Changes
correcting hyphen usage, as requested, replaced: th-century → th century (2)
The evangelical revival was international in scope, affecting the [[Atlantic history|North Atlantic region]]. The dramatic response of churchgoers in Bristol and London in 1737, and of the Kingswood colliers with white gutters on their cheeks caused by tears in 1739 under the preaching of [[George Whitefield]], is marked the start of the awakening in England. But in fact these events had been preceded by similar revivals in [[Wales]] some years earlier, predated again by a movement of God's Spirit in [[New Jersey]] in 1719 and 1726 and in Easter Ross, Scotland, in 1724. Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom sees it as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created [[Pietism]] in Germany, the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Revival]] and [[Methodism]] in England.<ref>Ahlstrom p. 263</ref>
The Awakening was thus an 18th-century transatlantic revival involving England and its [[13 Colonies|North American colonies]]. The revival was spurred by the sense that Christian worship had become too formulaic and devoid of emotion. Among the most notable clergy who fueled the awakening was [[Theodore Frelinguysen]] who led a revival in the 1720s among members of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]] in New Jersey.
===Jonathan Edwards===
The revival began with [[Jonathan Edwards]], a leading theologian and philosopher of [[The Enlightenment]]; he was a Congregationalist minister based in Northampton, in western Massachusetts. Edwards emerged from [[Puritan]] and [[Calvinist]] roots, but emphasized the importance and power of immediate, personal religious experience. Edwards was said to be 'solemn, with a distinct and careful enunciation, and a slow cadence.'[http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/mwt/dictionary/mwt_themes_420_edwards.htm] Nevertheless, his sermons were powerful and attracted a large following. "[[Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God]]," is his most famous sermon.
* Heyrman, Christine Leigh. Commerce and Culture : The Maritime Communities of Colonial Massachusetts, 1690-1750. (1984).
* Isaac, Rhys. ''The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790'' (1982), emphasis on Baptists [http://www.amazon.com/Transformation-1740-1790-Published-Omohundro-Williamsburg/dp/080784814X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195464721&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Jedrey, Christopher M. ''The World of John Cleaveland: Family and Community in Eighteenth-Century century New England.'' (1979).
* Keller, Rosemary Skinner, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America'' (3 vol 2006) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0253346851/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Kidd, Thomas S. ''The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America'' (2007) , 412pp [http://www.amazon.com/Great-Awakening-Evangelical-Christianity-Colonial/dp/0300118872/ref=ed_oe_h exxcerpt and text search]
