Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Consumer surplus

2007-11-25T03:34:19Z

AHarazad: add (

'''Consumer surplus''' is the net benefit a consumer obtains from buying a good. In supply and demand models, consumer surplus is represented as the value (price times quantity) captured above the price level but below the demand curve.

In a [[monopoly]], the loss in [[total surplus]] (known as [[social loss]]) is from a reduction is the consumer surplus while [[producer surplus]] does not rise accordingly. However, if a monopoly can perfectly [[price discrimination|price discriminate]] the consumer surplus in the market will be zero, since the monopoly extracts all benefits — however, there will not be any [[deadweight loss]] and the market will be efficient.

[[Category:Economics]]

Consumer surplus

2007-11-25T03:33:51Z

AHarazad: add from the work I did before

'''Consumer surplus''' is the net benefit a consumer obtains from buying a good. In supply and demand models, consumer surplus is represented as the value (price times quantity) captured above the price level but below the demand curve.

In a [[monopoly]], the loss in [[total surplus]] (known as [[social loss]], is from a reduction is the consumer surplus while [[producer surplus]] does not rise accordingly. However, if a monopoly can perfectly [[price discrimination|price discriminate]] the consumer surplus in the market will be zero, since the monopoly extracts all benefits — however, there will not be any [[deadweight loss]] and the market will be efficient.

[[Category:Economics]]

User talk:Iduan

2007-11-25T03:30:33Z

AHarazad: Hi

{{User talk:Iduan/header}}
{| style="background:navy;text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
|style="background:white; border: 2px solid maroon; font-weight:bold; font-variant:small-caps"|<div class="horizontal">
*[[/Archive1|(August 10th - August 30th)]]
*[[/Archive2|(September 5th - September 30th)]]
*[[/Archive3|October 5th]]

</div>
|}

== Vandal... ==

Thank you so much, Issac, for your quick reflexes on Andy's page! You have saved us once again! --[[User:TK|şyŝoρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]] 23:00, 7 November 2007 (EST)

== New Contest ==

Hi Iduan,

May I suggest allowing the teams to go beyond 8 spots so anyone who is interested is assigned to a team? I think that form of good will and encouragement matches the spirit of the contests that we have had and will reward everyone who wants to participate.

Thanks [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:39, 9 November 2007 (EST)

*LMAO! Better post to those who can actually decide that, Bill! :P I think I already did that awhile ago, no? --[[User:TK|şyŝoρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]] 18:09, 9 November 2007 (EST)

==Team Contest==

I've suggested a team name at TK's talk page. Tell me what you think, or if you have other suggestions. And I totally agree with the Machiavellian approach. We are going to win, I have a plan! [[User:SSchultz|SSchultz]] 02:17, 10 November 2007 (EST)

== Vandal blocking ==

Good work on blocking that vandal so quickly! [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 00:16, 11 November 2007 (EST)
:Thanks, I got quite lucky in stopping that one early actually, I just happened to be checking the recent changes. Great job, yourself, by the way, on reverting all those edits - you did it at 100 times the speed I could have! --[[User:Iduan|I]][[User_talk:Iduan|Duan]] 00:19, 11 November 2007 (EST)
::One of the advantages of being a sysop: an extra tool to help with this sort of thing! [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 00:32, 11 November 2007 (EST)
Please block vandal mvan thanks. [[User:Lukecorlando|Luke]]
:I'll check it out now. Thanks, --00:19, 11 November 2007 (EST)

Thanks, and i'm almost positive we had a vandal named Horace22. Horace23 was just created, so he should be blocked as well(assuming there was a horace22) thanks again. [[User:Lukecorlando|Luke]]
:Dobber. --[[User:Horace23|Horace23]] 00:22, 11 November 2007 (EST)

No problem, glad to help out. [[User:Lukecorlando|Luke]]

:Well great job! Hmm, I almost feel bad that I have to kick your *** in the upcoming contest ... lol, nah you'll do fine - good luck!--[[User:Iduan|I]][[User_talk:Iduan|Duan]] 00:26, 11 November 2007 (EST)

:*Horace! You be nice! Issac's a nice kid. You can turn in now, btw, Horace, company has left and I will be around. Nice seeing you again, though. :P --[[User:TK|şyŝoρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]] 00:40, 11 November 2007 (EST)

== Contest.... ==

Team Name: <big>'''Supply Siders'''</big> --[[User:TK|şyŝoρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]] 17:00, 11 November 2007 (EST)

The Uncle Ed Store thanks you for [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Ed_Poor/Contest3&diff=332986&oldid=332979 your patronage]. :P --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 17:13, 12 November 2007 (EST)
:Lol! No problem - although don't be offended if I myself never refer to you as "The Uncle Ed" haha--[[User:Iduan|I]][[User_talk:Iduan|Duan]] 17:15, 12 November 2007 (EST)

