?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents |accessdate=July 18, 2105}}</ref>
*''“I don't have millions billions of years”'' Gail E. Kennedy, Associate Professor, Anthropology, [[UCLA]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolution Vs. God Movie |publisher=Living Waters |pages=14min:48sec|date=6 Aug 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0u3-2CGOMQ&feature=youtu.be&t=885 |accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>
*''“I require for my theoretical views '''a very long''' period before the Cambrian formation.”'' Ch. Darwin<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869"/>
*Vallisneri, who together with [[Leibniz]] urged Louis Burguet to consider ''biblical time'' as ''too restricted'', '''could add nothing more''' to his early conviction that the earth is ''"of '''nearly incomprehensible antiquity'''"''. Rappaport (p.195-7)<ref name="Rappaport1997"/>|group=note}} Anything else, of course, could not be expected from a people whose [[Big Bang theory|conceptions of the development of the universe]] are limited to a recognition of the [[Geologic system#The system|alternation of seasons]] and the [[Abiogenesis|insistent mysteries of life]] and death.''<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Arthur Holmes <ref name="Holmes1913">{{cite web |title= The age of the earth |author= Arthur Holmes |publisher= Harper |place=London |year= 1913 |pages=2, 11, 135 |url= https://archive.org/details/ageofearth00holmuoft |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=As an example of one of the more extravagant demands, mention may be made of Darwin’s estimate in 1859 of the time elapsed since the latter part of the Cretaceous period. From the rate of chalk erosion in Kent, he deduced that the excavation of the Wealden valleys had required a period of 300 million years. Referring to this estimate, Jukes gave his opinion that while it might be a hundred time too great, it was equally probable that it was hundred times too small. Evidently 30,000 million years, in the absence of more reliable data, was not considered an absurdly excessive period for the erosion of the Weald. It should be noticed, however, that after the publication of Thomson’s views, Darwin withdrew this estimate from the origin of species.}}</ref></div>
|}
In his 1859 ''[[The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection|Origin of species by means of Natural selection]]'', Darwin declared that ''‘He who can read Sir Charles Lyell’s grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume.’''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/><ref>{{cite book |title= On the Origin of Species |author= Charles Darwin |year=1859 |pages=282 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdIp_XRopbcC&q=incomprehensibly+vast#v=snippet&q=incomprehensibly%20vast&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|For partisans of [[Clifford's injunction]] closing this volume at once definitely appears to be a highly commendable suggestion.|group=note}} Darwin based his views on Hutton and Lyell who were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state.<ref name="GOULDinNYT"/> It is believed a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories was a factor that might have contributed to FitzRoy’s tragic decision to suicide on 30 April 1865.<ref>{{cite web |title= FitzRoy's Bicentenary|publisher= The Friends of Charles Darwin |url=http://friendsofdarwin.com/articles/fitzroy/ |quote= The ridicule over the weather forecasts was probably the last straw that drove FitzRoy to suicide on 30th April, 1865. But there were numerous other factors that might have contributed to his tragic decision: his failed New Zealand governorship; a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories; his belief that suicide was a family trait; who knows what else might have helped push him over the edge? |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC67">{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 6&7 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 6&7, 1h:49min:35sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXY-EWZU5qo&feature=youtu.be&t=6575
|accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>

The doctrine that the Earth was of unlimited age allowed Uniformitarian geologists to evade [[explanation in science|explaining]] any [[phenomenon|phenomena]] by laws of [[physics]] and resort to [[Fog displacement|blurring]] them by ''“reckless drafts on the bank of time”'' instead. For the legendary British physicist William Thomson, later known as [[Lord Kelvin]], this game without rules was simply not scientific. The speculations of uniformitarians on age of the Earth were forbidden by the laws of the thermodynamics, which he had helped in developing. He showed, with the full force and prestige of mathematical physics,{{#tag:ref|cf.
*''"God is mathematician of a very high order and He used advanced mathematics in constructing the universe."'' [[Paul Dirac]]<ref name="Flew">{{Cite book|title=There is a God, How the world's most notorious atheist changed his mind|author=Antony Flew|publisher=HarperOne|year=2008|isbn=978-0-06-133530-3|pages=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbL66ePcjpQC |quote= }}</ref>
*''"Religion and natural science are fighting a joint battle in an incessant, never relaxing crusade against skepticism and against dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition … [and therefore] ‘On to God’"'' [[Max Planck]]<ref name="Flew"/>|group=note}} that, if one were to assume that the Earth is a solid body cooling from an initially high temperature, measurement of the rate of heat loss from its surface would clearly place limits on its age.

Kelvin started to advance his arguments under the title ''“Note on Certain Points in the Theory of Heat”'' first in 1844 in ''Cambridge Mathematical Journal''. After clarifying some of Fourier’s mathematics related to the conduction of heat and the dissipation of energy, he presented the upper boundary for the age of the Earth in his 1863 classic paper ''On the Secular Cooling of the Earth'' as '''98 millions of years'''.<ref name="OnSecularCooling">{{cite web |title= On the Secular Cooling of the Earth |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1864 (Read 1862) |volume= XXIII |pages= 167–169 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_secular_cooling_of_the_earth.html |aaccessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref> The figure was based i.a. on following assumptions and considerations:
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the Kelvin's calculations
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''I have sometimes been asked by friends interested in geology to criticise Lord Kelvin's calculation of the probable age of the earth. I have usually said that it is hopeless to expect that Lord Kelvin should have made an error in calculation.''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—John Perry<ref>{{cite journal |title= On the Age of the Earth |author=John Perry |journal=Nature |date= 3 January 1895 |issue=51 |pages=224–227 |doi=10.1038/051224a0 |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v51/n1314/pdf/051224a0.pdf
}}</ref> </div>
|}
* The ‘celebrated’ '''Poisson’s hypothesis''', that the present underground heat of Earth is due to a passage, at some former period, of the Solar system through hotter stellar regions, would not serve uniformitarians and evolutionists right, since it either grants only short time periods with moderate temperature on earth’s surface or, if the transition from hot region to cold region is shifted further back in time, it leads to extreme temperatures that must have destroyed all animal and vegetable life.
* The '''[[Leibniz’s theory of earth|Leibnitz’s theory]]''', which simply supposes the earth to have been at one time an incandescent liquid, without explaining how it got into that state, is the best for view of the geologists who require the longest periods.
* The initial temperature of molten blob to be 7000 °F or 3888 °C, respectively, corresponding to a high estimate of generally assumed temperature of melting rock. Later Kelvin explained that he could take lower value as more probable, but was most anxious not to underestimate the age of the earth based on the very meager information then available.<ref name="KelvinNature1895"/>
* The measurements of underground temperatures near Edinburgh served as basis for the estimated “general increase of temperature in the Earth downwards” alias mean geothermal gradient of 1/50th of a degree Fahrenheit per foot (~ ca 36 °C/km).

After taking into account the estimated uncertainties in thermal gradient and thermal conductivity, Kelvin broadened an upper limit for the age of the Earth to interval between 20 and 400 millions of years (20 ~ 400 Ma). In a later paper, based on experimental results performed by Carl Barus (who found out that diabase, a typical [[basalt]] of very primitive character, melts between 1100 °C and 1170 °C and is thoroughly liquid at 1300 °C),<ref name="KelvinNature1895">{{cite journal |title=On the Age of the Earth |author= Lord Kelvin |journal= Nature (reprint in SA)|date= January 3, 1895 |pages= 334–337 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lord-kelvin-on-the-age-of-the-earth/ |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Carl Barus (Phil. Mag., 1893, first half year, pp. 186, 187, 301-305) that diabase, a typical basalt of very primitive character, melts between 1,100° C. and 1,170° and is thoroughly liquid at 1,300°.}}</ref> he modified the value for supposed initial molten rock temperature to 1200 °C,<ref name="Richter"/> thus by the end of the 1800s narrowed down the interval to 20 ~ 40Ma,<ref name="chemeu">{{cite web |title=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin |publisher=chemeurope.com |url=http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin.html |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Thomson ultimately settled on an estimate that the Earth was 20-40 million years old }}</ref> with personal preference for the lower value which is also the most quoted one.<ref name="West"/><ref>{{cite book |title= The Dating Game: One Man's Search for the Age of the Earth |author= Cherry Lewis |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2012 |pages= 39 |isbn= 978-11076-59599 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vU1yZQ03Kz0C }}</ref>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About theoretical views requiring a very long period
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"When you measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it, but when you cannot express it in numbers your knowledge about it is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—William Thompson, Lord Kelvin<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Evelyn Lamb |publisher=Scientific American |date= 26 June 2013 |url= http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/roots-of-unity/lord-kelvin-age-of-the-eart/ |accessdate=19 April 2016
}}</ref> </div>
|}
Many scientists liked these values, since they appeared to be consistent with calculations made by [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], who in 1854 estimated the age of sun to be between 20 and 40 million years,<ref name="ingv"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Trial balloons and the age of the earth |author= Tas Walker |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> but for both evolutionists in biology as well as uniformitarians in geology they were distastefully low.<ref name="KelvinRevisited">{{cite web |title= Lord Kelvin revisited on the young age of the earth |author= John Woodmorappe |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> Darwin wrote in his letters that he has ''“not as yet been able to digest the fundamental notion of the shortened age of the sun and earth,”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Loren Eiseley
|title=Darwin’s Century: Evolution and the Men who Discovered It
|publisher=Anchor
|place=New York
|year=1961
|pages=234, 235, 240
|isbn= 978-03850-81412
|url=https://www.amazon.com/Darwins-Century-Evolution-Men-Discovered/dp/0385081413
}}</ref> and admitted that ''“Thompson's views of the recent age of the world”'' have been for some time one of his ''“sorest troubles.”'' (1869).<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 6706
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 14 Apr 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6706#mark-6706.f4
|quote=Thompson's views of the recent age of the world have been for some time one of my sorest troubles, & so I have been glad to read what you say.f4:William Thomson held that the crust of the earth had solidified only 100 million years ago, and had criticised [Charles Darwin]'s estimate in the first edition of Origin of 300 million years for the denudation of the Weald (see W. Thomson 1862a, pp. 391--2). See also Correspondence vol. 16, letter to G. H. Darwin, [9 December 1868].
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> Notwithstanding some Croll's ''"excellent remarks on the work which can be effected within a million years,"'' he felt ''"greatly troubled at the short duration of the world according to Sir W. Thompson,"'' for Darwin required for his ''"theoretical views '''a very long period''' before the [[Cambrian]] formation"''.<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869">{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Croll, James, Letter 6585
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 31 Jan 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6585
|quote= The physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) had calculated the age of the earth based on its cooling from a molten ball. He concluded that the earth could not possibly have existed with its crust in a similar state as at present for the length of time proposed by geologists (see W. Thomson 1865). In Origin 5th ed., p. 379, [Charles Darwin] noted that based on Thomson's calculation of the age of the earth and Croll's estimation that 60 million years had passed since the Cambrian period, the time left for the pre-Cambrian period (140 million years) was `hardly sufficient for the development of the varied forms of life which certainly existed towards the close of the Cambrian period'.|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> After the publication of Kelvins’s views, Darwin first halved, in the second edition of the ''[[Origin of species]]'' (p. 287), his own estimate of the time (''"far longer than 300 million years"'') allegedly elapsed since the latter part of the conjectured ''"[[Geologic system#The system|Cretaceous period]]"'', and later withdrew the discussion altogether from the third edition.<ref name="Holmes1913"/><ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., Letter 6841
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 24 July 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6841#back-mark-06841.f7
|quote= In [Tait] 1869, p. 429, Tait had quoted [Charles Darwin]'s conjecture, based on his estimate of time needed for the denudation of the Weald, that far longer than 300 million years must have elapsed since the latter part of the secondary period (Origin, p. 287). In response to criticisms in the Saturday Review, 24 December 1859, however, [Charles Darwin] halved his estimate in the second edition of Origin, and removed the discussion altogether from the third edition.
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> In 1871 he even named Kelvin ''“an odious spectre”'' that came so that Darwin could not ''“rely much on pre-[[Silurian]] times.”''<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 7858
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 12 July 1871
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-7858
|quote=I can say nothing more about missing links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-Silurian times; but then comes Sir W. Thompson like an odious spectre. Footnote: [Charles Darwin] discussed the absence of transitional forms in the fossil record in Origin 5th ed., pp. 208–15, 346–8. He thought William Thomson’s estimate of the time elapsed since the consolidation of the earth’s crust was probably too short for species to evolve according to his theory (Origin 5thed., p. 379)
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>

== Modernized pagan views ==
=== The game changer: Radioactivity mythmaking ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The age of the earth is definite
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years."'' ''"We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">— William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)<ref name=" OntheMiracleofLife">{{cite web |title= "On the Miracle of Life" [Actual title unknown.] Excerpt from an address at the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= as quoted in Heros of the Telegraph by J. Munro.|year= 1889 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_miracle_of_life.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote= I may refer to that old, but never uninteresting subject of the miracles of geology. Physical science does something for us here. St. Peter speaks of scoffers who said that ‘all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation;’ but the apostle affirms himself that ‘all these things shall be dissolved.’ It seems to me that even physical science absolutely demonstrates the scientific truth of these words. We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years. ... The science of dead matter, which has been the principal subject of my thoughts during my life, is, I may say, strenuous on this point, that the age of the earth is definite. We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years.}}</ref></div>
|}

By the end of the nineteenth century, Lord Kelvin had completely demolished all opposition.<ref name="West"/> He made uniformitarian geological community to accept that the age of the earth must be finite and that estimating the age by quantitative reasoning instead of supporting steady-state theory with [[Horror of a Divine Foot|philosophical bias]] should be crucial part of the geological endeavor. Even ‘''Darwin’s bulldog''’ and [[T. H. Huxley|musketeer of Darwinism Huxley]], who previously attacked Kelvin by making indirect allusions about ''“the first passer-by who fancies that our house is not so well built as it might be”'', ventured to suggest, in front of the Geological society of London, that ''“limitation of the period during which living beings have inhabited this planet to one, two, or three hundred million years, may be admitted, without a complete revolution in geological speculation.”''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/> This was in direct contradiction with [[Darwin]] who previously declared that ''“a far longer period than 300 million years has elapsed”'' since the latter part of period for which he declared to have available ''“a clear evidence of the existence … of whole groups of beings."''{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Evolutionary schizophrenia]]|group=note}} Materialistic philosophers, such as the British analytical [[Bertrand Russell]], realized that the Hutton's materialstic concept ''”no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”'' is further unmaintainable, and de facto denounced it while starting to proclaim Biblically compatible apocalyptic views{{#tag:ref|cf."Lift up your eyes to the heavens,
look at the earth beneath;
the heavens will vanish like smoke,
the earth will wear out like a garment
and its inhabitants die like flies.
But my salvation will last forever,
my righteousness will never fail." [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+51%3A6&version=NIV Bible, Isaiah 51:6 (NIV)]|group=note}}: ''“all the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday brightness of human genius, are destined to extinction in the vast death of Solar System”''. These things should be regarded, ''“if not quite beyond dispute,”'' ''“yet so nearly certain, that no philosophy which rejects them can hope to stand.”''<ref name="Signature">{{Cite book
| author = Meyer, Stephen C.
| title = Signature in the Cell
| publisher = HarperOne
| location= New York
| year= 2008
| isbn = 978-0-06-147279-2
| pages = 450
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUGKBdKawDUC| quote= }}</ref>

But T.C. Chamberlin, head of the Department of Geology at the [[University of Chicago]], was not prepared to concede defeat. While defending his faith in long-ages, he speculated, without any observational basis whatever, that there might yet be discovered new sources of energy that would allow more time than Kelvin had calculated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Earth |author= Frank Press, Raymond Siever |publisher=W. H. Freeman |edition=4 |year=1986 |pages=40 |isbn=978-0716717430 |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Earth-Frank-Press/dp/0716717433}}</ref> Thus, the quest for the age of the earth as a subjective, arbitrary and erratic pursuit, was set for an fascinating turn.<ref name="West"/> This came in 1896, when [[radioactivity]] was discovered by Henri Becquerel and when in 1903 [[Marie and Pierre Curie|Pierre Curie]] and Albert Laborde demonstrated that [[radioactive decay]] releases heat. Before long, several people argued that this source of heat was great enough to overturn Kelvin’s conclusion about the boundary for the age of the earth. The situation resembled the one in the previous two centuries when ''“those who sought to extend biblical time hardly knew where to begin, how to proceed, and what to conclude.”''<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> Among the followers of this effort was [[Ernest Rutherford]], who in 1904 suggested, in the Royal Institution, that ''“Lord Kelvin had limited the Age of the Earth, ‘provided no new source of heat was discovered.’ That prophetic utterance refers to what we are considering tonight, [[radium]]!”'' Later, Rutherford often repeated his tale of thinking on his feet in front of the “old bird” Kelvin who “beamed” at him. This episode and pleasing form of the anecdote, boosted by the eminence of its author, who was considered the father of the nuclear theory, provided a ready vehicle for mythmaking and uncritical acceptance of proposition that because the discovery of radioactive heat undermined an assumption behind Kelvin’s calculation, it also undermined his conclusion.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> As the half-life of radium's dominant isotope is 1600 yr, heat given out by radium obviously could not be the wanted missing energy.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"[Rutherford and Soddy] could not get away from the fact, however, that radium itself, although universally regarded as an element, decays far too rapidly to be as old as the minerals in which it is found. The only solution seemed to be that radium too must be a metabolon with a 'life' of a few thousand years."''<ref name ="BURCHFIELD">{{cite book |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Joe D. Burchfield |publisher= The University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |year=1975, 1990 |pages=173 |isbn=0-226-08043-9}}</ref>|group=note}} Nevertheless, later assumptions of equilibrium in decay series of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] allowed to consider heat sources with half-lives in gigayears (Ga; 1 Ga = 10<sup>9</sup> years).

The 1911 edition of the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] discussed dates up to 500 million years.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, pp 650-651.</ref>
By about 1930, J. H. Jeans was arguing for an age of the Earth of around two billion years.<ref>Universal History of the World, p.76.</ref>

The inclusion of radiogenic heat makes however only insignificant difference in terms of age limit inferred from the time required for the surface gradient to reach its present-day estimated value of 20 °C/km supported by observational evidence.
As a matter of fact, it is freely acknowledged that radioactive heat sources within the earth do not account for its present internal temperatures if the earth had really existed for 4.5 Ga. The statements such as ''"Thanks to Madame Curie, the inexhaustible energies of the atom of the globe … are potentially available to geological speculation"'' and ''"Kelvin overthrown"''<ref name="KelvinRevisited"/> are logically incorrect; Kelvin's conclusion would be undermined by that discovery only if incorporation of the Earth's radioactive heat into his calculations produced a substantially different age limits for the earth.

The general conclusion is that, even if Kelvin had included a reasonable radiogenic heat production in his thermal calculations, he would still have found grounds for arguing that the age limit of the earth was of the order of 10<sup>8</sup> years and his estimate would have been virtually unaffected.<ref name="Richter"/>

=== The Scientific Dogma of 4.5 billion years ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Subjective biased approach to data selection
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"In general, dates in the correct ballpark are [[Paleoscience#Paleoscience.2C worldview of the scientists.2C sociological and psychological factors.2C political pressure|assumed to be correct]] and are published, but those in disagreement with other date are seldom published, nor are the discrepancies fully explained."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Richard K. Mauger<ref>{{cite journal |title= K-Ar ages of biotites from tuffs in Eocene rocks of the Green River, Washakie, and Uinta basins, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado |author= Richard L. Mauger |journal= |publisher=University of Wyoming |year=1977 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–42 (37)|url= https://geobookstore.uwyo.edu/sites/default/files/download/ConttoGeo_TOC.pdf |accessdate=13 June 2015 }}</ref> </div>
|}
In 1943 R.A. Daly of Harvard University published his authoritative paper ''“Meteorites and an Earth model,”'' where he studied the analogies between [[Rock (material)|terrestrial rocks]] and [[meteor]]ites, coupled with deductions on the probable nature of the Earth’s interior. He hypothesized that the latter ones originated by disruption of a planet once situated between Mars and Jupiter, in the region now occupied by [[asteroid]]s. At first textbooks have quoted his theory approvingly, but later it has been disfavored due to mineralogical discontinuities between different groups of meteorites which were interpreted as evidence against a single parent body hypothesis. Nevertheless, the meteorites, “enigmatic bodies,” have managed to attract the great resurgence of interest in scientific research.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Meteorites |author=Brian Mason|journal=American Scientist |volume=55| issue=4 |year=1967|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27837038?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents}}</ref>

In his 1956 paper named ''Age of Meteorites and the Earth'', Claire Patterson, using ''“certain assumptions which are apparently justified,”'' introduced for meteor age a figure of '''4.55 ± 0.07 × 10<sup>9</sup>yr.''' and commented that since earth lead meets the requirement for definition of ''“the isotopic evolution of lead for any meteoritic body,”'' it is therefore ''“believed that the age for the earth is the same as for meteorites”'' and that ''"this is the time since the earth attained its present mass"''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Age of meteorites and the earth |author= Claire Patterson |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Patterson1956.pdf |accessdate= }}</ref> In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors, this faith-based figure gradually became a scientific dogma that rarely anyone has dared to question.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ralph W. Matthews |title=Radiometric dating and the age of the Earth |date=December 1982 |publisher=Creation |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=41–44 |quote=In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors this number has been widely and enthusiastically accepted and is usually quoted as if the evidence was decisive and conclusive. It has assumed something of the status of a universal constant to which all other data must be fitted, thus it has become common practice to assume that data which does not fit this result is either wrong or unintelligible. |accessdate=December 30, 2014}}</ref> Henry Morris explains that the unprovable assumptions are not the only problem with radiometric dating. One huge concern is that the results published are only a selected sample, chosen especially to agree with preconceived ideas about the earth, life, and [[evolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Once upon a time … A Review of The Mythology of Modern Dating Methods by John Woodmorappe |author=Michael J. Oard |url=https://creation.com/once-upon-a-time |accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref>

When in 1972 N.H. Gale tried to corroborate this established figure, he discovered that U-Pb ages ''"showed apparent large excess of radiogenic lead compared with the amount expected from the decay of Uranium in the meteorites over 4.5AE. ... For each of the 4 meteorites there was an excess of radiogenic lead not supported by uranium decay over 4.5AE.”'' After short analysis:
*''“The superior modern analytical methods used made it impossible that analytical contamination could explain the result.''
*''The circumstances ... make it extremely unlikely that terrestrial contamination could explain the results for this meteorites.''
*''... a considerable excess of radiogenic lead in most fractions ...is difficult to attribute to contamination,“''
rather than starting to reckon with possibility to challenge the established figures and methods, after recalling that ''“Patterson was the first to show that several stony meteorites yield a ... model of 4.5AE,”'' he proposed the new explanation for discovered discrepancy: ''"discordant results can be attributed to contamination."''{{#tag:ref|The claim on the contamination explaining the "discordant result" is in direct contradiction with previous statements that neither analytical nor extremely unlikely terrestrial contamination could explain the results. According to Ryan Dobson, author of a book on [[moral relativism]], a person that holds conflicting opinions about something and starts disagreeing with himself of herself is in trouble.<ref name="Dobson">{{cite book
|author=Ryan Dobson, Jefferson Scott
|title=Be Intolerant in Love: Because Some Things Are Just Stupid
|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers
|location=Sisters, OR, USA
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1590-521526
|pages=23–26
|pages=121
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvSEGgAACAAJ
|quote= You can't recognize that you hold conflicting opinions about something and hang on to both of them for very long. When you start disagreeing with yourself, you're in trouble.}}</ref> The trouble maintaining a train of thought in logical and coherent manner is regarded by [[medical science]] as symptom and characteristic of [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Types, Causes, and Early Warning Signs |publisher=helpguide.org |url= http://www.helpguide.org/articles/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-types-and-causes.htm |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Fragmented thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia. Externally, it can be observed in the way a person speaks. People with schizophrenia tend to have trouble concentrating and maintaining a train of thought. They may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Assault on scientific [[Socratic principle]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Most advocates do not defend their theses out of conviction that they are true, but rather because they once declared them to be true."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Georg Christoph Lichtenberg </div>
|}
Consequently, his research of the Earth’s age turned into calculation of ''"the correct sample ratios"'' from ''"observed ratios"'' so that the Table in his paper could finally show the “correct” preconceived age, established in this field of research.<ref name= "GALE1972">{{cite journal |title=Uranium-Lead Chronology of Chrondritic Meteorites |author= Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |journal=Nature |issue=240 |pages=56–57 |date=20 November 1972 |doi=10.1038/physci240056a0
|url=http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v240/n99/pdf/physci240056a0.pdf
|quote= Considerable variations in uranium and lead concentrations are observed in different gram sized fragments of the same meteorite5·7,8, and fission track studies10 show that on the microscopic scale changes in uranium concentration by factors of 105 are observed over distances of ˜10˜2 cm. Because of experimental difficulties the uranium and lead concentrations and the lead isotopic abundances have not been measured hitherto in the same sample of a given meteorite, so that it is possible, but not proven, that the apparent lack of concordance between daughter and parent isotopes may be a direct consequence of these heterogeneities; this point of view has been well argued by Fisher11. Most of the early work on the determination of lead in meteorites was in any case badly hampered by analytical contamination by terrestrial lead.}}</ref><ref name="GALE1979">{{cite journal |title=U-Pb studies of the appley bridge meteorite |author=Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |publisher=Naturwissenschaften |year=1979 |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=419–420 |doi=10.1007/BF00368077 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r741164v5162r447}}</ref> This methodological flaw is known as [[data torturing]].

Using [[circular logic]] — assuming that decay rates remained constant despite necessarily changing physical characteristics as time approached the origin — Old Earth proponents insist that the Earth is 4.5 billion years old based on an assumption of constancy in [[Potassium-argon dating|Potassium-argon (K:Ar) decay rates]] and other radiometric methods.<ref>Peck, 2000, p.376.</ref>

===Turning science upside down===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Doctrine outside the realm of science
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"If a theory or point of view is treated only as a doctrine to be validated, and not one to be challenged, it is not within the realm of science."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Randall Hedtke<ref name="Hedtke">{{cite book
|author=Randall Hedtke
|title=Secrets of the Sixth Edition
|publisher=Master Books
|place=Portland, Oregon
|year=2010
|pages=57
|isbn=978-0-89051-597-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvyHquVubDoC}}</ref></div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Feeling overconfident of the truth of one's doctrine
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"I daresay I may have written too confidently from feeling so confident of the truth of my main doctrine."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Charles Darwin]]<ref name="DarwinToSedgwick26NOV1859">{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. To Adam Sedgwick 26 November [1859]|author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2555.xml |quote=You could not possibly have paid me a more honourable compliment than in expressing freely your strong disapprobation of my Book. ... |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref> to Prof. Sedgwick, 1859</div>
|}
After their acceptance of evolutionary dogma on ''“antiquity as a partially known factor”'' by faith, followers of evolutionary scientism started to assure that ''“the earth’s age must be very much greater than Kelvin calculated”''. Consequently, they commanded science to be turned upside down: ''”Kelvin’s problem must now be reversed”'' – instead of research finding the age of the earth, it should be already taken as given by their doctrine instead, and the only role left to science is to confirm it and determine the thermal history of the earth that would be in accord with it.<ref name="Holmes1913"/>

In 1978, ''Geotimes'' magazine published by American Geological Institute quoted John Eddy, a famous astronomer, who argued that due to ''“some new and unexpected results“'' scientists could live with bishop Ussher’s 4004 B.C. value for the age of Earth and Sun, ''a fortiori'' since there is not much in the way of [[Scientific observation|observational]] [[Scientific evidence|evidence]] in [[astronomy]] to conflict with his calculations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John Eddy quoted by R.G. Kazmann |title= It’s About Time: 4.5 Billion Years (report on Symposium at Louisiana State University)|publisher= Geotimes magazine (from 09/2008 renamed to Earth magazine) of American Geological Institute |year=1978 |issue=23 |pages=18–20|quote=I suspect that the Sun is 4.5 billion years old. However, given some new and unexpected results to the contrary, and some time for some frantic recalculation and theoretical readjustment, I suspect that we could live with bishop Ussher’s value for the age of Earth and Sun. I don’t think we have much in the way of observational evidence in astronomy to conflict with that.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Covey |title= Age of the Universe |publisher= Creation In The Crossfire |date= January 3, 2013 |url=http://www.creationinthecrossfire.com/documents/AgeOfUniverse/AgeOfTheUniverse.html |accessdate=December 30, 2014 |quote= Evolutionary astronomers confidently argue the universe is 12-20 billion years old, although there is no certainty about any astronomical observations. John Eddy, a famous astronomer, once said that there isn’t much in the way of observational astronomy that proves the universe is old. He said that with “frantic theoretical readjustment” if new evidence showed that astronomers have been wrong, they could live with Bishop Ussher’s date of 4,004 B.C.}}</ref> American astronomer Robert Jastrow maintains that for ''"the scientist who has lived by his faith in 'the power of reason', the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak"'' and ''"as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries."''<ref name="Jastrow">{{cite book
|author=Robert Jastrow
|title=God and the Astronomers
|location=New York
|publisher= W. W. Norton
|year=1992
|page=107
|isbn=978-0-393-85006-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IfLYHv5pyUC}}</ref>

== Geology ==

[[Image:516XZRGNCKL AA240 .jpg|right|300px]]
[[William R. Corliss]] is a cataloger of scientific [[Anomaly|anomalies]] (observations and facts that challenge prevailing scientific [[paradigm]]s) and has published many works on the subject.<ref name="sf">[http://www.science-frontiers.com/ Science Frontiers] (Corliss' web-site)</ref>
He also wrote 13 books for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), a dozen educational booklets for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC), and a dozen articles for the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF).<ref>Corliss, 2002</ref> The science magazine ''[[New Scientist]]'' had an article which focused on the career of William Corliss.<ref>Adrian Hope, "Finding a home for stray fact", ''New Scientist'', July 14, 1977, p. 83</ref>
''New Scientist'' wrote regarding Corliss's work: "All I can say to Corliss is carry on cataloging".<ref>Quoted on the [http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm Science Frontiers web-site]</ref> [[Arthur C. Clarke]] described Corliss as "[[Charles Fort|Fort]]'s latter-day — and much more scientific — successor."<ref>Clarke, Arthur C. (1990) ''Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography''. Gollancz. Page 110</ref>

Corliss's work on geological anomalies catalogs scores of anomalies which challenge the [[old-earth]] [[paradigm]].<ref>[http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm#Geology Geological Catalogs] (Science Frontiers)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]]
*[[Arguments for a recent creation]]
*[[Literalist Bible chronology]]

== Bibliography ==
* Burnet, Thomas, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/ste/ste36.htm The Sacred Theory of the Earth, chapter V], 1691.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition (1911). [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling On-line page facsimiles].
* Hammerton, J.A. (Ed.), "Universal History of the World" (8 volumes) The Educational Book Co., London, c1930.
* Batten, Don, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/417 Old-earth or young-earth belief: Which belief is the recent aberration?], ''Creation'' 24(1):24–27, December 2001.
* [http://www.ingv.it/~roma/SITOINGLESE/activities/geomagnetismo/analysistheory/historicalresearch/age.html The age of the Earth] (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)).
*Peck WH, Valley JW, Wilde SA, and Graham CM (2000) Ion microprobe Evidence for Pre-4.4 Ga Continental Crust and Low Temperature Water/Rock Interaction. ''Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr'', vol 32, no. 7.

== External links ==
*[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth Age of the earth] by [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/refuting-evolution-chapter-8-how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] - ''Refuting evolution'' - Chapter 8 by Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]] at [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa Age of the Earth and Universe] by [[Creation Ministries International]]

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geology]]

Age of the Earth

2020-09-18T02:26:51Z

AK: /* Historical views */ Infobox on Newton's view

[[File:Blue Marble.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The historical and scientific evidence strongly indicates that the [[earth]] is approximately 6,000 years old.{{#tag:ref|cf.
*Age of the earth: 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe<ref name="101Evidences">{{cite web |title=Age of the earth; 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe |author=Don Batten |publisher= CMI |date= 4 June 2009 |url=https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth}}</ref>
*How old is the earth?<ref name="RefutingEvo">{{cite book |title=Refuting Evolution; How old is the earth? |author=Jonathan Sarfati |chapter =8 |url=https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth}}</ref>
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa ‘Young’ age of the Earth & Universe Q&A]
*[https://creation.com/jesus-age-earth Jesus on the age of the earth]|group=note}}]]
{{See also|Counterexamples to an Old Earth}}

The '''Age of the Earth''' has been a matter of interest to humans for millennia. All verifiable evidence indicates that the Earth is about 6,000 years old. Yet with circular reasoning and implausible assumptions, [[liberals]] insist that the Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years (4.54 × 10<sup>9</sup> ± 1%).<ref name="101Evidences"/><ref name="RefutingEvo"/><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/22/opinion/polls/main965223.shtml polling]</ref>

Old Earth advocates rely on one flawed assumption to the exclusion of other evidence, similar to how an investigator may mistakenly rely on one faulty eyewitness's opinion to the exclusion of all else. In fact, eyewitness testimony is proven to be less reliable than other indicators, just as the assumption by Old Earth proponents that the [[Radiometric dating|rate of radioactive decay]] has always been constant is flawed. Far from being constant, the rate of radioactive decay would almost certainly slow down as the universe cools.<ref>https://www.icr.org/article/nuclear-decay-evidence-for-young-world</ref><ref>https://www.icr.org/article/radioactive-decay-rates-not-stable</ref><ref>https://answersingenesis.org/geology/radiometric-dating/the-fallacies-of-radioactive-dating-of-rocks</ref> At the very least, it is not consistent and easily predictable.<ref>http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Radioactive_Decay_Rates</ref>

Moreover, a large number of physical processes, such as neutron capture and fluctuations in solar radiation, affect the rate of radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's crust and render radioactive dating measurements unreliable, depending upon the specific methods used.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899536205000138#bib6</ref>

Much scientific evidence points to a [[young earth creationism|young age]] of the earth and the universe and the biblical creation organization [[Creation Ministries International]] published articles entitled ''[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe]'' and [https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] which summarize some of the evidence for a young age of the earth.

== Historical views ==
[[Image:Landscape.jpg|right|300px]]
=== Widespread Historical Acceptance of Biblical Account ===
{{See also|Earth age opinions of prominent Christians - pre-1800|Scriptural geologists}}
For most of recorded history humans of many backgrounds, such as the first-century [[historian]] [[Flavius Josephus]],<ref name="FLuke2007">{{cite journal |title=Josephus says, ‘Genesis means what it says!’ |author=Frank Luke |journal=Creation |publisher=CMI |issue=29 |volume=3 |pages=15–17 |date=June 2007 |url=https://creation.com/josephus-says-genesis-means-what-it-says |quote=Josephus ... explicitly states that man had been around for only 3,000 years by the time of Moses. |accessdate=1 Oct 2017}}</ref> St. Barnabas and St. Irenæus,<ref>Burnet, p. 259.</ref> viewed the age of the Earth to be around 6,000 years.<ref>Burnet, p. 258.</ref>

Saint [[Cyril]], who came into Great Moravia (present day [[Slovakia]] and Moravia in [[Czech Republic]]) from [[Byzantine Empire]] in 863 [[AD]] as [[Christian]] [[missionary]], wrote in his poem ''Proglas'',<ref>{{cite web
|title=Proglas
|publisher=sme.sk
|url=http://zlatyfond.sme.sk/dielo/93/Filozof_Proglas
|language=Slovak
|access date=05.05.2012
|quote=The parchment version of Proglas in Cyrillic from 13th century was discovered in 1858 by Russian Slavic scholar Hilferding}}</ref> dedicated to his works on translation of the four [[Bible|biblical]] [[The Gospels|Gospel]]s to Slavonic language, the following sentence that brings testimony about the perception of the age of the world that time:
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="4" |{{cquote|To the holy Gospels I am the Foreword:<br/> for as it was promised by the prophets long ago,<br/> Christ comes to gather the nations,<br/> for He sheds light on the world entire.<br/>That is what has happened ''in our '''seventh''' millennium.''}}
!''The seventh millennium'' since the [[Creation]] was calculated as follows:
|-
| '''5 508''' years that had passed since the Creation till [[Jesus Christ]]’s birth plus
|-
| '''863''' (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia)
|-
|results in figure of '''6 371'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proglas, the foreword to the Old Church Slavonic translation of the four Gospels|publisher=The Centre for Information on Literature, Slovakia|url=http://www.litcentrum.sk/36106|access date=05.05.2012|quote=Explanations: '''in our seventh millennium''' – it means the seventh millennium since the Creation. It was calculated as follows: 5 508 years that had passed since the Creation till Jesus Christ’s birth plus 863 AD (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia) added to the year 6 371 -- that is seventh millennium.}}</ref>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:brown; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the origin of [[mankind]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from, and contradicting one another, [as the Greeks have], but only twenty-two books, which contain '''the records of all the past times'''; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death. '''This interval of time was little short of three thousand years'''; …we men are the most excellent of the creatures of [[God]] upon earth."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Flavius Josephus]]<ref name="FLuke2007"/>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Truly six natural days
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"the six days were '''truly six natural days''', because here [[Moses]] says that [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] were created on the sixth day. One may not use [[Sophistry|sophistries]] with reference to this text."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Martin Luther]]<ref name="Luther">{{cite book |title=Luther's works: Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 1-5 |translator=George V. Schick |editor=Jaroslav Pelikan |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |place=Saint Louis |year=1958 |volume=1 |chapter=ONE |pages=69 |isbn=978-0-5700-6401-5 |url=https://www.cph.org/p-607-luthers-works-volume-1-lectures-on-genesis-chapters-1-5.aspx }}</ref>
</div>
|}
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | [[Physicist]] on age of mankind
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"[[mankind]] could not be much older than is represented in [[Scripture]]"''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Isaac Newton]]<ref name="Newton1728">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended
|publisher=Originally: J. TONSON, J. OSBORN and T. LONGMAN (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|year=MDCCXXVIII.(1728)
|chapter=I. Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15784
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Sep 2020}}</ref>
</div>
|}
Prior to the onset of [[totalitarian]] and [[uniformitarianism|uniformitarian]] (i.e. long-age) [[scientism]] promoted by [[Charles Lyell|Lyell]], [[Darwin]], [[T. H. Huxley|Huxley]], and others in the 19th century, when most people and scientists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] had a [[Christian]] or [[biblical]] worldview, the [[Atheism|atheist]]ic [[evolution]]ary concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to mainstream [[Western civilization|Western]] [[science]] beyond cursory [[philosophical]] speculations.<ref name="YECBritannica">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher=creation.com |url=https://creation.com/encyclopedia-britannica-supporting-a-young-earth |quote=The concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to science (or to the church[4]) before the rise of uniformitarianism in the 19th century. This is strong evidence that modern long-age views of creation do not originate in Genesis, but are a misguided attempt by some Christian leaders to try to reconcile what God has said with the atheistic pronouncements of evolutionary ‘science’.|accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref>

For example, in his 1619 book the ''Harmonices Mundi'' (The Harmony of the World), [[Johannes Kepler]], [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] whose [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|discoveries]] are used in present-day rocket science,<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to Rocket Science and Engineering |author=Travis S. Taylor |publisher=CRC Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781498772341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl&id=aAagDgAAQBAJ}}</ref> wrote that he does not care if his book will need to wait a century for a reader, as [[God]] has waited '''six thousand years''' for him as an [[Scientific observation|observer]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Harmony of the World |author=Johannes Kepler |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1997 |pages=IX, XXXVII, 391, 410 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEkLAAAAIAAJ&q=six+thousand#v=snippet&q=six%20thousand&f=false|quote=O, Almighty God, I am thinking Thy thoughts after Thee! ... The book is written, to be read either now or by posterity, I care not which. It may be well to wait a century for a reader, as God has waited six thousand years for an observer.}}</ref> Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and [[Isaac Newton]] also strongly defended [[Biblical chronology]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Greatest Hoax on Earth? Refuting Dawkins on Evolution |author=Jonathan Sarfati |publisher=Creation Books Publishers |year=2010 |place=Atlanta, Georgia, USA |pages=311 |isbn=978-1921-643064 |url=https://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php |quote=Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and Isaac Newton (1643-1727), probably the greatest scientist of all time, also strongly defended biblical chronology.}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John
|publisher=Originally: J. DARBY and T. BROWNE (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|chapter=PART I. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel.CHAP. I. Introduction concerning the Compilers of the Books of the Old Testament.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16878?msg=welcome_stranger
|quote=The Pentateuch is composed of the Law and the history of God’s people together; and the history hath been collected from several books, such as were the history of the Creation composed by Moses, Genesis 2:4; the book of the generations of Adam, #Ge 5:1;
|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Experimenting on a Small Planet: A Scholarly Entertainment
|author=William W. Hay |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |pages=63|isbn=9783642285608 |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=teJYlWH9vg4C |quote=Ussher’s was not the first nor last attempt to determine the age of the Earth from the Bible. Estimates had been made by the Venerable Bede in 723 (3952 BC) and John Lightfoot in 1644 (3929), and later by Johannes Kepler (3992 BC), and Isaac Newton (4000 BC) among others.}}</ref> The latter also vigorously opposed to a naturalistic cosmic evolution and suggested [[chemical]] processes that might aid in explaining the creation of the earth's [[crust]] during the '''six days'''.<ref name="Rappaport1997">{{cite book |title=When Geologists Where Historians, 1665-1750 |author=Rhoda Rappaport |publisher=Cornell University Press |place=Ithaca and London |year=1997 |pages=138, 197 |isbn=978-0801-433863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30U3W2kI7foC}}</ref> The vast majority of commentators in the past interpreted the days of [[Genesis]] as ordinary days. Furthermore, even those who did not, such as [[Origen]] and [[Augustine]], vigorously attacked long-age ideas and affirmed that the world was '''only thousands of years'''.<ref name="FLuke2007"/> The 17th century [[French]] [[philosopher]] and moralist Jean de La Bruyère wrote in his ''Des Ouvrages des esprits'' (''On works of the spirit'') that ''"Everything has been said, and one comes into the world too late after '''seven thousand years''' in which there have been thinking men."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Des Ouvrages des esprits (On works of the spirit) |author=Jean de La Bruyère |publisher=frenchphilosophes.weebly.com |url=http://frenchphilosophes.weebly.com/la-bruyegravere.html |accesdate=12 May 2019 |quote=Tout est dit, et l'on vient trop tard depuis plus '''de sept mille''' ans qu'il y a des hommes et qui pensent. Sur ce qui concerne les mœurs, le plus beau et meilleur est enlevé; l'on ne fait que glaner après les anciens et les habiles d'entre les modernes. |language=French}}</ref><br>

In 1771, the first edition of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the oldest English-language general encyclopedia that was first published as a 3-volume set in [[Scotland]], included a table of world events under the heading ‘[[Astronomy]]’ on page 493. These events begin with the [[creation]] of the world in the year 0, which they dated at 4007 years before Christ.<ref name="YECBritannica"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher= creation.com |url=https://creation.com/media-center?fileID=Rj4PFM_od9U |quote= The notion that the world in billions of years old has only been popular for about 200 years. Before that time most scientists understood that Noah's Flood was responsible for laying down the rocks which today are associated with millions of years. Richard Fangrad and Calvin Smith discuss the details. |accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref><br>

