Hip hop

2007-06-29T01:19:25Z

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'''Hip hop''' (also spelled '''hip-hop''' or '''hiphop''') is both a [[music genre]] and a [[cultural movement]] developed in New York starting in the 1970s, predominantly by [[African American]]s and Latinos.<ref>http://www.thenext.org.nz/the_resource/history_of_hiphop.php</ref>
Since first emerging in [[New York City]] in the 1970s, hip hop has grown to encompass an entire lifestyle that consistently incorporates diverse elements of [[ethnicity]], [[technology]], [[art]] and [[urban culture|urban life]]. There are four fundamental elements in hip hop:
[[Image:Graffiti stylaz.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Examples of graffiti styles.]]
*[[Hip hop dance]]: [[Breakdance]] and various forms of [[street dance]];
*[[Hip hop art]]: Urban inspired art, often as [[graffiti]];
*[[Hip hop music]]: [[Disc jockey|DJing]], [[Beats (music)|beats]] and beatmaking, and [[hip hop production]];
*[[Rapping]]: [[Master of Ceremonies|MCing]] and urban inspired poetry.

== History of Hip hop==
{{main|History of hip hop music}}
===Hip hop music and DJing===
During the early 70s, Clive Campbell, a Jamaican DJ who went by the name "[[Kool Herc]]," arrived in New York City. Herc introduced the Jamaican tradition of "toasting," or boasting impromptu poetry and sayings over [[Reggae]], [[Disco]] and [[Funk]] records, during parties in the [[Bronx, New York]]. Herc also was the originator of [[break (music)|break-beat]] [[DJ|deejay]]ing, where the breaks of [[funk]] songs—being the most danceable part, often featuring [[percussion instrument|percussion]]—were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties. Later DJs such as [[DJ Grandmaster Flash|Grandmaster Flash]] refined and developed the use of breakbeats, including [[cutting (music)|cutting]].

Herc's idea was soon widely copied, and by the late 70's a myriad of DJ's were releasing 12" cuts where they would rap to the beat. Popular tunes included [[Kurtis Blow]]'s ''[[The Breaks]]'', and The [[Sugar Hill Gang]]'s ''[[Rapper's Delight]].''

===Evolution of the MC===
Rapping then developed as MCs would talk over the music to promote their DJ, promote other dance parties, or take light-hearted jabs at other lyricists. This soon developed into the rapping that appears on earlier basic hip-hop singles, with MCs talking about problems in their areas and issues facing the community as a whole. [[Melle Mel]], a rapper/lyricist with The [[Furious Five]] is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an "MC."<ref>[http://www.allhiphop.com/features/?ID=1686 article about Mele Mel (Melle Mel) at AllHipHop.com]
</ref>

By the late 1970s myriad DJs were releasing 12" cuts where MCs would rap to crowd-moving beats. Popular tunes included [[Grandmaster Flash]] & The Furious Five's "Supperrappin'," [[Kurtis Blow]]'s "[[The Breaks]]," and [[The Sugar Hill Gang]]'s "[[Rapper's Delight]]". In 1982, Melle Mel and Duke Bootee recorded "The Message" (officially credited to Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five), a song that foreshadowed socially conscious hip hop.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

===Origin of the term "Hip Hop"===
Coinage of the term ''hip hop'' is often credited to Keith Cowboy, a [[Rapping|rapper]] with [[Grandmaster Flash]] & the Furious Five. Though [[Lovebug Starski]], Keith Cowboy, and [[DJ Hollywood]] used the term when the music was known as ''[[disco]] rap'', it is believed that Cowboy created the term while teasing a friend who had just joined the US Army, by [[scat singing]] the words "hip/hop/hip/hop" in a way that mimicked the [[rhythm]]ic cadence of marching soldiers.<ref name="furious5">http://web.archive.org/web/20060317071002/http://www.furious5.net/cowboy.htm</ref> Cowboy later worked the "hip hop" cadence into a part of his stage performance, which was quickly copied by other artists; for example the opening of the song "[[Rapper's Delight]]" by [[The Sugarhill Gang]].<ref name="furious5"/> Former [[Black Spades]] gang member [[Afrika Bambaataa]] is credited with first using the term to describe the [[subculture]] that hip hop music belongs to, although it is also suggested that the term was originally derisively used against the new type of music.<ref>[http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:nmWYaxJvswsJ:www.zulunation.com/hip_hop_history_2.htm+%22keith+cowboy%22+%22hip+hop%22+military&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 http://www.zulunation.com/hip_hop_history2.htm] (cached) </ref>