::Actually Sergeant Schultz *did* claim the extra 3 points. Look closely at the two list of swamp topics: most of them are in two sections. He claimed 4 points for a new article and a 3 point for adding a new entry on the "most-wanted" list. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 21:09, 12 November 2007 (EST)

== Thanks ==

Thanks so much for cleaning up my user page:) That is exactly how I wanted it. Cheers!--[[User:SJP|SJP]] 22:56, 17 November 2007 (EST)

==Double play==

Thanks for [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Moon&diff=342213&oldid=342212 this] follow-up edit. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 16:07, 24 November 2007 (EST)
:Oh not a problem - you did the harder work of classifying everything - nice job splitting it into sections!--[[User:Iduan|I]][[User_talk:Iduan|Duan]] 16:09, 24 November 2007 (EST)

== Hi ==

Thank you for your help getting me unblocked. However, my talk page and name page are deleted and protected right which means no one can leave me messages. Can you fix this? [[User:AHarazad|AHarazad]] 22:30, 24 November 2007 (EST)

Cap-and-trade

2007-11-25T03:28:53Z

AHarazad: again fixing since there was a misunderstanding

'''Cap-and-trade''' policies are systems for reducing the output of unwanted production by-products using [[free market]] systems of allocations. In general, they are used to reduce [[pollution]], such as [[carbon dioxide]] emissions by placing a "cap" on an entire industry, which is governed by certificates permitting emissions, which can be traded. For instance, if the target amount of emissions is x kg of carbon dioxide in total, permits will be distributed between businesses to a total of x kg across the industry as a whole. Thus, companies have the ability to pollute up to the number of permits they hold — if they pollute more, they must either invest in pollution abatement technologies, or purchase more permits on the free market. Theoretically, this results in the most cost-effective reduction in pollution to the desired level, relative to other policies — since the free market allocates permits to firms where pollution reduction is most efficient. These policies are often held up as good examples of [[liberal|neo-liberal]] market-based methods of government intervention.

However, these policies invariably increase the price of goods for consumers, while simultaneously increasing profits for certain firms in the economy under specific allocations of the permits. Efficient distribution of the initial set of permits is difficult in the real world, and generally is sub-optimal in practice. Furthermore, it is not usually possible to isolate specific industries for targeting, resulting in spillover effects to other industries and no discernible benefit for either the environment or the economy as a whole. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1596985011?tag=disgruntledhouse&camp=211493&creative=379969&linkCode=op1&creativeASIN=1596985011&adid=0GC22HQS11RHXGRYR7N2&]

[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:economics]]

Constant returns to scale

2007-11-25T03:27:47Z

AHarazad: changing back since I think this version is better and there was a misunderstanding

A process displays '''constant returns to scale''' when increasing all [[input]]s by a factor of ''s'' leads to an increase in output by the same factor. In [[economics]], this is in terms of the [[production function]] of the process — for instance, that of a [[business]], [[company]], or economy as a whole. Mathematically, if the function is <math>F(\vec{x})</math>, where <math>\vec{x} \in \bold{R}^{n}</math> is a vector of inputs, constant returns to scale are characterized by <math>F(s\vec{x}) = sF(\vec{x})</math>, where <math> s > 0 </math>.

A function displaying constant returns to scale is [[homogeneous]] of degree one, and by Euler's Theorem can be written as:

<math> F(\vec{x}) = x_1\frac{\partial F}{\partial x_1} + x_2\frac{\partial F}{\partial x_2} + ... + x_n\frac{\partial F}{\partial x_n}</math>

Since for a [[competition|competitive]] market, the payment to each factor of production (<math>x_i</math>) is <math>\frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i}</math>, this implies that that the total payments to all factors of production exhaust output (''F''), and the market has zero [[profit]].

==Examples of functions displaying constant returns to scale==

* Linear demand or supply: <math> F(\vec{x}) = \vec{a}\vec{x}</math>

* Cobb-Douglas production function with <math>\alpha \in [0,1]</math>: <math>Y = AL^{\alpha}K^{1-\alpha}</math>
*:The variables have the interpretation of Y as output, L as labour, K as capital, and A is multifactor productivity. In general, empirical studies have shown that the [[United States]] economy has approximately <math>\alpha = 0.33</math>.