In 1830, Dr. Hales published a list of 120 historical authorities from various cultures who had decided on an official [[date of creation]].<ref name="Hales">{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> These ranged from 6984 B.C. to 3616 B.C.<ref>Batten 2002 quotes from "Young’s Analytical Concordance of the Holy Bible", 1879 8th Edition, 1939, which relates this, and reproduces the selection of the dates from Young.</ref>

Included in Hales' list is [[James Ussher]], who calculated the '''famous date of 4004 B.C.''' for creation<ref name="Carson">{{cite book
|author=David G. Dunbar et al.
|title=Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
|editor=D.A. Carson and J.D. Woodbridge
|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year=1986 (Zondervan), 2005
|location=Eugene, Oregon
|chapter=Nine: The Biblical Canon
|pages=256
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHoFAQAACAAJ
|isbn=1-59752-118-3
|quote= Professor John Redwood describes the commitments of seventeenth century Christians: “To the seventeenth-century biblical chronology, the account of Moses, and the science of geology were all part of the same world of learning. No one seeking to enquire into rocks or minerals, into earth history of formation of the earth’s configuration could afford to ignore or deny the value of his primary source, the Bible.” James Ussher in the early seventeenth century had based his dating of creation at 4004 B.C. on a detailed and literal reading of the historical accounts.}}</ref> and published it in his ''magnum opus'', ''[[The Annals of the World]]'' during the mid-1600s. Young Earth creationists, essentially adopting the same method as [[Nikola Tesla]] who was taught by his mother ''"to seek all truth in the Bible,"''<ref>{{cite book |title=My inventions: The autobiography of Nikola Tesla |author=Nikola Tesla |publisher=NuVision Publications LLC |year=1982 |pages=41 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=no&id=uBafTxRVtkAC&q=Bible#v=snippet&q=Bible&f=false |quote= Up to that time I never realized that I possed any particular gift of discovery, but the Lord Rayleigh, whom I considered an ideal man of science, had said so, and if that was the case, I felt that I should concentrate on some big idea. At this time, as many other times in the past, my thoughts turned towards my mother's teaching. The gift of mental power comes from God, Divine Being, and if we concentrate our minds on that truth, we become in tune with this great power. My Mother had taught me to seek all truth in the Bible; therefore I devoted the next few months to the study of this work.}}</ref> still consider this date to be close to the actual date.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Creation Seminar 1 - Age of the Earth (FULL)
|author=Kent Hovind
|publisher=Creation Science Evangelism
|page=31min:00sec
|url=https://youtu.be/szBTl3S24MY?t=1857
|accessdate=26 July 2015
}}</ref> The year 4004 [[B.C.]] was considered to be also a remarkable astronomical epoch by the great French astronomer [[Pierre Simon Laplace|Laplace]] who in his ''Méchanique Céleste'', Tom III.p. 113, announced a curious discovery - it was supposed to be a year when the great axis of the earth's [[orbit]] coincided with the line of the [[equinox]]es, and consequently true and mean equinoxes were united.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

=== Evolutionists vs. “odious spectre” Kelvin ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Time as key hero for [[naturalistic]] ‘[[Fog displacement|explanation]]’
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''“Time is in fact the hero of the plot … given so much time the "impossible" becomes [[Logic of possibility|possible]], the possible probable and the probably virtually certainly certain. One has only to wait: time itself performs [[miracle]]s.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— George Wald<ref>{{cite book |title= The Physics and Chemistry of Life|author=George Wald |publisher=G. Bell |year= 1957 |pages=12 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IlCgnQEACAAJ }}</ref><ref name="West">{{cite web |title=Western culture and the age of the earth; Review of The Dating Game: One Man’s Search for the Age of the Earth by Cherry Lewis, Cambridge University Press, 2000 |author= Tas Walker |publisher= CMI |url= https://creation.com/cherry-lewis-the-dating-game-one-mans-search-for-the-age-of-the-earth-book-review |accessdate=13 June 2015
}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Ad. “time itself performs miracles” - cf. [[Evolution of the gaps]]: An 'explanation' that has no other than philosophical implication and that cannot be tested is regarded for a key symptom of ideological thinking. Moreover, the Slovak poet Ondrej Fabrici maintained that [[idol]]s of the old [[pagan]] belief systems have been refurbished and disguised in the changed setting of the modern era under the new name of scientific endeavor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Prorok Daniel (Prophet Daniel)|author= Jozef Ondrej Markuš|publisher=Matica slovenská|year=2001|page=39|isbn=80-7090-600-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpnkAAAACAAJ|language=Slovak |quote=
Či zmenil dačo Chronos starý na plánoch tých Babylonu, hoci sa ako dieťa tvári vek atómu, elektrónu?! Len tváre figúr vymenené, technika ťahov spresnená, idoly staré postavené odiali sa v nové mená! Kulisy zmenil Chronos – čas Babylon žije prostred nás! (Ondrej Fabrici)}}</ref> For example, the “incomprehensibly vast periods of time” invoked by evolutionism is in fact nothing more than refurbished and masqueraded belief in creative power of elapsing time represented either by ancient [[Babylonian]] god, transposed into Greek mythology as [[Chronos]], or antique Aeon,<ref>{{cite web |title= ЭОН |publisher= dic.academic.ru |url= http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/3798/ЭОН |language=Russian |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= ЭОН (греч. ), термин др.-греч. философии, «жизненный век», «вечность», время в аспекте жизненного существования, как некая целостная самозамкнутая структура (ср. лат. aevum, рус. «век») в отличие от «хро-носа» как абстрактного, количественно-измерительного, объективного и аморфного времени. … В гностицизме зон – это силы, которые исходят от божества. … Эон в геологии длительный период времени, состоящий из нескольких эр.}}</ref> a divine power constituting a [[gnostic]] belief system.<ref name="Skarsaune">{{cite book
|author=Oskar Skarsaune
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influence on Early Christianity
|publisher=IVP Academic
|year=2002
|location=Downers Grove, IL
|pages=246
|chapter=12:Orthodoxy and Heresy
|isbn=978-0-8308-2844-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC
|quote=There are several gnostic “systems,” with a great deal of variety in details, but one can newertheless discern a basic pattern that is common to most or all Gnostic texts: There exists a highest God, who within himself comprises several divine powers. The Gnostics called these powers aeons, and there were different systems of arranging aeons. … This aeon, confused and in despair, created the material world…
}}</ref>|group=note}}</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On rewriting the history
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"The first battlefield is the rewriting of [[history]]."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Materialist]] [[Karl Marx]]<ref name="FIORAZO2012">{{cite book |author=David Fiorazo |title=ERADICATE: Blotting Out God in America |publisher=Life Sentence Publishing |place=Abbotsford, WA |year=2012 |chapter=3 |page=59 |isbn=978-1-62245-026-8 |url=http://davidfiorazo.com/2013/02/introduction-to-eradicate-blotting-out-god-in-america/}}</ref></div>
|}
Although [[materialism]] was at the time almost unanimously rejected by the scientific community,<ref name="Debré">{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=151|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C|quote=}}</ref> George-Louis Lecrerc, Count of [[Buffon]], rejected [[Christianity]], adopted [[Evolutionism|evolutionary thought]], and thus searched for [[materialistic]] explanations for the [[origin science|origin]] of earth.<ref name="Larson">{{cite book
|author=E.J. Larson
|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
|publisher=Modern Library
|location=New York
|year=2006
|pages=9, 13–18, 39, 58–62
|isbn=0-8129-6849-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Larson+Evolution:+The+Remarkable+History&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PbZfVJugD83vaJengLgI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=rejected%20Christianity%20&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. "Of course, no one can precisely gauge hom much [[Enlightenment]] thinking about material origin for life and organic species contributed to the political, social, and religious turmoil of the French Revolution, but some observers at the time saw a causal link. Notions of biological instability seemed to breed social disorder; ... and chaos ensued as the law of jungle became the rule in Paris. For [[Cuvier]], ... Speculative systems in natural history invited ruin. ... [He] took every opportunity to criticize the speculations of [[Buffon]] and other materialist-minded naturalists."<ref name="Larson"/>|group=note}} Despite his treatises lacking both a timescale and even a clearly developed sense of time, in 1778 he proposed, apparently following his own belief ''"past is so old and has left so few traces that one can say anything one likes about it"'',<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> that the Earth was about 74,832 years old,<ref name="ingv">INGV</ref> what was also in line with thinking that pushed God as [[Creator]] either back in time or out of the picture altogether.<ref name="Larson"/>
In the early nineteenth-century, the so called [[uniformitarian]]s conspired to overthrow the [[Biblical chronology]] that would measure geologic time in generations of man.<ref name="Richter">{{cite journal |title=Geological Notes: Kelvin and the Age of Earth |author=F.M. Richter |publisher=Journal of Geology |year=1986 |volume=94 |pages=395–401 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30068713}}</ref> The dictum as a fundamental maxim for their geological speculation and worldview<ref name="PerryInAS">{{cite web |title=Kelvin, Perry and the Age of the Earth |author=Philip C. England, Peter Molnar, Frank M. Richter |date= |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/kelvin-perry-and-the-age-of-the-earth |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Before dissecting Kelvin's arguments, it is worth describing the worldview that he was opposing.}}</ref> was expressed through [[James Hutton]]’s aphorism,<ref name="ingv"/> coming from his 1785 book ''Theory of the earth'': ''“The revolt, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find [[Singularity#Antipathy to the idea of beginning|no vestige of a beginning]], [[Horror of a Divine Foot|no prospect of an end]].“''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics">{{cite web |title=On Geological Dynamics |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow |year=1869 |url=http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_geological_dynamics.html |aaccessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Theory of the earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution and restoration of land upon the globe. |author=James Hutton |publisher=Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1785 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjYAAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Hutton's theory of the earth was not based on field observations but on his [[Wishful thinking|wishful]], speculative confusion of geological process with [[Newton]]ian [[physics]].<ref name="GOULDinNYT">{{cite web |title=IT'S AN OLD, OLD , OLD, OLD WORLD |publisher= NYT |author=D. R. Wallace |date= June 14, 1987 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/09/home/gould-arrow.html |accessdate=7 June 2015 |quote=Hutton's theory of the earth as a geological clockwork of eroding continents balanced against uplifting ocean basins was not based on field observations but on his wishful, speculative confusion of geological process with Newtonian physics....Hutton and Lyell were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state...The textbook legend of Hutton and Lyell seems dim and confused compared with that of Copernicus and Galileo. In demonstrating the shallowness of that legend}}</ref>

In 1822, [[Joseph Fourier|Fourier]] laid the groundwork for the mathematical analysis of the flow of [[heat]] in his treatise ''Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur''; and later, in 1827, he published arguments that the Earth must be cooling.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique">{{cite journal | title=John Perry’s neglected critique of Kelvin’s age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics |author=P. England, P. Molnar, F. Richter |journal=GSA Today |volume= 17 |number= 1 |date=January 2007 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 |url=http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/faculty/molnarpdf/2007GSAT.England.PerryKelvinBlownOpportunity.pdf |accessdate=5 June 2015 |quote= Fourier ... made arguments that the Earth must be cooling (Fourier, 1827), with which Lyell was certainly familiar (Lyell, 1830, p. 140–141).}}</ref> This was in line with so called [[Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis]], under which the earth would have gradually cooled from its assumed molten beginnings to its current state.

In 1830 [[Charles Lyell]], despite being familiar with Fourier's arguments,<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> supported, with a convert's zeal, the Hutton's idea of a
steady-state Earth of indefinite age in ''Principles of Geology'',<ref name="ingv" /> a book that later influenced [[Darwin]]. Lyell started his book with a self-serving history of geology that [[Academician Burdenko syndrome|uncritically hailed]] any insight anticipating uniformitarianism and under the banner ''“to free the science from Moses”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Charles Lyell |title= Principles of Geology |volume= 1 |year=1881 (1990)|publisher=University of Chicago Press (reprint) |pages=268 (XVII) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WjnbzHpvfEC |quote=Most other geologists, whether or not they agreed with Lyell on specific issues, would in fact have considered themselves his allies in hoping “to free the science from Moses” (Lyell 1881, vol.1, p.268).}}</ref> [[Kerkut’s student syndrome|utterly dismissed]] the contributions of [[Catastrophism|catastrophists]] including [[Georges Cuvier]], the "lion of nineteenth-century French science" and founder of modern comparative anatomy and paleontology, who as early as 1796 announced ''"the existence of a world previous to ours, destroyed by some kind of catastrophe"'' and whose scientific arguments for the theory of [[special creation]] held back the tide of evolutionary thought for a generation.<ref name="Larson"/> Lyell shown up to be a disciple of Buffon, who resolutely refused to accept the notion of catastrophes, including the [[Noah's Flood|Biblical Flood]], which many of their contemporaries upheld. Before Darwin boarded the HMS Beagle in 1831, his Cambridge tutor Adam Sedgwick, who had supplied just twenty-two years old Darwin with a reading list for the voyage, conspicuously omitted controversial Lyell’s ''Principles''. Darwin was however given a copy of the book by the ship's aristocratic captain Robert FitzRoy, who wished to have some scientific person on board.<ref name="Larson"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 1 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 1, 46min:15sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hoDaxVIVPE&feature=youtu.be&t=2850 |accessdate=May 17, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> Darwin was fascinated by book, he dedicated his own writings about the voyage to Lyell, and in his letters claimed that ''"I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell's brains ... the great merit of the Principles, was that it altered the whole tone of one's mind & therefore that when seeing a thing never seen by Lyell, one yet saw it partially through his eyes."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. to Horner, Leonard 29 Aug 1844 |author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-771 |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgrey; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About people who admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''If the question "When?" is asked, the natural reply is merely a look of astonishment, and persistent enquiry elicits '''nothing more definite than a vague "Long ago."'''{{#tag:ref|Ad. ''“nothing more definite than a vague ’Long ago’”'' cf.
*''«I asked Ramsay how long a time he allowed for that history. He answered that he could suggest no limit to it. I said “You don’t suppose geological history has run through 1,000,000,000 years?” “Certainly I do.” “10,000,000,000 years?” “Yes.” “The sun is a finite body. You can tell how many tons it is. Do you think it has been shining for a million million years? ” “I am as incapable of estimating and understanding the reasons which you physicists have for limiting geological time as you are incapable of understanding the geological reasons for our unlimited estimates.” I answered, “You can understand the physicists’ reasoning perfectly if you give your mind to it.”»'' Lord Kelvin, conversation on geological time with Sir Andrew Ramsay during the meeting of the British Association at Dundee in 1867<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Age of the Earth as an Abode Fitted for Life
|journal=Science |publisher= American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=9 |issue=228 |date= May 12, 1899 |page=668 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1626214?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents |accessdate=July 18, 2105}}</ref>
*''“I don't have millions billions of years”'' Gail E. Kennedy, Associate Professor, Anthropology, [[UCLA]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolution Vs. God Movie |publisher=Living Waters |pages=14min:48sec|date=6 Aug 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0u3-2CGOMQ&feature=youtu.be&t=885 |accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>
*''“I require for my theoretical views '''a very long''' period before the Cambrian formation.”'' Ch. Darwin<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869"/>
*Vallisneri, who together with [[Leibniz]] urged Louis Burguet to consider ''biblical time'' as ''too restricted'', '''could add nothing more''' to his early conviction that the earth is ''"of '''nearly incomprehensible antiquity'''"''. Rappaport (p.195-7)<ref name="Rappaport1997"/>|group=note}} Anything else, of course, could not be expected from a people whose [[Big Bang theory|conceptions of the development of the universe]] are limited to a recognition of the [[Geologic system#The system|alternation of seasons]] and the [[Abiogenesis|insistent mysteries of life]] and death.''<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Arthur Holmes <ref name="Holmes1913">{{cite web |title= The age of the earth |author= Arthur Holmes |publisher= Harper |place=London |year= 1913 |pages=2, 11, 135 |url= https://archive.org/details/ageofearth00holmuoft |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=As an example of one of the more extravagant demands, mention may be made of Darwin’s estimate in 1859 of the time elapsed since the latter part of the Cretaceous period. From the rate of chalk erosion in Kent, he deduced that the excavation of the Wealden valleys had required a period of 300 million years. Referring to this estimate, Jukes gave his opinion that while it might be a hundred time too great, it was equally probable that it was hundred times too small. Evidently 30,000 million years, in the absence of more reliable data, was not considered an absurdly excessive period for the erosion of the Weald. It should be noticed, however, that after the publication of Thomson’s views, Darwin withdrew this estimate from the origin of species.}}</ref></div>
|}
In his 1859 ''[[The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection|Origin of species by means of Natural selection]]'', Darwin declared that ''‘He who can read Sir Charles Lyell’s grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume.’''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/><ref>{{cite book |title= On the Origin of Species |author= Charles Darwin |year=1859 |pages=282 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdIp_XRopbcC&q=incomprehensibly+vast#v=snippet&q=incomprehensibly%20vast&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|For partisans of [[Clifford's injunction]] closing this volume at once definitely appears to be a highly commendable suggestion.|group=note}} Darwin based his views on Hutton and Lyell who were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state.<ref name="GOULDinNYT"/> It is believed a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories was a factor that might have contributed to FitzRoy’s tragic decision to suicide on 30 April 1865.<ref>{{cite web |title= FitzRoy's Bicentenary|publisher= The Friends of Charles Darwin |url=http://friendsofdarwin.com/articles/fitzroy/ |quote= The ridicule over the weather forecasts was probably the last straw that drove FitzRoy to suicide on 30th April, 1865. But there were numerous other factors that might have contributed to his tragic decision: his failed New Zealand governorship; a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories; his belief that suicide was a family trait; who knows what else might have helped push him over the edge? |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC67">{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 6&7 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 6&7, 1h:49min:35sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXY-EWZU5qo&feature=youtu.be&t=6575
|accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>

The doctrine that the Earth was of unlimited age allowed Uniformitarian geologists to evade [[explanation in science|explaining]] any [[phenomenon|phenomena]] by laws of [[physics]] and resort to [[Fog displacement|blurring]] them by ''“reckless drafts on the bank of time”'' instead. For the legendary British physicist William Thomson, later known as [[Lord Kelvin]], this game without rules was simply not scientific. The speculations of uniformitarians on age of the Earth were forbidden by the laws of the thermodynamics, which he had helped in developing. He showed, with the full force and prestige of mathematical physics,{{#tag:ref|cf.
*''"God is mathematician of a very high order and He used advanced mathematics in constructing the universe."'' [[Paul Dirac]]<ref name="Flew">{{Cite book|title=There is a God, How the world's most notorious atheist changed his mind|author=Antony Flew|publisher=HarperOne|year=2008|isbn=978-0-06-133530-3|pages=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbL66ePcjpQC |quote= }}</ref>
*''"Religion and natural science are fighting a joint battle in an incessant, never relaxing crusade against skepticism and against dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition … [and therefore] ‘On to God’"'' [[Max Planck]]<ref name="Flew"/>|group=note}} that, if one were to assume that the Earth is a solid body cooling from an initially high temperature, measurement of the rate of heat loss from its surface would clearly place limits on its age.

Kelvin started to advance his arguments under the title ''“Note on Certain Points in the Theory of Heat”'' first in 1844 in ''Cambridge Mathematical Journal''. After clarifying some of Fourier’s mathematics related to the conduction of heat and the dissipation of energy, he presented the upper boundary for the age of the Earth in his 1863 classic paper ''On the Secular Cooling of the Earth'' as '''98 millions of years'''.<ref name="OnSecularCooling">{{cite web |title= On the Secular Cooling of the Earth |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1864 (Read 1862) |volume= XXIII |pages= 167–169 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_secular_cooling_of_the_earth.html |aaccessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref> The figure was based i.a. on following assumptions and considerations:
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the Kelvin's calculations
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''I have sometimes been asked by friends interested in geology to criticise Lord Kelvin's calculation of the probable age of the earth. I have usually said that it is hopeless to expect that Lord Kelvin should have made an error in calculation.''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—John Perry<ref>{{cite journal |title= On the Age of the Earth |author=John Perry |journal=Nature |date= 3 January 1895 |issue=51 |pages=224–227 |doi=10.1038/051224a0 |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v51/n1314/pdf/051224a0.pdf
}}</ref> </div>
|}
* The ‘celebrated’ '''Poisson’s hypothesis''', that the present underground heat of Earth is due to a passage, at some former period, of the Solar system through hotter stellar regions, would not serve uniformitarians and evolutionists right, since it either grants only short time periods with moderate temperature on earth’s surface or, if the transition from hot region to cold region is shifted further back in time, it leads to extreme temperatures that must have destroyed all animal and vegetable life.
* The '''[[Leibniz’s theory of earth|Leibnitz’s theory]]''', which simply supposes the earth to have been at one time an incandescent liquid, without explaining how it got into that state, is the best for view of the geologists who require the longest periods.
* The initial temperature of molten blob to be 7000 °F or 3888 °C, respectively, corresponding to a high estimate of generally assumed temperature of melting rock. Later Kelvin explained that he could take lower value as more probable, but was most anxious not to underestimate the age of the earth based on the very meager information then available.<ref name="KelvinNature1895"/>
* The measurements of underground temperatures near Edinburgh served as basis for the estimated “general increase of temperature in the Earth downwards” alias mean geothermal gradient of 1/50th of a degree Fahrenheit per foot (~ ca 36 °C/km).

After taking into account the estimated uncertainties in thermal gradient and thermal conductivity, Kelvin broadened an upper limit for the age of the Earth to interval between 20 and 400 millions of years (20 ~ 400 Ma). In a later paper, based on experimental results performed by Carl Barus (who found out that diabase, a typical [[basalt]] of very primitive character, melts between 1100 °C and 1170 °C and is thoroughly liquid at 1300 °C),<ref name="KelvinNature1895">{{cite journal |title=On the Age of the Earth |author= Lord Kelvin |journal= Nature (reprint in SA)|date= January 3, 1895 |pages= 334–337 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lord-kelvin-on-the-age-of-the-earth/ |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Carl Barus (Phil. Mag., 1893, first half year, pp. 186, 187, 301-305) that diabase, a typical basalt of very primitive character, melts between 1,100° C. and 1,170° and is thoroughly liquid at 1,300°.}}</ref> he modified the value for supposed initial molten rock temperature to 1200 °C,<ref name="Richter"/> thus by the end of the 1800s narrowed down the interval to 20 ~ 40Ma,<ref name="chemeu">{{cite web |title=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin |publisher=chemeurope.com |url=http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin.html |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Thomson ultimately settled on an estimate that the Earth was 20-40 million years old }}</ref> with personal preference for the lower value which is also the most quoted one.<ref name="West"/><ref>{{cite book |title= The Dating Game: One Man's Search for the Age of the Earth |author= Cherry Lewis |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2012 |pages= 39 |isbn= 978-11076-59599 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vU1yZQ03Kz0C }}</ref>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About theoretical views requiring a very long period
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"When you measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it, but when you cannot express it in numbers your knowledge about it is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—William Thompson, Lord Kelvin<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Evelyn Lamb |publisher=Scientific American |date= 26 June 2013 |url= http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/roots-of-unity/lord-kelvin-age-of-the-eart/ |accessdate=19 April 2016
}}</ref> </div>
|}
Many scientists liked these values, since they appeared to be consistent with calculations made by [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], who in 1854 estimated the age of sun to be between 20 and 40 million years,<ref name="ingv"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Trial balloons and the age of the earth |author= Tas Walker |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> but for both evolutionists in biology as well as uniformitarians in geology they were distastefully low.<ref name="KelvinRevisited">{{cite web |title= Lord Kelvin revisited on the young age of the earth |author= John Woodmorappe |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> Darwin wrote in his letters that he has ''“not as yet been able to digest the fundamental notion of the shortened age of the sun and earth,”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Loren Eiseley
|title=Darwin’s Century: Evolution and the Men who Discovered It
|publisher=Anchor
|place=New York
|year=1961
|pages=234, 235, 240
|isbn= 978-03850-81412
|url=https://www.amazon.com/Darwins-Century-Evolution-Men-Discovered/dp/0385081413
}}</ref> and admitted that ''“Thompson's views of the recent age of the world”'' have been for some time one of his ''“sorest troubles.”'' (1869).<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 6706
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 14 Apr 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6706#mark-6706.f4
|quote=Thompson's views of the recent age of the world have been for some time one of my sorest troubles, & so I have been glad to read what you say.f4:William Thomson held that the crust of the earth had solidified only 100 million years ago, and had criticised [Charles Darwin]'s estimate in the first edition of Origin of 300 million years for the denudation of the Weald (see W. Thomson 1862a, pp. 391--2). See also Correspondence vol. 16, letter to G. H. Darwin, [9 December 1868].
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> Notwithstanding some Croll's ''"excellent remarks on the work which can be effected within a million years,"'' he felt ''"greatly troubled at the short duration of the world according to Sir W. Thompson,"'' for Darwin required for his ''"theoretical views '''a very long period''' before the [[Cambrian]] formation"''.<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869">{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Croll, James, Letter 6585
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 31 Jan 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6585
|quote= The physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) had calculated the age of the earth based on its cooling from a molten ball. He concluded that the earth could not possibly have existed with its crust in a similar state as at present for the length of time proposed by geologists (see W. Thomson 1865). In Origin 5th ed., p. 379, [Charles Darwin] noted that based on Thomson's calculation of the age of the earth and Croll's estimation that 60 million years had passed since the Cambrian period, the time left for the pre-Cambrian period (140 million years) was `hardly sufficient for the development of the varied forms of life which certainly existed towards the close of the Cambrian period'.|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> After the publication of Kelvins’s views, Darwin first halved, in the second edition of the ''[[Origin of species]]'' (p. 287), his own estimate of the time (''"far longer than 300 million years"'') allegedly elapsed since the latter part of the conjectured ''"[[Geologic system#The system|Cretaceous period]]"'', and later withdrew the discussion altogether from the third edition.<ref name="Holmes1913"/><ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., Letter 6841
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 24 July 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6841#back-mark-06841.f7
|quote= In [Tait] 1869, p. 429, Tait had quoted [Charles Darwin]'s conjecture, based on his estimate of time needed for the denudation of the Weald, that far longer than 300 million years must have elapsed since the latter part of the secondary period (Origin, p. 287). In response to criticisms in the Saturday Review, 24 December 1859, however, [Charles Darwin] halved his estimate in the second edition of Origin, and removed the discussion altogether from the third edition.
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> In 1871 he even named Kelvin ''“an odious spectre”'' that came so that Darwin could not ''“rely much on pre-[[Silurian]] times.”''<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 7858
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 12 July 1871
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-7858
|quote=I can say nothing more about missing links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-Silurian times; but then comes Sir W. Thompson like an odious spectre. Footnote: [Charles Darwin] discussed the absence of transitional forms in the fossil record in Origin 5th ed., pp. 208–15, 346–8. He thought William Thomson’s estimate of the time elapsed since the consolidation of the earth’s crust was probably too short for species to evolve according to his theory (Origin 5thed., p. 379)
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>

== Modernized pagan views ==
=== The game changer: Radioactivity mythmaking ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The age of the earth is definite
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years."'' ''"We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">— William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)<ref name=" OntheMiracleofLife">{{cite web |title= "On the Miracle of Life" [Actual title unknown.] Excerpt from an address at the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= as quoted in Heros of the Telegraph by J. Munro.|year= 1889 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_miracle_of_life.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote= I may refer to that old, but never uninteresting subject of the miracles of geology. Physical science does something for us here. St. Peter speaks of scoffers who said that ‘all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation;’ but the apostle affirms himself that ‘all these things shall be dissolved.’ It seems to me that even physical science absolutely demonstrates the scientific truth of these words. We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years. ... The science of dead matter, which has been the principal subject of my thoughts during my life, is, I may say, strenuous on this point, that the age of the earth is definite. We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years.}}</ref></div>
|}

By the end of the nineteenth century, Lord Kelvin had completely demolished all opposition.<ref name="West"/> He made uniformitarian geological community to accept that the age of the earth must be finite and that estimating the age by quantitative reasoning instead of supporting steady-state theory with [[Horror of a Divine Foot|philosophical bias]] should be crucial part of the geological endeavor. Even ‘''Darwin’s bulldog''’ and [[T. H. Huxley|musketeer of Darwinism Huxley]], who previously attacked Kelvin by making indirect allusions about ''“the first passer-by who fancies that our house is not so well built as it might be”'', ventured to suggest, in front of the Geological society of London, that ''“limitation of the period during which living beings have inhabited this planet to one, two, or three hundred million years, may be admitted, without a complete revolution in geological speculation.”''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/> This was in direct contradiction with [[Darwin]] who previously declared that ''“a far longer period than 300 million years has elapsed”'' since the latter part of period for which he declared to have available ''“a clear evidence of the existence … of whole groups of beings."''{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Evolutionary schizophrenia]]|group=note}} Materialistic philosophers, such as the British analytical [[Bertrand Russell]], realized that the Hutton's materialstic concept ''”no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”'' is further unmaintainable, and de facto denounced it while starting to proclaim Biblically compatible apocalyptic views{{#tag:ref|cf."Lift up your eyes to the heavens,
look at the earth beneath;
the heavens will vanish like smoke,
the earth will wear out like a garment
and its inhabitants die like flies.
But my salvation will last forever,
my righteousness will never fail." [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+51%3A6&version=NIV Bible, Isaiah 51:6 (NIV)]|group=note}}: ''“all the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday brightness of human genius, are destined to extinction in the vast death of Solar System”''. These things should be regarded, ''“if not quite beyond dispute,”'' ''“yet so nearly certain, that no philosophy which rejects them can hope to stand.”''<ref name="Signature">{{Cite book
| author = Meyer, Stephen C.
| title = Signature in the Cell
| publisher = HarperOne
| location= New York
| year= 2008
| isbn = 978-0-06-147279-2
| pages = 450
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUGKBdKawDUC| quote= }}</ref>

But T.C. Chamberlin, head of the Department of Geology at the [[University of Chicago]], was not prepared to concede defeat. While defending his faith in long-ages, he speculated, without any observational basis whatever, that there might yet be discovered new sources of energy that would allow more time than Kelvin had calculated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Earth |author= Frank Press, Raymond Siever |publisher=W. H. Freeman |edition=4 |year=1986 |pages=40 |isbn=978-0716717430 |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Earth-Frank-Press/dp/0716717433}}</ref> Thus, the quest for the age of the earth as a subjective, arbitrary and erratic pursuit, was set for an fascinating turn.<ref name="West"/> This came in 1896, when [[radioactivity]] was discovered by Henri Becquerel and when in 1903 [[Marie and Pierre Curie|Pierre Curie]] and Albert Laborde demonstrated that [[radioactive decay]] releases heat. Before long, several people argued that this source of heat was great enough to overturn Kelvin’s conclusion about the boundary for the age of the earth. The situation resembled the one in the previous two centuries when ''“those who sought to extend biblical time hardly knew where to begin, how to proceed, and what to conclude.”''<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> Among the followers of this effort was [[Ernest Rutherford]], who in 1904 suggested, in the Royal Institution, that ''“Lord Kelvin had limited the Age of the Earth, ‘provided no new source of heat was discovered.’ That prophetic utterance refers to what we are considering tonight, [[radium]]!”'' Later, Rutherford often repeated his tale of thinking on his feet in front of the “old bird” Kelvin who “beamed” at him. This episode and pleasing form of the anecdote, boosted by the eminence of its author, who was considered the father of the nuclear theory, provided a ready vehicle for mythmaking and uncritical acceptance of proposition that because the discovery of radioactive heat undermined an assumption behind Kelvin’s calculation, it also undermined his conclusion.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> As the half-life of radium's dominant isotope is 1600 yr, heat given out by radium obviously could not be the wanted missing energy.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"[Rutherford and Soddy] could not get away from the fact, however, that radium itself, although universally regarded as an element, decays far too rapidly to be as old as the minerals in which it is found. The only solution seemed to be that radium too must be a metabolon with a 'life' of a few thousand years."''<ref name ="BURCHFIELD">{{cite book |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Joe D. Burchfield |publisher= The University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |year=1975, 1990 |pages=173 |isbn=0-226-08043-9}}</ref>|group=note}} Nevertheless, later assumptions of equilibrium in decay series of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] allowed to consider heat sources with half-lives in gigayears (Ga; 1 Ga = 10<sup>9</sup> years).

The 1911 edition of the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] discussed dates up to 500 million years.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, pp 650-651.</ref>
By about 1930, J. H. Jeans was arguing for an age of the Earth of around two billion years.<ref>Universal History of the World, p.76.</ref>

The inclusion of radiogenic heat makes however only insignificant difference in terms of age limit inferred from the time required for the surface gradient to reach its present-day estimated value of 20 °C/km supported by observational evidence.
As a matter of fact, it is freely acknowledged that radioactive heat sources within the earth do not account for its present internal temperatures if the earth had really existed for 4.5 Ga. The statements such as ''"Thanks to Madame Curie, the inexhaustible energies of the atom of the globe … are potentially available to geological speculation"'' and ''"Kelvin overthrown"''<ref name="KelvinRevisited"/> are logically incorrect; Kelvin's conclusion would be undermined by that discovery only if incorporation of the Earth's radioactive heat into his calculations produced a substantially different age limits for the earth.

The general conclusion is that, even if Kelvin had included a reasonable radiogenic heat production in his thermal calculations, he would still have found grounds for arguing that the age limit of the earth was of the order of 10<sup>8</sup> years and his estimate would have been virtually unaffected.<ref name="Richter"/>

=== The Scientific Dogma of 4.5 billion years ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Subjective biased approach to data selection
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"In general, dates in the correct ballpark are [[Paleoscience#Paleoscience.2C worldview of the scientists.2C sociological and psychological factors.2C political pressure|assumed to be correct]] and are published, but those in disagreement with other date are seldom published, nor are the discrepancies fully explained."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Richard K. Mauger<ref>{{cite journal |title= K-Ar ages of biotites from tuffs in Eocene rocks of the Green River, Washakie, and Uinta basins, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado |author= Richard L. Mauger |journal= |publisher=University of Wyoming |year=1977 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–42 (37)|url= https://geobookstore.uwyo.edu/sites/default/files/download/ConttoGeo_TOC.pdf |accessdate=13 June 2015 }}</ref> </div>
|}
In 1943 R.A. Daly of Harvard University published his authoritative paper ''“Meteorites and an Earth model,”'' where he studied the analogies between [[Rock (material)|terrestrial rocks]] and [[meteor]]ites, coupled with deductions on the probable nature of the Earth’s interior. He hypothesized that the latter ones originated by disruption of a planet once situated between Mars and Jupiter, in the region now occupied by [[asteroid]]s. At first textbooks have quoted his theory approvingly, but later it has been disfavored due to mineralogical discontinuities between different groups of meteorites which were interpreted as evidence against a single parent body hypothesis. Nevertheless, the meteorites, “enigmatic bodies,” have managed to attract the great resurgence of interest in scientific research.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Meteorites |author=Brian Mason|journal=American Scientist |volume=55| issue=4 |year=1967|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27837038?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents}}</ref>

In his 1956 paper named ''Age of Meteorites and the Earth'', Claire Patterson, using ''“certain assumptions which are apparently justified,”'' introduced for meteor age a figure of '''4.55 ± 0.07 × 10<sup>9</sup>yr.''' and commented that since earth lead meets the requirement for definition of ''“the isotopic evolution of lead for any meteoritic body,”'' it is therefore ''“believed that the age for the earth is the same as for meteorites”'' and that ''"this is the time since the earth attained its present mass"''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Age of meteorites and the earth |author= Claire Patterson |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Patterson1956.pdf |accessdate= }}</ref> In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors, this faith-based figure gradually became a scientific dogma that rarely anyone has dared to question.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ralph W. Matthews |title=Radiometric dating and the age of the Earth |date=December 1982 |publisher=Creation |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=41–44 |quote=In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors this number has been widely and enthusiastically accepted and is usually quoted as if the evidence was decisive and conclusive. It has assumed something of the status of a universal constant to which all other data must be fitted, thus it has become common practice to assume that data which does not fit this result is either wrong or unintelligible. |accessdate=December 30, 2014}}</ref> Henry Morris explains that the unprovable assumptions are not the only problem with radiometric dating. One huge concern is that the results published are only a selected sample, chosen especially to agree with preconceived ideas about the earth, life, and [[evolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Once upon a time … A Review of The Mythology of Modern Dating Methods by John Woodmorappe |author=Michael J. Oard |url=https://creation.com/once-upon-a-time |accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref>

When in 1972 N.H. Gale tried to corroborate this established figure, he discovered that U-Pb ages ''"showed apparent large excess of radiogenic lead compared with the amount expected from the decay of Uranium in the meteorites over 4.5AE. ... For each of the 4 meteorites there was an excess of radiogenic lead not supported by uranium decay over 4.5AE.”'' After short analysis:
*''“The superior modern analytical methods used made it impossible that analytical contamination could explain the result.''
*''The circumstances ... make it extremely unlikely that terrestrial contamination could explain the results for this meteorites.''
*''... a considerable excess of radiogenic lead in most fractions ...is difficult to attribute to contamination,“''
rather than starting to reckon with possibility to challenge the established figures and methods, after recalling that ''“Patterson was the first to show that several stony meteorites yield a ... model of 4.5AE,”'' he proposed the new explanation for discovered discrepancy: ''"discordant results can be attributed to contamination."''{{#tag:ref|The claim on the contamination explaining the "discordant result" is in direct contradiction with previous statements that neither analytical nor extremely unlikely terrestrial contamination could explain the results. According to Ryan Dobson, author of a book on [[moral relativism]], a person that holds conflicting opinions about something and starts disagreeing with himself of herself is in trouble.<ref name="Dobson">{{cite book
|author=Ryan Dobson, Jefferson Scott
|title=Be Intolerant in Love: Because Some Things Are Just Stupid
|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers
|location=Sisters, OR, USA
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1590-521526
|pages=23–26
|pages=121
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvSEGgAACAAJ
|quote= You can't recognize that you hold conflicting opinions about something and hang on to both of them for very long. When you start disagreeing with yourself, you're in trouble.}}</ref> The trouble maintaining a train of thought in logical and coherent manner is regarded by [[medical science]] as symptom and characteristic of [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Types, Causes, and Early Warning Signs |publisher=helpguide.org |url= http://www.helpguide.org/articles/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-types-and-causes.htm |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Fragmented thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia. Externally, it can be observed in the way a person speaks. People with schizophrenia tend to have trouble concentrating and maintaining a train of thought. They may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Assault on scientific [[Socratic principle]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Most advocates do not defend their theses out of conviction that they are true, but rather because they once declared them to be true."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Georg Christoph Lichtenberg </div>
|}
Consequently, his research of the Earth’s age turned into calculation of ''"the correct sample ratios"'' from ''"observed ratios"'' so that the Table in his paper could finally show the “correct” preconceived age, established in this field of research.<ref name= "GALE1972">{{cite journal |title=Uranium-Lead Chronology of Chrondritic Meteorites |author= Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |journal=Nature |issue=240 |pages=56–57 |date=20 November 1972 |doi=10.1038/physci240056a0
|url=http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v240/n99/pdf/physci240056a0.pdf
|quote= Considerable variations in uranium and lead concentrations are observed in different gram sized fragments of the same meteorite5·7,8, and fission track studies10 show that on the microscopic scale changes in uranium concentration by factors of 105 are observed over distances of ˜10˜2 cm. Because of experimental difficulties the uranium and lead concentrations and the lead isotopic abundances have not been measured hitherto in the same sample of a given meteorite, so that it is possible, but not proven, that the apparent lack of concordance between daughter and parent isotopes may be a direct consequence of these heterogeneities; this point of view has been well argued by Fisher11. Most of the early work on the determination of lead in meteorites was in any case badly hampered by analytical contamination by terrestrial lead.}}</ref><ref name="GALE1979">{{cite journal |title=U-Pb studies of the appley bridge meteorite |author=Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |publisher=Naturwissenschaften |year=1979 |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=419–420 |doi=10.1007/BF00368077 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r741164v5162r447}}</ref> This methodological flaw is known as [[data torturing]].

Using [[circular logic]] — assuming that decay rates remained constant despite necessarily changing physical characteristics as time approached the origin — Old Earth proponents insist that the Earth is 4.5 billion years old based on an assumption of constancy in [[Potassium-argon dating|Potassium-argon (K:Ar) decay rates]] and other radiometric methods.<ref>Peck, 2000, p.376.</ref>

===Turning science upside down===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Doctrine outside the realm of science
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"If a theory or point of view is treated only as a doctrine to be validated, and not one to be challenged, it is not within the realm of science."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Randall Hedtke<ref name="Hedtke">{{cite book
|author=Randall Hedtke
|title=Secrets of the Sixth Edition
|publisher=Master Books
|place=Portland, Oregon
|year=2010
|pages=57
|isbn=978-0-89051-597-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvyHquVubDoC}}</ref></div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Feeling overconfident of the truth of one's doctrine
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"I daresay I may have written too confidently from feeling so confident of the truth of my main doctrine."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Charles Darwin]]<ref name="DarwinToSedgwick26NOV1859">{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. To Adam Sedgwick 26 November [1859]|author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2555.xml |quote=You could not possibly have paid me a more honourable compliment than in expressing freely your strong disapprobation of my Book. ... |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref> to Prof. Sedgwick, 1859</div>
|}
After their acceptance of evolutionary dogma on ''“antiquity as a partially known factor”'' by faith, followers of evolutionary scientism started to assure that ''“the earth’s age must be very much greater than Kelvin calculated”''. Consequently, they commanded science to be turned upside down: ''”Kelvin’s problem must now be reversed”'' – instead of research finding the age of the earth, it should be already taken as given by their doctrine instead, and the only role left to science is to confirm it and determine the thermal history of the earth that would be in accord with it.<ref name="Holmes1913"/>

In 1978, ''Geotimes'' magazine published by American Geological Institute quoted John Eddy, a famous astronomer, who argued that due to ''“some new and unexpected results“'' scientists could live with bishop Ussher’s 4004 B.C. value for the age of Earth and Sun, ''a fortiori'' since there is not much in the way of [[Scientific observation|observational]] [[Scientific evidence|evidence]] in [[astronomy]] to conflict with his calculations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John Eddy quoted by R.G. Kazmann |title= It’s About Time: 4.5 Billion Years (report on Symposium at Louisiana State University)|publisher= Geotimes magazine (from 09/2008 renamed to Earth magazine) of American Geological Institute |year=1978 |issue=23 |pages=18–20|quote=I suspect that the Sun is 4.5 billion years old. However, given some new and unexpected results to the contrary, and some time for some frantic recalculation and theoretical readjustment, I suspect that we could live with bishop Ussher’s value for the age of Earth and Sun. I don’t think we have much in the way of observational evidence in astronomy to conflict with that.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Covey |title= Age of the Universe |publisher= Creation In The Crossfire |date= January 3, 2013 |url=http://www.creationinthecrossfire.com/documents/AgeOfUniverse/AgeOfTheUniverse.html |accessdate=December 30, 2014 |quote= Evolutionary astronomers confidently argue the universe is 12-20 billion years old, although there is no certainty about any astronomical observations. John Eddy, a famous astronomer, once said that there isn’t much in the way of observational astronomy that proves the universe is old. He said that with “frantic theoretical readjustment” if new evidence showed that astronomers have been wrong, they could live with Bishop Ussher’s date of 4,004 B.C.}}</ref> American astronomer Robert Jastrow maintains that for ''"the scientist who has lived by his faith in 'the power of reason', the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak"'' and ''"as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries."''<ref name="Jastrow">{{cite book
|author=Robert Jastrow
|title=God and the Astronomers
|location=New York
|publisher= W. W. Norton
|year=1992
|page=107
|isbn=978-0-393-85006-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IfLYHv5pyUC}}</ref>

== Geology ==

[[Image:516XZRGNCKL AA240 .jpg|right|300px]]
[[William R. Corliss]] is a cataloger of scientific [[Anomaly|anomalies]] (observations and facts that challenge prevailing scientific [[paradigm]]s) and has published many works on the subject.<ref name="sf">[http://www.science-frontiers.com/ Science Frontiers] (Corliss' web-site)</ref>
He also wrote 13 books for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), a dozen educational booklets for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC), and a dozen articles for the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF).<ref>Corliss, 2002</ref> The science magazine ''[[New Scientist]]'' had an article which focused on the career of William Corliss.<ref>Adrian Hope, "Finding a home for stray fact", ''New Scientist'', July 14, 1977, p. 83</ref>
''New Scientist'' wrote regarding Corliss's work: "All I can say to Corliss is carry on cataloging".<ref>Quoted on the [http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm Science Frontiers web-site]</ref> [[Arthur C. Clarke]] described Corliss as "[[Charles Fort|Fort]]'s latter-day — and much more scientific — successor."<ref>Clarke, Arthur C. (1990) ''Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography''. Gollancz. Page 110</ref>

Corliss's work on geological anomalies catalogs scores of anomalies which challenge the [[old-earth]] [[paradigm]].<ref>[http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm#Geology Geological Catalogs] (Science Frontiers)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]]
*[[Arguments for a recent creation]]
*[[Literalist Bible chronology]]

== Bibliography ==
* Burnet, Thomas, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/ste/ste36.htm The Sacred Theory of the Earth, chapter V], 1691.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition (1911). [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling On-line page facsimiles].
* Hammerton, J.A. (Ed.), "Universal History of the World" (8 volumes) The Educational Book Co., London, c1930.
* Batten, Don, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/417 Old-earth or young-earth belief: Which belief is the recent aberration?], ''Creation'' 24(1):24–27, December 2001.
* [http://www.ingv.it/~roma/SITOINGLESE/activities/geomagnetismo/analysistheory/historicalresearch/age.html The age of the Earth] (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)).
*Peck WH, Valley JW, Wilde SA, and Graham CM (2000) Ion microprobe Evidence for Pre-4.4 Ga Continental Crust and Low Temperature Water/Rock Interaction. ''Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr'', vol 32, no. 7.