===Hip Hop Embraces Technology===
Hip hop as a culture was further defined in 1983, when [[Afrika Bambaataa]] and the Soulsonic Force released a track called "[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]." Instead of simply rapping over disco beats, Bambaataa created an innovative electronic sound, taking advantage of the rapidly improving drum machine and [[synthesizer]] technology. The accompanying [[music video]] for [[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]] showcased a unique subculture of musicians, graffiti artists and breakdancers, at times performing seemingly impossible feats. The release of Planet Rock, along with the film [[Wild Style]] and the documentay [[Style Wars]] (both also appearing in 1983), increased the multicultural appeal of Hip hop beyond the boundaries of New York. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}

By 1985, youth worldwide were laying down scrap [[linoleum]] or cardboard, setting down portable stereo and spinning on their backs in tracksuits and sneakers to music by [[Run DMC]], [[LL Cool J]], the [[Fat Boys]], [[Herbie Hancock]], Soulsonic Force, [[Jazzy Jay]], Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde, and [[Stetsasonic]], to name a few. The Hip hop artwork and "slang" of US urban communities quickly found its way to Europe and Asia, as the culture's global appeal took root.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

== Legacy ==
[[Image:Thai_Breakdancers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Breakdance]], an early form of [[hip hop dance]], often involve [[battle (dance)|battles]], showing off skills without any physical contact with the adversaries.]]

Early hip hop has often been credited with helping to reduce inner-city gang violence by replacing physical violence with hip hop battles of dance and artwork. However, with the emergence of commercial and crime-related rap during the early 1990s, an emphasis on violence was incorporated, with many rappers boasting about drugs, weapons, misogyny, and violence. While hip hop music now appeals to a broader demographic, media critics argue that socially and politically conscious hip hop has long been disregarded by mainstream America in favor of its media-baiting sibling, [[gangsta rap]].<ref name="Media coverage of the Hip-Hop Culture By Brendan Butler, Ethics In Journalism, Miami University Department of English">http://www.cas.muohio.edu/eng421/cases/butler1.html</ref>

Many artists are now considered to be [[alternative hip hop|alternative/underground hip hop]] when they attempt to reflect what they believe to be the original elements of the culture. Artists/groups such as [[Talib Kweli]], [[Mos Def]], [[Dilated Peoples]], [[Dead Prez]], [[Blackalicious]], and [[Jurassic 5]] may emphasize messages of verbal skill, unity, or [[activism]] instead of messages of violence, material wealth, and [[misogyny]].

Though born in the United States, the reach of hip hop is global. Youth culture and opinion is meted out in both [[Israeli hip hop]] and [[Palestinian hip hop]], while [[French hip hop|France]], [[German hip hop|Germany]], [[British hip hop|the U.K.]], [[African hip hop|Africa]] and the [[Songo-salsa|Caribbean]] have long-established hip hop followings. According to the U.S. Department of State, hip hop is "now the center of a mega music and fashion industry around the world," that crosses social barriers and cuts across racial lines.<ref name="Hip-Hop Culture Crosses Social Barriers">http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2006/May/12-522164.html</ref> [[National Geographic]] recognizes hip hop as "the world's favorite youth culture" in which "just about every country on the planet seems to have developed its own local rap scene."<ref name="Hip Hop Overview">http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/hip_hop_730</ref>

==See also==
* [[Beats (music)]]
* [[Hip hop culture]]
* [[Hip hop dance]]
* [[Hip hop production]]
* [[Hip hop fashion]]
* [[Hip hop theatre]]
* [[Old school hip hop]]
* [[Rhythm]]
* [[Hip Hop Music]]
* [[Hardcore hip hop]]
* [[Dancehall]]

{{Hip hop portal}}

{{hiphop}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:History of hip hop]]

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Hip hop