[[category:economics]]

The Gospels

2007-11-25T00:09:13Z

AHarazad: undo vandal version

{{Christianity}}
[[Image:Njbible.jpg|left]]
The Four '''Gospels''' of the [[Bible]] (from the Greek for "good news") are the first four books of the [[New Testament]]. Two of the gospel accounts of [[Jesus]] are attributed to eyewitness accounts of two of His [[Apostles]] ([[Matthew ]] and [[Gospel of John|John]]) and two gospel accounts are attributed to disciples who did not know Jesus personally ([[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] and [[Luke]]). There was no ambiguity among the early [[church fathers]] as to the authorship of the gospels, with their earliest writings attesting to our current titles. For additional information on each Gospel, see their individual entries.

The Gospels were originally written in [[Greek]], the common lingua franca (common or commercial language among diverse peoples) of the Roman Orient. No original Gospels have been found in [[Aramaic]]; the only known Aramaic Gospels are translations from Greek versions. The general consensus is that the Gospel according to Matthew was written particularly for [[Jews]]; the Gospel according to Mark was written particularly for [[Romans]]; the Gospel according to Luke was written particularly for [[Greeks]]; and the Gospel according to John was written for everyone.

==Etymology==
"Gospel" is derived from the Middle English word "godspel," in which "god" means "good" and "spel" means "news." Thus "Gospel" literally means "good news," and some denominations like to use the phrase "good news" because they feel it conveys the nature of the Gospel clearly. It is a translation of the Greek word εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion), which is also the root of the word "evangelist;" an evangelist is someone who spreads the good news. The "good news" here is, specifically, the news of Christ's redemption. The four Gospels offer different, yet complementary, accounts of the story of Jesus's life and teachings, and lay the foundation for the doctrine of Christ's redemption.

==The relationship of the Gospels==

Although Matthew comes first in Biblical order, the gospel of Mark is widely agreed to be the oldest of the Gospels. Matthew and Luke were probably compiled slightly later, drawing both from the oral traditions of the life of Jesus. John is the last of the Gospels, the most theologically mature, and the strongest in its emphasis on God's loving sacrifice of his only son, Jesus, and the ways in which this sacrifice redeemed all mankind. The first three canonical Gospels are often called the "synoptic" Gospels, as they tell slightly different versions of the same underlying story of Christ's life and ministry on earth.

Luke was a said to have been a Greek physician (see Col 4:14) who accompanied [[Paul]] and also wrote the [[Acts (of the Apostles)|Acts of the Apostles]] describing the arrival of the [[Holy Spirit]]. Unlike the Gospels of Matthew and John, written as firsthand accounts, the Gospel of Luke records eyewitness accounts of others, much as a doctor asks a patient for his medical history and then writes it down in the medical file. Due to Luke's professional nature, his Gospel is very comprehensive about Jesus' life and resurrection, and it also conveys the great sense of [[joy]] that Jesus' family, friends and followers felt.

==Non-canonical Gospels==
In addition to the four Canonical gospels, other texts claiming to record the accounts of Jesus's earthly ministry have survived in part or in whole. Most notable among these is the [[Gospel of Thomas]], which contains additional sayings and teachings. Recently, a [[Gospel of Judas]] surfaced, but this text is decidedly a later one, and its claim for any original authority is very slim. These Gospels are considered apocryphal by modern Christianity, and therefore not authoritative texts.

A number of other "gospels" were written sometime in the first four centuries, most well after the dates when the disciples lived. They include: the Gospel of the Ebionites, Gospel of the Hebrews, Gospel of Marcion, Gospel of Mary, Gospel of Peter, Gospel of Thomas, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, and the Infancy Gospel of James. <ref>Donald Harman Akenson, Surpassing Wonder: The Invention of the Bible and the Talmuds, 216.</ref>

Among fragments that still survive are the gospels according to the Hebrews (much prized by the early Jewish Church), according to the Egyptians, of the Ebionites, of Philip, of Matthias, of Peter, of Thomas (almost complete), of Nicodemus, of Bartholomew, of Pseudo-Melito, of Joseph of Arimathaea, of James, of Pseudo-Matthew, of Barnabas and a whole collection of infancy gospels <ref>James. M.R, The Apocryphal New Testament (Clarendon, Oxford, 1924)</ref>.

== Teachings of Jesus ==
[[Image:Fishes.jpg|right]]
The Teachings of Our Lord Jesus Christ are found in the four Gospels and other holy documents. [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/newtestament.html The New Testament] Early Christian Writings.

*[[Gospel of Matthew]] - [http://www.catholic.org/bible/book.php?id=40 Book of Matthew] Catholic version.
*[[Gospel of Mark]] - [http://www.catholic.org/bible/book.php?id=41 Book of Mark] Catholic version.
*[[Gospel of Luke]] - [http://www.catholic.org/bible/book.php?id=42 Book of Luke] Catholic version.
*[[Gospel of John]] - [http://www.catholic.org/bible/book.php?id=43 Book of John] Catholic version.