== External links ==
*[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth Age of the earth] by [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/refuting-evolution-chapter-8-how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] - ''Refuting evolution'' - Chapter 8 by Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]] at [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa Age of the Earth and Universe] by [[Creation Ministries International]]

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geology]]

Homo-fascism

2020-09-13T10:53:32Z

AK: /* Common traits of fascism and other authoritarian ideologies */ adding isbn code into resource

Homo-fascism

2020-09-13T10:51:43Z

AK: Church as bastion against totalitarianism

'''Homo-fascism''' is the phenomenon when [[Gay activist|homosexual activists]] strive for advancing themselves beyond favored status to supremacy. In line with instructions in ''[[After the Ball]]'' (the [[LGBT]]I equivalent to ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' and the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]''), the homosexual movement avoids using such terms as "favored status" or "supremacy", but rather outwardly pretend their goal is "[[Moral relativism#Moral relativism as TUMOR|tolerance]]" or "acceptance". Supremacy is then the stage in which the homosexual movement and its allies take effective control of most or all of the centers of power of a [[government]] or other [[organization]]. When they have achieved this level of control they use and abuse their power to suppress and/or punish those who openly disapprove of the [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|homosexual lifestyle]] or [[homosexual agenda|its agenda]].<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|pages=24, 64, 72, 103 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Homo-fascism – Intimidation by Gay Lobby |author=Peter LaBarbera |publisher=AFTAH, Americans for Truth |date=14 Aug 2015 |url=http://americansfortruth.com/issues/homo-fascism-intimidation-by-gay-lobby/ |quote=Victim of Homo-Fascism: Lakewood, CO baker Jack Phillips has lost 40 percent of his business after closing down the wedding cake part of his business so as not to be forced to make a cake celebrating a homosexual-sin-based “wedding.” To read an in-depth 2014 article documenting the battle between freedom of conscience and homosexual “rights,” go HERE. |accessdate=05 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What are the "Useful Idiots" in the Media Afraid of? (Warning: Content May Be Offensive) |publisher=The Sons of Liberty |date=29 Mar 2012 |url=https://youtu.be/xaSQpEA8e8k |accessdate=2 Apr 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Etymology of the term<ref name="Lively2009"/>
|-
|One of the first to use the term ''homo-fascism'' is Pastor Ralph Ovadal of Wisconsin, who defines it as follows:
''“[[Fascism]] is a political system whereby all opposition to and dissent from the government is disallowed and crushed. Fascism is a philosophy which tolerates '''no deviation from an established norm''', that being the dictates of a [[interest group|powerful elite]]. Fascism is opposed to the eternal, unchanging, objective law of God and is '''based on the subjective desires and goals of those who have the power to crush their opposition'''. In many Western nations, a form of fascism has taken root and presents a clear, present, and growing danger to [[Christian]] [[liberty]] and the [[Church]] of [[Jesus Christ]]. This force for [[evil]] may justly be referred to as “'''homo-fascism'''” due to the fact that '''those espousing and driving it have as their goal to demonize, marginalize, and silence any criticism of or opposition to [[homosexual act]]s and the sodomite agenda'''. Already Christians in many countries are being arrested for preaching what the [[Bible]] teaches concerning homosexual acts. The machinery of [[tyranny]] is being put into place.”''
|}
[[Homosexual]]s can be compared to their chief adversaries, the [[radical]] [[nationalist]]s. Both groups hate each other, and would like to do away with the other. Neither side is embraced by the majority, but both deserve the right to freedom of their [[belief]]s and to [[freedom of speech]] within reasonable limits. The rest of us must be willing to tolerate these ''difficult neighbors'' to preserve civility for [[society]] as a whole.

==Corporate Homo-Fascism==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The first step in a homosexual takeover of corporation completed - Example
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“[[IBM]] is committed to creating a [[Diversity|diverse environment]] and is proud to be an [[Equality|equal opportunity]] employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, '''[[gender identity]] or expression, [[sexual orientation]]''', national origin, genetics, disability, age, or veteran status.
”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[IBM]] [[Corporation]] after [[LGBT]] [[gleichschaltung]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM IS NOW HIRING Client Experience Advisor |url=http://www.profesia.sk/praca/ibm/O2902763 |accessdate=07 Feb 2017 |quote=Job Description, Requirements, Additional information}}</ref></div>
|}
An anti-discrimination policy based upon so called "sexual orientation" (used as the [[politically correct]] term for both sexual preference and [[sexual disorientation]]) is always the first step in a homosexual takeover of any organization because it locks in pro-homosexual assumptions. Following the adoption of this policy, the organization must accept as fact that homosexuality is "immutable", "equivalent" to heterosexuality, and deserving of "special protection" without regard to moral or public health considerations. Criticism of these positions, or even failure to affirm them, can be considered violation of the policy. Where such a policy is enacted, adoption of the rest of the homosexual political agenda is virtually guaranteed. The conclusions are assured by the premises.

===Going after strategic positions in the company===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:purple; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | [[CEO]]s can wield more power than state and voters
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“In many regards, workplace is the leading edge of change for the [[LGBT|GLBT]] community. Company CEOs and executives can often wield more power than state and local officials in creating significant changes that affect their employees' lives. They can enact new policies with the approval of a few board members rather than thousands or even millions of voters.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Organizing Manual<ref name="SearsOsten2003">{{cite book |title=The Homosexual Agenda: Exposing the principal threat to religious freedom today |author=Alan Sears and Craig Osten |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |place=Nashville, Tennessee |chapter=7.The Seduction of Corporate America 8.The End of Tolerance (for Those Who Disagree) |pages=165, 182 |isbn=978-0-8054-2698-4 |url=https://www.christianbook.com/homosexual-exposing-principal-threat-religious-freedom/alan-sears/9780805426984/pd/26981}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“The deepest and most enduring forms of cultural change nearly always occur from the ‘top down.’ In other words, the work of world-making and world-changing are, by and large, the work of elites.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— sociologist James Davison Hunter<ref name="CW4NOV2016">{{cite web |title=A Review of We Cannot Be Silent. By Albert Mohler. |author=Thomas Nelson |publisher=CultureWatch/Bill Muehlenberg |date=4 Nov 2016 |url=https://billmuehlenberg.com/2016/11/04/review-cannot-silent-albert-mohler/ |accessdate=9 Nov 2018}}</ref>
</div>
|}
According to [[Benito Mussolini]], ''“Fascism should more appropriately be called Corporatism because it is a merger of state and corporate power.”''<ref>{{cite web |title=Benito Mussolini quotes |publisher=Goodreads |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/221166.Benito_Mussolini |accessdate= 09 Feb 2017}}</ref> In case of homo-fascism, the takeover of a corporation begins with the placement of an activist (usually in-the-closet) homosexual in a hiring position. Other undisclosed homosexuals are then hired to fill strategic positions in the company. When the ability to control the process is assured, some of the activists "come out of the closet"<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple CEO comes out of the closet |author=Juliet Mutegi |publisher=the Daily Nation |date=30 Oct 2014 |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/business/Apple-CEO-comes-out-of-the-closet/996-2505164-67ktg1z/index.html |accessdate=09 Feb 2017 |quote=Apple CEO Tim Cook came out as gay on October 30, 2014 and said that fighting for equality is at the core of his personal and business ethos. ... The CEO who took over from the iconic Steve Jobs, is known for his solitary lifestyle and little is known about his private life.}}</ref> and form a "''Gay and Lesbian Employees Association''" or similarly named group.<ref name="IBM Diversity">{{cite web |title= IBM Diversity - Gay Lesbian Bi-Sexual & Transgender (GLBT) |publisher=you-tube.com |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al5Euju-rOg |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= What’s great about IBM is that I can feel open when I come to work. I’m part of invisible minority group – gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender - LGBT. What is unique about this group is said that it is represented in all other [[diversity]] network groups. When working with people from … group, it is important not to make assumptions. Because 6 to 8 percent of time you may make an incorrect one. For example, when assessing someone’s relationship status, consider using the word ‘partner’ as it is more inclusive and would make person to feel more comfortable.}}</ref> That group then introduces an amendment to the company anti-discrimination policy to include "sexual orientation".

===LGBTI Bundling===
Exploitation of community organizations often involves a public relations ploy that can be called "''bundling''". Bundling is the homosexual activists’ tactic of wrapping themselves in the cloak of "[[civil rights]]" by sponsoring coalitions of minorities and including themselves as a member minority. Their purpose is to advance the idea that "''sexual orientation''" is a genuine basis for minority status by bundling it together with [[race]], [[ethnicity]], [[gender]], etc. Importantly, the homosexuals almost always place racial minorities as the figureheads of these coalitions to create the impression that their primary interest is the advancement of the legitimate minorities. This is not a difficult proposition, since there are some homosexuals who are also racial minorities. The optimum scenario for the homosexual movement is a coalition headed by an in-the-closet homosexual of a minority race who can pretend neutrality when promoting a homosexual goal.{{#tag:ref|cf. "It happened as a result of good strategizing. For example, two black lesbians, Betty Powell of the National Gay Task Force board and Barbara Smith of the Combahee River Collective, attended a conference meeting of the Black Women's Caucus where they gave impassioned speeches supporting that group's stance on problems such as domestic violence and welfare rights. Then they asked the the Black Women's Caucus to support the sexual preference resolution."<ref name="Faderman2015">{{cite book |title=The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle |author=Lillian Faderman |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2015 |chapter= |pages=314 |isbn=9781451694116 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Gay_Revolution.html?id=QWF5CgAAQBAJ |quote=}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Attacking the pro-family leaders
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Over the last thirty years I've been verbally and physically attacked at least twenty-seven times because of my stand on the [[homosexual agenda]]. ... These are the examples of the homo-fascist [[tactics]] that [[homosexual activist]]s have learned from [[Adolf Hitler]]: when you have no valid arguments, and when you can't persuade by [[reason]] alone, then take over and intimidate by violence."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Louis Sheldon|Louis P. Sheldon]]<ref name="Sheldon2005">{{cite book |title=The Agenda: The homosexual plan to change america |author=Louis P.Sheldon |publisher=FrontLine |place=Lake Mary, Florida |year=2005 |chapter=4.Beyond the law and order |pages=95–101 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Agenda-homosexual-plan-change-America/dp/1591857961 |quote=Homo-fascist tactics }}</ref>
</div>
|}
Most important to homosexual strategy in all of these tactics is to hold the key positions and then to directly or indirectly use the power of those positions to change the society, by marketing the homosexual message to the public<ref>{{cite web |title=Dúhový pochod v Bratislave (Rainbow march in [[Bratislava]]) |publisher=Západoslovenská televízia |date=05 Jul 2014 |url=https://youtu.be/0iWM1m9jKxQ?t=155 |quote=video shows IBM and DELL "LGBTI minority" - "a part of all other 'diversity' groups" - supporting the "GAY PRIDE" in Bratislava, Slovakia |language=Slovak |accessdate=06 Mar 2017 }}</ref> while also attacking and marginalizing the pro-family leaders and organizations, for example, by introducing so called Anti-award 'The [[homophobia|homophobe]] of the Year'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anton Chromík: Kým Peter Weisenbacher neodovzdá cenu víťazovi minulého roka, nemal by robiť ďalší ročník! (If Peter Weisenbacher [LGBT Activist] does not hand over the Award to the vinner from the last year, he should forget starting the new one)|publisher=hlavnespravy.sk |date=18 Aug 2016 |url=http://www.hlavnespravy.sk/anton-chromik-kym-peter-weisenbacher-neodovzda-cenu-vitazovi-minuleho-roka-nemal-by-robit-dalsi-rocnik/821257 |accessdate=21 Feb 2017 |language=Slovak |quote=Cena Homofób roka mi každý rok pripomína, že Slovenská republika je vo vzťahu k úcte k ľuďom s homosexuálnym cítením na tom dobre a ja som tomu veľmi rád. Mnohé nominované výroky za posledné roky (napr. nominovaní poslanci za novelu Ústavy o manželstve muža a ženy) a aj môj výherný výrok za rok 2015 to jasne dokazujú. Verím, že autori by nominovali skutočné výroky nenávisti, ak by existovali. V tejto súťaži zrejme nezáleží na obsahu výrokov, ale skôr na tom, že sa hlasovaním dá prejaviť nenávisť voči konkrétnej osobe s iným názorom. Skutočné informovanie o konkrétnych prípadoch nenávisti voči homosexuálne cítiacim absentuje. Aj vďaka takejto súťaži nadobudol pojem homofób skôr význam zástancu manželstva a rodiny muža a ženy. Aj preto som minulý rok zverejnil tlačovú správu, že cenu Homofób roka si rád preberiem verejne na námestí „ešte” Slobody v Bratislave. Aké bolo moje prekvapenie, keď včera Denník SME a portál Aktuality.sk zverejnil, že cenu som si odmietol prevziať. Toto nie je pravda a tým som bol obvinený zo lži. Organizátori súťaže sa zaviazali, že sa cenu pokúsia doručiť, ale nič také neudialo. Viackrát som sa odovzdania ceny domáhal, o čom svedčia aj moje viacnásobné požiadavky v mailovej komunikácii s Inštitútom Petra Weisenbachera. Predložím ich na požiadanie k dispozícii médiám. Žiadam, aby sa mi verejne Peter Weisenbacher a Inštitút ľudských práv ospravedlnil za lož, ktorú o mne zrejme on uviedol v tlačovej správe a aby nabral odvahu namiesto lži mi cenu skutočne odovzdať. Anton Chromík, predseda Aliancia za rodinu. TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH: The Anti-Award ‘Homphobe of the Year’ reminds me year by year that Slovakia is doing well when it comes to respecting people suffering from same-sex attractions and I’m very pleased about it. Many nominated quotes in recent years (e.g. Nomination of MPs for their passing the amendment to the Constitution on definition of marriage as union between one man and one woman) and also my winning statement in 2015 are clear evidence of this. I believe that authors of contest would nominate real examples of hate speech, if such existed. Obviously, what matters in this award competition is an effort to bully concrete persons who differ in their opinion with organizers, rather than focusing on the meaning of actual quotes. The real information on specific cases of hate speech towards people with same-sex attractions is completely absent. Also owing to this competition, the term ‘homophobe’ became rather a label for defender of marriage and family consisting of man and woman. That's why last year I published a press release informing that I’m ready to publicly receive the Anti-Award ‘Homphobe of the Year’ at the square, so far still of Freedom, in Bratislava. However, I was absolutely taken aback when the mainstream newspaper SME and the internet portal Aktuality.sk published the misinformation asserting that I allegedly refused to receive the accolade. This is not true whatsoever and thus I was accused of lying. The organizers of award-contest have committed themselves to try to deliver the prize to the winner, but nothing like that happened. More than once, I have sought to get the award handed over, as can be proved by my multiple requests in the e-mail communication with the LGBT Institute of human rights run by Peter Weisenbacher. They are available on request to the media. I demand that Peter Weisenbacher and the Institute of human rights should apologize in public for the lie about me that they evidently stated in the press release for the media; and pull up the courage to arrange for the real award-delivery instead of spreading lies. Anton Chromík, president of Coalition for family (in Slovak: Aliancia za rodinu)}}</ref>

===Consolidation of homosexual power through psychological coercion tactics===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Sign against your conscience or you will be fired
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«Albert Buonanno was an employee for AT&T Broadband. When he was told that he would have to sign an employee handbook that demanded that he "value" a person's "[[sexual orientation]]," he respectfully declined, citing his religious beliefs. He told his supervisors: "As a [[Christian]], I am supposed to love my neighbor, regardless of what their sexual orientation is, but I'm not supposed to value the lifestyle of any person that contradicts the [[Word of God]]." He was fired almost immediately.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Steve Jordahl, Family News in Focus<ref name="SearsOsten2003"/></div>
|}
Every takeover is followed by consolidation of homosexual power within the organization, starting with some form of "''sensitivity training''". Sensitivity training employs proven psychological coercion tactics (i.e. "[[brainwashing]]") to indoctrinate members of the organization in pro-homosexual thinking. By the very nature of the manipulative tactics used, few dare to openly dissent. Those who do are duly noted by the control group and if they are considered a real threat, they are marginalized and may in time be forced out.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slovenský IT manažér sa zastal tradičnej rodiny, vyhodili ho z práce (Slovak IT manager defended traditional family, he was fired afterwards) |author=Lukáš Obšitník |publisher=postoy.sk |date=23 Jun 2014 |url=https://www.postoj.sk/3763/slovensky-it-manazer-sa-zastal-tradicnej-rodiny-vyhodili-ho-z-prace |quote=Prinášame vám rozhovor s bývalým zamestnancom medzinárodnej IT firmy s pobočkou v Brne v Českej republike, ktorý bol prepustený po tom, čo vo vnútrofiremnej emailovej komunikácii prejavil nesúhlas s firemnou podporou pre LGBT agendu. Prvý raz za deväť rokov fungovania portálu Postoy prinášame rozhovor bez uvedenia mena respondenta. Viacerí členovia redakcie ho poznajú už roky, preto sa vieme zaručiť za jeho hodnovernosť. Translation into English: We bring you an interview with a former employee of an international IT company with a branch office in [[Brno]], the [[Czech Republic]], who was fired after he revealed disagreement with the company's support for [[Gay agenda|LGBT agenda]] in his internal company e-mail communication. For the first time in nine years of existence of portal Postoy.sk we bring an interview without explicitly disclosing the name of our respondent. However, several members of the editorial staff have known him personally for years, thus we can vouch for authenticity of our source.|accessdate=04 Feb 2017 |language=Slovak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spineless College Fires Retired General Due to LGBT Pressure |publisher=Before It's News |date=20 May 2016 |url=http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion-conservative/2016/05/spineless-college-fires-retired-general-due-to-lgbt-pressure-3140189.html |quote=Former commander of America’s elite Delta Force, General Jerry Boykin, received news from Hampton-Sydney College that he was being terminated because of comments he made concerning Obama’s demands that schools should comply with the new bathroom laws that basically render restrooms and locker rooms genderless. ... Of course the militant LGBT community jumped all over his comment, claiming the distinguished military hero to have called for violence against transgender people. They demanded Boykin’s job be terminated through emails, phone calls, and social media. ...In another article, Boykin states, “I was referring to perverts who will use these policies to get into locker rooms with girls and women, and I object to that,” He added, “Nonetheless, I gave the LGBT community just what they needed to pressure the college leadership to terminate me and they did.” |accessdate=08 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brendan Eich has the right to fight gay rights, but not to be Mozilla's CEO |author=Mary Hamilton |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/07/brendan-eich-has-the-right-to-fight-gay-rights-but-not-to-be-mozillas-ceo |publisher=The Guardian |date=7 Apr 2014 |quote=Eich, the creator of Javascript, is a very well-regarded techie who was recently promoted from CTO, whereupon it became suddenly apparent that his record of donating to anti-gay political movements, particularly California's Prop 8, which sought to ban same-sex marriage, was a problem for many of his employees ... Mozilla is a special case when it comes to a CEO acting in a way that polarises its community. Its primary mission, as Farhad Manjoo notes, is not to make money: it's to spread an open internet philosophy, and to do so it requires inclusivity, goodwill and – crucially – a CEO who can articulate that vision to a hugely diverse community. As Mozilla employee Erin Kissane wrote: A CEO is a symbol. Mozilla’s work is made cohesive by an activist mission, rather than by a mandate to make as much money as possible. It is difficult for me to understand how we are best served by a leader whose capacity to divide our community is so apparent. ... It was a coalition of those, gay and straight, who do not believe that people with different views than theirs’ should be tolerated in a leadership position. ...Rather than some shadowy coalition, it was a group of Mozilla's employees and associates, gay and straight, who do not want to work with or for someone who has actively worked to hurt them, their friends and their families. The situation was exacerbated by Eich's failure to reassure his community that his anti-gay activism was a thing of the past. Three board members stood down, the community was fracturing beneath him, and that meant he was failing in his first duty as CEO. ...Eich clearly could not lead Mozilla in the way Mozilla needs and wants to be led. I'm sure he will have many other opportunities elsewhere, and I wish him well. I also hope he never again has the opportunity to actively assist in the oppression of LGBT people, and that if he does have it, he decides, this time, that the consequences just aren't worth it.|accessdate= 09 Feb 2017}}</ref> Sensitivity training is usually mandatory for all members of the organization.

===Diverting Company Resources into homosexual political agenda===
Once the control group has consolidated power, the organization is plundered for its available resources.{{#tag:ref|cf. Instructions "SOLICIT FUNDS: THE BUCK STOPS HERE" stated in the [[LGBT]] manifesto ''[[After the Ball]]'' and meant for [[activists]] spreading [[Homosexual Agenda|homosexual agenda]]|group=note}} These include tangible resources such as money and property, but also intangibles such as advertising and vendor contracts and even community goodwill. Charitable giving, too, is exploited, as gifts and grants are diverted away from previously-favored beneficiaries like the Boy Scouts or [[Saint Patrick#Saint Patrick.27s Day|St. Patrick's Day]] Parades<ref>{{cite web |title=Concerns, Confusion Over ‘LGBT’ Group in St. Patrick’s Parade |author=Kevin Jones/CNA |publisher=National Catholic Register |date=5 Sep 2014 |url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/concerns-confusion-over-lgbt-group-in-st.-patricks-parade |accessdate=05 Feb 2017 |quote=NEW YORK — A spokesman for the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade said this week’s announcement of the inclusion of an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered) activist group in the traditionally Catholic parade was a “gesture of goodwill.” ... “One would hope that all the new entries will conduct themselves in a manner that honors St. Patrick, lest another round of controversy emerges” ...“Now, the pro-abortion groups and the radical gay groups want in as well.” ... '''Target of Homosexual Activists'''. Parade organizers’ refusal to approve applications from LGBT advocacy groups made the parade the target of lawsuits, critical media coverage and corporate boycotts. The St. Patrick’s Day Parade website said that, in the early 1990s, the parade was “attacked for its traditional values” but noted that organizers’ rights were “upheld all the way to the Supreme Court.”...“Anyone is free to apply, any group can be free to apply, but for an abortion group to apply to march in a Catholic parade would be a great anomaly, to say the least.”...Donohue blamed “'''corporate pressure'''” from NBC and others, including Wall Street companies and Guinness. The Ireland-based brewer pulled its sponsorship from the parade this year because of the policy on the participation of homosexual groups.}}</ref> to homosexual-controlled organizations<ref>{{cite web |title=Obama Champions Gay Task Force’s ‘Creating Change’ Conference – Which Promotes ‘Kinky Sex’ (Sadomasochism) and Multi-Partner Unions; Event Funded by Southwest Airlines, Office Depot, [[AARP]] and Wells Fargo |publisher=Americans for Truth |year=2013 |url=http://americansfortruth.com/2013/01/25/breaking-obama-champions-gay-task-force-creating-change-conference-which-promotes-sadomasochism-multi-partner-unions/ |accessdate=09 Feb 2017 |quote=This year’s annual “Creating Change” conference sponsored by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) — with major '''corporate sponsors''' like Southwest Airlines, Wells Fargo and Office Depot – is again celebrating sadomasochism, “polyamory” (multiple-partner sexual unions) and other deviant perversions on the sexual and gender fringe.}}</ref> spreading [[LGBT]]I [[demagogue]]ry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Romance: Love, Marriage & Monogamy |author=Dan Savage & Esther Perel |publisher=Talks at Google |url=https://youtu.be/s7E9ASb3LfE?t=365
|date=22 Jan 2016|quote=Moderated by Logan Ury; “We have to stop telling people that monogamy is only thing that you have to execute perfectly 100% of time to be regarded as good at it. … We need to tell people that if you were with somebody for – really, now, because of expanding lifespans, 50, 60 years, if you make a commitment in your early and mid-20s, or late 20s or 30s – if you were with somebody for 60 yrs and they only cheated on you a handful of time, and you only cheated on them a handful of times, you were both pretty good at monogamy, not bad at it. … Most of history monogamy was one person for life, and at this moment, monogamy is one person at a time.” |accessdate=07 Feb 2017}}</ref> While some resources benefit the internal control group (i.e. domestic partnership benefits and employee perks), most are focused strategically outside of the organization to further the homosexual political agenda in the community.<ref name="Lively2009"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Heineken, Sam Adams Withdraw Support From St. Patrick’s Day Parades Over LGBT Discrimination |author= NewNowNext Staff |date=14 Apr 2014 |url=http://www.newnownext.com/heinekin-sam-adams-withdraw-support-from-st-patricks-day-parades-over-lgbt-discrimination/03/2014/ |accessdate=05 Feb 2017 |quote=Heineken has announced it is dropping its sponsorship of the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade, which prohibits LGBT groups from participating. ... “By ending support of the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade, Heineken sent the right message to LGBT youth, customers and employees, who simply want to be part of the celebration. Other sponsors who support LGBT families should be quick to follow.” ...While LGBT individuals are welcome to participate in either event, both parades ban groups from carrying banners or signs identifying themselves as gay.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guinness withdraws from New York St Patrick’s day parade |author=Shannon Bond |publisher=FT |date=17 Mar 2014 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/17bd2290-adcc-11e3-9ddc-00144feab7de|quote=The Irish brewer owned by the UK’s Diageo pulled out of Monday’s parade in New York City, where organisers have said gay and lesbian groups may march but cannot carry signs or identify themselves. “Guinness has a strong history of supporting diversity and being an advocate for equality for all. We were hopeful that the policy of exclusion would be reversed for this year’s parade,” Diageo said. “As this has not come to pass, Guinness has withdrawn its participation. We will continue to work with community leaders to ensure that future parades have an inclusionary policy.” The move by Guinness, a beer brand with origins in Dublin that is considered a historic part of Ireland’s drinking culture, followed decisions by Boston Beer, brewer of Sam Adams, and Heineken to pull out of St Patrick’s day events in Boston and New York. Major marketers from Coca-Cola to General Mills are increasingly emphasising multicultural and diversity efforts in their campaigns as Americans’ support for gay rights, including same-sex marriage, has strengthened sharply in recent years. Honey Maid, Mondelez’s graham cracker brand, recently released a campaign that features interracial and gay couples. A recent promotion for General Motors’ Chevrolet brand also included gay and interracial couples with the tagline: “The new us.” |accessdate=05 Feb 2017}}</ref>

All the processes described above are made possible simply by the acceptance of '[[Sexual orientation theory|'sexual orientation' as a theory]] of human [[sexuality]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==The New Fascism of the future==
According to study made by Robert O. Paxton, the new fascism of future does not need necessarily resemble the classical one. Some new movement that would get rid of free institutions for the purpose of applying the techniques of mass mobilization in order to unite all in favor of some 'discriminated minority', would also have a new name and it would use new symbols. That would not make it any less dangerous. For example, while a new fascism would necessarily diabolize some enemy, both internal and external, the enemy would not necessarily be [[Jews]]. The new forms of ''updated fascism'' should be understood by comparing their ways of functioning, i.e. by looking at how they work, and not by superficial attention to external symbols.<ref name="Paxton">{{cite book |title=The Anatomy of Fascism |author=Robert O. Paxton |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2011 |chapter=7. Other times, other places: Is fascism still possible? |pages=201–2|isbn=9780241958704 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmV1moZB6EAC |quote=...and draw on fresh symbols. That would not make it any less dangerous. For example, while a new fascism would necessarily diabolize some enemy, both internal and external, the enemy would not necessarily be Jews. ... The British moralist George Orwell noted in the 1930s that an authentic British fascism would come reassuringly clad in sober English dress. (pages references are from Czech 2007 translation)}}</ref> In case of homo-fascism, as 'discriminated minority' is portrayed the so-called 'LGBT+ community' and 'public enemies' are alleged 'homophobes'{{#tag:ref|For example, cf. efforts of [[Tim Gill]] to ''"strike down the personal or religious opposition to same-sex unions."''|group=note}} and people who left the sodomitical lifestyle.{{#tag:ref|For example, cf. attacks on [[NEA Ex-Gay Educators' Caucus]].|group=note}}

According to [[Italian]] writer and former [[communist]] Ignazio Silone, the new fascism will not say: "I am fascism", but it will instead say: "I am anti-fascism".<ref>{{cite book |title=Pfade der Neugier: Portraits |author=François Bondy |publisher=Benziger |year=1988 |pages=72 |isbn=9783545340787 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9IsAQAAIAAJ |quote=《When der Faschismus wiederkehrt, wird er nicht sagen: "Ich bin der Faschismus". Nein, er wird sagen: "Ich bin der Antifaschismus".》 |language=German}}</ref>
As maintained by [[C.S. Lewis]] in his book ''The Abolition of Man'', there is a process going on apace among [[Communist]]s and [[Democrat]]s, no less than has been among [[Fascist]]s, which, if not checked, will abolish [[Man]]. At first, the methods may differ in brutality, but in the long run many, incl. mild-eyed scientists, amateur philosophers, and popular dramatists, have the same goal as the [[Nazi]] rulers of [[Germany]]. Traditional values are to be "debunked" and [[mankind]] to be cut into some fresh shape at the arbitrary will of some [[Interest group|few lucky people]] in one lucky generation who have learned how to do it. C.S. Lewis also identified the beginning of this process in phenomena like the language being affected by belief that humans can invent "ideologies" at pleasure, and the consequent treatment of mankind as mere specimens and preparations.<ref name="AbolitionOfMan">{{cite book |title=The Abolition of Man |author=C.S. Lewis |publisher=HarperOne |place=New York |year=2001 (1944) |pages=50–1 |isbn=978-00606-52944 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST87o-KSzp0C}}</ref>

==Common traits of fascism and other authoritarian ideologies==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:yellow; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Christian Church in the way of totalitarianism
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«The [[Homosexual rights advocacy|LGBT movement]] despises [[biblical]] [[Christianity]], following the teaching of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Engels]], who were passionately opposed to [[monogamy]]. Over two millennia the Christian faith has been a bastion against [[totalitarian]] regimes, and the [[Church]] today needs to recognise that the media and government campaigns for the populace to embrace a new morality are just carrying out the mission of radical [[atheist]]s. It is nothing to do with the clarion cry of '[[Ideomotor_effect#People_supposedly_.E2.80.98born_that_way.E2.80.99|being born like it]]' – science and reason refute this claim anyway! Their aim is the abolition of the Christian church as a critical and creative force for good in this country, as one more stage on the journey towards fascist and communist totalitarianism.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Anthony Busk<ref name="edRose2016">{{cite book
|title=What Are They Teaching the Children? |editor=Lynda Rose |publisher=Wilberforce Publications Ltd. |place=London |year=2016 |chapter=5: The secularist siege – within and out of school [by Anthony Busk] |pages= 115 |url=https://www.wilberforcepublications.co.uk/what-are-they-teaching-the-children
}}</ref></div>
|}
The common trait of [[leftist]] [[liberalism]], which is promoting the homosexual agenda,<ref>{{cite web |title=An Open Letter to President Vladimir Putin |publisher=Scott Lively Ministries |date=30 Aug 2013 |url=http://www.scottlively.net/2013/08/30/an-open-letter-to-president-vladimir-putin/ |quote= the homosexualist movement ... They ask for a place at the table, but once they have one all the social ideals they exploited to get there, such as social tolerance, freedom of speech, and respect for cultural diversity, are discarded. In place of those ideals is inserted a new backwards and upside-down morality and world-view that condemns all disapproval of homosexuality as a new fictionalized form of bigotry. I have termed this phenomenon “Homo-fascism” and defined it as a form of extreme left-wing, regressive radicalism which seeks to establish rigid authoritarian controls over all public discourse and government policies regarding sexual norms and proprieties, and to enact punitive measures against conscientious objectors that would punish or suppress all disapproval of homosexuality and related sexual behaviors (that would of course even though they deny it, quickly include a sexual indoctrination and exploitation of children).|accessdate=22 Mar 2017}}</ref> with [[fascism]] and [[Communism]], is not only their endeavor for stronger [[authoritarian]] state, which is supposed to make citizens "happy", but also their [[moral relativism]] and moral [[Mind#Voluntarism|voluntarism]]: What is right is not given [[objective]]ly, but a [[human]] determines it by one's own [[will]].{{#tag:ref|cf. ''“I decide who is a Jew and who is not”'' (In German: ''"Wer Jude ist, bestimme ich"'') in [[Göring's syndrome]]|group=note}} In fascism it is to be determined by [[Il Duce|Duce]], in [[Nazism]] by [[Führer]], in Communism by [[Politburo]] and in ''leftist liberalism'' by [[person]] himself/herself.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"The most pitilessly and self-righteously violent regimes of modern history have been those that have most explicitly cast off the [[Christian]] vision of reality and sought to replace it with a more "human" set of values."'' in [[Nimrodian aspirations]]|group=note}} None of these totalitarian ideologies recognizes the [[Natural right|natural]] [[right to life]]{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer#Bonhoeffer on Abortion|Bonhoeffer on Abortion]]|group=note}}; the difference between fascists and leftist liberals consists in question who will gratuitously sent whom to [[death]].<ref>{{cite web
|title= Ľavicovo-liberálny fašizmus (Leftist Liberal Fascism)
|author=Roman Joch
|publisher=.týždeň
|date= October 6, 2013
|accessdate=September 14, 2014
|url=http://www.tyzden.sk/casopis/2013/41/lavicovo-liberalny-fasizmus.html
|quote= To je ďalší spoločný rys ľavicového liberalizmu s fašizmom (a komunizmom) – nielen ich snaha o silnejší štát, ktorý má ľudí činiť „šťastnými,“ ale aj ich hodnotový relativizmus a morálny voluntarizmus: to, čo je správne, nie je objektívne dané, ale človek si to určí vôľou. Vo fašizme to určí Duce, v nacizme Führer, v komunizme politbyro a v ľavicovom liberalizme človek sám. Ani jeden z nich neuznáva prirodzené právo na život; u každého z nich o tom, kto bude zabitý, rozhodne niečia vôľa. Rozdiel medzi fašistami a ľavicovými liberálmi je v tom, kto a koho svojvoľne pošle na smrť.
|language=Slovak
}}</ref>

Homo-fascists know that preserving the people's option to destroy unborn life is essential to maintaining so called "[[sexual freedom]]" as a social "norm". If women lost their choice to legally kill their unborn offspring, the resulting inevitable shift of emphasis from self-gratification to family responsibility in such a large section of the population would change the entire culture. When a woman gives in to fear and [[Egocentric Thinking|selfishness]] to kill the child in her womb, she will not feel that she can criticize other [[sinner]]s. The choice to kill their unborn children morally compromises both men and women (making them unwilling to criticize choices to engage in other forms of [[immoral]] behavior), and ensures that the outcome of an unwanted child will not be a lasting deterrent to those who have chosen sexual "freedom" over family. This explains why homosexuals, who by definition cannot conceive children together, are among the most militant advocates of [[abortion]] on demand.

The homosexual movement has many allies in its campaign to promote sexual immorality, but it is the only social movement in the history of the world whose primary purpose is to eliminate social restraints on [[sexual]] conduct.{{#tag:ref|cf. What distinguishes homosexuality (the indulgence of same-sex attraction) from other sins is that some of those who practice it have created a social and political movement to normalize and legitimize it.<ref name="Lively2009"/>|group=note}} It is heavily funded, highly organized and strategically positioned to maximize its ability to change societies and cultures<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|chapter=1: Pro-family answers to common questions about homosexuality and "gay" agenda |pages= i, 8, 60, 161, 176|url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref> by means of [[Gleichschaltung#LGBTI Gleichschaltung|LGBTI gleichschaltung]].

==Notes==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[After the Ball]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Anthropological Revolution#Homosexual Agenda|Homosexual agenda]]
*[[Militant gays]]
*[[Nazi Germany and homosexuality]]
*[[Rainbow#Liberal redefinitions|Rainbow: Liberal redefinitions]]
*[[Zapping the shrinks]]

[[Category:Homo-Fascism]]

ABC Theory of Emotion

2020-09-13T09:11:32Z

AK: /* The consequences of lack of universal standards of right and wrong */Infobox on shifting the blame for wrongful acts

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:orange; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The rational-emotive process
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |Activating Event '''A''' + Belief '''B''' ------> Emotional Consequence '''C'''
|}
'''The ABC Theory of Emotion''' represents a widely accepted model of how one's feelings and behavioral patterns are created. It asserts that the emotions we experience such as, for example, frustration or anxiety, and resulting [[behavior]], do not come directly from the events in our lives, but from the interpretations{{#tag:ref|cf. "The difference between believing and disbelieving a statement – your spouse is cheating on you; you’ve just won $10 million [“You’re gay. You were born that way. Accept it.”<ref name="HURLBUT2013"/>] – is one of the most potent regulators of human behavior and emotion. The instant we accept a given representation of the world as true, it becomes the basis for further thought and action; rejected as false it remains a string of words."<ref>{{cite book |title=What we believe but cannot prove: Today’s Leading Thinkers on Science in the age of certainty |editor=John Brockman |chapter=Sam Harris |publisher=Harper Collins |place=New York |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-06-084181-2 |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060841818/ref=rdr_ext_tmb |quote=}}</ref> Our thoughts — cognition — play the key role in determining what emotions will be roused. Once we make an appraisal — ''"that taxi driver is cheating me"'' or ''"this baby is adorable,"'' a fitting emotional response follows.<ref name="Goleman1995">{{cite book |title=Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ |author=Daniel Goleman |publisher=Bantam Books |place=New York |year=1995 |chapter=Appendix B: Hallmarks of the Emotional Mind |pages=328, 336–7 |isbn=978-05538-40070 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgXxhmGiRB0C}}</ref> |group=note}} we make of those events, i.e. from conscious or subconscious beliefs we bring to that situation.<ref name="Virkler">{{cite book |last1= Virkler|first1= Henry A.|title= A Christian's Guide to Critical Thinking|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=rUgqAAAACAAJ&dq=virkler+A+Christian%27s+Guide+to+critical+thinking&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lzc9T9DDD4nN4QSy-fmACA&redir_esc=y |accessdate=16.2.2012 |type= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |month= |year=1993 |publisher= Wipf and Stock Publishers|location= Eugene, OR|isbn= 1-59752-661-4|page=253 3|pages=336 |at= Dealing with our Discomfort when Long-Established Beliefs are Threatened |chapter= 9 |quote= |ref= }}</ref> Its roots stem from a Rational-Emotive Therapy ('''RET''') developed initially by Albert Ellis in 1955.<ref name="Ellis">{{cite web |title=Expanding the ABCs of RET |author=Albert Ellis |publisher= |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02281207#page-1 |accessdate=August 30, 2013 |quote=The original ABCs of rational-emotive therapy (RET)—where A stands for the Activating events in people's lives, B for their Beliefs about these events, and C for the emotional and behavioral Consequences or Concomitants of their Beliefs—have proved very popular and therapeutically useful since RET was created in 1955. These ABCs have been expanded over the years by Ellis and other writers on RET. This article presents an up-to-date and more detailed expansion of the ABCs, with special emphasis on expanding the more common rational Beliefs (rBs) and irrational Beliefs (iBs)}}</ref> According to him, over 200 research articles confirm this theory.<ref name="Virkler"/>

The traditional viewpoints and approaches about human behavior fail especially when it comes to understanding and dealing with so called [[disturbed character]]. Problems with functioning well in a social context are not so much a consequence of the way a person feels, but are associated with distorted thinking patterns and dysfunctional core beliefs.<ref name="SimonCharDist"/> The current research indicates that the cognitive-behavioral therapy consisting in confronting these erroneous thinking patterns and reinforcing a person's willingness to change them, together with their resulting behavior patterns, is the treatment of choice in such case.<ref name="Simon"/> Taking constructive action in one's life, such as disputing old irrational beliefs,<ref name="Ellis"/> helps one to live a full and meaningful existence and not be ruled by one's emotional state.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Trouble With Self-Esteem |author=Lauren Slater |publisher=The New York Times |date=February 3, 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/03/magazine/03ESTEEM.html |accessdate=December 22, 2014 |quote= Reynolds writes, ''Cure is not defined by the alleviation of discomfort or the attainment of some ideal state (which is impossible) but by taking constructive action in one's life which helps one to live a full and meaningful existence and not be ruled by one's emotional state.''}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"Feelings come and go, and clearly do not last forever."''<ref>{{cite book |title=Pochybnosti a úžas (Doubt and awe)|author=Ulrich Parzany |publisher=ViViT |year=2009 |pages=52 |isbn=978-80892-64223 |quote=Pocity prichádzajú a odchádzajú, no jednoznačne nemajú trvácnosť. |language=Slovak}}</ref>|group=note}} Disturbed emotions as consequences and concomitants of irrational beliefs can be inappropriately fueled and amplified beyond control also by [[substance abuse|addictive abuse]] of [[Ecstasy|psychoactive substances]].<ref name="Yuan's Book"/>

== The Basic model ==
The model's fundamental principle can be outlined as follows:<ref name="Ellis"/>
*'''A'''...stands for '''A'''ctivating events in people's lives; these events represent what happens.
*'''B'''...stands for people's conscious or subconscious '''B'''eliefs about these events and their meaning.
*'''C'''...stands for emotional and behavioural '''C'''onsequences or '''C'''oncomitants of their beliefs; they represent the feelings and behavioural patterns ('''C'''onduct) these people have as a result.

After identifying these elements the central proposition of the theory is that the emotional and behavioural consequence (C) is not caused by the Activating event (A) directly, but by interpretation or belief (B) one has of the meaning of the activating event.

== The Extended model ==
According to practitioners of RET, there is also extension of ABC theory for corrective approach consisting in learning how to dispute with our previous beliefs and replace them with new ones:
*'''D'''...stands for '''D'''isputive belief or statement representing more accurate self-talk as result of effort to bring our emotional responses and behaviours under the control by learning to identify what we are saying to ourselves.{{#tag:ref|cf. "Neither emotion nor will are an argument, if there is no common sense involved." [[T.G. Masaryk|Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Zapomenutý prorok Tomáš G. Masaryk |author=Bohumil Sláma |publisher=Ateliér Sláma |place=Brno |year=2010 |pages=31 |isbn=978-8025-484333 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkUHaAEACAAJ |quote=Cit ani vůle nejsou argument, chybí-li rozum.|language=Czech}}</ref> It takes will to keep emotion under the control of reason.<ref name="Goleman1995"/> |group=note}} This would then likely lead to:
*'''E'''...stands for the new '''E'''motional consequence, feeling of relief and/or functional behavior.

== The consequences of lack of universal standards of right and wrong ==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Novelist on shifting the blame away from oneself
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«I don’t think that after about the age of 25 you can carry on blaming either your parents or your [[DNA]] for anything that you do.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Ken Follet: The Third Twin<ref name="Follet1996">{{cite book |title=The Third Twin |author=Ken Follett |publisher=Crown Publishers |place=New York |date=30 October, 2019 |pages= |isbn=978-0-517-70296-3 |url=https://ken-follett.com/bibliography/the_third_twin/ |quote=Ken’s view Steve, the hero of The Third Twin, is troubled when he finds he has an identical twin who is a murderer. He's led to examine himself and he worries that he is like his brother. He asks, “do my genes make me what I am? Or is it my upbringing and my environment?” He comes to the conclusion that, in the end, he himself is responsible for what he is. That isn’t really a philosophical answer, but it is a personal answer, and it is one that I believe in. I don’t think that after about the age of 25 you can carry on blaming either your parents or your DNA for anything that you do. My readers don’t buy my books to learn about philosophy, of course, but they like a story to have a thoughtful side.}}</ref></div>
|}
[[Stoic]] [[philosopher]]s such as [[Epictetus]] placed great emphasis on [[self-control]] – and, therefore, they rejected the idea that ''emotion'' may have any worth in deciding whether an ''action'' or ''goal'' is worthy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual on the art of living |author=Epictetus (Introduction by Kristan K. Husby) |translator=P.E. Matheson |publisher=AIORA Press |place=Athens, Greece |year=2017 |chapter=Introduction |pages=15 |isbn=978-618-5048-70-9 |quote=}}</ref>

When people are no longer guided by universal standards of right or wrong, they have nothing more reliable than their own ''feelings'' to guide them. When people are operating primarily on the basis of ''feelings'' and ''emotions'', they are wide open to every sort of imaginable [[psychological manipulation]]. This is then misused by modern [[marketing]] techniques that do not operate through ''appeal to reason'' but by directly targeting the ''emotions''.<ref name="Kupelian2005">{{cite book |title=The marketing of evil: How radicals, elitists, and pseudo-experts sell us corruption disguised as freedom |author=David Kupelian |publisher=WND Books |year=2005 |pages=99 |isbn=978-1-58182-459-9 |url=https://books.google.no/books?id=kQpXAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

== Assertive thinking challenges irrational beliefs ==
Sometimes people's thinking is so influenced by their ''emotions'' that their thinking is neither ''logical'' nor ''truthful''. At those times, they "''can't think straight''," and '''irrational beliefs''' may form the basis for their ''choices'' and ''decisions''. Those irrational beliefs however may be challenged by [[Assertiveness|assertive thinking]]. Assertive thinking seeks the truth by trying to determine what is ''unreasonable'', ''illogical'', or ''absurd'', and then leads to rejecting those thoughts marked by such traits.<ref>{{cite book |title=Speaking the Truth in Love |author=Ruth N. Koch & Kenneth C. Haugk |publisher=Stephen Ministries |place=St. Louis, Missouri |year=1992 |chapter=2. The Assertive Life-style |pages=33 |isbn=978-09633-83112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QkHVGig2q4C |quote=Thoughts Sometimes Come First, Then Feelings ... Thoughts Can Modify Feelings ... Assertive Thinking Focuses on the Truth ... Assertive Thinking Identifies and Challenges Irrational Beliefs}}</ref>

== Character disturbance is associated with rejection of assertive thinking ==
[[Disturbed character]]s, whose aggressive behavior is characterized by stubborn rejection of exerting assertive skills, often claim that some ''person'' or ''circumstance'' made them do what they did instead of acknowledging that they had a ''choice'' about how to respond to the situation and failed to choose wisely.<ref>{{cite web |title=Playing the Blame Game as a Manipulation Tactic |author=George Simon |publisher=CounsellingResource |date=27 Feb 2009 |url=https://counsellingresource.com/features/2009/02/27/blame-game/ |accessdate=21 Nov 2018}}</ref> Hardened heads who persist in their defiance and [[pride]]; whatever is preached or said to them, they will not listen; when they are reproved, in order that they may learn to know themselves and amend, they become ''mad'' and ''foolish'' so as to fairly merit wrath.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Large Catechism |author=Martin Luther |chapter=The Ten Commandments The First Commandment. Thou shalt have no other gods before Me. |url=http://bookofconcord.org/lc-3-tencommandments.php#para38 |accessdate=21 Nov 2018}}</ref>

== Examples ==
===Homosexual Lifestyle===
**''A: Activating event:'' [[Christopher Yuan]] explains in his book 'Out of A Far Country',<ref name="Yuan's Book">{{cite book |title=christopheryuan |year=2011 |publisher=WaterBrook Press |pages=6, 11, 82, 186, 187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3KR3nFcl1oC&dq=Christipher+Yuan+Out+of+far+country&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=UNwhUqPuDcqbtQb4qID4Bg&redir_esc=y |isbn=978-0-307-72935-4 |quote=It's not something I can choose. I was born this way...I am gay. ... I went from thinking, ''There is something wrong with me'', to, This is who I am. ... When I stepped into the gay community, I was introduced to a world of outcasts who had come together and become family. ... With my newfound confidence, I became popular in the gay club scene. ... Life with Derek was a roller-coaster ride from the start. For the first few weeks, every morning he'd tell me how much he loved me, how glad he was I'd moved in with him. I felt like we had become one - our souls enmeshed. But in reality, much of the passion between us was fueled by Ecstasy - thus our relationship was fierce and intense, both good and bad. ... When I asked where he'd been, he got angry and told me that I should get my own place. So I started packing my staff. ... Derek had told me so many times that I was the one. Now I couldn't break free of his strong grip, and he was about to kill me. ... he pushed me away and yelled, "Get out!"}}</ref> co-authored with his mother, that what happened to him, when he was just 9 years old, was that he was exposed to [[pornography]] in a friend's house.<ref name="Yuan's Story">{{cite web |title=Christopher Yuan's story |publisher= |date=3 May 2010 |page=00min:33sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwmUNqrirO4 |accessdate=August 30, 2013 |quote=When he was 9 years old, Christopher saw pornography in a friend's house. That's when he started thinking: Maybe he was different. Those images just awoke something in me that I didn't know was there but I also noticed that I was attracted by images of both men and women. He decided to keep his feelings secret with hope they will go away, but they didn't. All these feelings were kind of bubbling up in me and I was kind of keeping them held down. ...}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. Exposure to pornography, especially at a young age, can also be gateway into the „gay“ lifestyle itself.<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=Scott Lively |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|page=60 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow }}</ref> Just as happy memories cheer us up, or melancholy thoughts make us reflective, so can a sexual fantasy lead to sexual feelings.<ref name="Goleman1995"/>|group=note}} That gave him a distorted view of what sexuality is and awoke feelings of being attracted by images of both men and women.<ref name="Yuan's web">{{cite web |title=HOPE+ CrossRoads Video |author=Christopher Yuan |publisher=christopheryuan.com |date=3 May 2010 |url=http://www.christopheryuan.com/main/index.html |accessdate=August 30, 2013 |quote= Then at an early age I was exposed to pornography when I was just 9 years old. That really gave me a distorted view of what sexuality is... it was at that point that I realized that there was this attraction that I didn't really understand to both sexes ... I began to experiment with all these things that most kids experiment in college going to the bar and experiment sexually...I came across the gay clubs so I started going to those and I decided this is the way, this is what I was...}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf.
*Feeling distant from her unsympathetic mother, Anne Frank, a teenage girl, writes of her confusing sexual attraction for females in a diary addressed to imaginary friend: ''"I remember that once when I slept with a girlfriend, I had a strong desire to kiss her and that I did so. I could not help being terribly inquisitive over her body, for she had always kept it hidden from me. ... I go into ecstasies every time I see the naked figure of a woman. ... It strikes me as so wonderful and exquisite that I have difficulty in stopping the tears rolling down my cheeks. If only I had a girlfriend.''" Anne Frank's disclosure is a vivid example of the kinds of thoughts within many young people who occasionally experience this type of attraction. They are both alarmed and excited in the fleeting moments or dreams when their bodies are sexually drawn to the same sex. [[Same-sex attraction]]s are not unusual among teenagers. Some say that these attractions qualify a person as "homosexual." But this isn't true. The attractions exist, in part, for reasons outside of a person and do not mean they are abnormal. The existence of such feelings, however, signals a deep hunger and profound confusion.<ref name="RBC"/> Longing to escape from our isolation is very often combined with the greatest force we have within us: our sexual impulse. When this is so, we will readily ignore any restraints.<ref name="Busch">{{cite book |author=Wilhelm Busch |title=Jesus Our Destiny |publisher=Inter Publishing Services |year=2001 |pages=85 |isbn=0-86347-024-6 |url=http://bitflow.dyndns.org/english/WilhelmBusch/Jesus_Our_Destiny_2007.doc}}</ref> Ex-lesbian [[Lisa Miller]] explained that after she quit the homosexual lifestyle she realized that her feelings of same-sex attractions can just as easily be transferred to a man - ''"it's as if I just want someone to love me,"'' she wrote. The struggles with same-sex attractions are no different than the struggles with loneliness, insecurity, and wanting to fill that emptiness and void with someone who could make a person feel special, loved, and wanted. Especially without a support system such a functional family, these feelings and strong desire to be loved unconditionally could lead to inappropriate thoughts of relationships,<ref name="Only1Mommmy"/> in the ''Extended ABC Theory of Emotion'' called '''irrational Beliefs'''.
* The first Slovak documentary film on the gay community ''Crying of Angels'' (2005-2008) by Zuza Piussi captures the activating event for entering the homosexual lifestyle by one of the film’s major young protagonists in the following way:
''"This is the first man in my life to whom I feel so incredibly attached, when I’m falling asleep, I’m thinking of him, my first morning thought belongs to him, when I'm doing whatsoever, I’m thinking of him. Can you imagine how it feels when somebody tells you how he desperately likes you, how he wants you, how he adores every simple bit of your body - I have never experienced anything like that before."'' Yet, after some time, the very same protagonist exhibits signs of replacing his old beliefs and adopting more accurate self-talk as result of effort to bring his emotional response and behaviour under the control after the lesson learnt how important it is to identify what we are saying to ourselves (In the Extended version of ABC theory of Emotion this is called: Detecting/Debating/Discriminating '''irrational Beliefs''' (iB) about Activating event, and replacing them and dysfunctional behaviour with Effective rational beliefs/Effective appropriate emotions/Effective functional behaviour):<ref name="Ellis"/> ''"We broke up... What if... I became straight. What if I try to attract these chicks, there seem to be passing some right now. Now, after the last break-up, I feel like having an aversion to all guys, I don’t even meet with other males at the moment, nothing, nada, it does not matter whether they are straight or gay... I just feel such inner aversion to all penises...It's brutal how something broke that radically within me, for the first time I started thinking much differently -what if I have my own child, and this kid would not be with a man, what if I have it with wife and live with a woman. Perhaps it would be like passing to some sort of higher level."''<ref name="Piussi">{{cite web
|title=Crying of Angels
|author= Zuza Piussi
|publisher=atelier.doc
|year=2005
|pages=01min:55sec
|url=http://www.atelierdoc.sk/projekty/20/41/Zuza-Piussi-THE-CRYING-OF-ANGELS/
|accessdate=November 3, 2013 |quote=To je prvý človek na ktorého som tak neskutočne naviazaný, ja zaspávam myslím na neho, sa zobúdzam, myslím na neho, ja robím hocičo, myslím na neho. Vieš aký je to pocit keď Ti niekto rozpráva ako sa mu strašne páčiš, ako Ťa chce, ako Ťa zbožňuje, každý kúsok Tvojho tela – to sa mi v živote nestalo. … Rozišli sme sa ... … čo keby som sa stal heterákom. Čo keby som zbalil tieto pipiny, tu idú nejaké. Teraz som po tom poslednom rozchode taký že mám averziu voči všetkým chlapom, teraz sa ani nestretám s rôznymi chlapmi, nič, to je jedno či je to heterák, či je teplý... Taká vnútorná averzia voči penisom, .... Je to brutálne, so mnou sa niečo tak zlomilo, že aké by to bolo keby som ja mal svoje vlastné dieťa, a som prvý krát začal rozmýšľať že keby to dieťa nebolo s mužom, že keby to jednoducho bolo dieťa, keby som ho mal so ženou -a žil so ženou. Možno že by to bolo také postúpenie do nejakého vyššieho levelu. |language=Slovak, English}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgreen; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The first principle
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''“The first principle is that you must not fool yourself and you are the easiest person to fool.” {{#tag:ref|cf. [[Ideomotor effect]]|group=note}}''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Richard Feynman]]<ref>{{cite web |title="Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!": Adventures of a Curious Character |author=Richard P. Feynman |editor=Ralph Leighton |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2010 |pages=343 |isbn=978-03933-39857 |url=https://books.google.no/books?id=7papZR4oVssC|quote= }}</ref>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:purple; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The luring demand upon sense of curiosity
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''“In my lifetime, [pornography that my dad never even have tried to hide in a place where there'd be no risk of me finding it] has only served to awaken and exacerbate temptations I was fighting to overcome, and I found that it placed an unexpected kind of luring demand upon my sense of curiosity toward homosexual experiences I hadn't yet tried. Any way you dissect it, it's just dangerous to view it.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Dean Bailey]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Beyond the Shades of Gray: Because Homosexuality Is a Symptom, Not a Solution |author=Dean Bailey |publisher=WestBow Press |place=Bloomington, IN |year=2011 |chapter=13.My Testimony: Captured by Homosexual Sin, and then Rescued by Christ |pages=102 |isbn=978-03933-39857 |url=http://www.beyondtheshadesofgray.org/ |quote= }}</ref>
</div>
|}
**''B: Belief about the activation event and its meaning:'' Little by little, he interpreted the activation event in line with popular unscientific misbelief that such feelings of [[same-sex attraction|sexual attraction]] can only be the result of being 'born gay'.<ref name="Yuan's Book"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.:
*External Link: [http://www.mygenes.co.nz/PDFs/Ch8.pdf Are brains "gay"?]<ref>{{cite web |title=My Genes Made Me Do It! - Homosexuality and the scientific evidence. |author= |url=http://www.mygenes.co.nz/download.htm}}</ref>
*"Worse yet: when people lament their homosexual tendencies, you have just told them, “You’re gay. You were born that way. Accept it.” Of course what you do not realize is that homosexuality is a learned response, a teachable response, and a recruitable response. Such recruitment took place in ancient Greece, and again in medieval Rome. And recent evidence suggests it is taking place again."<ref name="HURLBUT2013">{{cite web |title=Homosexuality: Open Letter To Christie |author=Terry Hurlbut |date=August 24, 2013 |url=https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2013/08/24/family/homosexuality-open-letter-governor-christie/ |accessdate=October 31, 2013}}</ref>
*The Christians are frequently blamed and labeled for being [[Moral relativism#Moral relativism as TUMOR|intolerant]] against homosexuals. Recently it became a part of public debate in Germany when at one event there was held a workshop offering help to people struggling with same-sex attractions. One of my teachers asked me how come that Christians are so ''“intolerant”''. I gave her the following answer: “Think twice who is actually intolerant. There are number of people who have “homosexual” tendencies, because they were [[Sexual abuse being a contributing factor for homosexuality|abused]] as children, seduced, or something similar. Many simply have homosexual fantasies, but they don’t like it and feel concerned about it. They seek for help, but at the same time they feel embarrassed to acknowledge it. They would like to live in normal way, but are struggling with their emotions. And today they are told: ''“You cannot have any problem! Just be homosexuals, whether you like it or not! It is compulsory upon you to be them!”'' Is this tolerant? There are multiples of people being ignored, who search for help, but it cannot be granted to them. They are being ignored by totalitarian homo-policy, and not tolerated! And woe to you should you be interested to help them.” This teacher was not stupid, she acknowledged my point.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kreuz & Quer in der Szene |author=Novak, Kornelius et al. |publisher=Lichtzeichen-Verlag |year=2010 |pages=110 |isbn=9783869540184 |url=http://lichtzeichen-shop.com/Buecher/Evangelistische-Literatur/Kreuz-Quer-in-der-Szene.html |language=German}}</ref>|group=note}} Such [[phenomenon]] when our ability to fool ourselves can push us towards erroneous conclusions is recognized as [[ideomotor effect]].
**''C: Behavioural consequences of the belief:'' His irrational belief about the activation event produced his later behavioural patterns including sexual experimentation, visiting gay clubs and bars, and promiscuous sexual encounters with other men.<ref name="Yuan's web"/> This homosexual lifestyle{{#tag:ref|Note: The [[Christian]] [[ethics]] is based on [[Christ]]'s teaching in the [[Gospel]]s that we should multiply our [[talent]]s, behave [[ethical]]ly, and not be extravagant in [[lifestyle]].<ref name="Salt">{{cite book
|title=Light, Salt and the world of business
|author=Fred Catherwood
|publisher=International Fellowship of Evangelical Students
|isbn=978-1-899464-05-0
|url=http://www.didaskofiles.com/?page_id=52
}}</ref> Homosexual lifestyle is based on nonprocreative, essentially sterile act of sodomy that is, as [[Gedankenexperiment#Marriage vs. Homosexual Life-style|scientific device shows]], intrisically unfit for generation. It includes morally corrupt sexual behavior, such as anal intercourse, thus as such can be regarded as extravagant and representing antithesis to moral and ethical behaviour and lifestyle.<ref name="Reilly2014">{{cite book |title=Making Gay Okay: How Rationalizing Homosexual Behavior is Changing Everything |author=Robert R. Reilly |publisher=Ignatius Press |place=San Francisco |pages=91- |isbn=978-1-58617-833-8 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rO-JTobNH80}}</ref>|group=note}} was not caused directly by activation event itself, but by his interpretation of its meaning. Later, after being diagnosed as [[HIV]] positive, he realized that his justification for homosexuality was wrong and he mistakenly allowed his feelings and sexual passions to dictate who he was.<ref name="Yuan's Book"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.
*“This 'knowledge' of ''who we really are'' is the ''gnosis'' that [[Gnosticism]] is all about.”<ref name="Skarsaune">{{cite book
|author=Oskar Skarsaune
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influence on Early Christianity
|publisher=IVP Academic
|year=2002
|location=Downers Grove, IL
|pages=246
|chapter=12:Orthodoxy and Heresy
|isbn=978-0-8308-2844-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Oskar+Skarsaune+In+the+shadow+of+the+temple&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6WuMUIihIJTN4QSbnoGIBQ&redir_esc=y
}}</ref>
*“One who does not know the Holy God cannot know what one is himself.”<ref>{{cite book |title=Mojžiš a Desatoro |author=Jozef Ondrej Markuš |publisher=Matica slovenská |year= 2003 |place=Martin, Slovakia |pages=86 |isbn= 978-807-096-9038|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCkzywAACAAJ |quote=Kto však nepozná svätého Boha, ten nemôže poznať ani seba samého. |language=Slovak}}</ref>
* Without the understanding of our spiritual origin and destiny — of who we are and what purpose our maker intended for us — we can’t possibly understand sex and its intended role in our lives.<ref>{{cite book |title=How Evil Works: Understanding and Overcoming the Destructive Forces That Are Transforming America |author=David Kupelian |publisher=Simon and Schuster |place= |year=2010 |chapter=2. Sexual anarchy |pages=39 |isbn=978-14391-68646 |url=https://books.google.sk/books?id=cPeogcSyymsC }}</ref>|group=note}} When passions are confused with same-sex attractions, people still have to choose to act on those feelings and their personal beliefs play the key role in this respect.<ref name="Only1Mommmy">{{cite book |author=Rena M. Lindevaldsen |title=The Lisa Miller Story: Only One Mommy: A Woman's Battle for Her Life, Her Daughter, and Her Freedom |publisher=New Revolution Publishers |year=2011 |pages=69, 118 |isbn=978-1-937102-01-2 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Only-One-Mommy-Daughter-Freedom/dp/1937102017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Homosexuality and the Christian: Guide for parents, pastors, and friends |author=Mark A.Yarhouse |publisher=Bethany House |year=2010 |chapter=2.Why is sexual identity the hearth of the matter? |pages=40–1 |isbn=978-0-7642-0731-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFJAi9QEfAIC |quote=Being attracted to someone and acting on those attractions are two separate things.}}</ref> [[Slovak]] homosexual [[Jozef Demjan]] who previously had six relations with men quit his homosexual lifestyle and in 2012 married Julia after he changed the interpretation of his same-sex attractions. He compares them to birds that ''"one cannot prevent from flying all over your head but what one can do is to prevent them to make a nest upon it."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Svadba bez pretvárky, ale plná kontroverznosti! Róm s homosexuálnou minulosťou sa oženil s nerómkou, baptistkou! (Romany young lad with homosexual past has married non-romany babtist girl) |publisher=markiza.sk |date=05. September 2012 |url=http://modrezneba.markiza.sk/clanok/svadba-bez-pretvarky-ale-plna-kontroverznosti.html |accessdate=August 6, 2013|language=Slovak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oslobodený z homosexuality - Príbeh Jozefa a Júlie Modré z Neba (Set free from homosexuality: The story of Jozef and Júlia)|url=http://en.gloria.tv/?media=330027 |quote=nezabrániš vtákom aby leteli nad tvojou hlavou ale môžeš zabrániť aby si na nej spravili hniezdo |language=Slovak}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Homosexuality]] is a persistent preoccupation with erotic encounters involving members of the same sex, which may or may not be acted out with another person. Put another way, it is making deliberate plans to entertain and cooperate in sexual fantasies or behaviors with someone of the same sex. Although having the same-sex attractions is not something for which we are morally responsible, it is when we begin planning to entertain these attractions in fantasy or behavior that we cross the [[Boundaries (Psychology)|line]]. If the attractions turn into a preoccupation, the temptation to embrace homosexual behavior is great<ref name="RBC">{{cite book |title=When Passions Are Confused|author=Jeff Olson|publisher=RBC Ministries, discoveryseries.org |year=1996 |pages=14 |url=http://jesus-revolution.com/Documents/When_Passions_Are_Confused_Understanding_Homosexuality.pdf}}</ref> and at the end it can develop into [[obsessive compulsive disorder]]. At the heart of the homosexual condition is a deep loneliness, the natural human hunger for mutual love, a search for identity, and a longing for completeness.<ref>{{cite book |title=Same-Sex Partnerships? A Christian Perspective |author=John Stott |isbn=978-08007-56741 |publisher=Baker Book House Co. |location=Grand Rapids, MI |year=1998 |pages=81 |url=http://www.bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/same-sex-partnerships/219040}}</ref>|group=note}} Similarly, [[Michael Glatze]], an ex-prominent gay activist and former editor of a [[San Francisco]]-based, youth-focused homosexual magazines XY Magazine and Young Gay America (Y.G.A.), renounced homosexuality, decided to break up with his ex-partner of 10 years and in October 2013 married a woman, Rebekah. His transformation from gay to straight began after he started to question his lifestyle following a health scare. Now he stands by his opinion about homosexuality as a flawed and mistaken lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Gay Activist Marries Woman; Addresses Critics Who Condemn His New Heterosexual Lifestyle |author=Jessica Martinez|date=December 13, 2013 |publisher= CP U.S. |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/former-gay-activist-marries-woman-addresses-critics-who-condemn-his-new-heterosexual-lifestyle-110736/ |accessdate=December 25, 2013 |quote=}}</ref> How we think, what we believe, and the attitudes we've developed largely determine how we will act.<ref name="SimonCharDist">{{cite book
|title=Character Disturbance: The Phenomenon of Our Age
|author=George K. Simon
|publisher=Parkhurst Brothers
|year=2011
|location=Little Rock, USA
|chapter=Introduction
|pages=42
|isbn=978-1-935166-33-7
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvDSRwAACAAJ
|quote=How we think in large measure determines how we will act.
}}</ref><ref name="Simon">{{cite book
|title=In Sheep's Clothing: Understanding and dealing with Manipulative People
|author=George Simon
|publisher=Parkhurst Brothers
|year=1996, 2010
|location=Little Rock, USA
|chapter=8 The Manipulaive Child
|pages=38, 105
|isbn=978-1-935166-30-6
|url=http://www.pbros.net/sheep.htm
}}</ref> [[Dennis Jernigan]] who walked out of a homosexual lifestyle explains that more he changed the way he thought, the more his true needs and desires were met. His disturbed and twisted feelings as result of former irrational beliefs were replaced with right feelings due to the new way he was thinking.<ref>{{cite book |title=Renewing your mind: Identity and the matter of choice |author=Dennis Jernigan |publisher=Innovo Publishing |year=October 2017 |pages=41 |isbn=978-1-61314-373-5 |url=http://www.standardnewswire.com/news/6131612800.html }}</ref>

===[[Marriage]]===
People tend to give to feelings of romantic love a status of autonomous authority over marriage. When the disillusioned couples discover that ''"we just don't love each other anymore,"'' they tearfully conclude that their marriage has lost its essential basis for existence. Although love is essential ingredient of marriage, the marriage does not depend upon love for its continued existence. The nature and place of romantic love needs to be reexamined. Marriage gives to love a situation of stability and permanence, wherin it can grow toward maturity and rescues love from tyranny of strong but ''immature feelings''. It helps a person to live out times of difficulty and win through to new depths of love and understanding. In line with ABC theory of emotion, love is far more subject to ''will'' than we suppose. We help cultivate and develop love (emotional Consequence C) because we set our mind (Belief B) to do so in reaction to awareness of being married (Activation event A). Couples who come to the despairing conclusion that ''"we just don't love each other anymore"'' should be told quite simply, ''"Well, start learning!"'' In marriage, we are not the helpless pawns of love, but rather we train love to be the willing servant of our marriage. This kind of love does not grow in the sandy soil of our immediate feelings, but it roots down into the rich subsoil of mutual esteem. In considering the structure of marriage, the Christian woman holds her mate in the high regard which God has conferred on him with the name 'husband'; the Christian man likewise cherises the woman whom God has honored with the name 'wife'. A reverence for the dignity and honor which God has bestowed upon one's mate establishes married love upon an enduring foundation. From Biblical perspective, romantic feelings of love are not the basis for marriage, but the issue or outcome of successful marriage.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Christian Family |author=Larry Christenson |publisher=Betany House Publishers |year=1970 |pages=29–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=ylptFvibvuYC}}</ref> Biblical approach consisting in commanding us to love one another is compatible with the principles discovered in the ABC Theory of Emotion.

==Notes==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Psychology]]

Clique

2020-07-28T23:30:26Z

AK: Adding infobox on men of the clique by G. K. Chesterton

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The men of the clique and hell
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"The men of the clique live together because they have the same kind of soul, and their narrowness is a narrowness of spiritual coherence and contentment, like that which exists in hell..."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Gilbert K. Chesterton<ref name="Gilbert2006">{{cite book |title=The Essential Gilbert K. Chesterton |author=Gilbert K. Chesterton |publisher=Simon and Schuster |place= |year=2013 |volume=I. |pages=194 |isbn=978-16279-31618 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kg6YDAAAQBAJ |quote=|language=English}}</ref></div>
|}
A '''clique''' is generally defined as a small, exclusive group or circle of people who come together for a common purpose or common reasons or interests.<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clique Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of ''clique'']</ref> This definition is mostly used to describe high school students who band together based on such reasons (such as [[elitism|elitist]] and snobbish teenage girls from rich/high income/high-profile families, for which the term is most often used and in a [[pejorative]] sense; this type of clique tend to view themselves as "superior" to others, to look down on and socially exclude anyone they disapprove of, and to engage in behaviors such as [[bullying]], [[aggression]], cruelty, ruthlessness, [[manipulation]] and [[rumormongering]] to maintain power and control), although it can also be used to describe subcultural groups within society such as jocks, [[nerd]]s/[[geek]]s, [[punk]]s, [[Goth (subculture)|Goths]], hipsters and [[emo]]s.

One historically notorious clique was the [[Ku Klux Klan]], the original terrorist wing of the [[Democratic Party|Democrat Party]].

A recently formed high-profile group which falls right into the pejorative definition of a clique is "[[The Squad]]", the group of four highly controversial rookie Democrat congresswomen who have attracted negative attention and heavy criticism for their words and actions, both as a unit and individually, while serving in office since the [[2018 Midterm elections]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]

John D. Rockefeller

2020-07-09T12:35:46Z

AK: intlink

[[File:John D. Rockefeller 1885.jpg|right|200px]]

'''John D. Rockefeller''' (John Davison Rockefeller, Sr.) (1839 – 1937) was a leading American industrialist, financier, philanthropist and founder of a powerful family of bankers and politicians. He revolutionized the oil industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. He was one of the two or three most prominent businessmen and philanthropists of the [[Progressive Era]], and captured its spirit of [[Efficiency movement|efficiency]]. From childhood, Rockefeller strongly believed that his purpose in life was to make as much money as possible, and then to use it wisely to improve the lot of mankind. In 1862, Rockefeller founded the [[Standard Oil Company]] and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first billionaire.

Hre was the target of multiple vicious attacks from the left, before and after Standard Oil was convicted in federal court of criminal monopolistic practices and broken up in 1911. Rockefeller spent the last forty years of his life creating the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy, creating foundations that had a major impact on medicine, education, and scientific research. His foundations pioneered the development of medical research, and was instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow fever. He was a devout Northern Baptist and supported many church-based institutions throughout his life, most notably the [[University of Chicago]].

== Biography ==
===Early life===
John was born at Richford, New York, the son of William Avery Rockefeller and Eliza (Davison) Rockefeller. His father, a travelling salesman of dubious medical cures, was supporting a bigamous second family and was seldom home. John was of [[Scots]], [[Yankee]] and [[German Americans|German]] ancestry. His mother was a devoutly religious Baptist, strait-laced, and austere. John was the second of six children and the oldest of three sons. The family moved around a great deal and he attended public schools haphazardly in several towns until he received a good education in Owego, New York and then attended the excellent Cleveland High School in 1853–55; he now studied hard, and did well in mathematics. He never attended college, but three months at a local business school gave him the basics of bookkeeping and commercial and banking practice.
==Business career==
===First business===
His first job, starting at $3.50 a week, was clerking for commission merchants who had a diversified business with railroads, steamship lines, producers, and merchants. Three years later the young man was well known, and trusted in the Cleveland business community. He formed a partnership with a young Englishman, Maurice B. Clark, for handling grain, hay, meats, and other goods. On a combined capital of only $4,000 they had sales the first year, 1859–60, of $450,000 and made a profit of $4,400. Clark & Rockefeller boomed during the Civil War, shipping the army many products of the city and region.

Deeply religious, John not only joined the Erie Street Baptist Church in 1854 but soon became its leading lay figure. He helped with maintenance of the building, served as recording clerk, taught Sunday School, and became one of the five trustees. Starting with his first pay packet he always gave to charities about 10% of what he received. He was opposed to slavery and helped a Cincinnati Negro to buy his slave wife. By 1860 he was head of the family as his father was largely gone. His family responsibilities and his business role in supplying the army precluded him from volunteering for the army.

In 1865 he married Laura Celestia Spelman, daughter of a Cleveland business man of Yankee origins.
===Oil===
Rockefeller's entrepreneurial interests turned to the frenzied development of the "Oil Regions" in northwestern Pennsylvania. Oil was used to make kerosene for lighting; it was much superior and cheaper than candles or ehale oil. The industry grew explosively, with wells being drilled, refineries opened, an export market created, and the opening of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad linking Cleveland to the oil fields. Many small refineries were built in Cleveland.

Boom and bust was the story of oil, as too many wells were drilled and too many refineries opened. Rockefeller realized that Cleveland's closeness to the oil fields and its superb transportation system by rail and steamboats on the Great Lakes gave it a competitive advantage over other cities. In 1863 he, three Clark brothers, and chemist Samuel Andrews, an expert in refining methods, built the Excelsior refinery. In February 1865, he paid $72,500 to buy out the Clarks and partner only with Andrews. That marked his full-time entry into the oil business and, he wrote later, "was the day that determined my career."

By November his refinery was the largest of the 30 in Cleveland. Its sales in 1865 reached $1,200,000; its capacity of 500 barrels a day was double that of the nearest competitor. Rockefeller built a second refinery, the Standard Works, and send his brother William, now a partner too, to New York to organize the export and eastern trade. The leading Cleveland bankers funded the firm. "I was always a great borrower in those days," he recalled. Unlike most oilmen he was methodical, systematic and thorough in his planning, avoiding the speculation, waste, and guesswork that characterized most of his get-rich-quick competitors. Oil prices were high in 1865-66 and now there were fifty rival refineries in Cleveland and 80 in Pittsburgh. Overproduction resulted, ending prices down in 1867–68. Bankruptcy engulfed both well-owners and small refineries that had over-expanded on borrowed money they could not repay. The strength, efficiency, and foresight of the Rockefeller firm kept it profitable.

Predeceased by his wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller, the Rockefellers had four daughters and one son ([[John D. Rockefeller, Jr.]]). "Junior" was largely entrusted with supervision of the foundations.

===Standard Oil===

Having outgrown the partnership form of organization, Rockefeller incorporated '''Standard Oil Company of Ohio''' in early 1870 with 10,000 shares of $100 par value, of which Rockefeller held 2,667.

Cleveland was one of the main refining centers in the U.S., and Standard was the most profitable refiner in Cleveland. When it was found out that at least part of Standard Oil's cost advantage came from secret rebates from the railroads bringing oil into Cleveland, the competing refiners insisted on getting similar rebates, and the railroads quickly complied. By then, however, Standard Oil had grown to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country.

The railroads were competing fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to 'stabilize' freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company. Rockefeller agreed to support this cartel if they gave him preferential treatment as a high volume shipper which included not just steep rebates for his product, but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. This touched off a firestorm of protest, which eventually led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part of the deal. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off.

Undeterred, Rockefeller continued with his self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of his operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting his competition, and buying them out. In six weeks in 1872, Standard Oil had absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors. Eventually, even his former antagonists, Pratt and Rogers saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil, and in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. Pratt and Rogers became Rockefeller's partners. Rogers, in particular, became one of Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt became Secretary of Standard Oil.

For many of his competitors, Rockefeller had merely to show them his books so they could see what they were up against, then make them a decent offer. If they refused his offer, he told them he would run them into bankruptcy, then cheaply buy up their assets at auction. Most capitulated.

===Monopoly===
Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of all oil production in America. At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As a result, Rockefeller and his partners owned separate companies across dozens of states, making their management of the whole enterprise rather unwieldy. In 1882, Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of partnership to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the "Standard Oil Trust". The partnership's size and wealth drew much attention. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence for its monopolistic practices, giving momentum to the [[anti-trust]] movement.

One of the most effective attacks on Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of ''The History of the Standard Oil Company,'' by [[Ida Tarbell]]. Tarbell was a leading [[muckraker]]. Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. “I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.” (Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair.)

Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, leading to the dissolution of the trust. Rockefeller continued to consolidate his oil interests as best as he could until New Jersey, in 1899, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. At its peak, Standard Oil had about 90% of the market for kerosene products.

By 1896, Rockefeller shed all of his policy involvement in the affairs of Standard Oil; however he retained his nominal title as president until 1911; he kept his stock.

In 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States held that Standard Oil, which by then still had a 64% market share, originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Exxon; Standard of New York, which became Mobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio. Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, owned stock in all of them.

===Medical cronyism involvement===
Rockefeller helped fund the [[Flexner Report]], a medical "report" started by Abraham Flexner for the Carnegie Foundation. The Flexner Report claimed to be intended to standardize the practice of medicine, though it shut down many medical schools it itself deemed "unscientific" and "outdated".<ref>[https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8727 Medical Definition of Flexner Report]</ref> Rockefeller then used alarmist propaganda to scare the then-Congress into declaring the American Medical Association as the only organization allowed to grant medical licenses.<ref>[https://thefreedomarticles.com/flexner-report-rockefeller-ama-takeover/ The Flexner Report: How John D. Rockefeller Used the AMA to Take Over Western Medicine]</ref> Some say the Flexner Report went as far as to jail non-conforming medical doctors at the time who refused to comply with the monopolistic demands.<sup>[citation needed]</sup>

===Philanthropy===
From his very first paycheck, Rockefeller tithed ten percent of his earnings to his church. As his wealth grew, so did his giving, primarily to educational and public health causes, but also for basic science and the arts. He was advised primarily by [[Frederick T. Gates]] after 1891, and, after 1897, also by his son.

Rockefeller believed in the [[Efficiency Movement]], arguing that

:"To help an inefficient, ill-located, unnecessary school is a waste...it is highly probable that enough money has been squandered on unwise educational projects to have built up a national system of higher education adequate to our needs, if the money had been properly directed to that end."<ref>[Rockefeller, 168]</ref>

He and his advisors invented the conditional grant that required the recipient to "root the institution in the affections of as many people as possible who, as contributors, become personally concerned, and thereafter may be counted on to give to the institution their watchful interest and coöperation."<ref>[Rockefeller p 183]</ref>

In 1884, he provided major funding for a college in Atlanta for black women that became [[Spelman College]] (named for Rockefeller's in-laws who were ardent abolitionists before the Civil War). Rockefeller also gave considerable donations to [[Denison University]] and other Baptist colleges.

Rockefeller gave $80 million to the [[University of Chicago]] under [[William Rainey Harper]], turning a small Baptist college into a world-class institution by 1900. He later called it "the best investment I ever made." His [[General Education Board]], founded in 1902, was established to promote education at all levels everywhere in the country. It was especially active in supporting black schools in the South. Its most dramatic impact came by funding the recommendations of the [[Flexner Report]] of 1910, which revolutionized the study of medicine in the United States.

Despite his personal preference for homeopathy, Rockefeller, on Gates's advice, became one of the first great benefactors of medical science. In 1901, he founded the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. It changed its name to Rockefeller University in 1965, after expanding its mission to include graduate education. It claims a connection to 23 Nobel laureates. He founded the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1909, an organization that eventually eradicated the hookworm disease that had long plagued the American South. The [[Rockefeller Foundation]] was created in 1913 to continue and expand the scope of the work of the Sanitary Commission, which was closed in 1915. He gave nearly $250 million to the foundation, which focused on public health, medical training, and the arts. It endowed the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, the first of its kind. It built the Peking Union Medical College into a great institution, helped in World War I war relief, and it employed [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] of Canada to study industrial relations. Rockefeller's fourth main philanthropy, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation, created in 1918, supported work in the social studies; it was later absorbed into the Rockefeller Foundation. However, all told, Rockefeller gave away about $550 million.

Oddly enough, Rockefeller was probably best known in his later life for the practice of giving a dime to children wherever he went. He even gave dimes as a playful gesture to men like tire mogul Harvey Firestone and President Herbert Hoover. During the Great Depression, Rockefeller switched to giving nickels instead of dimes.

==Legacy==
[[File:Rockefellergrave.JPG|right|thumb|200px| A 70-foot obelisk marks his grave. The structure was created by Joseph Carabelli.]]
He died on May 23, 1937, 26 months shy of his 100th birthday. Rockefeller is buried in Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio. Visitors to the gravesite often place dimes at the base of the stone, perhaps hoping that their money will increase as Rockefeller's did.<ref>[http://cleveland.about.com/od/clevelandattractions/ss/lakeview_2.htm Lake View Cemetery - John D. Rockefeller's Grave, About.com]</ref>

Rockefeller had a long and controversial career in industry followed by a long career in philanthropy. His image is an amalgam of all of these experiences and the many ways he was viewed by his contemporaries. These contemporaries include his former competitors, many of whom were driven to ruin, but many others of whom sold out at a profit (or a profitable stake in Standard Oil, as Rockefeller often offered his shares as payment for a business), and quite a few of whom became very wealthy as managers as well as owners in Standard Oil. They also include politicians and writers, some of whom served Rockefeller's interests, and some of whom built their careers by fighting Rockefeller and the "[[robber baron]]s."

Biographer Allan Nevins, answering Rockefeller's enemies, concluded:
:The rise of the Standard Oil men to great wealth was not from poverty. It was not meteor-like, but accomplished over a quarter of a century by courageous venturing in a field so risky that most large capitalists avoided it, by arduous labors, and by more sagacious and farsighted planning than had been applied to any other American industry. The oil fortunes of 1894 were not larger than steel fortunes, banking fortunes, and railroad fortunes made in similar periods. But it is the assertion that the Standard magnates gained their wealth by appropriating "the property of others" that most challenges our attention. We have abundant evidence that Rockefeller's consistent policy was to offer fair terms to competitors and to buy them out, for cash, stock, or both, at fair appraisals; we have the statement of one impartial historian that Rockefeller was decidedly "more humane toward competitors" than Carnegie; we have the conclusion of another that his wealth was "the least tainted of all the great fortunes of his day."<ref>Latham p 104</ref>

Biographer Ron Chernow wrote of Rockefeller:
:What makes him problematic—and why he continues to inspire ambivalent reactions—-is that his good side was every bit as good as his bad side was bad. Seldom has history produced such a contradictory figure."<ref>Chernow, ''Titan''</ref>

Notwithstanding these varied aspects of his public life, Rockefeller may ultimately be remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth. In 1902, an audit showed Rockefeller was worth about $200 million—compared to the total national wealth that year of $101 billion. His wealth grew significantly after as the demand for gasoline soared, eventually reaching about $900 million, including significant interests in banking, shipping, mining, railroads, and other industries. By the time of his death in 1937, Rockefeller's remaining fortune, largely tied up in permanent family trusts, was estimated at $1.4 billion. Rockefeller's net worth over the last decades of his life would easily place him among the very wealthiest persons in history. As a percentage of the United States economy, no other American fortune—including Bill Gates or Sam Walton—ever came close.

The Rockefeller wealth, distributed as it was through a system of foundations and trusts, continued to fund family philanthropic, commercial, and, eventually, political aspirations throughout the 20th century. Grandson [[David Rockefeller]] was a leading New York banker, serving for over 20 years as CEO of Chase Manhattan (part of JP Morgan Chase). Another grandson, [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]], was Republican governor of New York and Vice President. A third grandson, Winthrop Rockefeller, served as Republican governor of Arkansas. Great-grandson [[Jay Rockefeller]] (John D. Rockefeller IV) is a Democratic former governor and current senator from West Virginia.