*[http://www.ebible.org/bible/kjv/ King James Version of the The Holy Bible]
*[http://ebible.org/bible/asv/ The American Standard Version of the Holy Bible]

*[http://www.lifeofchrist.com/teachings/sermons/mount/default.asp '''Sermon on the Mount'''] This is the greatest sermon Jesus ever preached.
*[http://www.lifeofchrist.com/teachings/sermons/default.asp Sermons of Jesus Christ]
*[http://www.lifeofchrist.com/teachings/parables/ Parables of Jesus Christ]
*[http://www.lifeofchrist.com/teachings/topics/BlasphemyAgainstTheHolySpirit/ Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit]

== See also ==

* [[The Twelve Apostles]]
* [[Symbols of the Holy Spirit]]
* [[Fruits of the Holy Spirit]]

==References==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gospels, The}}

[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Book of Worship]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Christianity]]

Virginity

2007-11-25T00:07:34Z

AHarazad: restoring non vandal version

[[Image:Agirls.jpg|left]]
'''Virginity''' as a term is an expression of [[purity]]. It implies pure, unadulterated, chaste. A virgin is a person of either [[sex]] who has not married.

<blockquote>
''Some girls stay secretive about their [[Christianity]] and desire for virginity until marriage. Don’t be ashamed to let others know where you stand. Ask your youth pastor about signing a document proclaiming your purity commitment. Then tell others about it. Consider wearing a purity symbol such as a ring or special necklace — especially on dates. These have no special power, but they can remind you of your plan to remain sexually pure.'' [http://www.briomag.com/briomagazine/briobeyond/a0004486.html What's Your Plan for Sexual Purity?] by Elaine Creasman.
</blockquote>

Virginity is respected and valued in many societies, especially female virginity, which is often interwoven with personal or family honor in some cultures. Some men place importance on a woman's virginity, especially in a prospective wife.

== See also ==
[[Image:Virginity.jpg|thumb| Image is based on a World War I poster of Uncle Sam exhorting men to "protect the nation's honor".]]
*[[Sin is addictive]]
*[[Sexual purity]]
*[[Abortion Facts]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/a_virgin_most_pure.htm A Virgin Most Pure] Words & Music.
*[http://www.sexualfables.com/voices_and_saints.php Was Joan of Arc a Virgin?]
*[http://www.passtheword.org/SHAKER-MANUSCRIPTS/Abstinence/shaker-abst-x1.htm A Virgin Life]
*[http://atheism.about.com/od/religiousright/ig/Christian-Propaganda-Posters/Protecting-Girls-Virginity.htm Fathers - Virginity.]

[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Ethics]]

User talk:Jester

2007-11-25T00:06:13Z

AHarazad: please stop

You look like you are vandalizing the [[virginity]] article. I think you should stop.

Consumer surplus

2007-11-24T23:49:27Z

AHarazad: like the talk page says; not a proper noun

#REDIRECT [[Consumer surplus]]

Average variable costs

2007-11-24T23:46:54Z

AHarazad: this should too be a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Average variable cost]]

Average total costs

2007-11-24T23:46:29Z

AHarazad: this should be a direct

#REDIRECT [[Average total cost]]

Cap-and-trade

2007-11-24T23:42:45Z

AHarazad: whoops I forgot this part

Cap-and-trade

2007-11-24T23:41:17Z

AHarazad: I expanded this since it was unclear about the process

'''Cap-and-trade''' policies are systems for reducing the output of unwanted production by-products using [[free market]] systems of allocations. In general, they are used to reduce [[pollution]], such as [[carbon dioxide]] emissions by placing a "cap" on an entire industry, which is governed by certificates permitting emissions, which can be traded. For instance, if the target amount of emissions is x kg of carbon dioxide in total, permits will be distributed between businesses to a total of x kg across the industry as a whole. Thus, companies have the ability to pollute up to the number of permits they hold — if they pollute more, they must either invest in pollution abatement technologies, or purchase more permits on the free market. Theoretically, this results in the most cost-effective reduction in pollution to the desired level, relative to other policies — since the free market allocates permits to firms where pollution reduction is most efficient.

However, these policies invariably increase the price of goods for consumers, while simultaneously increasing profits for certain firms in the economy under specific allocations of the permits. Efficient distribution of the initial set of permits is difficult in the real world, and generally is sub-optimal in practice. Furthermore, it is not usually possible to isolate specific industries for targeting, resulting in spillover effects to other industries and no discernible benefit for either the environment or the economy as a whole. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1596985011?tag=disgruntledhouse&camp=211493&creative=379969&linkCode=op1&creativeASIN=1596985011&adid=0GC22HQS11RHXGRYR7N2&]

[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:economics]]

Constant returns to scale

2007-11-24T23:10:28Z

AHarazad: I added a bunch more info from stuff I know