Rockefeller has passed into popular culture as the embodiment of wealth. "Oysters Rockefeller" (colored green by the spinach) was named for him because the dish was so rich. The Rockefeller family was a major benefactor in funding the reconstruction effort in France after World War I. As a consequence, Rockefeller (along with the Rothschilds) was considered in that country the canonical billionaire—synonymous with extreme wealth. "John D. Rockerduck" is a Walt Disney character popular in Europe who is a foil to other well-known rich duck, the avaricious "Scrooge McDuck".

==Bibliography ==
* Bringhurst, Bruce. ''Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly: The Standard Oil Cases,''. (1979).
*Chernow, Ron. ''Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.'' (1998). Major recent biography. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=25644997210593 Online review.]
* Folsom, Jr., Burton W. [http://www.fee.org/publications/the-freeman/article.asp?aid=1571 ''John D. Rockefeller and the Oil Industry''] from ''The Myth of the Robber Barons''. , 2003. conservative interpretation
*Fosdick, Raymond B. ''The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation''. 1989.
*Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. ''The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family'', 1988.
*Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. ''The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private''. 1992.
*Hawke, David Freeman. ''John D: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers''. 1980.
*Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. ''History of Standard Oil Company, New Jersey: Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911''. (1955), in- depth history of the company
* Johnson, Arthur Menzies; ''The Development of American Petroleum Pipelines: A Study in Private Enterprise and Public Policy, 1862-1906'' Cornell University Press, 1956 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10331660 online edition]
*Jonas, Gerald. ''The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science''. 1989.
*Josephson, Matthew. ''The Robber Barons''. (1934). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=13529226 online edition] coatins a left-wing attack on JDR
*Kert, Bernice. ''Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family''. (1993).
*Knowlton, Evelyn H. and George S. Gibb. ''History of Standard Oil Company: Resurgent Years'' (1956).
*Latham, Earl ed. ''John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron or Industrial Statesman?'' (1949). excerpts pro and con from experts; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=73971734 online edition]
*Morris, Charles R. ''The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy ''. (2006), conservative interpretation.
*Nevins, Allan. ''John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise''. (2 vols. 1940) revised as Allan Nevins, ''Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist''. (2 vols. 1953). A favorable scholarly biography
*Rose, Kenneth W. and Stapleton, Darwin H. "Toward a "Universal Heritage": Education and the Development of Rockefeller Philanthropy, 1884–1913." ''Teachers College Record''" 1992/93(3): 536–555.
*Stasz, Clarice. ''The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service''. (1995).
*Tarbell, Ida M. ''The History of the Standard Oil Company,'' 2 vols, (1904). [http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/MAIN.HTM online edition], famous muckraking attack
*Williamson, Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. ''The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination,'', 1959; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9990987 online edition]; the major scholarly history. less useful is vol 2, ''American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Energy'', (1964).

===Primary sources===
*Gates, Frederick Taylor. ''Chapters in My Life''. (1977).
*Rockefeller, John D.; ''Random Reminiscences of Men and Events''. (1909). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=4529509 online edition]
*Ernst, Joseph W., editor. ''"Dear Father"/"Dear Son:" Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'' (1994).

==External links==
*[http://archive.rockefeller.edu/publications/biblio/bibliofamily.php The Rockefeller Archive Center: bibliography]
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/filmmore/pt.html American Experience: ''The Rockefellers''] A full transcript of the [[PBS]] documentary
*[http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/MAIN.HTM The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Ida Tarbell, full text]
*[http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/SO/index.htm Illustrated article about John D Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0708.html Financier's Fortune in Oil Amassed in Industrial Era of 'Rugged Individualism'] NY Times Obituary, May 24, 1937
**[http://www.biographyshelf.com/john_d_rockefeller_biography.html Biographical resources dedicated to John D. Rockefeller]

==References==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rockefeller, John D.}}
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Economic History]]
[[Category:Philanthropy]]
[[Category:Progressive Era]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]
[[Category:Antitrust]]

Coca-Cola

2020-06-23T05:31:08Z

AK: intlink

'''Coca-Cola''' is a carbonated, caffeinated soft drink produced by the [[Coca-Cola Company]]. It was invented in the nineteenth century by John Stith Pemberton but the rights to it were later purchased by Asa Griggs Candler, who incorporated the [[Coca-Cola Company]] in 1888.

Pemberton originally intended it as a medicine rather than a regular drink. It was called Coca-Cola because it originally contained [[cocaine]], although that substance was soon removed from the recipe. The American version of Coca-Cola is made out of carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, cola, phosphoric acid and caffeine, as opposed to the Mexican version, which is sweetened with real cane sugar, unlike the version sold in the United States. The Coca-Cola bottle was designed early in the twentieth century by designer Earl R. Dean.

Later on a rival soft drink company called [[Pepsi-Cola]] sprang up; Pepsi was invented in the 1890s and trademarked in 1903. The Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi economic wars became famous.

During the Cold War the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Communism|Communists]] chose Pepsi as their national soft drink [[franchise]] whereas the [[China|Chinese]] Communists chose Coca-Cola. Pepsi has done a better job than Coca-Cola in the non-soft drink and non-caffeinated market, but Coca-Cola does have a presence there. Coca-Cola owns Powerade, which is its equivalent of Pepsi's [[Gatorade]].

The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia]].

Today [[Cuba]] and [[North Korea]] are the only countries, where Coca-Cola does not exist. In Cuba, Coca-Cola is only sold to foreigners in the hotels and is forbidden for consumption by the average Cuban. In Cuba, where American distribution of the product is banned due to that country's embargo on Cuba, it is imported by way of Panama and Mexico, but Communist party members like [[Che Guevara]] and [[Fidel Castro]], despite being against [[capitalism]], have pictures of them consuming this beverage that the average Cuban could not consume because it was claimed by the Communist leadership to be an "imperialist" beverage.

[http://www.hobotraveler.com/travel-journal/coca-cola-sold-in-cuba.html]
[http://www.theblog.es/wp-content/uploads/che_coca_cola.png]
[http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xhYhcorXg3M/T9vCIozHBhI/AAAAAAAB8SU/5fKe2SC0wts/s1600/castrococacola.jpg]
==See Also==
*[[Coca-Cola Company]]
[[Category:Soft Drinks]]

Coca-Cola

2020-06-23T05:30:32Z

AK: adding See Also section

'''Coca-Cola''' is a carbonated, caffeinated soft drink produced by the Coca-Cola Company. It was invented in the nineteenth century by John Stith Pemberton but the rights to it were later purchased by Asa Griggs Candler, who incorporated the [[Coca-Cola Company]] in 1888.

Pemberton originally intended it as a medicine rather than a regular drink. It was called Coca-Cola because it originally contained [[cocaine]], although that substance was soon removed from the recipe. The American version of Coca-Cola is made out of carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, cola, phosphoric acid and caffeine, as opposed to the Mexican version, which is sweetened with real cane sugar, unlike the version sold in the United States. The Coca-Cola bottle was designed early in the twentieth century by designer Earl R. Dean.

Later on a rival soft drink company called [[Pepsi-Cola]] sprang up; Pepsi was invented in the 1890s and trademarked in 1903. The Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi economic wars became famous.

During the Cold War the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Communism|Communists]] chose Pepsi as their national soft drink [[franchise]] whereas the [[China|Chinese]] Communists chose Coca-Cola. Pepsi has done a better job than Coca-Cola in the non-soft drink and non-caffeinated market, but Coca-Cola does have a presence there. Coca-Cola owns Powerade, which is its equivalent of Pepsi's [[Gatorade]].

The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia]].

Today [[Cuba]] and [[North Korea]] are the only countries, where Coca-Cola does not exist. In Cuba, Coca-Cola is only sold to foreigners in the hotels and is forbidden for consumption by the average Cuban. In Cuba, where American distribution of the product is banned due to that country's embargo on Cuba, it is imported by way of Panama and Mexico, but Communist party members like [[Che Guevara]] and [[Fidel Castro]], despite being against [[capitalism]], have pictures of them consuming this beverage that the average Cuban could not consume because it was claimed by the Communist leadership to be an "imperialist" beverage.

[http://www.hobotraveler.com/travel-journal/coca-cola-sold-in-cuba.html]
[http://www.theblog.es/wp-content/uploads/che_coca_cola.png]
[http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xhYhcorXg3M/T9vCIozHBhI/AAAAAAAB8SU/5fKe2SC0wts/s1600/castrococacola.jpg]
==See Also==
*[[Coca-Cola Company]]
[[Category:Soft Drinks]]

Essay: Psychological manipulation in the Bible

2020-06-11T06:56:58Z

AK: fixing ROT external hyperlink

==Case study: Naboth’s Vineyard<ref name="ZOD">{{cite web
|title= Co je manipulace? (What is manipulation?)
|author=Aleš Franc
|publisher=Zápas o duši
|issue=98
|year=2008
|url=http://www.reformace.cz/zod/co-je-manipulace-cislo-98
|language=Czech}}</ref>==
{{spoiler}}
[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=%201%20King%2021:1-13&version=NIV 1 Kings 21:1-16], New International Version (NIV); Credit for Scripture quotations: The Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica

Let's now demonstrate some principles of psychological manipulation by analysing the classic Bible story. We have a righteous Israelite here, who is faithful to the Law and heritage of ancestors, and ambitious king, who himself is, owing to his pride, prone to get easily manipulated by his wife.

''1 Some time later there was an incident involving a vineyard belonging to Naboth the Jezreelite. The vineyard was in Jezreel, close to the palace of Ahab king of Samaria.''

What events are referred to in here? As described in previous chapters, King Ahab recently received a warning from [[prophet]]ic disciple due to his betrayal of God’s work and for his disobedience to [[God]]. [[Autocracy|Autocratic]] and [[authoritarian]] ruler however hates reproofs. He experiences an immense anguish when anyone would dare to challenge him or even admonish him publicly, even though it would be by [[authority]] of the very God’s words. Ahab could not stand a situation when one would confront him without being afraid of him. Although he already experienced few cases when he had to step back in favor of [[Elijah]], still his irrepressible exalted conceit would not allow him to get completely humbled under the mighty hand of God.

It is significant that even shortly after the event, when Ahab was convicted of [[sin]], his attention was captured by someone's vineyard lying just next to his palace. One who hates reproof is usually eager to expand, keep everything under own control, and rule without any [[Boundaries (Psychology)|boundaries]].

''2 Ahab said to Naboth, “Let me have your vineyard to use for a vegetable garden, since it is close to my palace. In exchange I will give you a better vineyard or, if you prefer, I will pay you whatever it is worth.”''

The king of northern Israel is aware of his wealth and riches hence first makes Naboth a really grandiose offer. When we meet someone for first time who is in his within a manipulator, we can often be surprised by his generosity and seeming friendliness, however only until we dare to show disagreement or when we act differently from his wishes.

''3 But Naboth replied, “The Lord forbid that I should give you the inheritance of my ancestors.”''

Nabot had perhaps no idea that manipulators like Ahab extremely dislike being reminded that their own power has clear boundaries defined by higher authority and that by appealing to this authority it is legitimately possible to disagree with them. As Israel was [[Jurisprudence|juristic]] state in which the King’s power was defined by [[law]] which couldn’t be broken even by king himself, Ahab had clear understanding that it is beyond his privileges to confiscate Nabot’s vineyard. Nabot was a genuinely pious man obviously familiar with the code on meaning and importance of inherited parcels.

''4 So Ahab went home, sullen and angry because Naboth the Jezreelite had said, “I will not give you the inheritance of my ancestors.” He lay on his bed sulking and refused to eat.''

It is very awkward for power-hungry man to be reminded that things might not be his way and that it is [[legal]] and legitimate to disagree with him. Such matter can cause even the loss of appetite.

''5 His wife Jezebel came in and asked him, “Why are you so sullen? Why won’t you eat?” 6 He answered her, “Because I said to Naboth the Jezreelite, ‘Sell me your vineyard; or if you prefer, I will give you another vineyard in its place.’ But he said, ‘I will not give you my vineyard.’”''

It is quite symptomatic that Ahab avoids speaking about grounds of Naboth’s refusal to cede his inheritance that are stemming from respect for higher authority, for God. It plays no role for him and he makes no mention of it. What is essential for him is that he came across someone who dared to dispute his will. At this moment there is king’s wife coming into scene who knows her husband quite well. She knows how much gratification he attaches to his power and how much inadmissible it is for him to face someone, who, notwithstanding in the name of God, backfires him. When on different occasion prophet Elijah dared to do so, who spoke even with authority of God Himself, king made orders to search for him for many days all over the nations and kingdoms and falsely blamed him to be a ‘troubler of Israel’.

''7 Jezebel his wife said, “Is this how you act as king over Israel? Get up and eat! Cheer up. I’ll get you the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.”''

8 So she wrote letters in Ahab’s name, placed his seal on them, and sent them to the elders and nobles who lived in Naboth’s city with him.

''9 In those letters she wrote: "Proclaim a day of fasting and seat Naboth in a prominent place among the people. 10 But seat two scoundrels opposite him and have them bring charges that he has cursed both God and the king. Then take him out and stone him to death." 11 So the elders and nobles who lived in Naboth’s city did as Jezebel directed in the letters she had written to them.''

These words leave us in no doubt about the moral [[corruption]] of the royal family, as well as about the corruption of leaders of the [[nation]]. It is significant that every "crafty" manipulator of the cadre of Ahab's wife, skillfully justifies own self-interested acts in the name of God, and even proclaims public fasting for supporting it. Naboth, for his courage for defiance, was to be publicly portrayed as a [[blasphemer]], who is going to receive a just punishment that he deserves.

''12 They proclaimed a fast and seated Naboth in a prominent place among the people. 13 Then two scoundrels came and sat opposite him and brought charges against Naboth before the people, saying, "Naboth has cursed both God and the king." So they took him outside the city and stoned him to death. 14 Then they sent word to Jezebel: "Naboth has been stoned to death."''

15 As soon as Jezebel heard that Naboth had been stoned to death, she said to Ahab, “Get up and take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite that he refused to sell you. He is no longer alive, but dead.” 16 When Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, he got up and went down to take possession of Naboth’s vineyard.
{{endspoiler}}

==See also==
*[[Disturbed character]]
*[[Psychological manipulation]]

==References==
<References/>

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Essays]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psychological manipulation in the Bible}}

Propaganda

2020-05-28T05:31:51Z

AK:

'''Propaganda''' ([[Latin]] ''propaganda'' feminine ablative gerundive of ''propago'' I am spreading) is any idea, fact, rumor, or lie, or a wider body of same, which one circulates, publishes, or otherwise spreads by deliberate conscious effort in order to advance or hinder any given cause. This includes activity by a government to instill fear of that government's enemies, either in time of [[war]] or as a prelude to war, especially if the information that the government is promulgating is false.

Propagandists such as [[demagogue]]s, [[dictator]]s, [[false prophet]]s, and fanatical ideologists allegedly use, but primarily abuse [[logic]]. They all try to convince audiences that their reasoning is logical and sound, while in reality they twist, slant, and distort its process in whatever ways they believe they can without detection. [[Goebbels' maxim]] shows some of these speakers believe that the bigger the misrepresentation they can get away with, the greater the triumph. Since propagandists have already made up their minds, they are not really attempting to use logic in an honest search for [[truth]]. Their intention is only to deceive more effectively.<ref name="Virkler">{{cite book |author=Virkler, Henry A. |title=A Christian's Guide to Critical Thinking |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |location=Eugene, OR |year=1993 |isbn=978-15975-26616 |pages=183–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUgqAAAACAAJ}}</ref>

== History of the term ==

The first recorded use of the term, according to Merriam-Webster, was as a shortened name of the ''Congregatio de Propaganda Fide'', literally, "The congregation for spreading the faith." This group, part of the Vatican staff, is in essence the missions board of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The founder of this board was Pope Gregory XV.

Thus, originally, the term ''propaganda'' was a neutral term. It meant simply the act of ''propagating'' a viewpoint, the process for doing the same, or a group specifically charged with such activity.

Today, propaganda is anything under the above headings employed to advance any religious or political cause, or to damage an opposing cause. But the word ''propaganda'' now has a decidedly negative connotation. Whatever is spread must not merely be in support of one cause or in opposition to another, but must also be ''false, misleading, and/or out of its proper context.'' Or, if what is spread is true, then it is spread in a ''manner unbecoming a truthful witness.'' As such, it includes [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]], ''unsubstantiated'' rumors, and other sayings that the teller/spreader knows, or ought to know, are lies. It also includes modes of presentation that, through negligence, recklessness, knowledge, or intent, give offense, especially to the holders of contrary views.

== Types of propaganda ==
The specific sayings or modes of presentation that constitute propaganda are legion. The common element in them is an appeal to ''emotion'' rather than to [[logic]]. Truth or fact, logically presented, might stir the emotions—but a presentation ''manifestly intended'' to stir the emotions demeans the information being presented. Of course, if the information is false to begin with, then propagandistic methods might be the only methods that would serve.

<blockquote>Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell.<br>Though all things foul would wear the look of grace,<br>Yet grace must still look so.</blockquote>
: ''[[Macbeth]]'' IV.iii.

Propaganda typically takes any of these forms, or a combination of them:

# Name calling. This is the crudest and least savory form of [[Logical fallacy#Argumentum ad hominem|argumentum ad hominem]]. It consists of labeling the other cause, or a generic or particular adherent of that cause, with a noun or adjective having a decidedly negative "buzz" or "charge." Name-calling is also a part of the [[Logical fallacy#Genetic fallacy|genetic fallacy]] of endorsing, or casting doubt upon, a proposition merely by calling attention to its source, when the nature of the source does not bear on the truth value of the propositions that come from that source.
# Half-truths, or lies of omission, in which facts which support the distributor are spread while deliberately neglecting facts which would pose difficulty.
# Testimonials. This is a form of [[Logical fallacy#Proof by authority|argumentum ab auctoritate]]. A "celebrity endorsement" is a prime example. So, too, is any speech or essay by one publicly celebrated as an athlete, actor in any form of [[theater]], or other such person, on a subject in which the author has no legitimate expertise.
# [[Loaded question]]s.
# Distortions of fact.
# Extreme pronouncements, which are a form of [[Logical fallacy#Overgeneralization|over-generalizations]].
# Intimidation. This may include [[Logical fallacy#Proof by numbers|arguing from the numbers]] or reminding an opponent of the power of the particular individual or group engaging in the intimidation—or of an individual or group for which one claims to speak.
# Using abridged or out-of-context quotes to give a false impression, aka [[Quote mining]].
# Sayings that, however factual, fall outside the scope or even off the topic at hand. A [[law]]yer would say that such facts are "incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial"—because they do not serve to advance a [[logic]]al argument, are not properly related to the case at hand, and do not matter.
# Outright lies. Dr. [[Josef Goebbels]], Minister of Propaganda for [[Adolf Hitler]], famously observed that if one tells a lie loudly enough and often enough, people will believe it rather than believe that anyone could lie so outrageously.
#Personal attacks. This method of propaganda often involves spreading malicious rumors and misinformation about other people. The goal of such attacks is to undermine the character of the person in order to gain the upper hand. Name-calling and intimidation are often used in concurrence with this.

== Uses of propaganda in society today ==
Former president [[Woodrow Wilson]] is known his use of [[deceit]]ful political propaganda in the [[United States]], techniques first used by organizations such as the [[Committee on Public Information]], during the [[progressive]]-era in the early 1900s.<ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/196/4199/ Glenn talks with Jonah Goldberg, author of Liberal Fascism], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', January 15, 2008.</ref><ref name=journolist>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,597464,00.html Journolist Follows the Footsteps of Woodrow Wilson's Propagandists], ''[[Fox News]]'', July 22, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/198/35938/ Glenn Beck: Obama Zombies], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', February 4, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,593622,00.html Progressives' Fight for American Hearts and Minds], ''[[Fox News]]'', May 27, 2010.</ref> Today, propaganda has become the favorite method of [[politics]]. Both politicians and the commentators that support them routinely engage in it. The most egregious example of modern propaganda can probably be found in the films of [[Michael Moore]], which present a classic combination of factual fabrication, distorted interpretation, and emotional dishonesty. On television, [[Countdown]] with [[Keith Olbermann]] provides a nightly dose of mean-spirited, irrational invective. Journalists have also contributed, forming groups such as the [[JournoList]].<ref name=journolist /> The vicious and frivolous tone of so much modern propaganda has contributed, especially in the United States, to a coarsening of civil discourse and, some say, a severe weakening of civility.

In addition to civility, the idea of truth suffers from the habitual use of propaganda. Current-events organs that willfully publish propagandistic content not only contribute to the problem, but also demean themselves. In one famous example ([[Rathergate]]), a [[television]] broadcast network circulated for weeks certain memoranda, the contents of which were damaging to the incumbent President of the United States ([[George W. Bush]]), though those who obtained those memoranda knew, or ought to have known, that they were forgeries.

[[Theater]] has been an instrument of propaganda since before such things as current-events organs existed. Significantly, however, whenever theater has lent itself to propaganda, it has tended to demean itself. Even [[William Shakespeare]] was not immune to this - certain of his Histories, especially ''Richard the Third'' acted as propaganda for the ruling [[Tudor]] dynasty whose founder, [[Henry VII]], had defeated [[Richard III]] to become king.

== Counter-propaganda ==
The best contrary testimony against propaganda is the truth. This typically means revealing the full, previously undisclosed context and exposing [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]]. Confusingly though, skillfully produced propaganda may itself be masked as counter-propaganda.

Beyond this, it includes [[discernment]] of news organs that allow themselves to be utilized for propaganda purposes, discernment of propagandistic theater projects and refusal to patronize the same, and discernment of the content of political commentary, and its judgment, not merely on matters of fact, but also on the ''presentation'' of that fact. As has been said above, presentation even of perfectly relevant fact in a manner intended to manipulate the emotions, demeans the facts thus presented and also demeans the presenter. Above all, therefore, those who decry propaganda ought not engage in it themselves, nor give even the appearance of the same.

== See also ==

*[[Psychological warfare]]
*[[Media intelligence complex]]
*[[Michael Moore]]
*[[Keith Olbermann]]
*[[Bill Maher]]
*[[List of Communist publications]]
*[[Logical fallacy]]
*[[Cult of personality]]
*[[List of military strategies and concepts]]
*[[Operation Infektion]]

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?sourceid=Mozilla-search&va=Propaganda Propaganda] in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
* [http://www.creationsafaris.com/crevbd.htm#propaganda Propaganda Tactics] at "The Baloney Detector" at Creation-Evolution Headlines

{{liberalism}}

[[Category:Sociology]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]
[[Category:Deceit]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Military Strategies and Concepts]]

Age of the Earth

2020-05-25T21:36:24Z

AK: /* Widespread Historical Acceptance of Biblical Account */typo: tought --> thoughts

[[File:Blue Marble.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The historical and scientific evidence strongly indicates that the [[earth]] is approximately 6,000 years old.{{#tag:ref|cf.
*Age of the earth: 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe<ref name="101Evidences">{{cite web |title=Age of the earth; 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe |author=Don Batten |publisher= CMI |date= 4 June 2009 |url=https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth}}</ref>
*How old is the earth?<ref name="RefutingEvo">{{cite book |title=Refuting Evolution; How old is the earth? |author=Jonathan Sarfati |chapter =8 |url=https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth}}</ref>
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa ‘Young’ age of the Earth & Universe Q&A]
*[https://creation.com/jesus-age-earth Jesus on the age of the earth]|group=note}}]]
{{See also|Counterexamples to an Old Earth}}

The '''Age of the Earth''' has been a matter of interest to humans for millennia. All verifiable evidence indicates that the Earth is about 6,000 years old. Yet with circular reasoning and implausible assumptions, [[liberals]] insist that the Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years (4.54 × 10<sup>9</sup> ± 1%).<ref name="101Evidences"/><ref name="RefutingEvo"/><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/22/opinion/polls/main965223.shtml polling]</ref>

Old Earth advocates rely on one flawed assumption to the exclusion of other evidence, similar to how an investigator may mistakenly rely on one faulty eyewitness's opinion to the exclusion of all else. In fact, eyewitness testimony is proven to be less reliable than other indicators, just as the assumption by Old Earth proponents that the [[Radiometric dating|rate of radioactive decay]] has always been constant is flawed. Far from being constant, the rate of radioactive decay would almost certainly slow down as the universe cools.<ref>https://www.icr.org/article/nuclear-decay-evidence-for-young-world</ref><ref>https://www.icr.org/article/radioactive-decay-rates-not-stable</ref><ref>https://answersingenesis.org/geology/radiometric-dating/the-fallacies-of-radioactive-dating-of-rocks</ref> At the very least, it is not consistent and easily predictable.<ref>http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Radioactive_Decay_Rates</ref>

Moreover, a large number of physical processes, such as neutron capture and fluctuations in solar radiation, affect the rate of radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's crust and render radioactive dating measurements unreliable, depending upon the specific methods used.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899536205000138#bib6</ref>

Much scientific evidence points to a [[young earth creationism|young age]] of the earth and the universe and the biblical creation organization [[Creation Ministries International]] published articles entitled ''[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe]'' and [https://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] which summarize some of the evidence for a young age of the earth.

== Historical views ==
[[Image:Landscape.jpg|right|300px]]
=== Widespread Historical Acceptance of Biblical Account ===
{{See also|Earth age opinions of prominent Christians - pre-1800|Scriptural geologists}}
For most of recorded history humans of many backgrounds, such as the first-century [[historian]] [[Flavius Josephus]],<ref name="FLuke2007">{{cite journal |title=Josephus says, ‘Genesis means what it says!’ |author=Frank Luke |journal=Creation |publisher=CMI |issue=29 |volume=3 |pages=15–17 |date=June 2007 |url=https://creation.com/josephus-says-genesis-means-what-it-says |quote=Josephus ... explicitly states that man had been around for only 3,000 years by the time of Moses. |accessdate=1 Oct 2017}}</ref> St. Barnabas and St. Irenæus,<ref>Burnet, p. 259.</ref> viewed the age of the Earth to be around 6,000 years.<ref>Burnet, p. 258.</ref>

Saint [[Cyril]], who came into Great Moravia (present day [[Slovakia]] and Moravia in [[Czech Republic]]) from [[Byzantine Empire]] in 863 [[AD]] as [[Christian]] [[missionary]], wrote in his poem ''Proglas'',<ref>{{cite web
|title=Proglas
|publisher=sme.sk
|url=http://zlatyfond.sme.sk/dielo/93/Filozof_Proglas
|language=Slovak
|access date=05.05.2012
|quote=The parchment version of Proglas in Cyrillic from 13th century was discovered in 1858 by Russian Slavic scholar Hilferding}}</ref> dedicated to his works on translation of the four [[Bible|biblical]] [[The Gospels|Gospel]]s to Slavonic language, the following sentence that brings testimony about the perception of the age of the world that time:
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="4" |{{cquote|To the holy Gospels I am the Foreword:<br/> for as it was promised by the prophets long ago,<br/> Christ comes to gather the nations,<br/> for He sheds light on the world entire.<br/>That is what has happened ''in our '''seventh''' millennium.''}}
!''The seventh millennium'' since the [[Creation]] was calculated as follows:
|-
| '''5 508''' years that had passed since the Creation till [[Jesus Christ]]’s birth plus
|-
| '''863''' (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia)
|-
|results in figure of '''6 371'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proglas, the foreword to the Old Church Slavonic translation of the four Gospels|publisher=The Centre for Information on Literature, Slovakia|url=http://www.litcentrum.sk/36106|access date=05.05.2012|quote=Explanations: '''in our seventh millennium''' – it means the seventh millennium since the Creation. It was calculated as follows: 5 508 years that had passed since the Creation till Jesus Christ’s birth plus 863 AD (the year when Constantine and Methodius had come to Moravia) added to the year 6 371 -- that is seventh millennium.}}</ref>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:brown; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the origin of [[mankind]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from, and contradicting one another, [as the Greeks have], but only twenty-two books, which contain '''the records of all the past times'''; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death. '''This interval of time was little short of three thousand years'''; …we men are the most excellent of the creatures of [[God]] upon earth."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Flavius Josephus]]<ref name="FLuke2007"/>
</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Truly six natural days
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"the six days were '''truly six natural days''', because here [[Moses]] says that [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] were created on the sixth day. One may not use [[Sophistry|sophistries]] with reference to this text."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Martin Luther]]<ref name="Luther">{{cite book |title=Luther's works: Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 1-5 |translator=George V. Schick |editor=Jaroslav Pelikan |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |place=Saint Louis |year=1958 |volume=1 |chapter=ONE |pages=69 |isbn=978-0-5700-6401-5 |url=https://www.cph.org/p-607-luthers-works-volume-1-lectures-on-genesis-chapters-1-5.aspx }}</ref>
</div>
|}
Prior to the onset of [[totalitarian]] and [[uniformitarianism|uniformitarian]] (i.e. long-age) [[scientism]] promoted by [[Charles Lyell|Lyell]], [[Darwin]], [[T. H. Huxley|Huxley]], and others in the 19th century, when most people and scientists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] had a [[Christian]] or [[biblical]] worldview, the [[Atheism|atheist]]ic [[evolution]]ary concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to mainstream [[Western civilization|Western]] [[science]] beyond cursory [[philosophical]] speculations.<ref name="YECBritannica">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher=creation.com |url=https://creation.com/encyclopedia-britannica-supporting-a-young-earth |quote=The concept of billions of years for the age of the earth was unknown to science (or to the church[4]) before the rise of uniformitarianism in the 19th century. This is strong evidence that modern long-age views of creation do not originate in Genesis, but are a misguided attempt by some Christian leaders to try to reconcile what God has said with the atheistic pronouncements of evolutionary ‘science’.|accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref>

For example, in his 1619 book the ''Harmonices Mundi'' (The Harmony of the World), [[Johannes Kepler]], [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] whose [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|discoveries]] are used in present-day rocket science,<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to Rocket Science and Engineering |author=Travis S. Taylor |publisher=CRC Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781498772341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl&id=aAagDgAAQBAJ}}</ref> wrote that he does not care if his book will need to wait a century for a reader, as [[God]] has waited '''six thousand years''' for him as an [[Scientific observation|observer]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Harmony of the World |author=Johannes Kepler |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1997 |pages=IX, XXXVII, 391, 410 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEkLAAAAIAAJ&q=six+thousand#v=snippet&q=six%20thousand&f=false|quote=O, Almighty God, I am thinking Thy thoughts after Thee! ... The book is written, to be read either now or by posterity, I care not which. It may be well to wait a century for a reader, as God has waited six thousand years for an observer.}}</ref> Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and [[Isaac Newton]] also strongly defended [[Biblical chronology]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Greatest Hoax on Earth? Refuting Dawkins on Evolution |author=Jonathan Sarfati |publisher=Creation Books Publishers |year=2010 |place=Atlanta, Georgia, USA |pages=311 |isbn=978-1921-643064 |url=https://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php |quote=Kepler calculated a Creation date of 3992 BC, and Isaac Newton (1643-1727), probably the greatest scientist of all time, also strongly defended biblical chronology.}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book
|author= Isaac Newton
|title= Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John
|publisher=Originally: J. DARBY and T. BROWNE (2005: Project Gutenberg)
|place=London
|chapter=PART I. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel.CHAP. I. Introduction concerning the Compilers of the Books of the Old Testament.
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16878?msg=welcome_stranger
|quote=The Pentateuch is composed of the Law and the history of God’s people together; and the history hath been collected from several books, such as were the history of the Creation composed by Moses, Genesis 2:4; the book of the generations of Adam, #Ge 5:1;
|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Experimenting on a Small Planet: A Scholarly Entertainment
|author=William W. Hay |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |pages=63|isbn=9783642285608 |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=teJYlWH9vg4C |quote=Ussher’s was not the first nor last attempt to determine the age of the Earth from the Bible. Estimates had been made by the Venerable Bede in 723 (3952 BC) and John Lightfoot in 1644 (3929), and later by Johannes Kepler (3992 BC), and Isaac Newton (4000 BC) among others.}}</ref> The latter also vigorously opposed to a naturalistic cosmic evolution and suggested [[chemical]] processes that might aid in explaining the creation of the earth's [[crust]] during the '''six days'''.<ref name="Rappaport1997">{{cite book |title=When Geologists Where Historians, 1665-1750 |author=Rhoda Rappaport |publisher=Cornell University Press |place=Ithaca and London |year=1997 |pages=138, 197 |isbn=978-0801-433863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30U3W2kI7foC}}</ref> The vast majority of commentators in the past interpreted the days of [[Genesis]] as ordinary days. Furthermore, even those who did not, such as [[Origen]] and [[Augustine]], vigorously attacked long-age ideas and affirmed that the world was '''only thousands of years'''.<ref name="FLuke2007"/> The 17th century [[French]] [[philosopher]] and moralist Jean de La Bruyère wrote in his ''Des Ouvrages des esprits'' (''On works of the spirit'') that ''"Everything has been said, and one comes into the world too late after '''seven thousand years''' in which there have been thinking men."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Des Ouvrages des esprits (On works of the spirit) |author=Jean de La Bruyère |publisher=frenchphilosophes.weebly.com |url=http://frenchphilosophes.weebly.com/la-bruyegravere.html |accesdate=12 May 2019 |quote=Tout est dit, et l'on vient trop tard depuis plus '''de sept mille''' ans qu'il y a des hommes et qui pensent. Sur ce qui concerne les mœurs, le plus beau et meilleur est enlevé; l'on ne fait que glaner après les anciens et les habiles d'entre les modernes. |language=French}}</ref><br>

In 1771, the first edition of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the oldest English-language general encyclopedia that was first published as a 3-volume set in [[Scotland]], included a table of world events under the heading ‘[[Astronomy]]’ on page 493. These events begin with the [[creation]] of the world in the year 0, which they dated at 4007 years before Christ.<ref name="YECBritannica"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Encyclopaedia Britannica: supporting a young earth! |publisher= creation.com |url=https://creation.com/media-center?fileID=Rj4PFM_od9U |quote= The notion that the world in billions of years old has only been popular for about 200 years. Before that time most scientists understood that Noah's Flood was responsible for laying down the rocks which today are associated with millions of years. Richard Fangrad and Calvin Smith discuss the details. |accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref><br>

In 1830, Dr. Hales published a list of 120 historical authorities from various cultures who had decided on an official [[date of creation]].<ref name="Hales">{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> These ranged from 6984 B.C. to 3616 B.C.<ref>Batten 2002 quotes from "Young’s Analytical Concordance of the Holy Bible", 1879 8th Edition, 1939, which relates this, and reproduces the selection of the dates from Young.</ref>

Included in Hales' list is [[James Ussher]], who calculated the '''famous date of 4004 B.C.''' for creation<ref name="Carson">{{cite book
|author=David G. Dunbar et al.
|title=Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
|editor=D.A. Carson and J.D. Woodbridge
|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year=1986 (Zondervan), 2005
|location=Eugene, Oregon
|chapter=Nine: The Biblical Canon
|pages=256
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHoFAQAACAAJ
|isbn=1-59752-118-3
|quote= Professor John Redwood describes the commitments of seventeenth century Christians: “To the seventeenth-century biblical chronology, the account of Moses, and the science of geology were all part of the same world of learning. No one seeking to enquire into rocks or minerals, into earth history of formation of the earth’s configuration could afford to ignore or deny the value of his primary source, the Bible.” James Ussher in the early seventeenth century had based his dating of creation at 4004 B.C. on a detailed and literal reading of the historical accounts.}}</ref> and published it in his ''magnum opus'', ''[[The Annals of the World]]'' during the mid-1600s. Young Earth creationists, essentially adopting the same method as [[Nikola Tesla]] who was taught by his mother ''"to seek all truth in the Bible,"''<ref>{{cite book |title=My inventions: The autobiography of Nikola Tesla |author=Nikola Tesla |publisher=NuVision Publications LLC |year=1982 |pages=41 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=no&id=uBafTxRVtkAC&q=Bible#v=snippet&q=Bible&f=false |quote= Up to that time I never realized that I possed any particular gift of discovery, but the Lord Rayleigh, whom I considered an ideal man of science, had said so, and if that was the case, I felt that I should concentrate on some big idea. At this time, as many other times in the past, my thoughts turned towards my mother's teaching. The gift of mental power comes from God, Divine Being, and if we concentrate our minds on that truth, we become in tune with this great power. My Mother had taught me to seek all truth in the Bible; therefore I devoted the next few months to the study of this work.}}</ref> still consider this date to be close to the actual date.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Creation Seminar 1 - Age of the Earth (FULL)
|author=Kent Hovind
|publisher=Creation Science Evangelism
|page=31min:00sec
|url=https://youtu.be/szBTl3S24MY?t=1857
|accessdate=26 July 2015
}}</ref> The year 4004 [[B.C.]] was considered to be also a remarkable astronomical epoch by the great French astronomer [[Pierre Simon Laplace|Laplace]] who in his ''Méchanique Céleste'', Tom III.p. 113, announced a curious discovery - it was supposed to be a year when the great axis of the earth's [[orbit]] coincided with the line of the [[equinox]]es, and consequently true and mean equinoxes were united.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chronology and geography |author=William Hales |publisher=C.J.G. & F. Rivington |year=1830 |page=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfVAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

=== Evolutionists vs. “odious spectre” Kelvin ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Time as key hero for [[naturalistic]] ‘[[Fog displacement|explanation]]’
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''“Time is in fact the hero of the plot … given so much time the "impossible" becomes [[Logic of possibility|possible]], the possible probable and the probably virtually certainly certain. One has only to wait: time itself performs [[miracle]]s.”''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— George Wald<ref>{{cite book |title= The Physics and Chemistry of Life|author=George Wald |publisher=G. Bell |year= 1957 |pages=12 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IlCgnQEACAAJ }}</ref><ref name="West">{{cite web |title=Western culture and the age of the earth; Review of The Dating Game: One Man’s Search for the Age of the Earth by Cherry Lewis, Cambridge University Press, 2000 |author= Tas Walker |publisher= CMI |url= https://creation.com/cherry-lewis-the-dating-game-one-mans-search-for-the-age-of-the-earth-book-review |accessdate=13 June 2015
}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Ad. “time itself performs miracles” - cf. [[Evolution of the gaps]]: An 'explanation' that has no other than philosophical implication and that cannot be tested is regarded for a key symptom of ideological thinking. Moreover, the Slovak poet Ondrej Fabrici maintained that [[idol]]s of the old [[pagan]] belief systems have been refurbished and disguised in the changed setting of the modern era under the new name of scientific endeavor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Prorok Daniel (Prophet Daniel)|author= Jozef Ondrej Markuš|publisher=Matica slovenská|year=2001|page=39|isbn=80-7090-600-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpnkAAAACAAJ|language=Slovak |quote=
Či zmenil dačo Chronos starý na plánoch tých Babylonu, hoci sa ako dieťa tvári vek atómu, elektrónu?! Len tváre figúr vymenené, technika ťahov spresnená, idoly staré postavené odiali sa v nové mená! Kulisy zmenil Chronos – čas Babylon žije prostred nás! (Ondrej Fabrici)}}</ref> For example, the “incomprehensibly vast periods of time” invoked by evolutionism is in fact nothing more than refurbished and masqueraded belief in creative power of elapsing time represented either by ancient [[Babylonian]] god, transposed into Greek mythology as [[Chronos]], or antique Aeon,<ref>{{cite web |title= ЭОН |publisher= dic.academic.ru |url= http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/3798/ЭОН |language=Russian |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= ЭОН (греч. ), термин др.-греч. философии, «жизненный век», «вечность», время в аспекте жизненного существования, как некая целостная самозамкнутая структура (ср. лат. aevum, рус. «век») в отличие от «хро-носа» как абстрактного, количественно-измерительного, объективного и аморфного времени. … В гностицизме зон – это силы, которые исходят от божества. … Эон в геологии длительный период времени, состоящий из нескольких эр.}}</ref> a divine power constituting a [[gnostic]] belief system.<ref name="Skarsaune">{{cite book
|author=Oskar Skarsaune
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influence on Early Christianity
|publisher=IVP Academic
|year=2002
|location=Downers Grove, IL
|pages=246
|chapter=12:Orthodoxy and Heresy
|isbn=978-0-8308-2844-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC
|quote=There are several gnostic “systems,” with a great deal of variety in details, but one can newertheless discern a basic pattern that is common to most or all Gnostic texts: There exists a highest God, who within himself comprises several divine powers. The Gnostics called these powers aeons, and there were different systems of arranging aeons. … This aeon, confused and in despair, created the material world…
}}</ref>|group=note}}</div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On rewriting the history
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"The first battlefield is the rewriting of [[history]]."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Materialist]] [[Karl Marx]]<ref name="FIORAZO2012">{{cite book |author=David Fiorazo |title=ERADICATE: Blotting Out God in America |publisher=Life Sentence Publishing |place=Abbotsford, WA |year=2012 |chapter=3 |page=59 |isbn=978-1-62245-026-8 |url=http://davidfiorazo.com/2013/02/introduction-to-eradicate-blotting-out-god-in-america/}}</ref></div>
|}
Although [[materialism]] was at the time almost unanimously rejected by the scientific community,<ref name="Debré">{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=151|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C|quote=}}</ref> George-Louis Lecrerc, Count of [[Buffon]], rejected [[Christianity]], adopted [[Evolutionism|evolutionary thought]], and thus searched for [[materialistic]] explanations for the [[origin science|origin]] of earth.<ref name="Larson">{{cite book
|author=E.J. Larson
|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
|publisher=Modern Library
|location=New York
|year=2006
|pages=9, 13–18, 39, 58–62
|isbn=0-8129-6849-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Larson+Evolution:+The+Remarkable+History&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PbZfVJugD83vaJengLgI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=rejected%20Christianity%20&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. "Of course, no one can precisely gauge hom much [[Enlightenment]] thinking about material origin for life and organic species contributed to the political, social, and religious turmoil of the French Revolution, but some observers at the time saw a causal link. Notions of biological instability seemed to breed social disorder; ... and chaos ensued as the law of jungle became the rule in Paris. For [[Cuvier]], ... Speculative systems in natural history invited ruin. ... [He] took every opportunity to criticize the speculations of [[Buffon]] and other materialist-minded naturalists."<ref name="Larson"/>|group=note}} Despite his treatises lacking both a timescale and even a clearly developed sense of time, in 1778 he proposed, apparently following his own belief ''"past is so old and has left so few traces that one can say anything one likes about it"'',<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> that the Earth was about 74,832 years old,<ref name="ingv">INGV</ref> what was also in line with thinking that pushed God as [[Creator]] either back in time or out of the picture altogether.<ref name="Larson"/>
In the early nineteenth-century, the so called [[uniformitarian]]s conspired to overthrow the [[Biblical chronology]] that would measure geologic time in generations of man.<ref name="Richter">{{cite journal |title=Geological Notes: Kelvin and the Age of Earth |author=F.M. Richter |publisher=Journal of Geology |year=1986 |volume=94 |pages=395–401 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30068713}}</ref> The dictum as a fundamental maxim for their geological speculation and worldview<ref name="PerryInAS">{{cite web |title=Kelvin, Perry and the Age of the Earth |author=Philip C. England, Peter Molnar, Frank M. Richter |date= |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/kelvin-perry-and-the-age-of-the-earth |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Before dissecting Kelvin's arguments, it is worth describing the worldview that he was opposing.}}</ref> was expressed through [[James Hutton]]’s aphorism,<ref name="ingv"/> coming from his 1785 book ''Theory of the earth'': ''“The revolt, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find [[Singularity#Antipathy to the idea of beginning|no vestige of a beginning]], [[Horror of a Divine Foot|no prospect of an end]].“''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics">{{cite web |title=On Geological Dynamics |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow |year=1869 |url=http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_geological_dynamics.html |aaccessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Theory of the earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution and restoration of land upon the globe. |author=James Hutton |publisher=Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1785 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjYAAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Hutton's theory of the earth was not based on field observations but on his [[Wishful thinking|wishful]], speculative confusion of geological process with [[Newton]]ian [[physics]].<ref name="GOULDinNYT">{{cite web |title=IT'S AN OLD, OLD , OLD, OLD WORLD |publisher= NYT |author=D. R. Wallace |date= June 14, 1987 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/09/home/gould-arrow.html |accessdate=7 June 2015 |quote=Hutton's theory of the earth as a geological clockwork of eroding continents balanced against uplifting ocean basins was not based on field observations but on his wishful, speculative confusion of geological process with Newtonian physics....Hutton and Lyell were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state...The textbook legend of Hutton and Lyell seems dim and confused compared with that of Copernicus and Galileo. In demonstrating the shallowness of that legend}}</ref>

In 1822, [[Joseph Fourier|Fourier]] laid the groundwork for the mathematical analysis of the flow of [[heat]] in his treatise ''Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur''; and later, in 1827, he published arguments that the Earth must be cooling.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique">{{cite journal | title=John Perry’s neglected critique of Kelvin’s age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics |author=P. England, P. Molnar, F. Richter |journal=GSA Today |volume= 17 |number= 1 |date=January 2007 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 |url=http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/faculty/molnarpdf/2007GSAT.England.PerryKelvinBlownOpportunity.pdf |accessdate=5 June 2015 |quote= Fourier ... made arguments that the Earth must be cooling (Fourier, 1827), with which Lyell was certainly familiar (Lyell, 1830, p. 140–141).}}</ref> This was in line with so called [[Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis]], under which the earth would have gradually cooled from its assumed molten beginnings to its current state.

In 1830 [[Charles Lyell]], despite being familiar with Fourier's arguments,<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> supported, with a convert's zeal, the Hutton's idea of a
steady-state Earth of indefinite age in ''Principles of Geology'',<ref name="ingv" /> a book that later influenced [[Darwin]]. Lyell started his book with a self-serving history of geology that [[Academician Burdenko syndrome|uncritically hailed]] any insight anticipating uniformitarianism and under the banner ''“to free the science from Moses”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Charles Lyell |title= Principles of Geology |volume= 1 |year=1881 (1990)|publisher=University of Chicago Press (reprint) |pages=268 (XVII) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WjnbzHpvfEC |quote=Most other geologists, whether or not they agreed with Lyell on specific issues, would in fact have considered themselves his allies in hoping “to free the science from Moses” (Lyell 1881, vol.1, p.268).}}</ref> [[Kerkut’s student syndrome|utterly dismissed]] the contributions of [[Catastrophism|catastrophists]] including [[Georges Cuvier]], the "lion of nineteenth-century French science" and founder of modern comparative anatomy and paleontology, who as early as 1796 announced ''"the existence of a world previous to ours, destroyed by some kind of catastrophe"'' and whose scientific arguments for the theory of [[special creation]] held back the tide of evolutionary thought for a generation.<ref name="Larson"/> Lyell shown up to be a disciple of Buffon, who resolutely refused to accept the notion of catastrophes, including the [[Noah's Flood|Biblical Flood]], which many of their contemporaries upheld. Before Darwin boarded the HMS Beagle in 1831, his Cambridge tutor Adam Sedgwick, who had supplied just twenty-two years old Darwin with a reading list for the voyage, conspicuously omitted controversial Lyell’s ''Principles''. Darwin was however given a copy of the book by the ship's aristocratic captain Robert FitzRoy, who wished to have some scientific person on board.<ref name="Larson"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 1 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 1, 46min:15sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hoDaxVIVPE&feature=youtu.be&t=2850 |accessdate=May 17, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> Darwin was fascinated by book, he dedicated his own writings about the voyage to Lyell, and in his letters claimed that ''"I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell's brains ... the great merit of the Principles, was that it altered the whole tone of one's mind & therefore that when seeing a thing never seen by Lyell, one yet saw it partially through his eyes."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. to Horner, Leonard 29 Aug 1844 |author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-771 |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgrey; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About people who admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''If the question "When?" is asked, the natural reply is merely a look of astonishment, and persistent enquiry elicits '''nothing more definite than a vague "Long ago."'''{{#tag:ref|Ad. ''“nothing more definite than a vague ’Long ago’”'' cf.
*''«I asked Ramsay how long a time he allowed for that history. He answered that he could suggest no limit to it. I said “You don’t suppose geological history has run through 1,000,000,000 years?” “Certainly I do.” “10,000,000,000 years?” “Yes.” “The sun is a finite body. You can tell how many tons it is. Do you think it has been shining for a million million years? ” “I am as incapable of estimating and understanding the reasons which you physicists have for limiting geological time as you are incapable of understanding the geological reasons for our unlimited estimates.” I answered, “You can understand the physicists’ reasoning perfectly if you give your mind to it.”»'' Lord Kelvin, conversation on geological time with Sir Andrew Ramsay during the meeting of the British Association at Dundee in 1867<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Age of the Earth as an Abode Fitted for Life
|journal=Science |publisher= American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=9 |issue=228 |date= May 12, 1899 |page=668 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1626214?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents |accessdate=July 18, 2105}}</ref>
*''“I don't have millions billions of years”'' Gail E. Kennedy, Associate Professor, Anthropology, [[UCLA]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolution Vs. God Movie |publisher=Living Waters |pages=14min:48sec|date=6 Aug 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0u3-2CGOMQ&feature=youtu.be&t=885 |accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>
*''“I require for my theoretical views '''a very long''' period before the Cambrian formation.”'' Ch. Darwin<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869"/>
*Vallisneri, who together with [[Leibniz]] urged Louis Burguet to consider ''biblical time'' as ''too restricted'', '''could add nothing more''' to his early conviction that the earth is ''"of '''nearly incomprehensible antiquity'''"''. Rappaport (p.195-7)<ref name="Rappaport1997"/>|group=note}} Anything else, of course, could not be expected from a people whose [[Big Bang theory|conceptions of the development of the universe]] are limited to a recognition of the [[Geologic system#The system|alternation of seasons]] and the [[Abiogenesis|insistent mysteries of life]] and death.''<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Arthur Holmes <ref name="Holmes1913">{{cite web |title= The age of the earth |author= Arthur Holmes |publisher= Harper |place=London |year= 1913 |pages=2, 11, 135 |url= https://archive.org/details/ageofearth00holmuoft |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=As an example of one of the more extravagant demands, mention may be made of Darwin’s estimate in 1859 of the time elapsed since the latter part of the Cretaceous period. From the rate of chalk erosion in Kent, he deduced that the excavation of the Wealden valleys had required a period of 300 million years. Referring to this estimate, Jukes gave his opinion that while it might be a hundred time too great, it was equally probable that it was hundred times too small. Evidently 30,000 million years, in the absence of more reliable data, was not considered an absurdly excessive period for the erosion of the Weald. It should be noticed, however, that after the publication of Thomson’s views, Darwin withdrew this estimate from the origin of species.}}</ref></div>
|}
In his 1859 ''[[The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection|Origin of species by means of Natural selection]]'', Darwin declared that ''‘He who can read Sir Charles Lyell’s grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume.’''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/><ref>{{cite book |title= On the Origin of Species |author= Charles Darwin |year=1859 |pages=282 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdIp_XRopbcC&q=incomprehensibly+vast#v=snippet&q=incomprehensibly%20vast&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|For partisans of [[Clifford's injunction]] closing this volume at once definitely appears to be a highly commendable suggestion.|group=note}} Darwin based his views on Hutton and Lyell who were dedicated not to modern notions of geological dynamism but to antique ones of geological steady-state.<ref name="GOULDinNYT"/> It is believed a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories was a factor that might have contributed to FitzRoy’s tragic decision to suicide on 30 April 1865.<ref>{{cite web |title= FitzRoy's Bicentenary|publisher= The Friends of Charles Darwin |url=http://friendsofdarwin.com/articles/fitzroy/ |quote= The ridicule over the weather forecasts was probably the last straw that drove FitzRoy to suicide on 30th April, 1865. But there were numerous other factors that might have contributed to his tragic decision: his failed New Zealand governorship; a feeling of guilt at having helped Darwin arrive at his heretical theories; his belief that suicide was a family trait; who knows what else might have helped push him over the edge? |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC67">{{cite web |title=The Voyage of Charles Darwin, Part 6&7 |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |pages=7-part series Part 6&7, 1h:49min:35sec |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXY-EWZU5qo&feature=youtu.be&t=6575
|accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>

The doctrine that the Earth was of unlimited age allowed Uniformitarian geologists to evade [[explanation in science|explaining]] any [[phenomenon|phenomena]] by laws of [[physics]] and resort to [[Fog displacement|blurring]] them by ''“reckless drafts on the bank of time”'' instead. For the legendary British physicist William Thomson, later known as [[Lord Kelvin]], this game without rules was simply not scientific. The speculations of uniformitarians on age of the Earth were forbidden by the laws of the thermodynamics, which he had helped in developing. He showed, with the full force and prestige of mathematical physics,{{#tag:ref|cf.
*''"God is mathematician of a very high order and He used advanced mathematics in constructing the universe."'' [[Paul Dirac]]<ref name="Flew">{{Cite book|title=There is a God, How the world's most notorious atheist changed his mind|author=Antony Flew|publisher=HarperOne|year=2008|isbn=978-0-06-133530-3|pages=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbL66ePcjpQC |quote= }}</ref>
*''"Religion and natural science are fighting a joint battle in an incessant, never relaxing crusade against skepticism and against dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition … [and therefore] ‘On to God’"'' [[Max Planck]]<ref name="Flew"/>|group=note}} that, if one were to assume that the Earth is a solid body cooling from an initially high temperature, measurement of the rate of heat loss from its surface would clearly place limits on its age.

Kelvin started to advance his arguments under the title ''“Note on Certain Points in the Theory of Heat”'' first in 1844 in ''Cambridge Mathematical Journal''. After clarifying some of Fourier’s mathematics related to the conduction of heat and the dissipation of energy, he presented the upper boundary for the age of the Earth in his 1863 classic paper ''On the Secular Cooling of the Earth'' as '''98 millions of years'''.<ref name="OnSecularCooling">{{cite web |title= On the Secular Cooling of the Earth |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1864 (Read 1862) |volume= XXIII |pages= 167–169 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_secular_cooling_of_the_earth.html |aaccessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref> The figure was based i.a. on following assumptions and considerations:
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | On the Kelvin's calculations
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''I have sometimes been asked by friends interested in geology to criticise Lord Kelvin's calculation of the probable age of the earth. I have usually said that it is hopeless to expect that Lord Kelvin should have made an error in calculation.''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—John Perry<ref>{{cite journal |title= On the Age of the Earth |author=John Perry |journal=Nature |date= 3 January 1895 |issue=51 |pages=224–227 |doi=10.1038/051224a0 |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v51/n1314/pdf/051224a0.pdf
}}</ref> </div>
|}
* The ‘celebrated’ '''Poisson’s hypothesis''', that the present underground heat of Earth is due to a passage, at some former period, of the Solar system through hotter stellar regions, would not serve uniformitarians and evolutionists right, since it either grants only short time periods with moderate temperature on earth’s surface or, if the transition from hot region to cold region is shifted further back in time, it leads to extreme temperatures that must have destroyed all animal and vegetable life.
* The '''[[Leibniz’s theory of earth|Leibnitz’s theory]]''', which simply supposes the earth to have been at one time an incandescent liquid, without explaining how it got into that state, is the best for view of the geologists who require the longest periods.
* The initial temperature of molten blob to be 7000 °F or 3888 °C, respectively, corresponding to a high estimate of generally assumed temperature of melting rock. Later Kelvin explained that he could take lower value as more probable, but was most anxious not to underestimate the age of the earth based on the very meager information then available.<ref name="KelvinNature1895"/>
* The measurements of underground temperatures near Edinburgh served as basis for the estimated “general increase of temperature in the Earth downwards” alias mean geothermal gradient of 1/50th of a degree Fahrenheit per foot (~ ca 36 °C/km).

After taking into account the estimated uncertainties in thermal gradient and thermal conductivity, Kelvin broadened an upper limit for the age of the Earth to interval between 20 and 400 millions of years (20 ~ 400 Ma). In a later paper, based on experimental results performed by Carl Barus (who found out that diabase, a typical [[basalt]] of very primitive character, melts between 1100 °C and 1170 °C and is thoroughly liquid at 1300 °C),<ref name="KelvinNature1895">{{cite journal |title=On the Age of the Earth |author= Lord Kelvin |journal= Nature (reprint in SA)|date= January 3, 1895 |pages= 334–337 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lord-kelvin-on-the-age-of-the-earth/ |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Carl Barus (Phil. Mag., 1893, first half year, pp. 186, 187, 301-305) that diabase, a typical basalt of very primitive character, melts between 1,100° C. and 1,170° and is thoroughly liquid at 1,300°.}}</ref> he modified the value for supposed initial molten rock temperature to 1200 °C,<ref name="Richter"/> thus by the end of the 1800s narrowed down the interval to 20 ~ 40Ma,<ref name="chemeu">{{cite web |title=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin |publisher=chemeurope.com |url=http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin.html |accessdate=14 June 2015 |quote= Thomson ultimately settled on an estimate that the Earth was 20-40 million years old }}</ref> with personal preference for the lower value which is also the most quoted one.<ref name="West"/><ref>{{cite book |title= The Dating Game: One Man's Search for the Age of the Earth |author= Cherry Lewis |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2012 |pages= 39 |isbn= 978-11076-59599 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vU1yZQ03Kz0C }}</ref>

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | About theoretical views requiring a very long period
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"When you measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it, but when you cannot express it in numbers your knowledge about it is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">—William Thompson, Lord Kelvin<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Evelyn Lamb |publisher=Scientific American |date= 26 June 2013 |url= http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/roots-of-unity/lord-kelvin-age-of-the-eart/ |accessdate=19 April 2016
}}</ref> </div>
|}
Many scientists liked these values, since they appeared to be consistent with calculations made by [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], who in 1854 estimated the age of sun to be between 20 and 40 million years,<ref name="ingv"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Trial balloons and the age of the earth |author= Tas Walker |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> but for both evolutionists in biology as well as uniformitarians in geology they were distastefully low.<ref name="KelvinRevisited">{{cite web |title= Lord Kelvin revisited on the young age of the earth |author= John Woodmorappe |publisher=CMI |url= https://creation.com/trial-balloons-geochronology |accessdate= 14 June 2015}}</ref> Darwin wrote in his letters that he has ''“not as yet been able to digest the fundamental notion of the shortened age of the sun and earth,”''<ref>{{cite book |author= Loren Eiseley
|title=Darwin’s Century: Evolution and the Men who Discovered It
|publisher=Anchor
|place=New York
|year=1961
|pages=234, 235, 240
|isbn= 978-03850-81412
|url=https://www.amazon.com/Darwins-Century-Evolution-Men-Discovered/dp/0385081413
}}</ref> and admitted that ''“Thompson's views of the recent age of the world”'' have been for some time one of his ''“sorest troubles.”'' (1869).<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 6706
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 14 Apr 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6706#mark-6706.f4
|quote=Thompson's views of the recent age of the world have been for some time one of my sorest troubles, & so I have been glad to read what you say.f4:William Thomson held that the crust of the earth had solidified only 100 million years ago, and had criticised [Charles Darwin]'s estimate in the first edition of Origin of 300 million years for the denudation of the Weald (see W. Thomson 1862a, pp. 391--2). See also Correspondence vol. 16, letter to G. H. Darwin, [9 December 1868].
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> Notwithstanding some Croll's ''"excellent remarks on the work which can be effected within a million years,"'' he felt ''"greatly troubled at the short duration of the world according to Sir W. Thompson,"'' for Darwin required for his ''"theoretical views '''a very long period''' before the [[Cambrian]] formation"''.<ref name="DarwinToCroll31JAN1869">{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Croll, James, Letter 6585
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 31 Jan 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6585
|quote= The physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) had calculated the age of the earth based on its cooling from a molten ball. He concluded that the earth could not possibly have existed with its crust in a similar state as at present for the length of time proposed by geologists (see W. Thomson 1865). In Origin 5th ed., p. 379, [Charles Darwin] noted that based on Thomson's calculation of the age of the earth and Croll's estimation that 60 million years had passed since the Cambrian period, the time left for the pre-Cambrian period (140 million years) was `hardly sufficient for the development of the varied forms of life which certainly existed towards the close of the Cambrian period'.|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> After the publication of Kelvins’s views, Darwin first halved, in the second edition of the ''[[Origin of species]]'' (p. 287), his own estimate of the time (''"far longer than 300 million years"'') allegedly elapsed since the latter part of the conjectured ''"[[Geologic system#The system|Cretaceous period]]"'', and later withdrew the discussion altogether from the third edition.<ref name="Holmes1913"/><ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., Letter 6841
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 24 July 1869
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6841#back-mark-06841.f7
|quote= In [Tait] 1869, p. 429, Tait had quoted [Charles Darwin]'s conjecture, based on his estimate of time needed for the denudation of the Weald, that far longer than 300 million years must have elapsed since the latter part of the secondary period (Origin, p. 287). In response to criticisms in the Saturday Review, 24 December 1859, however, [Charles Darwin] halved his estimate in the second edition of Origin, and removed the discussion altogether from the third edition.
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> In 1871 he even named Kelvin ''“an odious spectre”'' that came so that Darwin could not ''“rely much on pre-[[Silurian]] times.”''<ref>{{cite web
|title= Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., Letter 7858
|author=Charles Darwin
|date= 12 July 1871
|publisher= Darwin Correspondence Database
|url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-7858
|quote=I can say nothing more about missing links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-Silurian times; but then comes Sir W. Thompson like an odious spectre. Footnote: [Charles Darwin] discussed the absence of transitional forms in the fossil record in Origin 5th ed., pp. 208–15, 346–8. He thought William Thomson’s estimate of the time elapsed since the consolidation of the earth’s crust was probably too short for species to evolve according to his theory (Origin 5thed., p. 379)
|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>

== Modernized pagan views ==
=== The game changer: Radioactivity mythmaking ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The age of the earth is definite
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years."'' ''"We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years."''

<div style="padding-left:40px;">— William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)<ref name=" OntheMiracleofLife">{{cite web |title= "On the Miracle of Life" [Actual title unknown.] Excerpt from an address at the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society |author=W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) |publisher= as quoted in Heros of the Telegraph by J. Munro.|year= 1889 |url= http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_miracle_of_life.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote= I may refer to that old, but never uninteresting subject of the miracles of geology. Physical science does something for us here. St. Peter speaks of scoffers who said that ‘all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation;’ but the apostle affirms himself that ‘all these things shall be dissolved.’ It seems to me that even physical science absolutely demonstrates the scientific truth of these words. We feel that there is no possibility of things going on for ever as they have done for the last six thousand years. ... The science of dead matter, which has been the principal subject of my thoughts during my life, is, I may say, strenuous on this point, that the age of the earth is definite. We do not say whether it is twenty million years or more, or less, but we say it is not indefinite. And we can say very definitely that it is not an inconceivably great number of millions of years.}}</ref></div>
|}

By the end of the nineteenth century, Lord Kelvin had completely demolished all opposition.<ref name="West"/> He made uniformitarian geological community to accept that the age of the earth must be finite and that estimating the age by quantitative reasoning instead of supporting steady-state theory with [[Horror of a Divine Foot|philosophical bias]] should be crucial part of the geological endeavor. Even ‘''Darwin’s bulldog''’ and [[T. H. Huxley|musketeer of Darwinism Huxley]], who previously attacked Kelvin by making indirect allusions about ''“the first passer-by who fancies that our house is not so well built as it might be”'', ventured to suggest, in front of the Geological society of London, that ''“limitation of the period during which living beings have inhabited this planet to one, two, or three hundred million years, may be admitted, without a complete revolution in geological speculation.”''<ref name="KelvinOnDynamics"/> This was in direct contradiction with [[Darwin]] who previously declared that ''“a far longer period than 300 million years has elapsed”'' since the latter part of period for which he declared to have available ''“a clear evidence of the existence … of whole groups of beings."''{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Evolutionary schizophrenia]]|group=note}} Materialistic philosophers, such as the British analytical [[Bertrand Russell]], realized that the Hutton's materialstic concept ''”no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”'' is further unmaintainable, and de facto denounced it while starting to proclaim Biblically compatible apocalyptic views{{#tag:ref|cf."Lift up your eyes to the heavens,
look at the earth beneath;
the heavens will vanish like smoke,
the earth will wear out like a garment
and its inhabitants die like flies.
But my salvation will last forever,
my righteousness will never fail." [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+51%3A6&version=NIV Bible, Isaiah 51:6 (NIV)]|group=note}}: ''“all the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday brightness of human genius, are destined to extinction in the vast death of Solar System”''. These things should be regarded, ''“if not quite beyond dispute,”'' ''“yet so nearly certain, that no philosophy which rejects them can hope to stand.”''<ref name="Signature">{{Cite book
| author = Meyer, Stephen C.
| title = Signature in the Cell
| publisher = HarperOne
| location= New York
| year= 2008
| isbn = 978-0-06-147279-2
| pages = 450
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUGKBdKawDUC| quote= }}</ref>

But T.C. Chamberlin, head of the Department of Geology at the [[University of Chicago]], was not prepared to concede defeat. While defending his faith in long-ages, he speculated, without any observational basis whatever, that there might yet be discovered new sources of energy that would allow more time than Kelvin had calculated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Earth |author= Frank Press, Raymond Siever |publisher=W. H. Freeman |edition=4 |year=1986 |pages=40 |isbn=978-0716717430 |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Earth-Frank-Press/dp/0716717433}}</ref> Thus, the quest for the age of the earth as a subjective, arbitrary and erratic pursuit, was set for an fascinating turn.<ref name="West"/> This came in 1896, when [[radioactivity]] was discovered by Henri Becquerel and when in 1903 [[Marie and Pierre Curie|Pierre Curie]] and Albert Laborde demonstrated that [[radioactive decay]] releases heat. Before long, several people argued that this source of heat was great enough to overturn Kelvin’s conclusion about the boundary for the age of the earth. The situation resembled the one in the previous two centuries when ''“those who sought to extend biblical time hardly knew where to begin, how to proceed, and what to conclude.”''<ref name="Rappaport1997"/> Among the followers of this effort was [[Ernest Rutherford]], who in 1904 suggested, in the Royal Institution, that ''“Lord Kelvin had limited the Age of the Earth, ‘provided no new source of heat was discovered.’ That prophetic utterance refers to what we are considering tonight, [[radium]]!”'' Later, Rutherford often repeated his tale of thinking on his feet in front of the “old bird” Kelvin who “beamed” at him. This episode and pleasing form of the anecdote, boosted by the eminence of its author, who was considered the father of the nuclear theory, provided a ready vehicle for mythmaking and uncritical acceptance of proposition that because the discovery of radioactive heat undermined an assumption behind Kelvin’s calculation, it also undermined his conclusion.<ref name="PerryKelvinCritique"/> As the half-life of radium's dominant isotope is 1600 yr, heat given out by radium obviously could not be the wanted missing energy.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"[Rutherford and Soddy] could not get away from the fact, however, that radium itself, although universally regarded as an element, decays far too rapidly to be as old as the minerals in which it is found. The only solution seemed to be that radium too must be a metabolon with a 'life' of a few thousand years."''<ref name ="BURCHFIELD">{{cite book |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |author=Joe D. Burchfield |publisher= The University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |year=1975, 1990 |pages=173 |isbn=0-226-08043-9}}</ref>|group=note}} Nevertheless, later assumptions of equilibrium in decay series of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] allowed to consider heat sources with half-lives in gigayears (Ga; 1 Ga = 10<sup>9</sup> years).

The 1911 edition of the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] discussed dates up to 500 million years.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, pp 650-651.</ref>
By about 1930, J. H. Jeans was arguing for an age of the Earth of around two billion years.<ref>Universal History of the World, p.76.</ref>

The inclusion of radiogenic heat makes however only insignificant difference in terms of age limit inferred from the time required for the surface gradient to reach its present-day estimated value of 20 °C/km supported by observational evidence.
As a matter of fact, it is freely acknowledged that radioactive heat sources within the earth do not account for its present internal temperatures if the earth had really existed for 4.5 Ga. The statements such as ''"Thanks to Madame Curie, the inexhaustible energies of the atom of the globe … are potentially available to geological speculation"'' and ''"Kelvin overthrown"''<ref name="KelvinRevisited"/> are logically incorrect; Kelvin's conclusion would be undermined by that discovery only if incorporation of the Earth's radioactive heat into his calculations produced a substantially different age limits for the earth.

The general conclusion is that, even if Kelvin had included a reasonable radiogenic heat production in his thermal calculations, he would still have found grounds for arguing that the age limit of the earth was of the order of 10<sup>8</sup> years and his estimate would have been virtually unaffected.<ref name="Richter"/>

=== The Scientific Dogma of 4.5 billion years ===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Subjective biased approach to data selection
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"In general, dates in the correct ballpark are [[Paleoscience#Paleoscience.2C worldview of the scientists.2C sociological and psychological factors.2C political pressure|assumed to be correct]] and are published, but those in disagreement with other date are seldom published, nor are the discrepancies fully explained."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Richard K. Mauger<ref>{{cite journal |title= K-Ar ages of biotites from tuffs in Eocene rocks of the Green River, Washakie, and Uinta basins, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado |author= Richard L. Mauger |journal= |publisher=University of Wyoming |year=1977 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–42 (37)|url= https://geobookstore.uwyo.edu/sites/default/files/download/ConttoGeo_TOC.pdf |accessdate=13 June 2015 }}</ref> </div>
|}
In 1943 R.A. Daly of Harvard University published his authoritative paper ''“Meteorites and an Earth model,”'' where he studied the analogies between [[Rock (material)|terrestrial rocks]] and [[meteor]]ites, coupled with deductions on the probable nature of the Earth’s interior. He hypothesized that the latter ones originated by disruption of a planet once situated between Mars and Jupiter, in the region now occupied by [[asteroid]]s. At first textbooks have quoted his theory approvingly, but later it has been disfavored due to mineralogical discontinuities between different groups of meteorites which were interpreted as evidence against a single parent body hypothesis. Nevertheless, the meteorites, “enigmatic bodies,” have managed to attract the great resurgence of interest in scientific research.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Meteorites |author=Brian Mason|journal=American Scientist |volume=55| issue=4 |year=1967|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27837038?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents}}</ref>

In his 1956 paper named ''Age of Meteorites and the Earth'', Claire Patterson, using ''“certain assumptions which are apparently justified,”'' introduced for meteor age a figure of '''4.55 ± 0.07 × 10<sup>9</sup>yr.''' and commented that since earth lead meets the requirement for definition of ''“the isotopic evolution of lead for any meteoritic body,”'' it is therefore ''“believed that the age for the earth is the same as for meteorites”'' and that ''"this is the time since the earth attained its present mass"''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Age of meteorites and the earth |author= Claire Patterson |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Patterson1956.pdf |accessdate= }}</ref> In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors, this faith-based figure gradually became a scientific dogma that rarely anyone has dared to question.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ralph W. Matthews |title=Radiometric dating and the age of the Earth |date=December 1982 |publisher=Creation |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=41–44 |quote=In spite of cautions and skepticism advised by the authors this number has been widely and enthusiastically accepted and is usually quoted as if the evidence was decisive and conclusive. It has assumed something of the status of a universal constant to which all other data must be fitted, thus it has become common practice to assume that data which does not fit this result is either wrong or unintelligible. |accessdate=December 30, 2014}}</ref> Henry Morris explains that the unprovable assumptions are not the only problem with radiometric dating. One huge concern is that the results published are only a selected sample, chosen especially to agree with preconceived ideas about the earth, life, and [[evolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Once upon a time … A Review of The Mythology of Modern Dating Methods by John Woodmorappe |author=Michael J. Oard |url=https://creation.com/once-upon-a-time |accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref>

When in 1972 N.H. Gale tried to corroborate this established figure, he discovered that U-Pb ages ''"showed apparent large excess of radiogenic lead compared with the amount expected from the decay of Uranium in the meteorites over 4.5AE. ... For each of the 4 meteorites there was an excess of radiogenic lead not supported by uranium decay over 4.5AE.”'' After short analysis:
*''“The superior modern analytical methods used made it impossible that analytical contamination could explain the result.''
*''The circumstances ... make it extremely unlikely that terrestrial contamination could explain the results for this meteorites.''
*''... a considerable excess of radiogenic lead in most fractions ...is difficult to attribute to contamination,“''
rather than starting to reckon with possibility to challenge the established figures and methods, after recalling that ''“Patterson was the first to show that several stony meteorites yield a ... model of 4.5AE,”'' he proposed the new explanation for discovered discrepancy: ''"discordant results can be attributed to contamination."''{{#tag:ref|The claim on the contamination explaining the "discordant result" is in direct contradiction with previous statements that neither analytical nor extremely unlikely terrestrial contamination could explain the results. According to Ryan Dobson, author of a book on [[moral relativism]], a person that holds conflicting opinions about something and starts disagreeing with himself of herself is in trouble.<ref name="Dobson">{{cite book
|author=Ryan Dobson, Jefferson Scott
|title=Be Intolerant in Love: Because Some Things Are Just Stupid
|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers
|location=Sisters, OR, USA
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1590-521526
|pages=23–26
|pages=121
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvSEGgAACAAJ
|quote= You can't recognize that you hold conflicting opinions about something and hang on to both of them for very long. When you start disagreeing with yourself, you're in trouble.}}</ref> The trouble maintaining a train of thought in logical and coherent manner is regarded by [[medical science]] as symptom and characteristic of [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Types, Causes, and Early Warning Signs |publisher=helpguide.org |url= http://www.helpguide.org/articles/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-types-and-causes.htm |accessdate=13 June 2015 |quote=Fragmented thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia. Externally, it can be observed in the way a person speaks. People with schizophrenia tend to have trouble concentrating and maintaining a train of thought. They may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Assault on scientific [[Socratic principle]]
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Most advocates do not defend their theses out of conviction that they are true, but rather because they once declared them to be true."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Georg Christoph Lichtenberg </div>
|}
Consequently, his research of the Earth’s age turned into calculation of ''"the correct sample ratios"'' from ''"observed ratios"'' so that the Table in his paper could finally show the “correct” preconceived age, established in this field of research.<ref name= "GALE1972">{{cite journal |title=Uranium-Lead Chronology of Chrondritic Meteorites |author= Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |journal=Nature |issue=240 |pages=56–57 |date=20 November 1972 |doi=10.1038/physci240056a0
|url=http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v240/n99/pdf/physci240056a0.pdf
|quote= Considerable variations in uranium and lead concentrations are observed in different gram sized fragments of the same meteorite5·7,8, and fission track studies10 show that on the microscopic scale changes in uranium concentration by factors of 105 are observed over distances of ˜10˜2 cm. Because of experimental difficulties the uranium and lead concentrations and the lead isotopic abundances have not been measured hitherto in the same sample of a given meteorite, so that it is possible, but not proven, that the apparent lack of concordance between daughter and parent isotopes may be a direct consequence of these heterogeneities; this point of view has been well argued by Fisher11. Most of the early work on the determination of lead in meteorites was in any case badly hampered by analytical contamination by terrestrial lead.}}</ref><ref name="GALE1979">{{cite journal |title=U-Pb studies of the appley bridge meteorite |author=Gale, N.H., Arden, J.W. and Hutchison, R. |publisher=Naturwissenschaften |year=1979 |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=419–420 |doi=10.1007/BF00368077 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r741164v5162r447}}</ref> This methodological flaw is known as [[data torturing]].

Using [[circular logic]] — assuming that decay rates remained constant despite necessarily changing physical characteristics as time approached the origin — Old Earth proponents insist that the Earth is 4.5 billion years old based on an assumption of constancy in [[Potassium-argon dating|Potassium-argon (K:Ar) decay rates]] and other radiometric methods.<ref>Peck, 2000, p.376.</ref>

===Turning science upside down===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Doctrine outside the realm of science
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"If a theory or point of view is treated only as a doctrine to be validated, and not one to be challenged, it is not within the realm of science."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Randall Hedtke<ref name="Hedtke">{{cite book
|author=Randall Hedtke
|title=Secrets of the Sixth Edition
|publisher=Master Books
|place=Portland, Oregon
|year=2010
|pages=57
|isbn=978-0-89051-597-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvyHquVubDoC}}</ref></div>
|}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:pink; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Feeling overconfident of the truth of one's doctrine
|-
| style="padding:15px;" | ''"I daresay I may have written too confidently from feeling so confident of the truth of my main doctrine."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Charles Darwin]]<ref name="DarwinToSedgwick26NOV1859">{{cite web |title=Darwin Correspondence Database: Darwin, C. R. To Adam Sedgwick 26 November [1859]|author=Ch.Darwin |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project by Cambridge University Library |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2555.xml |quote=You could not possibly have paid me a more honourable compliment than in expressing freely your strong disapprobation of my Book. ... |accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref> to Prof. Sedgwick, 1859</div>
|}
After their acceptance of evolutionary dogma on ''“antiquity as a partially known factor”'' by faith, followers of evolutionary scientism started to assure that ''“the earth’s age must be very much greater than Kelvin calculated”''. Consequently, they commanded science to be turned upside down: ''”Kelvin’s problem must now be reversed”'' – instead of research finding the age of the earth, it should be already taken as given by their doctrine instead, and the only role left to science is to confirm it and determine the thermal history of the earth that would be in accord with it.<ref name="Holmes1913"/>

In 1978, ''Geotimes'' magazine published by American Geological Institute quoted John Eddy, a famous astronomer, who argued that due to ''“some new and unexpected results“'' scientists could live with bishop Ussher’s 4004 B.C. value for the age of Earth and Sun, ''a fortiori'' since there is not much in the way of [[Scientific observation|observational]] [[Scientific evidence|evidence]] in [[astronomy]] to conflict with his calculations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John Eddy quoted by R.G. Kazmann |title= It’s About Time: 4.5 Billion Years (report on Symposium at Louisiana State University)|publisher= Geotimes magazine (from 09/2008 renamed to Earth magazine) of American Geological Institute |year=1978 |issue=23 |pages=18–20|quote=I suspect that the Sun is 4.5 billion years old. However, given some new and unexpected results to the contrary, and some time for some frantic recalculation and theoretical readjustment, I suspect that we could live with bishop Ussher’s value for the age of Earth and Sun. I don’t think we have much in the way of observational evidence in astronomy to conflict with that.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Covey |title= Age of the Universe |publisher= Creation In The Crossfire |date= January 3, 2013 |url=http://www.creationinthecrossfire.com/documents/AgeOfUniverse/AgeOfTheUniverse.html |accessdate=December 30, 2014 |quote= Evolutionary astronomers confidently argue the universe is 12-20 billion years old, although there is no certainty about any astronomical observations. John Eddy, a famous astronomer, once said that there isn’t much in the way of observational astronomy that proves the universe is old. He said that with “frantic theoretical readjustment” if new evidence showed that astronomers have been wrong, they could live with Bishop Ussher’s date of 4,004 B.C.}}</ref> American astronomer Robert Jastrow maintains that for ''"the scientist who has lived by his faith in 'the power of reason', the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak"'' and ''"as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries."''<ref name="Jastrow">{{cite book
|author=Robert Jastrow
|title=God and the Astronomers
|location=New York
|publisher= W. W. Norton
|year=1992
|page=107
|isbn=978-0-393-85006-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IfLYHv5pyUC}}</ref>

== Geology ==

[[Image:516XZRGNCKL AA240 .jpg|right|300px]]
[[William R. Corliss]] is a cataloger of scientific [[Anomaly|anomalies]] (observations and facts that challenge prevailing scientific [[paradigm]]s) and has published many works on the subject.<ref name="sf">[http://www.science-frontiers.com/ Science Frontiers] (Corliss' web-site)</ref>
He also wrote 13 books for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), a dozen educational booklets for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC), and a dozen articles for the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF).<ref>Corliss, 2002</ref> The science magazine ''[[New Scientist]]'' had an article which focused on the career of William Corliss.<ref>Adrian Hope, "Finding a home for stray fact", ''New Scientist'', July 14, 1977, p. 83</ref>
''New Scientist'' wrote regarding Corliss's work: "All I can say to Corliss is carry on cataloging".<ref>Quoted on the [http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm Science Frontiers web-site]</ref> [[Arthur C. Clarke]] described Corliss as "[[Charles Fort|Fort]]'s latter-day — and much more scientific — successor."<ref>Clarke, Arthur C. (1990) ''Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography''. Gollancz. Page 110</ref>

Corliss's work on geological anomalies catalogs scores of anomalies which challenge the [[old-earth]] [[paradigm]].<ref>[http://www.science-frontiers.com/sourcebk.htm#Geology Geological Catalogs] (Science Frontiers)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]]
*[[Arguments for a recent creation]]
*[[Literalist Bible chronology]]

== Bibliography ==
* Burnet, Thomas, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/ste/ste36.htm The Sacred Theory of the Earth, chapter V], 1691.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition (1911). [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling On-line page facsimiles].
* Hammerton, J.A. (Ed.), "Universal History of the World" (8 volumes) The Educational Book Co., London, c1930.
* Batten, Don, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/417 Old-earth or young-earth belief: Which belief is the recent aberration?], ''Creation'' 24(1):24–27, December 2001.
* [http://www.ingv.it/~roma/SITOINGLESE/activities/geomagnetismo/analysistheory/historicalresearch/age.html The age of the Earth] (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)).
*Peck WH, Valley JW, Wilde SA, and Graham CM (2000) Ion microprobe Evidence for Pre-4.4 Ga Continental Crust and Low Temperature Water/Rock Interaction. ''Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr'', vol 32, no. 7.

== External links ==
*[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth Age of the earth] by [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/refuting-evolution-chapter-8-how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] - ''Refuting evolution'' - Chapter 8 by Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]] at [[Creation Ministries International]]
*[https://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa Age of the Earth and Universe] by [[Creation Ministries International]]

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geology]]

Alfred Hugenberg

2020-05-17T13:03:43Z

AK: grammar

'''Alfred Hugenberg''' (1865 - 1951) was a [[German]] [[politician]], a steel [[executive]] and [[media]] baron. In 1891, he became one of the founders of the Pan-German League, a nationalist lobby group that played a baleful role in German politics up to the time of [[Hitler]], whose rise to power Hugenberg materially contributed to. As a businessman and former prominent member of the [[Fatherland party]], Hugenberg, in 1919, joined the [[German National People's Party]], and became leader of its right wing, and entered the [[Reichstag]] in 1920. Hugenberg was a militant nationalist and a deep believer in the [[Social Darwinism]].
<ref name="Hett 2019">{{cite book |title=The Death of Democracy |author=Benjamin Carter Hett |publisher=Cornerstone |year=2019 |chapter=1. August and November |pages=20, 58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zV2RDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Education==
Hugenberg entered politics after doctoral studies in political economy. He earned his doctorate in 1891 with a thesis on state assistance to farmers and Germany's need to expand its territory — two major ideas that he pursued throughout his career.<ref name="Hett 2019"/>

==References==
<References/>

[[Category:German History]]
[[Category:German People]]

Adolf Hitler

2020-05-17T12:58:37Z

AK: /* Rebuilding the Nazi Party */ intlink

{{Dictator bio
| image =[[Image:Hitler7.JPG|200px]]
| name =Adolf Hitler
| birth =April 20, 1889<br/>Braunau am Inn, Austria–Hungary
| parents =Alois Hitler (Schicklgruber)<br/>Klara Pölzl
| religion =Roman Catholic (rejected), [[Pantheism]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lxphjwEACAAJ&dq=hitler%27s+religion&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6kcCK0M7QAhVMJiYKHa5EDWQQ6AEIJDAA Hitler's Religion: The Twisted Beliefs That Drove the Third Reich]</ref> [[Atheism]],<ref name="Today's atheists">[https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2018/03/20/todays-atheists-are-bullies-and-are-doing-their-best-to-intimidate-rest-us-into-silence.html Today's atheists are bullies -- and they are doing their best to intimidate the rest of us into silence] at Fox News</ref> [[Evolutionism]]
| spouse =Eva Braun
| children =none
| death =April 30, 1945<br/>Berlin, Germany
| deathmanner =Suicide by gunshot
| education =Realschule<br/>Linz, Austria
| country =[[Third Reich|Germany]]
| military =16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment<br/>Imperial German Army (1914-1918)
| rank =''Obergefreiter'' (Lance Corporal/Private First Class)
|burial = none, burned.
| polbeliefs =[[Socialism]]<br/>[[National Socialism]] (Nazism)
| party =German Workers' Party<br/>(''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' 1919–1920)<br/>[[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]]<br/>(''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' 1920–1945)
| dictatordate =March 23, 1933
| war =[[World War II]] in Europe
| deathnumber =12,000,000+ exclusive of battle casualties
20,000,000 to 25,000,000 altogether

Rummel: 21,000,000
}}

'''Adolf Hitler''' (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was the Austrian-born Chancellor of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] from January 30, 1933, and the ''[[Der Fuhrer|Führer]]'' of Germany from August 2, 1934 until his death on April 30, 1945. He was also the leader of the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei''; NSDAP or Nazi Party) which gained political power through threat, intimidation, and outright violence throughout Germany in the aftermath of the [[First World War]]. He was born and baptized as a Roman Catholic, but he never took religion seriously beyond initially rebelling against his Catholic father by showing preferences for Lutheran Protestantism in predominantly Catholic Austria, as well as using quasi-religious rhetoric in his book, ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' and in speeches in order to not lose potential religious supporters and voting blocs. He was far more interested in [[Social Darwinism]]. After having minor wounds from an assassination bombing attempt in 1944, Hitler abused drugs originally intended to help with his injuries long after he had recovered from his injuries.

Hitler in his youth was an financially-irresponsible Bohemian (a German word of the time roughly the same as the English term "[[Hippy]]") who became broke after spending his father's inheritance wandering around Austria as a watercolour artist, practicing [[vegetarianism]], and rarely attempting to seek serious employment. Hitler worked with a Jewish art dealer and after being rejected entry into Vienna's leading art school due to his unoriginal art, Hitler was a complete failure and broke. Rather than accept responsibility for his Bohemian lifestyle, Hitler in denial and increasing signs of the mental illness of [[psychosis]], followed the political current in Europe at the time of blaming Jews for exploiting him. Hitler used the teachings of [[Martin Luther]] to promote his anti-Semitic views, similar to the other ways used by the Nazi Party in their effort to reshape and present to the public a much modified version of [[Christianity]]. One which promoted racial purity and Nazi ideology under the false banner known as "positive Christianity." The anti-Semites in Germany refused to acknowledge that Luther, prior to his seeing the Jew's refusal of his outreach to accept the Gospel, was highly sympathetic towards the Jews. It was adopted by a number of misguided Protestants and others who accepted the culture when it did not conform to biblical teachings.

Hitler being rebellious to his Catholic father took up a brief interest in Lutheranism and may have been influenced by Luther's anti-Semitic remarks. Hitler without any prospects sought to be conscripted into the German Army (but refused to serve the Austrian army due to many Jews being in it), there Hitler mixed his anti-Semitic views with some of the anti-Semitic factional-Lutheran conservative nationalist aspects (that left-wing historians exaggerate by calling Hitler "far right") in order to be accepted amongst conservative German army officers but also began to adopt radical socialist ideas as revolutionary socialist movements in Germany and elsewhere grew in strength.

After World War I, Hitler acted as an army political agent to investigate a small pan-German nationalist party called the German Workers' Party that used the anti-Semitic factional-Lutheran nationalist theme in combination with a revolutionary socialist agenda that denounced Jews as being responsible for capitalism, exploitation of Germany, and for Germany losing World War I. It was anti-Marxist - though only because [[Karl Marx]] was a Jew and due to their anti-Semitic hatred, and saw Marx as no different than capitalist Jews. The Party was disorganized and Hitler with his strong anti-Semitism took advantage of the situation and used demagoguery to raise himself in the party. In February 1920 the party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party). He used the party and its members to exact revenge for his psychotic perception of Jews and capitalists as having ruined him in his youth, along with the belief that weak civilian leaders and Jews were responsible for Germany's loss in the First World War, and his psychotic, megalomaniac view of himself as being the "Leader" (German: ''Führer'') of Germany. Many leaders of the Nazi Party were mentally-unbalanced people with delusions of grandeur of both themselves and Germany, such as [[Heinrich Himmler]], and [[Hermann Goring]] who was a morphine addict and an animal rights activist who preferred to have Jews used for scientific experiments.

Due to the thematic influence of the historic anti-Semitic faction of conservative Lutheran extremists on the Nazi movement, left-wing Marxist historians have exaggerated the role of conservative Lutherans in the Nazi movement and because of it claim that the Nazis are "far right." They completely ignore and deny the [[far left]] socialist parts of the Nazis, out of political dogmatism just as the Nazis themselves completely denied the socialist elements of Marxism because Marx was Jewish. And left-wing historians almost always neglect to note the very clear similarity of Hitler's loose Bohemian lifestyle as a youth to that of Hippies.

Adolf Hitler was an [[evolution]]ary [[racist]] and [[socialism|socialist]] (see also: [[evolutionary racism]]).<ref name="icr.org">https://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=268</ref><ref name="mises.org">http://mises.org/daily/1937</ref><ref name="hourofthetime.com">http://www.hourofthetime.com/socialist.htm</ref> Hitler's policies and beliefs resulted in the [[Genocide|mass extermination]] of the [[Jews]], [[Gypsies]], and other peoples he considered “[[Racial Supremacy|inferior]]” throughout central and eastern [[Europe]] and were directly responsible for the outbreak of [[World War II]], which caused the deaths of untold millions on and off the battlefield and reportedly ended only after Hitler's [[suicide]] in his Berlin bunker.

==Early life==
[[File:Hitler Roses.jpg|thumb|Roses by Adolf Hitler.]]
Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, in Braunau am Inn, [[Austria]]. Hitler's father, Alois (born 1837), was a customs official who was himself born out of wedlock, carrying for a time his mother's name, Schicklgruber. Evidence uncovered by Hans Frank, Hitler's lawyer, indicates that Alois's father, and by extension, Adolf's grandfather from this affair was a Jewish man named Frankenberger.<ref>https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Study-suggests-Adolf-Hitler-was-a-quarter-Jewish-597966</ref> By 1876 he had his baptismal entry corrected in his church records, establishing his father as Johan Heidler, which was altered slightly to Hitler.

When his father retired, the family moved to Linz, Austria, where it remained a favorite for young Adolf for the rest of his life, and where he gave his wish to be buried. When Alois died in 1903 he left enough of a pension to support his wife and children; Adolf would take his and live off of it in Vienna after leaving school, dreaming of becoming an artist. Although somewhat competent as a painter of landscapes and architecture, his renderings of humans were considered “lifeless” and “crude” by the standards of the Academy of Fine Arts, and his application was rejected twice. Remaining in [[Vienna]], he moved from one cheap flop house to another, painting postcards and advertisements to earn a meager living after his allowance had dried up. By then he had developed traits which characterized his life as a whole: secretiveness, loneliness, a Spartan mode of everyday life, and a hatred of the cosmopolitan, multinational character that was the makeup of Vienna. ''He never sought a proper job or regular employment. Instead he immersed himself in the works of [[Hegel]], [[Nietzsche]], and the anti-Semitic writings of the Englishman [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]]. He loved the operas of Wagner, and the stories of the Nordic Gods... In early 1910, he entered a shelter for the homeless, populated in the main by poor Jews, on Meldemenstrasse, and was eating at soup kitchens. By this time he had pawned all his belongings.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111015014300/http://socyberty.com/history/young-adolf-the-adolescent-hitler-and-beyond/ Young Adolf: The Adolescent Hitler and Beyond.]</ref>

==Who and what he was==
[[Image:Cupid Complaining to Venus by Lucas Cranach.jpg|150px|left|thumb|This painting, one of the best-loved paintings in the National Gallery, had once belonged to Hitler. New evidence has come to light that Lucas Cranach's ''Cupid Complaining to Venus'', currently on loan to an exhibition in Bristol, hung on the sitting-room wall of his flat in Munich.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2008/mar/28/art.secondworldwar Hitler owned painting now in National Gallery]</ref>]]
[[Elie Wiesel]] wrote famously, and most eloquently about Hitler in 1998:
<blockquote>''"At the same time that he terrorized his adversaries, he knew how to please, impress and charm the very interlocutors from whom he wanted support. Diplomats and journalists insist as much on his charm as they do on his temper tantrums. The savior admired by his own as he dragged them into his madness, the Satan and exterminating angel feared and hated by all others, Hitler led his people to a shameful defeat without precedent. That his political and strategic ambitions have created a dividing line in the history of this turbulent and tormented century is undeniable: there is a before and an after. By the breadth of his crimes, which have attained a quasi-ontological dimension, he surpasses all his predecessors: as a result of Hitler, man is defined by what makes him inhuman. With Hitler at the head of a gigantic laboratory, life itself seems to have changed."''</blockquote>

<blockquote>''"How did this Austrian without title or position manage to get himself elected head of a German nation renowned for its civilizing mission? How to explain the success of his cheap demagogy in the heart of a people so proud of having inherited the genius of a Wolfgang von Goethe and an Immanuel Kant?"''</blockquote>

<blockquote>''"Was there no resistance to his disastrous projects? There was. But it was too feeble, too weak and too late to succeed. German society had rallied behind him: the judicial, the educational, the industrial and the economic establishments gave him their support. Few politicians of this century have aroused, in their lifetime, such love and so much hate; few have inspired so much historical and psychological research after their death. Even today, works on his enigmatic personality and his cursed career are best sellers everywhere. Some are good, others are less good, but all seem to respond to an authentic curiosity on the part of a public haunted by memory and the desire to understand."''</blockquote>

<blockquote>''"We think we know everything about the nefarious forces that shaped his destiny: his unhappy childhood, his frustrated adolescence; his artistic disappointments; his wound received on the front during World War I; his taste for spectacle, his constant [[class warfare|disdain for social and military aristocracies]]; his relationship with [[Eva Braun]], who adored him; the cult of the very death he feared; his lack of scruples with regard to his former comrades of the SA, whom he had assassinated in 1934; his endless hatred of [[Jews]], whose survival enraged him — each and every phase of his official and private life has found its chroniclers, its biographers."''</blockquote>

<blockquote>''"And yet. There are, in all these givens, elements that escape us. How did this unstable paranoid find it within himself to impose gigantic hope as an immutable ideal that motivated his nation almost until the end? Would he have come to power if Germany were not going through endless economic crises, or if the winners in 1918 had not imposed on it conditions that represented a national humiliation against which the German patriotic fiber could only revolt? We would be wrong to forget: Hitler came to power in January 1933 by the most legitimate means. His [[Nationalist Socialist Party]] won a majority in the parliamentary elections. The aging [[Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg]] had no choice but to allow him, at age 43, to form the new government, marking the end of the Weimar Republic. And the beginning of the [[Third Reich]], which, according to Hitler, would last 1,000 years."''</blockquote>

<blockquote>''"From that moment on, events cascaded. The burning of the [[Reichstag]] came only a little before the openings of the first concentration camps, established for members of the opposition. Fear descended on the country and squeezed it in a vise. Great writers, musicians and painters went into exile to France and the U.S. Jews with foresight emigrated toward Palestine. The air of Hitler's Germany was becoming more and more suffocating. Those who preferred to wait, thinking that the Nazi regime would not last, could not last, would regret it later, when it was too late."''</blockquote>

<blockquote>''"The fact is that Hitler was beloved by his people — not the military, at least not in the beginning, but by the average Germans who pledged to him an affection, a tenderness and a fidelity that bordered on the irrational. It was idolatry on a national scale. One had to see the crowds who acclaimed him. And the women who were attracted to him. And the young who in his presence went into ecstasy. Did they not see the hateful mask that covered his face? Did they not divine the catastrophe he bore within himself?<ref name="time">http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hitler.html"''</ref></blockquote>

{{Clear}}

== Beliefs ==
{{See also|Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism}}
According to [[Albert Speer]], Hitler never left the Catholic Church, but was hostile to its teachings. He did admire its power. Hitler only mentioned [[Christianity]] in his speeches to gain votes and favor. He and Nazi Party also presented to the public what was known as "positive Christianity," which in reality was only an attempt to mold Christian theology to match Hitler's world view. The "Protestant Reich Church" promoted racial purity, excluded many parts of the Bible, stated that Jesus was not Jewish but Nordic, while proclaiming Hitler as the "new messiah." In the end, any voiced tolerance of true Christianity during the 1930s changed to targeted persecution, mainly of Protestant "resisters" to Nazism.<ref>McNab, Chris. ''The Third Reich''. (2009) pp. 182, 183</ref>

Although Hitler may have had some Christian rhetoric in his speeches, he certainly rejected it on a personal level. In the book, ''Hitler's Table Talk'', it reveals that Hitler thought of Christianity as a great "scourge" of history.<ref>http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/facts/fm0110.htm (backup link [https://web.archive.org/web/20071109101106/https://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/facts/fm0110.htm here])</ref>

In Hitler's ''Table Talk'', which were published in 1953, it was revealed that Hitler, at some point, embraced [[atheism]] while rejecting Christianity as an invention of Judaism, which he held similar animosity toward:

{{cquote|And while many atheists make the preposterous claim that Adolf Hitler was a Christian, his private diaries, first published in 1953 by Farrar, Straus and Young, reveal clearly that the Führer was a rabid atheist: "The heaviest blow that ever struck humanity," Hitler stated, "was the coming of Christianity. Bolshevism is Christianity’s illegitimate child. Both are inventions of the Jew… Our epoch will certainly see the end of the disease of Christianity."<ref name="Today's atheists"/>}}

{{See also|Atheists, Adolf Hitler and the no true Scottsman fallacy}}

=== Hitler, Nazism and socialism ===
''For more information please see:'' [[Nazism and socialism]]
The [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] declares:
[[Image:Hitler.jpg|thumb|250px|right|One of the most well known political parties of the 20th century which was [[socialism|socialistic]] was the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (Nazi Party) which was headed by the [[Evolutionary racism|evolutionary racist]] Adolf Hitler.<ref name="mises.org">http://mises.org/daily/1937</ref><ref name="hourofthetime.com"/><ref>https://creation.com/darwinism-and-the-nazi-race-holocaust</ref> ]]
{{cquote|The identification of [[Third Reich|Nazi Germany]] as a socialist state was one of the many great contributions of [[Ludwig von Mises]]...

The basis of the claim that Nazi Germany was capitalist was the fact that most industries in Nazi Germany appeared to be left in private hands.

What Mises identified was that private ownership of the means of production existed in name only under the Nazis and that the actual substance of ownership of the means of production resided in the German government. For it was the German government and not the nominal private owners that exercised all of the substantive powers of ownership: it, not the nominal private owners, decided what was to be produced, in what quantity, by what methods, and to whom it was to be distributed, as well as what prices would be charged and what wages would be paid, and what dividends or other income the nominal private owners would be permitted to receive. The position of the alleged private owners, Mises showed, was reduced essentially to that of government pensioners.

De facto government ownership of the means of production, as Mises termed it, was logically implied by such fundamental collectivist principles embraced by the Nazis as that the common good comes before the private good and the individual exists as a means to the ends of the State. If the individual is a means to the ends of the State, so too, of course, is his property. Just as he is owned by the State, his property is also owned by the State.<ref name="mises.org">http://mises.org/daily/1937</ref>}}

=== Hitler and the Theory of Evolution ===
''For more information please see:'' [[Evolutionary racism]] and [[Social effects of the theory of evolution]]
The staunch [[evolution]]ist Stephen Gould admitted the following: [[Image:Hitlerrisetopower.jpg|right|225px|thumb]]
{{cquote|[[Ernst Haeckel|[Ernst] Haeckel]] was the chief apostle of evolution in [[Germany]].... His evolutionary racism; his call to the German people for racial purity and unflinching devotion to a "just" state; his belief that harsh, inexorable laws of evolution ruled human civilization and nature alike, conferring upon favored races the right to dominate others; the irrational mysticism that had always stood in strange communion with his brave words about objective science - all contributed to the rise of Nazism. - Stephen J. Gould, "Ontogeny and Phylogeny," Belknap Press: Cambridge MA, 1977, pp.77-78.<ref>http://members.iinet.net.au/~sejones/social.html</ref>}}

Robert E.D. Clark in his work ''Darwin: Before and After'' wrote concerning Hitler's evolutionary racism:
{{cquote|The Germans were the higher race, destined for a glorious evolutionary future. For this reason it was essential that the Jews should be segregated, otherwise mixed marriages would take place. Were this to happen, all nature’s efforts 'to establish an evolutionary higher stage of being may thus be rendered futile' (''Mein Kampf'').<ref>http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1675</ref>}}

Hitler wrote in ''Mein Kampf'':
{{cquote|The stronger must dominate and not blend with the weaker, thus sacrificing his own greatness. Only the born weakling can view this as cruel, but he, after all, is only a weak and limited man; for if this law did not prevail, any conceivable higher development (Hoherentwicklung) of organic living beings would be unthinkable.<ref name="icr.org">https://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=268</ref>}}

Dr. Robert E.D. Clark wrote in his work ''Darwin, Before and After'' the following regarding Hitler and the theory of evolution: “Adolf Hitler’s mind was captivated by evolutionary teaching — probably since the time he was a boy. Evolutionary ideas — quite undisguised — lie at the basis of all that is worst in ''Mein Kampf'' — and in his public speeches”.<ref name="courier">http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_holocaust_why_did_it_happen</ref>

Richard Hickman in his work ''Biocreation'' concurs and wrote the following: [[File:Richard Dawkins in Australia.jpg|alt=Richard Dawkins|right|thumbnail|200px|The [[New Atheism|new atheist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] is a prominent [[evolution]]ist. [[Richard Dawkins]] stated in an interview: “What’s to prevent us from saying Hitler wasn’t right? I mean, that is a genuinely difficult question."<ref name="byfaithonline.com">http://byfaithonline.com/page/in-the-world/richard-dawkins-the-atheist-evangelist</ref> ]]
{{cquote|It is perhaps no coincidence that Adolf Hitler was a firm believer in and preacher of evolutionism. Whatever the deeper, profound, complexities of his [[psychosis]], it is certain that [the concept of struggle was important for]. . . his book, ''Mein Kampf'' clearly set forth a number of evolutionary ideas, particularly those emphasizing struggle, survival of the fittest and extermination of the weak to produce a better society.<ref>http://www.creationism.org/csshs/v08n3p24.htm</ref>}}

Noted evolutionary [[anthropology|anthropologist]] Sir Arthur Keith conceded the following in regards to Hitler: “The German Führer, as I have consistently maintained, is an evolutionist; he has consciously sought to make the practices of Germany conform to the theory of evolution”.<ref name="courier" />

[[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning author Marilynne Robinson wrote the following regarding Hitler's racism in the November 2006 issue of ''Harper’s'' magazine:
{{cquote|While it is true that persecution of the Jews has a very long history in [[Europe]], it is also true that science in the twentieth century revived and absolutized persecution by giving it a fresh rationale — Jewishness was not religious or cultural, but genetic. Therefore no appeal could be made against the brute fact of a Jewish grandparent.

[[Richard Dawkins|[Richard] Dawkins]] deals with all this in one sentence. Hitler did his evil "in the name of ... an insane and unscientific [[eugenics]] theory." But eugenics is science as surely as totemism is religion. That either is in error is beside the point. Science quite appropriately acknowledges that error should be assumed, and at best it proceeds by a continuous process of criticism meant to isolate and identify error. So bad science is still science in more or less the same sense that bad religion is still religion. That both of them can do damage on a huge scale is clear. The prestige of both is a great part of the problem, and in the modern period the credibility of anything called science is enormous. As the history of eugenics proves, science at the highest levels is no reliable corrective to the influence of cultural prejudice but is in fact profoundly vulnerable to it.

There is indeed historical precedent in the [[Spanish Inquisition]] for the notion of hereditary Judaism. But the fact that the worst religious thought of the sixteenth century can be likened to the worst scientific thought of the twentieth century hardly redounds to the credit of science.<ref>http://solutions.synearth.net/2006/10/20</ref><ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/someone-finally-said-it-dawkinss-hysterical-scientism/</ref>}}

Evolutionist and [[New Atheism|new atheist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] stated in an interview: “What’s to prevent us from saying Hitler wasn’t right? I mean, that is a genuinely difficult question."<ref name="byfaithonline.com"/> The interviewer wrote, regarding the Hitler comment, "I was stupefied. He had readily conceded that his own [[philosophy|philosophical]] position did not offer a rational basis for moral judgments. His intellectual honesty was refreshing, if somewhat disturbing on this point."<ref name="byfaithonline.com"/>

=== Hitler may have been an atheist ===

Adolf Hitler is theorized to be an [[atheism|atheist]].<ref>https://creation.com/review-hitlers-religion-weikart</ref><ref name="Thomism">http://www.thomism.org/atheism/atheist_murderers.html</ref><ref>https://www.trueorigin.org/hitler01.php</ref>

Richard Weikart, Professor of Modern European History, California State University Stanislaus, theorizes that Hitler was a [[pantheism|pantheist]] (which is a type of atheism).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy05t0taBkE What were Hitler’s religious beliefs?] by Richard Weikart</ref> See the video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy05t0taBkE What were Hitler’s religious beliefs?] by Richard Weikart

=== Adolf Hitler and abortion ===
''For more information see:'' [[Abortion and Adolf Hitler]]

In 1942 Adolf Hitler declared:
{{cquote|In view of the large families of the Slav native population, it could only suit us if girls and women there had as many abortions as possible. We are not interested in seeing the non-[[German]] population multiply…We must use every means to instill in the population the idea that it is harmful to have several children, the expenses that they cause and the dangerous effect on woman's health… It will be necessary to open special institutions for abortions and doctors must be able to help out there in case there is any question of this being a breach of their professional ethics.<ref>https://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2007/sep/07090708.html</ref>}}

(The [[atheism|atheist]] [[Marquis de Sade]] is credited with providing the first notable impetus to introduce abortion into western society. See: [[Abortion and atheism]])

===Other beliefs===
Hitler supported [[Animal rights|animal "rights"]]<ref>[ https://books.google.com/books?id=e7FME0btkH0C&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=hitler+animal+rights&source=bl&ots=PIxjDRDBj1&sig=tbJisPm39hMcxj1g6xL0Kh0sn7g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3qZP7xOPTAhVr4oMKHeTMA_c4FBDoAQhKMAc#v=onepage&q=hitler%20animal%20rights&f=false Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions], pg. 62.</ref><ref>Harrison, David; Paterson, Tony (September 22, 2002). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1407954/Thanks-to-Hitler-hunting-with-hounds-is-still-verboten.html Thanks to Hitler, hunting with hounds is still verboten]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref name="EllisWash."/> and [[environmentalism]],<ref name="EllisWash.">Washington, Ellis (March 26, 2011). [https://www.wnd.com/2011/03/279449/ The Nazi Cult of the Organic']. ''WND''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/ecology/nazi_ecology.htm Nazi "Ecology"], Frank Furedi, ''columbia.edu''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Musser, Mark (February 6, 2016). [https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2016/02/yale_professor_on_nazi_environmentalism_so_close_yet_so_far.html Yale Professor on Nazi Environmentalism: So Close, yet So Far]. ''American Thinker''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref> and that support was reflected in the laws created during the Third Reich. Hitler also enacted [[gun control]] laws.<ref>Wolverton, II, J.D., Joe (January 30, 2017). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/item/14367-nazi-gun-control-laws-a-familiar-road-to-citizen-disarmament Nazi Gun Control Laws: a Familiar Road to Citizen Disarmament?] ''The New American''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Stupp, Herbert W. (July 13, 2015). [https://spectator.org/63424_hitler-and-gun-control/ Hitler and Gun Control]. ''The American Spectator''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref>

== Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism ==
''See also:'' [[Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
![[Communism|Communist]] Manifesto
![[Nazi Party]] Platform
!Analysis
|-
|1
|"Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes."
|"We demand an agrarian reform in accordance with our national requirements, and the enactment of a law to expropriate the owners without compensation of any land needed for the common purpose. The abolition of ground rents, and the prohibition of all speculation in land."
|The stripping away of land from private owners. [[Liberalism]] today demands "eminent domain" on property.
|-
|2
|"A heavy progressive or graduated income tax."
|"We demand the nationalization of all trusts...profit-sharing in large industries...a generous increase in old-age pensions...by providing maternity welfare centers, by prohibiting juvenile labor...and the creation of a national (folk) army."
|The points raised in the Nazi platform demand an increase in taxes to support them. Liberalism today demands heavy progressive and graduated income taxes.
|-
|3
|"Abolition of all rights of inheritance."
|"That all unearned income, and all income that does not arise from work, be abolished."
|Liberalism today demands a "death tax" on anyone inheriting an estate.
|-
|4
|"Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels."
|"We demand that all non-Germans who have entered Germany since August 2, 1914, shall be compelled to leave the Reich immediately."
|The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 allowed Germany to take Jewish property.
|-
|5
|"Centralisation of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly."
|"We demand the nationalization of all trusts."
|Central control of the financial system.
|-
|6
|"Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State."
|"We demand that there be a legal campaign against those who propagate deliberate political lies and disseminate them through the press...editors and their assistants on newspapers published in the German language shall be German citizens...Non-German newspapers shall only be published with the express permission of the State...the punishment for transgressing this law be the immediate suppression of the newspaper..."
|Central control of the press. Liberals today demand control or suppression of talk radio and Fox News.
|-
|7
|"Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, &c, &c."
|"In order to make it possible for every capable and industrious German to obtain higher education, and thus the opportunity to reach into positions of leadership, the State must assume the responsibility of organizing thoroughly the entire cultural system of the people. The curricula of all educational establishments shall be adapted to practical life. The conception of the State Idea (science of citizenship) must be taught in the schools from the very beginning. We demand that specially talented children of poor parents, whatever their station or occupation, be educated at the expense of the State. "
|Central control of education, with an emphasis on doing things their way. Liberals today are doing things ''their way'' in our schools.
|-
|}

==War==
[[Image:Hitler munich1914.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Hitler in the crowd in Munich, 1914, reacting to the news of Germany's entry in the First World War.]]
By 1913 Hitler was in Munich, Germany, with war clouds on the horizon. Classified as unfit for service in the Austrian army (possibly by faking, as he did not like the thought of serving Austria) in 1914, he volunteered for the German Army, joining the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment, greeting the war with enthusiasm, and finding the military discipline and comradeship satisfying. He served during the entire [[First World War]] as a messenger carrying dispatches between units, and often at the front lines under fire; he was wounded in 1916, and gassed in 1918. His bravery during this time earned him the [[Iron Cross]], 2nd Class, in December, 1914, and in August 1918 he was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st Class – a rare decoration for a corporal. But the gassing would take him out of the war and into a hospital, where he would be told the heart-wrenching news of Germany's defeat the following November.

==Path to power==
After the war ended, Hitler's future seemed uncertain. There was much discontent among demobilized veterans because of the lack of employment. The German military had felt it had not been defeated; indeed, the German Army stood on foreign soil when the Armistice was signed November 11, 1918 and not a square inch of German soil had been occupied. This was despite the fact that the German Army's strongest position, the Hindenburg line, had been broken by the Allies, and the German Army itself was in full retreat. However, the army felt they had done their job, and the nation had been "stabbed in the back" by a gang of traitors made up of civilian political leaders who betrayed the Fatherland. The "myth" that Germany had been defeated was the "big lie" Hitler spoke of, as if repeating it often enough would cause people to believe it.

After his discharge from the hospital, Hitler acted as an army political agent, assigned in Munich to gather information on the various political parties which had spring up amid the social chaos following Germany's defeat. In September 1919, he was given orders to investigate the relatively-minor German Workers' Party (''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei''; DAP); intrigued by the party's apparatus and its racial, pan-German nationalism, he joined, becoming its 55th member. He remained on the army payroll until he was discharged in March 1920. By then, the party had changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei''; NSDAP) or Nazi Party. Hitler had already devoted himself to improving the party's propaganda, as well as his own position within.

Conditions in Germany fostered the development of the party. Economic woes brought widespread discontent, added to the furor surrounding the loss of the war and the harsh terms heaped upon Germany by the Allied Powers in the Versailles Peace Treaty. Bavaria's traditional separatism from the central government in Berlin made current conditions especially sharp, and Hitler was savvy enough to take full advantage of them. When he joined, he found the party ineffective in leadership and uncertain as to its aims; he accepted the party program, but regarded it as a means to an end. He caused friction with other members of the party, and their attempts to control him caused a threat of resignation; realizing that the future of the party now depended on Hitler, who clearly had a talent of organization, fund collecting, and above all, speaking, they declined to accept it; from July, 1921 Hitler was the party leader with nearly unlimited power. From his party newspaper, ''Völkischer Beobachter'' ("Popular Observer"), he spewed out propaganda. The meetings where he spoke grew from mere handfuls to hundreds, and then to thousands. A man of charismatic personality, he quickly attracted a circle of loyal and devoted followers: [[Rudolf Hess]], [[Hermann Göring]], Julius Streicher, and Alfred Rosenberg.

Munich was also a gathering place for former servicemen dissatisfied with conditions in the country; members of the Freikorps, which had been organized after the war from army units that refused to return to civilian life; and those civilians who plotted against the republic. Many of these men joined the Nazi Party. Among them was a staff member of the district command who had joined the German Workers' Party before Hitler, [[Ernst Röhm]], a pudgy man with a scared face who saw his own ambition in helping further Hitler's rise within the party. Röhm recruited what came to be known as the "Brown Shirts," the violent squads used by the Nazis to attack rival socialists, battle Communists, and to protect party meetings whenever Hitler was speaking. By 1921 they were organized into a private army of the Party called the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'', abbreviated to SA.

==The Beer Hall Putsch==
Germany in 1923 was marked by social and political unrest caused by hyperinflation. In this time Hitler was able convince [[Erich Ludendorff]], an accomplished general and leader of the German forces in the first World War, to join him in a coup d'état (''Putsch'' in German). When Hitler learned that the nationalist prime minister of Bavaria was giving a speech to 3000 officials in one of Munich's biggest beer halls (the Haufbrau Haus), he ordered his paramilitaries to surround the building. Hitler went inside and took the prime minister hostage, announced a revolution, and attempted to convince him to join the coup against Berlin and become member in his new administration. The Bavarian prime minister agreed under pressure, but informed the nation via radio later that night that he did not support Hitler. The prime minister also informed the federal government in Berlin; the putsch had begun to fail.

The next morning, 9 November 1923, Hitler and Ludendorff were marching with approximately 2000 partly armed supporters through Munich in a show of strength to regain the momentum. In the ensuing fight between Hitler's marchers and a cordon of police and army units at least 14 Nazi supporters and three policemen were killed and hundreds wounded. Ludendorff handed himself over to the authorities, while Hitler fled soon after the fighting began. Hitler was arrested a few days later at a friend's house, were had been in hiding since the failed coup. Ludendorff was acquitted of all charges, while Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison (he would serve eight months).<ref>http://history1900s.about.com/cs/thirdreich/a/beerhallputsch_2.htm</ref><ref>http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/putsch2.htm</ref> The Bavarian prime minister, who foiled the plan, was killed in 1934 in the "Night of the Long Knives."

===''Mein Kampf''===
{{main|Mein Kampf}}
Hitler had his inner circle as frequent visitors in his prison cell, which was made more comfortable due to his celebrity. While there, he dictated to Rudolf Hess the first volume of ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (“My Struggle”), his political autobiography and a compendium of his many ideas, including his [[evolutionist]] ideas.

Hitler believed in the inequality of the races, nations, and individuals as part of the natural order of mankind, and chief among them was the exalted “Aryan race”, and the greatest of the Aryans were the Germans. It was the German, according to Hitler, that gave the world civilization and the arts; to safeguard the German people as a race (the “Volk”), they would need to be united under a single leader (the ''Führer''), where they would be protected from their three principle enemies: Marxism, which included social democracy as well as communism; democracy and its mob-rule, as shown by the failings of the Weimar Republic; and above all what Hitler called the poisoners of humanity, the Jews. “Rational anti-Semitism must lead to systematic legal opposition,” he wrote in 1919. “Its final objective must be the removal of the Jews altogether.” In ''Mein Kampf'', he told the world that the Jew was the “destroyer of culture,” “a parasite within the nation,” and “a menace.”

From ''Mein Kampf'':
{{cquote|The Jew "... he blares out his merits to the rest of the world until people really begin to believe in them. Anyone who does not believe in them is doing him a bitter injustice. In a short time he begins to twist things around to make it look as if all the injustice in the world had always been done to him and not the other way around." <ref>[http://www.hitler.org/writings/Mein_Kampf/mkv1ch11.html Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler.]</ref> }}

{{cquote| Hitler portrays Jews as leaders in politics and banking, both groups seeking to strengthen their cause, [[Zionism]], to ensure Jewish domination. From his Social Darwinist perspective, Hitler perceived a racial war as inevitable and he sought to halt the "[[Jewish]] drive towards world conquest"... As Berlin collapsed around him, Adolf asserted: "Out of the ruins of our towns and monuments hatred will grow against those finally responsible for everything, International Jewry." <ref>[http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=32043&amid=30237234 ''Mein Kampf'' – The Text, its Themes and Hitler’s Vision] Robert Carr dissects a book frequently referred to but seldom read.</ref>
}}

===''Zweites Buch''===
{{main|Zweites Buch}}
Hitler's second book, completed in 1928 but not published until 1961, expands on Hitler's Darwinian views and also puts on display overtones of [[Malthusianism]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=I0TDSnJFGGoC&pg=PA152 The Rise of the Nazis: Second Edition]</ref> In ''Zweites Buch'', particularly chapter 1, he writes about issues in "living space," the "struggle for life," issues in food supply, and other common topics in overpopulation commentary.

==Rebuilding the Nazi Party==
[[Image:Hitler-3.jpg‎|right|200px|thumb|Hitler in car, saluting passing S.A. at one of many parades.]]
Internal dissension within the party caused it to languish while Hitler was in prison. When released in December 1924, he saw difficulties in the country that had not existed before the Putsch, namely currency reform that brought economic stability, and the scaling back of the war reparations as a result of the Dawes Plan. Hitler was also forbidden to speak in public, and remained so until 1928; nonetheless he worked to rebuild the party and re-establish his own position within it as leader, despite Gregor Strasser's opposition in northern Germany. By 1927 the number of Nazis was in the hundreds of thousands.

A new period of political and economic instability began with the onset of the Great Depression which threw millions out of work in Europe and North America. To campaign against the [[Young Plan]] (a second renegotiation of war reparations payments) Hitler made an alliance with one of Germany's leading nationalists, [[Alfred Hugenberg]], whose newspapers enabled Hitler to reach a national audience for the first time. The alliance also had another advantage: it enabled him to seek support from many in business and industry who controlled funds going into politics, and who themselves were desirous of seeing Germany under the control of a strong anti-Soviet and anti-Communist regime. The subsidies Hitler received placed the Nazi Party on a strong financial footing, enabling him to make his emotional appeal to the lower middle class and the unemployed in his faith that Germany would recover from its suffering and be a great nation once more. The alliance with the industrialists also demonstrated another aspect of Hitler, a skill of effectively using those that would use him, which many would discover when it was too late.

The electoral strength of the Nazis grew during the Depression, as unceasing propaganda accused the government of failing to improve conditions for the working man. By the fall of 1930 the Nazis captured more than 18 percent of the vote, compared to just 2.6 percent in 1928. Hitler captured 36.8 percent of the vote when he opposed Paul von Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election; his mass following put him in such a strong position that he entered a series of closed-door intrigues with Franz von Papen, Oskar Hindenburg, and Otto Meissner, all sharing a fear and loathing of a communist government. Despite the party losing votes in the November, 1932 election, Hitler insisted on nothing less than the office of chancellor for himself. For him, it was all or nothing. Hindenburg offered it to him on January 30, 1933.

==In power==
Almost immediately, Hitler established himself as dictator. Less than a month after taking office, on February 27 the Reichstag building was set on fire under mysterious circumstances (officially blamed on a feeble-minded Dutch communist, Marinus van der Lubbe); Hitler soon after succeeded in getting several decrees passed removing much of the freedom guaranteed the constitution in the name of state security, and which also allowed an intensified campaign of violence against dissidents. Incredibly, in a special election set in those conditions on March 5, the Nazis won 43.9 percent of the vote. On March 21, the new Reichstag assembled at the Potsdam Church, as much a show of unity between the old guard under Hindenburg and the Nazis as it was a show of peace. Two days later the Enabling Act was passed, giving Hitler full powers; with the exception of the Nazis, all other political parties, including those which had helped pass the Enabling Act, ceased to exist within three months. Many of their leaders were imprisoned in concentration camps.

===Night of the Long Knives===
[[Image:HitlerRohm1933.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Hitler with Ernst Röhm in 1933]]
[[File:Diego Rivera, Hitler, Panel of Mural for the New Workers School, New York City, 1933..jpg|thumb|left|200px|Hitler by [[Diego Rivera]], 1933.]]
Hitler, however, did not wish to start an immediate revolution. In order to implement his ideas he still needed the support of the army. But he did have one growing problem that was a thorn in the army's side, the three million-plus men of the [[SA]] and their leader, [[Ernst Röhm]], who wanted nothing less than to merge the SA into the much smaller army, with himself in overall command. At first, Hitler tried getting Röhm's support by persuasion, but Hitler's inner circle was for removing him by any means possible. On June 29, 1934, Hitler ordered a purge, flew towards a resort near Munich where a number of SA leaders were vacationing, and had them all arrested; many would be shot without trial. Refusing to shoot himself when offered, Röhm was killed in his cell at Dachau, his last words, ironically, “Mein Führer, mein Führer!” <ref>http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/roehm.htm</ref><ref>http://www.adolfhitler.ws/lib/nsdap/Rohm.html {{dead link}}</ref><ref>http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/roehm/index.html</ref> The purge took place between June 30 and July 2, 1934.

On July 13, Hitler gave speech in the Reichstag, announcing that some seventy-four individuals had been shot for threatening the stability of the Reich.
:''"If anyone reproaches me and asks why I did not resort to the regular courts of justice, then all I can say is this: In this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people, and thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people…It was no secret that this time the revolution would have to be bloody; when we spoke of it we called it 'The Night of the Long Knives.' Everyone must know for all future time that if he raises his hand to strike the State, then certain death is his lot." ''

Hitler also used this event to settle his account with other opponents, such as Georg Strasser, who stood for a more socialist and less racist national socialism, and the former Bavarian prime minister who foiled the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Satisfied that the SA leadership was thoroughly broken up (thousands of SA members were either arrested or killed that night), the army approved of Hitler's actions. Hindenburg died a few days later on August 2, and Hitler merged the office of president with the chancellorship, and with it the supreme command of the German armed forces. During this time the world was slowly recovering economically from the Depression, but it quickened in Germany, coincidently with Hitler's rise to power. Taking credit for the recovery made him very popular, bringing him a 90 percent approval rating in a voter plebiscite that year.
[[Image:Hitler6-thumb.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Hitler with his dog, Blondi.]]

===Beginnings of expansion===
In matters of state, the running of domestic affairs was left to subordinates, which was something Hitler had little attention for. Foreign policy always peaked his interest, in so much as to the advantages of a “Greater Germany”, which was his chief ambition. The first part of realizing this, according to ''Mein Kampf'', was to be a reunion of the German peoples within Europe; the second would be an expansion of Germany to the east (lebensraum). Expanding would mean a renewed conflict with the Slavic peoples, whom Hitler intended to serve as slaves to the “New German Order.” To follow through on his ambitions, he would have to remove Poland and the Soviet Union as countries; France also would have to be stabilized in the west, as she was Germany's enemy for more than a century. He counted as possible allies Italy, with its fascist government under [[Benito Mussolini]], and Britain, whom he regarded as having a similar, Teutonic heritage.

Before any of his ambitions could take place, there was one thing he detested which needed immediate removal: the restrictions placed upon Germany by the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I. Posing as a man of peace to allay suspicions, he insisted that he was a champion of Europe wishing only for the removal of the inequalities leveled by the treaty, and posturing as a shield against Bolshevism. In October, 1933, he had Germany withdraw from the [[League of Nations]]. The following January he signed a non-aggression treaty with Poland. His individual repudiations of parts of the treaty were followed by offers of negotiations for new agreements, while maintaining Germany's limited ambitious nature.
[[Image:Mufti And Hitler.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Adolf Hitler talking with Grand Mufti [[Mohammed Amin Al-Husseini|Haj Amin al-Husseini]]]]
While this was going on, Germany was steadily building up the armed forces. Rigorous training using wooden guns and trucks marked as “tanks” got needed battlefield training for officers. Potential fighter pilots began their training in gliders at public demonstrations – Germany, under terms of the treaty, was not allowed an air force – and later they would fly in new civilian stunt planes and transports, which on the drawing board were designed to be rapidly turned into fighters and bombers. Conscription was introduced in January, 1935, and in June of that year Hitler successfully signed a naval treaty with Britain, giving him rights to a respectable navy; but even while the ink was drying, Germany was secretly building a large U-boat fleet.
[[File:Hitler and Mussolini.jpg|thumb|200px|Hitler and [[Benito Mussolini]] in 1936]]
The matter of reuniting the German peoples came into being in July, 1934, and here Hitler overreached. German organizations were covertly aiding Austrian Nazis in the overthrow of their government, culminating in an attempted revolt as well as murdering Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. When the attempt clearly failed, Hitler denied involvement. In January, 1935, a plebiscite was introduced in the Saarland; more than 90 percent voted to return the territory to Germany. Then in March, 1936, came his greatest slap to the Versailles Treaty: against the advice of his generals, and in open defiance of France and Britain, he ordered troops into the demilitarized Rhineland. Germany was once again becoming the leading power in continental Europe. By October, 1936, Germany had signed an alliance with Italy, proclaiming a “Rome-Berlin axis,” followed by the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. All three countries would sign a single, mutual alliance pact, the following year.

==Anschluss and the Munich Agreement==
Removed from their offices in January 1938 were Hjalmar Schacht (economic ministry); Werner von Fritsch (soldiers’ representative); and Konstantin von Neurath (foreign office); the reason being was they were not fully accepting of Nazism. Beginning his plans of German conquest, he started with Austria. Kurt von Schuschnigg, the Austrian chancellor, was invited to Berchtesgaden in February, where he was browbeaten and forced to sign an agreement placing Austrian Nazis in the government. When Schuschnigg resisted and announced a plebiscite for Austrian voters concerning independence, Hitler ordered German troops into Austria, completely taking over the country within days. His return to Vienna was in triumph; enthusiastic crowds greeted him by the tens of thousands, in sharp contrast to the scenes of privation he had gone through there in his youth. Austria was annexed (Anschluss) to the Reich a short time later.

While the Anschluss was going on, Hitler was speaking in friendly terms with Czechoslovakia; nearly as soon as Austria ceased to exist, Hitler proceeded with his plans against the Czechs. The northwestern region of Czechoslovakia was the Sudetenland, inhabited by a German minority, and the leader of them, Konrad Henlein, was instructed to make impossible demands for those Germans on the Czech government. In the interest of preventing a general war (which Hitler wanted), Mussolini and British prime minister Neville Chamberlain concluded a peaceful agreement in Munich on September 30, giving Hitler the Sudetenland without firing a shot. Chamberlain would return to Britain, waiving the agreement signed between himself and Hitler, declaring it to be “peace for our time”, but his act of appeasement would ensure the peace would last only a few more months. Despite assurances that the Sudetenland was his last territorial demands, “Czechia”, as the remainder of Czechoslovakia was called, became a German protectorate on March 15, 1939, when Hitler ordered it occupied. Just over a week later, Lithuania was forced to cede to Germany the territory of Memel (Klaipeda), on the border of East Prussia.

==Poland==
Poland's turn was next, and listening to the rumblings was France and Britain, which signed guarantees of mutual assistance to the Polish nation should it be attacked by Germany. Hitler also signed pacts: a “Pact of Steel” with Italy, strengthening the alliance between Rome and Berlin, and then a treaty that caught many off-guard: a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union on August 23. A secret clause in the pact allowed for the simultaneous invasion of Poland, and the division of the country in the center from north to south. Poland was invaded on September 1; two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany.

Hitler assumed his own war strategy. Poland was conquered within weeks, and when a desired peace accord with Britain failed to materialize, he ordered the army to prepare for a western offensive. Norway was invaded and occupied, forestalling a British move on that country; Denmark was occupied by April, 1940. Hitler than adopted General Erich von Manstien's plan for an offensive against France itself, which would move through neutral Belgium's Ardenne Forest on May 10, taking that country as a matter of convenience, as well as avoiding the static fortifications of France's Maginot Line. The German forces, extremely successful in their operations, reached the coastal ports on the English Channel in 10 days; Holland and Belgium both surrendered within days. But south of Dunkirk was where the army was ordered to halt. Hitler had hoped even at this stage in the battle that Britain would commit to peace; instead, the halting of the German army allowed the British to remove 170,000 fighting men.

On June 10, Italy entered the war as German tanks were sweeping across northern France. Hitler signed an armistice with France on June 22, the signing taking place in the same rail car at the same site where the Germans surrendered in 1918.

Having failed in getting the British to sign an armistice, Hitler prepared his forces for “Operation Sea Lion,” the invasion of Britain. However, the Luftwaffe was defeated in its attempt to gain air superiority over British airspace, also known as the Battle Of Britain, which forced the permanent postponement of Sealion.

Facing the failure of the British to give in, Hitler started to prepare to double-cross his erstwhile partner in the Poland conquest, Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union. Then Mussolini invaded Greece, got bogged down in the Balkans, and the threat loomed that he would lose his whole army there. Hitler found it necessary to come to his aid, while at the same time taking direct control of Yugoslavia in the wake of the overthrow of the pro-Nazi government.

==Barbarossa==
[[File:Nazi diversity.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Nazi [[diversity]]. [[Muslim]] members of the Waffen SS 13th division at prayer during their training at Neuhammer, Germany, in November 1943.]]
The attack on Soviet Russia began June 22, 1941. Rapid in its advancement, the German army captured a large swath of territory between the Baltic and Black seas, and captured close to 3,000,000 prisoners. But Hitler, already micromanaging military operations, became overbearing to his generals; he preferred to go after many targets, while his generals argued for a single objective. A few miles in front of Moscow, the German army was halted by a Russian offensive in December, as well as something he had absolutely no control over: the severe Russian winter.

In the lands already occupied by German forces, S.S. chief Heinrich Himmler was preparing the ground for Hitler's new German order. Expelling the Jews from Germany was the first step, and this was carried out by laws and decrees beginning in 1933; the Germans would switch to outright force in 1939, as Jews were first deported en-masse to Poland, then walled into ghettos after the occupation began. By 1941, a policy crafted under S.S. general Reinhard Heydrich had changed expulsion for extermination in what was called "a final solution to the Jewish question" (''die Endlösung der Judenfrage''). The system of concentration camps was supplemented by the creation of specialized killing centers in the occupied countries, especially in Poland, where camps such as Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzac “processed” thousands of victims daily. Some six million Jews died during what was called the [[Holocaust]], as well as an additional five million Slavs, Gypsies, the handicapped, the aged, and many others that the Nazis considered “subhuman” in accordance with German racial policies.<ref>http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/burns.htm</ref>

==Beginning of the end==
[[Image:Adolf_hitler6.jpg‎|right|200px|thumb|Hitler in 1944, by now looking tired and strained.]]
Hitler grew increasingly strained by the end of 1942, depending on large amounts of drugs supplied by his physician, Theodor Morell, as a result of the twin defeats of El Alamein (which he lost the bulk of his Afrika corps to British general Montgomery), and Stalingrad (where he lost an entire army of 250,000 men to the Russians). He spent more time in his headquarters in East Prussia, and his time in the public eye ceased to exist. He refused to visit bombed German cities, and, as with Stalingrad, refused to allow German armies to withdraw from the battlefield when the situation was lost. Still, he could make stunning, decisive decisions when called for, such as the commando raid that resulted in the rescue of Benito Mussolini from Italian partisans in July, 1943.

But the defeat of Germany in the war was looming closer. Hitler's relations with his leading commanders grew strained, the more so as he allowed units of the S.S. to take positions traditionally held by the army. The line at the eastern front was slowly being pushed back by the Soviets, while in the Atlantic his U-boats campaign had faltered. German cities were constantly being bombed, and a successful invasion on the Normandy coast of France in June, 1944 marked the beginning of the end.

===Assassination attempt===
[[Image:NWT Hitler dead.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Hitler's death as covered by the ''New York Times'', May 2, 1945.]]
Seeing Germany's chances of surviving the war were desperate, a group of officers plotted to assassinate Hitler, planning several attempts in 1943-44, but nearly successful on July 20, 1944, when a bomb hidden in a briefcase by Colonel [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] went off under a table that Hitler and others were leaning over; four were killed outright, several suffered injuries, but Hitler escaped relatively unharmed (the bomb itself was set down away from Hitler behind a solid oak table leg, saving him). The conspirators were quickly rounded up; Stauffenberg was shot. The remainder were put on show trials and condemned to hang on meat hooks with piano wire. It was said that Hitler enjoyed watching film of their executions. As a result of the bomb, Nazi members were employed at key positions within the army, removing any trace of the army's independence.

Within months nearly all of the territory occupied by Germany was now in Allied hands. A last offensive in December, 1944 to take the port of Antwerp, Belgium, failed. Hitler had by then grown ill; his hopes for a German victory bordered on the fantastical and the imagination. By January, 1945 he had moved into his command bunker in Berlin, where he gave orders deploying fictional divisions to counter the ever-closer Soviets. When all seemed lost, he gave out his final orders: first, appointing Admiral Karl Dönitz as head of the state and his successor, and Josef Goebbels as chancellor; and second, dictating his last political will which was an attempt to justify his life's work.

On April 29, he committed the one truly-chivalrous act of his life: he married Eva Braun, his long-time mistress. After retiring to his room in the bunker the next day, Eva took poison, and Hitler put a bullet in his head. In accordance with his wishes, both bodies were burned. His Third Reich would outlive him for another week.

[[Elie Wiesel]] wrote the following in [[Time Magazine]] regarding Hitler:
{{cquote|Adolf Hitler or the incarnation of absolute evil; this is how future generations will remember the all-powerful Fuhrer of the criminal Third Reich. Compared with him, his peers [[Mussolini]] and [[Franco]] were novices. Under his hypnotic gaze, humanity crossed a threshold from which one could see the abyss. "Before Hitler, we thought we had sounded the depths of human nature," argues Ron Rosenbaum, author of "Explaining Hitler." "He showed how much lower we could go, and that's what was so horrifying. It gets us wondering not just at the depths he showed us but whether there is worse to come. The power of Hitler was to confound the [[modernist]] notion that judgments about good and [[evil]] were little more than matters of taste, reflections of [[social class]] and power and status. Although some modern scholars drive past the notion of evil and instead explain Hitler's conduct as a reflection of his [[psychoanalysis|childhood and self-esteem issues]], for most survivors of the 20th century he is confirmation of our instinctive sense that evil does exist. It moves among us; it leads us astray and deploys powerful, subtle weapons against even the sturdiest souls." <ref name="time" />}}

All in all, Hitler survived over forty assassination attempts. The Stauffenburg attempt was the closest anyone ever came to killing Hitler. George Elser, a communist, came very close in 1938, having planted a bomb in a beam that Hitler stood in front of while giving a speech. Luck saved Hitler, as he left the hall early and twelve minutes later the bomb exploded.

==Death==
On the afternoon of April 30, 1945 as the Soviet Red Army closed in on the center of Berlin, Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide.<ref>Kershaw, Ian. ''Hitler: A Biography''. (2008) p. 955</ref><ref>Joachimsthaler, Anton. ''The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth''. (1999) [1995] pp. 160-182</ref><ref>Beevor, Antony. ''Berlin – The Downfall 1945''. (2002) p. 359</ref> The majority of contemporary historians have rejected the other accounts of Hitler's demise or reported escape from Berlin as either Soviet propaganda or surmise.<ref>Eberle, Henrik and Uhl, Matthias. ''The Hitler Book''. (2005) p. 282</ref><ref name="Joachimsthaler. 1999 pp. 160-182, 240-260">Joachimsthaler. ''The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth''. (1999) [1995] pp. 160-182, 240-260</ref> Following the end of the war, because of the different versions presented by the Soviet Union as to Hitler being dead and alive, both British Military Intelligence (led by agent Hugh Trevor-Roper) and the FBI conducted investigations as to the different claims made. The declassified information from British MI5, confirmed that Hitler shot himself.<ref>https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html</ref> The declassified FBI documents report a number of alleged sightings of Hitler along with theories that he and Eva Braun escaped to Argentina in a submarine and changed identity. However, as the report states, "because of lack of information to support the story advanced...it is believed impossible to continue efforts to locate Hitler."<ref>https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler/adolf-hitler-part-01-of-04/view</ref>

More recently in 2009, American researchers were allowed to perform DNA tests on the skull fragment the Russians claim was from Hitler. The tests revealed that the skull fragment belonged to a woman under 40 years of age who was not related to Eva Braun. However, the jaw fragments which had been recovered and identified as Hitler's<ref>Eberle and Uhl. ''The Hitler Book''. (2005) p. 282</ref> were not tested by the American researchers.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/12/10/hitler.skull.debate/index.html?_s=PM:WORLD</ref> Therefore, most all historians are very skeptical and dismiss these popular conspiracy theories, in particular because there are credible witnesses, who saw the bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun.<ref name="Joachimsthaler. 1999 pp. 160-182, 240-260"/><ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2050137/Did-Hitler-Eva-Braun-flee-Berlin-die-old-age-Argentina.html</ref><ref>Fischer, Thomas. ''Soldiers of the Leibstandarte''. (2008) p. 47</ref><ref>Kershaw, Ian. ''Hitler 1936-1945 - Nemesis''. (2000) p. 1038</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Disturbed character]]
* [[Nazi Germany and homosexuality]]
* [[Police state]]

== External links ==
[[File:Hitler Siegestor Munich Victory Gate.jpg|thumb|Watercolor of the Arch of Triumph in Munich by Hitler.]]
*[http://www.eucontest.org/go.php?pdf=www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%201994.pdf Extracts From ''Mein Kampf'' by Hitler]
*[http://www.hitler.org/writings/Mein_Kampf/ ''Mein Kampf'' by Adolf Hitler.] Full text.
*[http://www.snyderstreasures.com/pages/hartworks.htm Adolf Hitler ORIGINAL Watercolor Artworks.]
*[http://constitutionalistnc.tripod.com/hitler-leftist/ Hitler Was a Leftist]

==Further reading==
*[http://www.ushmm.org/research/doctors/medical.htm STATE MEDICAL SERVICES OF THE THIRD REICH], FROM THE OPENING STATEMENT BY TELFORD TAYLOR, Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. Nuremberg, October 1946–April 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O, 1949–1953. Retrieved from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
<small>[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/h/hitler-adolf/oss-papers/text/profile-index.htmlA Psychological Analysis of Adolf Hitler, His Life and Legend], Walter C. Langer, Office of Strategic Services, Washington, D.C.</small>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hitler, Adolf}}

[[Category:Dictators]]
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[[Category:Nazis]]
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Third Reich

2020-05-17T12:56:57Z

AK: /* Beginnings */ intlink

{{Country
|name =''Deutsches Reich'' (1933–1943)<br/>''Großdeutsches Reich'' (1943–1945)
|map =Nazi Germany 1944 Administration.png
|flag =Flag of Nazi Germany.png
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|government-raw =[[National Socialism|National Socialist]] [[dictatorship]]
|language =German
|king =
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|president-raw = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] <nowiki>(1933–1934)</nowiki><br/>[[Adolf Hitler]] <nowiki>(1934–1945; Führer)</nowiki><br/>[[Karl Dönitz]] <nowiki>(1945)</nowiki>
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw = Adolf Hitler <nowiki>(1933–1945)</nowiki><br/>[[Joseph Goebbels]] <nowiki>(1945)</nowiki><br/>[[Lutz von Krosigk]] <nowiki>(1945; leading minister)</nowiki>
|pm =
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|area =244,706 sq mi
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The '''Third Reich''' (German: ''Deutsches Reich'', "German Reich") was the dictatorship of [[Germany]] while under the control of the [[Nazi Party]] and its leader ("[[Führer]]"), [[Adolf Hitler]]. The state that lasted from 1933–1945, is commonly known as Nazi Germany. Quickly consolidating power after his appointment as chancellor by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], Hitler pulled the country out of the worldwide depression and transformed it once again into a major [[Europe]]an power; his lust for German territorial expansion at the expense of other countries, beliefs in an Aryan "master race", and a hatred of those considered "sub-human" (primarily the Jews) led to the outbreak of World War II in 1939, which left Germany and much of Europe in ruins and millions of people dead.

In taking over Germany, Hitler believed that he was creating a third German empire, following the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (800–1806) – what he called the [[First Reich]] – and the [[Second Reich]] created by [[Otto von Bismarck]], which lasted 1871–1918.

==Beginnings==
Adolf Hitler was still attached to the German Army in Bavaria after [[World War I]], serving primarily as a gatherer of information on the various political parties which were created as a result of the country's loss in the war. After being assigned to document a small left-wing party in Munich known as the ''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' ("German Workers' Party" or DAP), he liked what he saw in it and became a member in September 1919; the following year, the party changed its name to the ''National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' ("National Socialist German Workers' Party" or NSDAP). In 1921 Hitler assumed leadership of the NSDAP.
[[File:Early-leaders-of-the-nazi-party-full.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Defendants during the Munich beer hall putsch trial, April 1924 (''l-r:'' Pernet, Weber, Frick, Kiebel, Ludendorff, Hitler, Bruckner, Röhm, Wagner.).]]
As leader of the NSDAP, Hitler reorganized the party and encouraged the assimilation of other radical groups. Gangs of unemployed demobilized soldiers were gathered under the command of a former army officer, [[Ernst Röhm]], to form the [[Storm Troopers]] (''Sturmabteilung'' or SA), Hitler's private army. Under Hitler's leadership, the NSDAP denounced the Weimar Republic and the "November criminals" who had signed the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. The postwar economic slump won the party a following among unemployed ex-soldiers, the lower middle class, and small farmers; in 1923 membership totaled about 55,000. General Erich Ludendorff supported the former corporal in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] of November 1923 in Munich, an attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government. The putsch failed, and Hitler received a light sentence of five years, of which he served less than one. Incarcerated in relative comfort, he wrote ''Mein Kampf'' (My Struggle), in which he set out his long-term political aims.

After the failure of the putsch, Hitler turned to "legal revolution" as the means to power and chose two parallel paths to take the Nazis to that goal. First, the NSDAP would employ propaganda to create a national mass party capable of coming to power through electoral successes. Second, the party would develop a bureaucratic structure and prepare itself to assume roles in government. Beginning in the mid-1920s, Nazi groups sprang up in other parts of Germany. In 1927 the NSDAP organized the first Nuremberg party congress, a mass political rally. By 1928 party membership exceeded 100,000; the Nazis, however, polled only 2.6 percent of the vote in the Reichstag elections in May.

A mere splinter party in 1928, the NSDAP became better known the following year when it formed an alliance with the DNVP to launch a plebiscite against the Young Plan on the issue of reparations. The DNVP's leader, [[Alfred Hugenberg]], owner of a large newspaper chain, considered Hitler's spellbinding oratory a useful means of attracting votes. The DNVP-NSDAP union brought the NSDAP within the framework of a socially influential coalition. As a result, Hitler's party acquired respectability and access to wealthy contributors.

Had it not been for the economic collapse that began with the [[Wall Street]] stock market crash of October 1929, Hitler probably would not have come to power. The [[Great Depression]] hit Germany very hard because the German economy's well-being depended on short-term loans from the United States. Once these loans were recalled, Germany was devastated. Unemployment went from 8.5 percent in 1929 to 14 percent in 1930, to 21.9 percent in 1931, and, at its peak, to 29.9 percent in 1932. Compounding the effects of the Depression were the drastic economic measures taken by Center Party politician Heinrich Brüning, who served as chancellor from March 1930 until the end of May 1932. Brüning's budget cuts were designed to cause so much misery that the Allies would excuse Germany from making any further reparations payments. In this at least, Brüning succeeded. United States president [[Herbert Hoover]] declared a "reparations moratorium" in 1932. In the meantime, the Depression deepened, and social discontent intensified to the point that Germany seemed on the verge of civil war.

In times of desperation, voters are ready for extreme solutions, and the NSDAP exploited the situation. Skilled Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels launched an intensive media campaign that ceaselessly expounded a few simple notions until even the dullest voter knew Hitler's basic program. The party's program was broad and general enough to appeal to many unemployed people, farmers, white-collar workers, members of the middle class who had been hurt by the Depression or had lost status since the end of World War I, and young people eager to dedicate themselves to nationalist ideals. If voters were not drawn to some aspects of the party platform, they might agree with others. Like other left-wing groups, the party blamed the Treaty of Versailles and reparations for the developing crisis. Nazi propaganda attacked the Weimar political system, the "November criminals," Marxists, internationalists, and Jews. Besides promising a solution to the economic crisis, the NSDAP offered the German people a sense of national pride and the promise of restored order.

Three elections – in September 1930, in July 1932, and in November 1932 – were held between the onset of the Depression and Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933. The vote shares of the SPD and the Center Party fluctuated somewhat yet remained much as they had been in 1928, when the SPD held a large plurality of 153 seats in the Reichstag and the Center Party held sixty-one, third after the DNVP's seventy-three seats. The shares of the parties of the extreme left, the KPD and the NSDAP, respectively, increased dramatically in this period, KPD holdings almost doubling from fifty-four in 1928 to 100 in November 1932. The NSDAP's success was even greater. Beginning with twelve seats in 1928, the Nazis increased their delegation seats nearly tenfold, to 107 seats in 1930. They doubled their holdings to 230 in the summer of 1932. This made the NSDAP the largest party in the Reichstag, far surpassing the SPD with its 133 seats. The gains of the NSDAP came at the expense of parties on both the left- and right-wing.

Chancellor Brüning was unable to secure parliamentary majorities for his [[Ascesis|austerity]] policy, so he ruled by decree, a right given him by President [[Hindenburg]]. Head of the German Army during World War I, Hindenburg had been elected president in 1925. Ruling without parliament was a major step in moving away from parliamentary democracy and had the approval of many. Many historians see this development as part of a strategic plan formulated at the time by elements of the establishment to abolish the republic and replace it with an authoritarian regime.

By late May 1932, Hindenburg had found Brüning insufficiently pliable and named a more conservative politician, Franz von Papen, as his successor. After the mid-1932 elections that made the NSDAP Germany's largest party, Papen sought to harness Hitler by offering him the post of vice chancellor in a new cabinet. Hitler refused this offer, demanding the chancellorship instead.

General Kurt von Schleicher, a master intriguer and a leader of the campaign to abolish the republic, convinced Hindenburg to dismiss Papen. Schleicher formed a new government in December but lost Hindenburg's support within a month. On January 30, 1933, Papen again put together a cabinet, this time with Hitler as chancellor. Papen and other politicians and leaders thought they could tame Hitler by tying him down with the responsibilities of government; transferring to themselves his tremendous popularity with a large portion of the electorate. But they proved no match for his ruthlessness and his genius at knowing how - and when - to seize power. Within two months, Hitler had dictatorial control over Germany.

===The Reichstag and Its Aftermath===
On February 27, 1933, the [[Reichstag]] in [[Berlin]] was destroyed in a fire that had plainly been deliberately set. Exactly who set the fire remains a question never fully resolved. Most contemporary observers both in and outside of Germany blamed and still blame the Nazis themselves, though Shirer admits in "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" that "The whole truth about the Reichstag Fire will probably never be known." <ref>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Book Two, "Triumph and Consolidation." William Shirer</ref>

Hitler and his followers lost no time in blaming the arson on their far-Left rivals, the Communists. "This is the beginning of the Communist revolution," declared Goering as he watched fire consume the building. Hitler himself told then [[Gestapo]] Chief Diels that "The German Volk will have no sympathy with lenience. Every communist official will be shot where he is found. The communist deputies must be hanged this night. Everything connected with the communists is be settled – no more indulgence will be shown the social democrats or the Reichsbanner." <ref>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Book Two, "Triumph and Consolidation." William Shirer</ref>

A day later a "defensive measure against Communist acts of violence endangering the state" was passed:

<blockquote>
"Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications; and warrants for house searchers, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed."<ref>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Book Two, "Triumph and Consolidation." William Shirer</ref>
</blockquote>

Thus, the first taste of Nazi state [[terror]] was rendered "legal," as over the next week [[SA]] storm troopers took into "protective custody" several thousand Communist officials and many Social Democrats and liberals. These prisoners, often snatched from their homes and off the streets, were loaded onto trucks and carried off to SA barracks and hastily set up prisons where many of them were held, [[torture]]d and killed without the formality of a hearing or trial. The rationale for these drastic measures, Hitler's government insisted, was the dire threat posed by the Communist menace. The same day as the "defensive measure" was passed, the government declared that documents had been uncovered revealing a Communist plot (these documents were never actually produced):

"The burning of the Reichstag was to be the signal for a bloody insurrection and civil war…it was ascertained that today was to have seen throughout Germany terrorist acts against individual persons, against private property, and against the life and limb of the peaceful population, and also the beginning of general civil war."

[[Goering]] announced just a few days after the fire, "my measures will not be crippled by any judicial thinking…I don’t have to worry about justice! My mission is to destroy and exterminate, nothing more!" <ref>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Book Two, "Triumph and Consolidation." William Shirer</ref>

==The Consolidation of Power==
[[File:Nazi German leaders.jpg|thumb|200px|From left to right: [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Hermann Goering]] [[Joseph Goebbels]], and [[Rudolf Hess]]. Photo taken around 1933–34.]]
The election of March 5 was the last held in Germany until after World War II. Although opposition parties were severely harassed, the NSDAP won only 43.9 percent of the vote. Nonetheless, with the help of political allies, Hitler presented the Reichstag with the proposal for an Enabling Act that, if passed by a two-thirds majority, would allow him to govern without parliament for four years. On March 23, the proposal was passed with the support of the Center Party and others. All Communists and some Social Democrats were prevented from voting.

Hitler used the Enabling Act to implement ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' (synchronization), that is, the policy of subordinating all institutions and organizations to Nazi control. First, all other left-wing political parties were banned; then, in July 1933, Germany was declared a one-party state. The civil service and judiciary were purged of "non-Aryans" (Jews) and leftists who did not hold Nazi Party membership. Local and state governments were reorganized and staffed with Nazis. Trade unions were dissolved and replaced with Nazi organizations. Even the NSDAP was purged of its social-revolutionary wing, the SA. The enormous and unruly SA was brought under control by a [[massacre]] of its leadership which took place between June 30 and July 2, 1934 in what became known as the "[[Night of the Long Knives]]". Other opponents were also killed during this purge, among them Schleicher. After Hindenburg's death in early August 1934, Hitler combined the offices of the president and the chancellor. With the SA tamed, Hitler assured the army that he regarded it as Germany's military force, and the soldiers swore an oath of personal allegiance to Hitler, pledging unconditional obedience. [[Heinrich Himmler]]'s guard detachment, the (''Schutzstaffel'') or [[SS]] replaced the SA as Hitler's private army.

====Beginnings of Genocide====
[[File:Aprilboykott.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Boycott of Jewish businesses]]
Once the regime was established, terror was the principal means used to maintain its control of Germany. Police arrests, which had focused originally on Communists and rival Socialists, were extended to other groups, most particularly to Jews. This systematic use of terror was highly effective in silencing resistance. Some enemies of the regime fled abroad. However, all but a small minority of those opposed to Hitler resigned themselves to suppressing their opinions in public and hoping for the regime's eventual demise.

Like its secular institutions, Germany's churches were subjected to Nazi pressure. They resisted incorporation into the regime and retained a substantial degree of independence. This situation was tolerated by the regime, provided that the churches did not interfere with its efforts to control public life. When the churches were outraged by such Nazi practices as [[Aktion T4|euthanasia]] and sterilization, they protested. The regime responded by more carefully concealing such medical procedures. Otherwise, with the exception of a few brave clergymen, the churches rarely spoke out against the regime. The regime's chief victims—Jews, [[Communist]]s, [[Socialist]]s, labor leaders, and writers—generally had not been close to the churches, and their persecution was witnessed in silence.

Joseph Goebbels, the minister of propaganda, contributed to the regime's consolidation with the establishment of the (''Reichskulturkammer'') Reich Cultural Chamber, which extended ''Gleichschaltung'' to the educational system, the radio, and the cultural institutions. However, an elaborate system of censorship was not considered necessary to control the press. Non-Nazi Party newspapers had already been suppressed. The editors of the remaining newspapers soon were able to figure out what was deemed suitable for public consumption. Goebbels also took an interest in Germany's substantial film industry, pressuring it to make pleasant, amusing films that would distract the German public in its leisure hours.

The regime soon achieved its desired consolidation. Many Germans supported it, some out of opportunism, some because they liked certain aspects of it such as full employment, which was quickly achieved. The regime also brought social order, something many Germans welcomed after fifteen years of political and economic chaos. Many were won over by Hitler's diplomatic successes, which began soon after he came to power and continued through the 1930s and which seemed to restore Germany to what they saw as its rightful place in the international community.

When Germany annexed Austria in March, 1938, the deliberate harassment and humiliation of individual Austrian Jews by Nazis was a public spectacle. "I was given a bucket of boiling water," wrote Morris Fleischman, a Jewish survivor of that era, "and I was told to clean the steps. I lay down on my stomach and began to clean the pavement. It turned out that the bucket was half-full of acid and this burned my hands." Martin Gilbert, author of "The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War", observes that "Dozens of passersby also watched these scenes of humiliation, laughing and mocking as Jews, having been forced to put their sacred prayer bands on their arms, were then made to clean unflushed lavatory bowls…The Germans who carried out the atrocities had already become corrupted by their tasks; laughing when inflicting pain and drawing in passersby to laugh with them. Gradually entire populations became immune to feelings of outrage, and learned to shun compassion." <ref>The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War, Martin Gilbert, Chapter 5, “Hunted Like Rats.”</ref>

In November 1938, a young Jewish man distraught over the deportation of his family, assassinated Ernst Vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris. The result was November 9, 1938, a night that would afterwards be known as ''[[Kristalnacht]]'', a reference to the amount of broken glass littering the streets afterward. Jewish homes in Germany were ransacked, Synagogues burned, Jews chased down and beaten to death. Critics have argued that had [[liberal]]s written a [[2nd Amendment]] into the [[Weimar Consititution]], there would have been no Kristalnacht.<ref>http://www.independent.org/news/article.asp?id=4905</ref> More than 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps. The German government responded by charging the Jewish community for the damage and a few days later, barring all Jewish children from German schools. Some 35,000 Jews were arrested.

==Foreign Policy==
[[File:Monetary-Coin Nazi.jpg|right]]
Once his regime was consolidated, Hitler took little interest in domestic policy, his sole concern being that Germany become sufficiently strong to realize his long-term geopolitical goal of creating a German empire that would dominate western Europe and extend deep into Russia. In a first step toward this goal, he made a "de facto" revision to the Treaty of Versailles by ceasing to heed its restrictions on German rearmament. Soon after becoming chancellor, Hitler ordered that rearmament, secretly underway since the early 1920s, be stepped up. Later in 1933, he withdrew Germany from the League of Nations to reduce possible foreign control over Germany. In 1935 he announced that Germany had begun rearmament, would greatly increase the size of its army, and had established an air force. Italy, France, and Britain protested these actions but did nothing further, and Hitler soon signed an agreement with Britain permitting Germany to maintain a navy one-third the size of the British fleet. In 1936 Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland, in violation of various treaties. There was no foreign opposition.

In 1936 Germany began closer relations with fascist [[Italy]], a pariah state because of its invasion of Ethiopia the year before. The two antidemocratic states joined together to assist General Francisco Franco in overthrowing Spain's republican government during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). In November 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Berlin-Rome Axis. That same year, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, the three signatories pledging to defend each other against leftist rivals the Soviet Union and international Communism.

It was also in 1936 that Hitler informed the regime's top officials that Germany must be ready for war by 1940. In response, the Four-Year Plan was established. Developed under the direction of [[Hermann Goering]], it set forth production quotas and market guidelines. Efforts to regiment the economy were not without conflict. Some of the economic elite desired that Germany be integrated into the world's economy. Others advocated autarchy, that is, firmly basing the German economy in Central Europe and securing its raw materials through barter agreements.

[[File:ThirdReichMap.png|200px|thumb|left|Nazi Germany in August 1939, just before the start of World War II]]
In the end, no clear decision on the management of the German economy was made. Large weapons contracts with industrial firms soon had the economy running at top speed, and full employment was reached by 1937. Wages did not increase much for ordinary workers, but job security after years of economic depression was much appreciated. The rearmament program was not placed on a sound financial footing, however. Taxes were not increased to pay for it because the regime feared that this would dissatisfy workers. Instead, the regime tapped the country's foreign reserves, which were largely exhausted by 1939. The regime also shunned a rigorous organization of rearmament because it feared the social tensions this might engender. The production of consumer goods was not curtailed either, again based on the belief that the morale of the population had to remain high if Germany were to become strong. In addition, because Hitler expected that the wars waged in pursuit of his foreign policy goals would be short, he judged great supplies of weapons to be unnecessary. Thus, when war began in September 1939 with the invasion of Poland, Germany had a broad and impressive range of weapons, but not much in the way of replacements. As in World War I, the regime expected that the defeated would pay for Germany's expansion.

Through 1937 Hitler's foreign policy had the approval of traditional conservatives. However, because many of them were skeptical about his long-range goals, Hitler replaced a number of high military officers and diplomats with more pliable subordinates. In March 1938, the German army was permitted to occupy Austria by that country's browbeaten political leadership. The annexation (''Anschluss'') of Austria was welcomed by most Austrians, who wished to become part of a greater Germany, something forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1938, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain consented to Hitler's desire to take possession of the Sudetenland, an area in Czechoslovakia bordering Germany that was inhabited by about 3 million Germans. In March 1939, Germany occupied the Czech-populated western provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, and Slovakia was made a German puppet state.

Immediately after the German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia, Britain and France finally became convinced of Hitler's expansionist objectives and announced their intention to defend the sovereignty of Poland. Because Hitler had concluded that he could not hope for British neutrality in the coming war, he formed a formal military alliance with Italy known as the [[Pact of Steel]]. In August he signed the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]] with the Soviet Union, creating a [[far-left]] alliance between the two powers and thus apparently freeing Germany from repeating the two-front war it had fought in World War I.

==World War II==
[[File:Nazi Germany 1942.png|thumb|200px|Nazi German expansion at its height in 1942.<br>'''Dark Green:''' Nazi Germany proper<br>'''Medium Green:''' Civilian-administered occupied territories<br>'''Light Green:''' Military-administered occupied territories]]
[[File:World War II Europe 1942.png|thumb|200px|The European situation at the height of Nazi power around 1941-42.]]
On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland. [[Britain]] and France declared war on Germany two days later. By the end of the month, Hitler's armies had overrun western [[Poland]]. Soviet armies occupied eastern Poland, and the two countries subsequently formally divided Poland between them. In April 1940, German forces conquered Denmark and Norway, and in May they struck at the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and [[France]]. French and British troops offered ineffective resistance against the lightning-like strikes, or ''blitzkrieg'', of German tanks and airplanes. A large part of the French army surrendered, and some 300,000 British and French soldiers were trapped at Dunkirk on the coast of northern France. However, because Hitler, for a combination of political and military reasons, had halted the advance of his armored divisions, the British were able to rescue the men at Dunkirk. France, however, surrendered in June.

For Hitler, the war in the west was a sideshow, a prelude to the building of an empire in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Hitler had hoped that Britain would stay out of the war. In his vision of the near future, he foresaw the two countries sharing the world between them—Britain would keep its overseas empire, and Germany would construct a new one to its east. When approached with the suggestion of a separate peace, British prime minister Winston Churchill rejected the offer and rallied his people to fight on. The Third Reich experienced its first military defeat in the [[Battle of Britain]], in which the [[Royal Air Force]], during the summer and fall of 1940, prevented the German air force from gaining the air superiority necessary for an invasion of Britain. Consequently, Hitler postponed the invasion.

Hitler concluded by June 1941 that Britain's continuing resistance was not a serious impediment to his main geopolitical goal of creating an empire extending east from Germany deep into the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941, negating their 1939 nonaggression pact, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Eagerness to realize his long-held dream caused Hitler to gamble everything on a quick military campaign. He had anticipated victory within three months, but effective Soviet resistance and the early onset of winter stopped German advances. A counteroffensive, launched in early 1942, drove the Germans back from Moscow. In the summer of 1942, Hitler shifted the attack to the south of the Soviet Union and began a large offensive to secure the Caucasian oil fields. By September 1942, the Axis controlled an area extending from northern Norway to North Africa and from France to Stalingrad.

Japan's attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, brought the [[United States]] into the war. In support of Germany's fellow Axis power, Hitler immediately declared war on the United States. But with the United States involvement, a coalition now existed that, with its vast human and material resources, was almost certain to defeat the Third Reich. To ensure that the alliance not break apart as had happened in 1918 when Russia signed a truce with Germany, the Allies swore to fight Germany until an unconditional surrender was secured. Another reason the Allies wanted the complete military defeat of Germany was that they wished to preclude any possibility of German politicians claiming that "a stab in the back" had caused Germany's undoing, as they had done after World War I.

The military turning point of the war in Europe came with the Soviet victory at Stalingrad in the winter of 1942-43; some 300,000 of Germany's finest troops were either killed or captured. By May 1943, Allied armies had driven the Axis forces out of Africa and had landed in Italy. Also of great importance, by 1943 the United States and British navies had succeeded in substantially reducing the German submarine threat to shipping. This cleared the way for the movement of arms and troops to Britain in preparation for a cross-channel invasion of France.

===Total Mobilization and Resistance===
Once it became clear that the war would not be a short one, Germany's industry was reorganized for a total mobilization. Between February 1942 and July 1944, armaments production increased threefold despite intense Allied bombing raids. Much of the labor for this increase came from the employment of some 7 million foreigners, taken from their homelands and forced to work under terrible conditions. Also contributing to the Nazi war effort was the systematic requisitioning of raw materials and food from occupied territories. As a result, Germans remained fairly well fed for most of the war, in contrast to the hunger that endured during World War I.

Despite their comparative physical well-being until late in the war, it gradually became clear to many Germans that the regime's series of military triumphs had come to an end. Even the most intense, mendacious propaganda could not conceal that Germany's forces were being beaten back. Sharing this growing awareness that defeat was likely, a group of military officers decided to assassinate Hitler. Although elements of the military had long opposed him, no one had acted to this point. During 1943 and 1944, the conspirators, who included many high-ranking officers and numerous prominent civilians, worked out elaborate plans for seizing power after the dictator's death. On June 20, 1944, the conspirators ignited a bomb that would probably have killed Hitler except for a stroke of bad luck—the placement of the device behind the support leg of a heavy conference room table prior to detonation. The regime struck back and after months of reprisals had killed several thousand people, among them one field marshal and twenty-two generals. Several earlier attempts on Hitler's life had also failed. Because of these failures, it would be up to the Allies to remove Hitler and his regime from power.

==The Holocaust==
[[File:Ike_at_Ordruf.jpg|250px|right|thumb| Nazi concentration camp]]
{{See also|Holocaust}}
As much of Europe [[Germany]] had been anti-Semitic for centuries, but in the years immediately preceding Third Reich it had in fact been considered a good place, even a refuge for Jews, who in Germany had been "emancipated," i.e., granted most of the same rights as gentile citizens, in the 19th century. The formation of the [[Weimar Republic]] in 1918 eliminated any remaining restrictions and German Jews could now act as complete citizens in German civic life.<ref>Yadvashem Website Mhttp://www1.yadvashem.org/download/education/units/crystal_2.pdf</ref>

As [[Jewish]] artists, writers, politicians and civil servants became more visible, however, anti-Semitism became more virulent, and the Nazis were able to tap into the resentment that inevitably rises to the surface when members of a minority group begin to make strides in fields that had formerly been closed to them.

Anti-Semitism was one of the Third Reich's most faithfully executed policies. Hitler saw the Jews' existence as inimical to the well-being of the German race. In his youth in Vienna, he had come to believe in a social Darwinist, life-or-death struggle of the races, with that between the German race and the Jews being the most savage. Because of his adherence to these racist notions, he dreamed of creating a German empire completely free of Jews, believing that if the Jewish "bacillus" were permitted to remain within the Teutonic empire, the empire would become corrupted and fail.

The violence of Hitler's anti-Semitism can be measured in a disturbingly prescient quote from ''Mein Kampf'':
<blockquote>
"If at the beginning of the War and during the War twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the people had been held under poison gas, as happened to hundreds of thousands of our very best German workers in the field, the sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain." <ref>Mein Kampf, http://www.hitler.org/writings/Mein_Kampf/mkv2ch15.html</ref>
</blockquote>

Upon taking power, the Nazis began immediately to rid Germany of its Jewish citizens. In the Aryan Paragraph of 1933, the regime decreed that Jews could not hold civil service positions. The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 deprived Jews of the right to citizenship and restricted relationships between "Aryans" (racially pure Germans) and Jews. After the ''Kristallnacht'' (Crystal Night) of November 9, 1938, an organized act of violence perpetrated by Nazis against Jews in all parts of Germany, the persecution of Jews entered a new phase. Random acts of violence, by then commonplace, were replaced by the systematic isolation of the Jewish population in Germany, which had numbered about 600,000 in the early 1930s.

Much of the groundwork for selling the mass murder of Jews to average [[German]]s was laid by [[Julius Streicher]], whose newspaper, ''[[Der Stürmer|Der Sturmer]]'', offered a heady cocktail of simple-minded hatred, malice, and slander against Jews and anyone perceived as having sympathy for the Jews. While many educated Germans, even educated Nazis, considered Streicher a joke, the dehumanizing language he popularized helped to inure Germans to the increasingly draconian legal measures against the Jewish population. Streicher's rhetoric presumed that Jews were inherently and unalterably evil, and flatly rejected the concept of the Jew as a human being like other human beings. "His blood," Streicher wrote, "carries not honor and honesty, rather criminality, fraud, hypocrisy, lies, the lust for defilement, and the lust for murder…a race that has drives toward the unnatural and toward criminality cannot recognize natural moral laws." [[Heinrich Himmler]], the man who oversaw the genocidal policies of the Third Reich, said of Streicher, "In times to come when the story of the reawakening of the German people is written, and when the next generation will be unable to understand how the German people could ever have been friendly with the Jews, it will be said that Julius Streicher and his weekly newspaper were responsible for a good part of the education about the enemy of mankind."

As Streicher whipped up Hitler's base of the uneducated and fearful, Hitler's propaganda minister, [[Joseph Goebbels]] offered a steady diet of smooth vindictiveness for those Germans too well informed to accept at face value Streicher's wild tales of Jewish seduction and human sacrifice. Their stance was typically that any suffering the Jews endure at the hands of Germans was the responsibility of the Jews themselves, that the passage of laws restricting Jewish participation in public life was, in fact, an effort to protect Jews from the righteous indignation of an injured populace:

"One cannot make sense of this situation without understanding the significance of the racial or Jewish Question," Goebbels declared in his speech at the first Nuremberg rally following Hitler's takeover, "….The National Socialist government also cannot ignore it. Our laws suffer hard and often unjustified criticism abroad, above all from International Jewry itself. But one should not forget that dealing with the Jewish Question through legal means was the best approach. Or should the government have followed the principles of democracy and majority rule and let the people themselves solve the problem?" <ref>Nuremberg Speech, Joseph Goebbels, http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/goeb41.html.</ref>

Six years later, Hitler declared: ".. if the international Jewish financiers in and outside [[Europe]] should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevizing of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!" <ref>Adolf Hitler, Reichstag Speech, January 30, 1939, http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-threat.htm</ref>

Following the Reichstag fire, Jews were frequently singled out for abuse along with the Communists and Social Democrats who were being rounded up. For the first three months that year, most of the abuse Jewish Germans faced was brutal but still of a relatively informal nature, cases of brownshirted rowdies vandalizing Jewish homes and attacking Jews on the street while the authorities looked away. This changed on April 1, 1933, with the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses. Shop front windows were painted with the word "Jude" and SA men were stationed at the doors to warn people away, or to take note of those who defied the boycott and went in. From then on, Jews within the Reich faced a steady erosion of legal rights.

On April 7, all Jewish Civil servants were forcibly "retired." On April 11, Jews were legally deemed a separate class in Germany with a decree defining as a "non-Aryan" "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the descendant as non-Aryan...especially if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith." By the end of that year, Jews were excluded from the Reich Chamber of culture, could not act as newspaper editors and could not own land. By the end of the following year, Jews could not participate in the German Labor Front or national health insurance, and could not get legal qualifications. By 1938, Jews could not serve in the military, could not teach Germans or work as accountants and dentists, and were denied tax deductions and child allowances. They could not marry "Aryans." They could not display the German flag.<ref>History Place Holocaust Timeline http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/timeline.html</ref>
Until 1941 there had been plans to "cleanse" Germany of Jews by gathering them together and expelling them from the Reich. One plan had as its goal the transfer of Germany's Jews to Madagascar. A contingent of Jews had even been moved to southern France in preparation. However, wartime conditions and the presence of millions of Jews in Poland, the Soviet Union, and other occupied areas in Eastern Europe gradually led to the adoption of another plan: the systematic extermination of all Jews who came under German control. Techniques that had been developed for the regime's euthanasia program came to be used against Jews. Discussions in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference on the outskirts of Berlin led to the improved organization and coordination of the program of genocide.

Following that conference, the killing became organized. Jewish populations within the Reich were separated from the general population into horribly overcrowded ghettos, 365 of which were set up in Poland, the [[Soviet Union]], the Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Hungary. The most famous of these were the Lodz and Warsaw ghettos.<ref>http://www.fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/timeline/ghettos.html.</ref> Those ghetto residents who did not die from malnutrition or disease were eventually "deported" to concentration and extermination camps. Extermination camps, which existed primarily for the execution of inmates, included Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, and Sobibór. The primary method of killing in these camps was through poison gas, though beatings, hangings, and lethal injection were also used. In addition, the Nazis used ''Einsatzgruppen'', mobile killing squads operating in the Soviet Union who would typically round up Jews in Nazi-occupied areas, herd them into remote areas, and shoot them en masse. These were discontinued in 1942 in lieu of the death camps.<ref>http://www.fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/timeline/camps.htm</ref>

It is currently estimated that roughly six million Jews died at the hands of the Third Reich, along with roughly 5 million victims that included homosexuals, Communists, Roma, Sinti, and political opponents of the regime. The methodical murder of Jews did not actually end until 1945, when the camps were liberated by Allied Troops.

==Defeat==
In June 1944, American, British, and Canadian forces invaded France, driving the Germans back and liberating Paris by August. A German counteroffensive in the Ardennes began in late December 1944 was beaten back after heavy fighting in what became known as the "Battle of the Bulge". Soviet troops, meanwhile, advanced from the east. Western forces reached the Rhine River in March 1945; simultaneously, Soviet armies overran most of Czechoslovakia and pressed on toward Berlin. Although faced with certain defeat, Hitler insisted that every German city, every village, and "every square meter" be defended or left behind as "scorched earth." The Western Allies and the Soviet forces made their first contact, in Saxony, on April 27. Three days later, Hitler committed suicide in his Berlin bunker. Berlin fell to the Soviet forces on May 2; on May 7, the Third Reich surrendered unconditionally. It is estimated that about 55 million people died in the European theater during World War II. About eight million of these dead were German.

== See also ==
* [[Nazi Party]]
* [[World War II]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.hitler.org/writings/last_testament/ My political testament.] ADOLF HITLER.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:German History]]
[[Category:Holocaust]]
[[Category:Fascist States]]
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Anti-Semitism]]

Young Plan

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The '''Young Plan''' was the plan that replaced the [[Dawes Plan]] in 1929. The [[Stock market crash of 1929]] created problems for the German economy and Owen D. Young was asked by the Allied Reparations Committee to investigate the situation. What Young suggested is that the total amount of reparations should be reduced to around three-quarters. In this way [[Germany]] would make annual payments till 1988. All governments but Germany accepted Young’s plan. It was criticized by [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Alfred Hugenberg]] who repudiated all German reparation payments under the [[Versailles Treaty]]. When unemployment in Germany grew in 1931, payments were suspended and a year later the payments were cancelled.

[[Category:1920s]]
[[Category:German History]]

German National People's Party

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The '''German National People's Party''' was the main establishment right-wing political party during the [[Weimar Republic]] period (1918–33) in [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Death of Democracy |author=Benjamin Carter Hett |publisher=Cornerstone |year=2019 |chapter=1. August and November |pages=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zV2RDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==References==
<References/>

==See also==
*[[Alfred Hugenberg]]

[[Category:German History]]
[[Category:Political Parties in Germany]]